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WITH 


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THE'    KAATERSKILL     EDITION. 


LIFE  AND  WORKS 


OF 


•^if:  ■■II:- 


WASHINGTON  IRVING, 


EMBRACING   THE    FOLLOWING   VOLUMES: 


THE  LIFE  AND  VOYAGES  OF  CHRlSTOPIIEli  COLUMDUS.— ASTORIA :  OR,  AXEC- 

DOTES  OF  AN  EXTERPRISE  BEYOXD  THE  ROCKY  MOUXTAIXS.—  TOUR 

ON     THE    PRAIRIES.— ADBOTSEORD.—XEWSTEAD    AnilEY.—UFE 

OF    MAHOMET   AND    HIS   Si'CCESSORS.—LIFE    OF    OLIVER 

GOLDSMITH.  —  BOXXEVILLE'S      ADVENTURES     IN 

THE   FAR    WEST.— THE   CRAYON   PAPERS, 

AND     MOORISH     CHRONICLES. 


TWO  VOLUMES  IN  ONE. 


COMPLETE     AND      UNABRIDGED. 


SECOND   SERIES. 


WITH  SIXTEEN  FULL-PAGE  ILI.r?TR.\TIONS   PRINTED  IN  COLORS  FROM  PESIGXS  MADE  EXPRESSLY 

rOR  THIS  EDITION   BV  JOSEPH   LAfBER. 


\E\V     YORK 

POLLARD    &    MOSS.    PUBLISHERS, 

i"     JOHN     STREET, 


•/,.     />////>.  -•.    t*'.i 


.?.vo 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  iS=i,by 

POLLARD  \-  MOSS. 

In  tnc  Office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington. 


6'C^. 


// 


CONTENTS. 


voLUMi'.  riiRi:i:. 


COLUMBUS. 


Preface       

BOOK  I. 

Chap.  I.— ninh,  Parentage,  and  early  Life  of 
rolunibiis  ....... 

Ci!,vi',  11.— Karlv  V'nyaRcs  of  Columbus      . 

Cii AT,  III.— l'ri);,'rc'ss  (jf  Discovery  under  Prince 
llci\iy    of    PurlUfral 

CiiAi'.  iV. — Residence  of  Columbus  at  Lirfhon. 
—  Ideas  conctTninjj  Islands  in  tlic  Ocean 

CllAl'.  v. — Grounds  on  which  Columluis  found- 
ed his  Belief  of  the  cxisicncc  of  Undiscovered 
Lands  in  the  West     ...... 

Cii\r.  V'l. — Correspondence  of  Columbus  with 
Paulo  Toscanelli. — Events  in  Portugal  rela- 
tive to  Discoveries.  —  Proposition  of  (>oluni- 
Inistothe  Portuguese  Court. — Departure  from 
Portugal 

IJOOK  II. 

Chai'.  I. — Proceedings  of  Columbus  after  Icav- 
iriU  Portugal.  —  Ilis  Applications  in  Spain. — 
Characters  of  lerdinand  am' Isabella 

Ciiai'.  1 1. — Columbus  at  the  Court  of  Spain 

Chai',  III. — Columbus  before  the  Council  of 
Salamanca  ....... 

Ciiai'.  IV. — Further  Applications  at  the  Court 
of  Castile. — Columbus  follows  the  Court  in  its 
Campaigns         ....... 

Chap.  V. — Columbus  at  the  Convent  of  La  Ra- 
bida 

CiiA!'.  VI.— Application  to  the  Court  at  the  time 
of  tlie  Surrender  of  Granada     .... 

CllAl'.  VII. — .\rrangemeiit  with  the  S;)anish  Sove- 
reigns.— Preparations  for  the  Expedition  at 
the  Port  of  Palor. 

C;iiAi'.  \'I1I.— Columbus  at  the  Port  of  Palos. — 
Preparations  for  the  Voyage  of  Discovery 

BOOK    III. 


r.\r.E 

I        J 


Departure  of  Columbus  on  his  first 

First 


Chap.  I 

\''iyai;e 

Chap.  II. — Continuation   of  the  Voyage 
Notice  of  the  Variation  of  the  Needle 

Chap.  Ill — Continuation  of  the  X'oyage. — Vari- 
ous Terrors  of  the  Seamen        .         . 

Chap.  IV. — Continuation   of  the  Vovagc.— Dis- 
covery of  Land  ...... 

LOOK  IV. 

CitAP.  I.— First  Landing  of  Columbus   in    the 

New  World 

Chap.  II. — Cruise  among  the  Bahaina  Islands  . 
Chap.  Ill, — Discovery  and  Coasting  of  t^uba 
Chap    IV.  —  Further  t'oasiiug  of  Cuba 
Chap.  V. — Search  after   tiie    su|i;iosed  Island  of 

Ii.ibe(|ue.  — Desertion  of  the  Pinta  . 
f^HAP.  \'l.  —  Discovery  of  Ilispaniola 
Chap.  VII. — (,"o:is;ing  of  Ilispaniola 
Chap.  VUI.     Shipvv-reck 


8 
9 

10 
12 


lO 


2t 
23 

24 


29 

30 
32 

33 

35 

37 
39 


-14 

45 

CI 

r  - 
5^ 


FAOB 

Chap.  IX. — Transactions  with  the  Natives  .  57 
Chap.  X.  -  Huilding  of  the  Fortress  of  La  .S'avi- 

dad 59 

Chai'.  .\  I. ^Regulation  of   the   Fortress  of   La 

Navidad. —  Departure  of  Columbus  lor  Spain  .     60 

BOOK  V. 

Chap.  I.  Coasting  towards  the  Eastern  End  of 
Ilispaniola.  —  .Meeting  with  Piii/un. — .Affair 
v.'ith  the  Natives  at  the  (iulf  of  Sa(ii.it\a    .         .     62 

Chap.  II.  —  Return  Voyage. —  Violent  Storms. — 
.Arrival  at  the  A /.ores 04 

Chap.  Ill — Transactions  at  the  Island  of  St. 
.>Iaiy's         .         .  66 

Ch.\p.  I\'. — .Arrival  at  Portugal. — Visit  to  the 
(^ourt 67 

Chap.  V.  —  Reception  of  Columbus  at  Palos       .     (») 

Chap.  \'I.  —  Reception  of  Ci4iimbus  by  thu 
Spanish  Court  at  Harrelona     .         .         .         .70 

Chap.  VI 1. — Sojourn  ol  Coin mbu';  at  H.ircelona. 
— Attenlicms  paid  him  by  the  Sovereigns  ami 
Courtiers   ........     73 

Chap.  VI 11. —Papal  Bull  of  Partition.— P. epara- 
tions  Icir  a  Second   \'oyagc  (,l   (.'oliur.bus         .      73 

Chap.  i.\.  —  Diplomatic  Negotiations  b>nveen 
the  Courts  of  Spain  and  Poitugal  with  resi>ect 
to  the  New  Discoveries     .....     76 

Chap.  .\.  —  Furilier  iiieparaiions  for  the  Second 
X'oyage. — Character  of  .Alonso  de  Ojeda. — 
Dilferencc  of  Columbus  with  Sori-i  an4  Fon- 
scci 77 

BOOK    VI. 

Ch  \p.  I.  —  Departure  of  Columbus  on  his  Second 
Voyage.  — Discovery  of  the  Caribbee  Islands  .     Jq 

Chap.  II. — Transactions  at  the  Island  of  C-uada- 
loupc  .'......     80 

Chap.  III. — (.bruise  among  tha  "^aribbec 
Islands 32 

Chap  IV. — .\rrival  at  the  Ilaiborof  La  Navid  id. 
—  Di'juster  of  the  Fortress         .         .         .         .     Sj 

Chai'.  \'. — TraiisactiiiTis  with  the  Natives.  Sus- 
picious Conduct  of  (jiiacan.'.'.iri       .         .         .     £fi 

Chai'.  \'1. — Founding  of  the  City  of  Lsabella. — 
.Maladies  of  the  Spaniards  .  .         .     8S 

Chap.  \"I1. —  Expedition  of  .Alon/o  dc  Ojeda  to 
Explore  the  Interior  of  the  Inland.  —  Dispatch 
ot  the  Ships  to   Spain Sq 

Chap  \'III.  -  I)  sconlenis  at  IsaLella.  — .Mutiny 
of  Denial  Dia    dc  Pisa 51 

Ch.vp.  I.\.  — Expedition  of  Columbus  to  the 
.Mountains  of  Cibao  ,,         ...     9:2 

Chap.  .\.  —  Excursion  of  Juan  do  I.iixan  among 
the  .Mountains.  —  Custom-^  .-'.nd  ClKiiactcristics 
of  the  .Natives. — C.jliunln'.s  return;;  to  Isa- 
bcil.i  .  .......     r)' 

Ci:.\p.  .\l— Ariival  of  r.duiiibusat  Isabella.— 
Sickni'-;s  of  the  C'olonv      .         .         .  .  ■     0? 

CiiAP.  .\  1 1  --Distribution  <jf  tb.e  Spanish  Forces 
ill  the  liiterior. —  Prep.^r.ilions  fj;  a  V^iyage  to 
Cuba  .  .......  Ic- 


»v 


CONTENTS. 


nooK  vn. 

TiiAi'  I  --\'o\ng''  to  the  I'.ast  F.n'l  of  rut,, i  ,  loi 
CliAl'  II  — f)is(  iiviry  111  |atiiai<::i  .  .  .  103 
CiiAr.  1 1 1. — Return  10  Cuiia  --Navigation  among 

till  Islands  ralli'il  tlic  (Jiiicn's  Hardens  ,  104 
CllAi'.  I\'.  — (?(j.iMing   ol    ini:    Suulluin    sidi:    of 

('ul)a 105 

CiiAi.  v.— Ilrtiirii  of  ('uliiinbus  alon(;ihc  South. 

erii  f'oast  of  ("uIm     ......    inS 

CllAi.  \'I— Coasiiiij,'   X'oyago    alon^;   the    South 

sidf  of    lainaii.a         .         .         .         .         .         .no 

Cll.vr.  \'ll. — \'oy.ii,'i'    aloiiK  the    South    side   of 

lli^;  .iniul.i,  and    ictiiru   to    Isabrila         .         ,    III 

nooK  vni. 

Ciia;'.  1.  — .\irival  of  the  Admiral  at  FsahctliL  — 
C.'liarai  (IT  ol  I'.irlliolorMiw  ("oliiiiitius  .   112 

CllAl'  II.  — .Mi'.ronduriot  Don  I'idro  .Marn-nilc, 
and  his   Di-parlurc   fioni   tin-    Island         .         .   114 

Cii  \i .  1 1 1. — 'I'l'iiililcs  Willi  thf  N.itivfs.— Alonzo 
de  Oji'da  I'l  sii-iM  d  liy  (  aonalii)         .  .  .    115 

ClIAi'.  I\'.  —  McMsiircs  of  (■iiliiml)iis  to  ristorc 
the  (Jiiicl  of  ihi;  Island.  —  IC.xpcditioii  of  Ojeda 
to  surprise  CaoiialM)        .         .         .         .         .117 

ClIAl.W — .\rriv,il  of  .\ntonio  de  Torres  with 
four  .Sliijis  Itoni  .^paiii.— His  rt;tiirii  with  In- 
di.m  Slavi's         .         .         .         .         .         .         .  j  ti; 

CliAr.  \'l.  — lixprdition  of  Cnhimlnis  !ij,'ainst  the 
Indi.ins  (if  tlic  \'i"j,M.  —  Hattk;     ....   I20 

Chat.  N'II. — Su!.juK;ilion  of  the  Natives.  — lin- 
jiosition  of  Tritnite     ......   122 

C'iiai'.  \'I  1 1. —  Intrigufs  aRaliist  Coluinlius  In  tho 
('(UKl  of  Spain.  —  .Agiiado  sent  to  iiivi'stiiiatc 
tho  AlV.iirs  of  Ilispaiiiola         ....    I2.t 

CllAi'.  IX.  —  .\rrival  of  .Aijuado  at  Isalnlla.  —1  lis 
arro^;.l1lt  ('onduct. — 'I'l'iiipest  in  the  1  lailior     .    126 

CllAl.  ,\.  —  Discovery  of  the  Mines  ul  i;,iyna     .   127 

1500K    IX. 

CllAr.  I.  —  Return  of  ('olumhu".  to  Spain  with 
Af;uado 12.S 

CllAT.  II.  —  I)erlini' of  the  Popularity  of  rohini- 
biis  in  Siiain.  —  His  Reieption  by  the  Sove- 
reit'iis  at  Uurgos.  —  lie  proposes  a  tliird  Voy- 
age      130 

CliAr.  III.  —  Preparations  for  a  Third  Voyage. — 
Disapi<uiiitiiieius  and  Delays     ....  132 

BOOK  X. 

Cii  \; .  I.  —  Df^parturc  of  rolumljiis  from  Spain 
on  hi";  Tliiid  Voyage.  —  Discovery  of  Trinidad  13; 

CilAP.  II. — X'oyaei;  through  the  Gulf  of  Paria     .   137 

Chat.  Ill — Conlinuation  of  the  X'oyagc  through 
the  (julf  of  Paria.  —  Return  to  llisianiol.i         .    140 

ClIAf.  IV. — Speculations  ol  Columbus  concern- 
iug  the  Coast  of  Paria 142 

BOOK  XI. 

Chap.  T. — .\dministration  of  the  Adclantado. — 
Expedition  to  the  Province  ol  Xaragua  .         .   144 

CliAi.  II. — I'.stahlishnii  nt  of  a  Chain  of  Military  j 

I'osts. —  Insurrection  of  Guarione.x.  the  Caciijue  ( 

of  the  N'eaa 14')  i 

CllAi.  III. — The  .\deIantado  repairs  to  X.iragua  j 

to  receive  Tril/ute     ......    14S 

CllAi'.  I\'. — Conspiracy  of  r^oUlan       .         .         .  150 

CliAi'.  V. — The  .VdelaiitaiJo  repairs  to  the  Vega 
in  relief  of  Fort  Conce[)t:oii.  —  His  Inicivievv 
with  I'oldan 151 

CllAi'.  \T  — Second  Inrnrrection  of  Oiiarionex, 
and  his  I'lighl  to  tho  Mountains  of  Cigiiav      .    153 

CllAi'.  VII. — v'aiiipaign  of  the  .\delaiiIaJo  in  the 
Moumaigns  of  Ciguay l;4 

r.ooK  XII. 

ChaI'.  I  — Confusion  in  the  Island. — Proceed- 
ini-s  of  the  Rebels  at  Xaragua        .        .         .156 


Cli  \r.  II.— NcRoiiatinn  fif  the  Adniital  with  the 
Kelii'ls.   •  Dipattiire  of  Ships  lor  Sp.iin     .         .   157 

CiiAi'.  III.— .Nt'giitiatiuiisand  Ariangctiicnis  witii 
the   Rebels 159 

ClIAl'.  IV.  (iranis  made  to  Roldanaiid  liis  Fol- 
lowiTS.  —  Departure  ol  seveial  ol  the  Ktbels 
for  Spain         ...  ....    162 

CllAl'.  V. — .Arrival  of  Ojeda  with  a  Sipiadion  at 
the  Wesleiii  [lait  of  the  Island.-— Uoldan  sent 
to  iiieei  him       .......    Ifi4 

Cii.M'.  \T.-  .M.inouvres  of  Roldan  and  ( ijida     .    id? 

CllAl'.  \'n. — Conspiracy  of  (liuvar.i  and  Mo.^ita   Idd 

BOOK  XIII. 

Cil.M'.  I.  —  Representations  al  Court  again";!  Co- 
liiiiilitis.— Itiibaddla  ciii[>o\vered  to  (Xaniine 
into  his  Conduct       ...... 

CllAr.  1 1. — Arrival  of  Hobadilla  al  San  Domingo. 
His  violent  Assumption  ol  the  Coinni.inJ     . 

CllAl'.  III.-  Columbus  sum moneil  to  appear  be- 
fore liob.idilla 

CllAl'.  I  v.  — (,'olunibus  and  his  Urolheis  arrested 


and  sent  to  Sjiain  in  Chains     .... 

BOOK  XIV. 

Cii\r.  I.  —  Scns.ilion  in  Spain   on   the   arriv.il   of 

Columbus  in  Irons.  —  His  .Appear.ince  at  Court 
C|i\r.  II.     (.'oii;em|iorary      \'oyages     ol     Dis- 

covcry        ........ 

CllAl'.  III. — .N'iihiilas  de   Ovanilo  appointed   to 

supersede  Hobadilla  ..... 

CllAl'.  1\'.  —  Proposition    of  Columbus    iilalive 

to  the  Recovery  of  the  Ilo'v  SepuUliri;    . 
CllAl'.  V.  —  Prep.irations    of    Columbus    for    a 

rouilh  Voyage  of  Discovery       ... 

BOOK    XV. 

CllAr.  I.  —  Departure  of  Colunibiison  his  Fourth 
X'ovage.  —  Refused  .-Xdiuission  to  the  Haibor 
of  S.m  Domingo. — Ex[josed  to  a  violent  Tem- 

l"=t 

CllAl'.  II. — Voyage  along  the  Coast  of  Ilon- 
diir.is         .         .  ...... 

CllAl'.  III.  — Voyage  along  the  Moscpiito  Coast, 
and  Transactions  al  Cariari      .... 

Cii.M'.  IV. — \'oyai;e  along  Coast  Rica. — Specu- 
lations concerning  the  Isthmus  at  Wragiia 

CllAl'.  v.  —  Discovery  of  Puerto  liello  and  I'l 
Reticle. — Cohinibus  abandons  the  search  alter 
the  Straight 

CllAl'.  \'l.  — Kcturn  to  \'eragua. — The  Adclan- 
tado exidores  the  Country        .         .         .         . 

CllAl'.  \'II. — Commencenient  of  a  Settlement  on 
the  river  Helen. — Conspiracy  of  the  N.itives. 
—  K.xpetliiion  of  the  Adelantado  to  suiprise 
(jiiibian       ........ 

CllAl'.  VIII. —  Disasters   of  the   Setllen:ent 

CllAl'.  I.\.  —  Distress  of  the  Admiral  on  board  ol 
his  Ship.  — ritimate  Relief  ol  the  Seiilement  . 

CilAl'.  X. — -Departure  from  the  Coast  ol  Verauua. 
— Arrival  at  Jam.iica. — Slraiiding  of  the  Ships 

BOOK  XVI. 

CllAr.  I.  —  .Arrangement  of  Diego  Mendez  with 
tile  Caciipies  for  Sii|)plies  of  Provisions. — Sent 
to  San  Domingo  by  Columbus  in  quest  of  Re- 
lief     

CiiAi'.  II.  Mutiny  of  Porras  .         .         .         . 

("11  \r.  HI. — Scarcity  of  Provisions. — Stralaprm 
of  Columbus  to  obtain  Supplies  from  the  Na- 
tives  

CllAl'.  IV. — Mission  of  Diego  de  Escobar  to  the 
Admiral     ........ 

CllAl'.  V. — Vovagc  of  Diego  Mendez  and  Har- 
lliolomew  I'iesco  in  a  Canoe  to  Hispaniola     . 

CllAl'.  \T. — Overlures  of  Columbus  to  il.e  Muti- 
neers.—  H.itile  of  the  Adelantado  wiili  Porras 
and  his  Followers 


if)i) 
J71 
173 
173 

176 

177 
I7'J 

1.S2 
1S3 


1S5 
i?7 

I  Si, 

lO'j 

192 
103 

196 

19  j 

199 
201 


202 

205 


2J7 

203 

209 

O  T  - 


S         ClIA 
I  ol. 

i  '^:; 

Cii\ 
ClIA 

1. 


CllAl 

mi 
Cl 

I'll 
111 

CllAl 


i 


•f 


C()Nti:nts. 


tiiii.il  wiih  tlio 
S|i.nii  .   157 

i({iiufnts  Willi 

•  t'y) 

II  niid  Ilis  Fill. 
i|    llic    ki'lit'ls 

.    163 
I  Si|ii,i(li<in  at 
-Uoidiin  Mill 

.  if'A 
and  Ojfil.i  .  i()5 
a  aiiii  .Mu^iicn  lOO 


rl  aH.-iin"!!  Co- 
I    to    (xnininu 

.   If") 
San  Domingo, 
(^oninianij     .    17I 
to  appiiir  1)0- 

•    173 
ithcis  aiicstfd 

.   173 


llie   :irriv:il   of 
r.iiu'c  :il  (diirt   176 
HCS      1)1       Uis- 

•  177 
nin'ointiil   10 

•  17'; 

iil/us    iihilivu 
iiK-liic;     .  .    1S2 

nnibus    for    a 
.       .       .        .  i33 


>on  liis  Fourth 
I  the  Ihiiljor 
violent   Tcni- 

.   1S3 
asi  of    IIoii- 

.  1S7 
s(niito  Conft, 

.         .   1S9 
\irn. — Spccu- 
I  \\  rn^ua       .    l<jo 
!<llo   anil    I-:i 
ic  bL-aitli  aliir 

.   192 
The  Adclan- 

■   193 
cttlemcnt  on 
ihc   N.ilivc?. 

10   siuj-rise 

.   196 
llen:cnt         .    I9S 
I  on  l.onrd  o( 
^L'ltji  iniMit  .    199 
I  01  \'tr.-ii;na. 

u(  llic  ^liips  301 


ktondoz   with 

Isioiis.  — Si'iit 
quLst  of  Ue- 

.  202 
.  205 

I — Stratagem 

|roin  the   N'a- 

.   2J7 

icobar  to  the 

.    203 

:z  and   Har- 
ispaniola     .   209 
lloil.c  Mnti- 
Iwiih   I'orras 

.   21: 


V.    OK  WII. 

CilAI'.  I.     AdininiHiration  of  <  )vando  it»  Ilispanl- 

„|.,._()j,|,ic>i<inn  ol  till- Salivis 
CiiAi'.  11— Massacre  at  Xaragua.— Faicof  Ana- 

ruona         ........ 

CiiM'.  (II.- W.ir  with  the  N.illvf^  of  I!i«iuy     . 
('KM'.  IV -Close    I'f   till'    War   with   lll,i{Ufy.— 

lalti  u(  Cotahan.tin.i 


PAOIt 

21  1 

SI? 
2  I  " 

219 

321 


ihu 


IJOOK    .Will. 

Cll.M'.  I— ni'pariiiri;  "I  Coliinihiis  for  San    Dr 

niinKo— Ills  Ktiurn   to  Spam 
CllAi'.  II.  — lilni'ss  III  (-'I'liinilius  al  Sfvillr.  —  .\p. 

plication  to  the  ("lown  fur  a  Uoliliilion  of  his 

Honors.  — Di'iilh  of  Is. ilii-lla         .... 
(Ji.vf.  Ill  — Ciiliiniliiis  aiiucs  at  Cnuit.  — rriiit- 

Ifss  .Aiipli'-ailon  to  ihr  KiiiK  hir  Kidress 
ClIAl'.  IV'.  — Death   of  ColuiMhiis         ... 
Cll  \l'.  V.  Ohsei  v.itions    on    the    Character    of 

Culuuihus SS'^ 


lii-l 

i'h   the   Suiiis 
hciii    rciiiii-LiJ 


22 


225 

01^ 


A  r  V  1:  N  IJ  I  X  . 

1).  I  — Transportation  of  the    Kcnialns  of  Col. 

ninliiis   lioiii  Si.   |)()niinj;o  to  the  Ilavan.i 

o.  II.     Notice  of   ihc  Utsccndaiits  of  Coluni- 

liiis 

(I.  III.— Firnanilo  riilumluis  .  .  .  . 
11.  IV. — .Vkc  of  {'oliiinlnis  .  .  .  . 
o.  v.-  I.iiicam' of  ("oliiinlms    .  .  .  . 

n.  \'l — Hirilipl.ice  1)1  (,'olninl)US 

o.  \'ll. —  Ihu  Colomlios 

o.  \'lll.  —  E.ipcilition  of  John  of  AnjoM     . 

o.  I.\.— (-apl'.iti-   of  the  Venetian    (Jallcys   by 


Colombo  the  Vounner  . 
!ij.  X.  — .\iiieiii;o  X'c'spuccI 
Jo.  XI— .Martin  Alon,!o  rinEoii 


2-,^ 
241 
241 
242 
24.1 
24; 
240 

24'. 

'-M7 
253 


I' 


N".  .\II  — Rnitinr  of   llir  Pilot  ".lid    toliavodied 
in  Ihe  llniisi' of  ColiinilniA         .         ,         .         . 
No.    XIII.     M.iriiii    Ml  hi  111         .        .         .        . 
.\o   Xl\'.  —  \in.ii;i's  cl   the   Srandin.ivians 
No.  X V.  — Circuinnavijjalioii    of    .\fiita   ly 

AiiriiMits 

.No.  \\'\. — Of  the  ships  (if  Coliiiiibiis 
No    .WII.  —  UoLiie    of     C'oliliiibiis    ill     his 
\'o\aiic      ....... 

No.  .Will.  —  I'riniipbs  upon  >v 
niinlioiu'd  in   this  Wuik   l.uve 
into  mo  lerii  Ciiiieniv 
No.  .\  I  \.-   I'ri'sicr    Ii'lin     . 
X\— Marco  Polo 
NX  I. -The  Work   of  Mar.o 
XXII.  — Sir  lohii  MaiuliMlIc 
XXIII.— Tlic  /ones     . 
XXIV.  — 01  iIk'  Atalantis  ot  I 
.N  .\  \'. —  I  hr   Iniaf;iiiaty   Islaiii 
in  .  ....... 

.NX  VI.  —  The  Island  of  ihc  Srvcn  Cilies 
No.  .\  .WII.  —  Disiiivi'M  111  the  Ul.ind  ol  .Madeira 

Nil.  XXVIII.-l.asC.tsis 

No.   XXIX.  — IVicr    Marnr        .        .        .        . 

No.  .\X\.-()viedo     .       ' 

No.  .\  .N  .\  I — Ciir.i  d(!  I.os  P.ilai-ios 
No.  .K.N.XII.  — "  .NaviRationo  ili-l  Uo 
dil  Isiilc  (•   Pacsi'    Niiovanii'iite    I 
"  Navi;;alio  Christopliori  Coloiidji." 
No.  .X.X.N  I II.— .\ntoiiio  de  Ilcrrcia     . 
.No.  .\  .X.X  l\'.  —  Hisliop  Fonsei  a 
.No.  .N.N.W. — (Jl  ihf  situation  of  the  Ternstii.i 

Paradise 

.No.  .\.\Xyi.— WillofCohimbiis 

Nil.  X.N.WII. — Signature  uf  Columbus 

iMil.'i 


PAi.k 

2M 

2'7 


No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 
No 
(h 
No. 


:.ito 
1.1    Si. 


liran- 


If  Casiiglia 
itiovate. 


2(>\ 
2().» 
204 
2fi7 
2(lS 
2'.) 
2(10 

270 
27^ 

272 
274 

270 
27'' 

27S 


270 
270 

2i)0 

a:-i 

2S5 


ASTORIA. 


Introiuctio.n', 


CHAPTER  III. 


CHAPTER  I. 


Dbjcrts  of  Ametican  enterprise — S"U\  hiintinjj 
and  fur  tr.idiiif,' — iheir  eflert  on  colonization  - 
early  French  Canadian  settlers — Oitowa  and 
Huron  hunters — an  Indian  tradini;  ciini) — 
couriers  des  hois,  or  rangers  of  the  woods — 
their  roaiiiinij  life— their  revels  and  excesses — 
licensed  traders — missionaries — tradinj.;  posts 
—  primitive  French  Canadian  men  liani — his 
establishment  and  dependants —  Hritish  ("a- 
nadian  fur  merchant — orij;in  of  the  .Norih- 
west  Company  —  its  consliliilion  —  its  in- 
ternal trade  —  a  candidate  for  the  company 
--privations  in  the  wilderness  —  northwest 
clerks — northwest  partners — a  northwest  nabob 
— feudal  notions  in  the  forest — the  lords  of  the 
lakes  — Fort  William — its  parlianuntarv  hall 
and  baiKiueting  room — was  sailing  in  the  wil- 
derness,    ....,,..   30: 

CHAPTER  II. 

Rise  of  the  Mackinaw  Company — attempt  of  the 
.American  Kovornment  to  counteract  foreign 
inllucnce  over  the  Indian  tribes — lohn  lacol) 
Astor — his  birth-plarc  —  his  arrival  in  the 
L'nited  Slates — what  hrsi  turned  his  attention 
to  the  fur  trade — his  character,  enterprises,  and 
success — his  communications  with  the  .Vmeri- 
c. in  government— origin  of  the  American  Fur 
Company 305 


Fur  trade  in  the  Pacific — .Nmeriran  coasting  voy- 
ai^cs  — Russian  onter[irises— discoverv  of  the. 
Columbia  River — Car\er's  project  to  found  a 
settlement  there  —  M.ickciizii's  expedition — 
Lewis  and  Clarke's  journey  arross  the  Rocky 
Mounlains  -- Mr.  .Asior's  grand  coniiuercial 
scheme -- his  correspondence  on  the  subject 
with  Mr.  lerterson  —  his  negotiations  witli  the 
.Northwest  Company — his  steps  to  carry  his 
scheme  into  etlect,      ......  307 

CHAPTER  IV. 

Two  expeditions  set  on  foot— the  Tonquin  and 
her  crew — Captain  Thorn,  his  character — the 
partners  and  clerks  -  -  Canadian  vovageurs, 
their  habits,  employments,  diess.  chaiacter, 
songs — e.\pedition  of  a  Canadian  boat  and  its 
crew  by  land  and  water — arrival  at  .New  V  :rk 
-preparations  lor  a  sea  vo\age — northwest 
braggarts  —  underhand  precautions  —  letter  of 
instructions, 31a 

CHAPTER  V. 

Sailing  of  the  Tompiin — a  rigid  commandi-r  and 
a  reckless  crew — landsmen  on  shipboard  — 
fre^h  water  sailors  at  sea — lubber  nests — ship 
fare  —  a  Labrador  veteran  —  lilerary  clerks — 
curious  travellers — Robinson  Crusoe's  Island 
— ipiarter-deck  fjuarrels — Falkl.ind  Islands — 
a  wild  goose  1  hase — Port  Egmont — epitapli 
hunting — Old  Mortality — penguin  shouting  - 


fONTICNTS. 


313 


3'5 


319 


321 


^fioriimcn  Icfi    in    the  Inrrh  —  .t  h.irl  pull 
luiilici  alirri  .itiuii» — utrival  nt  Owylii'i;,   , 

CIIAPrr.U   VI. 

Ovvliic  -  S,itiil«lr|i  Nl.iiiilcrs  -  •  lliilr  tiaiiliiiil 
l.ileiit>  -  r.iiii;Mliiii.iali-  liis  ii.ivy  Ins  ih';;ii|i,i. 
lions — views  of  Mr.  .\slor  wilh  ri'si.ii  1  lu  llii; 
S.iiidwicli  Isl.iii'ls     l\.ii.ik.il<ota— roy.il  iiiono|)- 

olv     0(     pDl  k        -  ill    ,ril|r|IOIl     of     lIlC      ISl.llllltTS  — 

VMytlics  on  sliiirr  LlitDiiiclcr  of  llic  isl.iiiil  — 
ipjacf  where  Ciiiaiii  Cook  was  kiiltO  —  J  ilin 
S'oiiiiK,  a  iiaiiii'.il  novi'rnor  —  liis  notv  — 
Wailili  —  a  loyal  lesiiliMiri;  —  a  royal  visit  — 
/.jiand  Cfrtiiionials  —  close  dciliiin  -a  loyal 
|»jik  iiiL'ii  liaiil-  ^rit'vaiR'vs  ul  a  iiialiei-ul  lad 
iiiai 

CIlAl'TI-.R  VII. 

Di'iarmrc  from  the  Siu'lwiih  Islands  niisim- 
dersiaiidm^s— nnsene*  of  a  suspicions  man  — 
arriv.il  at  lln;  <(il'.inil)i.i  -(laiij;cr<.as  service — 
gloomy  a[)pr(  lieiiMons  -hars  and  lireaker* — 
perils  of  iIk'  ship — disasters  of  a  buai's  crew  ■ 
iiuual  ul  a  Sandwuh  Islander,  •         .         • 

CIIAI'TI.R  VIII. 

Month  of  the  Cohmilii.i — the  n.ilive  Irihes — their 
lishinn  -  their  canoes — bold  iiavij;:itors  i(|nes- 
irian  Indi.ins  and  piscatoiy  Indians,  ililleienco 
in  their  physical  oi^ani/ation  -  -  seaiih  for  a 
trading;  sue  -  expedition  of  M'Otnixal  and 
David  Stewart  —  Coinconilv,  the  one-eyed 
cliiufi.iin — inlhicnce  of  wealth  in  savage  life — 
{•lavery  amonn  the  natives — an  arisiocracv  of 
Klatlieads — hospitality  ninung  the  (hiiiooks — 
Cuincuiuly's  dau)^htur — her  cominest,       . 

ClIAPTEU  IX. 

Point  Cieorcc -- found inij  of  Astori.i -- Indian 
visitors — their  rect  ption — the  captain  lalioos 
the  ship — dep.iiture  of  the  'roni|nni--cuiTiiiienis 
on  the  Conduct  of  Captain  Thorn,     .         .         .   322 

CIIAPTKR  X. 

DiRqiiietinfT  rumors  from  the  interior  rec  innoi- 
tcrmg  pally  picparations  fur  a  tradin;^'  post — 
an  une.xpccted  arrival — a  spy  in  the  camp 
cxi>pdrtion  into  the  interior  shoies  of  the 
Columhia — Mount  Coflin — Indian  Sepulchre  ■ 
the  land  of  spirits — Columliian  valley  Van- 
couver's Point- — falls  and  rapids — a  great 
fishing  mart— the  village  of  Wish-ram— dill'er- 
cnce  between  tishinj;  Indians  and  huntin).; 
Indians — elh'cts  of  h.ibits  of  trade  on  the  In- 
dian charactei — pobt  established  al  the  Dakin- 
agan 323 

CIIAPTLR  XI. 

Alarm  at  Astoria — rumor  of  Indian  hostilities — 
preparations  for  defence — tragical  late  of  the 
ToiKiuin,    ........  326 

CHAPTER  XII. 

Gloom  at  Astoria — an  ingenious  stratagem — the 
.smallpox  chief— launching  of  the  Dolly  -an 
arrival — a  Canadian  trapper — a  freeman  of  the 
forest— an  Iroipiois  hut 'or  —  winter  on  the 
Columbia — festivities  of  N  nv  Year,  .         .  329 

CHAPTER  XIII. 

Expedition  by  land — Wilson  P.  Hunt — his  char- 
acter—  Uonald  M'Kenzic — recruiting  service 
among  the  voyagcurs — a  bark  canoe — cli.ipel 
of  St.  Anne — votive  ofl'erings — pious  carousals 
— a  ragged  regiment — Mackinaw — picture  of  a 
Uadin^;  post  —  frolicking  voyageurs  —  swells 


rAr.i 
and  dwaaccrcr!! — Indlart  foxcombi — n  mnn  o( 
tlie  tiodh  —  jorkeyshJI)  (if  Voyageurs— im  tliracy 
of  gold-weight  ol  a  fi.itlitr  .Mr.  I\am^dy 
Crooks— his  characicr— liii  riski«  anionK  thu 
Indi.ins  l.iH  warning  concerning  the  Siuux 
and  HIackleel  rnd>aikalioii  of  reciuits--|  .irt- 
iim  scenes  between  biolhers,  c<JUsili»,  wivct, 
Nwevthearis  and  pot  cuinpaiiioii»,      .         ,         •  33' 

CIIAPTKR  XIV, 

St.  I. mils — its  fiiiiaiion-  moili'v  population— 
l"reiich  Cieolc  liaders  and  their  (ieprnd.inis— 
Missouri  I'ur  <  ompany — Mi.  M.inuel  |,i<a — 
.Mississippi  iioatmeii  —  vagiant  Indians  -Ken- 
lucky  hunters— old  Freiii  li  mansion  liddliiiK 
—  billiards  — Mr. Josejdi  Miller — his  1  liaiai  ler — 
recruits  — voyage  up  the  .Missouii  -dillieullio 
of  llie  river — merits  ol  Canadian  voy.igeurs — 
arrival  al  the  Noilowa-Mr.  Koherl  .Nl'Lellan 
joins  the  paitv  lohn  Day,  a  Virginia  hiinler 
— desciipliun  of  hull—  .Mr.  Hunt  icliiins  to  Si. 
Louis,  ....  .         . 


,  ( 


333 


CHAPTF.R  XV. 

OppO!«it!nn  of  the  Missouri  Fur  Company  — 
lil.ickfeet  Indians--  Pierre  Dorion.a  half-liteeii 
interpreter  —  old  Motion  and  his  hvbriti 
progeny —family  i|uatrels--cross  purposes  be- 
tween Dorion  and  Lisa  —  renegadoes  from 
Nodowa  —  perplexities  of  a  commander  — 
Messrs,  Hradbury  and  .Suttall  join  the  expedi- 
tion legal  embarrassments  of  Pierre  Dorion — 
departure  from  St.  Louis--conjugal  discipline 
of  a  half-breeil — annu.il  swelling  of  the  rivers 
Daniel  lioon,  the  jiatriarch  ol  Kentucky— 
John  l^olter  —  his  adventures  among  the  In- 
ilians-  -rumors  of  danger  ahead  —  Fori  ( )sage — 
an  Indian  warfeasi — troubles  in  the  Dorion 
(amily — Uullalocs  and  tuikey-biizzatds,   . 

CHAPTER  XVI. 

Return  of  spring — appearance  of  snakes — great 
llighis  of  wild  pigeons — renewal  of  the  voyage 
— night  encampments  —  Platte  River  —  cere- 
monials on  passing  it — signs  of  Indian  war 
parlies  —  magnificent  prospect  at  Papilllon 
Creek — desertion  of  two  hunters — an  irruption 
into  thu  camp  of  Indian  desperadoes — village 
(if  ihc  Omahas — anecdotes  of  the  tribe — feudal 
wars  of  the  Indians— story  of  blackbird,  iho 
famous  Umahu  chief, 

CHAPTER  XVIL 

Rumors  of  danger  from  the  Sioux  Tetons — ruth- 
less character  of  tliosc  savaijcs— pirates  of  the 
Missouri — their  alVair  with  Crooks  and  M'LeU 
lan — a  trading  expedition  broken  up-  M'Lcl- 
lan's  vow  of  vengeance — uneasiness  in  the 
camp — desertions — departure  Iroin  the  (Jm.iha 
village — meetinjf  with  Jones  and  Carson,  two 
adventurous  trappers  —  .scientific  pursuits  of 
Messrs.  Hradbury  and  Nuttall  —  zeal  of  a 
botanist— adventure  of  Mr.  Hradbury  wilh  a 
Ponca  Indian — expedient  of  the  pocket  coin- 
jiass  and  microscope — a  messemjer  Irom  Lisa 
— motives  for  pressing  forward, 

CHAPTER  XVIII. 

Camp  gossip  —  deserters  —  recruits  —  Kentucky 
hunters — a  veteran  woodman — tidings  of  Mr. 
Henry — danger  from  the  Hlackftel  alteration 
of  plans — scenery  of  the  river — buli.ilo  roads — 
iron  ore — country  of  the  Sioux — a  land  of  dan- 
ger— apprehensions  of  the  voyageurs — Indian 
scouts  —  threatened  hostilities  —  a  council  of 
war — an  array  if  battle — a  parley — the  pipe  of 
peace — speech-making,      ,         .        , 


335 


I 


320 


3-12 


Th. 
.M 

P' 

CI 

r.T 

PI 

L 

ol 
cl 


Feat 

an 

D. 

tl 

ri\ 

M:i 

its 

col 

Li 

get 

cm 


343 


CONTI-NTS. 


ffl 


iiiiti«— a  rn.iii  o( 
■iirt--  iiK  Ili'-Miv 
Mr.  Kiiiiisjy 
>k»  ;iMii>iit(  iliu 
ilti|{  (III:  SluilX 
rtciiui"* — I  .iri. 
c»u!tiii»,  wivci, 


33' 


ipiil.iiion— 


\ 

Y  pi)p\ii.iiion— 
r  iii'j>»'ii(l,iiils — 
M.iiiuil  l,i«n  — 
liuliaiis--l\cii. 
ii>i<in  InlilliiiK 
-liis(  li:ii;iri(i  — 
nil  -(lilliriiltius 
;iii  voy.i^ti'urs — 
dIuti  Ni'I.tllan 
^'iri;iiiia  liinilcr 
It  icliiilis  III  St. 

333 

V. 

r  f'Dttipnny  — 
on,.i  liall-liiL'i'iJ 
il  liis  hvbiitl 
iS  piirposfs  he- 
lu'u.idoes  Iroin 
rdiiimaiiikT  — 
join  llii-  cxpi'ili- 
'lerrc  Dorioii — 
ii^al  discipline 
1;.'  of  llic  rivirs 
(il  Kcntiirky-- 
niiKinjj  llic  III- 
—  Fori  ( IsMj^f — 
in  tlie  l)uciun 
iiidzarJs,  .        .  335 


nakcs — fjreat 
of  tlie  voyayu 
River  —  cere- 
Indian  war 
at    I'apilliori 

i — an  irtiipllon 

idocs — village 

ttibf— feudal 

BlacitbirU,  tlio 

•  33'J 


Tctons — ruih- 

-piiaifs  of  ilie 

and  M'Lel- 

up-  M'Lcl- 

sin^-ss  in   llie 

)ui  iliu  (Jniaha 

Carson,  two 

|)ursuits  of 

—  zeal   of    a 

dbury  with  a 

pocket  com- 

;r  from  Lisa 


34= 


I. 

1  —  Kentucky 
diii>,'s  of  Mr. 
L't  alteration 
iir.do  roads — 

land  of  dan- 
eurs — Indian 
■  a  council  of 

-tlic  pipe  of 


343 


rilAPTI  R  .\I.\.  f^„, 

Thp  srcat  lund  of  ihe  Missouri— Trook*  and 
M'Lellan  meet  willi  two  of  their  Indian  op. 
poneiil*  w.inlon  oulran"  of  a  white  man  the 
LMU»e  of  Indian  liosidilies-danKers  and  pre- 
cautions  .111  Indian  w.ir  party -- dan^'Muus 
sinialiDii  >>l  .Mr,  Hunt— a  Irieinlly  em  aiiminenl 
— U.isiini;  .ind  d.ini-inK— appro. i<  li  ol  .\l.inu(l 
Lua  and  Ins  patty  — a  uriiii  nieeliny  lielwecii 
old  iiv.d*  I'ltirc  Uorion  in  a  fury— a  burstlof 
cliivalrv 3-1'^ 

CII.M'TKR  NX. 

Fcituron  of  ihc  wilderness— herds  of  biifl'.ilo — 
antelopes-' ilieir  varielies  and  habits  Jidin 
I)ay  — his  bunling  straiaBeni — interview  with 
three  Arickaras  — ncnotiatuins  benvei  n  the 
riv.il  pal  lies  — the  I. ell-handed  and  Iho  Ili^f 
Man.  nvi)  .Vrickara  thiefs— .\rick;ua  villnne — 
its  iidi.iliii.inis— ccietiionials  on  landini!— a 
council  Indue — grand  conlcrence— s|iee(h  of 
Lisa  — ne(;otiation  for  horser. — shrewd  sny- 
gestion  of  (iiay  Lyes,  an  .Atii.kara  chief— 
cncauipnient  of  the  trading  paities,  .         .  350 

CH.\PTF.R  X.\I. 

An  Indian  horse  fair — love  of  the  Indians  for 
horses  sreiies  in  the  Arickara  village — Indian 
hospitality — duties  of  Iiulian  women— ({anic 
liabits  of  the  men— their  indolence — love  of 
gossiping;  —  rumors  of  luikin>{  enemies 
scouts— an  alatm--a  sallying  forth — Indian 
dogs — return  of  a  Iiorse-siealina  party — an  In- 
dian depniition— fresh  alarms  return  of  a 
successful  war  party — dress  of  the  Arirkiras 
—  Indi.m    toilet  —  triumphal   entry  of    the  war 

Jiarly — meetinns  of  relations  and  friends — 
ndian  sensibility— meeting  of  a  wounded 
wniriur  and  his  mother  -festivities  and  lamen- 
tations,       352 

CIlAPrr.R  X.N  II. 

Wilderness  of  the  Far  West — ;;reat  American 
desert  —  parched  seasons —  Mlack  Hills  — 
Rocky  Mountains — wandering  and  prf^datory 
hordes— speculations  on  what  may  be  the 
future  population — apprehended  dangers — a 
plot  to  desert — Rose  the  interpreter — his  sin- 
ister character — departure  from  tho  Arickara 
village, 335 

CHAPTER  XXIIL 

Summer  weather  of  the  prairies — purity  of  the 
atmosphere — Canadians  on  the  march— sick- 
ness in  the  camp — Hig  River — vuli»ar  nomen- 
clature—  suKJ-'eslions  about  the  original  In- 
dian names — camp  of  (^hcyennes — tr.tde  for 
horses — character  of  the  Cheyemies — their 
horsemanship — historical  anecdotes  of  tlie 
tribe, 357 

CHAPTER  XXIV. 

New  distribution  of  horses — secret  information 
of  treason  in  the  camp — Rose  the  interpreter 
— his  perf.ilious  character — his  plots— anec- 
dotes ol  the  Crow  Indians — notorious  horse- 
stealers— some  account  of  Rose — a  desperado 
of  the  frontier,  ...  .         .   33S 

CHAPTER  XXV. 

Subslilule  for  fuel  on  the  prairies — fossil  tree? — 
fierceness  of  llie  bullaloes  when  in  heat— llireo 
hunters  inissiniLt — sij;nal  fires  and  smokes  — 
uneasiness  conccrniiiR  the  lost  men — a  plan 
to  foresiall  a  rogue — new  arrangement  with 
Rose — return  of  t!ic  wanderers,         .        .         .   359 


rilAPTF.R    XXVI. 

The  niack  Moiiniain!i--haiinl»  of  pinlalorv  In 

dians'  llieir  wild  and  broken  appearaini— 
siipersiiiion  concerninK  them  -ilui'idei  spmigi 
rintfiil.ir  noisis  m  the  inouni.iins  sirivt 
mines-hiiUlcii  ii<' mures  iiioiiiil.nnt  in  l.ibor 
- -siieniihi  e.xpl.inaiion-  imp.i>.'.,iMe  diii.is— ■ 
bl.ick  tailed  deei — the  biKlmin  01  alis.diia  — 
prospect  Irom  a  Infiy  Ini^in  -  pl.iin  with  lieidn 
ol  liuff.ilo^disianl  peaks  ol  the  Roi  ky  Moiin* 
t.liiis — .ilarnis  in  the  r.imp  -n.ic  ks  oi  n\\//\y 
bears  — dan>{eri)iis  n.iliiie  ol  this  .iiiini.il--.ii|. 
veniiires  ol  Wiili.ini  (aiinuii  and  John  Day 
with  gtuiily  bears, 


rAni 


360 


CHAPTER  XXVII. 


Indian  trail-  ron;'h  nioiini.iiii  travi  lliii;,'--«uirer. 
iniis  lioiii  hun;;er  and  lhii'>l  Pouilei  Rivei  — 
name  iii  abiiiid.iii  e  — .1  hliiiler-.  p,lladl^e  - 
inount.on  pe.ik  seen  at  a  ^'e.il  disi.iia  e--ono 
of  the  II14  Horn  chain- -  l\oi  k  \  .Mniiiitains  — 
e.xleiit  appeal. mce-lieiyhl  -the  yii.it  .\iiieii»  . 
cm  deseit  -■  various  cliai.u  lei  isin  .  ol  ilia 
moiinl.iiiis-  Indi.in  siipeislilions  loncrtning 
them  -  land  of  souls-  towns  ol  llie  lieu  and 
gencrou*  spirits — happy  huiiiinf{  gri.unds,      .  363 

CHAPrER    XXVII'. 

Refiionof  the  Crow  Indi.ins — scouts  on  the  lof)k- 
out--visit  from  a  crew  of  h.iid  ii'leis  — a  Ciow 
camp-  presents  to  the  Crow  c  hiel--ti  iru.nniiik,' 
—  Crow  bullies  —  Rose  anion).;  his  Iiulian 
friends  —  parting  willi  llie  t'lows  —  peiple.xi- 
lies  among  the  momiiains — inoie  ol  llio 
Crows  —  C(|uebtrian  childien  -- si  aich  alter 
stragglers, 364 

CHAPTER  XXIX. 

Mountain  glens — wandering  band  of  savages — 
anecdotes  of  Shoshonies  and  I'lallie.iils-root 
diggers  —  their  solitary  luri.ii.g  habits  — 
gnomes  of  the  mountains  —  Wind  River  — 
scarcity  of  food— alteration  of  loiite  — the  Pdot 
Knobs  or  Tetons — branch  of  the  Colorado — 
hunting  camp 5t.5 

CliAI'TER    XXX. 

.\  plentiful  hunting  camp — Slioshonie  hunters-- 
lloback's  River  --  Mad  River  -  -  oik  .iinpnient 
near  the  Pilot  Knobs — a  consult.ilioii  prepa- 
rations lor  a  perilous  voy.ige 3(^7 

CHAPTER   XXXI. 

•A  consultation  whether  to  proreel  1  y  land  or 
water — preparations  b^r  boat-luiildiiii;  — an  •  x- 
ploriiig  i'arty — a  party  of  tiappers  di  t.iched  — 
two  Snake  visitors — their  repoit  concerning 
the  fiver — confirmed  by  the  exfjloting  p.irty 
--Mad  River  abandoned— arriv.il  .U  Henrys 
Fort — detachment  of  Robinson,  Hoback  .-inii 
Re/.ncr  to  irap--Mr.  Miller  resolves  to  ac- 
company them — their  depariuie,       .         .         .  368 

CHAPTER  XXXII. 

Scantv  fare  -a  mendicant  Snake— embarkation 
on  Henry  River — joy  of  the  vo\aL;i-iirs--.iriival 
at  Snake  River — rapids  and  breakeis— begin- 
ning of  misfortunes — Snake  eiH.inipnients  - 
parlcv  with  a  savage — a  second  disaster — loss 
of  a  boatman — the  Caldron  Linn,      .         .         .  37Q 

CHAPTER   XXXIII. 

Gloomy  council — exploring  panic  — disroiirag- 
iiig  reports — disastrous  experiment — del.nli- 
nients  in  ijiiest  of  succor — cac'nes,  how  inado 
— re:urn   u(  one  of  the   detachments — unsuc- 


VIU 


CONTEXTS. 


ccssfiil— fiirtlur  disappointments — the  Devil's 
Scuttle  Ilulc 372 

C HA  ITER    XXXIV. 

Delcrminatiori  of  tlie  |iariy '-J  pronod  on  foot — 
drc'irv  (iisLTIs  liclwccii  Snake  River  and  the 
('oliimhia--(lisii  iliiition  of  fllecls  pri'i  •iraliny 
to  a  in.iri:l>  -clivision  of  tin:  party — rii);>,'cd 
Diarcli  alonir  tin:  r  ^cr — wild  and  hrokcn  scene- 
rv— SliDsliDiiics — alarm  of  a  Snake  encamp- 
mint — interi  Diirsi;  willi  tlic  Snakes — li-irsc- 
dealing  — value  of  a  tin  kettle — snUirint^s  from 
tliirsi — alioi.se  reclaimed— fortitude  of  an  In- 
dj.in  woman — scarcilv  of  food — dof>'s  tiesli  a 
dainiy— news  of  Mr.  Crooks  and  his  party — 
fjandnl  travi  llinu  amoii},'  the  mountains— snow- 
siorms— .1  dreary  mountain  prospect — a  bi- 
voiiar  dniinj;  a  wintry  night  —  return  to  the 
river  bank, 374 

CII.M'TER  XXXV. 

An  nnexiicrted  meeting — navij^ation  in  a  skin 
canoe- strariiic  fe.irs  of  sulFcMng  men — liaid- 
ships  of  .Ml.  (^rooks  and  his  comrades — lid- 
inyi;  of  MLellan — a  rc^ro^jade  match — a  wil- 
hnv  rafl--e.\lreiiie  siiHeni'.j;  of  some  of  the 
party--illness  of  Mr.  (brooks — imp.ilience  of 
some  ot  the  men — necessity  of  leaving  the  lag- 
gards behind,  377 

Cn.\PTER    XXXVI. 

Mr.  Hunt  overtakes  the  advance<l  partv — Pierre 
Dorion,  an  i  his  sl-elelon  horse — a  Sho^llonie 
camp — a  jusiili.thle  .mirage — feaslint;  on  horse 
llesh — Mr.  Crooks  biought  to  the  camp — un- 
dertakes to  relieve  his  men  —  the  skin  lerry- 
boat  — frenzy  of  i'revost — his  mclamholv  late 
— enfeebled  slate  of  |ohn  Dav — Mr.  ('rooks 
ai,Min  left  behiiul — ilu  arty  enierjje  from 
among  the  mountains — interview  wiih  Sho- 
slionies — a  guide  procured  to  conduct  the 
parly  acrossa  mounl.iin — ferriage  across  Snake 
River — reunion  with  Mr.  Crooks's  men — final 
departure  from  the  river,  ....  37S 

CHAPTER  XXXVII. 

Departure  from  the  Snake  River — niounla.ns  to 
trie  north  —wayworn  travellers — an  inciease  of 
the  Dorion  family — a  camp  of  Shoshonies— a 
New-Ve.ir  festival  among  the  .Snakes — a  win- 
try march  through  the  mountains — a  sunny 
))rospect  anil  milder  climale — lndi:Mi  horse- 
tracks — grassy  valleys — a  camp  of  Si  i.itoixas — 
jov  of  the  travellers — dangers  of  abundance — 
habits  of  tlie  Scialogas — fate  of  Cairiere  -ihe 
Umalalla— .irrival  at  the  banks  of  the  Coluiii- 
l)ia — tidings  of  ilie  sr.ittered  members  of  the 
expeilition--srenery  on  the  Columbia — tidings 
of -Astoria— arrival  at  the  falls, 


3=' 


CHAPTER   XXXVIII. 

The  village  of  Wishram — roguery  of  the  inhabi- 
tants—  their  habitalions  —  tidings  of  Astoria 
— ofthe  Tonquin  massacre — thieves  about  the 
camp — a  band  of  braggarts — embarkation- 
arrival  at  Astoria — a  joyful  rcceiilion — old 
roiiirades — adventures  of  Reed,  M'Lellan,  .ind 
M'Kenzie  among  the  .Snake  River  Mountains 
—  rejoicing  at  Astoria,        ..... 

CII.M'TER   XXXIX. 

Scanty  fare  during  the  winter — a  poor  hunting 
ground  —  the  return  of  the  fishing  season  — 
the  uthlecan  or  smelt  —  its  cpialities — vast 
shoLds  of  it — sturgeon  —  Indi.in  modes  of  tak- 
ing it — the  salmon — difl'erent   species — nature 


3^3 


PACK 

of  the  country  ahnut  the  roast — forests  and 
forest  trees — .1  rem.trkable  llowering  vine — 
animals — birds — reptiles — climate  west  of  the 
mountaiiis-- mildness  of  temperature — soil  of 
the  coast  and  the  interior,  ....  3^5 

CHAPTER  XL. 

Natives  in  the  neighborhood  of  Astoria — their 
peisons  ;ind  characteristics — causes  of  de- 
Inniiiiy — their  diess — their  contempt  of  beards 
— ornaments — ainior  and  weapons — mode  of 
ll.illening  the  head — extent  ofthe  custom — re- 
ligious belief — the  two  great  spirits  ol  the  air 
and  of  the  lire — priests  or  medicine  men — the 
rival  idols — polygamy  a  cause  of  greatness — 
peliy  warfari — music,  dancing,  gambling — 
thieving  a  virlue— keen  traders-  intrusive 
h.i!)it>i — abhorrence  of  drunkenness^anecdote 
ot  Conicomly, 366 

CHAPTER  XLI. 

S;iring  arrangements  at  Astoria — various  expedi- 
tions set  out — the  Long  Narrows — pillering 
Indians — thievish  tribe  at  Wish-ram — jiortage 
at  the  falls — portage  by  moonlight — an  attack, 
a  rout,  and  a  robtjery — Indian  cure  for  cow- 
ardice—a parley  and  compromise— the  dis- 
patch larty  turn  back — meet  Cro(d;sand  John 
Day — their  sullerings — Indian  perlidy — airival 
at  Astoria,         .         .         .         .         .         .         .  3S3 

CHAPTER    XLH. 

Comprehensive  views — to  supply  ihc  Russian 
fill  '  sl.iblishniijiit  an  agent  sent  10  Russia — • 
project  of  an  annual  ship  the  Heaver  lilted 
out — her  C(|uipinent  and  crew— insiructions  to 
the  captain — the  Sandwich  Islands — rumors  of 
the  fate  of  the  Tonquin  —  preraulions  on  leach- 
ing the  mouth  of  the  Columbia,       .         .         .  3'jl 

ciiapti;r  xlih. 

Active  operations  at  .\sloria — various  expedi- 
tions htted  out — Robert  Stuart  and  a  party 
destined  for  New  Yen  k— singular  conduct  of 
John  Day — his  late — piratical  [lass  and  h.i/.ard- 
oiis  portage — rattlesnakes — their  abhorrence 
ol  tobacco — arrival  among  the  Wallah-Wallahs 
—  ]nirchase  ol  hcjrses— dejiaitute  ol  Stuart  and 
his  band  for  the  mountains. 


I 


yj- 


CIIAPTER    XLIV. 


Rome  of  Mr.  Stuart — dreary  wilds— thirsty  travel- 
ling a  grove  and  stre.inilct — the  Blue  Moun- 
tains--a  fertile  plain  with  rivulets— Mil phur 
spring — route  a!ong»Sn,ike  River--riiiiiois  of 
white  men — the  Snake  and  his  horse — a  Snake 
guide — a  midnight  decampment — unex['ecled 
meeting  with  old  comrades — story  of  trapjiers' 
hardships — Salmon  Kails — a  great  lisliery — 
mode  of  spearing  salmon — arrival  at  the  ("al- 
droii  I.inn  —  slate  of  the  caches  —  new  tesrjiution 
of  the  tluee  Keiilurky  trappers,         ,         ,         .  2')4 

CHAE'TER    XI.V. 

The  Snake  River  deserts — scanty  fare — bewil- 
dered travellers — prowling  Indi.ans — a  giant 
Crow  chiel — i  bully  rebuked  —  Ir.dian  signals 
-smoke  on  Ihc  mountains — .M;icl  River — an 
alarm — an  Indian  foray — a  scamper— a  rude 
Indian  joke — a  sharp-shooter  balked  of  his 
shot,    .........   3g3 

CHAPTER   XLVI. 

Travellers  nnliorsed — |)Cileslrian  (ireiiaiations  — 
l^rving  spies — bonfire  of  bagj;agi---a  man  h  on 
foot — raiting  a  river — the  wounded  elk  — Indian 


tr;l 


Hen 

111' 

call 

fori 

alij 

mah 

imr 

all  I 


CONTENTS. 


!x 


St — fdrcsis  ami 
iwcriiig  vine — 
ale  west  of  tliu 
L'l.iUirc — S(jil  of 


3S5 


Astoria — their 
causes  of  dc- 
;cnipl  of  lii'ards 
[ions — iDodf  of 
lie  cust<jiii  —  rc- 
;Hrits  ol  (lie  air 
icinc  men — the 
of  greatness — 
^r,  franihlini,'— 
ilers--iiilriisive 
less— anecdote 


3a6 


,1. 

I'arious  expcdi- 
ows — |iillerinj{ 
i-rani — portayc 
^lit — an  attack, 
cure  for  cow- 
iiiisc-tlie  dis- 
uoks  and  John 
icrlidy — ai  rival 


3S3 


y  the  Russian 
lit  10  Russia — 
;  Heaver  fitted 
■iiistriiclions  to 
ids — riiiiiors  of 
ilions  on  leach- 


3'Ji 


iiious   cxpcdi- 

and    a    party 

lar  conduct  of 

iss  and  liazard- 

|ir   abhorrence 

illah-Wallahs 

ol  Stuart  and 


3'J2 


l-tliiisty  Iravcl- 

Hliie   Monn- 

lets — Mil  pliur 

IIIIIOIS    of 

—a  Snake 

-unexpected 

|y  of  trappers' 

L'at    lisliery — 

111  at  tlio  ("al- 

jw  resolution 


fare — bewil- 
jaiis — a  (iiaiit 
diaii  sijinals 
I  River — an 
pel — a  rude 
Iked    of    his 


;'j4 


39S 


.'liaiatinns — ■ 

a  man  h  on 

Iclk — Indian 


trails— wilful  rondiui  of  Mr.  M'Lellan  — trrand 
[irospect  Irom  a  iiioiintaiii — distant  crateis  o'l 
volcanoes— illness  of  Mr.  Crooks,    .         .         .4"" 

CIIAPTF.R    XLVII. 

Hen  Jones  and  a  Kri//.Iy  hear— rocky  lieights— 
mountain  torrents — traces  of  M'Lellan — vol- 
canic niiiaiiis— mineral  earllis— |uciiliar  clay 
for  poticiy  "'lisinal  plight  of  M'Lellan— starv- 
ation— slioiknig  proposition  of  a  ilesperaic 
man— a  liroken-ilown  IjiiII  — a  ravenous  meal — 
Indian  gia'.es — hospitable  biiakes— a  lorlorn 
alliunce,     ......         .         .  4'-'- 

CIIAPTKR   XLVIII. 
T  scenery — trial  of  Crow  Indians — 


S 


nish  Kivc 
a  snow-storni— a  rousin;;  lire  and  a  hiilialo 
least — a  plain  of  salt — cliiiiliint»  a  niounlaiii^ 
volcanic  su mm  it— extinguished  cr.nei  —  marine 
shells — eiic.impiiient  on  a  pi.iu  ie  — siiccessliil 
hunting  —  f;i''l  cheer  —  romantic  sceneiy— 
rocky  deliic— loaniing  rapids — the  lieiy  nar- 
rows, ......         ... 

CIIAI'TKR  .Xl.l.X. 
V.'intry  stornis — a  halt  and  council — cantonment 
for  the  winter— line  liiiiuing  coiinlry — i^anie  ol 
the  moiinlainii  and  plains — succes--lul  liiiiiling 
—  Mr.  (  lo'iks  and  a  grizzly  bear  — the  wit;- 
waiu — bigliom  ;iiid  blacktails— beef  and  vtni- 
son — go. id  ipiarters  and  good  cheer — an  al.irm 
— an  inn  nsioii — unwelcome  guests  — desol.ni  jii 
of  the  larder-gorinaiuliziiiL;  cxploilsol  hun- 
gry savages — good  (piartets  abandoned,   , 

CIIAI'TKR  L. 
Rouprh  winlrv  travelling — hills  and  plains — snow 
and  ice — lisapjii  arance  of  game — .1  vast  die.iry 
jilain — a  second  halt  for  the  winter — another 
wigwam  —  New  Year's  feast — bullalo  humps, 
tongues,  and  marrow  bones — return  ol  spring 
— l.iiincli  of  canoes— bad  navigation  —  peili  s- 
trian  niaicli— vast  prairies — deserted  camps — 
I'awme  sjii.iws — an  Otto  Indian — newsof  war 
— vovage  down  the  Platte  and  the    Missouri  — 


405 


ing   of    an    Indian — arrival    of    the    wintering 
partners  at  Astoria 414 

CIIAI'TKR    I. IV. 

The  partners  ilis[ileasec|  w;lh  M'  Doiigal — cipiivo- 
cal  (diiiluci  ol  that  gentleman — p.irlners  agree 

i  to  ab.iiidon  .^slol'ia — sale  of  goods  to  .M'T.ivish 
— arrangi'iiients  lor  the  year — manileslo  signed 
by  the  |iaitiieis — dej);iriiire  ol  M'Tavisli  lor  the 

I       interior,     ........  417 

I  CHAPTER    I.V. 

,  .\nxielies  of  Mr.  Astor — memorial  of  the  North- 
west Conipany — tidings  ol  a  Hiitish  naval  ex- 
pediti  ill  agaist  .Vstori.i — .Mr.  .Asioi  applies  to 
government  lor  protrclion — the  Irigale  .Adams 
ordered  to  be  fitted  out — bright  news  Irom  .As- 
toria— sunslii:ie  suddenly  overclouded,  .         .  41.-) 

CIIAI'TKR    lAI. 

Ali'airs  of  stale  at  .Astoria — .M'Uoiig.il  proposes 
lor   the    hand    of  an    Indian    princess — matri- 


40^ 


rccepliuii  at  Korl  Osage — arrival  at  St.  Louis,     409  1       'l''ain;i  il 
CIIAI'TKR    LI. 
Agreement  between  Mr.  .Astor  and   the   Russian 


moni.il  ciubassy  to  (^ouicomiv  -matrimonial 
notions  among  the  Chinooks — settbuieiii>  and 
idn-money — the  bringing  home  ol  the  bndi — a 
managing  (.ither-in-l.iw— arri'.al  of  .Mr.  Hunt 
at  .\stotia,  ........  4i'j 

chai'Ti:r  lvh. 

Vovage  of  the  Hciver  to  New  Aichangel — a  Riis- . 
siaii  governor — loystering  riiie-the  tyranny 
of  the  table — hard  drinking  b.irgains- -vovage 
to  Kanischalka — se.il-c. itch  ing  estabiislimeiit 
at  St.  Paul's— storms  at  sea  — .Mi.  Hunt  left  at 
the  Sandwich  Islands-— transactions  of  the 
Heaver  at  C.inton — return  ol  Mr.  Hum  to  .As- 
loiia, 420 

CIIAPIKR  LVIII. 
Arrangements  among  the  partners — Mr.  Hunt 
sails  in  the  .Albatross — arrives  a'  the  .Manpies.is 
— newsof  the  frigate  Phoebe  —  .Mr.  Hunt  [iro- 
ceeds  to  the  Sandwich  Islands — voyage  of  the 
Lark — her  shipwreck  transactions  with  the 
itives  of  the  Saiidwieh  islands — toiiducl   of 


CIIAPIKR    LIX. 


Kur  Compaiiv — war  between 


the  V 


iiileil  Stales 


Arrival  of  M'Tavisli  at  Astoria — conduct  of  h 


id    C 


real 


iritian  —  instructions    to    Capiani 


foil. 


negotiations    o 


f    M'l). 


d 


Sowleoflhe  Heaver— fitting  out  of  the  Laik  — 
new.s  of  the  airival  of  Mr.  Sluait,     . 


411 


M' lavish — bargain  lor  till!   Iranskrol   .Astoria 
doubts  entertained  of  the  lovallvot  .MTJoii- 


424 


CIIAI'TKR    Lll. 


iJaiiks    of    til 


\",i 


-Walhi 


■departure     o 


r  David  Smart  for  the  (Jakiiiag.m      Mr. Clarke's 

^^  route  up  Ltnvis  River — Chipiiiinish,  or  Pick  ed- 
I  no>e  Indi.ins  their  character.'appeaiance,  and 
'i  habits  thi(;vish  habits- l.iying  up  of  the  boats 
— post  at  Pointed  Heart  and  Sp okan  Rivers — 
,  his  route  up  the  Camoeniini  —  bands 


chapti:r  lx. 

.Arrival  of  a  strange  s.iil  —  agitation  at  .Astoria- 
warlike    oiler    of    Comcoinlv — Astoria    taki 


possession   o 


f  by  the    Hritish — indignation   of 


M'Ki 
of  t 


ravelling 


Ind 


lans — ex  pedition 


R 


dveiitutes    of  wandering    voya- 


tlie    caciie 

geurs  an  I  liappers, 

ciiapti;r  Lii. 

Dcpaitiire  nf  Mr.  Hunt  in    the    Heaver — prerai: 
tionsat  the  lactorv— detachment  to  the  WalLi 


Comcouily  at  the  conduct  of  his  son  in-law,       425 

ciiapti;r  lxl 

Arrival  of  the  brig  Pedlir  ;it    .\sioria^breaking 
up  ol  the  establishment  — dep.irtuie 


412 


jf   th 


e   conipany — tragn. 


story    told    by    the 


sipiaw  of  PieriL  Dorioii — fate>  of  i\eed  .and  his 
companions  -attempts  of  Mr.  .Astor  to  leiiew 
his  enterprise  —  di.'appointiiient — cjiicluding 
observations  and  lelleciions 


42; 


III  lit 
M'Ki 


appreh 
— air.iirs  at  SI 


giooiiiv 


arrival    of 
i.ihapt.in — news  of   war 


>f     .M'Doiigal   —  delerniination     to 
.Ib.indoa  Astoria — departure   o(   .M'Kenzie  for 


the  inn 


the  lullians  of  \V 

meetni;; 

at   the 

inination  of  the  wint 


ir— adventure  at  the  rai>ids  — \  isil  tc 


I'-n-raiii — a  perilous  siluation- 


ai'1'i;ndi.\. 

Draught  of  a  petition  to  (.'ongresS,  sent  by  Mr. 

.Astor  III  1S12,    .         .          .         .  .         .  430 

Letter  from   Mr.  (jallatin  to  Mr.  Astor,  .   430 


g  Willi  .M'Tavisli  an''  his   partv — arrival 
Shaliaptan     plunde.ed    cailies— deter- 


Not  i 


ic<'S  of  the    piesmit    .-^i 


'te  ol  the    1  iir   Tr.idi 


chirily  extracted  (lom  an  article  jmblished   in 


lim.iii  s     iiiiin.i 


for  I-. 


eriug  partners  not  to  le.ive 


laiy,  1-34, 


the  coiiniiv— .arrival  ol  C;iarke  among  the  .\i 
Perces     the  all'air  of  the  .silver  goblet— ham 


Height  ol  the  Rocky  'ilountaiiis, 
Suggestions  with  resjiect  to  the  Indian  tribes,  atiJ 
the  protection  of  oin  trade,         ,         ,         , 


431 
4.)  J 

433 


CONTENTS. 


A  TOUR  ON  THE  PRAIRIES. 


INTRODVCTIOV. 


TAGE 

•  437 


CHAPTER  I. 


The  Pawnee  hunting  t^roinuls — travelhng  compan- 
ions— a  commissioner — a  virtuoso  — a  fceker  of 
aiiventures — a  Gil  lUasofthe  frontier — a  young 
man's  anticiijations  of  pleasure,  .         .         .  437 

CHAPTER  II. 

Anticipations  clisappointcd — new  plans — prepara- 
tions to  join  an  exi)loring  party — dcpartine  from 
Eort  (liljson — fording;  of  tlic  Verdigris — an  Indian 
cavalier, 4jS 

CHAPTER  HI. 

An  Indian  agency — rillcnicn — Osages,  Creeks,  trap- 
pers, dogs,  horses,  half-breeds  —  Deatte,  the 
Imntsman, 439 

CHAPTER  IV. 
The  departure, 440 

CHAPTER  V. 

Frontier  scenes — aEj^urgus  of  the  border— Lynch's 
law — the  danger  of  linding  a  hurse — the  young 
Osage, t 

CHAPTER  VI. 

Trail  of  the  Osage  hunters — dcpartine  of  the  Count 
and  his  parly — a  descried  war  camp — a  vagrant 
dog — the  encampment,        ..... 

CHAPTER  VII. 

News  of  the  rangers — the  Count  and  his  Indian 
fcjuire — halt  in  the  woods — woodland  scene — 
(.)sage  village — ( )sagc  visitt)rs  at  our  evening 
camp 443 


44' 


442 


CHAPTER  VIII. 


The  honey  camp, 


A  bee  hunt. 


CHAPTER  I.\. 


CHAPTER  X. 


44S 


445 


Amusements  in  the  camp — consultations — hunters' 
fare  an<l  feasting— evening  scenes — camp  melody 
— the  fate  of  an  amateur  owl 446 

CHAPTER  XI. 

Ereaking  up  of  the  encampment — picturesque  march 
— game — camp  scenes — triumph  of  a  young  hunter 
— ill  success  of  an  old  luinter — foul  murtler  of  a 
polecat, 44S 

CHAPTER  XII. 
The  crossing  of  the  Arkansas,         ....  450 

CHAPTER  XIII. 

The  camp  of  the  glen — caniii  go^si]) — Pawnees  and 
their  habits— a  hunter's  adventine — horses  found 
and  men  lost,      .......  450 

CHAPTER   XIV. 

Deer  shooting — life  c  ■  the  prairies — beautiful  en- 
campment— hunter's  luck — anecdotes  of  the  Del- 
awares  and  their  superstitions,  ,        ,         .  452 


TM.r 
>  454 


CHAPTER  XV, 

The  search  for  the  elk — Pawnee  stories,         . 

CHAPTER  XVI. 

A  sick  camp — the  m.i: vh — the  disabled  horse — old 
Ryan  and  the  stragglers — symptoms  of  change  of 
weather  and  change  of  humors,  .         .         .  456 

CHAPTER  XVII. 

Thunder-storm  on  the  prairies — the  storm  encamp- 
ment— night  scene — Indian  stories — a  frightened 
horse, 457 

CHAPTER  XVIII. 

A  grand  prairie — Cliff  Castle — buffalo  tracks — deer 
hunted  by  wolves— Cross  Timber,        .         .         .  45S 

CHAPTER  XIX. 

Hunters'  anticipations — the  rugged  ford — a  wild 
horse 459 

CHAPTER  XX. 

Tlie  camp  of  the  wild  horse — hunters'  stories — habits 
of  the  wild  horse  — the  half-breed  and  his  prize — a 
horse  chase — a  wild  spirit  tamed,         .         .         .  461 

CHAPTER  XXI. 

The  fording  of  the  Red  Fork- — the  dreary  forests  of 
the  "Cross  Timber  " — l)uffalo  !  .         ,         .  4G2 


CHAPTER  XXH. 


The  alarm  camp, 


.  463 


CHAPTER  XXHI. 


I'lCarer  dam — buffalo  and  horse  tracks — a  Pawnee 
trail — wiltl  lior-,es — the  young  hunter  and  the  be.ar 
— change  of  route,       .         .....  465 

CHAPTER  XXIV. 

Scarcity  of  bread — rencTntrc  with  buffaloes — wild 
turkeys — fall  of  a  bulfalo  bull,  .  ,         .  467 

CHAPTER  XXV. 
Ringing  the  wild  horse,  .....  467 

CHAPTER  XXVI. 

Fording  of  the  North  Fork — dreary  scenery  of  the 
Cross  Timber — scamper  of  horses  in  tlie  night — 
( )sage  war  party — eliocts  of  a  pcac!  harangue — 
buffalo— wild  horse,    .         .         ....  469 

CHAPTER  XXVH. 

Foul  weather  encampment — anecdotes  of  bear  hunt- 
ing—  Indian  notions  a!)ont  omens — scruples  re- 
specting the  dead,        ......  470 

CHAPTER  XXVIII. 

.\  secret  expedition  — deer  bleating — magic  balls,     .  472 

CHAPTER  XXIX. 
The  grand  prairie — a  bulTalo  hunt,  .         ,         ,  473 

CHAPTER  XXX. 

\  comrade  lo^t — a  searcli  for  the  camp— the  com- 
mi-sioner,  tiie  wild  horse,  and  the  buffalo — a  wolf 
serenade, 476 


Ah 


Ar< 


CONTEXTS. 


3. 

XVI. 

disabled  liorse— old 
|)toms  of  change  of 
^»  •        .        .  456 

^VII, 

the  storm  ciicimp- 
ories— a  frightened 


CHAPTER  XXXr, 
A  hunt  for  a  lost  comrade,      . 

CHAPTER  XXXH. 

A  republic  of  prairie  dogs,     .        • 


PAGE 

■  477 
47S 


CHAPTER  XXXIII. 

A  council  in  the  camp— reasons  for  facing  home- 
ward—horses  lost— departure  with  a  detachment 


SI 


rAGE 


on  the  homeward  route— swamp— wild  horse—' 
camp  scenes  by  night— the  owl,  harbinger  of  dawn,  479 

CHAPTER  XXXIV. 

Old  Creek  encampment— scarcity  of  provisions— 
oad  weather— weary  mardiing-a  hunter's  bridge,  4S1 

CHAPTER  XXXV. 

A  look-out  for  I.ind-hard  travelling  and  hun-ry 
iiiltmg— a  frontier  farmhouse— arrival  at  the  '-"ir- 
"'"" "  .  4S2 


457 


4SS 


459 


:viii. 

ufTalo  tracks— deer 
'er,       . 

*vIX. 

ged    ford— a  wild 
•        •        • 

2rs'  stories— habits  Wg 

•d  and  Jiis  prize — a  '^ 

'i         •         .         .  461 

-■        i 

e  dreary  forests  of 


NEWSTEAD  ABBEY. 


Historical  Notice,   . 
Arrival  at  the  Abbey,     . 
The  Abbey  Garden, 
Plough  Monday,     . 
Old  Servants, 
Superstitions  of  tlie  Abbey, 


*CII. 


:iii. 


.  462 
•  4O3 


•racks— a  Pawnee 
uucr  and  tlic  boar 


i 


Abuotsfokd, 


•  4C5 
:rv. 

1  bufT;\!oes— wild 

■  4C7 
:v. 

.  467 

VI. 

y  scenery  of  tlie 
s  in  tJK-  night — 
-at-:  harangue — 

.  469 

'II. 

tcsof  berirhunt- 
iis — scruples  re- 

.  470 

III. 

•magic  balls,     .  473 

•  473 


I'AGP 
4S5 
4S7 
4S9 
491 
492 

493 


Annesley  Hall,  .  .  ,  . 
The  Lake,     . 

Robin  Hood  and  Sherwood  Forest, 
The  Rook  Cell,  .  .  .  '. 
Tlie  Little  Wliite  Lady,         '.        [ 


ABBOTSFORD. 


PAGB 

495 
501 

501 
504 
505 


TAGK 


amp— the  com- 
buiT.iIo— a  wolf 

•    .  476 


PREFACE. 


I 


Betno  at  Bordeaux,  in  the  winter  of  1825-6,  I 
received  a  letter  from  Mr.  Alexander  Everett, 
Minister  Plenipotentiary  of  the  United  States  at 
Madrid,  informing  me  of  a  work  then  in  the  press, 
edited  hy  Don  Martin  Fernandez  de  Navarrcte, 
Secretary  of  the  Royal  Academy  of  History,  etc., 
etc.,  containing  a  collection  of  documents  relative 
to  tile  voyages  of  Columbus,  among  which  were 
many  of  a  highly  important  nature,  recently  dis- 
covered. Mr.  Everett,  at  the  same  time,  expressed 
an  opinion  that  a  version  of  the  work  into  English, 
by  one  of  our  own  country,  would  be  peculiarly 
desirable.  I  concurred  with  him  in  the  opinion  ; 
and,  having  for  some  time  intended  a  visit  to 
Madrid,  I  shortly  afterward  set  off  for  that  capital, 
with  an  idea  of  undertaking,  while  there,  the 
translation  of  the  work. 

Soon  after  my  arrival,  the  publication  of  M. 
Navarrete  made  its  appearance.  I  found  it  to 
contain  many  documents,  hitherto  unknown, 
which  threw  additional  lights  on  the  discovery  of 
the  New  World,  and  which  reflected  the  greatest 
credit  on  the  industry  and  activity  of  the  learned 
editor.  Still  the  whole  presented  rather  a  mass 
of  rich  materials  for  history,  than  a  history  itself. 
And  invaluable  as  such  stores  may  be  to  the  labo- 
rious inquirer,  the  sight  of  disconnected  papers 
and  official  documents  is  apt  to  be  repulsive  to  the 
general  reader,  who  seeks  for  clear  and  continued 
narrative.  These  circumstances  made  me  hesi- 
tate in  my  proposed  undertaking  ;  yet  the  subject 
was  of  so  interesting  and  national  a  kind,  that  I 
could  not  willingly  abandon  it. 

On  considering  the  matter  more  maturely,  I 
perceived  that,  although  there  were  many  books, 
in  various  languages,  relative  to  Columbus,  they 
all  contained  limited  and  incomplete  accounts  of 
his  lile  and  voyages  ;  while  numerous  valuable 
tracts  on  the  subject  existed  only  in  manuscript  or 
in  the  form  of  letters,  journals,  and  public  muni- 
ments. It  appeared  to  me  that  a  hi.story,  faithfully 
digested  from  these  various  materials,  was  a  de- 
sideratum in  literature,  and  would  be  a  more  sat- 
isfactory occupation  to  myself,  and  a  more  accept- 
able work  to  my  country,  than  the  translation  I 
had  contemplated. 

I  was  encouraged  to  undertake  such  a  work,  by 
the  great  facilities  which  I  found  within  my  reach 
at  Madrid.     I  was  resident  under  the  roof  of  the 

Irving's  Lire  of  Columbut.  (j 


American  Consul,  O.  Rich,  Esq.,  one  of  the  most 
indefatigable  bibliographers  in  Europe,  who,  for 
several  years,  had  made  particular  researches 
after  every  document  relative  to  the  early  history 
of  America.  In  his  extensive  and  curious  library, 
I  found  one  of  the  best  collections  extant  of  Span- 
ish colonial  history,  containing  many  documents 
for  which  I  might  search  elsewhere  in  vain.  This 
he  put  at  my  absolute  command,  with  a  frankness 
and  unreserve  seldom  to  be  met  with  among  the 
possessors  of  such  rare  and  valuable  works  ;  and 
his  library  has  been  my  main  resource  throughout 
the  whole  of  my  labors. 

I  found  also  the  Royal  Library  of  Madrid,  and 
the  library  of  the  Jesuits'  College  of  .San  Isidro, 
two  noble  and  extensive  collections,  open  to  ac- 
cess, and  conducted  with  great  order  and  liber- 
ality. From  Don  Martin  Fernandez  de  Navarrete, 
who  communicated  various  valuable  and  curious 
pieces  of  information,  discovered  in  the  course 
of  his  researches,  I  received  the  most  obliging 
assistance  ;  nor  can  I  refrain  from  testifying  my 
admiration  of  the  self-sustained  zeal  of  iliat  es- 
timable man,  one  of  the  last  veterans  of  .Spanish 
literature,  who  is  almost  alone,  yet  indefatigable 
in  his  labors,  in  a  country  where,  at  present,  liter- 
ary exertion  meets  with  but  little  excitement  or 
reward. 

I  must  acknov.'ledge,  also,  the  liberality  of  the 
Duke  of  Veraguas,  the  descendant  and  rejjresent- 
ative  of  Columbus,  who  submitted  the  archives  of 
his  family  to  my  inspection,  and  took  a  personal 
interest  in  cxhit)iting  the  treasures  they  contained. 
Nor,  lastly,  must  I  omit  my  deep  obligations  to 
my  excellent  friend  Don  Antonio  de  Uguina, 
treasurer  of  the  Prince  Francisco,  a  gentleman  of 
talents  and  erudition,  and  particularly  versed  in 
the  history  of  his  country  and  its  dependencies. 
To  his  unwearied  investigations,  and  silent  and 
unavowed  contributions,  the  world  is  indebted  for 
much  of  the  accurate  information,  recently  im- 
parted, on  points  of  early  colonial  history.  In  the 
possession  of  this  gentleman  are  most  of  the 
papers  of  his  deceased  friend,  the  late  historian 
Munos,  who  was  cut  off  in  the  midst  of  his  val- 
uable labors.  These,  and  various  other  docu- 
ments, have  been  imparted  to  me  by  Don  Antonio, 
with  a  kindness  and  urbanity  which  greatly  ii> 
creased,  yet  lightened  the  obligation. 


PREFACE. 


With  these,  and  other  aids  incidentally  afforded 
me  by  my  local  situation,  1  have  endeavored,  to 
the  best  of  my  abilities,  and  making  the  most  of 
the  time  which  I  could  allow  myself  during  a  so- 
journ in  a  foreign  country,  to  construct  this  his- 
tory. I  have  diligently  collated  all  the  works  that 
1  could  find  relative  to  my  subject,  in  print  and 
manuscript  ;  comparing  them,  as  far  as  in  my 
power,  with  original  documents,  those  sure  lights 
of  historic  research  ;  endeavoring  to  ascertain  the 
truth  amid  those  contradictions  which  will  inevi- 
tably occur,  where  several  persons  have  recorded 
the  same  facts,  viewing  them  from  different  points, 
and  under  the  influence  of  different  interests  and 
feelings. 

In  the  execution  of  this  work  I  have  avoided  in- 
dulging in  mere  speculations  or  general  reflec- 
tions, excepting  such  as  rose  naturally  out  of  the 
subject,  preferring  to  give  a  minute  and  circum- 
stantial narrative,  omitting  no  particular  that 
ap|)eare<l  characteristic  of  the  persons,  the  events, 
or  the  times  ;  and  endeavoring  to  place  every  fact 
in  such  a  point  of  view,  that  the  reader  might 
perceive  its  merits,  and  draw  his  own  maxims 
and  conclusions. 

As  many  points  of  the  history  required  explana- 
tions, drawn  from  contemporary  events  and  the 
literature  of  the  times,  I  have  preferred,  instead 
of  incumbering  the  narrative,  to  give  detached 
illustrations  at  the  end  of  the  work.  This  also 
enabled  me  to  indulge  in  greater  latitude  of  de- 
tail, where  the  subject  was  of  a  curious  or  in- 
teresting nature,  and  the  sources  of  information 
such  as  not  to  be  within  the  common  course  of 
reading. 

After  all,  the  work  is  presented  to  the  public 
with  extreme  diffidence.  All  that  I  can  safely 
claim  's,  an  earnest  desire  to  state  the  truth,  an 
absence  from  prejudices  respecting  the  nations 
mentioned  in  my  history,  a  strong  interest  in  my 
subject,  and  a  zeal  to  make  up  by  assiduity  for 
many  deficiencies  of  which  I  am  conscious. 

Washington  Irving. 

Madrid,   1827. 

P.S. — I  have  been  surprised  at  finding  myself 
accused  by  some  American  writer  of  not  giving 
sufficient  credit  to  Uon  Martin  Fernandez  de 
Navarrete  for  the  aid  I  had  derived  from  his  col- 
lection of  documents.  I  had  thought  I  had 
sufficiently  shown,  in  the  preceding  preface,  which 
ajipeared  with  my  first  edition,  that  his  collection 
first  prompted  my  work  and  subsequently  fur- 
nished its  principal  materials  ;  and  that  I  had 
illustratefl  this  by  citations  at  the  foot  of  almost 
every  page.  In  preparing  this  revised  edition,  I 
have  carefully  and  conscientiously  examined  into 
the  mattei,  but  find  nothing  to  add  to  the  ac- 
knowledgments already  made. 

To  show  the  feelings  and  opinions  of  M. 
Navarrete  himself  with  respect  to  my  work  and 


myself,  I  subjoin  an  extract  from  a  letter  received 
from  that  excellent  man,  and  a  passage  from  the 
introduction  to  the  third  volume  of  his  collection. 
Nothing  but  the  desire  to  vindicate  myself  on  this 
head  would  induce  me  to  publish  extracts  so 
laudatory. 

From  a  letter  dated  Madrid,  April  \st,  1831. 

I  congratulate  myself  that  the  documents  and 
notices  which  I  published  in  my  collection  about 
the  first  occurrences  in  the  history  of  America, 
have  fallen  into  hanils  so  able  to  appreciate  their 
authenticity,  to  examine  them  critically,  and  to 
circulate  them  in  all  directions ;  establishing 
fundamental  truths  which  hitherto  have  been 
adulterated  by  partial  or  systematic  writers. 

Yo  me  complazeo  en  que  los  documentos  y 
noticias  que  publico  en  mi  coleccion  sohre  los 
primeros  acontecimientos  de  la  historia  de 
America,  hayan  recaido  en  manos  tan  habiles 
para  apreciar  su  autenticidad,  para  examinar  las 
con  critica  y  propagarlas  por  todos  partes 
echando  los  fundamentos  de  la  verdad  que  hasta 
ahora  ha  sido  tan  adulterada  par  los  escri  tores 
parciales  6  sistemiticos. 

In  the  introduction  to  the  third  volume  of  his 
Collection  of  Spanish  \'oyages,  Mr.  Navarrete 
cites  various  testimonials  he  has  received  since 
the  publication  of  his  two  first  volumes  of  the 
utility  of  his  work  to  the  republic  of  letters. 

"  A  signal  proof  of  this,"  he  continues,  "  is  just 
given  us  by  Mr.  Washington  Irving  in  the  History 
of  the  Life  and  Voyages  of  Christopher  Columbus, 
which  he  has  published  with  a  success  as  general 
as  it  is  well  merited.  We  said  in  our  introduc- 
tion that  we  did  not  propose  to  write  the  history 
of  the  admiral,  but  to  publish  notes  and  materials 
that  it  might  be  written  with  veracity  ;  and  it  is 
fortunate  that  the  first  person  to  profit  by  them 
should  be  a  literary  man,  judicious  and  erudite, 
already  known  in  his  own  country  and  in  Kurope 
by  other  works  of  merit.  Resident  in  Madrid, 
exempt  from  the  rivalries  which  have  influenced 
some  European  natives  with  respect  to  Columbus 
and  his  discoveries  ;  having  an  opportunity  to 
examine  excellent  books  and  precious  mai'U- 
scripts  ;  to  converse  with  persons  instructed  iti 
these  matters,  and  having  always  at  hand  the 
authentic  documents  which  we  had  just  published, 
he  has  been  enaiiled  to  give  to  his  history  that 
fulness,  impartiality,  and  exactness,  which  make 
it  much  superior  to  those  of  the  writers  who  pre- 
ceded him.  To  this  he  adds  his  regular  method, 
and  convenient  distribution  ;  his  style  animated, 
pure,  and  elegant  ;  the  notice  of  various  j)erson- 
ages  who  mingled  in  the  concerns  of  Columbus  ; 
and  the  examination  of  various  questions,  in 
which  always  shine  sound  criticism,  erudition, 
and  good  taste." 


Irl 
el  Si 
VidI 
pub  I 
bier 

(I 

escrl 

licaij 

con 

que 

juicil 

Euro 

en  NI 

inadJ 


4 


I 


from  a  letter  received 
i  a  passage  from  the 
ime  of  his  collection, 
ulicate  myself  on  this 
publish    extracts  so 


Id,  April  \st,  1 83 1. 

the  documents  and 
my  collection  about 
history  of  America, 
e  to  appreciate  their 
m  critically,  and  to 
ctions  ;  estal)lishing 
hitherto  have  been 
tematic  writers. 

e  los  documcntos  y 
coleccion  sobre  los 

cle  la  historia  de 
manos    tan   luibiles 

i,  para  examinar  las 
por     tod  OS     partes 

la  verdad  que  hasta 

1  par  los  escri  tores 

third   volume  of  his 

ges,    Mr.    Navarrete 

:  has  received  since 

[first  volumes  of  the 

blic  of  letters. 

continues,  "  is  just 

rvingin  the  History 

slopher  Columbus, 

success  as  general 

d  in  our  introduc- 

to  write  the  history 

notes  and  materials 

veracity  ;  and   it  is 

to  profit  by  them 

cious  and  erudite, 

ntry  and  in  Kurope 

esident   in  Madrid, 

:h  have  influenced 

espect  to  Columbus 

an  opportunity  to 

d    precious   mai  u- 

sons  instructed    in 

ways  at   hand   the 

had  just  published, 

to  his  history  that 

tness,  which  make 

e  writers  who  pre- 

is  regular  method, 

is  style  animated, 

of  various  person- 

?rns  of  Columbus  ; 

ious   questions,    in 

iticism,    erudition, 


1 


PREFACE. 


Insigne  prueba  de  esto  mismo  acaba  de  darnos 
el  Seftor  Washington  Irving  en  la  Historia  de  la 
Vida  y  de  los  Viages  de  Crist6bal  Colon  que  ha 
publicado  con  una  ac«ptacion  tan  general  como 
bien  merecida.  Diginos  en  nuestra  introduccion 
(I  \  56  pag.  Ixxxii.)  que  no  nos  proponiamos 
escribir  la  historia  de  aqu.il  alinirante,  sino  pub- 
licar  noticias  y  materiales  para  (|ue  se  escribiese 
con  veracidad,  y  es  una  fortuna  que  el  primero 
que  se  haya  aprovechado  de  ellas  sea  un  literate 
juicioso  y  erudito,  conocido  ya  en  su  patria  y  en 
Europa  por  otras  obras  apreciables.  Colocado 
en  Madrid,  exento  de  las  rivalidades  que  han  dom- 
inado  entrc    algunas    naciones   Kuropeas  sobre 


Colon  y  sus  descubrimientos  ;  con  la  proporcion 
de  examinar  excelentes  libros  y  preciosos  manu- 
scritos,  de  tratar  k  personas  instruidas  en  estas 
materias,  y  teniendo  siempre  a  la  mano  los 
autenticos  documentos  que  acabamosde  publican, 
ha  logrado  dar  'a.  su  historia  aquella  extension 
imparcialidad  y  exactitud  que  la  haccn  muy 
superior  A  las  de  losescritores  que  le  precedieron, 
Agrtfgase  A  esto  su  metftdico  arreglo  y  conveniente 
distribucion  ;  su  estilo  animado,  puro  y  elegante  ; 
ia  noticia  de  varios  personages  que  intervenieron 
en  los  sucesos  de  Colon,  y  el  examen  de  varias 
cuestiones  en  que  luce  siempre  la  mas  sana  critica, 
la  erudicion  y  buen  gusto. — l^ologo  al  tomo  j*. 


c 


W>: 


I'l 


THE 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGES 


or 


CHRISTOPHER   COLUMBUS 


Venient  annU 
SzcuIa  %en%,  quihns,  ( )ccanus 
Vincula  rerum  laxet,  ct  Ingcni 
Patcat  telliiH,  Typhisqiie  novos 
Dctcgat  Orbes  ncc  sit  tcrris 
Ultima  Thule. 

Shneca:  Affdfa, 


AUTHOR'S     REVISED     EDITION. 


BOOK   I. 


Whethf.R  in  old  times,  lipyonci  the  reach  of  his- 
tory or  tradition,  and  in  some  remote  period  of 
civili/iation,  when,  as  some  imafrine,  the  arts  may 
have  flourished  to  a  ilej^ree  unknown  to  those 
whom  we  term  the  Ancients,  there  existed  an  in- 
tercourse between  tlio  opposite  sliorcs  of  the  At- 
lantic ;  whellierthe  K;j:yptian  legend,  narrated  by 
I'lato,  resjH'ctinfj  the  island  of  Atalanlis  was  in- 
deed no  faille,  but  the  obscure  tradition  of  some 
vast  country,  enj^ulfed  by  one  of  those  mighty 
convulsions  of  our  j;lo!)e,  which  have  left  traces 
of  the  ocean  on  the  summits  of  lofty  mountains, 
must  ever  remain  matters  of  vacfue  and  visionary 
speculation.  As  far  as  authenticated  history  ex- 
tends, nothin}^  was  known  of  terra  firma,  and  the 
islands  of  the  western  hemisphere,  until  their  dis- 
covery toward  the  close  of  the  lifteenth  century.  A 
wanderinjr  bark  may  occasionally  have  lost  sifjht 
of  the  landmarks  ot  the  old  continents,  and  been 
driven  by  tempests  across  the  wilderness  of 
waters  long  before  the  invention  of  the  compass, 
but  never  returned  to  reveal  the  secrets  of  the 
ocean.  And  though,  from  time  to  time,  some 
document  has  lloaled  to  the  shores  of  the  old 
world,  giving  t:)  its  v.ondcring  inhabitants  evi- 
dences of  land  far  beyond  their  waterv  hori/on  ; 
yet  no  one  ventured  to  spread  a  sail,  and  seek  that 
land  enveloped  in  mystery  and  peril.  Or  if  the 
legends  of  the  Scandin.ivian  voyagers  be  correct, 
and  their  mysterious  \"inland  was  the  coast  of 
Labrador,  or  the  shore  of  Newfoundland,  they  harl 
but  transient  glimpses  of  the  new  world,  leading 
to  no  certain  or  permanent  knowledge,  and  in  a 
little  time  lost  again  to  mankind.*  Certain  it  is 
that  at  tlie  beginning  of  the  fifteenth  centurv, 
when  the  most  intelligent  minds  were  seeking  in 
every   direction   for   the  scattered   lights  of  geo- 


*  See  illustrations  in  Appendi.x  at  the  end  of  this 
work,  article  "  Scandinavian  Discoveries," 


graphical  knowledge,  a  profound  ignorance  pre- 
vailed among  the  learned  as  to  the  western  re- 
gions of  the  Atlantic  ;  its  vast  waters  were  re- 
garded with  awe  and  wonder,  seeming  to  bound 
the  world  as  with  a  chaos,  into  which  conjecture 
could  not  penetrate,  and  enterprise  feared  to  ad- 
venture. We  need  no  greater  proofs  of  tiiis  than 
the  description  given  of  the  .\tlaiitic  by  Xerif  al 
lulrisi,  surnamed  the  Nubian,  an  eminent  Ara- 
bian writer,  whose  countrymen,  vvere  the  boldest 
navigators  of  the  middle  ages,  and  possessed  all 
tliat  was  then  known  of  geograjihy. 

"  The  ocean,"  he  observes,  "  encircles  the  ul- 
timate bounds  of  the  inhabited  earth,  and  all  be- 
yonrl  it  is  unknown.  No  one  has  been  able  to 
veritv  anything  concerning  it,  on  account  of  its 
flitlicult  and  perilous  navigation,  its  great  obscu- 
rity, its  ]irofound  depth,  and  frequent  tempests  ; 
through  fear  of  its  mighty  fishes,  and  its  haughty 
winds  ;  yet  there  are  many  islands  in  it,  some 
[Kopled,  others  uninhai)ited.  There  is  no  mar- 
iner who  dares  to  enter  into  its  deep  waters  ;  or 
if  anv  have  done  so,  they  have  merely  kept  along 
its  coasts,  fearful  of  departing  from  them.  The 
waves  of  this  ocean,  although  they  roll  as  high  as 
mountains,  yet  maintain  theiTiselves  without 
bieaking  ;  for  if  they  broke,  it  would  be  impossi- 
ble for  ship  to  plough  them."* 

It  is  the  object  ot  the  following  work,  to  relate 
the  deeds  and  fortunes  ot  the  mariner  who  first 
had  the  judgment  to  divine,  and  tlie  intrepidity  to 
br.ive  the  mysteries  of  this  perilous  deep  ;  and  who, 
by  his  hardy  genius,  his  inflexible  constancy,  and 
his  heroic  courage,  brought  the  ends  of  the  earth 
into  communication  with  each  other.  The  nar- 
rative ot  his  troubled  life  is  the  link  which  connects 
the  history  of  the  old  world  with  that  of  the  new. 

*  Description  of  Spain,  by  Xerif  al  Edrisi  ;  Conde's 
Spanish  translation.     Madrid,  1799. 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGES   OF   COI.UMUUS. 


1.11 


CHAPTKR   I. 

BIRTH,   PARFNTAOr.,    AND    EARLY    I.IFK   OF 
CUI.U.MHL'S. 

Christoi'IIF.r  Coi.UMiirs,  or  Colombo,  as  the 
ntime  is  written  in  Italian,*  was  Ixirn  in  the  city 
of  (lenoa,  about  In*  yiar  1435-  "'"  was  the  son 
of  Dominico  Coloniljo,  a  wool  comiier,  and  Su- 
sannah Fontanarossa,  his  witc,  and  it  wouki  seem 
that  his  ancestor,  had  toilowed  the  same  handi- 
craft for  several  j,'ener.itions  in  (ienoa.  Attempts 
have  been  made  to  prove  him  of  illustrious  de- 
scent, and  several  nolile  houses  have  laid  claim 
to  him  since  his  name  has  become  so  renowned 
as  to  confer  rather  than  receive  distinction.  It  is 
possible  some  of  ihem  may  be  in  the  rij;lu,  for 
the  feu  Is  in  Italy  in  those  ajjes  had  broken  down 
an<l  scattered  many  of  the  noblest  f.imilies,  and 
■while  some  branches  remained  in  the  lordly  her- 
itajje  of  castles  and  domains,  others  were  con- 
founded with  the  humblest  populalicjn  of  the  cit- 
ies. The  fact,  however,  is  not  material  to  his 
fame  ;  and  it  is  a  hijjher  proof  of  merit  to  be  the 
ot)ject  of  contention  amonjj  various  noble  fami- 
lies, than  to  be  able  to  substantiate  the  most  illus- 
trious lineajfe.  His  son  Fernando  had  a  true 
feeling  on  the  subject.  "  I  am  of  opinion,"  says 
he,  "  that  I  should  derive  less  dignity  from  any 
nobility  of  ancestry,  than  from  heinjj  the  son  of 
such  a  father."! 

Columbus  was  the  oldest  of  four  children  ;  hav- 
ing two  brothers,  Bartholomew  and  (liacomo,  or 
James  (written  Diego  in  Spanish),  and  one  sister, 
of  whom  nothing  is  known  but  that  she  was  mar- 
ried to  a  person  in  obscure  life  called  Ciiacomo 
Havarello.  At  a  very  early  age  Columbus  evinced 
a  decided  inclination  for  the  sea  ;  his  education, 
therefore,  was  mainly  directed  to  fit  him  for  mar- 
itime life,  but  was  as  general  as  the  narrow 
means  of  his  father  would  permit.  IJesides  the 
ordinary  branches  of  reailing,  writing,  grammar, 
and  arithmetic,  he  was  instructed  in  the  Latin 
tongue,  and  made  some  proticieiicy  in  drawing 
and  design.  For  a  short  time,  also,  he  was  sent 
to  the  university  of  I'avia,  where  he  studied  ge- 
ometry, geography,  astronomy,  and  navigation. 
He  then  returned  to  (.^.enoa,  where,  according  to 
a  contemporary  historian,  he  assisted  his  father 
in  his  trade  of  wool  combing.  J  This  assertion  is 
indignantly  contradicted  by  his  son  Fernando, 
though  there  is  nothing  in  it  improbable,  and  he 
gives  us  no  information  of  his  father's  occupation 
to  supply  its  place.  He  could  not,  however,  have 
remained  long  in  this  employment,  as,  according 
to  his  own  account,  he  entered  upon  a  nautical 
life  when  but  fourteen  years  of  age.  J 


*  CoUimbus  latinized  his  name  in  his  letters  accord- 
ing to  the  usage  of  the  time,  whew  Latin  was  the 
language  of  learned  correspondence.  In  subsequent 
life  when  in  Spain  he  recurred  to  what  was  supposed 
to  be  the  original  Roman  name  of  the  family,  Colo- 
nus,  which  he  abbreviated  to  Colon,  to  adapt  it  to  the 
Castilian  tongue.  Hence  he  is  known  in  Spanish  his- 
tory as  Christoval  Colon.  In  the  present  work  the 
name  will  be  written  Columbus,  being  the  one  by 
which  he  is  most  known  throughout  the  world. 

f  The  reader  will  find  the  vexed  questions  about 
the  age,  birthplace,  and  lineage  of  Columbus  severally 
discussed  in  the  Appendix. 

t  Agostino  Giustiniani,  Ann.  de  Genova.  His 
assertion  has  been  echoed  by  other  historians,  viz., 
Anton  Gallo  de  Navigatione  Colombi,  etc.,  Muratori, 
torn,  xxiii.  ;  Barta  Senaraga,  de  rebus  Genuensibus, 
Muratori,  torn.  24. 

§  Hist,  del  Almirante,  cap,  4, 


In  tracing  the  early  history  of  a  man  like  Co. 
lumbus,  whose  actions  have  had  a  v.isl  ellect  on 
human  aff.iirs,  it  is  interesting  to  notice  how 
much  has  been  owing  to  external  influences,  how 
much  to  an  inborn  |)ro|)cnsity  oi  the  genius.  In 
the  latter  jj.irt  of  his  iile,  when,  imprcsseil  with 
the  sublime  events  brought  about  through  his 
agency,  Columbus  looked  b.u  k  upon  iiis  career 
with  a  solemn  and  superstitious  feeling,  he  attnli- 
uted  his  early  and  irresistd)le  inclin.ition  for  the 
se.i,  and  his  passion  tor  geographical  studies,  to 
an  impulse  from  the  Deity  jireparing  him  for  the 
high  (lecrees  he  was  choosen  to  accom|)lish.* 

The  nautical  propensity,  however,  evinced  l>y 
Columbus  in  early  lite,  is  common  to  boys  of  en- 
terprising spirit  and  lively  imagination  brought 
U|)  in  maritime  cities  ;  to  whom  the  sea  is  the 
high  road  to  .-ulventure  and  the  region  ot  ro- 
mance. Cieiioa,  too,  walled  in  and  straitened  on 
the  land  side  by  rugged  mount. lins,  yielded  but 
little  scope  lor  enterprise  on  shore,  while  an  opu- 
lent and  widely  extended  commerce,  visiting' 
every  country,  .and  a  roving  ni.irine,  battling  in 
every  sea,  naturally  led  torih  her  children  upon 
the  waves,  as  their  propitious  element.  Many, 
too,  were  induced  to  emigrate  by  the  violent  tac- 
tions whiih  r.iged  within  the  bosom  of  the  citv, 
and  often  dyed  its  streets  with  blood.  A  histori- 
an of  Cieiio.i  laments  this  proneness  of  its  youth 
to  w.mder.  They  go,  said  he,  with  the  intention 
of  returning  when  they  shall  have  actjuired  the 
means  ot  living  comfortably  and  honorably  in 
their  native  |)lace  ;  but  we  know  from  long  expe- 
rience, that  ot  twenty  who  thus  depart  scarce  two 
return  ;  either  dying  abroad,  or  taking  to  them- 
selves foreign  wives,  or  being  loath  to  expose  them- 
selves to  the  tempest  of  civil  discords  which  dis- 
tract the  republic! 

The  strong  passion  for  geographical  knowledge, 
also,  felt  In'  Columbus  in  early  lite,  and  which  in- 
spired his  aiier  career,  was  incident  to  the  age  in 
which  he  lived.  Geographical  discovery  was  the 
brilliant  path  of  light  which  was  forever  to  dis- 
tinguish the  tlfteeiiih  century.  During  a  long 
night  of  monkish  bigotry  and  false  learning,  geo- 
graphy, with  the  other  sciences,  had  been  lost  to 
the  Eurojiean  nations.  Fortunately  it  had  not 
been  lost  to  mankind  :  it  had  taken  refuge  in  the 
bosom  of  Africa.  While  the  jjedantic  scnoolmen 
of  the  cloisters  were  wasting  time  and  talent,  and 
confounding  erudition  by  idle  reveries  and  sophist- 
ical dialectics,  the  Arabian  sages,  assembled  at 
.Sen.iar,  were  taking  the  measurement  ot  a  degree 
of  latitude,  :ind  calculating  the  circumference  of 
the  earth,  on  the  vast  i)lains  of  Meso|)otamia. 

True  knowledge,  thus  happily  preserved,  was 
now  making  its  way  back  to  F^urope.  The  revi- 
val of  science  accompanied  the  revival  of  letters. 
Among  the  \arious  authors  which  the  awakening 
zeal  for  ancient  literature  had  once  more  brought 
into  notice,  were  I'liny,  Pomponius  Mela,  and 
Strabo.  From  these  was  regained  a  fund  of  geo- 
graphical knowledge,  which  had  long  faded  from 
the  public  mind.  Curiosity  was  aroused  to  pur- 
sue this  forgotten  path,  thus  suddeidy  reopened. 
A  translation  of  the  work  of  IHolemy  had  been 
made  into  Latin,  at  the  commencement  of  the 
century,  by  Emanuel  Chrysoleras,  a  noble  and 
learned  Greek,  and  had  thus  been  rentlered  more 
familiar  to  the  Italian  students.  Another  transla- 
tion had  followed,  by  James  Angel  de  Scarpiaria, 
of  which  fair  and  beautiful  coi)ies  became  com- 

*  Letter  to  the  Castilian  Sovereigns,  1501. 
f  Foglieta,  Istoria  de  Genova,  lib.  ii. 


4 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGES  OF   COLUMBUS. 


7  of  a  man  likf  Co. 
had  a  v.ist  etlcit  on 
<liiij^  to  nolici;  how 
•iiial  iiiMufncfs,  how 
y  ol  the  Kt'iiiiis,  In 
,lu'ii,  inipifs'ifil  with 
al)out  thi'oii^li  his 
a<k  u|)on  his  carter 
JUS  ffflinx,  he  attrib- 
ilt;  iiulinalion  for  the 
ijjraphical  studit's,  to 
ircparinj;  him  (or  the 
to  aci-omplish,* 
however,  evinced  by 
mmoii  to  boys  of  en- 
inia^ination  brought 
wlioin  the  sea  is  the 
d  the  region  ot  ro- 
in  and  straitened  on 
uunt.iins,  yielded  but 
sliore,  wiiile  an  opii- 
rommi'rce,  visiting 
f  marine,  liattiin};  in 
ih  her  children  upon 
lus  eiement.  Many, 
ite  l)y  the  violent  fac- 
ie bosom  of  the  city, 
th  l)l()()d.  A  histori- 
roncness  of  its  youth 
le,  with  tiu;  intention 
11  have  acquired  the 
y  and  honorably  in 
now  from  long  expe- 
lus  depart  scarce  two 
,  or  taking  to  ihcm- 
loath  to  expose  theni- 
discords  which  (lis- 

rajihical  knowledge, 
lite,  and  which  in- 
cident to  the  age  in 
discovery  was  the 
was  forever  to  dis- 
During  a  long 
false  learning,  geo- 
es,  had  i)een  lost  to 
unately  it  had  not 
taken  refuge  in  the 
)edantic  schoolmen 
me  and  talent,  and 
reveries  and  sophist- 
iges,  assembled  at 
inx-ment  of  a  degree 
he  circumference  of 

Mesopotamia. 

pily  preserved,  was 

"•Europe.     The  revi- 

■  revival  of  letters. 

hich  the  awakening 

once  more  brought 

iiponius    Mela,   and 

ined  a  fund  of  geo- 

ad  long  faded  from 

ivas  aroused  to  pur- 

suddenly  reopened. 

I'tolemy  had  been 

imencement  of  the 

eras,   a  noble  and 

)een  rendered  more 

Another  transla- 

ngel  de  .Scarpiaria, 

opies  became  com- 


eigns,  1501, 
lib.  ii. 


al 


t 


til 


!•: 


mon  in  the  Italian  libraries.*  The  writings  also 
liegaii  to  be  sought  alter  of  Averroes,  Allrag.tnus, 
and  other  .Ar.ibian  sages,  who  b.id  kept  the  sacred 
tire  ot  St  lence  alive,  (luring  the  interval  ot  Luro- 
pean  darkness. 

The  knowledge  thus  reviving  was  limited  and 
imperfect  ;  yet,  like  the  return  of  morning  light, 
it  seemed  to  rail  a  new  creation  into  existence, 
and  broke,  with  all  the  charm  of  wonder,  upon 
imaginative  minds.  They  were  surprised  at 
their-  own  ignor.mce  of  the  world  around  ihem. 
Kverv  stepw.ts  discovery,  for  every  region  beyond 
their  n.itive  country  was  in  a  manner  terra  incog- 
nit.i. 

.Such  was  the  state  of  information  and  feeling 
with  respect  to  this  interesting  science,  in  the 
early  p.irt  of  the  lilteenth  century.  An  interest 
still  inore  intense  w,is  .iw.ikened  by  the  discover- 
ies which  beg. in  to  be  made  along  the  .Atlantic 
coasts  ot  Alric.i  ;  and  must  have  t)eeii  particularly 
felt  aiming  a  m.iritime  and  commercial  people 
like  the  (lenoese.  To  these  circumstances  may 
we  ascribe  the  enthusiastic  devotion  which  Co- 
lumbus imbibed  in  his  childhood  tor  cosmogr.iph- 
ical  studies,  and  which  influenced  all  his  .itter 
fortunes, 

The  short  time  passefl  by  him  at  the  university 
of  I'.ivia  w.is  barely  sutticient  to  give  him  the  ru- 
diments ot  the  necess.iry  sciences  ;  the  familiar 
acquaintance  with  them,  which  he  evinced  in 
after  life,  must  have  been  the  result  of  diligent 
self-schooling,  in  casual  hours  of  study  ;imi(l  the 
cares  and  vicissitudes  of  a  rugged  and  wandering 
life.  Me  was  one  of  those  men  of  strong  natural 
genius,  who.  from  having  to  contend  at  their  very 
outset  with  privations  ;ind  impediments,  acquire 
an  intrepidity  in  encountering  and  a  facility  in 
van(|uisliing  dit'ficuliies,  throughout  their  career. 
.Such  men  learn  to  effect  great  pur]K)ses  with 
small  means,  sui)plying  this  deficiency  by  the  re- 
sources of  their  own  energy  and  invention.  This, 
from  his  earliest  commencement,  throughout  the 
whole  of  his  life,  was  one  of  the  remarkat)le 
features  in  the  history  of  Columbus.  In  every 
undertaking,  the  scantiness  and  a|)parent  insuffi- 
ciency of  liis  means  enhance  the  grandeur  ot  his 
achievements. 


CHAPTER  II. 

EARLY   VOYAGES    OK  COI.U.MBUS. 

Coi.UMliU.s,  as  has  been  observed,  commenced 
his  nautical  career  when  about  fourteen  years  of 
age.  Mis  first  voyages  were  made  with  a  dist.int 
relative  named  Colombo,  a  hardy  veteran  of  the 
seas,  who  had  risen  to  some  distinction  by  his 
bravery,  and  is  occasionally  mentioned  in  old 
chronicles  ;  sometimes  as  commanding  a  stjuad- 
ron  ot  his  own,  sometimes  as  an  admiral  in  the 
Cienoese  service.  He  appears  to  have  been  bold 
and  adventurous  ;  ready  to  fight  in  anv  cause, 
and  to  seek  quarrel  wherever  it  might  lawfully  be 
found. 

The  seafaring  life  of  the  Mediterranean  in  thr  e 
days  w,is  hazardous  and  daring.  A  commercial 
expedition  resembled  a  warlike  cruise,  and  the 
maritime  merchant  had  often  to  fight  his  way 
*rom  port  to  port.  Piracy  was  almost  legalized. 
The  frequent  feuds  between  the  Italian  states  ; 
the  cruisings  of  the  Catalonians  ;  the  armadas 
fitted  out  by  private  noblemen,  who  exercised  a 


*  Andres,  Hist.  B.  Let,,  lib.  iii.  cap.  a. 


kind  of  sovereignty  in  tlirir  own  domains,  and 
kept  petty  .irmies  and  n.tvies  in  their  pay  ;  the 
roving  snips  and  s(|uadr()ns  ot  private  .idveii- 
turer:.,  a  kind  ot  naval  Condottieri,  sometimes 
employed  by  hostile  govirnments,  sometimes 
scouring  thi;  seas  in  search  ot  lawless  booty  ; 
these,  with  the  holy  w.irs  waged  against  the  .Ma- 
hometan powers,  rendered  the  n.irrow  seas,  to 
which  navigation  svas  principally  conlined,  scenes 
of  hardy  encounters  and  trying  reverses. 

.Such  was  the  rugged  school  in  which  Columbus 
was  reared,  and  it  would  h,i\e  been  deeply  inter- 
esting to  have  marked  the  e.irly  develo|imeiit  of 
his  geniu.i  amid  its  stern  adversities.  All  this 
instructive  er.i  of  his  history,  however,  is  covererl 
with  darkness.  His  son  Fernando,  who  could 
have  l)est  elucidated  it,  h.is  left  it  in  obscuritv,  or 
has  now  and  then  per|)lexed  us  with  cross  lights  ; 
perh:i|)S  unwilling,  from  .1  priiui|ile  of  mist.ikeu 
pride,  to  reveal  the  indigence  and  obscurity  from 
which  bis  father  so  gloriously  emerged. 

Tlie  first  voyage  in  which  we  have  any  .iccount 
of  his  being  engaged  was  a  naval  expediiioii, 
fitted  out  in  (lenoa  in  1459  l)y  John  ot  Anjou, 
Duke  of  Calabria,  to  make  a  descent  upon 
.Naples,  in  the  bo|)e  of  recovering  tii.it  king- 
dom for  his  father  King  Reinier,  or  Kenatii, 
otherwise  called  Rent',  Count  of  Provence.  The 
re|)ul)lic  of  (lenoa  aided  him  with  ships  and 
money.  The  brilliant  nature  cd  the  enterprise  at- 
tr.icted  the  attention  of  daring  and  restless  spirits. 
The  chiv.ilrous  noblem.m,  the  soldier  ot  fortune, 
the  hardy  corsair,  the  desperate  iidventurer,  the 
mercenary  p.irtisan.  all  hastened  to  enlist  under 
the  banner  of  Anjou.  The  veteran  Colombo  took 
a  |)art  in  this  expedition,  either  with  galleys  ot  his 
own,  or  as  a  commanderof  theClenoese  s(|U.idri)n, 
and  with  him  embarked  his  youthful  relative,  the 
future  discoverer. 

The  struggle  of  John  of  Anjou  for  the  crown  of 
Naples  lasted  about  four  years,  with  v.iried  for- 
tune, but  was  tin.illy  unsuccessful.  Tin-  n.ival 
part  of  the  expedition,  in  which  Columbus  was 
engaged,  signalized  itself  by  acts  of  intrepidity  ; 
and  at  one  time,  when  the  duke  was  reduced  to 
take  refuge  in  the  island  of  Ischia,  a  handful  of 
galleys  scoured  and  controlled  the  bay  of  .\.i|)les.* 

In  the  course  of  this  g.iUant  but  ill-fated  enter- 
prise, Columt)US  was  (let;iched  on  a  perilous 
cruise,  to  cut  out  a  galley  from  the  harbor  of 
Tunis.  This  is  incident.illy  mentioned  by  himself 
in  a  letter  written  many  years  .afterward.  It  h.ip- 
pened  to  me,  he  says,  that  King  Reinier  (whom 
Clod  has  taken  to  himself)  sent  me  to  Tunis,  to 
capture  the  galley  Fern.iiulin.i,  .and  when  I  ar- 
rived off  the  island  of  St.  Pedro,  in  Sardinia,  I  was 
informed  that  there  were  two  shijis  and  a  cirr.ick 
with  the  galley  ;  by  which  intelligence  my  crew 
were  so  troubled  that  they  determined  to  ])roceed 
no  further,  t)ut  to  return  to  Marseilles  for  .mother 
vessel  and  more  people  ;  as  I  could  not  by  any 
means  compel  them,  f  assented  .'ip|);irentiy  to 
their  wishes,  altering  the  point  of  the  comp.iss  and 
spreading  all  sail.  It  w.is  then  evening,  and  next 
morning  we  were  within  the  Cape  of  Carthagena, 
while  all  were  firmly  of  oi)inion  that  they  were 
sailing  toward  Marseilles. t 

VVe  have  no  further  record  of  this  bold  cruise 
into  the  harbor  of  Tunis  ;  but  in  the  foregoing 
p.irticulars  we  behold  early  indications  <it  that 
resolute  and  persevering  spirit  which  insured  him 

*  Colenuccio,  Istoria  dc  Nap.  lib.  vii,  cap.  17. 
t  Letter  of  Columbus  to  the  Catholic  sovereigns, 
vide  Hist,  del  Almirante,  cap.  4. 


10 


Liri-:  AND  VOYAGES  OF  COLUMDL'S. 


•tirrrns  in  his  nvnr  impon.int  iindcrt.ikin^s.  His 
p\|)'ilii-iit  to  hf^jiiilc  a  (liMontciitiMJ  ( rcw  int<i  a 
rontmu.ttiuii  ol  die  rtilfrprisr,  i)y  dcci-ivinj,'  ihrm 
Willi  rfs|ir(  I  lo  thr  slii|)\  i oiirsi',  uill  hv  loiinij  m 
unisiiii  witli  a  stral.i^'i'in  ul  altcnii^;  llic  rci  kiiiiiii;,', 
.iKUJinli  lie  It. 1(1  rctourii:  lit  In-,  lii^il  \c)y,ijrc  ul 
(liii  (iNcry. 

I)iiniij(  an  interval  of  many  yi-ars  wr  liavt-  but 
oni'  'p|'  iwi)  shailowy  tr.iccs  dl  (niurnlius.  He  is 
sii|i|)ii>ii(|  to  have  Iktii  |prim  ipally  ••n^amMl  on  tin- 
Mediterranean  and  u|)  the  I.ev.tnt  ;  sunietitnes  in 
foiiiiiiereial  voya^'e-.  ;  sometimes  in  the  warlike 
ronlests  between  the  Italian  slates  ;  sometimes  in 
|)iinis  and  predatory  expeditions  a|,Minst  the  Inti- 
(lels.  1  listorians  liavi'  made  liim  in  1474  eaptain 
of  se\'eial  (ienoese  ships,  in  the  service  ot  Louis 
XI.  ol  France,  and  I'ndan^jerin^j  the  peace  between 
that  country  and  Sp.iin  by  runniiijr  down  and 
capturiM;,'  Spanish  \'essels  at  sea,  on  his  own  re- 
sponsibility, as  a  reprisal  for  an  irruption  ot  the 
Spaniards  into  Koussillon.*  A^ain,  m  1475,  he 
is  represent'-d  as  brushinj^  with  his  Cieiioise 
s<|iiadron  in  rultliii^f  bravado  b)  a  \'enetian  li.et 
statioiie<l  otf  the  island  ot  Cyprus,  shoutin;,'  "  \iva 
San  <  leorj,'ii)  I"  the  old  war-cry  of  (leiioa,  ilni-. 
endeavoring;  to  pi(pi(;  the  jealous  pride  ol  the 
Veiutiaiis  and  jirovoke  a  combat,  tliouj,di  the  rival 
republics  were  at  peace  at  the  time. 

'riie.se  transactions,  liowevi  r,  lia\i'  been  irrone- 
ouslv  attributed  to  Cobimbus.  i'liey  were  the 
<leeils,  or  misdeeds,  eiilnr  ot  his  rt  lalive  the  old 
(ienoese  .idmiral,  or  of  a  nephew  ot  the  same,  ot 
kindred  spirit,  called  Colombo  the  Voun;rer,  to 
clistinLjuish  him  from  his  uncle.  They  both  ap- 
pear to  h.ive  Ix'cn  l.nid  of  rou^jh  encounters,  and 
not  very  scrupulmis  as  to  ilic  mode  ot  brin^iii},^  iheiii 
about.  l''eni.indot.'iilu minis  describes  thist  'olumbc 
the  Younirer  as  a  l.imous  ccnsair,  so  terrible  lur  his 
deeds  .ij^-.iinst  the  Inridels,  that  the  .Moorish  mothers 
use.l  to  IriKhten  their  unruly  children  with  his 
n.ime.  Columbus  s.iiled  with  him  occasioriallv, 
as  he  had  done  with  liis  uncle,  ,ind,  acco  .liiiLT  to 
l''erii.iiido's  account,  lonimaiided  a  vessel  in  his 
scpiadroii  on  an  eventlul  occasion. 

(-olombo  the  N'ouiiHcr,  liavinj,'  heard  that  four 
\*uneti,in  (;alleys  richly  l.'iilen  were  on  their  return 
voyatje  Irom  I'landers,  laid  in  wait  for  them  <jn 
tlie  l'ortu:,fuese  coast,  between  Lisbon  and  Cape 
St.  X'incent.  A  desperate  en^Mj,'ement  took 
])l.ice  :  the  vessels  .L,nMppled  each  other,  and  the 
crews  fouijlit  hand  to  li.iiid,  and  fro'n  slii|)  to  shi|). 
'I'he  b.ittle  lasted  Irom  inornin;,^  until  evenin^f, 
with  ;.;reat  c.irna^fe  on  both  sides.  I'lie  vessel 
comm.inded  by  Columbus  was  eni^ajfed  with  a 
Inv^f  \'eneti.in  ;,Mllev.  They  threw  hand-ijre- 
nades  and  other  tiery  missiles,  and  the  j^alley  was 
wr.ipped  in  ll.imes.  1  he  vessels  were  taslened 
to^'ether  by  chains  aii'l  },''rappliii;;-  irons,  an  '  lould 
not  be  se|)arati"d  ;  both  were  iiuolved  in  one  ^on- 
liajrr.itinn,  ;md  soon  became  a  mere  blazing  mass. 
The  crews  threw  themselves  into  the  sea  ;  Colum- 
)ius  seized  an  oar,  which  wis  lloatinj,'  within 
re.ich,  ,ind  beiiijr  ,-in  expt'rt  swimmer,  .attained  the 
shori',  though  lull  two  leanaies  disl.int.  It  ple.ised 
Ciod,  says  his  son  I'ern.mdo,  to  ijive  him  slreiiL;tli, 
that  he  mij,dit  preserve  him  for  greater  lhiiii,''s. 
Alter  recoveriii;.;'  Irnin  his  I'xhauslion  he  rep  lired  to 
Lisbon,  where  he  found  m.iiiv  ot  his  (Ienoese  coun- 
trymen, and  was  induced  to  t.ike  up  his  residence. t 

'•  Cliaufcpic  Siip[)!.  to  liaylc,  vol,  ii,  ;  article 
"  Cokiinljus." 

]  Hist,  del  Almirante,  cap.  5.  See  Illustrations  at 
the  end  of  thts  work,  article  "  Capture  of  ihe  \'cnc- 
tian  Galleys." 


Such  is  the  arroiint  jjivrn  by  Fernando  of  hii 
f.ither's  lirst  .irriv.d  in  i'ortn^Ml  ;  and  it  has  been 
currentiv  .nlopted  by  modern  historians  ;  but  mi 
examining  various  historii's  of  the  tunes,  the  b.tt. 
tie  here  dcsi  ribed  .ippe.irs  to  h.i\f  li.ippened  sev- 
eral  ye.irs  alter  the  d.ite  ot  thearriv.il  ot  Columbui 
in  that  country.  l  hat  he  wascn^,M^;ed  in  the  con- 
test IS  not  improbal)le  ;  but  he  had  previously  re- 
sideil  tor  some  lime  in  I'ortiin.il.  In  t.ict,  on  re- 
ferring to  the  hisiory  ol  tli.it  kin^jihnn,  we  sli.ill 
lind,  in  the  ^reat  maritime  enterjirises  in  whii  h  it 
w.is  at  til, It  time  en^a),'ed,  ample  .ittractions  lor  a 
person  ot  his  im  liii.iiioiis  and  pursuits  ;  and  we 
shall  be  led  to  (oik  bide,  th.it  his  lirst  \isit  to  Le>- 
bon  w.is  not  the  lortuitous  result  ot  a  desperati' 
adventure,  liut  w.is  undert.ikeii  in  a  spirit  ot  lili- 
eral  curiosity,  and  in  the  pursuit  ot  huiioral)lt: 
turiunu. 


CUAI'TKK    Iir. 

I'ROilKKSS   Ol'   DISCOVKKV    fNDI-.R    I'KINCK   IIKNRY 
ot    I'okllUl.M,. 

Till-:  career  of  modern  discovery  li.id  com- 
menced shortly  before  the  lime  ot  Columbus,  ami 
at  the  period  ol  which  we  are  trealiiij;  was  prose- 
cuted w  ith  ^reat  activity  by  l'oriui,Ml.  Some  have 
.Utributed  Its  ori^fin  to  a  nnn.intic  incident  in  lliu 
toiirieeiuh  (  eiitury.  An  l'!n>,disliman  ot  the  n.inif 
ot  .M.ich.im,  llyin),f  to  1" ranee  with  a  l.idy  ot  whom 
lie  was  enamoieii,  w.is  driven  t.ir  out  ol  si^lit  ot 
land  by  stress  ot  weather,  and  alter  wanderiii;; 
about  the  hi),di  seas,  arrived  at  .111  unknown  ami 
uniiihabiieil  isl.iiid,  covered  with  beautdiil  loresis, 
which  was  .ilterward  called  .M.ideir.i.  *  Others 
h.i\e  treated  this  iccouht  as  a  table,  and  have 
pronounced  the  Caii.iries  to  be  the  tlr.st  Iruits  ol 
modern  discovery.  'I'his  famous  ^{rou|),  the  For- 
tunate Islands  of  the  ancitnts,  in  which  liny 
pl.iced  iheir ;;  irdeii  ol  the  I  k-sperides,  and  wheiu  c 
I'lolemy  commenced  to  count  the  l(ni;;iiude,  hail 
been  lonn'  lost  to  the  world.  There  are  vajfue  ac- 
counts, it  is  true,  ot  'heir  having'  received  cisu.,! 
visits,  at  wide'  intervals,  durinjr  the  obscure  .i^es, 
from  the  wandering,'  b.irk  of  some  .Arabian,  .Nor- 
man, or  Cienoese  .idvenlurer  ;  but  all  this  w.is  in- 
volved in  uncert.iiiuy,  and  led  to  no  benetlcial  re- 
sult. It  was  not  until  the  fourteenth  century  th.it 
they  were  efleclually  rediscovered,  and  restin-ed 
to  mankind.  I'roin  thai  time  they  were  occasion- 
ally visited  by  the  h.irdy  iiavi;,Mlors  ol  various 
countries.  The  (greatest  benetit  |)ro(hlced  by  their 
discovery  was,  th.it  the  Ireipieiu  expeditions  m.idc 
to  them  emboldened  mariners  I'l  venture  tar  U|)(m 
the  Atlantic,  and  familiarized  ihem,  in  some  de- 
cree, to  its  dan^rers. 

The  j;r, 111(1  impulse  to  discovery  was  not  ffiveii 
by  chance,  but  was  the  deeply  meditated  effort  ol 
one  master  mind.  This  was  I'rince  Henry  of 
I'ortu^^U,  son  of  John  the  First,  surnamed  the 
Aveiif^er,  and  I'hilippa,  of  Lancaster,  sister  of 
Henry  the  I'ourlh  (jl  Fn^fland.  The  character  of 
this  illustrious  111, 111,  Irom  whose  enterprises  the 
);eiiiusol  Columbus  took  excitement,  deserves  par- 
ticular mention. 

Havini,' accompanied  his  father  into  Africa,  in 
an  exiiedilion  a;;-,iinst  the  Moors  ;it  Ceuta  he  re- 
ceived much  intormation  concerning;  the  coast  ot 
(lUinea,  and  oilier  re^nons  in  the  interior,  hitherto 
unknown   to   Europeans,  and   conceived   an   idea 


*  See    illustrations,    article     ''  Discovery   of    Ma- 
deira."' 


I 


LIFK    AND   VOYAOKS   OF   COIA'MIUS. 


11 


by  Fernando  ol  IiIh 
^.il  :  an<l  It  hat  been 
I  biitori.itis  ;  luit  on 
)l  ilif  limfi,  ibf  li.it. 
I  b.ivc  li.ippcMccI  M'v- 
•  aniv.il  i)t  Ciilumbus 
i!>  cnj,M^;f(l  in  llii:  con- 
tit-  bail  |>rfvii!usly  re- 
u^al.  (n  t.K  t,  (III  re- 
u  kin),'ilnm,  \sf  shall 
nttr|iriscs  in  wliiili  it 
ii|)li'  .uiratiiDHs  lur  a 
III   iiur.'tiiits  ;  and  \se 

his  first  visit  to  Lis< 
rt'sull  ot  a  dtspcrate 
u-i\  in  a  sjiirit  nt  lib- 
lursuit    ot    hoiiiirable 


iir. 

SDI  K    PKINrr.   IIINRY 
lAI,. 

(lisrovcry  iiad    cuni- 

nu'  lit  L'lilunilius,  and 

V   tnatiuj;  was  prose- 

'iiriuijal.     Sdini'  have 

iiaiuic  iiiiidc'it  in  the 

^'lishinaii  (it  the  name 

with  a  lady  nt  wluim 

•n  l,ir  nut  (it  si^;ht  uf 

and   alter  w.imlerin;; 

at  an  iiiiUnown  ami 

uith  beauntul  lorests, 

1    Madeira.*      Others 

is  a  table,  and  have 

)  In-  tlu:  first  triiits  ot 

pious  j;r(iup,  the  Fnr- 

•nts,    in    which    tluy 

ksperides,  and  wlieiu  e 

It  the  lon^ilude,  hail 

'I'here  are  va>{Ue  ac- 

liviii)^  received  casu.il 

1^   the  iibsiurc  .lue"*. 

Slime  Arabian,  Nnr- 

;  but  all  this  was  iii- 

1   to  no  beiieliri.d  n- 

irleeiith  I'cntury  that 

i\i'red,  and    restored 

•  they  were  occasion- 

i\i;4.itiirs  ot    various 

lit  produced  by  their 

lit  expeditions  made 

to  venture  tar  uixm 

I   them,  in  some  de- 

bvery  was  not  j^iveii 
|y  meditated  ellort  o! 
lis    Triiice    Henry  oi 

•"ir:it,   surnanied    the 

l-ancaster,    sister   of 

The  character  ot 

■lose  enterprises  the 

pment,  deserves  par- 

llher  into  Africa,  in 
Tiors  at  Ceuta  he  re- 
lernin'r  the  coast  ot 
Ihe  interior,  hitherto 
conceived   an   idea 

I''  Discovery   of    Ma- 


■I 


tliat  important  diHrovrrics  were  to  l)e  made  liy 
navl;,'.Hlll^,'  aloaj,'  Ihe  western  mast  ot  Atrn  a.  <  )n 
returning  lo  i'ortu^jal,  tins  idea  became  his  rullll^{ 
thou^jhi.  \\  iihilr.iwm^  from  tie  tumult  ot  a  court 
Id  a  countrv  nticat  in  the  Al^'arves,  ne.ir  Sa^'res, 
in  the  nei^diborhood  ot  Cain-  St.  \  inceiit,  and  in 
tult  view  of  tlie  ocean,  be  drew  .iround  him  men 
rmiiunt  in  s(  icnce,  and  prosecuted  the  study  ot 
those  br.iiuhes  of  knowledge  (diinected  witli  the 
maritime  arts.  He  was  an  aide  mathematician, 
and  made  himself  master  ot  all  the  astrononiy 
known  to  i!ie  Arabi.ms  ot  Spain. 

On  stiUiMii'.;  Ihe  works  of  the  ancients,  he  found 
what  lie  >  onsidered  abund.int  proo's  that  Atric.i 
was  ciri  iiiiin.ivi^Mtile.  laidoxus  ot  Cy/icus  w.is 
g.iid  to  lia\c  s.ided  from  tlie  Ked  Sea  into  the 
oce.m,  and  to  li.ive  contiiuieil  on  to  (libraltar; 
and  Haniio  the  L'artli.i^ini.in,  s.lllin^;  from  (iibral- 
t.ir  with  a  fleet  ut  si.xty  ships,  and  following;  the 
Atrii  ,111  coast,  was  said  to  h.ive  .e.iched  the 
.shores  ot  .Arabia.*  It  is  true  these  V(ly.l^;es  h.id 
been  discreclited  by  sever.il  .im  lent  writers,  ;iiid 
the  possibility  ot  circumn.ivij,Mlinj,r  Atric.i,  .itter 
liein^'  for  a  ion;;  time  admitted  by  ;,'eo;;r.iiihers, 
was  denied  by  I  tipp.ircbus,  who  considered  e.i(h 
se.i  shut  up  .iiid  land-bound  in  its  peculiar  b.isin  ; 
and  lh.it  .\lrica  was  a  continent  ((intinuin^fonw.ird 
to  the  south  pole,  and  surroiindiiiL;  the  Indian  Sea, 
so  ai  to  j'lin  Asia  lieyond  the  ( i.iiij^'es.  'I'his  opin- 
ion h '(I  been  ii  lopted  by  I'loleniy,  whose  works, 
in  the  time  ot  i'riiice  Henry,  were  the  hi).;hest  au- 
thority in  K''";;i''P''y  ""-■  I'rinie,  however,  ilun;; 
to  the  ancient  belief,  th.it  Africa  w.is  circumiiavi- 
ffalile,  ;ind  found  his  oiiinioii  s.inctioned  by  vari- 
ous learned  men  ot  more  modern  date.  'I'o  settle 
this  (pies'.ion,  and  aihieve  the  circumn.ivi^fation 
ot  .Atric.i,  w.is  an  object  worthy  tlie  .imliition  ot  a 
prince,  iind  his  mind  was  tired  with  the  idea  ot 
the  vast  lunelits  that  would  .arise  to  his  country 
should  it  be  accomplished  by  I'ortu^fuese  enter- 
|irise. 

ihe  li.ili.ms,  or  I.oinb.irds.  .is  they  were  c.illed 
in  tlie  north  ol  lairope,  had  lon;^  monopoli/ed  the 
tr.ide  of  .Asia.  'I'hey  had  lormed  commercial  es- 
tablishments .It  Coiistaiitinoiile  and  in  the  illack 
Sea,  where  they  received  the  rich  produce  ot  the 
S|)ice  Isl.iiids,  lyin^f  near  the  e(|U.itor  ;  and  the 
silks,  the  ;;iims,  the  perfumes,  the  precious  stones, 
and  other  Insurious  conimodilies  of  Il),'ypt  and 
souihern  Asia,  and  distributed  them  over  the 
whole  ot  iMirope.  The  ri'iuiblics  of  X'enice  and 
(ienoa  rose  to  opulence  and  power  in  conse(|Uence 
Of  this  trade.  'I'hey  h.id  laclories  in  the  most  re- 
mole  p.iris,  even  in  the  frozen  re^jioiis  of  Moscovy 
and  Norway.  Their  merchams  emul.iled  the 
niairnificence  of  princes.  All  lairope  was  tribu- 
tary to  their  commerce.  Yet  this  trade  had  to 
p.iss  tlirou);!)  v.irious  iiuerme(li.ite  hands,  subject 
to  the  (leLiys  and  ch.irtfes  of  interna!  .iavij,'ation, 
and  the  tedious  and  uncertain  jo'irneys  of  the 
car.ivan.  I'dr  a  lon^r  time  the  merchandise  of 
India  was  conveyed  by  the  (lull  of  I'ersi.i,  die  l.u- 
phrates,  the  Indus,  and  the  Oxus,  to  the  Caspian 
an.l  the  Mediterranean  seas  ;  thence  to  take  a 
new  destination  tor  the  various  marts  ot  Europe. 
Alter  the  Soldan  of  l'j.;ypt  had  conquered  the 
Aiatis,  and  restored  trade  to  its  ancient  channel, 
it  W.IS  still  alteiuled  with  jjreat  cost  and  delay, 
its  precious  commodities  had  to  be  conveyed  by 
the  Red  Sea  ;  thence  on  the  backs  of  camels  to 
the  banks  ot  the  Nile,  whence  they  were  trans- 
ported  lo    Kgypt  to   meet  the   Italian  merchants. 


*  See  illustrations,  article  "  Circumnavigation    of 
Africa  by  die  Ancients." 


TluM,  while  the  opulent  trafllrof  ihe  K.i^t  wad  rn- 
j;rosse(l  liy  itiese  .idvenluioiis  moiiopolisl'i,  the 
price  ot  every  .irlule  w.is  i  nil. meed  by  the  jjre.it 
expense  ot  tr.insporl.ilioii. 

It  W.IS  the  ;;r.ind  idci  of  I'muc  Henry,  by  cir- 
cunin.iv  i;,Mlin;;  Africa  to  open  .idireit  .md  e.isy 
route  to  the  source  ot  this  i  oniinen c,  to  turn  it  in 
a  >;iilden  tide  upon  liis  (ountry.  He  was,  how- 
ever, before  the  a),'e  in  tliou;;lit,  .md  h.id  lo  coun- 
teract i^jnor.inie  .ind  |iiiiudi(  c,  .iiid  tn  endure  tlic 
didays  to  whii  li  vivid  ,iiid  peiietr.ilin^  tninds  art? 
subjected,  from  the  l.irdy  i n-oper.itioiis  of  the  dull 
and  the  doubltul.  Ttie  n.iv  ij;.ition  ot  the  Atl.mtic 
was  yet  in  its  inl.incy.  M.iriners  lonkeil  with  dis- 
trust upon  a  liiiisterous  ex|i.inse,  wliii  h  appe.ireij 
lo  h.ive  no  oppipsite  shore,  .'Hid  te.ired  lo  venture 
out  ot  si^^lu  ot  tlie  l.indm.irks.  livery  liold  lie. id- 
land,  and  far-stretchiii;,'  promontory  w.is  i\  wall  to 
b.ir  their  pro^jress.  1  hey  crept  tiiiioroiisly  alon>j 
the  il.irbary  slior(  s,  and  llioii;;ht  ihev  had  accom- 
|)lished  a  wdiideilul  expedition  when  they  had 
ventured  a  tew  (Kurees  beyoinl  the  Straits  of  (lib- 
r.iltar.  Cape  N'mi  w.is  lonj^  the  limit  of  their  (hir- 
ing ;  they  liesit.ited  to  double  its  rocky  point, 
beaten  by  winds  .md  vv.ives,  and  thre.iteiiinj{  lo 
thrust  them  forth  upon  the  '''inbi;;  (l(c|). 

Independent  ot  these  v,i;;iie  fears,  lliey  had 
others,  s.iiii  tioiied  by  philosdphy  itself.  Tluy  still 
thou^fht  that  the  earth,  at  the  e(|ii,itor,  w.is  ;;irt|led 
by  a  torrid  /one,  over  w  hii  h  the  sun  held  his  ver- 
tical and  hery  course,  se|i.ir.ainvj  tin-  hi  inispheres 
bv  a  rej^ion  ot  im|)assive  heal.  I  Icy  f.mcieil 
C.ipe  I'lojador  the  uiiiKist  bound, iry  nt  secure  en- 
terjirise.  and  had  a  superstitious  belitt  that  who- 
ever doubled  it  would  never  return.*  They 
looked  with  dism.iy  ujion  the  r.ipid  currents  of  its 
iiei;,diliorhood,  and  the  turious  surt  which  beats 
uiion  its  arid  coast.  They  ini.i;,dncd  that  lieyond 
it  l.iy  the  tri;;litlul  re;;ioii  ot  the  torrid  /one, 
scorched  liy  a  bla/in^''  sun  ;  ,i  re;;ioii  ot  lire,  where 
the  very  waves,  which  beat  upon  the  shores, 
boiled  under  the  intoler.ible  fervor  ol  the  heavens. 

1  o  dispel  these  errors,  .md  to  ;;ive  a  scope  to 
navi;;ation,  equ.il  to  the  ;;raiiileur  ot  Ids  desi).;iis, 
I'rince  Henry  established  a  naval  college,  and 
erected  .ill  observatory  at  .S.1|,m'cs,  and  he  invited 
thither  the  mosl  eminent  prolessorsot  the  n.uuical 
faculties  ;  appointinj^  as  president  J.iliies  of  M.il- 
lorca,  a  man  learned  in  ii.iv  i;;ation,  and  skilful  in 
makiii);'  charts  and  instrumeiiis. 

'fill-'  elfrcts  of  this  est.ililishiiieiU  were  soon  ap- 
|);irent.  All  that  w.is  known  rel.itivc  to  f^co^jra- 
|iliy  and  nav  i^Mtioii  w.is  ;;.ilhered  to;,^ether  and 
rcduied  lo  system.  A  v.ist  im]n-(ivclileiit  to(d< 
pl.ice  in  maps.  'I'lie  ( (inip.iss  was  .dso  liroii;r|it 
into  niori'  ^^ciieral  use,  especially  anion;,'  the  I'or- 
tu;;uese,  rciideriii;,''  tlii^  mariner  liM.-e  bold  and 
venturous,  by  eii.-iblin;;-  him  to  iiavij^.ite  in  tliu 
mo-.t  ;;liiomy  day  and  in  the  darkest  iiiijht.  I-ai- 
cour.i;rcd  by  these  advanta;;es,  ;ind  stimulated  by 
the  munificeiice  of  I'rince  Henry,  the  l'ortu;;uese 
marine  became  si;;n,di/:ed  tor  the  li.u'dihood  ot  its 
eiiter]irise.s  .md  the  extent  of  its  discoveries. 
Cape  15oj.idor  wms  doiible  1  ;  the  rcj^ion  of  the 
tro])ics  peiietr.ited,  :iiid  divested  of  its  fancied  ter- 
rors ;  the  greater  part  of  the  Afric.m  coast,  from 
Cape  151aiico  to  Cape  de  Verde,  explored  ;  and 
the  CajK'  de  X'erde  and  .A/ore  islands,  which  l.iy 
three  hundred  lea^fues  distant  from  the  continent, 
were  rescued  from  the  oblivious  empire  of  the 
oce.m. 

'i'o  secure  the  quii^t  i)..iS(.(Ution  and  full  enjoy, 
ment  of  his  discoveries,  lit  nry  obt. lined  the  [iro- 


'"'  Mariana.  Hist.  Esp.,  lib.  ii.  cap.  22. 


12 


LIFE  AND   VOYAGES   OF   COLUMBUS. 


I 


m 


::if 

ill 


tection  of  a  papal  bull,  pranlinjj  to  the  crown  of 
I'ortuj^ai  sovcrti>;ii  autliority  over  all  the  lands  it 
might  discovfr  in  ilic  Atlantic,  to  India  inclusivf , 
with  plenary  indulgence  lo  all  who  should  die  in 
these  expeditions  ;  at  the  same  time  menacinjf, 
with  the  terrors  of  the  church,  all  who  should 
interfere  in  these  Christi.m  con(|uests.* 

Henry  died  on  the  ijlh  ot  November,  1473, 
without  acconiplishinjr  the  j^rcat  object  of  his  am- 
bition. It  was  not  until  many  years  afterward 
that  Vasco  de  ("lania,  pursuinj^  with  a  I'ortujjuese 
fleet  the  track  he  had  |)((inted  out,  realized  his 
anticipations  by  douhliuL,^  the  Cape  of  (iood  Hope, 
sailinjj  along  the  southern  coast  of  India,  and  thus 
opening  a  highway  for  commerce  to  the  o])ulent 
regions  of  the  East.  Henry,  however,  lived  long 
enougli  to  reap  some  ot  the  richest  rewards  of  a 
great  and  good  mind.  He  beheki,  through  his 
means,  his  native  country  in  a  gr.md  and  active 
career  of  prosperity.  The  discoveries  of  the  I'or- 
tuguese  were;  the  wonder  and  ,i(l  niration  of  the 
tifteenlh  century,  and  I'oriugal,  i  im  being  one 
of  the  least  among  n.itions,  sutldeidy  rose  to  be 
one  of  the  most  iin|)ortant. 

All  this  w.is  ellected,  not  by  arms,  but  by  arts  ; 
not  by  the  stratagems  of  .1  cabinet,  but  by  the  wis- 
dom of  a  college.  It  was  the  gre  ;t  achievement 
of  a  i)rince,  who  li.is  well  lieen  described  "  full  of 
thoughts  of  lofty  enter])rise,  and  acts  of  generous 
spirit  ;"  one  wh.o  bore  for  his  device  the  mag- 
nanimous motto,  "The  talent  to  do  good,"  the 
only  talent  worthy  the  ambition  of  princes. f 

Henry,  at  his  de.ith,  left  it  in  charge  to  his 
country  lo  ])rosecute  the  route  to  India.  He  had 
formed  com])anies  and  associations,  by  which 
commercial  zeal  was  enlisted  in  the  cause,  and  it 
was  made  a  matter  of  interest  and  com|)etition  to 
enler])rising  individuals. J;  from  time  to  time  Lis- 
bon was  thrown  into  a  tumult  of  excitement  by 
the  launching  forth  ot  some  new  exjiedition,  or  the 
return  of  a  s(pi,i(lnm  with  .accounts  of  new  tr.rts 
explored  and  new  kingdoms  visited.  Kverythine 
was  conlulent  promise  ami  sanguine  anticipatio 
The  miserable  honks  of  the  African  coast  weri- 
magnitied  mto  |iowerful  nations,  and  the  vovagers 
continually  heard  of  opulent  coimtries  farther  on. 
It  was  ah  yet  the  tw  iliglit  of  geogra])hic  knowl- 
edge ;  imagin.iiion  went  hand  in  hand  with  dis- 
covery, and  as  the  l.ittt'r  groped  its  slow  and  c.ui- 
tious  w'ay,  the  former  peopled  all  beyond  with 
wonders.  The  fame  of  the  I'ortuguese  discover- 
ies, and  of  the  e\|e(litions  (ontinually  setting  out, 
drew  the  attention  of  the  world.  Strangers  from 
all  p.irts,  the  learned,  the  curious,  and  tlie  adven- 
turous, resorted  to  I.islxm  to  in(|uire  into  the  par- 
ticulars or  to  ])articipate  in  the  advantages  of 
these  enterprises.  .'Xniong  these  was  Christopher 
Columbus,  whellu'r  thrown  there,  as  has  been  as- 
serted, by  the  fortuitous  result  of  a  desperate  ad- 
venture, or  drawn  thither  by  liberal  curiosity  and 
the  pursuit  of  honorable  lt)rtune.{( 


C!IAI'TI:R    IV. 

RrSlDENCK     f)l'     CDilMlUS      AT      T.ISUON — Wl'AR 
t()NCi;i<MN(i    1S1..\N1)S    IN   TIIK.   OfKAN. 

CoLU.Ml'.L's  .arrived  at  Lisbon  about  the  year 
1470.  He  was  at  that  time  in  the  iull  vigor  of 
manhood,  and  of  an  engaging  presence.     Minute 

*  Vasronrclos,  Hist,  do  Juan  II. 

f   loam  (le  Harros,  Asia,  decad.  i. 

t   Lafilau,  Conqiiitcs  des  I'ortugais,   torn.  1.  lib.  i. 

^  Herrcra,  dccad,  i.  lib.  i. 


descriptions  are  given  of  his  person  by  his  son 
Fernando,  by  Las  Casas,  anti  others  ot  his  con- 
temporaries.* According  to  these  accounts,  he 
was  tall,  well-formeil,  muscular,  and  of  an  ele- 
vated and  ilignilied  demeanor.  His  visage  was 
long,  anci  neither  fidl  nor  meagre  ;  his  complexion 
fair  and  freckled  and  inclined  to  ruddy  ;  his  nose 
a(|uiline  ;  his  cheek-bones  were  rather  high,  hist 
eyes  light  gray,  and  apt  to  enkindle  ;  his  whole 
countenance  had  an  air  of  .luthority.  His  hair, 
in  his  youthful  days,  was  of  a  light  color  ;  but 
care  and  trouble,  according  to  Las  C.isas,  soon 
turned  it  gray,  and  at  thirty  years  of  age  it  was 
(|uite  white.  He  was  moderate  and  simple  in  iliet 
and  api)arel,  ehuiuent  in  discourse,  engaging  .and 
affable  with  str.mgers,  and  his  amiableness  and 
suavity  in  domestic  life  strongly  attached  his 
household  to  his  person.  His  temper  was  natu- 
rally irritable  ;  t  but  he  subdued  it  by  the  mag- 
nanimity ot  his  s|)irit,  comporting  himself  with  a 
courteous  <ind  gentle  gravity,  .md  never  indulging 
in  ;iny  intemperance  of  langu.ige.  Througluiut 
his  lite  he  was  noted  for  strict  attention  to  the 
offices  of  religion,  observing  rigorously  the  fasts 
and  ceremonies  of  the  church  ;  nor  did  his  piety 
consist  in  mere  forms,  but  partook  of  that  lofty 
an<l  solemn  entausiasm  with  which  his  whole 
character  was  strongly  tinctured. 

While  at  Lisbiin,  he  was  accuston)ed  to  attend 
religious  service  at  the  chapel  of  the  convent  of 
All  .Saints.  In  this  convent  were  cert.iin  ladies 
of  rank,  either  resident  as  boarders,  or  in  some 
religious  capacity.  With  one  of  these,  Columbus 
became  ac(|uainted.  .She  was  I)oi^,l  Felipa, 
daughter  of  liartolomeo  MotTis  de  I'erestrello.  an 
Italian  cavalier,  lately  deceased,  who  had  been 
one  of  the  most  distinguished  n.ivigators  under 
Triiice  Henry,  and  had  coloni/ed  and  governed 
the  island  ot  I'orto  Santo.  The  ac(|uaintance  soon 
ri|)i'ned  into  .itt.uhment,  and  ended  in  marriage. 
1'  .ijipears  to  have  been  .1  match  of  mere  affection, 
as  the  lady  was  destitute  ot  fortune. 

The  newly  m.irried  C(niple  resided  with  the 
mother  of  the  bride.  The  latter,  perceiving  the 
interest  which  Columbus  took  in  all  matters  con- 
cerning the  sea,  rel.ited  to  him  .ill  she  knewot  the 
voy.>ges  and  ex|)editions  ot  her  late  husband,  and 
brought  him  all  his  ])a|)ers,  charts,  journals,  and 
memorandums.  I  In  this  way  he  became  ac- 
cpiainted  with  the  routes  of  the  I'ortuguese,  their 
])lans  and  concc])tions  ;  and  having,  liy  his  mar- 
riage anil  rcsidenci'v  become  n.iturali/'ed  in  Por- 
tugal, he  sailed  occasionally  in  tlie  expeditions  to 
the  coast  of  Ciuinea.  When  on  shore,  he  su])port- 
ed  his  family  by  making  maps  and  charts.  Hi? 
narrow  circumstances  obliged  him  to  obse.'ve  a 
strict  economy  ;  yet  wc  are  told  that  he  appropri- 
ated a  ])art  ot  his  scanty  means  to  the  succor  of 
his  .iged  father  at  (Jenoa.j!  and  to  the  education 
of  his  younger  brothers. || 

The  coiisiruction  ot  a  correct  map  or  chart,  in 
those  ilays,  recpiired  a  degree  of  knowledge  and 
ex|)erience  sutlicient  to  entitle  the  possessor  to 
distinction.  (ieography  was  bu'  just  emerging 
from  the  darkness  which  had  enveloped  it  for 
ages.  Ptolemy  was  still  a  st.mdard  authority. 
The  maps  of  the  tilteenth  century  displ.iy  a  mix- 
ture  of   truth    and  error,  in   which   tacts  handed 


•  Hist,   del   Almirante,   cap.   3. 
Ind.  lib.  i.  cap.  2,  .vs. 


Las  Casas,  HisL 


+   lUescas,  Hist.  Pontifical,  lit),  vi. 

i  Ovifdo,  Cronica  de  las  Indias,  lib.  ii.  cap.  2, 

S5  Ibid. 

(  Muuoz  Hist,  del,  N.  Mundo   ^^    it. 


dow 

cent 

and 

whei 

ing 

knov 

Colu 

the 

wou 

We 

resid 

Tosc 

men 

intlue 

dert;i 

Wl 
to  a 
culia 
favor 
com  I 
ress 
ceive 
and 
His  ( 
had  f 
this 
time 
Sant( 
erly, 
a  son, 
broug 
disco\ 
Corrc< 
been  j 
togeth 
lite,  tf 
discov 
Africa 
to   Ind 
known 

In  t 
been  t 
and  fr 
the  sti 


i 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGES   OF  COLUMBUS. 


13 


person  by  his  son 
;l  others  ot  his  con- 
these  accounts,  he 
liar,  and  of  an  ele- 
;)r.  His  visajje  was 
ffre  ;  his  coni|)lexi()n 
to  ruddy  ;  liis  nose 
ere  rather  liijfh,  his  I 
t:nl<iiulle  ;  his  whole 
utliority.  His  hair, 
a  iisht  color  ;  liut 
to  Las  C.isas,  soon 
years  of  ajje  it  was 
le  and  siiii|)le  in  diet 
Durse,  enj^ajjinjj  and 
(lis  aniiahleness  and 
)ngiy  attached  his 
is  temper  was  natu- 
ued  it  by  the  majj- 
rtinj,"-  himself  with  a 
and  never  induljfinjf 
u.ij(e.  'l'hrouj;hiiut 
ict  attention  to  the 
ri};()roiisly  the  fasts 
I  ;  nor  did  his  piety 
artook  ot  that  lotty 
1  whicii  his  whole 
red. 

:custonied  to  attend 

•I   of  the  convent  of 

were  cert. tin   ladies 

jarders,  or   in   some 

of  these.  Columbus 

was    Doi^.i     l''elipa, 

s  de   I'ere.'itrello.  an 

sed,    who   had   i)een 

d   navifr.itors   under 

ii/ed   and   jjoverned 

e  ac(|uaintance  soon 

ended  in  niarriajfe. 

h  ot  mere  affection, 

rtune. 

resided    with   the 
itter,  perceiving;  the 
in  all  m.ilters  con- 
all  she  knew  ot  the 
r  late  husband,  and 
harts,  journals,  and 
ly    he   beiame    ac- 
I'ortUfjuese,  their 
ivinj;,  by  his  mar- 
n;iturali/c(l   in  I'or- 
tlie  expeditions  to 
shore,  he  su])port- 
and  charts.     Hi? 
him  to  observe  a 
that  he  appropri- 
s   to  the  succor  of 
d   to  the  education 

ct  map  or  chart,  in 
of  knowledj;e  and 
the   possessor  to 

t)u*   just   emerjrinj; 

;l    enveloped   it  for 

t.mdard  authority. 

tury  display  a  mix- 
liich   facts  handed 

Las  Casas,   Hist. 

vi. 

;,  lib.  ii.  cap.  2. 

^1-    ii. 


down  f'om  antiquity,  and  others  revealed  by  re- 
cent discoveries,  are'  confused  with  popular  fables 
and  extrava^MMt  conjectures.  At  such  a  period, 
when  the  passion  tor  m.iritime  discovery  was  seek- 
ing every  aid  to  facilitate  its  enterprises,  the 
knowledjje  and  skill  ot  an  al)le  cosmo^jrapher  like 
Columl)us  would  be  properly  appreciated,  and 
the  superior  correciness  of  his  maps  and  charts 
would  f^ive  him  notoriety  amonj;  men  of  science.* 
VVe  accordinj^'ly  find  him,  .U  an  early  |)erio(l  of  bis 
residence  in  Lisbon,  in  correspondence  wth  I'aulo 
Toscinelli,  of  h'lorence,  one  ol  the  most  scientific 
men  ot  the  day.  whc.se  communications  had  j^'reat 
influence  in  insijirilinj;  him  to  his  subsecjuent  un- 
dertakiniT.s. 

While  liis  fjeoj^raphical  labors  thus  elevated  him 
to  a  communion  with  the  le.irned,  they  were  |)e- 
culiarly  c.dcul.Heil  to  foster  a  tr.iin  of  thoujjhts 
favorable  to  n.uitical  enierpris(,'.  From  constantly 
comparin^f  mips  ard  ch.irts,  and  notinjr  ine  projj- 
ress  and  direction  ot  discovery,  he  was  led  to  ])er- 
ceive  how  nuicli  ol  tliC  world  remained  unknown, 
and  to  meditate  on  the  means  of  explorinjr  it. 
His  domestic  concerns,  and  the  connections  he 
had  formed  by  marriajfe,  were  all  in  unison  with 
this  vein  ot  specul.ition.  He  resided  tor  some 
time  at  tile  reicntly  discovered  isl.md  of  I'orto 
.Santo,  where  bis  wife  had  iidierited  some  jjrop- 
ertv,  and  duriiij.;'  his  ri'sideiice  there  she  bore  him 
a  son,  whom  he  named  Diej^o.  This  residence 
broujjiu  him.  as  it  were,  on  the  very  frontier  of 
discovery.  His  wile's  sister  was  married  to  I'edro 
Correo,  a  navij^ator  of  note,  who  had  at  one  time 
been  jroxirnor  ot  I'orto  .S.iiito.  Hein^  fre(|uentl\' 
tojrether  ill  the  t.miili.ir  intercourse  of  domestic 
lite,  their  coincrs.ilion  naturally  turned  epon  the 
discoveries  |)rosccuiinj^  in  their  vicinity  alon^  the 
African  co.tst.-i  ;  upon  the  loiij;-  soujjht  tor  route 
to  India  ;  and  upon  the  possioility  ot  some  un- 
known Kinds  existing  in  the  west. 

In  their  isl.md  n-si(lcnc(',  too,  they  must  have 
been  frei|U('iuly  visited  liv  the  voy;ij.;;<-rs  j.;oinjj  to 
and  from  duiiiea.  l.ivinj;^  thus,  surrounded  bv 
the  stir  .iinl  bu  .tie  of  discoverv,  <  ommuninjj^  with 
persons  who  hie  I  risen  bv  it  to  tortune  and  honor, 
and  voy.i.tjini;  in  the  verv  tracks  of  its  recent  tri- 
umphs, the  ardent  mind  ol  C'oluml)us  kindled  up  to 
entiiusi.ism  in  the  cause.  It  w;is  a  period  of  j;en- 
eral  excitement  to  ,ill  who  were  connected  with 
maritime  lite,  or  who  re^idecl  in  the  vicinity  ot  the 
oce.in.  'I"he  recent  discoveries  had  intlanied  their 
imafjinations,  and  had  lilted  them  with  visions  ot 
other  islands,  ot  j^reater  wcilth  and  be.iuty,  yet 
to  l)e  discovered  in  the  boundless  w.istes  of  the 
Atlantic.      The  o|)inions  and  t.mcies  of    the  an- 

*  The  importance  wliicli  l)es,in  to  be  attached  to 
cosmogrdphical  knowleiljje  is  evident  from  tlie  dis- 
tinction which  Mauro,  ;in  Italian  friar,  obtained  from 
having  projec'.ed  an  universal  m.tp,  esteemed  the  most 
accurate  of  the  time.  A  facsimile  of  this  map,  upon 
the  s,ime  scale  as  the  oriiijinal,  is  nowdepositeil  \n  tlic 
British  Museum,  and  it  has  Ixcn  published,  with  a 
Reograpliical  commentary,  tiy  tlie  Learned  Zurla.  The 
Venetians  struck  a  medal  in  honor  of  him,  on  whicli 
they  (lenomin.iled  him  CdSinoKnipjais  incomparabilis 
(Collinc  del  Mussol.  Naiit.  p.  2,  <:.  5).  Yet  Raniusio, 
who  had  seen  this  map  in  the  monastery  of  San 
Michele  de  Murano,  consiilcrs  it  merely  an  improved 
copy  of  a  map  lirouuht  from  C.itliav  l/y  NLirco  Polo 
(R,imusio,  t.  ii.  p.  r;,  Ld.  Venct.  Kiirfj).  We  are  told 
that  Amcricus  Vespucius  p:ii(l  one  hundred  and  thirty 
ducats  (equivalent  to  five  hundred  and  fifty-five  dol- 
lars In  our  time)  for  a  map  of  sea  and  land,  made  at 
Mallorca,  in  i43(),  by  Gal)r!el  de  Valseca  (Harros,  D. 
L  i.  c.  15.     Derroto  por  Tofino,  Introd.  p.  35). 


cients  on  the  stibjert  were  .ipain  put  in  circula- 
tion. The  story  ot  Antilla,  a  ^re-it  island  in  the 
ocean,  discovered  by  the  C'artli,i,s;mi.ins,  was  tre- 
(juently  cited,  and  I'lalo's  imaj,nn,iry  At.ilantisonce 
more  fouiul  firm  believers.  .M.iiiy  ihounht  that 
the  Canaries  ami  A/ores  were  but  wrecks  which 
had  survived  its  submersion,  and  that  other  and 
larj^er  frafrmeuls  ot  that  drowned  land  mijrht  yet 
exist,  ill  remoter  p.uts  ot  tlie  .Atlantic. 

One  of  the  stroii).;('st  symptoms  ot  the  excited 
state  of  the  poiJtilar  mind  at  this  eventful  era,  was 
the  prevalence  of  rumors  respecliu).;  unknown 
islands  casually  seen  in  the  ocean.  Ahiny  ol  these 
were  mere  f.ibles,  labricated  to  teed  the  preilomi- 
nant  humor  of  the  |)ublic  ;  m.my  had  their  origin 
in  the  heated  ima>,nnations  ot  \(ivacrers,  t)eholclinfj 
islands  in  those  summer  clouds  which  lie  .ilonj; 
the  horizon,  and  often  beguile  the  s.iilor  with  the 
iilea  of  distant  l.iiuls. 

On  such  airy  basis,  most  |)iob.ibly,  was  founded 
the  story  told  to  Columbus  by  one  Antonio  Leone, 
an  inh:'l)ilant  ol  .Madeira,  who  alfirmed  ih.it  sail- 
inj.'  iHence  westward  one  hundred  lea^^^ues,  he  had 
seen  three  islands  at  ;i  disi.inct'.  But  the  tales  of 
the  kind  most  positively  adv.im  ed  and  /e.ilously 
maintained,  were  those  rel.ited  by  the  people  of 
the  Canaries,  who  were  Ion;;  under  a  siiij;ular 
optical  delusion.  They  ima^rined  that,  Irom  time 
to  time,  they  beheld  a  vast  island  to  tin;  westward, 
with  lofty  mount. tins  ,'iiid  deep  valleys.  Nor  was 
it  seen  in  cloudy  and  dubious  we.ither,  but  in 
those  clear  days  common  to  tropical  climat<'S,  and 
with  all  the  di^liiulness  with  which  distant  objects 
may  be  discerned  in  their  pure,  tr,iiis|)arent  at- 
mos|)here.  'I'he  island,  it  is  true,  w.is  only  seen 
at  intervals  ;  whiU'  at  other  times,  and  in  the 
clearest  weather,  not  a  vestige  ol  it  was  to  be  de- 
scried. When  it  did  .-^jpear,  however,  it  w.as 
always  in  the  s.ime  place,  .iiid  under  the  same 
form.  .So  persuaded  wire  the  iidi.iliitaiits  ol  the 
Canaries  ot  its  re.ility,  th.it  .iiiplii  .ilioii  w.is  made 
to  the  Kin^  ot  I'oitii^al  lor  permission  to  discover 
and  take  possession  ot  it  ;  and  it  .u  tually  became 
the  object  ot  several  expeiliiions.  The  island, 
however,  w.is  never  to  be  found,  thouj^h  it  still 
continued  occasionally  to  1  he, it  the  eye.  There 
were  ;ill  kinds  ot  wild  and  tanlastic  notions  con- 
cerning this  imajriiiaiv  land.  .Some  sup|)ose(l  it 
to  be  the  Antill.i  mentioned  by  Aristotle  ;  others, 
the  Island  ot  .Seven  Cities,  so  i  alle(l  Irom  an  an- 
cient legend  ol  st-ven  bishops,  who,  with  a  multi- 
tude of  followers,  lied  Irom  .Spain  at  the  time  of  its 
coiKjuest  by  the  Moors,  .ind,  j;uided  by  Heaven  to 
some  unknown  island  in  the  01  e.iii.  touiided  on  it 
seven  splendid  cities.  While  some  considered  it 
another  legendary  island,  on  which,  it  was  said, 
a  Scottish  priest  <d  the  ii.ime  of  .St.  Ib-and.m  had 
landed,  in  the  sixth  century.  This  last  legend 
|)assed  into  current  beliel.  Th"  taiu  ied  island 
was  calle<l  by  the  naiiu'  ot  Si,  rir.md.in,  or  St. 
liorondon,  ;'nd  long  coiitiiuieil  ii  be  .iciually  laid 
down  in  maps  tar  to  the  west  ot  tlu'  t'aiuiries.* 
The  same  w.is  done  with  the  tabulous  isl.ind  of 
.Antilla  ;  and  these  erroneous  maps  ;iiid  ph.iiitom 
islands  have  given  rise  ,il  v.irioiis  limes  10  asser- 
tions that  the  New  W.irld  had  been  known  prior 
to  the  |)eriod  of  its  geiier.ilK  reputed  dis<  'vei-y. 

Columbus,  however,  considers  .ill  these  appear- 
ances of  l.iiul  ,is  mere  illusions,  I  It  su|iposes  that 
they  may  have  been  caused  by  rocks  lying  in  the 
ocean,  which,  seen  at  a  distance,  under  cert.iin 
atmospherical  intluences,  may  have  asse.iied  the 
appearance   of   islands  ;  or   that   they  may   have 


*  Sec  illustrations,  article  "  Island  of  St.  Brandan." 


' 


14 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGES   OF   COLUMBUS. 


!    I 


II 


■ill 


been  floatinpf  islands,  such  as  arc  mentioned  by 
I'liny  and  Scncia  and  Dtlicrs,  formed  of  twisted 
roots,  or  of  a  lij(lit  and  porous  stone,  and  covered 
with  trees,  and  whicli  may  iiave  iieen  driven  aliout 
tile  ocean  iiy  llie  winds. 

Tlie  islands  of  St.  Hrandan,  of  Antilla,  and  of  the 
Seven  Cities,  ha\e  lon;^  since  ])rove(l  to  be  fabu- 
lous tales  or  almosplicrical  delusions.  "S'et  the 
rumors  concerning-  lluin  derive  interest,  from 
showinj,^  the  state  of  public  thouf^ht  with  respect 
to  the  Atlantic,  while  its  western  rej^ions  were  yet 
unknown.  'I'hey  were  all  noted  down  with  curi- 
ous care  by  Columbus,  and  may  have  had  some 
influence  over  hi^>  imaginaiion.  .Still,  thoutjh  of  a 
visionary  spirit,  his  pcnetralinLj  j^^enius  soujrht  in 
deeper  sources  for  tlie  aliment  of  its  meditations. 
Aroused  by  the  impulse  of  jiassiny  events,  he 
turned  anew,  says  his  son  Fernando,  to  study  the 
geographical  authors  which  he  had  read  before, 
and  to  consider  the  astronomical  reasons  which 
might  corroborate  the  theory  gradually  forming 
in  (lis  mind.  He  made  himself  acquainted  witli 
ail  th.it  had  been  written  by  the  ancients,  or  dis- 
covered by  the  mo.lerns,  relative  to  geography. 
His  own  voyages  enabled  him  to  correct  many  of 
their  errors,  and  apjireciate  ni.my  of  their  theo- 
ries. His  genius  having  thus  taken  its  decided 
bent,  it  is  interesting  to  notice  from  what  a  mass 
of  acknowledged  t.icts,  ration.d  liy|)olheses,  fanci- 
ful narrations,  and  popul.ir  rumors,  his  gr.ind 
jiroject  of  discovery  w.is  wrought  out  by  tlie  strong 
workings  of  his  vigcjrous  mind. 


CHAITKI-l    V. 

GROrNIiS    (IX    WHICH     COl.lMlifS     FOCNDrH     HIS 

iii;i.ir,!-  (If  iiii;  kxistkn'ck  or  vndiscovi-.rkd 

l..-\NliS    IN     rilK    WKS'I'. 

It  has  been  atlemiitcd,  in  the  preceding  chap- 
ters, to  sliow  how  Columbus  w,is  gradu.Uly  kin- 
dled up  to  his  grand  design  by  the  sjiirit  and 
events  of  the  times  in  which  he  lived.  His  son 
Fernando,  howe\tr,  undertakes  to  furnish  the 
precise  'l.ila  on  which  his  lather's  plan  of  discoverv 
was  founded.*  "  He  does  this,"  he  observes,  "  to 
show  fr(.'m  wl-.it  slender  argument  so  great  a 
scheme  w,\s  laliricaie(.l  and  biDught  to  light  ;  and 
for  the  purpose  of  satisfying  those  who  may  desire 
to  know  distin'  tlv  the  ciriumstances  and  motives 
which  led  his  I  iilier  to  umleriake  this  enterprise." 

As  this  st.Uenu-ni  was  formed  from  notes  and 
documents  lotnid  ;imong  his  lather's  p.-ipers,  it  is 
too  curious  and  inleresting  not  to  deserve  ])articu- 
lar  mention.  In  tliis  memorandum  he  arranged 
the  foundation  of  his  l.ither's  theory  under  three 
heads;  i.  The  nature  of  things.  2.  'l"l  .■  authoritv 
of  learned  writers,     j.   'I'he  reports  of  navigators. 

L'nder  the  first  head  he  set  down  as  a  funda- 
mental princi|i!e  th.it  the  earth  was  a  terr;i((ueous 
sphere  or  giolu',  which  might  be  travelled  round 
from  east  to  west,  .ind  that  men  stood  foot  to  toot 
when  on  opposite  points.  The  circumference 
from  e.ist  to  west,  at  the  efpiator,  Columbus 
divided,  according  to  I'tnlemy,  into  twenty-tour 
hours  ol  hlteeii  degrees  e.ich,  making  three  hun- 
dred and  sixty  degcees.  Of  these  he  imagined, 
comparing  the  giol.e  of  I'loleniy  with  the  earlier 
map  of  .Marinus  of  'I'yre,  that  fifteen  hours  had 
lieen  known  to  the  ancients,  extending  from  the 
Straits  of  Ciibraltar,  (.<r  rather  from  the  Canarv 
Islands,  to  the  city  of  TIiuul'  in  Asia,  a  place  set 


*  Hist,  del  Almirante,  cap.  6,  7,  8. 


down  as  at  the  eastern  limits  of  the  known  world. 
The  Portuguese  had  adv.uiced  the  wi'Stern  frontier 
one  hour  more  by  the  discovery  of  the  Azores  and 
Cape  de  Verde  Islands.  There  rem.iined,  then, 
according  to  the  estimation  of  Columbus,  eight 
hours,  or  one  third  of  the  circumference  of  the 
earth,  unknow^n  and  unex|)lured.  'I'his  s])ace 
miglit,  in  a  great  measure,  be  filled  up  by  the 
eastern  regions  of  Asia,  which  might  extend  so  far 
as  nearly  to  surround  the  globe,  and  to  approach 
the  western  sliores  of  Furojie  and  Africa.  The 
tract  of  ocean  intervening  lietween  these  coun- 
tries, he  observes,  would  lie  less  than  might  at 
hrst  lie  sujiposed,  if  die  ojiinion  of  Allraganus,  the 
Arabian,  were  admitted,  who,  by  diminishing  the 
size  of  the  degrees,  gave  to  the  earth  a  smaller 
circumference  than  did  other  cosmogra|)hers  ;  a 
theory  to  which  Columlius  seems  at  times  to  have 
given  faith.  Granting  these  ])remises,  it  was 
manifest  that,  by  pursuing  a  direct  course  from 
east  to  west,  a  n.ivigator  would  arrive  at  the  ex- 
tremity of  Asia,  and  discover  any  intervening  land, 

Under  the  second  head  are  n.imed  the  authors 
whose  writings  had  weight  in  convincing  him  that 
the  intervening  ocean  could  be  but  of  moderate 
expanse,  and  easy  to  be  traversed.  Among  these, 
he  cites  the  opinion  ot  Aristotle,  Seneca,  and 
I'liny,  that  one  might  jiass  from  Cadi/,  to  the  In- 
dies in  a  few  days  ;  ot  .Strabo,  also,  who  observes, 
that  the  ocean  surrounds  the  earth,  bathing  on 
the  east  the  shores  ot  Indi.i  ;  on  the  west,  tlie 
coasts  of  Spain  and  .Mauritania  ;  so  that  it  is  easy 
to  navii,  te  from  one  to  the  other  on  the  same 
parallel.  ' 

In  corroboration  of  the  idea  that  Asia,  or,  as 
he  always  terms  it,  India,  stretched  tar  to  the 
east,  so  as  to  occupy  the  greater  part  ot  the  unex- 
plored space,  the  narrati\es  are  cited  of  Marco 
fold  and  John  .Mandeville.  These  travellers  had 
visited,  in  the  thirteenth  and  tourteeiitli  centuries, 
the  remote  |)arts  of  Asi  ■,  tar  lieyond  the  regions 
laid  down  by  I'tolemy  ;  and  their  accounts  ot  the 
extent  of  that  continent  to  the  eastward  had  a 
gre.it  effect  in  convincing  Columbus  that  a  vov- 
age  to  the  west,  of  no  long  dur.ition,  would  l)ring 
liim  to  its  shores,  or  to  the  extensive  and  wealthy 
islands  which  lie  adjacent.  The  information  con- 
cerning .Marco  Polo  is  ))robal.>ly  derived  from 
Paulo  foscanelli,  a  celebrated  doctor  ol  l'"loreiice, 
already  mentioned,  with  whom  Columbus  corre- 
sponded ill  1474,  and  who  tr.insmittcd  to  him  a 
copy  of  a  letter  which  he  h.id  previously  written  to 
I'ernando  Martinez,  a  learned  canon  of  Lisbon. 
1  his  letter  maintains  the  lacility  of  arrix  ing  at  In- 
dia liy  a  western  course,  asserting  the  distance  to 
he  but  lour  thousand  miles,  in  ,1  direct  line  from 
Lisbon  to  the  province  of  Mangi,  lU'ar  Cathav, 
since  determined  to  be  the  northern  coast  of 
China.  Of  this  country  he  gives  a  magnilicent 
description,  drawn  from  the  work  ol  Marco 
Polo.  He  adds,  that  in  the  route  l.iy  the  isl.inds 
of  .\ntilla  and  Cipango,  distant  Irom  e.ich  other 
only  two  hundred  and  twcnty-lise  leagues, 
.•ibouiiding  in  riches,  and  offering  con\'eiiient 
places  tor  slii])s  to  touch  at,  and  olit^iin  sujiplies 
on  the  voy.ige. 

Under  the  third  head  are  enumerated  various 
indications  of  land  in  the  west,  which  li.id  floated 
to  the  shores  of  the  known  world.  It  is  curious 
to  observe,  how,  when  once  the  mind  of  Colum- 
bus had  become  heated  in  the  inquiry,  it  attracted 
to  it  every  corroborating  circumstance,  however 
vague  and  trivial.     He  appears  to  hiive  been  par- 


*  Strab.  Cos.  lib.  i.  ii. 


LIFE  AND   VOYAGES   OF  COLUMBUS. 


15 


)f  the  known  world, 
lliL'  Wfstc-rii  frontier 
V  ot  the  Azores  and 
;re  rcmainctl,  tlien, 
ot  CuliMiibus,  eight 
rcunilereiice  of  the 
ired.  'I'liis  sjjace 
le  tilled  up  by  the 
might  extend  so  far 
)e,  and  to  approach 
;  anil  Africa.  The 
Hween  these  coun- 
less  than  might  at 
1  of  Altiaganus,  the 

by  diminishing  the 
the  earth  a  smaller 

cosmographers  ;  a 
lis  at  times  to  have 

preniises,    it    was 

tlirect  course  from 
jld  arrive  at  the  e.\- 
ny  intervening  land, 
named  the  authors 
:onvincing  him  that 
e  but  ot  moderate 
it'll.  .Among  these, 
itoile,  .Seneca,  and 
oni  C.idu  to  the  In- 
also,  who  observes, 
•  earth,  bathing  on 
;  on  the  west,  the 
a  ;  so  that  it  is  easy 
other  on   the  same 

■a.  that  Asia,  or,  as 

retched    tar   to   the 

pr  part  ot  the  unex- 

[ire  cited  of  Marco 

se  tra\ellers  had 

leenlb  centuries, 

yond  the  regions 

■  aicdUiits  ot  the 

castwartl  had  a 

ihus   that  a  voy- 

.iiion,  would  bring 

■nsive  and   wealthy 

intormation  con- 

l.dy    derived    from 

dor  ol  I'lorence, 

Columbus  corre- 

isinilird   to  him  a 

viously  \\  rilten  to 

aiuin  of   Lisbon. 

lit  arri\  ing  at  In- 

ng  the  distance  to 

direct  line  from 

;i,  mar  Cathay, 

irihern    coast   of 

a   magnificent 

work     ot     Marco 

le  l.iv  the  islands 

irniu   each  other 

ily-li\e     leagues. 

ring    convenient 

(ibUun  supplies 

iincratcd  various 

hich   liad  floated 

(1.     It  is  curious 

mind  of  Colum- 

uiry,  it  attracted 

isUince,  however 

o  have  been  par- 


ticularly attentive  to  the  gleams  of  information 
derived  from  veteran  mariners,  who  had  been 
employed  in  the  recent  voyages  to  the  African 
coasts  ;  and  also  from  the  inhabitants  of  lately 
discovered  islands,  placed,  in  a  manner,  on  the 
frontier  posts  of  geograjihical  knowledge.  All 
these  are  carefully  noted  down  among  his  mem- 
orandums, to  be  collocated  with  the  facts  and 
opinions  already  stored  up  in  his  mind. 

Such,  for  instance,  is  the  circumstance  related 
to  him  by  Martin  Vicenti,  a  pilot  in  the  service  of 
the  king  of  Portugal  ;  that,  after  sailing  four  hun- 
'Ired  and  fifty  leagues  to  the  west  of  Cape  St. 
Vincent,  he  had  taken  from  the  water  a  piece  of 
carved  wood,  which  evidently  had  not  been  labor- 
ed with  an  iron  instrument.  As  the  winds  had 
drifted  it  from  the  west,  it  might  have  come  from 
some  unknown  land  in  that  direction. 

I'edro  Correo,  brother-in-law  of  Columbus,  is 
likewise  cited,  as  having  seen,  on  the  island  of 
Porto  Santo,  a  similar  piece  of  wood,  which  had 
drifted  from  the  same  ([uarter.  He  had  heard 
also  from  the  king  of  I'ortugal,  that  reeds  of  an 
immense  size  had  floated  to  some  of  those  islands 
from  the  west,  in  the  descrijition  of  which,  Co- 
lumbus thought  he  recognized  the  immense  reeds 
said  by  Ptolemy  lo  grow  in  India. 

Information  is  likewise  noted,  given  him  by  the 
inhabitants  of  the  Azores,  of  trunks  of  huge 
pine  trees,  of  a  kind  that  did  not  grow  upon  any 
of  the  islands,  wafted  to  their  shores  by  the  west- 
erly winds  ;  but  especially  of  the  bodies  of  two 
dead  men,  cast  upon  the  island  of  Flores,  whose 
features  differed  from  those  of  any  known  race  of 
people. 

To  these  is  added  the  re])ort  of  a  mariner  of  the 
port  of  St.  Mary,  who  asserted  that,  in  the  course 
of  a  vovage  to  Ireland,  he  had  seen  land  to  the 
west,  wliicli  the  ship's  coni])any  took  for  sr  me  ex- 
treme part  of  Tarl.iry.  Other  stories,  of  a  similar 
kind,  are  noted,  as  well  as  rumors  concerning  the 
fancied  islands  of  St.  Hrandan,  and  of  the  Seven 
Cities,  to  which,  as  has  already  been  observed, 
Columbus  gave  but  little  faith. 

Such  is  an  abstract  of  the  grounds,  on  which, 
according  to  P'ernando,  his  father  proceeded  from 
one  position  to  another  until  he  came  to  the  con- 
clusion, that  there  was  undiscovered  land  in  the 
western  ])art  of  the  ocean  ;  that  it  was  attaina- 
ble ;  that  it  was  fertile  ;  and  finally,  that  it  was 
inh.ibited. 

It  is  evident  that  several  of  the  facts  herein  enu- 
merated must  have  liecome  known  to  Columbus 
after  he  had  formed  his  opinion,  and  merely  serv- 
ed to  strengthen  it  ;  still,  everything  that  throws 
any  light  upon  the  jirocess  of  thought,  which  led 
to  so  great  an  event,  is  of  the  highest  interest  ; 
and  the  chain  of  deductions  here  furnished,  though 
not  perhaps  the  most  logical  ir.  its  concatenation, 
yet,  being  extracted  from  the  papers  of  Colum- 
bus hinise!!,  remains  one  of  the  most  interesting 
documents  in  the  history  of  the  human  mind. 

On  considering  this  statement  attentively,  it  is 
apparent  that  the  grand  argument  which  induced 
Columbus  to  his  enterprise  was  that  placed  under 
the  first  head,  namely,  that  the  most  eastern  part 
of  Asi.i  known  to  the  ancients  could  not  he  sepa- 
rated from  the  -Azores  by  more  than  a  third  of  the 
circumferen-e  of  the  globe  ;  that  the  intervening 
space  must,  in  a  great  measure,  be  filled  up  by 
the  unknown  residue  of  .Asia  ;  and  that,  if  the  cir- 
cumference of  the  world  w.is,  as  he  believed,  less 
than  was  generally  supjiosed,  the  Asiatic  shores 
could  easily  be  attained  by  a  moderate  voyage  to 
the  west. 


It  is  singular  how  much  the  success  of  this 
great  undertaking  deiiended  upon  two  hapjjy  er- 
rors, the  imaginary  extent  of  Asia  to  the  east,  and 
the  sujiposed  smallness  of  the  earth  ;  both  errors 
of  the  most  learned  and  profound  philosophers, 
but  without  which  Columbus  would  hardly  have 
ventured  upon  his  enterprise.  As  to  the  idea  of 
finding  land  by  sailing  directly  to  the  west,  it  is 
at  present  so  familiar  to  our  minds,  as  in  some 
measure  to  diminish  the  merits  of  the  first  concep- 
tion, and  the  hardihood  of  the  first  attempt  ;  but 
in  those  days,  as  has  well  been  observed,  the  cir- 
cumference of  the  earth  was  yet  unknown  ;  no 
one  could  tell  whether  the  ocean  were  not  of  im- 
mense extent,  ini|)ossible  to  be  traverseil  ;  nor 
were  the  laws  of  specific  gr.ivity  and  of  central 
gravitation  ascert.iined,  by  which,  granting  the 
rotundity  of  the  e  rih,  the  possibility  of  m.iking 
the  tour  of  it  woulu  he  mamfest.*  'Plie  practica- 
bility, therefore,  of  finding  land  by  sailing  to  the 
west,  was  one  of  those  mysteries  of  nature  which 
are  considered  incredible  while  matters  of  mere 
speculation,  but  the  sini])lest  things  imaginable 
when  they  have  once  been  .iscert.iined. 

When  Columl)us  had  formed  his  theory,  it  be- 
came fixed  in  his  mind  with  singular  firmness, 
and  influenced  his  entire  character  and  conduct. 
He  never  s|)oke  in  doubt  or  hesitation,  but  with 
as  much  certainty  as  if  his  eyes  had  beheld  the 
promised  land.  No  trial  nor  dis;i])pointment 
could  divert  him  from  the  steady  pursuit  of  his 
object.  A  deep  religious  sentiment  mingled 
with  his  meditations,  and  gave  them  at  times  a 
tinge  of  superstition,  but  it  was  of  a  sublime  and 
lofty  kind  ;  he  looked  upon  himself  as  standing  in 
the  hand  of  Heaven,  chosen  from  among  men  for 
the  accomplishment  of  its  high  ])urpose  ;  he  read, 
:is  he  supposed,  his  coiUem|)lale(l  discovery  hire- 
told  in  Holy  Writ,  and  shadowed  forth  darkly  in 
the  mystic  revelations  of  the  ])roi)hets.  The  ends 
of  the  earth  were  to  be  brought  together,  and  all 
nations  and  tongues  and  languages  united  under 
the  banners  of  the  Redeemer.  This  was  to  be  the 
triumphant  consummation  of  his  enterjirise,  bring- 
ing the  remote  and  unknown  regions  ol  the  earth 
into  communion  with  Christian  Murope  ;  carry- 
ing me  light  of  the  true  faith  into  benighted  and 
jiagan  lands,  and  gathering  their  countless  na- 
tions under  the  holy  dominion  of  the  church. 

The  enthusiastic  nature  of  his  conceptions  gave 
an  elevation  to  his  s])irit,  and  a  dignity  and  lofti- 
ness to  his  whole  demeanor.  He  conferred  with 
sovereigns  almost  with  a  feeling  of  ei|u;ility.  His 
views  were  princely  a?id  unbounded  ;  his  projiosed 
discovery  was  of  empires  ;  his  conditions  were 
proportionally  magnificent  ;  nor  would  he  ever, 
even  after  long  delays,  rejieated  disa|)|)ointments, 
and  under  the  pressure  of  actual  penury,  abate 
what  appeared  to  be  extravagant  (iem.uids  for  a 
mere  possible  discovery. 

Those  who  could  not  conceive  how  an  ardent 
and  comprehensive  genius  could  arrive,  by  pre- 
sumptive evidence,  at  so  firm  .i  con\iction,  sought 
for  other  modes  of  accounting  for  it.  When  the 
glorious  result  had  established  thtr  correctness  of 
the  opinion  of  Columbus,  attemiits  were  made  to 
prove  that  he  had  obtained  previous  inforrnatitm 
of  the  lands  which  he  pretended  to  discover. 
Among  these,  was  an  idle  tale  of  a  tempest-tossed 
pilot,  said  to  have  died  in  his  house,  be(|ue;ithing 
him  written  accounts  of  an  unknown  Kind  in  the 
west,  upon  which  he  had  been  driven  by  adverse 


*  Malte-Rrun,  Geographic  Universelle,  torn,  xiv. 
Note  sur  le  DOcouverte  de  I'Amferique. 


16 


LIFE  AND  VOYAGES  OF  COLUMBUS. 


winds.  Tliis  story,  according  to  Fernando  Co- 
lumbus, had  no  oiliir  foundation  than  one  of  tlie 
Ijopular  talcs  al)out  the  shailowy  island  of  St. 
irandan,  winch  a  I'ortuguese  ca|)tain,  returning 
from  (luinca,  fancied  lie  liad  beheld  beyond  Ma- 
deira. It  circulated  tor  a  lime  in  idle  rumor,  al- 
tered and  sha|)e(l  to  suit  tlieir  pur|)oses,  fjy  such 
as  sou;,flil  to  t.uni'.h  ilic  glory  of  Columbus.  At 
length  it  ioimd  its  way  into  print,  and  has  been 
echoed  !)y  various  historians,  varying  with  every 
narration,  and  full  of  contradictions  and  improb- 
abilities.* 

An  assertion  has  also  been  made,  that  Colum- 
bus was  ])recede(l  in  his  discoveries  by  Martin 
Hehem,  a  contemporary  cosmographer,  who,  it 
was  said,  had  landed  accidentally  on  the  coast  of 
South  America,  in  the  course  of  an  African  expe- 
dition ;  and  that  it  was  with  the  assistance  of  a 
map  or  globe,  projected  by  Ik'liem,  on  which 
was  laid  down  th.e  newly-discovereil  country,  that 
Columbus  made  his  voyage.  This  rumor  origina- 
ted in  an  absurd  misconstruction  of  a  Latin  man- 
uscript, and  was  uiisu])porte(l  by  any  documents  ; 
yet  it  has  hiid  its  circulation,  and  has  even  been 
revived  not  many  years  since,  with  more  zeal 
than  discretion  ;  but  is  now  completely  refuted 
and  put  to  rest.  The  land  visited  by  Uenem  was 
the  coast  of  Africa  beyond  the  ecjuator  ;  the  globe 
he  projected  was  finished  in  1492,  while  Columbus 
was  alisent  on  his  first  voyage  :  it  contains  no 
trace  of  the  New  Wor'd,  and  thus  furnishes  con- 
clusive |)roof  that  its  existence  was  yet  unknown 
to  Ikhem.t 

There  is  a  certain  meddlesome  spirit,  which,  in 
the  garb  of  learned  research,  goes  prying  about 
the  traces  of  history,  casting  down  is  monuments, 
and  marring  and  mutilating  its  fairest  trophies. 
Care  should  be  taken  to  vindicate  great  names 
from  such  jiernicious  erudition,  ft  defeats  one  of 
the  most  s.ilutary  jjurposes  of  history,  that  of  fur- 
nishing examples  of  what  human  genius  and 
laudable  enterprise  may  accomplish.  For  this 
purpose  some  jjains  have  l)een  taken  in  the  pre- 
ceding chapters  to  trace  the  rise  and  progress  of 
this  grand  idea  in  the  mind  of  Columbus  ;  to  show 
that  it  was  the  conception  of  his  genius,  quicken- 
ed by  the  im])ulse  of  the  age,  and  aided  l)y  those 
scattered  gleams  of  knowledge  which  fell  ineffect- 
ually upon  ordinary  minds. 


CHAPTER  VI. 

CORRERPONPENCF,  OF  COLUMBUS  WITH  PAULO 
TOSCANKI.I.I  — F.VI'.NTS  IN  PORTUGAL  RELATIVE 
TO  DISCOVKRIKS — PROl'OSl'iTO.V  OF  COLUMBUS 
TO  THE  I'ORTUtiUESK  COURT— DEPARTURE  FROM 
PORTUGAL. 

It  is  impossible  to  determine  the  precise  time 
when  Columbus  first  conceivetl  the  design  of  seek- 
ing a  western  route  to  India.  It  is  certain,  how- 
ever, that  he  meditated  it  as  early  as  the  year 
1474,  though  as  yet  it  lay  crude  and  unmatured 
in  his  mind.  This  fact,  which  is  of  some  impor- 
tance, is  sufliciently  established  by  the  correspond- 
ence already  mentioned  with  the  learned  Tosca- 
nelli  of  Florence,  which  took  place  in  the  summer 
of  that  year.  The  letter  of  Toscanelli  is  in  reply 
to  one  from  Columbus,  and  applauds  the  design 
which  he  had  expressed  of  making  a  voyage  to 

*  See    illustrations,    article    "  Rumor    concerning 
the  Pilot  who  died  in  the  House  of  Columbus," 
f  See  illustrations,  article  "  Behem." 


the  west.  To  demonstrate  more  clearly  the  facil. 
ity  of  arriving  at  India  in  that  direction,  he  sent 
him  a  map,  projected  partly  according  to  I'toU 
emy,  and  partly  according  to  the  descrijitions  of 
Marco  Polo,  the  Venetian.  The  eastern  coast  of 
Asia  was  depicted  in  front  of  the  western  coasts 
of  Africa  and  Europe,  with  a  moderate  space  of 
ocean  between  llicin,  in  which  weie  placed  at 
convenient  distances  Cipango,  Antilla,  and  the 
other  islands.*  Columbus  was  greatly  animated 
by  the  letter  and  chart  of  Toscanelli,  who  was 
considered  one  of  the  ablest  cosniographers  of  the 
day.  He  appears  to  have  |)rocured  the  work  of 
Marco  Polo,  which  had  been  translated  into  va- 
rious languages,  and  existed  in  manuscript  in 
most  libraries.  This  author  gi\-es  marvellous  ac- 
counts of  the  riches  of  the  realms  ot  Cathay  and 
Mangi,  or  Mangu,  since  ascertained  to  be  North- 
ern and  Southern  China,  on  the  coast  of  which, 
according  to  the  map  of  Toscanelli,  a  voyager 
sailing  directly  west  would  be  sure  to  arrive.  He 
describes  in  unmeasured  terms  the  power  and 
grandeur  of  the  sovereign  of  these  countries,  the 
Cireat  Khan  of  Tartary,  and  the  splendor  and 
magnitude  of  his  capitals  of  Cambalu  and  (juinsai, 
and  the  wonders  of  the  island  of  Cijiango  or  Zi- 
pangi,  supposed  to  be  Jajian.  This  island  he 
places  opposite  Cathay,  live  liundred  leagues  in 
the  ocean.  He  represents  it  as  abounding  in 
gold,  precious  stones,  and  other  choice  objects  of 
commerce,  with  a  monarch  whose  jialace  was 
roofed  with  plates  of  gold  instead  of  lead.  The 
narrations  of  this  traveller  were  by  many  consid- 
ered fabulous  ;  but  though  full  of  what  ap|)ear  to 
be  S])lendid  exaggt.'rations,  they  have  since  been 
found  substantially  correct.  They  are  thus  par- 
ticularly noted,  from  the  influence  they  had  over 
the  imagination  of  Columbus.  The  work  of  Mar- 
co Polo  is  a  key  to  many  parts  of  his  history.  In 
his  applications  to  the  various  courts,  he  repre- 
sented the  countries  he  expected  to  discover  as 
those  regions  of  inexhaustible  wealth  which  the 
Venetian  had  described.  The  territories  of  the 
Grand  Khan  were  the  objects  of  inquiry  in  all  his 
voyages;  and  in  his  cruisings  among  the  Antilles 
he  was  continually  flattering  himself  with  the 
hopes  of  arriving  at  the  opulent  island  of  Cipango, 
and  the  coasts  of  Mangi  and  Cathay. + 

While  the  design  of  attempting  the  discovery  in 
the  west  was  maturing  in  the  mind  of  Columbus, 
he  made  a  voyage  to  the  north  of  Europe.  Of 
this  we  have  no  other  memorial  than  the  follow- 
ing passage,  extracted  by  his  son  from  one  of  his 
letters  :  "  In  the  year  1477,  in  February,  I  navi- 
gated one  hundred  leagues  beyond  Thule,  the 
southern  part  of  which  is  seventy-three  degrees 
distant  from  the  equator,  and  not  sixt\-three,  as 
some  pretend  ;  neither  is  it  situated  within  the 
line  which  includes  the  west  of  Ptolemy,  but  is 
much  more  westerly.  The  English,  jjrincipally 
those  of  Hristol,  go  with  their  merchandise  to  this 
island,  which  is  as  large  as  England.  When  I 
was  there  the  sea  was  not  frozen,  and  the  tides 
were  so  great  as  to  rise  and  fall  twenty-six 
fathom. "J 

*  This  map,  by  which  Columbus  sailed  on  his  first 
voyage  of  discovery.  Las  Casas  (lib.  i.  cap.  12)  says 
he  had  in  his  possession  at  the  time  of  writing  his  his 
tory.  It  is  greatly  to  be  regretted  that  so  interesting 
a  document  should  be  lost.  It  may  yet  exist  among 
the  chaotic  lumber  of  the  Spanish  archives.  Few  doc- 
uments of  mere  curiosity  would  be  more  precious. 

t  A  more  particular  account  of  Marco  Polo  and  his 
writings  is  given  among  the  illustrations. 

i  Hist,  del  Almirante,  cap.  4. 


« 


lore  clearly  the  facil. 
at  (lirfctiiin,  he  sent 
I   acLordinjr  to  I'lol- 

0  the  descriptions  ot 
The  eastern  coast  of 
)l  the  wfslern  coasts 

a  moderate  space  of 
iiich  weie  placed  at 
JO,  Antilla,  and  the 
as  greatly  animated 
'I'oscanelli,  who  was 
:osnioj,rra pliers  of  the 
procured  the  work  of 
n  translated  into  va- 
sd  in  nianuscri|)t  in 
gives  marvellous  ac- 
calms  ot  Cathay  and 
L-rtaineil  to  he  North- 

1  the  coast  of  which, 
"oscanelli,  a  voyager 
c  sure  to  arrive.  He 
crms  the  power  and 
f  ihese  countries,  the 
id  the  s|)lendor  and 
-"anibahi  and  (juinsai, 
and  of  Cipango  or  Zi- 
lan.      This  island  he 

hundred    leagues  in 
it   as  abounding  in 
iher  choice  objects  of 
1   whose    palace   was 
nstead  of  lead.     The 
vere  by  many  consid- 
full  of  what  appear  to 
ihey  have  since  been 
They  are  tiius  par- 
fluence  they  had  over 
i.     The  work  of  Mar- 
ts of  his  history.     In 
ous  courts,  he  reprc- 
pected  to  discover  as 
wealth  which  the 
he  territories  of  the 
of  inquiry  in  ail  his 
s  among  the  Antilles 
himself   with    the 
lit  island  of  Cipango, 
Cathay. t 

)ting  the  discovery  in 
mind  of  Columbus, 
orth  of  Europe.  Of 
al  than  the  follow- 
son  from  one  of  his 
in  February,  I  navi- 
beyond  Thule,  the 
vetity-three  degrees 
1  not  sixty-three,  as 
situated  within  the 
it  of  I'tolemy,  but  is 
English,  principally 
merchandise  to  this 
England.  When  I 
rozen,  and  the  tides 
and   fall   twenty-six 


Ibus  sailed  on  his  first 
l(lib.  i.  cap.  12)  says 
lime  of  writing  his  his 
led  that  so  interesting 
Imay  yet  exist  among 
Ih  archives.  Few  doc- 
Ibe  more  precious. 
If  Marco  Polo  and  bis 
Itrations, 


s 


PART    OK  A  TERRESTRIAL    GLOBE    MADE    AT   NUREMBERG   IN   THE  YEAR    149J    nv    Martin    Bkhem. 

The  terrestrial  globe,  of  which  a  segment  is  given  above,  was  made  at  Nurcmben;  in  the  year  1492, 
the  very  year  on  which  Columbus  departed  on  his  first  i-oyage  of  discovery.  .Martin  Hehem,  the 
inventor,  was  one  of  the  most  learned  cosmographers  of  the  time,  and,  having  resided  at  Lisbon  in  the 
employ  of  the  king  of  Portugal,  he  had  probably  seen  the  map  of  Toscanelli,  and  the  documents 
submitted  by  Columbus  to  the  consideration  of  the  Portuguese  government.  Ilis  globe  may,  there- 
fore, be  presumed  illustrative  of  the  idea  entertained  by  Columbus  of  the  islands  in  the  ocean  near  the 
extremity  of  Asia,  at  the  time  he  undertook  his  discovery. 


I  I  'I 


1 II 


ll 


w 


Th 

.p()SL'( 

west 
di)\\  I 
Se- 
ed el 

tlu 
(IuIdm 
uiuk' 
wliic 
ht!  m 

is  iiss 

suL'h 
and  I 
tie  nee 
the  1 
WIS  1 
in    tl 
Spin 
the  (H 
prises 
also 
taking' 
aK<'s   I 
island 
IT  ore 
■  with   II 
tured  t, 
Uisc< 
Afrua, 
the  sou 
they  ut 
the  pro 
the  mil 
visional 
would   I 
balloon 
distaiu 
The  I 
extend 
propitio 
The  reci 
men  to 
ideas  a 
from  nil 
jarly  to 
of  inh)r 
costly  II 
Icept  ou 
obscure 
Vas  hei 
edife,  nc 
advance 
and  wid 
forms, 
again   1j 
eyes  to 
they  COL 
on,  disp 
the  dilfu 
I      At  th 
I  the  thro 
Alphons 
of  ills  at; 
from  his 
rei;;n  all 
to  build 
Coast  of 
in  that 
llaves. 
The  1 


f 


LIFE  AND   VOYAGES   OF   COLUMBUS. 


19 


The  island  thus  mentioned  is  jjeneraily  siip- 
.posL'd  to  have  been  leeland,  which  is  tar  to  the 
west  ol  the  ritima  I'hiile  nt  the  ancients,  as  laid 
down  in  the  ni.ip  ol  I'tolenn. 

Several  more  years  elapsed,  without  any  derid- 
ed elforts  on  the  |)art  ol  CdliinibLis  lu  carry  his 
design  into  execution.  He  was  loo  |)oor  to  tit  out 
the  armament  necessary  tor  so  im|)ortantan  exjie- 
dition.  Indeed  it  was  an  enterprise  only  to  he 
undert.iken  in  the  em|)loyof  some  so\erei^;n  state, 
whicli  could  assume  dommion  over  the  territories 
he  m\'^\n  discover,  and  reward  him  with  di^jnities 
flnci  iirivile^is  commensurate  to  his  services.  It 
is  asserted  ili.it  he  ,it  one  lime  endeavored  to  en- 
gajfe  hi-  native  country,  denoa,  in  the  undertak- 
iii;.^,  hut  without  success.  No  record  remains  ot 
such  an  .illcmpl,  tlioujrli  it  is  f^enerally  believed, 
and  has  stroi;^  prol),ibility  in  its  lavor.  His  resi- 
dence in  i'orui^,Ml  placed  him  at  hand  to  solicit 
the  patronaLje  oi  that  power,  but  Alphonso,  who 
was  then  on  the  throne,  w.is  too  much  ellj^rossed 
in  the  latter  part  ot  his  reign  with  a  war  with 
Spain,  tor  the  succession  of  the  I'rincess  Ju.ina  to 
the  crown  ol  C.isiile,  to  cn;;a>4e  in  pe.iceful  enter- 
prises ol  an  expensive  n.iturc.  The  juiblic  mind, 
also,  was  not  |)rep.ired  lor  so  jierilous  an  under- 
takin.if.  .\otwithiiandini,r  the  many  recent  voy- 
ages to  the  coast  ot  .Alric.i  and  the  adjacent 
Islands,  .ind  the  intro:lu<'tion  of  the  compass  into 
irare  gener.d  use,  navigation  w.is  still  shackled 
with  impediments,  and  the  mariner  rarely  ven- 
tured lar  out  ol  sight  ot  l.iiid. 

Discovery  advanced  slowly  along  the  coasts  of 
Africa,  an  1  the  mariners  le.ired  to  cruise  t.ir  into 
the  southern  liemisphere,  with  the  stars  of  which 
they  were  tot.illy  uiiacduainted.  To  such  men, 
the  project  ot  .i  voyage  directly  westward,  into 
the  midst  ot  that  boundless  waste,  to  seek  somi? 
vision.iry  land,  appeared  as  extravagant  as  it 
would  be  at  the  present  day  to  launch  forth  in  a 
balloon  into  the  regions  of  space  in  (juest  of  some 
dist.inl  star. 

The  time,  however,  was  at  hand,  that  was  to 
extend  the  sphere  ot  n.ivigation.  The  era  was 
propitious  to  the  (|uick  advanct'inent  ot  knowledge. 
The  recent  inveiiiioii  of  the  artot  printing  enabled 
men  to  communicate  rapidly  and  extensively  their 
ideas  and  discoveries.  It  drew  forth  learning 
from  librarit's  and  convents,  and  brought  it  f.imil- 
jarly  to  the  reading-desk  ol  the  student.  \'olumes 
of  inlonn.ition,  which  bctore  had  existed  only  in 
costly  m.muscripis,  ciretully  treasured  up,  and 
ke])t  out  ot  the  re.ich  ot  the  iiivligeiU  scholar  and 
obscure  artist,  were  now  in  every  h.ind.  There 
was  henceiorth  to  be  no  retrogression  in  knowl- 
edge, nor  any  p.iuse  in  its  career.  I'.very  step  in 
advance,  was  immediately,  and  simultaneously, 
and  widely  iironuilgaled,  recoriled  in  a  thousand 
forms,  and  tixed  tore\er.  Tiiere  could  never 
again  be  a  dark  age  ;  nations  might  shut  their 
eyes  to  the  light,  .and  sit  in  wilful  darkness,  but 
tfiey  could  not  trample  it  out  ;  it  would  still  shine 
on,  dispensed  to  lia|)pier  jiarts  of  the  world,  by 
the  diffusive  ])owers  of  the  press. 

At  this  juncture,  in  1401,  a  monarch  ascended 

the  throne  of  I'oriugal,  ot  different  ambition  from 

Alphonso.     John  II.,  then  in  the  twenty-tifth  year 

of  his  age,  had  imbibed  the  p.ission  for  discovery 

from  his  grand-uncle,  I'rince'  fienry,  and  with  his 

reign  all  its  activity  revived.      His  first  care  was 

^o  build  a  fori  at  St.  C.eorge  de  la  Mina,  on  the 

ttoast  of  Cuinea,  to  protect  the  trade  carried  on 

'^In  that  neighborhood   for  gold  dust,   ivorv,  and 

|laves. 

The  African  discoveries   had   conferred  great 


glory  upon  Portugal,  but  as  yet  tliry  had  bceri 
expensive  rather  than  protitable.  The  ai  complish- 
mint  ot  tile  route  to  liidi.i,  however,  it  was  ex- 
pected would  repay  all  cost  and  tod,  .ind  open  ,1 
source  ot  iiK  .ilcul.ible  wealth  to  the  n.ition.  The 
|)roiect  of  I'rince  Henry,  which  h.id  now  been 
tardily  prosecuted  for  lialf  a  century,  h.id  excited 
a  curiosity  about  the  reniott'  |)arts  ot  Asi.i,  ;ind 
revived  all  the  accounts,  true  .md  t.dmlnus,  of 
travellers. 

liesides  the  work  lA  Marco  I'olo,  .ilrcadv  men- 
tioned, there  was  the  narrative  of  K.ibbi  lienj.imin 
ben  Jonah,  of  Tudela,  a  Spanish  Jew,  who  set 
out  from  Saragoss.i  in  1173,  to  visit  the  sc.ittered 
remnants  of  the  Heiirew  tribes.  W.indeniig  with 
unwearied  zeal  on  this  |)i<ius  crr.md,  nvt  r  most 
jiarts  of  the  known  world,  he  penetr.iteil  China, 
and  passed  thence  to  the  southern  islands  of 
Asia.*  There  were  .also  the  n.irratives  of  C'.irpiiii 
and  Aseelin,  two  fri.irs,  <lisp,itche(l,  the  oiu;  in 
I2^f),  tlie  other  in  1247,  by  I'ope  Innocent  iV.,  as 
apostolic  .imb.iss.uloi's,  tor  the  purpiscof  cfmvert- 
ing  the  ( "ir.ind  Khan  ot  'I'art.iry  ;  and  the  journ.d 
ot  William  Kubru(|uis  (or  Ruysbroek),  .1  cele- 
br.ited  Cordelier,  sent  on  a  simil.ir  err.ind  in  1253, 
by  l.ouis  l.\.  of  France,  then  on  his  unlortun.ite 
crusade  into  i'.ilesline.  These  pious  but  chimcric.d 
missions  had  |)roved  abortive  ;  but  the  n.irr.itives 
of  them  being  revived  in  the  lifticnth  centurv, 
served  to  inll.ime  the  |)ublic  curiosity  res|)ccting 
'   the  remote  parts  of  Asia. 

I       In  these   narr.Uives  we   first   I'md  mention  m.ide 
I  of  the   renowned    I'rester  John,  a  ('hiisiiaii  king, 
[  said  to  hold  svv.iy  in  a  remote;  p.irt  ot   the    li.ist, 
i  who  was  long  .111  object  ot  curiosity  and  resean  h, 
t   but  whose  kingdom  seemed  to  shilt  its  situ.iti(jn 
i   in  the  tale  of  every  traveller,  and   to  vanish  from 
!  the   search    as   effectually    as    the    unsubsi.intial 
I   island  ot  .St.  lirandan.     All  the  speculations  con- 
;   cerning  this  potentate  and  his  ( Oriental  realm  were 
again   i)ut   in   circulation.       It    was   fancied    that 
traces  of  his  empire  were  discovered   in   the  inte- 
rior of  .Africa,  lo   the  east  of   lienin,  where  there 
was  a  i)ovverful  prince,  who  used  a  cross  among 
the  insignia  of  royalty.     John   11.  partook  Largely 
of  the  popular  excitement  pnxluced  by  thc^e  n.ir- 
rations.      In  the  early  ])art  of  his  reign  he  actually 
sent   missions   in   (|Uest   of    I'rester  John,  to    visit 
whose  dominions  became  the  rom.mtic    desire  of 
many  a   religious  enthusiast. t     The   ni.igniticent 
idea  he    had   formed   of   the   remote   p  iris  ot   the 
I'.ast  made  him  extremely  anxious  th.it  the  splen- 
tlid   project  of   I'rince    Henry  should    be  re.ili/ed, 
and  the    Portuguese    tl.ig   penetr.ite  to  the;    Indian 
seas.      Ini|)atienl   of   the   slowness  with  which  his 
discoveries   ;idv:'.nced   along   the  co.ist  ot  .\tric.i, 
and   of  the   impediments   whicli  every  cipe    and 
promontory   presented   to   n.iutical  enter]irise,   he 
called  in  the  aid  of  science  to  devise  some  me".ns 
by  which  greater  scope  and   cert.iinty   might  be 
given   to  navigation.     His   two  physicians,    Rod- 
erigo  ancl  Josejih,  the  latter  a  Jew,  the  most  able 
astronomers  and  cosmographers  of  his  kingdom, 
together  with   the  celebr.ited    Martin    ISehem,  en- 
tered into  a  learned   consult.ition   on  the  subject. 
The  result  of  their  conferences  and  Labors  was  the 
apjilication    of   the  astrolabe  to  navig.ition,   ena- 
bling the  Seaman,  by  the  altitude  of  liie  sun,  to  as- 


*  RerRcron,  Voyages  en  Asie,  torn.  I.  Tfio  work 
of  Htnjaniin  of  Tudela,  originally  written  in  Hebrew, 
was  so  much  in  repute,  that  the  translation  went 
through  sixteen  editions.  Andres,  Hist.  B.  Let.,  ii. 
cap.  6. 

t  See  illustrations,  article  "  Prestcr  John." 


20 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGES   OF   COLUMBUS. 


certain  his  distnncp  from  tiic  rf|iintor.*  This  in- 
slruini'iU  h.is  since  Ix'en  improved  and  modilud 
inlD  the  niddern  (juadrant,  ot  wiiicii,  t-vcn  at  its 
lirst  introduction,  it  jjosscsscd  all  the  tssLiUiai 
advantatjcs. 

It  is  nnpossihlc  to  describe  the  effect  produced 
upon  na\i),r,ition  hythis  invention.  It  cast  it  loose 
at  once  troni  its  ionj,'  honda^je  to  tiie  land,  and  set 
it  Iree  to  rove  tlie  deep.  Tne  mariner  now,  in- 
stead ot  co.islinj^  tlu;  shores  like  liu;  ancient  navi- 
}|aiors,  .md,  it  driven  from  the  land,  j;ropinjr  his 
way  hack  in  douht  and  ajjprehension  hy  the  un- 
certain j,'ui(lanie  of  the  stars,  mij,dil  .'idventure 
boldly  into  iniknown  seas,  conlidenl  ot  bein^  able 
to  tr.ice  his  course  by  means  ot  the  compass  and 
the  astrolabe. 

It  was  shortly  after  this  event,  which  had  pre- 
pared ;(uides  tor  discovery  across  the  tr.ickless 
ocean,  that  Columbus  made  the  tirst  attempt,  of 
wliich  w(;  have  any  clear  and  indis|iutalile  record, 
to  |)rocure  roy.il  patrona^fe  for  his  enterprise. 
The  court  ot  I'ortu^jal  had  shown  extraordinary 
liberality  in  rewarding  nautical  discovery.  Most 
ot  those  who  had  succet-ded  in  her  service  had 
been  a()p()inled  to  the  j;overnment  of  the  islands 
and  countries  they  had  discovered,  although  many 
of  them  were  foreij,rners  by  birth.  Kncouraj^ed 
l)y  this  liberality,  and  by  the  anxiety  evince<l  by 
Kin}^  John  II.  to  accom|)lish  a  [jassaj^^e  by  sea  to 
India,  Columbus  obtained  an  audience  of  that 
monarch,  ,ind  ])ropose(l,  in  case  the  kinjr  would 
furnish  him  with  shi|W  and  men,  to  undertake  a 
shorter  and  mori^  direct  route  than  that  alonj^  the 
coast  ot  .Africa.  His  plan  w.is  to  strike  directly 
to  the  west,  across  the  Atlantic.  He  then  unfold- 
ed his  hypotliesis  with  respect  to  the  extent  of 
Asia,  describiiii,''  .also  the  immense  riches  ot  the 
island  ot  Ci|).in^o,  the  tirst  land  at  which  he  ex- 
pected to  ;irrive.  Of  this  audience  we  have  two 
accounts,  written  in  somewhat  ot  an  opposite 
sjiirit  ;  one  by  his  son  Fernando,  the  other  by 
Joam  de  Harros,  the  I'ortu^mese  hist()riof,'-ra|)her. 
It  is  curious  to  notice  the  different  views  taken  of 
the  same  transaction  by  the  enthusiastic  son,  and 
by  the  cool,  perhaps  prejudiced,  hist(MMan. 

The  kinjr,  .iccordinj^  to  Fernando,  listened  to 
his  father  with  <{reat  attt;ntion,  but  was  discour- 
ajjed  from  eiii^.i^inir  in  any  nev,-  scheme  ot  the 
kind,  by  the  cost  and  trouble  already  sustained 
in  explorinjr  the  route  by  the  African  coast,  which 
as  yet  remained  unaccomplished.  His  father, 
however,  supported  his  proposition  by  such  excel- 
lent reasons,  that  the  kinjr  was  induced  to  j^ive  his 
consent.  The  only  ditViculty  that  remained  was 
the  terms  ;  for  Columbus,  heinj^  ,i  man  of  lofty 
and  noble  sentiments,  demanded  hij^h  and  honor- 
able titles  anri  rewards,  to  the  end,  says  Fernan- 
do, that  he  niii,'-ht  leave  behind  him  a  name  and 
family  worthy  of  his  deeds  and   merits. t 

JJarros,  on  the  other  hand,  attributes  the  scem- 
inji^  ac(|uiescence  of  the  kinp,  merely  to  the  im- 
portunities of  Columbus.  He  considered  him, 
says  the  histori.iii,  a  vainji^lorious  man,  fond  of 
dis])layinjj  his  abilities,  and  j^^jven  to  fantastic 
fancies,  such  as  th.it  respectinf^  the  island  of  Ci- 
panjro.j:  Hut  in  fact,  this  idea  of  Columbus  being 
vain,  was  taken  up  by  the  Portug-uese  writers  in 
after  y('ars  ;  and  as  to  'he  island  of  Cipanjfo,  it 
was  far  from  beiniif  considered  chimtfrical  by  the 
king,  who,  as  has  been  shown  by  his  mission   in 


*  Barros,  decad 
p.  6  and  7 


I,  lib.  iv.  cap.  2.     Mafifei,  lib.  vi. 


t  Hist,  del  Almirante,  cap.  10. 

^  Barros,  Asia,  decad.  i,  lib.  iii.  cap.  2. 


search  of  Prester  John,  was  a  ready  believ;r  in 
thes('  travellers'  talcs  concerning  the  I'!ast.  The 
reasoning  of  Colunibiis  must  h.ive  produced  ,in 
iffect  on  the  mind  ot  the  monarch,  since  it  is  rtr. 
t.iin  that  he  relerred  the  proposition  to  a  le.irnti; 
junto,  ch.irged  with  .ill  matters  relating  to  man- 
lime  discovery. 

This  junto  was  composed  ol  two.ibic  cosmngr.i. 
nhers,  masters  Roderigo  and  Joseph,  and  thi; 
king's  contessor,  Diego  Ortiz  de  C.i/adilla,  bislinr 
of  Ceiita,  a  man  greatly  reputed  for  his  le.irnin^;, 
a  Castilian  by  birth,  .iiid  generally  called  C.i/;i. 
dilla,  from  the  n.iine  ot  his  n.itive  jilace.  'I'Uh 
scientilic  body  treated  the  project  as  extravngam 
and  vision.iry. 

.Still  the  king  does  not  appear  to  have  been  sal- 
istied.  According  to  his  liistori.in  \'asconcelos.' 
he  convoked  his  council,  con.posi'd  ot  prelates  and 
persons  ot  the  greatest  le.irning  in  the  kingdom, 
and  asked  their  .advice,  whether  to  .idopt  this  new 
route  of  discovery,  or  to  jjursue  that  which  they 
had  already  o|)enetl. 

It  may  not  he  deemed  s(ii)ertluous  to  notice 
brielly  the  discussion  ot  the  council  on  this  gre.i! 
(|uestion.  \'asconcelos  reports  ;i  sp<cch  ot  the 
Bishop  of  Ceut.i,  in  which  he  not  only  objected  in 
the  ]iropose(l  enterprise,  as  destitute  ot  reason, 
but  even  discounten.inced  ,iny  further  prosecution 
of  tilt  African  discoveries.  "  They  tended,"  in- 
said,  "  to  distract  the  attention,  drain  the  re- 
sources, and  divide  the  power  of  the  nation, 
already  too  much  weakened  by  recent  war  and 
pestilence.  While  their  forces  were  tluis  scattered 
abroad  on  remote  and  unprolitable  expeditions, 
they  ex|)osed  themselves  to  attack  Irom  their  ar- 
live  enemy  the  King  ot  Castile.  The  greatness  (■• 
nionarchs,"  he  continued,  "  did  not  arise  so  nuicii 
from  the  extent  ot  their  dominions,  as  from  the 
wisdom  and  ability  with  which  they  governed. 
In  the  Portuguese  nation  it  would  be  madness  to 
launch  into  enterprises  without  tirst  considerinj; 
them  in  connection  with  its  me. ins.  The  king  had 
already  suflicient  undertakings  in  hand  of  certair, 
advantage,  without  eiig.iging  in  others  of  a  wild, 
chimerical  nature.  It  lie  wished  employment  tor 
the  active  valor  of  the  nation,  the  war  in  which  he 
was  eng.iged  against  the  Moors  ot  ll.irb.iry  was 
sufilicient,  wherein  his  triumphs  were  of  solid  ad- 
vant.ige,  tending  to  cripjili;  and  enfeeble  those 
neighboring  foes,  who  had  jiroved  themselves  so 
elangerous  when  possessed  of  power. " 

This  cool  and  cautious  s])eecli  of  the  Bishop  of 
Ceuta,  directed  against  enterprises  which  were 
the  glory  of  the  Portuguese,  touched  the  nation.d 
pride  of  Don  Pedro  de  Meiuses,  Count  of  \'ill,i 
Heal,  and  drew  from  him  a  lofty  and  patriotic 
reply.  It  has  been  s.iid  by  an  historian  that  this 
reply  was  in  sujiport  of  the  proposition  of  Colum- 
bus ;  but  that  does  not  clearly  ap|)ear.  He  mav 
have  treated  the  proposal  with  respect,  but  his 
elociiience  was  employed  for  those  enterprises  in 
which  the  Portuguese  were  already  eng.iged. 

"  Portugal,"  lie  observ(-d,  "was  not  in  its  in- 
fancy, nor  were  its  ))rinces  so  ]ioor  as  to  lack 
means  to  engage  in  discoveries.  Fveii  grantin;^ 
that  those  pro|)osecl  by  Columbus  were  conjec- 
tural, why  sliould  they  .ibandon  those  commenced 
by  their  hate  Prince  Henry,  on  such  solid  founda- 
tions, and  prosecuted  witli  such  happv  jirospects ; 
Crowns,"  he  observed,  "enriched  themselves  liy 
commerce,  fortihed  themselves  by  alliance,  anil 
ac(|uired  empires  by  conquest.  The  views  of  .1 
nation   could   not  always  be  the  same  ;  they  e.v 


•ei 

w.i 

h.K 
till 
P( 
h<: 

oth 

wo 

inti 

iha 

the 

iroi 

ace 

itse 

we  I 

wei 

mil' 

C( 

m.it 

faitl 


*  Vasconcelos,  Vida  del  Rey  Don  Juan  II.,  lib,  iv. 


.J 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGES  OF   COLUMBUS. 


!il 


iT?  a  ready  hfliev;r  in 
rrninp  tlu!  I\;isl.  The 
list  iiave  produced  an 
lon.Lrch,  since  it  is  ctr- 
iropnsiiion  to  a  Ic.-irntii 
liters   relatinj;  to  iiiari- 

I  ol  two  alile  cosmoffra- 
and  jiiscpli,  and  the 
liz  dc  Ca/adilla,  l)isli(ir 

|)iit<'d  lor  his  lenrniri),', 
j^encrally  called  Ca/a- 
lis  native  place.  This 
project  as  extravagani 

)pear  to  have  been  sat- 
listorian  X'asconcelos.' 
in.poscd  ot  prelates  and 
irninj,^  in  the  kinjjdom, 
ither  to  adopt  this  new 
ursue   that   which  tlity 

siiperlluous  to  notice 
le  council  on  this  jjrcat 
rports  a  speech  ot  the 
he  not  only  objected  lo 
as  destiiiile  ot  reason, 
any  turther  |)rosecution 
I.  "  'i'hey  tended,"  he 
tention,  drain  the  re- 
power  ot  the  nation, 
led  by  recent  war  and 
ces  were  tluis  scattertd 

II  profitable  expeditions, 
o  attack  Irom  their  ar- 
stile.  The  jj;reatness  li 
"  did  not  arise  so  niiicii 
loininions,  as  from  the 

which    they  f^overned, 

would   be  madness  tp 

thout  first  considerinj; 

means.    The  kin<j  had 

f,rs  in  hand  of  certair. 

in  others  of  a  wild. 

?>hed  employment  tor 

the  war  in  which  he 

Moors  ot    liarbary  was 

phs  were  of  solid  ad- 

le  and    enfeeble   those 

roved  themselves  so 

of  power. " 

h  ot  the  Bishop  oi 
erprises  which  were 
touched  the  national 
neses,  Count  of  \'ill,i 
I  lofty  and  ])atriotic 
an  historian  that  this 
roposition  of  Colum- 
riy  ap])ear.  He  may 
with  respect,  l)Ut  his 
■  those  enterprises  in 
heady  en<;ajfed. 
"  was  not  in  its  in- 
so  poor  as  to  lack 
ries.  M\'en  jrrantin;' 
lumbus  were  conjec- 
on  those  commenced 
n  such  solid  founda- 
uch  hajipv  prospects: 
riched  themselves  hy 
\'es  by  alliance,  and 
est.  The  views  of  a 
the  same  ;  they  e.v 

Don  Juan  II.,  lib.  iv. 


tended  with  its  opulence  and  prosperity.  PortURal 
was  at  peace  with  all  the  princes  ot  I'.urope.  It 
had  nuthiiiK  to  tear  Irom  en>;.it,nn),'  in  .m  extensive 
enterprise.  It  would  be  the  Kie.itest  K'lory  for 
l'ortU),'Uese  valor  to  penetrate  into  the  secrets  and 
horrors  ol  the  ocean  sea,  so  formidable  to  the 
other  nations  of  the  world.  Thus  occupied, 
would  escape  the  idleness  enjjendered  in  a  lonjj 
interval  ot  j)eace— idleness,  that  source  ot  vice, 
that  silent  tile,  which,  little  by  little,  wore  aw.iy 
the  stren;,'lh  and  valor  ot  a  nation.  It  was  an  al- 
front,"  he  added,"  to  the  I'ortuyuese  n.ime  to  men- 
ace it  with  inia.Lfinary  perils,  wlieii  it  h,ul  proved 
itself  so  intrei)id  in  encountering  those  which 
were  most  fert.iin  and  tremendous.  (Ireat  souls 
were  lormed  tor  great  enterprises.  He  wondered 
much  that  a  prelate,  -so  religious  as  the  liishop  ot 
Ceuta,  sh.ould  oppose  this  undertaking  ;  the  ulti- 
m.ite  object  ol  which  w.is  to  augment  tluC.itholic 
faith,  and  sjjre.id  it  from  pole  lo  pole  ;  retlecting 
glory  on  the  I'orluguese  nation,  ;ind  yielding  em- 
pire and  lasting  I. line  to  its  princes."  He  con- 
cluded by  declaring  that,  "  although  a  soldier,  he 
d.'irrd  to  prognosticate,  with  a  voice  and  spirit  as 
if  (lom  he.iveii,  to  wh.itever  jnince  should  achieve 
this  enterprise,  more  h.ippy  success  and  durable 
renown  th.in  had  ever  been  obtained  by  so\ereign 
the  most  v.ilorous  and  fortunate."  *  The  warm 
;in(l  generous  eloi|uence  of  the  count  overpowered 
the  cold-spirited  reasonings  ot  the  bishop  asf.iras 
the  project  ot  cinumnavig.uing  .Africa  was  con- 
cerned, which  was  |)rosecuted  with  new  ardor 
and  triumphant  success  :  the  nrojiosition  of  Co- 
lumbus, however,  was  generally  condemned  by 
the  council. 

Seeing  that  King  John  still  manifested  an  incli- 
nation for  the  enter|)rise,  it  was  suggested  to  him 
l)y  the  liishop  of  Ceuta  that  Columbus  might  be 
kept  in  suspense  while  a  \essel  secretly  dispatched 
in  the  direction  he  should  point  out  might  ascer- 
tain whether  there  were  any  foundation  for  his 
theory.  I!y  this  means  all  its  advantages  might 
t)e  secured,  without  committing  the  dignity  of  the 
crown  by  formal  negotiations  about  what  might 
prove  .1  mere  chimera.  King  John,  in  an  evil 
hour,  had  the  weakness  to  permit  a  stratagem  so 


inconsistent  with  his  usual  justice  and  m.igna- 
nimity.  Columbus  w, is  reciuired  to  furnish  tor  the 
consider.ition  ot  the  council  ,'i  det.iiled  |)lan  ot  his 
jiroposed  voyage,  with  the  charts  and  doi  uments 
according  to  which  he  intended  to  sh.ijie  his 
(C)urse.  These  being  procured,  a  car.ivel  was 
dispatched  with  the  ostensible  design  ot  c.irryin^ 
provisions  to  the  C.ipe  de  \'erde  islands,  but  with 
private  instructions  lo  pursue  the  design.ited 
route.  Dep.irting  from  those  islands  the  caravel 
stood  westward  tor  sever.il  days,  until  the  weather 
bec.ime  stormy  ;  when  the  pilots,  seeing  nothing 
but  an  imme.isur.ible  waste  ot  wild,  tumbling 
waves  still  extending  bi-fore  them,  lost  all  courage 
and  put  b;  ck,  ridiculing  ihe  project  ot  Columbus 
as  e.xtravagaiu  and  irrational.* 

This  unworthy  attem|)t  to  defraud  him  of  his 
enterprise  roused  the  indignation  ot  Columlius, 
and  he  ileclined  all  otters  ot  King  John  to  renew 
the  negotiation.  'l"he  ilealh  ot  his  wit»-.  which 
had  occurred  some  time  previouslv,  had  dissolved 
the  dimieslic  tie  which  bound  him  to  I'ortugal  ; 
he  determined,  therefore,  to  ab.indon  a  country 
w  here  he  had  been  treated  with  so  little  faith,  .iml 
to  look  elsewhere  for  patronage.  lietore  his  de- 
parture, he  engaged  his  brother  liartliolomew  to 
carry  proposals  lo  the  King  of  Ijigland,  though 
he  does  not  ap|)ear  lo  have  entertained  gre.it  hope 
Irom  that  (piarter  ;  Kngland  by  no  means  possess- 
ing at  the  time  the  spirit  of  naulic.il  enterprise 
which  has  since  distinguished  her.  The  gre.it  re- 
liance of  Columbus  was  on  his  own  personal  exer- 
tions. 

It  was  toward  the  end  of  1484  that  he  lelt  Lis- 
bon, taking  with  him  his  son  Diego.  His  depart- 
ure had  to  be  conducted  with  secrecy,  lest,  .is 
some  assert,  it  should  be  jjrevented  by  King  John  ; 
but  lest,  as  others  surmise,  it  should  be  prevented 
by  his  creditors.!  Like  m.iny  other  great  projec- 
tors, while  engaged  upon  schemes  ot  v. 1st  benetit 
to  mankind,  he  had  suffered  his  own  affairs  to  go 
to  ruin,  and  was  reduced  to  struggle  h.ird  with 
])overty  ;  nor  is  it  one  of  the  least  interesting  cir- 
cumstances in  his  eventful  life,  that  he  had,  in  a 
ni.inner,  to  beg  his  way  from  court  to  court,  lo 
offer  to  princes  the  discovery  of  a  world. 


BOOK    II. 


CHAPTER  I. 

PROCEF.DING.S  Ol'  COI.U.MHUS  AI'Ti:R  l.K.WINO  TOli- 
rUCAI. — HIS  API'I.IC.MION.S  IN  SI' \1N  — CH  AKAC- 
TKI-IS   OK   KERUINANU    AXIJ    ISAUICLLA. 

['485.] 

Thf.  immedi.-ite  movements  of  Columbus  on 
leaving  Portugal  are  involved  in  uncertainty.  It 
is  said  that  about  this  time  he  made  a  i)ropi)sition 
oi  his  enterprise,  in  person,  as  he  had  formerly 
done  by  letter,  to  the  government  of  C.enoa.  The 
re[)ublic,  however,  was  in  a  languishing  decline, 
and  embarrassed  by  a  foreign  war.  Caffa,  her 
great  deposit  in  the  Crimea,  h.ad  fallen  into  the 
hands  of  the  Turks,  and  her  Hag  was  on  the  point 
of  being  driven  from  the  Archipelago.  Her  spirit 
was  broken  with  her  fortunes  ;  for  with  nations. 


*  V<-isconceIos,  lib.  iv. 
lib.  xiii.  torn.  iii. 


La  Clede,  Hist.   Portugal, 


as  with  individuals,  enterprise  is  the  child  of  pros- 
])erity,  and  is  apt  lo  languish  in  evil  dajs  when 
there  is  most  need  ot  its  exertion.  Thus  (leiioa, 
disheartened  by  her  reverses,  shut  her  ears  to  the 
])roposition  ot  Columbus,  which  might  h.ive  ele- 
vated her  to  tenlold  s|)lendor,  and  perpetuated 
within  her  grasj)  the  golden  wand  of  commerce. 
While  at  Cienoa,  Cohiinbus  is  said  to  ha\e  made 
arrangements  out  of  his  scanty  means  lor  the  com- 
fort of  his  aged  father.  It  is  ,ilso  affirmed  that 
about  this  time  he  carried  his  proposal  lo  \'enice, 
where  it  w.is  declined  on  account  ot  the  critical 
state   of    national    affairs.       This,     however,     is 

*  Hist,  del  Almiranle,  cap.  8.  Herrcra,  decad.  1, 
lib.  i.  cip    7. 

\  This  surmise  is  founded  on  a  letter  from  King 
Joiin  to  Columbus,  written  some  years  afterward,  in- 
viting him  to  return  to  Portugal,  and  insuring  hiin 
against  arrest  on  account  of  any  process,  civil  or  crim- 
inal, which  might  be  pending  against  him.  See  N'uv- 
arrcte,  CoUec.  torn.  ii.  doc.  3. 


i'i 


LiriC    AND    VOVAdl'S   OF   COM'MHUS. 


fei 


I 


niiTcly  tnrlitional,  niid  tiiisiipporti'd  by  ducii- 
nu'nt.iry  cvidi-nci'.  'I'lu-  lir^l  lirm  mikI  inilis|)m,i- 
l)lt'  tr,n  (•  wi'  li;ivi'  of  (.'iiliimbiis  alter  liMxiiiK  I'oi- 
Iii^,mI  is  in  the  ^()lllh  ot  S|)aili,  in  14S5,  where  we 
tuul   linn   scfkin;^    his  Imtune  aniimj;  the  Sp.mish 

rni)l)l(s,  ^(•ver,ll  (plwliiini  h.ul  \.>st  iinNsessions,  and 
cxerii>ei|  alni()-.t  independent  si)vereij;iUy  in  iheir 
(li)niain^. 

Koremost  ainonj^  tliese  were  the  Dukes  of  N!e- 
(lina  Sidonia  and  Medina  Celi,  who  had  estates 
like  |)rinrip  ilities  lyin:;' alonj;  the  sea-eoasl,  with 
jxirts  and  shippiny;^  and  hosts  of  retainers  at  their 
command.  They  ser\'ed  the  crown  in  its  Moor- 
ish wars  more  as  allied  princes  than  is  vassals, 
l)rin:;in)f  armies  into  the  field  led  iiy  themselves, 
or  h\  laptains  ot  their  own  appointment.  'I'heir 
domestic  eslahlishments  were  on  almost  a  rcj^al 
scale  ;  their  p.ilaces  were  tilled  with  persons  ot 
merit,  and  younjj  c.iv.iliers  of  noble  hirlh,  to  be 
reared  under  iheir  auspices,  in  the  exercise  ol 
arts  and  .irnis. 

Columl)iis  had  many  interviews  with  the  Duke 
ot  Medina  .Sidoni.i,  who  w.is  tempted  tor  a  time 
by  the  splendid  prospects  held  out  ;  but  their  very 
splendor  threw  a  coloring  (d  improbabilitv  over 
the  enterprise,  and  he  tin. illy  reiecteil  it  as  die 
dre.im  of  .111  It.ili.in  vision, irv. 

'I'he  Duke  of  Medina  Celi  w.is  likewise  f.iviii- 
Jible  at  the  outset,  lie  entert. lined  Coliinduis  lor 
some  time  in  his  house,  .iiid  w.is  actually  on  the 
iioint  ot  •'r.intm^  him  three  or  tour  ear.neis  which 
I.iy  re, Illy  tor  sea  in  his  h.irbor  of  I'ort  .St.  .M.iry, 
opposite  Cadi/,  wlu'ii  he  sudilenly  eh.inj^ed  his 
mind,  det<rred  by  the  consideralion  th.il  the  en- 
ter|)ris(",  if  successful,  would  iiniilve  discoveries 
too  import, mt  to  be  j^^r.isped  by  any  but  a  sov- 
ereijrii  power,  and  tliat  the  Spanish  ifovernm'.-iu 
mitjiu  be  disple.ised  at  his  undertakin).j  it  on  his 
own  account.  Kindinjj,  however,  that  Colum- 
bus inti'iided  to  m.ike  his  next  apjilication  to  the 
Kin^  d  1'" ranee,  and  loath  that  an  enterprise  ot 
such  importance  should  be  lost  to  Spain,  llie  duke 
wrote  to  (Hieen  Isabella  recommending  it  strong- 
ly to  her  .ittention.  'I'he  ipieen  m.ide  a  laxorable 
reply,  and  re(|uested  that  Columbus  mi j,dit  be  sent 
to  her.  lie  accordinijly  set  out  tor  the  .Spanish 
court,  then  at  C(U'dova,  bearinj;'  a  letter  to  the 
(lucen  from  the  duke,  solicitiiij;  that,  in  case  the 
expedition  shoukl  ln'  carried  into  effect,  he  mi^dit 
have  .1  share  in  it,  and  the  tittin;;'  out  ot  the  arm.i- 
inent  from  his  port  of  St.  Mary,  as  .1  recompense 
tor  h.iviiij;  w, lived  the  enter])rise  in  f.nor  of  the 
crown.* 

The  time  when  Columbus  thus  souj^ht  his  for- 
tunes at  the  court  of  Spain  coincided  with  oiu-  ot 
the  most  brilliant  ]ieriods  of  the  Spanish  mon- 
archy. The  union  of  the  kiiiLjdoms  of  .Vrraj^on 
and  Castile,  by  the  marriaj,'e  of  I'erdin.ind  and 
Isabella,  had  consolidated  the  Christian  |)ower  in 
the  I'eninsula,  and  ]nit  an  end  to  those  internal 
feuds  which  had  so  lonij  distracted  the  country, 
and  insured  the  domination  of  the  Moslems.    The 


*  Letter  of  tlie  Duke  of  Medln.i  Cell  to  the  grand 
caniln.il.      N'avarretc,  Collect,  vol.  ii    p.  20. 

N'.M.  —  In  the  previous  etlitions  of  diis  work,  the 
first  trace  we  have  of  Couiiiiluis  in  Spain  is  at  the 
gate  of  the  convent  of  La  Kabida,  in  Andalusia.  SuIj- 
seqiient  investigations  have  induced  me  to  confortii  to 
the  opinion  of  the  indefatiijalile  and  accurate  Navai- 
rete.  piven  in  his  third  volume  of  documents,  that 
the  first  trace  of  Columlius  in  Spain  was  his  applica- 
tion to  the  Dukes  of  Medina  Sidunia  and  Medina 
Celi,  and  that  his  visit  to  the  convent  of  La  Rabida 
was  some  few  years  subsequent. 


whole  force  of  uiiite(l  Spain  was  now  exerted  in 
the  ihiv.ibou'.  enter|)rise  (d  the  Moorish  imi. 
(piest.  Tlie  Moors,  who  had  once  spread  over  the 
whole  (iiunlry  like  ,m  inundation,  were  now  pent 
up  within  the  mountain  bound. tries  of  the  kiii'.^'. 
doin  ot  ( iraii.id.i.  I'he  victorious  .irmies  ol  l''eiili- 
11. mil  ,ind  Is.ibell.i  were  coiiliiiu,ill\  ,id\  ,1111  iiit;, 
.ind  |)res-,in^'  this  tierce  |)eople  witiiin  narrower 
limits.  I'lider  these  so\erei).;ns,  the  v.irious  petty 
kingdoms  (d  .Sp,un  liej,Mn  to  teed  ,ind  act  as  one 
nation,  and  to  rise  to  eminence  in  ;irts  as  well  ,is 
arms.  l''erdin,ind  and  is.ibell.i,  it  h.is  bet  11  re- 
marked, lived  to^;elher  not  like  man  and  wile, 
whose  estates  are  common,  under  the  orders  nt 
the  liusb,ind,  but  like  two  monarchs  strictly 
allied.*  Thi-y  had  separate  claims  to  soverei^jnlv, 
in  virtue  id  their  respective  kin^jiloms  ;  tliey  had 
se]), irate  coimcils,  and  were  olten  distant  from 
e.ich  other  in  dilterent  p.irls  of  their  empire,  eai  h 
exercisiii;;  the  roy.ll  authiU'ity.  ^'^l  they  were  so 
happily  united  by  common  \iews,  common  inter- 
ests, ,ind  a  j;re.it  detereiice  tor  e.ich  other,  tli.it 
this  doubli-  .idminisir.ition  never  preveiiti'd  a 
Uiiity  ot  purpose  ;iiul  ol  action.  All  acts  ot  sov- 
erei);nty  were  executed  in  both  their  names  ;  ;d| 
]niblic  writinj;s  wi're  subscrilied  with  both  their 
sii^ni.ituri'S  ;  their  likenesses  were  st.imped  tn- 
;;iiher  on  the  public  coin  ;  and  the  roval  se.il  dis- 
played the  uniti'd  arms  ot  C.istile  and  Arraj^on. 

Ferdinand  w.is  o\  the  miildle  stature,  well  pro- 
portioned,  and  hardy  .iiid  .iitive  troni  athletic  ex- 
ercise. His  c>irriaj;e  was  tree,  ereit,  and  majts- 
tic.  lie  had  a  char,  serene  forehead,  which  .ip- 
|>e,ire(l  more  lofty  from  his  lie.id  beiiiir  partly 
ii.ild.  His  eyebrows  were  l.irj^e  and  parted,  and, 
like  his  hair,  ot  a  brij^du  chestnut  ;  his  eyes  weii' 
i dear  and  animated  ;  his  complexion  was  some- 
what ruddy,  and  seori  hed  by  the  toils  ot  war  ;  his 
mouth  moder.ile,  well  formed,  and  >i;|-;ieious  in  its 
expression  ;  his  teeth  white,  thouj;h  sm.ill  and  ir- 
re|;ular  ;  his  voice  sharp  ;  his  speech  (|uiik  ami 
lluent.  His  jrenius  w.is  clear  and  comprehen- 
sive ;  his  iudj,Miient  j^'rave  and  cert.iin.  lie  was 
simple  in  dress  and  diet,  eipiable  in  his  tem])er, 
devout  in  his  relij;ion,  and  so  indefati^-.ible  in  busi- 
ness, that  it  was  s.iid  he  seemed  to  repose  hini- 
srlf  by  workinj;-.  He  was  .1  ^n'e.it  observer  .-iiul 
judLjf  of  men,  and  uniiaralleled  in  the  scii'nce  of 
tile  cabinet.  Suidi  is  the  picture  ^iven  ui  him  hv 
the  .Sp.inish  historians  of  h.is  lime.  It  has  been 
added,  however,  that  he  had  more  of  bi};-otry  than 
relii;ion  ;  that  his  ambition  w.is  eravini;  rather 
than  m,iL;n,inimous  ;  that  he  made  war  less  like 
a  p.iladin  than  a  prince,  less'  for  j,dory  than  tor 
mere  dominion  ;  and  that  his  |iolicv  w;is  cold, 
sellish,  and  arltul.  He  w.'is  called  the  wise  and 
prudent  in  Spain  ;  in  Italy,  the  ])ious  ;  in  France 
and  Ijiijl.ind,  the  ambitious  and  pertidious.f  He 
certainly  was  one  of  the  most  subtle  statesmen, 
but  one  of  the  most  thorough  egotists  that  ever 
s  it  upon  a  throne. 

While  giving  his  jiicture,  it  may  not  be  deemed 
im])ertinent  to  sketch  the  fortunes  of  a  monarch 
wh')se  ])olicy  had  such  an  effect  upon  the  history 
ol  Cidumbus  and  the  destinies  of  the  New  World. 
.Success  allendeil  all  his  measures.  Though  a 
younger  son,  he  h.id  ascended  the  throne  ot  .\r- 
r.igon  t)y  inheritance  ;  Castile  he  obtained  by 
marri.ige  ;  (iranada  and  Naples  by  coniiuest  ; 
and  he  seized  upon  Navarre  as  appertaining  to 
any  one  who  could  lake  possession  of  it,  when 
Pope  Julius  II,   excommunicated    its  sovereigns, 


lu. 

tirs 

aiu 

Til 

A  1 

nv 

the 

sort 

th,' 

sill' 

(pi, 

the 
ion-, 
w  ,ir 
tiu:i 
sill 
C 

the 
tllill 

HUH 
Sh. 


or. 
iiu  I 
wit! 


*  Voltaire,  Essai  sur  les  Moeurs,  etc. 
t  Ibid.,  ch.  14. 


4 


LIFK   AND   VOYAGKS   OF   COLUMBUS. 


88 


n  was  now  everted  m 
it    li.e    Mimn^h    eon- 
uiur  s|iie.i(l  over  tlii; 
Mtioii.  were  iiiiw  pent 
iiiiul.iriei  (it  llie  tiiin;. 
iDiis  .uniii's  III  t'Ciiii- 
iiUiiui.illy   ads.Mieui!;, 
)|)le  wiihin  ri.irrdwi-r 
L,'ns,  tile  v.iridU'^  petly 
,o  tei'l  jinil  ;iet  :is  one 
nee  in  arts  as  well  as 
lella,  it  has  |)ei  i\   re- 
lil<e   man   anil  wile, 
,  under  the  ordi'rs  ot 
1)    nionarehs    strictly 
l.iinis  to  sovereij;iil\-, 
kin','donis  ;  they  h.il 
I'    olten   distant  troni 
ot  their  enipire,  eaeh 
y,      ^'l  t  they  were  s(i 
kiews,  eonunon  inter- 
tor  I'aeh   other,  th.it 
never    nrevented    ,i 
ion.     All  aets  ol  snv- 
)oth  their  names  ;  ,ill 
ril)ed   with   both  tluir 
■i    were    stamped     lo- 
ud the  royal  seal  di^ 
istile  and  Arra^iin. 
lie  st.itiire,  well  pro- 
live  trom  athletie  e\- 
ee,  ereit,  ami    majrs- 
,•  torehe.id,  whieh  ap- 
s    head    beiiiir    p.iillv 
ir;;e  and  p.irted,  and, 
■SI nut  ;   his  eyes  were 
implexion   was  soiiie- 
the  toils  ot  war  ;  hi^ 
ind  j^rracious  in  its 
houj;h  small   and  ir- 
is sjieeeh  cpiick  and 
,ir  and   eomprehen- 
ul   certain.      I  le  w.i:i 
ii.dile  in  liis  temper, 
ndefati^able  in  1)11^1- 
med  to   repose  Idni- 
^reat  observer  and 
il   in   the   scii'iice  (if 
lire  ^Mveii  ot  him  by 
tinu'.      It   has  beca 
more  ot  bij;dtry  than 
w.is  cravuif,^   rather 
made  war  less  like 
s'  lor  ).jlory  than  tor 
is   poliev   w;is   cold, 
called   the  wise  and 
c  pious  ;  in  Fraiui; 
nd  ])ertidious.t     I  li; 
st  sul)tle  statesmen, 
h   egotists  that  ever 

may  not  l)e  deemeil 
tunes  of  a  monarch 
ct  upon   the  liistory 

of  the  \ew  World', 
isures.  Though  a 
d  the  throne  ot  Ar- 
ile  he  obtained  by 
iples    l)y    coniiuest  ; 

is  appertaining  ti) 
isession  of  it,  when 
ted    its  sovereigns, 

rs,  etc. 


Iiian  and  ("at. din. i.  and  gave  their  throne  to  the 
iirst  o((Upaiit.*  Up  sent  hi.s  (one^  into  Alrii.i, 
and  subjug.iled  or  redmed  to  vass.d. ige,  Tiini^, 
'I'ripoli,  Algiers,  and  most  ot  tin:  li.irb.uy  powers. 
A  new  world  w.is.iKo  gi\en  to  him,  without  cost, 
Dy  the  disco\iries  ot  C'(diiinbus,  tor  the  expense  ol 
tlie  enterprise  was  tiorne  e\i  hisively  by  his  Kin- 
sort  Is.ilii  11.1.  lie  liad  three  objects  at  he.irt  trom 
the  mmmeiucmeiit  ot  liis  reign,  which  lie  pur- 
sue.! with  bigoted  .md  persei  uling  /e.il  :  the  eon- 
(|Ue-.t  ot  the  .Moors,  the  expulsion  ot  the  Jews,  and 
the  est.ililishment  ot  the  lii(|uisitioii  in  his  domin- 
ion-., lie  aciiimpli->hed  them  all,  and  w.is  re- 
w.irded  liv  I'ope  Innocent  \'lll.  with  the  .ippell.i- 
tioii  ot  .\iosl  t.'.itliolie  .Majesty  -  .1  title  whiih  his 
suii'e-iMirs  h.ive  teii.n  iously  ret.iiiu'd. 

(_'iintempor.iry  wnter-i  h.ive  been  t  ntluisi.istic  in 
their  description-!  ot  Is.ibella,  tint  time  lias  s.inc- 
tione  I  their  eulogies  She  i;.  one  ot  the  purest  and 
nuir.t  he.iutiliil  (  h.iraclers  in  the  pages  ol  history. 
She  w.ii  well  lormeil,  ol  the  middle  si/e,  with 
gre.il  dignity  .ind  graceliilnes-,  ol  deportment, 
and  .1  inmgled  giMVity  ,ind  sweetness  ot  deme.in- 
(ir.  I  ler  1  omple\ion  W.IS  t.iir  ;  her  li.iir  auburn, 
ilK  liiniig  to  red  ;  her  eyes  wefe  of  a  clear  blue, 
with  .1  benign  expression,  and  there  was  a  singu- 
l.ir  mo.lesty  in  iier  eoimteii.ince,  gr. icing,  as  it 
(lid,  .1  wiiiderlul  t'iiinne-.s  ol  purpose  ,ind  iMriUMt- 
ness  of  :.pirit.  'I'lunigh  strongly  att.iched  to  her 
luisband  and  stud  (UIn  ol  Ins  t.ime,  yet  she  alw.iys 
maim. lined  her  di^tlnct  rights  as  .m  .illied  priiu c 
.She  exceeded  him  ill  lie.iuty,  ill  persdii.d  dignity, 
in  .iciitciiess  ot  genius,  and  in  gr.indeiir  ol  soul.t 
Combining  the  active  and  resolute  (pi.ililies  ot 
man  with  the  softer  (diarities  ot  Wdm.iii,  she 
mingled  in  the  warlike  councils  of  her  luisband, 
L-ng.iged  person.illy  in  his  enterprises,];  and  in 
some  inst.iiices  .lurpassed  him  in  the  lirmness  and 
intrepidity  of  her  measures  ;  while,  being  ins|iired 
with  ,1  truer  ide.i  ot  glor\ ,  she  inliised  a  more 
lotty  and  generous  temper  into  his  subtle  and  cal- 
culating polii'y. 

It  is  in  the  ci\il  history  of  their  reign,  however, 
that  the  ch.iracter  ot  Is.ibella  shines  most  illus- 
trious. Her  lostering  and  maternal  care  w.is 
continually  directed  to  reform  tlie  l.iws,  ami  lie.il 
the  ills  engeiidereil  by  a  long  course  of  intern, il 
w.irs.  She  loved  her  people,  and  while  diligeiulv 
seeking  their  good,  she  mitigated,  as  much  as 
possiliie,  the  h.irsh  mea^ures  of  her  lui.-.b.iii(l.  di- 
rected to  the  s.ime  end,  bufinllamed  by  ;i  mist.i- 
keii  /e.il.  'I'hus.  though  almost  bigoted  in  her 
piety,  and  perh.ips  too  much  under  the  influence 
ot  ghostly  advisers,  still  she  was  hostile  to  e\ery 
me.iuire  c.ilcul.ited  to  .idvance  religion  .it  the  ex- 
pense ot  humanity.  She  strenuouslv  opposed  the 
expulsion  of  the  Jews  and  the  est.iblishment  of  the 
ln(|ui-.iti;iii,  thdiigh,  unfortunately  tor  Sp.iin,  her 
repugnance  w.is  slowly  vaiupiished  by  her  con- 
fessors. Shi-  was  always  an  advocate  for  clem- 
ency to  the  Moors,  although  she  was  the  soul  of 
the  war  ag.iinsl  Ciran.ida.  She  considered  that 
war  essential  to  |)roteet  the  Christian  faith,  .md  to 
relie\c  her  subjects  from  fierce  and  tormid.ible 
enemies.     While  all  her  public  thoughts  and  acts 


*  I'edro  Silazar  di  Mendoza,  Monarq.  de  Ksp.  lib. 
lii.  cap.  5.  (Madrid,  1770,  torn.  i.  p.  402.)  Gonzalo 
de  lijcsras.  Hist.  Pontif.  lit),  vi.  cap.  23.  ^3. 

f  (i.iribay.  Hist,  de  Espana,  torn.  ii.  lib.  .wiii. 
cap    I, 

X  Se^'cral  suits  of  :\Tmnr  caf-.d/'i/,  worn  bv  Isabella, 
and  still  preserved  in  the  royal  arsenal  at  Madrid, 
sliow  ttiat  she  was  exposed  ly' personal  danger  in  her 
campaigns. 


were  princtdy  and  august,  her  priv.ile  h.iliits  were 
simjile,  tiug.il,  .ind  unosteiit.itious.  In  the  mter- 
\m1s  ot  st.ite  business,  she  as>.embled  round  lief 
the  , lilies'  men  in  litei.iture  .md  st  lem c,  .ind  di> 
reeled  heisidt  bv  their  iiiiinsels,  in  promoting  let- 
ters .md  ,iits.  I'lirough  her  p.itron.igi  ,  S. il, 1111, 111- 
iM  rose  to  th.it  height  which  it  .issunied  .inumj' 
the  le.irned  iiistitutions  ot  the  age.  .She  promoled 
the  disti  iliutioii  ol  honors  .iml  rew.irds  loi  the  pro- 
mulg.itlon  ot  knowledge;  she  fostered  the  .11 1  of 
printing  recently  invented,  and  I'liiiiur.iged  llu; 
est.iblishment  ol  presses  m  cM'ry  |).irt  ol  the  king- 
dom ;  books  were  .iilmitte(l  trei'  ot  all  duly,  .ind 
more,  we  are  told,  were  printed  in  Spam,  .it  tli.it 
e.irly  period  ul  the  art,  tli.iii  in  the  present  lilei.iiy 
.lge.» 

It  is  wonderlul  how  ir.iu  h  the  destinies  ol  coun- 
tries (k'peiid  .It  times  upon  the  virtues  ot  individ- 
u.ils,  .md  how  it  is  given  to  gre.it  spirits  b\  ( din- 
biniiig,  exciting,  and  directing  tlu'  laleni  powers 
(d  .1  li.llioll,  to  St. imp  it.  .IS  It  were,  with  their  owl) 
greatness.  Such  beings  re. ili/i'  the  idcml  gu.ird- 
i.iti  angtds,  appointed  by  ile.iMii  to  w.itt  hover 
the  destinies  ol  empires.  .Sm  h  h.id  been  i'rincu 
Henry  lor  the  kingdom  ol  I'ortug.il  ;  .iikI  sik  It 
was  now  tor  .S|)ain  the  illustrious  IsaLicU.i. 


CilAI'lf.K    II. 
conMiifs  Af  Till';  (dtur  of  si'.xi.v. 

Wlll.V  Columbus  arrived  at  Cordo\-.i  he  was 
given  in  (h.irge  to  .Alon/o  de  '  Juinl.inill.i.  i  (imp- 
troller  of  the  treasury  ot  Castile,  but  wis  dis.ip- 
jiointed  in  his  expectation  ot  receiving  immediiite 
.audience  from  the  ipieen.  lie  tmmd  the  city  in 
.ill  the  bustle  ot  military  iirep.ir.ition.  It  was  a 
critic.il  jum  lure  ot  the  w.ir.  The  ri\;il  kings  of 
(ir.in.ida,  .Mtiley.  Ilo.ibdi!  the  iim  le,  .and  Moii.im- 
med  lio.ibdil  the  nephew,  had  just  lormcd  a  ( (i  ili- 
tion,  and  their  league  called  tor  prompt  .md  vig- 
orous measures. 

.Ml  the  chivalry  of  S|).iin  h.id  lieen  summoned 
to  the  ti(dd  ;  the  streets  ot  Cordo\a  e(  hoed  to  the 
tramp  of  steed  and  sound  ot  irumpet,  as  d.ay  liy 
d.iy  the  nobles  .arrived  with  their  ret.iiners,  vyinjf 
with  e.K  h  other  in  the  number  of  tlieir  troops  and 
the  splendor  of  their  appointments.  The  court 
was  like  a  military  c.amp  ;  the  king  and  cpieen 
were  surrounded  liy  the  llower  ot  Sp.inisli  (  hiv- 
.ilry  ;  liy  those  veteran  cavaliers  who  li.id  distin- 
guished themselves  in  so  many  li.irdv  conllicts  with 
the  Moms,  ,111(1  by  the  prel.ites  and  fri.irs  who 
mingled  in  m.irti.il  council,  ami  took  deep  iiiter;'st 
and  agency  in  this  w.ir  of  the  Faith. 

'i'his  w.is  .an  unpropitious  moment  to  urge  .1 
suit  like  that  id  C(diiml)iis.  Intact  the  so\ereigns 
had  not  ;i  moment  ot  leisure  throughout  this  event- 
ful ye.ir.  I'".arly  in  the  spring,  the  king  m,irche(| 
ctf  to  Lay  siege  to  the  Moor'sh  city  ot  l.ox.i  ;  .and 
though  tlie  tpieen  rt'm.iined  ,at  Cordov.i.  she  was 
continually  employed  in  forw.irding  troops  and 
su])|)lies  to  the  army,  and,  ,at  the  same  time,  .it- 
temling  to  the  multipliefl  exigencies  ot  civil  gov- 
ernment. <  >n  the  I2th  of  June  she  rep.aireil  to 
tlie  camp,  then  eng.iged  in  the  siege  ot  Moclin, 
and  both  sovereigns  rem.ained  for  s(nne  time  in 
the  \'eg,i  of  Ciranad.i,  prosecuting  the  war  with 
unremitting  vigor.  They  had  barely  returi  ed  to 
Cordova  to  celebrate  their  victories  by  public  re- 


*  Elotiio  de  la  Reina  Catholica,  por  Diega  Clemen* 
cin.     Madrid,  tS2i. 


S4 


UVl'.   AND   VOVAdKS   OF   COLUMBUS. 


*! 


:1f 


I! 


i)  ^ 


Jti; 


I 


joirinps,  whrn  thrv  were  olilijjivl  to  %vt  out  for 
('..illu  i.i,  til  >iU|)pri-ss  a  n-ljcllnm  of  the  t'lmiit  nl 
l.>-in(is.      Thfiuf  till')    rcpairi'il  to  Salain.iia.i  for 

tllC   WlllllT. 

Diinii^,'  tlu*  siiinnu'r  and  .uiiiiniii  of  ttiis  year 
C'ohiniliiii  ri'inaiiicd  at  (.'ordma,  a  ^juc^t  m  tlw 
hou-if  oi  Alon/o  dc  ( )iimlaiidla,  who  proved  a 
warm  ad\oi  .itf  of  Ins  theory.  Throunh  his  means 
he   lurame   ai(|U.imted    with   Antonio   (ieralchni, 


th 


e  pope  s  n 


iintio,  and  his  brother  Ale\an(hT  ( ler- 


rthlini,  prei cptor 


to   th 


e   yollii(,'ir  eliildreii  o 


t  I'er. 


dinand  and  isahella  ;   both  valuable  trienrls  about 


rt.      \\'liere\er  he  obtained   a 


<l   h 


in  UK 


from  intelli^,'<-nt  auditors,  the  di^jiiily  ot  his  maii- 
ners,  his  earnest  sineerity,  the  elevation  of  his 
views,  ,ind  the  practnal  shrewdness  ot  his  dem- 
onstrations, (■(  ■     ' 


imm.mded  respei  t  e\iii  where  tin 


fail. 


to  pr  iduce  loiun  tioii. 


While  thus  lin^crin^;  in  i<l!e  suspense  in  C'or- 
(lov.i,  he  bee, line  attaclied  to  a  lady  of  the  eily, 
r.e.itriN  I'.urii|Uf/  by  name,  of  a  noble  family, 
thou^jh  in  reduced  eireunistances.  'I'heir  con- 
lUTtion  was  not  sanetioned  by  marri,i;;e  ;  yet 
he  cherished  sentiments  ot  respect  and  tender- 
ness for  h<T  to  his  <lyin;{  ilay.  Slu;  was  the 
niotlier  of  his  second  son,  Kernando,  fiorn  in 
tin-  follow  ill);  year  (14871,  whom  he  always  treat- 
ed on  terms  ot  perfect  ecpiality  with  lus  legiti- 
mate son  Diej^o,  aiui  who,  alter  liis  lieatli,  be- 
came his  historian. 

In  the  winter  Cohiml)iis  followed  the  (ourt  to 
Salam.inci.  Here  his  zealous  friend,  Alon/o  di' 
(Juint.inilla,  exerted  his  intluence  to  obtain  for 
him  the  countenance  of  the  celebr.ited  I'edro 
(■|on/,iliv  de  .Meiido/a,  Archbisho])  ot  'I'oledo,  and 
(Irand  Cardinal  ot  Sp.iin.  'I'his  w.is  the  most  im- 
port.int  person, in;c  about  tlu;  i  ourt  ;  and  was  fa- 
cetiously c.illed  by  i'eter  Martyr,  the  "  third  kinj; 
of  .Si)ain."  'I"he  kin^;  ,ind  {|Ueen  liad  him  ;ilwa)s 
liy  tiieir  sidi;  in  pe.ice  and  war.  He  aci  nmpanied 
tliem  in  their  cami)ai^ns,  and  they  never  tool;  any 
measure  o(  conse(|uencc  without  consulting  him. 
lie  w.is  a  m.tn  ot  sound  judy;ment  and  ipiiik  intel- 
lect. elo(|Uent  in  comers. ition,  and  able  in  the  dis- 
patch ot  business.  His  appear.mce  was  lot!)  and 
venerable  ;  he  was  simple  \et  curiously  nicein  his 
app.irel,  and  of  j,'racious  and  ffeiitle  deportment. 
'rhouj,di  an  elejr.uu  sehol.ir,  yet,  like  many  learn- 
ed nun  ot  his  day,  he  w.is  t)Ut  little  skilled  in  cos- 
moj{r.ii)hy.  W'lien  the  theory  ot  Columbus  w.is 
first  mentioned  to  him,  it  struck  him  as  iinolvin^f 
heterodox  opinions,  incomp.itible  with  the  tiu'm  of 
the  earth  as  described  in  the  S.icrod  Scriptures. 
P'urther  explanations  had  their  force  with  a  man 
of  his  (|uick  a|)prehension  and  sound  sense.  He 
perceived  that  at  any  rate  'lure  could  be  nothin^r 
irreli;rious  in  atlempiinjj  to  extend  the  bounds  ot 
human  knowledge,  and  to  as(  ert.iin  the  works  ot 
creation  ;  his  scruples  once  removeil,  he  permitted 
Columbus  to  be  introduced  to  him,  and  K^ave  him 
a  courteous  reception.  The  hitter  knew  the  im- 
|)ortanceof  his  .luditor,  and  that  a  conference  with 
the  ^rand  cardinal  was  almost  e{|ui\alent  to  a 
communic.ition  with  the  throne  ;  he  exerted  him- 
self to  the  utmost,  therefore,  to  expl.iin  and 
clenionstr.ite  fiis  proposition.  The  clear-headed 
c.irdina!  listened  with  protound  attention.  He 
was  ple;is(.-d  with  the  noble  and  e.irnest  manner 
of  Colundius,  which  showed  him  to  be  no  com- 
mon schemer  ;  he  felt  tile  j,'ran<leur,  and,  .it  tlie 
same  time,  the  simplicity  of  his  theory,  and  the 
force  of  niany  of  the  ary^uments  by  which  it  was 
supported.  He  determined  th.it  it  w.is  a  matter 
hiijhiv  worthy  of  the  consideration  of  the  sov- 
ereigns, and  through  his  representations  Colum- 


hus  at   Ii'nj;th  otit.iincfi  .idmission  tn  tlip   royal 
preseni  ('.• 

\N'e   li.ive   but  sc.inty   p.irtii  iil.irs  of   tfiis  .uidi- 
elice,  nor   i.m    we    ascert.iin    whetller   nueell  Is,|. 


I   w.iH  present  on   the  occasion 


I 
seems  to   be   most  t)rob,i!ilv   the  c.ise, 


ti 


le  coiitr.uv 


( 


olumhtM 


.ippe,ire(i  HI  the  rov.il  prisence  with  modestv.  yet 
selt-po-,s<  ssion,  neither  d,i//leil  nor  d.iunted  liy 
tlx'   splendor  ol   tlu'  court   or  tlie  .iwlul  ULijesly  (if 

Is  pi. in  w  ith  i'lo(|Ueiii'i! 


the  throne.      I  le  untolded  h 

and  /e.d.  tor  he  felt   liiinselt,  .is  lie  .itlerw.ird  ili 


k 


nulled  as  with 


tire 


colisulelei 


I    h 


If  the 


It    ell 


Iroin  on  Ingh,  .mil 


oseii 


to  ai'complish  Its  gr.md  designs. + 


n   by  1 


le.lMH 


enlmaiul  w.is  too  keen  .1  judge   <if    men  not  to 


.ippreci.iti'  the  char.icter  of  folumbus.  Ileper- 
( lived  th.it.  however  so.iring  mi;;ht  be  his  im.igi- 
n.ition,  ;ind  v.ist  .and  visioii.iry  his  views,  in-, 
scheme  li.id  scieiititic  .ind  pr.iciical  found. ition. 
I  lis  ambition  was  excited  by  the  possibility  of  dis- 
coveries f.ir  nuire  import, int  than  those  vvhidi  ii.id 
shed  sui  h  glory  upon  i'ortiig.d  ;  and  peril. ips  it 
was  not  the  Ic.ist  recommend. ition  of  the  ciiler- 
prise  to  this  subtle  and  gr.isping  mon.in  h,  tli.it, 
if  successlul,  it  would  eii.iiile  liim  to  forest. ill  that 
riv.'il  nation  in  the  fruits  ol  their  long  and  arduous 
struggle,  aixl  by  opening  .1  direct  course  to  Inili.i 
across  the  oce.in,  to  be.ir  off  from  tluin  the  iro- 
nopoly  of  oriental  commerce. 

.Still  as  usual,  Kerdin.md  was  cool  .ind  wary, 
and  would  imi  trust  his  own  judgment  in.i  m.itur 
th.it  involved  so  many  principles  of  science,  lie 
determined  to  take  tlie  opinion  ot  the  most  learned 
men  in  the  kingdom,  and  to  be  guided  by  their 
decision.  Fernando  de  T.il.iver.i,  prior  of  the 
monastery  of  I'r.ido  and  contt -sor  of  the  i|Ueen, 
one  of  the  most  (  riidite  men  of  Spain,  and  high  in 
the  idval  (ont'idence,  was  commanded  to  assem- 
ble the  mo' t  le.irned  astronomers  .and  cosmogra- 
phers  lor  tlie  purpose  ot  holding  a  coiitercnce  wiih 
(.'olumbus,  and  examining  him  .is  to  the  grouiuls 
on  which  he  founded  his  proposition.  .Alter  ihey 
h.id  inlormed  themselves  tully  on  tlu:  subject,  they 
were  to  consult  together  and  make  a  re|)orl  to  the 
sovereign  of  their  collective  opinion. ;[ 


CHAI'Tr.K     III. 

COLUMBUS    UKl-OKl>   Tlir,  COUNCIL   AT  SALA- 
.MANIA. 

[14S6.] 

TuF.  interesting  conference  relative  to  the 
proposition  of  Columbus  took  place  in  Salam.anca. 
the  great  se.it  of  learning  in  Sp;\in.  It  was  held 
in  the  Dominican  convent  of  St.  Stephen,  in  which 
he  w.'is  lodged  and  entert.iined  with  gre.it  hospi- 
tality during  the  course  ot  the  examination. >( 

Religion  and  science  were  at  th.at  time,  .-iiid 
more  espei'ially  in  that  countrv.  closely  .associated. 
The  treasures  ot  le.irning  were  immured  in  mon- 
.isteries,  and  the  |)rotessors'  chairs  were  e\<  lu- 
sively  tilled  from  the  cloister.  The  domin.ition  ot 
the  clergy  I'Xlended  over  the  state  .is  well  ;is  the 
church,  and  posts  ot  honor  .and  inlliieiice  .it  court, 
with  the  exception  of  hereditary  nobles,  were 
almost  entirely  confined  to  ecclesiastics.     It  was 

*  Ovicdo,  lib.  ii.  cap.  4.  Salazar,  Cron.  G.  Cardi- 
nal, lib.  i.  cap.  62. 

f   Letler  to  the  Sovereigns  in  1501. 

X   Hist,  del  Almirantc.  cap.  xi. 

g  Hist,  de  Chiapa  pur  Kcinesal,  lib.  ii.  cap.  27. 


ce, 


even 

helm 

crosie 

Ian 

The 

Ing. 
le.il 
ChiiMj 
Iiwpii 
doll), 
ni.ide 
tion. 
Siu  |i 

•.lyes 

St.  St. 

Iuinbu| 
troll. 


tarif 
this 
•ell  to  I 
had 

and  th' 


t\:i\.i 


I 


Liri'    AND    VOYAC.KS   OF   COIA'.MIIUS. 


M 


nimion  to  till*   r()),il 

iiul.irs  (if  this  .iikIi- 
whether  <Uieen  K.i 
lasidii  ;  tlie  ciinir.iiv 
the  iMse,  ColiiiiiliiH 
If  with  nioilistv ,  yii 
h-(l  Hill'  il.itmtfil  h^ 
the  .luliil  in.ijisly  (i| 
pl.lll  with  lln(|l|tnrc 
.IS  he  iitlerw.ird  ilc 
■e  lri)in  (Ml  lii^h.  ,iiii| 
I   ehnseii    hy  lle.ucn 

I1S.+ 

iiiilj,'e  (if  men  not  to 
(-'(iliiinliiis.      lie  |)ti. 

ini^;ht  he  his  iin.ini- 
K(iy  his  vii'ws,  hii 
r.ictiial  funiuj.itidn. 
ihe  possibility  ot  (lis. 
h.iii  those  \\hi(  li  h,i(| 
H.il  ;  and  |ierh.i|)s  it 
(l.itii)ll  (it  the  fnter- 
.jiin;;  inon.iii  h,  ih.it, 
liiin  to  torist.ill  that 
■ir  lull);  and  ardiiniis 
irect  ((Hii'se  to  India 

troni  lluiu  the  n-o- 

vas   cool  and    wary, 

iidj^nient  in  ,i  niatitT 

)lei  ol   science.      lie 

1  of  the  most  hanicd 

he   ;,'ilided  liy  their 

a\-era,  prior    ol    the 

It  ''-.(ir  ol    the   Ipleen, 

I  Spain,  and  \]\^U  in 

nmanded  to  assein- 

lers  and  cosmoj^ra- 

ii  a  ronterence  \\\ih 

as  to  the  grounds 

sition.     .Alter  they 

111  the  sidiject,  they 

il<e  a  report  lo  the 

uon.:J; 


H. 

I  .veil.    AT   .SAI.A- 


relative  to  the 
i.ice  in  .S.il.im.inca, 
p.iin.  It  was  held 
Stephen,  in  which 
with  ;;re,it  hospi- 
x.imination.ji 
at  th.it  time,  and 
closely  .associated, 
immured  in  mon- 
hairs  were  exclii- 
The  (lomin.ition  of 
ate  ,is  well  as  ihi; 
iiUlucnce  at  com't, 
ary  iiohles,  were 
Icsiastics.     It  was 

ir,   Cron.  G.  Cardi- 

)i. 

lib.  ii.  cap.  27. 


eveti  intnmon  to  find  cardinal*  and  bishops  in 
helm  and  mrselel  .it  the  head  ol  .irinies  ;  tor  the 
cro-iier  h.id  been  (icciMoii.illy  thrown  by  lor  the 
laiue,  during  the  liolv  w,ir  a^.tinst  the  .Moori. 
The  er.l  u.is  distini;in-hed  h'r  the  revival  ol  le.iril- 
Ihk'.  hut  still  inoi.  Iir  the  prev.ileme  ot  relivJioili 
le.ii,  an  I  sp  iia  -.urp.issed  .ill  other  idiintnes  ol 
Chiisien  l'i:n  m  the  |er\-or  ot  her  devotion.  'Ihe 
Inipn-iilioii  h.id  just  been  e-.t.ildislied  in  th.il  kiiii;- 
doin.  and  every  opinion  that  s.ivored  ol  heresy 
ni  ide  Its  owner  (diiioxiou,    to  odium   and  perseiu- 

tion. 

Sui  h  w.is  the  period  w  hen  a  (  mini  11  ol  cleric. il 
•a^es  W.IS  (cinvelied  in  the  colli  j;i.ite  eoiivi  lit  ot 
St.  Stephen,  lo  investin.ili-  the  new  theory  ot  Cu- 
luinhui.  It  was  coniposed  ol  prolessors  ot  a.s- 
troiiomy,  iffi'v{i'''l'''yi  "lathem.itus,  and  otlit"' 
br.mches  III  s(  unci',  tonether  with  v.irious  di^;ni- 
taries  lit  the  church,  an  1  le.irned  fri.irs.  IKIore 
this  eru.lite  .isscinlily,  Columbus  presented  liim- 
•l'II  to  piopoun  I  and  ilctend  his  conclusions,  lie 
had  been  scolle  I  .it  .is  a  visionary  by  the  vul^j.ir 
and  the  iK'iinr.int  ;  but  lie  was  coiiviiued  that  he 
only  nipiire  I  a  bo  l\  of  enli^;htened  men  to  listen 
disp  issioii.Uely  to  Ins  re.isoiimns,  to  insure  trium- 
ph.iiit  conviction. 

The  ^,'re.iler  part  ol  this  le.irned  junto,  it  is  very 
prob.ible,  c.iiii"  inepos.essed  .i;;.iinst  him,  as  men 
111  place  .111  1  di>,'iiity  are  a|.t  to  be  a.i;.iinst  poor 
applic, lilts.  Iheie  is  .ilw.iys  a  proni'iiess  to  con- 
sider .1  111  in  un  ler  e\.imin.ilion  as  a  kind  ot  delin- 
quent, or  Impostor,  whose  l.iulls  and  errors  are  to 
be  detected  and  exposed.  Columbus,  too,  ap- 
pe.ired  in  ,1  mo  .t  uiilavor.ible  li;jflit  belore  a 
schol.istic  holy  ;  an  obscure  n.ivi^'.itor,  a  member 
ot  no  le.irned  institution,  destitute  ot  all  the  tr.ip- 
piil^s  an  I  circiKiiitances  which  .sometimes  ^ive 
or.icul.ir  aulliorily  to  dullness,  and  depeiidiii).; 
U|H)n  the  mere  toiie  ol  natur.il  (,'enius.  Some  ot 
the  junto  entcrt.iine  I  the  popiil.ir  notion  tli.it  he 
was  an  .idventurer,  or  at  beil  .1  vision. iry  ;  and 
others  had  ih.it  inarlil  I  imp.itieiice  iil  any  inno- 
vation upon  est.ibli-ihed  doctrine,  which  is  apt  to 
grow  up.)n  dull  and  pedantic  men  in  cloistered 
lite. 

Wh.it  .1  strikin;j  spect.icle  must  the  hall  of  the 
old  coineiit  li.ive  presented  .it  this  memor.ible 
conference  1  A  :>imple  mariner,  st.mdiii);  lortli  in 
the  midst  of  an  iniposiiif;  .irr.iy  ot  protessi.rs, 
friars,  and  lij^nitaries  ot  the  church  ;  maintainiii;,' 
his  theory  'villi  n.itural  eloipience,  and,  as  it  were, 
pleadin),f  the  ciuse  of  the  new  world.  We  are 
told  tli.it  when  he  beH;.in  to  sl.ite  the  fjrounds  ot 
his  heliel,  the  fri.irs  of  St.  Stephen  alone  ji.iid 
atieiilioa  to  him  ;  *  that  convent  beinj^  more 
leariRvl  in  the  sciences  than  the  rest  ot  the  uni- 
versity. The  others  appear  to  have  intrenched 
themselves  behin  1  one  do^^red  position  that,  alter 
so  many  prolound  philosophers  and  cosino;,MM- 
pliers  h.id  been  stu  lyin^^  the  lorm  of  the  world, 
and  so  m.iny  able  n.iviuf.Uors  h.iil  been  sadin^r 
about  it  tor  several  tllousan  I  ye.irs,  it  w.is  jrre.il 
liresumption  in  an  ordinary  man  to  suppose  lh.it 
there  rem, lined  such  a  v.ist  discovery  ior  him  to 
make. 

Sever.il  of  the  objections  [imposed  by  this 
learned  bo:ly  have  been  handed  down  to  us,  ;rid 
have  provoked  in  any  a  sneer  at  the  expense  of  the 
univer.iity  ot  S.il.inianci  ;  but  they  are  |)roofs.  not 
so  much  of  the  peculiar  deliciency  of  that  institu- 
tion, as  ot  the  imperfect  state  of  science  at  the 
time,  and  the  manner  in  which  knowledge,  though 
rapidly  extending,  was  still    imjieded   in   its   prog- 

♦  Remesal,  Hist,  de  Chiapa,  lib.  xi.  cap.  7. 


re^*  l>y  monaniic  l)i(jniry.  All  Hubject*  wi  re  still 
contempl.ile.l  tlirou^h  the  obsi  iire  ineilium  ot 
those  .iges  when  the  lights  ot  .iiiliipiity  were  Ir.ini- 
pled  out  and  I. nth  w.n  lelt  to  till  the  jil.u  e  of 
iiit|uiry.  Ihw  dill  red  in  a  iii.ui;  ni  religiou.i  ion- 
iroversy.  m.iiiLind  h  id  retr.iced  tli'ir  steps,  ami 
receded  troiii  the  bound. iry  line  ot  .im  itiit  knowl- 
edge. Thus,  .It  the  Miy  ihreshoj  1  ut  llie  disi  u  ,- 
sioii,  iiiste.id  ol  geogr.iphic.il  oliiections,  Colum- 
bus W.IS  ass.iiled  witn  cit.itions  bom  the  llible.ind 
the  Test. imeiit  ;  the  book  ot  (li  iie-.is,  the  ps.ilni  1 
(d  U.ivid,  t!le  propliets,  the  epi->l!es,  .Hid  the  gos- 
pels. 'I'll  tlie-.i'  were  .idded  the  expoiitioii-i  of 
V.irious  s.iinli  and  revereml  lomnieiil.itor  1  ;  St. 
Chry  loslom  .ind  St.  .\iigusline,  St.  Jerome  ami 
.St.  (Iregory,  .Si.  IJi.il  .iiid  St.  .\mliroie,  .md  I..ic- 
t.intiui  I'  irmi.inu  ),  .1  icloubte  I  1  h.impion  of  the 
I. nth.      l)ociriii.il  jioiiiti  were  iiiixe  1   up  with  pliil- 

0  opliical  discus>ioiis,  and  am.itlieiii.itic.il  demon- 
stration was  ;illow('d  no  weig'.it,  it  u  .ippe,  red  li) 
cl.ishwith  a  I  'I  ot  Scripture  or  .1  i  ominenl.iry 
of  one  ol  the  t.ithers.  Thus  t!ie  po-1-.ibility  id  anti- 
podes, in  the  southern  hemi  .pliere,  .in  opinion  sn 
geiier. illy  in. lint. lined  by  the  wisest  ol  the  ancient  I 
as  to  be  pronounced  by  I'liny  the  gre.it  c  mtest  be- 
tween the  Icirned  and  the  igiior.int,  becinie  a 
stumbling-block  w  ith  some  ot  the  s.iges  ol  .Sala- 
ni.uici.  Several  of  them  stoutly  tontr.idicted  tlii< 
tii'id.imeiit.il  position  id  Columbus,  supporting 
ihemsehes  by  ipiot.ilions  trom  |..icl,intiiii  and  .St. 
Augustine,  who  were  considerc  I  in  those  days  an 
almost  e\  .ingelic.il  authority.  Hut,  though  ihesf! 
writers  were  men  (d  coiiiumm.iie  erudilion,  and 
two  of  the  gre.itest  Inmin.iries  ot  wh.it  h.is  been 
cilled  the  golden  ageol  eccle-.i.islii  .il  le.irning.  yet 
their  writings  were  c.ili  ul.iled  to  perpetu.ile  il.irk- 
ness  in  respect  to  the  sciences. 

Ihe  p.iss.ige  cited  trom  I.  11  t.intiii  s  to  confute 
Columbus  is  in  a  str.iin  <>\  gi'0-.s  ridicule,  un- 
worthy ol  so  gra\e  .1  theidogi.iii.  "  Is  there  any 
one  so  loolish,"  he  .iiks,  "  as  to  believe  th.it  there 
;ire  antijiodes  willi  their  teet  oppo>,ite  to  ours  : 
people  who  walk  with  their  heels  ll|)ward,  and 
their  heads  hanging  down  ?     Tli.it  there  is  a  jiart 

01  the  world  in  which  all  things  ,ire  topsy-liirvy  : 
where  the  trees  grow  with  tiieir  branches  down- 
ward, and  where  it  rains,  hails,  and  snows  u|)- 
w.ird  .■'  'I'he  ide.i  ot  the  roundness  (d  the  e.irth," 
he  adds,  "  w.is  the  cause  ot  inventing  this  fabli; 
ot  the  antipodes,  with  their  heels  in  the  .air  ;  l.ir 
these  philosophers,  having  once  erred,  go  on  in 
their  .absurdities,  defending  one  with  another." 

Dbieclions  ot  .igra\er  n.iture  were  adv. meed  on 
the  authority  ot  ,*st.  .Xiigiistine.  He  pronounces 
the  doctrine  of  .antipodes  to  be  incomp.itible  with 
the  hisloric.il  toundatioiis  id  mir  t  litli  ;  since,  to 
assert  that  there  were  inhabited  l.iiids  on  the  oj)- 
posite  side  ot  the  globe  would  be  lom.iiiitain  that 
there  were  nations  not  descended  trom  Adam,  it 
being  impossible  for  them  to  have  p.issed  the  in- 
tervening oce.in.  Tins  would  be,  therefore,  to 
discredit  the  liible,  which  expressly  declares  that 
all  men  are  descended  from  one  common  parent. 

.Such  were  the  unlooked  lor  pre|udices  which 
Columbus  had  to  encounter  at  liie  very  outset  of 
his  contcrence,  and  which  certainly  relish  mon; 
of  the  convent  than  the  university.  To  his  sim- 
plest proposition,  the  spherical  lorm  of  t)ie  earth, 
were  opposed  hgurative  texts  of  Scripture.  They 
observed  that  in  the  I's.ilms  the  he.iveiis  are  said 
to  be  extended  like  abide,*  that  is,  .according  to 
commentators,  the  curtain  or  covering  of  a  tent, 

*  Extendens  Cfclum  sicut  pcllem.  Psalm  103.  In 
the  English  translation  it  is  Psalm  104,  vcr.  3. 


2G 


LIFE   AND    VOYAGES   OF    COLUMBUS. 


,! 


i 


whicli,  .iinon;,'  tlic  ancieiU  pastoral  nations,  was 
{orincil  ui  tiiL-  hides  of  animals  ;  ami  that  St. 
I'aul,  in  his  I'.pi^lle  to  iho  lluijrcwK,  compares  the 
lu'avens  in  a  taliernacle,  or  tent,  extended  over 
the  earth,  whii  h  they  thence  interred  must  he  Hat. 

Colunihiis,  who  was  a  devoutly  reli),M()US  man, 
found  that  hi-  was  in  danj^er  ot  bein^  convicted 
not  mmly  ot  error,  but  ot  heterodoxy.  Others 
more'  versi'd  in  science  admitted  tile  (globular  form 
of  the  earth,  and  the  possiliility  of  an  o|)posite  and 
hal)itabl.:  liemispliere  ;  but  they  brouj^ht  U|)  the 
chimera  ol  tlie  ancients,  and  maiptained  that  it 
would  be  impossible  to  arrive  there,  in  conse- 
4iC|uence  of  the  insu])portable  lieat  of  the  torrid 
zone.  l'.\en  j;rantin;r  ihis  could  be  passetl,  tliey 
observe  I  that  the  circumference  of  the  earth  nnisl 
be  so  j^reat  as  to  require  at  least  three  years  to 
the  vov.i^e,  and  those  who  should  undertake  it 
must  |)erish  ol  hunj,rer  aii(l  thirst,  from  the  im|)()s- 
sil)il;iyof  carryiiijr  jn-ovisions  for  so  lonj;  a  period. 
lie  was  told,  on  tlie  authority  of  I'',picurus,  that 
admitlin.ij  the  earth  to  be  si)lierical,  it  was  only 
inhabitable  in  the  no'ihern  hemisphere,  and  in 
that  section  only  was  cano[)ied  by  the  heavens  ; 
that  the  opi)osiie  half  was  a  chaos,  a  jjulf,  or  a 
mere  waste  of  water.  Not  the  least  absurd  objec- 
tion advanced  was,  that  sliouUl  a  ship  even  suc- 
ceed in  reachin^''_  ji^  this  way,  the  extremity  of 
India,  she  coidd  never  {(et  back  aj.(ain  ;  for  the 
rotundity  ol  the  ^lobe  would  ])resent  a  kind  of 
mountain,  up  which  it  would  be  im|)ossible  lor 
her  to  sail  with  the  most  favorable  wind.-' 

Such  are  specimens  of  the  errors  and  ])rejudiccs, 
the  minL,fled  i_L;'norance  and  erudition,  and  the 
pedantic  bi^ron-y,  with  which  Columbus  IkuI  to 
contenil  throughout  the  examination  of  his  theory. 
Can  we  wonchr  at  the  ditliculties  and  delays  which 
he  expcrieiiced  at  courts,  when  such  vaj;ue  and 
crude  notions  were  entertained  by  the  learned 
men  of  a  university  .•'  We  must  not  suppose,  how- 
ever, because  the  objections  here  cited  are  all 
which  remain  on  record,  that  they  are  all  which 
were  advanced  ;  these  only  have  been  |ierpetuated 
on  account  of  their  superior  absurdity.  They 
were  |)robalily  advanced  by  but  few,  and  those 
persons  imnn  r-.'  ,1  in  theological  studii'S,  in  clois- 
tered retirement,  where  the  erroneous  opinions 
derived  irom  books  had  little  o|)|)ortunity  of  bein;.,' 
corrected  by  the  experii-nce  of  the  day. 

There  were  no  doubt  objections  advanced  more 
coffent  in  their  nature,  and  more  worthy  of  ih.it 
distinj^uished  university.  It  is  but  justice  to  add, 
also,  that  the  replies  of  Columbus  had  great  wei.ifht 
with  many  of  his  learned  examiners.  In  answer 
to  the  scriptural  objections,  he  submitted  that  the 
ins])ired  writers  were  not  s|ieakin_Lj  technically  as 
cosmoj;raplurs,  but  figuratively,  in  language  ad- 
tlressecl  to  all  comprehensions.  The  commenta- 
ries of  the  fathers  he  treated  with  deference  as 
pious  homilies,  but  not  as  philoso])hical  pro|)osi- 
tions  which  it  was  necessary  either  to  admit  or 
refute.  The  objeclioriS  draw  .1  from  ancient  phi- 
losophers he  met  boldly  and  ably  upon  eipial 
terms  ;  for  he  was  deeply  studied  on  all  points  of 
cosmography.  I  le  showed  that  the  most  illustri- 
ou-  ot  those  sages  believed  both  hemispheres  to  be 
inhabit.ible,  though  thev  imagined  that  the  torriil 
zone  |)rei'luded  communication  ;  and  he  ob\iated 
conclusi\el\-  that  diriiculty  ;  for  he  had  voy.iged 
to  St.  ('leorge  la  Mina  in  ("lUinea,  almost  under  the 
t'(|uinociial  line,  and  h.id  found  that  region  not 
merely  traversable,  but  abounding  in  population, 
in  fruits  and  pasturage, 


Hist,  del  Almirante,  cap.  11. 


When  Columbus  took  ids  stand  before  thii 
learned  body,  he  had  ap|)e,ired  the  plain  and  sini- 
pie  navigator ;  somewhat  daunted,  |)erha|)s,  by 
the  greatness  of  his  t.ask  and  the  august  n.iturec! 
his  auditory.  Hut  he  had  a  degree  of  religious 
feeling  which,  gave  him  a  conlidence  in  the  execu- ^ 
tion  of  what  he  conceived  his  great  errand,  and 
he  was  of  an  ardent  temperament  that  became 
heated  in  action  by  its  own  generous  tires.  Las 
Casas,  and  others  of  his  conti-m|)(M'aries,  have 
spoken  of  his  ct)mnianding  person,  his  elevated 
demeanor,  his  air  ol  authority,  his  kindling  eve, 
and  the  persuasive  inton.uions  of  his  voice.  How 
must  they  have  given  majesty  and  force  to  his 
words,  as,  casting  aside  his  nia]is  aral  charts,  and 
discarding  for  a  time  his  practical  and  scientitic 
lore,  his  visionary  spirit  took  lire  at  the  doctrinal 
objections  of  his  opponenls,  and  he  met  them 
u|)on  their  own  ground,  |)oui'ing  torth  those  majj- 
nificent  texts  ol  .Scrip'ure,  .and  those  mysterious 
predictions  of  the  prophets,  which,  in  his  enthiisi. 
astic  moments,  he  considered  as  types  and  an- 
nunciations ot  the  sublime  discovery  which  he 
[)ro])osed  I 

Am(}ng  he  number  who  were  convinced  by  the 
reasoning,  and  warmed  by  the  elo(|Uence  of  Co- 
lundius,  was  Diego  de  De/.i,  a  worthy  and  learned 
Iriar  of  the  ordt-r  of  Si.  Dominick.  at  that  time 
professor  of  theology  in  the  convent  ol  .St.  .Ste])hen, 
but  who  became  atterward  Archbishoji  of  Seville, 
the  second  ecclesiastical  dignitary  of  .Spain.  This 
able  and  erudite  divine  was  .1  man  whose  mind 
was  above  the  narrow  bigotry  ol  bookish  lore  ; 
one  who  could  a|)preciate  the  value  ol  wisdom 
even  when  uttereil  by  unlearned  lips.  lie  was 
not  a  mere  ])assive  auditor  :  he  took  a  gene.ous 
interest  in  the  cause,  ai.d  by  seconding  Colundius 
with  all  his  ])owers,  calmed  the  blind  /e.d  of  his 
more  bigoted  bretliren  so  as  to  obtain  for  him  a 
dis|)assionate,  if  not  an  unprejudiced,  hearing. 
By  their  united  efforts,  it  is  said,  they  brought 
over  the  most  learned  nit'ii  of  the  schools.*  One 
great  difticulty  w,>s  to  reconcile  the  plan  of  Co- 
lund)us  with  the  cosmographv  of  I'tolemv,  to  w  hich 
all  sclu)lars  vieldetl  iniplicit  faith.  How  would 
the  most  enlightened  of  those  s.igt's  have  been  as- 
tonished, hail  ;iny  one  apprised  them  that  the 
man,  Copernicus,  was  then  in  existence,  whose 
solar  system  should  |-(;verse  the  grand  theory  ot 
I'tolemv,  which  stationed  the  earth  in  the  centre 
of  the  universe  1 

Notwithstanding  every  exer'ion,  however,  there 
was  a  preponderating  m.'ss  ol  inert  bigotry  and 
learned  pri'.'e  in  this  erudite  body,  which  refused 
to  yield,  to  the  liemonstrations  of  an  obscure  for- 
eigner, -.vithout  fortune  or  connections,  or  any 
academic  honors.  "  It  was  recpusite,"  s'ys  Las 
Casas,  "  belore  Columbus  could  make  his  solu- 
tions and  reasonings  understood,  that  he  siiould 
remove  from  his  auditors  those  erroneous  ])rinci- 
ples  on  which  their  objections  wen-  lounded  ;  .1 
task  always  more  dit'<icult  than  that  of  teachiiv^ 
the  doctrine."  Occasional  conferences  took  place, 
but  without  producing  any  decision.  Th^  igno- 
rant, or  what  is  worse,  tiie  |)'-eju<licefl,  remained 
obstinate  in  their  opposition,  with  the  dogged 
perseverance  ot  dull  men  ;  the  more  liberal  and 
intelligen;  felt  little  interest  in  discussions  weari- 
some in  themselves,  and  tin-eign  to  their  ordinary 
pursuits  ;  even  those  wlio  listt'Hed  with  approba- 
tion to  the  pl.ui,  I'egarded  it  only  as  a  delighthll 
vision,  lull  ot  probability  and  jiromise,  but  one 
which   never  could   be    realized.       Fern  mdo    de 

*  Rcraesal,  Hist,  de  Chiap-    lib.  xi.  cap.  7. 


Talal 
trust! 
.niucf 
concj 
the  ill 
and 


FCRTI 
Till 

c;.\i 

Till 
early] 
tiova," 
agaiiii 
Bish 
ConleJ 
in  the! 
the  !)([ 
event, 
deci.-.! 
kept 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGES    OF   COLUMBUS. 


S7 


ills    staml     hffoR!   thi? 

ii'cd  the  plain  and  sitn- 

daunted,    perhaps,  by 

id  lilt'  au^just  n.iturew 

a  flej^Tcc  c)t  iL-lij^Moiis 
Jiilideiite  in  the  execu-  ^ 

his  );i-fat  eiraiul,  and 
ieianu-nt  that  became 
n  j;eneri)us  tires.  Las 
C()ntem])()raries,  have 
;  person,  his  elevattd 
irity,  his  kindling  eye, 
ms  of  his  voice.  How 
iesly   and   torce  to  his 

maps  and  charts,  and 
)ractical  and  scientific 
;)k  lire  at  the  cioclrinal 
s,  and  he  met  them 
iring  forth  tliose  mafj- 
and  those  mysterious 
which,  in  his  enlhusi- 
red  as  tyjies  and  an- 
:    discovery   which    lie 

ivere  convinced  I)y  the 

the   eUxiiience  oi  Co- 

,  a  worthy  and  learned 

•oniinick.  at   that  time 

■oiivent  ol  .St.  .Stephen, 

Archbishop  ol  .Seville, 

nitary  ol  Sp.iin.     This 

as  ,L  man   whose  mind 

:otry  ol   bookish  lore ; 

the    value   of    wisdom 

:arned  lips.       He   was 

:    he  took  a  "jenc.ous 

r  seconding  Columbus 

the  blind  /e.il  of  his 

is   to  obtain  lor  him  a 

)rciudiced,    heariiifj. 

said,  they    brought 

the  schools.^     One 

uile  the  plan  of  Co- 

I'tolemy,  to  which 

laith.      ll'ow   would 

sages  have  been  as- 

isi'(l    them    that   the 

in    existence,  whose 

the   grand   theory  of 

earth  in  the  centre 

'ion,  however,  there 
ol  inert  bigotry  and 
body,  which  reftised 
IS  (it  an  obscure  for- 
iiineclions,  or  any 
i(i|iiisiie,"  s'lys  Las 
mid  makc>  his  soki- 
ood,  that  he  should 
erroneous  ))rinci- 
ueri-  lounded  ;  a  ;> 
in  that  of  teaching  I' 
Ureiices  took  piare,  B 
i-cision.  '111.,  igno-  P 
i'l'judi.ed,  remained 
with  the  dogged 
more  liberal  and 
discussions  weari- 
;n  to  their  ordinary 
■ned  with  approba- 
only  as  a  deliglithll 
promise,  but  one 
Ijci.       Fern  mdo    de 

xi.  cap.  7. 


•Talavera,  to  whom  the  matter  was  especially  in- 
trusted, had  too  little  esteem  tor  it,  and  was  too 
.much  occupied  with  the  stir  and  bustle  of  public 
concern^,  to  press  it  to  a  conclusion  ;  and  thus 
the  in(|uirv  experienced  continual  procrastination 
and  neglect. 


'  CIl.M'TKR  IV. 

FURTHF.R    APPriCAl  IONS    AT     TUl-.  COURT   OV  CAS- 

■iii,i.;_((ii  rMiirs  rni.i.ows  iiii:  c-ihut  i.\  us 

CAMl'AIciNS. 

Till'.  Castilian  court  departed  from  Salamanca 
early  in  the  s|)ring  of  1487  and  repaired  to  Cor- 
dova, to  prepare  lor  the  memorable  cami)aigii 
against  Malaga.  I'ernando  de  T.ilavera,  now 
Bishop  ol  Avila,  accompanied  the  (|ucen  as  her 
confessor,  and  as  one  of  her  spiritual  counsellors 
in  the  concerns  ol  the  w;ir.  The  consultations  of 
the  board  at  .Salamanca  were  interrupted  by  this 
event,  before  that  learned  body  could  come  to  a 
decision,  and  lor  a  long  time  Columbus  was 
kept  in  sus|)ense,  vainly  awaiting  the  report  that 
^\•as  to  decide  the  f.ite  of  his  application. 

It  has  generally  been  su|)|)osed  that  the  sever.il 
year;i  wliicli  he  wasted  in  irksome  solicitation 
Were  spent  in  the  drowsy  and  monotonous  attend- 
ance of  antechambers  ;  but  it  appears,  on  the 
Contrarv,  that  they  were  ollen  passed  ainid  scenes 
of  peril  .•in  I  adventure,  and  that,  in  following 
up  his  suit,  he  w.is  led  into  some  of  the  most 
striking  situaiions  of  this  wild,  rugged,  and 
mount, iiii)Ui  war.  St'wral  iiines  he  was  s'.inv 
moned  to  attend  conlerences  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
sovi'reigni,  when  besieging  cities  in  the  very  heart 
of  the  .Mo>'ri.->h  dominions  ;  but  the  tem|)est  of 
warlike  affairs  which  hurried  the  court  from  |)lace 
to  place  ;in  1  gave  it  all  the  bustle  and  contusion 
of  a  camp,  prexenied  those  conlerences  from  tak- 
ing |)!ace,  and  swept  awav  all  concerns  that  were 
not  immediately  connected  with  the  war.  When- 
ever the  court  had  an  interval  of  leisure  and  re- 
pose, there  would  a,gain  be  manitested  a  disposi- 
tion to  consider  his  proposal,  but  the  hurrv  and 
tempest  would  again  return  and  the  (juestion  be 
again  swept  away. 

The  spring  campaign  of  14S7,  which  took  place 
shortly  after  the  conterence  at  .Salai  ia-a'a,  was 
full  of  incident  ami  peril.  I\in,g  Kerdinanil  had 
nearly  been  sur|)rised  and  cut  off  i)y  the  old 
Moorisli  monarch  belore  \'e!e/  .Malaga,  and  the 
queen  and  all  the  court  at  Cordov.i  were  lor  a 
time  in  an  agony  of  terror  and  suspense  until  as- 
sured of  his  salety. 

When  the  sovereigns  were  subsequentlv  en- 
campe  1  b.dore  the  city  of  Malaga,  |)ressing  iis 
memorable  siege,  Columbus  was  summoned  to 
the  court.  He  touiid  it  drawn  up  in  its  silken  pa- 
vilions on  a  rising  ground,  coniman(li"g  the  fer- 
tile valU-y  of  Malaga  ;  the  encampments  ot  the 
.'Warlike  nobility  of  Spain  extended  in  a  semicircle 
s  on  each  side,  to  the  shores  of  the  sea,  stronglv 
foriilied,  glittering  with  the  martial  pomp  of  that 
chivalrou.-,  age  and  nation,  and  closely  investing 
that  important  cite. 

'I  he  siege  was  pri'vacted  fi)r  several  months, 
but  the  vigorous  delem  e  ot  the  Moors,  their  nu- 
merous stratagems,  and  fierce  and  lrec|uent  sal- 
lies, allowe  I  but  little  leisure  in  the  camp.  In 
the  course  of  this  siege,  the  applleation  of  Co- 
lumbus to  the  sovereigns  was  nearly  brought  to  a 
viilent  close  ;  a  fanatic  .Moor  having  ;itte-npled 
to  ass.is.-iinale  Ferd  -land  and  Isabella,     Mistak- 


I  ing  one  of  the  gorgeous  pavilions  of  thf  nobility 
tor  the  royal  tent,  he  attacked  Don  .\lvaro  de 
Portugal,  and  DoTia  lieatrix  de  llobadill.i,  Mar- 
i  hioness  ot  Moya.  instead  ot  the  king  .iiul  (jUeen. 
.vtter  WvHinding  \)v:,  .AU'aro  dangerously,  he  w.is 
li.iled  i!".  a  blow  aimed  at  the  marchioness,  and 
immediately  I'Ut  to  pieces  by  the  .itteiidants.* 
The  lady  here  nientiimed  was  of  I'Xtraordinarv 
merit  and  force  ot  character.  She  eventually  t(H)l: 
a  great  interest  in  tlv  suit  of  Columbus,  and  had 
null  h  inlluence  in  recommending  it  to  the  (pieen, 
with  whom  she  was  a  i)arlicular  favorite. f 

Malag.i  surrendere(l  on  the  iSth  ot  .August, 
1487.  There  appears  to  have  been  no  time  dur- 
ing its  stormy  siege  to  attend  to  the  (|Uesii()n  of 
Columbus,  though  Fernando  de  Talavera,  the 
Bishop  of  Avila,  w,;s  |)reseiu,  as  ajipears  by  bis 
entering  the  captured  city  in  solemn  and  religious 
triumph.  The  c.im|)ai.gn  being  ended,  the  court 
returned  to  Cordov.i,  but  was  almoit  imniedi;Uely 
driven  Irom  that  city  by  the  pestilence. 

For  ujjward  of  a  year  the  court  was  in  a  state 
of  continual  migration  ;  part  ol  the  time  in  .Sar.i- 
gossa,  ])art  of  the  time  inv.iding  the  Moorish  ter- 
ritories by  the  way  of  Murcia,  ;ind  part  ol  the  time 
in  X'alladolid  and  Medina  ilel  Cam|)o.  Colum- 
bus attended  it  in  some  ..f  its  movements,  but  it 
was  vain  to  seek  a  (piiet  and  attenti\e  hearinor 
from  a  court  surrounded  by  the  din  of  arms  ana 
continually  on  the  march.  Wearie-d  and  discour- 
aged by  these  delays,  he  beg.in  to  think  ot  ajiply- 
mg  elsewhere  for  |)atroiiage,  and  ;ippears  to  h.ive 
commenced  negotiations  \\ith  Kin,g  John  II.  for 
a  return  to  Portugal.  He  wrote  to  that  monarch 
on  the  subject,  and  received  a  letter  in  reply  dated 
20th  of  .March,  1488,  inviting  him  to  return  to  his 
cm.rt,  and  assuring  him  of  ])roiection  Irom  any 
suits  of  i'it!-ier  a  <'ivil  or  criminal  nature,  that  might 
be  pending  against  him.  He  received  also  a  let- 
ter Irom  lienry  \TI.  of  I'.n.gland,  nniting  him  to 
that  country,  and  holding  out  [iromises  ol  encour- 
agement. 

There  must  h.ave  i)eeii  stron.g  hopes,  authori/ed 
about  this  lime  by  the  conduct  ot  the  Spanish 
sovereigns,  to  induce  Columbus  to  neglect  these 
invitations  ;  and  we  liiid  ground  lor  such  a  sup- 
position in  a  memorandum  of  a  sum  ot  money 
paid  to  him  by  the  treasurer  C.on/ale/,  to  enable 
him  to  comply  with  a  summons  to  attend  the  Cas- 
tilian court.  ISy  the  date  of  this  memorandum, 
the  payment  must  have  been  made  immediately 
after  Columbus  had  ri'ceived  the  letter  of  the 
King  ot  Portugal.  It  would  seem  to  h.ave  been 
the  aim  ot  King  Ferdinand  to  prevent  his  carry- 
ing his  proposition  to  another  and  a  rival  mon- 
arch, and  to  keep  tlie  matter  in  sus|)ense,  until 
he  >h()uld  have  leisure  to  examine  it,  and, 
visable,  to  carry  it  into  operation. 

In  the  spring  of  14K9  the  long-adjourned 
tigation  appeared  to  be  on  the  eve  of  taking 
Columbus  was  summoned  to  attend  a  lonterence 
ot  learned  mtMi,  to  be  held  in  the  city  of  Seville  ; 
a  royal  order  was  issued  for  lodgings  to  be  pro- 
vided for  him  there  ;  and  the  magistrates  of  all 
cities  and  towns  tlirough  whi' h  he  might  pass,  on 
his  way,  were  commantled  to  furnish  accommo- 
dations gratis  for  himself  and  his  attendants.  A 
])rovision  of  the  kind  was  n:-cessary  in  tho^i;  days, 
when  even  the  present  wretcherl  establishments, 
called  posad.-.s,  for  the  reception  ot  travellers, 
were  scarcely  known. 

The    city  of  Seville    com|ilied   with    the   royal 

*  Pulsar,  Cron^ra,  rap.  87.     P.  Martyr. 

t  Retralo  del  Ducn  Vassallo,  lib.  il.  cap.  16. 


if  ad- 

i  lives- 
place. 


J 


28 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGES   OF   COLUMBUS. 


Sr 


M 


command,  I)ut  as  usual  the  appointed  conference 
was  post])(;iif<l,  beiiijj  intLMTupted  Ijy  the  openinjj 
of  a  cainpai^^n,  "  in  which,"  says  an  old  chroni- 
cler of  the  |)l.ice,  "  the  same  Columbus  was  found 
fljrluin};,  ^iv  iii;^  piools  of  the  distiiifjuished  valor 
which  accom|)anied  his  wisdom  and  iiis  lofty  de- 
sires."* 

The  campaign  in  whiili  Colujnhus  is  here  said 
to  have  hoiiie  so  honorable  a  ])art  was  one  of  the 
most  glorious  of  tlie  war  of  tlranada.  Oueen  Is- 
abella attended  with  all  hrr  court,  includinjr  as 
usual  a  stately  tr.iin  of  prelates  and  friars,  amonjj 
whom  is  particularly  mentioned  the  procraslinat- 
injjf  aibilc;'  ,:f  the  iiretcnsions  of  Columbus,  Fer- 
nando de  'I'alavt-ra.  Much  of  the  success  of  the 
cam|)ai<,fn  is  ascribed  to  the  presence  and  counsel 
ol  Isabella.  The  city  of  liaza,  which  was  closely 
besiejred  and  had  rciisied  valiantly  for  U[)ward  of 
six  nionlhs,  surrendereil  soon  alter  her  arrival  ; 
and  on  the  22d  of  Decembei ,  Columbus  beheld 
Muley  IJoabdil,  the  elder  of  the  two  rival  kinpfs, 
of  dranada,  surrender  in  person  all  his  remaininij^ 
possessions,  and  his  rij^ht  to  the  crown,  to  the 
Spanish  sovenij^ns. 

Durin^r  this  sie^r^.  a  circumstance  took  place 
which  a|)pcars  to  have  made  a  deep  impression 
on  the  devout  and  enthusiastic  spirit  of  Colum- 
Ijus.  Two  reverend  liiars  arrived  one  day  at  the 
Spanish  camp,  and  recpiesied  admission  to  the 
SoverfM^ns  on  business  of  }4reat  moment.  They 
were  Iwn  ol  the  brethren  of  the  'onvent  estal)lish- 
ed  at  the  holy  sepulchre  at  Jtrus.ilem.  They 
broujjlu  a  messaj^e  Irom  the  drand  Soldan  of 
F.jjyj)t,  threatening,'-  to  put  to  death  all  the  Chris- 
tians in  his  dominions,  to  lay  waste  their  convents 
and  cliurches,  and  to  destroy  the  sepulchre,  if  the 
sovereij,rns  did  not  desist  Irom  the  war  aj^ainst 
Granacia.  'I'he  men.ice  had  no  effect  in  alterinj4- 
the  purpose  of  the  sovereii^ns,  but  Isabella  jjrant- 
ed  a  yearly  and  i)erpetual  sum  of  one  thousand 
ducats  in  j^old.t  for  the  support  of  the  monks  who 
had  charfTc  of  the  sepulchre  ;  and  sent  a  veil  em- 
broideret!  with  her  own  hands  to  be  hun;r  up  at 
its  shrine.  + 

The  rejiresiMitations  of  these  friars  of  the  suffer- 
ings and  ini!i;;nities  to  which  Christians  were 
subjected  in  the  Holy  I^and,  toijether  with  the 
arrogant  threat  of  the  Soldan,  roused  the  pious 
indignation  of  the  Spanish  cavaliers,  and  many 
burned  with  ardent  zeal  once  more  to  revive  the 
contests  of  the  faith  on  the  s.icred  jjjains  of  Pales- 
tine. It  was  |)robibly  fron^  conversation  with 
thesi;  friars,  and  from  the  pious  and  chivalrous 
zeal  thus  awake'vd  in  the  warrior  throng  around 
hin',  tliat  Ci'amhus  first  conceived  an  enthusias- 
tic idea,  or  rather  m.ide  a  kind  of  mental  vow, 
which  rem.iined  more  or  less  preseiU  to  his  minrl 
until  the  very  day  of  his  death.  lie  determined 
that,  should  his  jirojected  enterprise  be  success- 
ful, he  would  de\-ote  h--  protits  arising  from  his 
anticipated  discoveries  to  a  crus.ide  tor  the  res- 
cue of  the  holy  se[)ulchre  from  the  power  of  the 
infidels. 

If  the  bustle  and  turm  )il  of  this  campaign  pre- 
vented the  intended  conlerence,  the  concerns  of 
Columbus  hired  no  better  during  the  subse(iuent 
rejoicings.  Ferdinand  and  Is.ibella  entered  Sev- 
ille in  February,  1490,  with  great  pomp  and  tri- 
umph.    'I'here  were  then   preparations  made  for 

*  IjIpro  Ortiz  dc  /uriij;a,  Ann.  de  Scvdia,  lib. 
sii.,  anno  148;),  p.  404. 

+  Or  1423  dollars,  equivalent  to  4269  dollars  in  our 
time. 

I  Garabav,  Cumpcnd.  Hist.  lib.  xviii.  cap.  36. 


the  marriage  of  their  eldest  daughter,  the  Princess 
Isabella,  with  the  I'rince  Don  Alonzo,  heir  appar- 
ent of  Portugal.  The  nu])tials  were  celebrated  in 
the  month  of  April,  with  extraordinary  splendor. 
Throughout  the  whole  winter  and  spring  the 
court  was  in  a  continu.il  tumult  ol  parade  and 
pleasure,  and  nothing  was  to  be  seen  at  Seville 
but  feasts,  tournaineiiis,  and  tore  blight  proces- 
sions. What  chance  had  Colciubus  of  beinj; 
heard  amid  these  alternate  uproars  of  war  ami 
festivity  .'' 

During  this  long  course  of  solicitation  he  sup- 
]iorted  himself,  in  part,  by  making  maps  and 
charts,  and  was  occasionally  assisted  by  the  purst 
of  the  worthy  friar  Diego  de  Deza.  It  is  due  to 
the  sovereigns  to  say,  also,  that  whenever  he  w.ns 
summoned  to  follow  the  movements  ol  the  court, 
or  to  attend  any  a|)])ointed  consultation,  he  was 
attached  to  the  roy.il  suite,  and  lodgings  were 
provided  for  him  and  sums  issued  to  defray  his 
expenses.  Memorandums  of  several  of  these 
sums  still  exist  in  the-  book  ol  accounts  (>t  the  roy- 
al treasurer,  Francisco  ( ionz.ilez,  ol  .Seville,  which 
has  lately  been  found  in  the  an  hives  of  Simancas; 
and  it  is  from  these  minutes  that  we  have  been 
enabled,  in  some  degree,  to  follow  the  movements 
of  Columbus  during  his  attendance  ii|)on  this 
rambling  and  w.irlike  court. 

During  all  tiis  time  he  w.is  exposed  to  contin- 
ual scoffs  and  indignities,  being  ridiculed  by  the 
light  and  ignorant  as  a  nn.'re  dre.imer,  and  stigm.-i- 
tized  by  the  illiber.d  ;is  an  adventurer.  The  very 
children,  it  is  said,  |)ointed  to  their  toreheads  as  he 
])assed,  l)eing  taugiu  to  reg.ird  him  as  a  kind  oi 
madman. 

The  summer  of  I4<p  jjassed  away,  but  still  Co- 
lumbus was  kejit  in  tantalizing  and  tormenting; 
suspense.  The  subsetpient  winter  was  not  more 
pro])iti()us.  He  w,is  lingering  at  Cordova  in  a 
state  of  irrit.ating  anxiety,  when  he  learnt  that  the 
sovereigns  were  ])re|iaring  to  (le])art  on  a  cam- 
jiaign  in  the  \'ega  of  (H'anada,  with  i  determina- 
tion never  to  raise  their  camp  Irom  belore  th.it  city 
until  their  victorious  banners  should  lloat  upon  its 
towers. 

Columbus  was  aware  that  when  once  the  cam- 
paign w;is  opened  and  the  soven  igns  were  in  the 
tiehi,  it  would  bt'  in  v.iin  to  expect  any  attention 
to  his  suit.  He  was  wearied,  it  not  incensed,  at 
the  repeated  posti)onem('nts  he  had  experienced, 
by  which  several  years  had  been  consumed.  He 
now  pressed  for  a  decisive  reply  with  an  earnest- 
ness that  wouhl  not  admit  of  t'vasion.  I't'rnando 
de  Talavera,  therefore,  was  called  ni)on  by  the 
sovereigns  to  hold  a  definitive  conference  with  the 
scientitic  men  to  whom  the  ])roject  had  been  re- 
ferred, ;ind  to  make  a  report  ol  their  decision. 
The  bishop  tardily  complied,  and  at  length  re- 
ported to  their  r,iajesties,  as  the  general  opinion 
of  the  Junto,  that  the  jjroposed  sciieme  was  v.iin 
and  im|)ossible,  and  that  it  did  not  become  sui.ii 
great  princes  to  engage  in  an  enterprise  of  the 
kind  on  ..nch  weak  grounds  as  had  been  ad- 
vanced.* 

Notwithstanding  this  unfavorable  rei>ort,  the 
sovereigns  were  unwilling  to  close  the  door  ujion 
a  project  which  might  be  |)rodiictive  of  such  im- 
portant advantages.  Many  of  the  learned  mem- 
l)ers  of  the  Junto  also  were  in  its  lavor,  particu- 
larly Fray  Diego  de  Deza,  tutor  to  I'rince  Juan, 
who  from  his  situation  and  clerical  character  h.iil 
access  to  the  royal  ear,  ;ind  exerlefl  himselt  stren- 
uously in  counteract. ng  the  decision  of  the  board. 

*  Hist,  del  Almirante,  cap.  2. 


Ade 

grow 

men, 

tome 

there 

Vhii 

and 

for 

prise 

Wouh 

him 

Tl 
in.'inv 
tion, 
to  rei 
court 
the 
same, 
the 
when 
War. 

Co  I 
ment 
por'ui 
Sition- 
by  th 
Renoi 
vague 
pointii 
from  t 
indigii 
cut  of 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGES   OF   COLUMBUS. 


29 


;  dauglUiT,  the  Princess 
)()n  Aloiuo,  heir  appar. 
lials  Wert:  t'elehrale'l  in 
•xUaurdiiiary  s|)len(l()r. 
inter  and  spiin}^  the 
tumult  ol  parade  and 
IS  to  he  seen  at  Sevilk 
and  ton  hlii;ht  proccs- 
li  Colunihus  ot  heing 
ic  uproars  oi  war  and 

3  of  solicitation  he  sup. 
by  nialNinjj  ntajjs  and 
iy  assisted  hy  the  |Hirsc 
>  de  iJe/a.  It  is  due  to 
that  whenever  he  was 
lovements  ol  the  court, 
:d  consultation,  he  was 
te,  and  lod.ujini^s  were 
ns  issued  to  delray  his 
s  of  several  ot  these 
ol  accounts  (,t  the  rov- 
1/alez,  ol  Seville,  which 
'  arc  hives  ol  Simancas; 
utes  that  we  ha\e  been 
)  tollow  the  movements 
attendance  ii|)oii  this 
t. 

k.is  ex|)nsed  to  contin- 
)ein<c  ridiculed  hy  the 
■e  dreamer,  and  sti}:;nia- 
adventurer.  'I'he  \iTv 
to  their  toreheads  as  he 
j},Mrd  liim  as  a  kind  ci 

sed  away,  but  still  Co- 
di/inj(  and  lornientini; 
:  winter  was  not  more 
rinj^r  ;u  Cordova  in  a 
vhen  he  learnt  that  the 
to  depart  on  a  cam- 
da,  with  i  determina- 
Ironi  belore  that  city 
should  tloat  ujwn  its 

when  mice  the  cam- 
ivert  igns  were  in  the 
expect  any  attention 
I,  it  not  incensed,  ai 
he  had  experienced. 
)ecn  consumed.  lie 
.■|)ly  with  an  earnest- 

t  evasion,      l-'ernando 

s  called  upon  by  the 
e  conterence  with  the 
]>roiect  had  been  re- 

)ort  ol  their  decision, 
d,    and   at  lentjth  re- 

s  the  j^eneral  o|)inion 
>rd  scheme  was  vain 
did  not  become  such 
an  enterprise  of  the 
s   as    had   been  ad- 

f.uorable  re|x)rt,  the 
)  close  the  door  upon 
rodnctive  ot  such  ini- 
ot  the  learned  meni- 
n  its  t.ivor,  jiarticu- 
tutor  to  Prince  Juan, 
leric.il  character  had 
■xertcfl  himself  stren- 
lecision  ot  the  i)oard. 


A  degree  of  consideration,  also,  had  pradualiy 
grown  up  at  court  for  the  enterprise,  and  many 
men,  distinguished  for  rank  and  merit,  had  f)e- 
tome  its  advocates.  Fernando  de  Talavera, 
therefore,  was  commanded  to  inform  Columbus, 
V-1ki  was  still  at  Cordova,  that  the  great  cares 
«nd  exjit  nse-.  of  the  wars  rendered  it  impossilde 
for  the  .sc  -..cit^MS  to  engage  in  any  new  enter- 
arise  ;  bu;  that  when  the  war  was  concluded  they 
^«vould  ha\e  both  time  and  inclination  to  treat  with 
him  about  what  he  |iro])osed.* 

This  w.is  but  ;i  starved  reply  to  receive  after  so 
many  days  ot  w.-ary  attendance,  .mxious  expecta- 
tion, anddeterred  hope  ;  Columbus  was  unwilling 
to  receive  it  ot  second  hand,  and  rejjaired  to  the 
court  at  .Seville  to  learn  his  fate  from  the  lips  of 
the  sovereigns.  Their  reply  was  virtually  I'-.c 
•anie,  declining  to  engage  in  the  enterprise  tor 
the  prcscrt,  but  holding  out  ho|)es  of  patronage 
when  relieved  from  the  cares  and  expenses  of  the 
war. 

Coluin!)US  looked  u|)on  this  indefinite  postpone- 
ment as  a  mere  courtly  mode  of  evading  his  im- 
portunitN,  and  supposed  that  the  favorable  dispo- 
sitions ol  the  sovereigns  had  been  counteracted 
by  the  objections  of  the  ignorant  and  bigoted. 
Renouncing  ail  further  confidence,  therefore,  in 
vague  promises,  which  had  so  often  led  to  disap- 

J (ointment,  .and  giving  up  all  hopes  of  countenance 
rom  the  throne,  he  turned  his  back  U|)on  Seville, 
Indignant  ;>'  the  thoughts  of  having  been  beguiled 
out  ot  so  many  precious  years  of  waning  existence. 


CHAPTER  V. 

COI.U.MIIUS    AT   THE    CONVKNT   OK    LA    RABIUA. 

Aliol'T  half  a  league  from  the  little  seaport  of 
Palos  'le  Moguer  in  Andalusia  there  stood,  and 
continues  to  stantl  at  the  present  day,  an  ancient 
convent  ol  Franciscan  fri.trs,  dedicated  to  .S.inta 
■M.iria  de  Kabida.  One  day  a  str.ingeron  foot,  in 
humble  guise  but  of  a  distinguished  air,  accom- 
panied by  a  small  boy,  stopjied  at  the  gate  of  the 
convent,  and  asked  of  the  porter  a  little  bread  and 
Water  for  hU  child.  W'liile  receiving  this  hum- 
ble retreshment,  the  prior  of  the  convent,  Juan 
Perez  de  Marchena,  h.ippening  'o  pass  by,  was 
Struck  with  the  appearance  of  the  stranger,  and 
observing  from  his  air  and  accent  that  he  w.is  a 
foreigner,  entered  into  conversation  with  him,  and 
Boon  learned  the  particulars  ot  his  story.  Th.it 
Strang'-r  was  Columbus. t  He  w.is  on  his  way  t ) 
the  neighboring  town  of  Iluelv.i,  to  seek  his 
brother-in-law,  who  had  married  a  sister  of  his 
dece.ised  v'ife.J 

The  prior  was  a  man  of  extensive  inforriation. 
His  .iltention  had  been  turned  in  some  mv:  sure  to 

feograpliic.il  and  nautical  science,  probably  from 
is  vicniiiy  to  Palos,  the  inhabitants  of  whicl'i  were 


*  Hi'.i.  rlel  Almiiante,  cap.  2. 
•  +  "  i-o  dichn  .Mmirante  Colon  venienuo.-i la  Rabida. 
«iue  es  un  monuslerio  <le  frailes  en  esta  villa,  el  qu«l 
.demarido  ;i  la  porteria  que  le  diesen  para  aquel 
nink(j,  que  era  nino,  pan  i  a^ua  que  beblese. "  The 
testimony  of  (i.ircia  Fernancicz  exists  In  manuscript 
"BiiionR  the  nmltifarious  writin^js  of  the  Pleito  or  lavv- 
Buit,  vvlii.  h  .ire  preserved  at  .Seville.  I  have  made 
,|ise  of  an  authenticated  extract,  copied  for  the  late 
historian,  Juan  Baut.  MuHoz. 

I  Probably  Pedro  Correo,  alreadym  entionerl,  from 
Whom  he  had  received  information  of  signs  of  land  in 
the  west,  observed  near  Puerto  Santo. 


among  the  most  enterprising  navigators  of  .Spain, 
and  made  fre(|Uent  voyages  to  the  recently  discov- 
ered islands  and  countries  on  the  African  coast. 
He  was  greatly  interested  by  the  cc-nversation  of 
Columbus,  and  struck  with  the  grandeur  of  his 
views.  It  was  a  remark.ible  occurrence  in  the 
monotonous  life  of  the  cloister,  to  have  a  man  of 
such  singular  chaiaciir,  intent  on  so  extraordi- 
nary an  enterprise,  appiv  ing  for  bread  ;iiu]  water 
at  the  g.ite  ot  his  convent. 

When  he  found,  howcvei',  that  the  voyager  was 
on  the  point  of  al),indi)iiiiig  Spain  to  seek  |)atron- 
age  in  il-.e  court  ot  I'" ranee,  and  that  so  imixirtant 
.in  enter|)rise  was  about  to  lu;  lost  toiever  to  the 
country,  the  patriotism  ot  the  good  iriar  took  the 
alarm,  tie  det.iined  Columlnis  as  his  guest,  and, 
ditlident  of  his  own  ji;dgmeiit,  sent  lor  a  scientific 
friend  to  converse  with  him.  'I'h.it  triend  was 
(larcia  l''ern.indez,  ;i  ])hysiii.in  resident  in  Palos, 
the  same  who  furnishes  this  interesting  testimony. 
Fern.indez  was  eqii.ill/  struck  with  the  .ippear- 
ance  and  conversation  ol  the  stranger  ;  sever.il 
conferences  took  ])lace  at  the  convent,  at  ^vhich 
several  of  the  veteran  mariners  of  Palos  were 
present.  Among  these  was  Martin  Alon/o  Pinzon, 
the  head  of  a  family  of  wealthy  and  experienced 
navigators  of  the  place,  celebrated  lor  their  ad- 
venturous expeditions.  I'.icts  were  rtdated  by 
some  of  these  n.ivig.itors  in  support  of  the  theory 
of  Columbus.  In  a  word,  his  ])roject  was  eateil 
with  a  deference  in  the  (juiet  cloisters  ol  I,a 
Kabida,  and  among  tl.e  seat.iring  men  of  Palos, 
which  had  been  sought  in  vain  among  llu;  sages 
.111(1  philoso|)hers  ot  the  lourt.  .M.irtiii  .Monzo 
Pinzon  especi.illy  was  so  convinced  ot  its  feasibil- 
ity that  he  offered  to  eng.ige  in  it  witli  purse  ,ind 
person,  and  to  bear  the  ex|ienses  of  Columbus  in 
a  renewed  application  to  the  court. 

Friar  Juan  Perez  w.is  conllrmcd  in  his  faith  by 
the  concurrence  of  those  learned  and  ])ractical 
councillors.  He  had  once  been  contessor  to  the 
(|Ueen,  and  knew  that  she  was  alw.iys  .accessible 
to  persons  of  his  sacred  calling,  lie  ])roposed  to 
wriie  to  her  immedi.itely  on  the  subject,  .and  en- 
treated Columbus  to  delay  his  journey  until  an 
answer  could  be  received.  The  latter  was  easily 
jiersuaded,  tor  ht  felt  as  if,  in  leaving  Sp.iin,  he 
was  ag.iin  ab.indoning  his  home,  lie  was  also 
reluctant  to  renew,  in  another  court,  the  vexations 
.md  disap])ointmeiUs  experienced  in  Spain  and 
Portug.il. 

'l"he  little  council  at  tlie  convent  of  I.,i  I^abida 
now  cast  round  tlieir  eyes  lor  an  .i;nl).issador  to 
dep.irt  upon  this  moim'iuou.i  mission.  They 
chose  one  Sebastian  Kodrigue/,  a  pilot  of  Lepe, 
one  of  the  most  shrewd  and  import.int  |iersonages 
in  this  maritime  ncij^hborhoixl.  'I'he  (pieen  was 
at  this  time  at  Sant.i  \-\'\  the  military  city  which 
had  been  built  in  tin;  \'eg.i  before  (Iran.ida,  after 
the  conll.igralion  of  the  roy.il  cini,..  'I'he  honest 
pilot  ac(|uitted  himself  tiitldullv,  expeditiouslv, 
and  successiully,  in  l-.is  embassv.  lie  found  ac- 
cess to  the  ber.ignant  princess,  and  delivered  the 
epistle  of  the  fri.ir.  Isabella  had  always  been  fa- 
vorably disposed  to  the  jiropositioii  ot  (Jolumbus. 
She  wrote  in  reply  to  ju.in  Perez,  tli.mking  him 
for  h'  timely  services,  .and  reipiesting  that  he 
would  rep.iir  immedi.itely  to  the  court,  leaving 
Christopher  Columbus  in  C(nitklent  hope  ui'iil  he 
should  he.ir  further  troni  her.  This  rov.il  letter 
W.IS  brought  b.ick  by  the  pilot  at  the  end  of  four- 
teen d.tys,  and  spread  great  [oy  in  the  little  junto 
at  the  convent.  No  sooner  (bd  the  warm-hearted 
friar  receive  it,  than  he  saddled  his  luile,  and  fle- 
partcd  privately,   before  midnight,  for  llie  court. 


if 


80 


LIFE  AND   VOYAGES   OF   COLUMBUS. 


,!         ,. 


n 


'■ 


1 


m 


He  journeyed  throir^h  the  conquered  countries  ot 
the  Moois,  and  rode  into  the  newly-erected  city  ot 
Santa  Fe,  wjieie  the  s()verei;;ns  were  superintend- 
inj(  the  close  investment  ot  the  capital  ot  (Iranada. 

The  sacred  ollice  ot  Juan  I'erez  j^ained  him  a 
ready  entrance  in  a  court  distinguished  for  relij^- 
ious  zeal  ;  and,  once  admitted  to  the  presence  of 
the  (|ueen,  his  former  relation,  as  father  confessor, 
gave  liini  great  liiedom  ot  counsel.  He  pleaded 
the  cause  ol  Columbus  with  characteristic  enthu- 
siasm, speaking  from  .actual  knowledge  of  his 
honor.ihle  motives,  his  professional  knowledge 
and  experience,  and  his  perfect  capacity  to  fullil 
the  undertaking  ;  he  represented  the  solid  princi- 
ples upon  which  the  enterprise  was  founded,  the 
advant.ige  th.it  must  attend  its  success,  and  the 
glory  it  must  shed  upon  the  .Sp.inish  crown.  It  is 
probable  th.it  Isabella  had  ne\'er  heard  the  propo- 
sition urged  with  such  honest  zeal  and  im|)ressive 
elo(|uence.  ISeing  n.iturally  more  sanguine  and 
susceptible  tli;in  the  king,  and  more  open  to  warm 
and  generous  im|)ulses,  she  was  moved  by  the 
rei)resenl.itions  of  Ju.in  I'erez,  which  were  w.irmly 
seconded  by  her  laNorite,  the  .Marchioness  of 
Moy.'i,  who  entered  into  theaff.iir  with  a  woman's 
disinteresti'd  enthusi.ism.*  The  queen  reciuested 
that  Columbus  might  be  .again  sent  to  her,  and, 
with  the  kind  considfr.ileness  which  characterized 
her,  bethinking  herself  ot  his  poverty,  and  his 
humble  plight,  ordered  that  twenty  thousand 
maravediesf  in  llorins  should  be  forwarded  ti) 
liim,  to  bear  his  tr.i\elling  expenses,  to  ])rovide 
him  with  a  mule  for  his  journey,  and  to  furnish 
him  with  decent  raiment,  that  he  might  make  a 
res|)ectable  a|)pe,irance  .at  the  court. 

The  worthy  friar  lost  no  time  in  communicat- 
ing the  result  of  his  mission  ;  he  transmitted  tho 
money,  and  a  letter,  by  the  hands  of  an  inh.ib- 
itant  of  I'alos,  to  the  physician  Ciarcia  Fernandez, 
who  delivered  them  to  Columbus.  The  latter 
complied  with  the  instructions  conveyed  in  the 
epistle.  He  exchanged  his  threadbare  garb  foi 
one  more  suited  to  the  sphere  of  a  court,  .ind, 
purch.ising  a  mule,  set  out  once  more,  reanima- 
ted by  hopes,  for  the  camp  before  Granada.]: 


Cn.M'lKIi    VI. 
APPi-ic.Aiinx   ■]■()    riii;  corur   ,\t  tmi;  time  oi' 

rili:   SLRKK.MIKR    (JF   tlKANAUA. 

1>49^-1 

Whkn  Columbus  arrived  at  the  c  lUrt,  he  ex- 
perienced a  tavoial)le  reception,  and  was  gi\en  in 
hos|)itable  ch.irge  to  his  ste.idy  friend  Alon/o  de 
Quint.-inilla,  the  accountant-general.  The  mo- 
ment, however,  w.is  too  eventful  for  his  business 
to  receive  immediate  ailention.  Hj  arrived  in 
time  to  witness  the  memorable  surrender  of  Cira- 
nada  to  the  .Spanish  arms.  He  beheld  lioabdil, 
the  last  of  the  Moorish  kings,  s.ally  forth  fi,<m  tlie 
Alhambra,  and  yield  up  the  keys  of  that  favorite 
seatot  Moorish  power  ;  while  the  king  and  <|ueen, 
with  all  the  chivalry  .md  rank  and  magnihcence 
of  Spain,  moved   forw.ird   in    proud   and   solemn 

*  Retrato  del  Uiicn  X'ass.illn.  lib.  ii.  cap.  if). 

f  Or  72  (lolKirs,  and  equivalent  to  2i0  dollars  of 
the  present  tlay. 

I  Most  of  the  p.irticulars  of  this  visit  of  CoUimlius 
to  the  convent  of  l,a  Rnbida  are  from  the  testimony 
rendercil  by  Garcia  I'ernandcz  in  llie  laws-jit  between 
Diego,  the  son  of  Columbus,  and  the  crown. 


procession,  to  receive  this  token  of  sid)mission. 
It  was  one  of  the  most  brilliant  triumphs  in  Span- 
ish history.  After  near  eight  hundred  ye.irsoi 
painful  struggle,  the  crescent  was  completely  l  i.,; 
down,  the  cross  e.xaltc'd  in  its  jihice,  and  the  stand- 
ard of  .Sp.iin  w.is  seen  floating  on  the  highei,: 
tower  of  the  Alhambra.  The  whole  court  ant 
army  were  abandoned  to  jubilee.  The  ;iir  rt- 
sounded  with  shouts  of  joy,  with  songs  of  triuinpii, 
and  hymns  of  thanksgiving.  On  every  side  were 
beheld  milit.iry  rejoicings  and  religious  obl.itions; 
for  it  was  considered  a  triumph,  not  merely  0: 
arms,  but  of  Christianity.  The  king  and  queer, 
moved  in  the  midst,  in  more  than  common  ni.ii;. 
niticence,  while  every  eye  regarded  them  as  ninre 
than  mortal  ;  as  if  sent  by  Heaven  for  the  salva- 
tion and  building  up  of  Sjiain.*  The  court  was 
thronged  by  the  most  illustrious  of  that  warlike 
country,  and  stirring  era  ;  by  the  flower  of  its 
nobility,  by  the  most  dignified  of  its  ])relacy,  by 
bards  and  minstrels,  and  all  the  retinue  of  a  ro- 
mantic  and  i)icturesque  ;ige.  There  was  notliin; 
but  the  glittering  of  .arms,  the  rustling  of  rohts, 
the  sound  of  music  .md  festi\ity. 

Do  we  want  a  |)ii  ture  of  our  navig.itor  during 
this  brilliant  and  triumphant  scene  ?  It  is  fur- 
nished by  a  Spanish  writer.  "  A  man  obscure 
.and  but  little  known  followed  at  this  time  the 
court.  Confounded  in  the  crowd  of  importunate 
ap|)licants,  feeding  his  imagination  in  the  corners 
of  antechambers  with  the  pompous  project  ot  dis- 
covering a  world,  melancholy  and  dejected  in  the 
midst  ot  the  gener.il  rejoicing,  he  beheld  with  in- 
difference, and  almost  with  contemiU,  the  coniju- 
sion  of  a  concjuest  which  swelled  all  bosoms  with 
jubilee,  and  seemed  to  have  reached  the  Mtninst 
bounds  of  desire.  Tiiat  man  was  Christoplicr 
Columbus."  t 

The  moment  had  now  arrived,  however,  when 
the  mon.irchs  stood  pledged  to  attend  to  his  pro- 
posals. The  war  with  the  Moors  w;is  ;it  an  end. 
.Spain  was  delivered  from  its  intruders,  and  its 
sovereigns  might  securely  turn  their  vi(;ws  to  for- 
eign enterprise.  They  kept  their  word  with  Co- 
lumbus. Persons  of  confidence  were  appointed  to 
negotiate  with  him,  among  whom  w.is  I'ern.uuio 
de  Talavera,  who,  by  the  recent  coiujuest,  li.ad 
risen  to  be  .-Vrchbisliop  of  (ir.mada.  At  the  verv 
outset  of  their  negotiation,  however,  unexpected 
difliculties  arose.  .So  fully  imbued  w;is  Columbus 
with  the  grandeur  of  his  enterprise,  that  he  would 
listen  to  none  but  princely  conditions.  His  prin- 
cip.al  stipulation  was,  that  he  should  be  invested 
with  the  titles  and  p';i\'ileges  of  .admiral  and  vice- 
roy over  the  countries  he  should  discovcT,  with 
one  tenth  of  all  gains,  either  by  trade  or  coiujucsi. 
The  courtit^rs  who  treated  with  him  were  indii;- 
nant  at  such  a  dem.ind.  Their  pride  was  shocked 
to  see  one,  whom  they  had  considered  as  .1  nct'dv 
adventurer,  aspiring  to  rank  and  dignities  supe- 
rior to  their  own.  One  (d)serve(l  with  a  sneer 
that  it  was  a  shrewd  arrangement  which  he  jiro- 
posed,  whereby  he  was  secure,  at  all  events,  1: 
the  honor  of  a  command,  and  h.id  nothing  to  ln-- 
in  case  of  failure.  To  this  Columbus  uroniiJtA 
replied,  by  offering  to  furnish  one  eight'i  of  the 
cost,  on  condition  of  enjoving  an  eiglu'i  of  th 
jirotits.  To  do  this,  he  no  doubt  c.dcul.ited  on  tlie 
Droffered  assistance  of  Martin  Alonzo  I'inzon,  the| 
wealthy  navigator  of  I'alos. 

His  terms,  however,  were  pronounced  inadmissi-^- 
f)le.   Fernando  de  Talavera  hail  always  considers: 


*  Mariana,  Hist,  de  Espafla,  lil).  xxv.  cap.  i.S. 
f  Clemencin,  Elogio  de  la  Reina  Catolica,  p.  20. 


-^ 


5  token  of  submission. 
iaiit  triumplis  in  S|)an- 
:ij^lu  luindrfd  vtiirsoi 
•nt  was  coinplfttfly  i  is: 
IS  [)l;icf ,  and  the  slaiid- 
oatiii^  on   the    hifjhcs! 

The  whole  court  and 
)  jubilee.  The  air  re- 
,  with  songs  of  triumph, 
f.  On  every  side  were 
md  relifjious  oblations: 
riuniph,  not    merely  o: 

The  kinfj  and  queer, 
re  than  common  niai;- 
refrartled  them  as  more 
,■  Heaven  for  the  salva- 
ijiain.*  The  court  was 
strious  of  that  warlike 
;  by  the  tlower  of  its 
nitied  of  its  |)relacy,  by 
all  the  retinue  of  a  ro- 
e.  There  was  noihin; 
;,  the  rustling;-  ol  rohes 
tivity. 

)t  our  na\'ij;alor  diirins; 
lant  scene  ?  It  is  tur- 
ter.  "  A  man  obscure 
owed  at  this  lime  the 
•i  crowd  of  importuiiait 
affiliation  in  the  corners 
pompous  project  of  (lis- 
loly  and  dejected  in  the 
infr,  lit;  fieheld  with  in- 
II  contem|)t,  the  coiirlu- 
swelled  all  bosoms  with 
ave  reached  the  utiimst 

man    was  Christopher 

irrived,  however,  when 
to  attend  to  his  pro- 
Moors  was  at  an  end, 
its  intruders,  and  its 
rn  their  vittws  to  for- 
their  word  with  Co- 
nce  were  appointed  to 
whom  w.is  I'ernando 
recent  conquest,  had 
ranada.  ,At  the  very 
however,  unex|)ectc(. 
mbued  was  Columbus 
terprise,  that  he  would 
onditions.  His  prin- 
he  should  be  invested 
of  admiral  and  vice- 
liould  discover,  with 
by  trade  or  coiujuesi 
with  him  were  iiidig- 
eir  pride  was  shocked 
nsidered  as  a  needy 
and  difjiiities  supe- 
iserved  with  a  sneer 
ement  which  he  pro- 
lire,  at  all  events,  f! 
il  had  nothing'  to  ln« 
Columbus  iiroinptly 
isli  one  eight'i  of  the 
ntf  an  eiglu'i  of  thi 
lubt  calculated  on  tlv: 
n  Alonzo  I'inzon,  the 


ironounced  inadmiss;- 
uul  always  considered 

lib.  x\v.  cap.  iS. 
leina  Catolica,  p.  20.     ^2 


Wt  ^AATERSKILl  IRVf.Ne 


COpyr,(jht   taai   ty   PO-LAROaMOSS 


LIFE  AND  VOYAGES   OF  COLUMBUS. 


31 


olumbus  a  dreaminp  speculator,  or  a  needy  ap- 
licant  for  liread  ;  but  to  see  this  man,  who  had 
Jr  years  been  an  indifjent  and  threadbare  solicit- 
in  his  antechamber,  assuminj^f  so  lofty  a  tone, 
id  claiminjj  an  otfice  that  approached   to    the 
viu\  dijjnily  of  the  throne,  excited  the  astonish- 
lent  as   well   as  the  indifjrvation  of  the   prelate, 
|e   represented  to  Isabella  that  it  would  be  de- 
j-adinfr  to  the  dijjnity  of  so  illustrious  a  crown  to 
ivish  such  distinjruished  honors  upon  a  nameless 
Iranger.     Such  terms,  he  observed,  even  in  case 
I  success,  would  be  exorbitant ;    but  in  case  of 
lilure,  would  be  cited  with  ridicule,  as  evidence 
1  the  t^ross  credulity  of  the  Spanish  monarchs. 
[lsai)eila  was  always  attentive  to  the  opinions  of 
6r  Kbosliy  advisers,  and  the  archbishop  being 
er  confessor,  had  peculiar  influence.     His  suij- 
^stions  checked  her  dawning  favor.    She  thought 
proi)osed  advantages  might  be  purchased  at 
tOD   great   a   price.      More   moderate   conditions 
l»!ere  offered  to  Columbus,  and  such  as  appeared 
Ughly  honorable  and  advantageous.     It  was  all 
'  ^vain  :  he  would  not  cede  one  point  of  his  de- 
inds,  and  the  negotiation  was  broken  off. 
It  is   impossible   not  to  admire  the  great  con- 
Incy  of  purpose  and  loftiness  of  spirit  displayed 
Columbus,  ever  since  he   had  conceived    the 
_^  lime  idea  of  his  discovery.     More  than  eigh- 
i|en  years  had  elapsed  since  his  correspondence 
KiSthFaulo  Toscanelli  of  Florence,   wherein    he 
laid  announced  his  design.     The  greatest  part  of 
tkat  time  had  been  consumed  in  applications  at 
inirious  courts.     During  that  period,   what  pov- 
^y,  neglect,  ridicule,  contumely,  and  disappoint- 
IBent  had   he   no.  suffered  !     Nothing,   however, 
could  shake  his  perseverance,  nor  make  him  de- 

Send  to  terms  which  he  considered  beneath  the 
gnity  of  his  enterprise.     In  all  his  negotiations 
lie   forgot  his   present  obscurity  ;    he   forgot   his 

Sesent  indigence  ;  his  ardent  imagination  realized 
e  magnitude  of  his  contemplated  discoveries, 
id  he  felt  himself  negotiating  about  empire. 
Though  so  large  a  portion  of  his  life  had  worn 
»way  in  fruitless  solicitings  ;  though  there  was  no 
Certainty  that  the  same  weary  career  was  not  to 
^  entered  U])on  at  any  other  court  ;  yet  so  indig- 
nant was  he  at  the  repeated  disappointments  he 
1(1  experienced  in  Spain,  that  he  determined  to 
bandon  it  forever,  rather  than  compromise  his 
emands.  Taking  leave  of  his  friends,  therefore, 
mounted  his  mule,  and  sallied  forth  from  Santa 
in  the  beginning  of  February,  1492,  on  his  way 
Corilova,  wiience  he  intended  to  depart  imme- 
lately  for  France. 
When  the  few  friends  who  were  zealous  believ- 
in  the  theory  of  Columbus  saw  him  really  on 
le  point  of  abandoning  the  country,  they  were 
lied  with  distress,  considering  his  departure  an 
repara!)le  loss  to  the  nation.  Among  the  num- 
er  was  Luis  de  St.  Angel,  receiver  of  the  ecclesi- 
ttical  revenues  in  Arragon.  Determined  if  pos- 
|bie  to  avert  the  evil,  he  obtained  an  immediate 
iidience  of  the  queen,  accomi)anied  by  Alonzo  de 
jintanilla.  The  exigency  of  the  moment  gave 
Im  courage  and  eloquence.  He  did  not  confine 
Iniself  to  entreaties,  but  almost  mingled  re- 
foaches,  expressing  astonishment  that  a  queen 
tio  had  evinced  the  spirit  to  undertake  so  many 
:at  and  perilous  enterprises,  should  hesitate  at 
|je  where  the  loss  coulcl  be  so  trifling,  v.-hile  the 
^in  might  be  incalculable.  He  reminded  her 
(>w  much  might  be  done  for  the  glory  of  God, 
exaltation  of  the  church,  and  the  extension  of 
tr  own  power  and  dominion.  What  cause  of 
jret  to  herself,  of  triumph  to  ner  enemies,  of 


sorrow  to  her  friends,  should  this  enterprise,  thus 
rejected  by  her,  be  accomjilishcd  by  some  other 
power  !  He  reminded  her  what  fame  and  domin- 
ion other  princes  had  a((|uired  by  their  discover- 
ies ;  here  was  an  opportunity  to  surpass  them  all. 

lie  entreated  her  majesty  not  to  he  misled  by 
the  assertions  of  learned  men,  that  the  project 
was  the  dream  of  a  visionary.  He  vindic.ited  the 
judgment  of  Columbus,  and  the  soundness  and 
practicability  of  his  plans.  Neither  would  even 
his  failure  rellect  disgrace  upon  the  crown.  It 
was  worth  the  trouble  and  expense  to  clear  up 
even  a  doubt  upon  a  m.itter  of  such  importance, 
for  it  belonged  to  enlightened  and  magn.mimous 
princes  to  investigate  (piestions  of  the  kind,  and 
to  explore  the  wonders  and  secrets  of  the  universe. 
He  stated  the  liberal  offer  of  Colundius  to  bear  an 
eighth  of  the  expense,  and  informed  her  tiiat  all 
the  requisites  for  this  great  eiUeriirise  consisted 
but  of  two  vessels  and  about  three  thousand 
crowns. 

These  and  many  more  arguments  were  urged 
with  that  persuasive  jiower  which  honest  zeal  im- 
parts, and  it  is  said  the  Marchioness  of  Moya, 
who  was  present,  exerted  her  elociuence  to  per- 
suade the  queen.  The  generous  spirit  of  Isabella 
was  enkindled.  It  seemed  as  if,  for  the  first  time, 
the  subject  broke  upon  her  mind  in  its  real  gran- 
deur, and  she  <leclared  her  resolution  to  under- 
take the  enterprise. 

There  was  still  a  moment's  hesitation.  The 
king  looked  coldly  on  the  affair,  and  the  royal 
tinances  were  absolutely  drained  by  the  war. 
Some  time  must  be  given  to  replenish  them. 
How  could  she  draw  on  an  exhausted  treasury  for 
a  measure  to  which  the  king  was  adverse  !  St. 
Angel  watched  this  suspense  with  trembling  anxi- 
ety. The  next  moment  reassured  him.  With  an 
enthusiasm  worthy  of  herself  and  of  the  cause, 
Isabella  exclaimecl,  "  I  undertake  the  enterjirise 
for  my  own  crown  of  Castile,  and  will  jiledge  my 
jewels  to  raise  the  necessary  funds."  This  was 
the  jiroudest  moment  in  the  life  of  Isabella  ;  it 
stamped  her  renown  forever  as  the  patroness  of 
the  discovery  of  the  New  World. 

St.  Angel,  ea^er  to  secure  this  noble  impulse, 
assured  her  majesty  that  there  would  be  no  need 
of  pledging  her  jewels,  as  he  was  ready  to  advance 
the  necessary  funds.  His  offer  was  gladly  ac- 
cepted ;  the  funds  really  came  from  the  coffers  of 
Arragon  ;  seventeen  thousand  llorins  were  ad- 
vanced by  the  accountant  of  .St.  Angel  out  or  the 
treasury  of  King  Ferdinand.  That  prudent  mon- 
arch, however,  took  care  to  have  his  kingdom  in- 
demnified somefewyears  afterward  ;  for  in  remu- 
neration of  this  loan,  a  part  of  the  first  gold 
brought  by  Columbus  from  the  New  World,  was 
employed  in  gilding  the  vaults  and  ceilings  of  the 
royal  saloon  in  the  grand  palace  of  .Saragoza,  in 
Arragon,  anciently  the  Aljateria,  or  abode  of  the 
Moorish  kings.* 

Columbus  had  pursued  his  lonely  journey  across 
the  \'ega  and  reached  the  bridge  of  I'inos,  about 
two  leagues  from  Granada,  at  the  foot  of  the 
mount  lin  of  Elvira,  a  jiass  famous  in  the  Moor- 
ish wars  for  many  a  desperate  encounter  between 
the  Christians  and  infidels.  Here  he  was  over- 
tpken  by  a  courier  from  the  queen,  spurring  in  all 
speed,  who  summoned  him  to  return  to  .Santa  F^. 
He  hesitated  for  a  moment,  being  loath  to  subject 
himself  again  to  the  delays  and  eciuivocations  of 
the  court ;  when  informed,  however,  of  the  sud- 
den zeal  for  the  enterprise  excited  in  the  mind  of 

*  Argensola  Anales  de  Arragon,  lib.  i.  cap.  10. 


89 


LIFE  AND   VOYAGES   OF  COLUMBUS. 


,  ■  ! 


lil'^ 


the  queen,  and  the  positive  promise  she  had  given 
to  underlai<e  it,  he  no  longer  felt  a  douht,  but, 
turning  the  reins  of  his  mule,  hastened  back,  with 
joyful  alacrity  Ic  Santa  Fe  confiding  in  the  noble 
probity  of  that  princess. 


CHAPTER   VII. 

ARRANOF.MF.NT  WITH  THE  SPANISH  SOVEREIGNS 
—PREPARATIONS  FOR  THE  EXPEDITION  AT  THE 
PORT   OF   PAI.OS, 

1 1492.] 

On  arriving  at  Santa  F^,  Columbus  had  an  im- 
mediate audience  of  tlic  queen,  and  the  benignity 
with  which  she  received  him  atoned  for  all  past 
neglect.  Through  deference  to  the  zeal  she  thus 
suddenly  displayed,  the  king  yielded  his  tardy  con- 
currence, i)ut  Isabella  was  the  soul  of  this  j^rand 
enterprise.  She  was  prompted  by  lofty  and  gen- 
erous enthusiasm,  wiiile  the  king  proved  cold  and 
calculating  in  tiiis  as  in  all  his  other  undertak- 
ings. 

A  perfect  understanding  being  thus  effected 
with  the  sovereigns,  articles  of  agreement  were 
ordered  to  be  drawn  out  by  Juan  de  Coloma, 
the  royal  secretary.  They  were  to  the  following 
effect : 

1.  That  Columbus  siiould  have,  for  himself  dur- 
ing his  life,  and  his  heirs  and  successors  forever, 
the  ofilice  of  admiral  in  all  the  lands  and  conti- 
nents which  he  might  discover  or  acquire  in  the 
ocean,  with  similar  honors  and  prerogatives  to 
those  enjoyed  by  the  high  admiral  ot  Castile  in 
his  district. 

2.  That  he  shouUI  he  viceroy  and  governor-gen- 
eral over  all  the  said  lands  and  continents,  with 
the  privilege  of  nominating  thiee  candidates  for 
the  government  of  each  island  or  province,  one  of 
whom  should  be  selected  i)y  the  sovereigns. 

3.  That  he  should  i)e  entitled  to  reserve  for  him- 
self one  tenth  of  all  pearls,  precious  stones,  gold, 
silver,  spices,  and  all  other  articles  and  merchan- 
dises, in  whatever  manner  found,  bought,  bar- 
tered, or  gained  within  his  admiralty,  the  costs 
being  first  deducted. 

4.  That  he,  or  his  lieutenant,  should  be  the  sole 
judge  in  all  causes  and  disputes  arising  out  of 
traffic  betv.een  those  countries  and  Spain,  |)rovided 
the  high  admiral  of  Castile  had  similar  jurisdic- 
tion in  his  district. 

5.  That  he  might  then,  and  at  all  after  times, 
contribute  an  eighth  part  of  the  expense  in  fitting 
out  vessels  to  sail  on  this  enterprise,  and  receive 
an  eighth  part  of  the  ])rofits. 

The  last  sti|)ulation,  which  admits  Columbus  to 
hear  an  eighth  of  the  enterprise,  was  made  in  con- 
sequence of  his  indignant  proffer,  on  being  re- 
proached with  demanding  ample  emoluments 
while  incurring  no  portion  of  the  charge.  He 
fulfilled  this  engagement,  through  the  assistance 
of  the  I'inzons  of  I'alos,  and  added  a  third  vessel 
to  the  armament.  Thus  one  eighth  of  the  ex- 
pense attendant  on  this  grand  expedition,  under- 
taken by  a  powerful  nation,  was  actually  borne  by 
the  individual  who  conceived  it,  and  who  likewise 
risked  his  life  on  it*,  success. 

The  capitulations  were  signed  by  Ferdinand 
and  Isabella,  at  the  city  of  Santa  F^,  in  the  Vega 
or  plain  of  Granada,  on  the  17th  of  April,  1492. 
A  letter  of  privilege,  or  commission  to  Columbus, 


of  similar  purport,  was  drawn  out  in  form,  ar,( 
issued  by  the  sovereigns  in  the  city  of  ('>rana(la 
on  the  thirtieth  of  the  same  month.  In  this,  t.^t 
dignities  and  jjrerogativesot  viceioyand  governov 
were  made  hereditary  in  his  family  ;  and  he  an( 
his  heirs  were  authorized  to  prefix  the  title  of  I)o[ 
to  their  names  ;  a  distinction  accorded  in  thoy 
days  only  to  jiersons  of  rank  and  estate,  thoufjh: 
has  since  lost  all  value,  from  being  universaii 
used  in  Spain. 

All  the  royal  documents  issued  on  this  occasio! 
Ijore  eciually  the  signatures  of  Ferdinand  ant 
Isabella,  but  her  separate  crown  of  Castile  dt 
frayed  all  the  expense  ;  and,  during  her  life,  fei 
persons,  except  Castilians,  were  permitted  to  et 
tablish  themselves  in  the  new  territories.* 

The  |K)rt  of  Falos  de  Moguer  was  fixed  uponi 
the  place  where  the  armament  was  to  be  tut« 
out,  Columbus  calculating,  no  doubt,  on  the  w 
o|)eration  of  Martin  Alon<o  I'inzon,  resident  therr 
and  on  the  assistance  of  his  zealous  friend  ib 
prior  of  the  convent  of  La  Kabida.  Hefore  goir,, 
into  the  business  details  of  this  great  enterprise, 
is  due  to  the  character  of  the  illustrious  man  \vh 
conceived  and  conducted  it,  most  especially  ; 
notice  the  elevated,  even  though  visionary  spin 
by  which  he  was  actuated.  One  of  his  principi 
objects  was  undoubtedly  the  propagation  of  ih 
Christian  faith.  He  exjjected  to  arrive  at  the  e\ 
tremity  of  Asia,  and  to  open  a  direct  and  eas; 
communication  with  the  vast  and  magnificent  eir 
pire  ot  the  Grand  Khan.  The  conversion  of  th; 
neathen  potentate  had,  in  former  times,  been  . 
favorite  aim  of  various  pontiffs  and  |)i.)us  sove: 
eigns,  and  various  missions  had  been  sent  to  in 
remote  regions  of  the  East  for  that  purpose.  Cc- 
lumbus  now  considered  himself  about  to  effec 
this  great  work  :  to  spread  the  light  o[  revelatic: 
to  the  very  ends  of  the  earth,  and  thus  to  be  ih 
instrument  of  accomplishing  one  of  the  subliir,: 
predictions  of  Holy  Writ  Ferdinand  listenr; 
with  complacency  to  these  enthusiastic  anticipa 
tions.  With  him,  however,  religion  was  suhst: 
vient  to  interest ;  and  he  had  found,  in  the  recer 
conquest  of  Granacla,  that  extending  the  swayc 
the  church  might  lie  made  a  laudable  means c 
extending  his  own  dominions.  According  to  ifci 
doctrines  of  the  day,  every  nation  that  refused;: 
acknowledge  the  truths  of  Christianity,  was  fa- 
spoil  for  a  Christian  invader  ;  and  it  is  probabii 
that  Ferdinand  was  more  stimulated  by  the  .ic- 
counts  given  of  the  wealth  of  Mangi,  Cathay,  ac: 
other  provinces  belonging  to  the  Grand  Khar, 
than  by  any  anxiety  for  the  conversion  of  him  aci 
his  semi-barbarous  subjects. 

Isabella  had  nobler  inducements  :  she  was  fillti 
with  a  pious  zeal  at  the  idea  of  effecting  such; 
great  work  of  salvation.  From  different  motivfi 
therefore,  both  of  the  sovereigns  accorded  wi'.' 
the  views  of  Columbus  in  this  particular,  an. 
when  he  afterward  departed  on  his  voyage,  letten 
were  actually  given  him  for  the  Grand  Khanc 
Tartary. 

The  ardent  enthusiasm  of  Columbus  did  nc 
stop  here.  Anticipating  boundless  wealth  fro- 
his  discoveries,  he  suggested  that  the  treasure 
thus  acquired  should  be  consecrated  to  the  piou: 
|)urpose  of  rescuing  the  holy  sepulchre  of  Jerusi 
lem  from  the  jjower  of  the  infidels.  The  sove: 
eigns  smiled  at  this  sally  of  the  imagination,  bi 
expressed  themselves  well  pleased  with  it,  ar,. 
assured  him  that  even  without  the  funds  he  an! 
cipated,  they  should  be  well  disposed  to  that  hoi 


*  Charlevoix,  Hist.  S.  Domingo,  lib.  i.  p.  79. 


LIFE   AND  VOYAGES  OF  COLUMDUS. 


drawn  out  in  form,  anil 
in  the  city  of  Ciranada' 
lame  month.     In  this,  iht 
;s  of  viceioyand  governoi,  3 
1  his  family  ;  and  he  ani  '^ 
1  to  prefix  the  titlu-  of  Dot 
nction  accorded  in  thoy  *| 
■anl<  and  estate,  thoujjhr 
:,  from   lx:ing  universale 

its  issued  on  this  occasioci; 
tures  of  F"erdinand    am ' 
ate  crown  of  Castile  dt- 
and,  during  her  life,  fen 
ns,  were  permitted  to  et 
;  new  territories.* 
Moguer  was  ti.\cd  uponi 
mament  was  to  be  Iuik 
ng,  no  doubt,  on  the  o 
n/.o  f'inzon,  resident  therr 
of  his  zealous  friend  ir 
La  Rabida.     IJefore  goir,, 
of  this  great  enterprise, 
if  the  illustrious  man  wr 
ed   it,   most   especially  ' 
;n   though  visionary  spir 
ted.     One  of  his  principi 
ly  the  propagation  of  tr; 
lected  to  arrive  at  the  ev 
)  open  a  direct  and  eas' 
vast  and  magnificent  cir 
1.     The  conversion  of  ihi 
in  former  times,  been  . 
pontiffs  and  |)i.>us  sovtr 
iions  had  been  sent  to  th 
ist  for  that  purpose,    tc 
]   himself  about   to  effec 
ad  the  light  ol  revelatic: 
larth,  and  thus  to  be  itt 
ihing  one  of  the  subliit! 
rit       l'"erdinand    listenf. 
se  enthusiastic  anlicipi 
er,  religion  was  subst: 
had  found,  in  the  recer 
at  extending  the  swayc 
ade  a  laudable  means  ( 
ions.     According  to  t» 
ry  nation  that  refused;: 
of  Christianity,  was  fa: 
ader  ;  and  it  is  probata 
re  stimulated  by  the  ac 
h  of  Mangi,  Cathay,  ar. 
to   the   Grand  Khar 
e  conversion  of  him  ar.i 
ts. 
ucements  :  she  was  fillci 
idea  of  effecting  such; 
From  different  motive; 
vereigns  accorded  wt 
in    this    particular,  ac; 
ted  on  his  voyage,  letten 
for  the  Grand  Khant 

I  of  Columbus  did  nc 
boundless  wealth  fro: 
ested  that  the  treasure 
consecrated  to  the  pioif 
loly  sepulchre  of  Jerusi 
he  infidels.  The  sovr 
■  of  the  imagination,  bi 
ell  pleased  with  it,  an. 
ithout  the  funds  he  ant 
'ell  disposed  to  that  hoJ 

omingo,  lib.  i.  p.  79. 


"J? 


iindcrtaking.*  What  the  king  and  queen,  how- 
ever, may  have  considered  a  mere  sally  of  mo- 
nentary  excitement,  was  a  deep  and  cherished 
design  of  Columbus.  It  is  a  curious  and  charac- 
teristic fact,  which  has  never  been  particularly 
noticed,  that  the  recovery  of  the  holy  sepulchre 
vas  one  of  the  great  objects  of  his  ambition,  medi- 
ated tiiroughout  liie  remainder  of  his  life,  and 
olemnlv  provided  for  in  his  will.  In  fact,  he  sub- 
tequently  considered  it  the  m.iin  work  for  which 
Be  was  chosen  by  heaven  as  an  agent,  and  that 
his  great  discovery  was  l/j'  a  preparatory  dispen- 
liation  of  Providence  to  furnun  means  for  its  ac- 
Bomplishment. 

A  hoine-telt  mark  of  favor,  characteristic  of  the 
Jtind  and  considerate  heart  of  Isabella,  was  ac- 
jporded  to  Columlius  liefore  his  departure  from  the 
fourt.  An  albala,  or  letter-patent,  was  issued  by 
|he  queen  on  the  8lh  of  May,  appointing  his  son 
iJiego  page  to  Prince  Juan,  the  heir  apparent,  with 
an  allowance  for  his  support  ;  an  honor  granted 
pnly  to  the  sons  ot  persons  of  ilistinguished  rank.f 

Thus  gratilied  in  his  dearest  wishes,  after  a 
lourse  ol  delays  and  disappointments  sufficient  to 
^ave  reduced  any  ordinary  man  to  despair,  Colum- 
bus took  leave  ot  the  court  on  the  12th  of  May, 
knd  set  out  joyfully  for  I'alos.  I^et  those  who  are 
Sisposed  to  faint  under  diificulties,  in  the  prosecu- 
tion ot  any  great  and  worthy  undertaking,  re- 
nembiT  that  eighteen  years  elapsed  after  the  time 
hat  Columbus  conceived  his  enterprise,  before  he 
jvas  enabled  to  carry  it  into  effect  ;  that  the 
rreater  part  of  that  time  was  passed  in  almost 
^opeless  solicitation,  amid  poverty,  neglect,  and 
■taunting  ridicule  ;  that  the  jirime  of  his  life  had 
Wasted  away  in  the  struggle,  and  that  when  his 
perseverance  was  finally  crowned  with  success, 
he  was  about  his  fifty-sixth  year.  His  example 
should  encourage  the  enterprising  never  to  de- 
spair. 


CHAPTi:f<  VIII. 

ICOLUMHUS    AT    THK    PORT   OK    I'AI.OS— PREPAR.'V- 
TIONS    FDR   THK   VOVAUK   OF    UISCOVERY. 

On  arriving  at  Palos,  Columbus  repaired  im- 
linediately  to  the  neighboring  convent  of  La  Ra- 
jida,  where  he  was  received  with  open  arms  by 
|the  worthy  prior,  I-"ray  Juan  I'ere?,  and  again  be- 
icame  his  guest. J:    The  ])ort  of  I'alos,  for  some 
Imisdemeanor,  had  been  condemned  by  the  royal 
Icouncil  to  serve  the  crown  for  oiie  year  with  two 
irmed  caravels  ;  and  these  were  destined  to  form 
part  of  the  armament  ot  Columbus,  who  was  fur- 
bished with  the  necessary  papers  and  vouchers  to 
lenforce  obedience  in  all  matters  necessary  for  his 
lexpedition. 

On  the  following  morning,  the  23d  of  May,  Co- 
llumbus,  accompanied  by  Fray  Juan  Perez,  whose 
Icharacter  and  station  gave  him  great  importance  in 
Ithe  neighborhood,  i)roceeded  to  the  church  of  St. 
jGeorge  in  Palos,  where  the  alcalde,  the  regidors, 
land  many  ot  the  inhabitants  of  the  place  had 
Ibeen  notified  to  attend.  Here,  in  presence  of 
Ithem  all,  in  the  |)orch  ot  the  church,  a  royal 
jrder  was  read  by  a  notary  public,  commanding 

*  Protestc  a  vuestras  Altezas  que  toda  la  ganancia 
desta  mi  empresa  se  Rastase  en  la  conquista  de  Jeru- 
salem, y  vuestras  Altezas  se  rieron,  y  dijeron  que  les 
placia,  y  que  sin  cste  tenian  aquella  gana.  Primer 
/iagi;  (ie  Colon,  Navarrete,  tom.  i.  p.  117. 

JNavarrete,  Colcc.  de  Viages,  tom.  ii.  doc.  n. 
Oviedo,  Cronica  ds  las  Indias,  lib.  ii.  cap.  5. 


ihe  authorities  of  Palos  to  have  two  caravels 
ready  for  sea  within  ten  days  after  this  notice, 
and  to  place  them  and  their  crews  at  the  disposal 
of  Columbus.  The  latter  was  likewise  empower- 
ed to  procure  and  lit  out  a  third  vessel.  The  crews 
of  all  three  were  to  receive  the  ordinary  wages  of 
seamen  employed  in  armed  vessels,  and  to  be 
paid  four  months  in  advance.  They  were  to  sail 
m  such  direction  as  Colundius,  under  tin;  royal 
authority,  should  command,  and  were  to  obey 
him  in  all  things,  with  merely  one  stijiulation, 
that  neither  he  nor  they  were  to  go  to  .St.  George  la 
Mina,  on  the  coast  of  Guinea,  nor  any  other  01  the 
lately  discovered  possessions  of  Portugal.  A  cer- 
tificate of  their  good  conduct,  signed  by  Colum- 
bus, was  to  be  the  discharge  of  their  obligation  to 
the  crown.* 

Orders  were  likewise  read,  addressed  to  the 
public  authorities,  and  the  people  ot  all  ranks  and 
conditions,  in  the  maritime  i)orders  of  Andalusia, 
commantling  them  to  furnish  supjilies  and  assist- 
ance of  all  kinds,  at  reasonable  prices,  for  the 
fitting  out  of  the  vessels  ;  and  ])enalties  were 
denounced  on  such  as  should  cause  any  impedi- 
ment. No  duties  were  to  be  exacted  for  any 
articles  furnished  to  the  vessels  ;  and  all  criminal 
processes  against  the  |)erson  or  property  of  any 
mdividual  engaged  in  the  expedition  was  to  be 
suspended  during  his  absence,  and  for  two  months 
after  his  return.! 

With  these  orders  the  authorities  promised  im- 
plicit compliance  ;  but  when  the  nature  of  the 
mtended  expedition  came  to  be  known,  astonish- 
ment and  dismay  fell  upon  the  little  community. 
The  ships  and  crews  demanded  for  such  a  des- 
perate service  were  regarded  in  the  liglit  of  sacri- 
fices. The  owners  of  vessels  refused  to  furnish 
them  ;  the  boldest  seamen  shraid<  from  such  a 
wild  and  chimerical  cruise  into  the  wilderness  of 
the  ocean.  All  kinds  of  frightlul  tales  and  fables 
were  conjured  up  copcerning  the  unknown  re- 
gions of  the  deep  ;  and  nothing  can  be  a  stronger 
evidence  of  tlie  boldness  of  tliis  undertaking  than 
the  extreme  dread  ot  it  in  a  conimunity  composed 
of  some  of  the  most  acUeiUurous  navigators  of  the 
age. 

Weeks  elapsed  without  a  vessel  being  procured, 
or  anything  else  being  done  in  fulfilment  of  the 
royal  orders.  Further  mandates  were  therefore 
issued  by  the  sovereigns,  ordering  the  magistrates 
of  the  coast  of  Andalusia  to  press  into  the  service 
any  vessels  they  might  think  proper,  belonging  to 
.Spanish  subjects,  and  to  oblige  the  masters  and 
crews  to  sail  with  Columbus  in  whatever  direc- 
tion he  should  be  sent  by  roy.il  command.  Juan 
de  Pefialosa,  an  officer  ot  the  royal  household, 
was  sent  to  see  that  this  order  was  properly  com- 
plied with,  receiving  two  hundred  maravedis  a 
day  as  long  as  he  was  occupied  in  the  business, 
which  sum,  together  with  other  penalties  express- 
ed in  the  mandate,  was  to  be  exacted  from  such 
as  should  l)e  disobedient  and  de!in(|uent.  This 
letter  was  acted  upon  by  Columbus  in  Palos  and 
the  neighboring  town  of  Moguer,  hut  apparently 
with  as  little  success  as  the  preceding.  The 
communities  of  those  places  were  thrown  into 
complete  confusion  ;  tumults  took  place  ;  but 
nothing  of  conse(|uence  was  effected.  At  length 
Martin  Alonzo  Pinzon  stepped  forward,  with  nis 
brother  Vicente  YaHez  Pinzon,  both  navigators 
of  great  courage  and  ability,  owners  of  vessels, 
and  having  seamen  in  their  employ.     They  were 


*  Navarrete,  Colec.  de  Viages,  tom.  ii,  doc.  6. 
t  Ibid.,  doc.  8,  9. 


1 


I'i 


34 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGES  OV   COLUMDUS. 


related,  also,  to  ruatiy  of  the  seafarinp  inhal)itants 
ot  I'alos  and  Mo);uiT,  and  had  Kreat  inHueniL- 
tlirounhmit  tlic  iRi^^diborliood.  They  t'tiKasfd  to 
sail  on  the  i-xpi'dition,  .and  turnislu'd  one  ot  the  ves- 
sels re<|uircd.  ( >lh(is,  with  their  owners  and  crews, 
were  pressed  into  the  service  by  the  magistrates 
under  the  arbitrary  ni.mdate  ot  the  sovereijjns  ; 
and  it  is  a  strikin^j  instance  of  the  despotic  au- 
thority exercised  over  commerce  in  those  times, 
that  respectable  individuals  should  thus  i)e  com- 
pelled to  en(,Mf,'e,  with  persons  and  ships,  in  what 
appeared  toiheni  a  m.  mil  (les|)erate  enterprise. 
During  the  ecpiipment  ol  the  vessels,  troubles  and 
dilticuliies  arose  among  the  seamen  who  had  been 
compelled  t(j  embark,  'i'hese  were  fomented  and 
kejjt  up  by  dome/  Kascon  and  Christoval  (juin- 
tero,  owners  ot  the  I'into,  one  of  the  ships  pressed 
into  the  service.  All  kinds  of  obstacles  were 
thrown  in  the  way,  by  these  ])eople  and  their 
friends,  to  retard  ordefeat  the  voyage.  The  calk- 
ers  employed  ujxju  the  vessels  did  tiieir  work  in  a 
»;areless  and  imjierfect  manner,  and  on  being 
command(;d  to  do  it  over  again  absconded.* 
Some  ot  the  seamen  who  had  enlisted  willingly  re- 
l)ented  of  their  hardihood,  or  were  dissuaded  by 
their  relatives,  and  sought  to  retract  ;  otliers  de- 
serted and  conceale<l  themselves.  Everything 
had  to  he  effected  by  the  most  harsh  and  arbitrary 
measures,  and  in  defiance  of  |)opular  prejudice 
and  op|)osiiion. 

The  inlluence  and  example  of  the  Pinzons  had 
a  great  effect  in  allaying  this  opposition,  and  in- 
ducing many  ot  their  triends  and  relatives  to  em- 
hark.  It  is  supposed  that  they  had  furnished 
Columbus  with  funds  to  pay  the  eighth  part  of  the 
ex|)ense  which  he  was  bound  to  advance.  It  is 
also  said  that  Martin  Alonzo  I'inzon  was  to  divide 
with  him  his  share  of  the  profits.  As  no  imme- 
diate prol'it,  however,  resulted  from  this  exjiedi- 
tion,  no  claim  ol  the  kind  was  ever  brought  for- 
ward. It  is  certain,  however,  that  the  assistance 
of  the  I'in/ons  was  all-important,  if  not  indispen- 
sable, in  fitting  out  and  launching  the  expedition. t 

After  the  great  dilViculties  made  by  various 
courts  in  patronizing  this  enterprise,  it  is  surpris- 
ing how  inconsiderable  ;in  armament  was  re- 
quired. It  is  evident  that  Columbus  had  reduced 
his  requisitions  to  the  narrowest  limits,  lest  any 
great  expense  should  cause  impediment.  Three 
small  vessels  were  apjiarently  all  that  he  had  re- 
quested. Two  of  them  were  light  barks,  called 
caravels,  not  superior  to  river  and  coasting  craft 
of  more  modern  days.  Representations  of  this 
class  of  vessels  exist  in  old  prints  and  paintings.  J 


*  Las  Casas,  Hist.  Ind.  lib.  i.  cap.  77,  Ms. 

f  These  facts  concerning  the  Pinzons  are  mostly 
taken  from  the  testimony  given,  many  years  after- 
ward, in  a  suit  between  Don  Diego,  the  son  of  Colum- 
bus, and  the  crown. 

X  See  illustrations,  article  "  Shipi  of  Columbus." 


on   board  of  this 
The  second,  call- 
by  .Martin  Alon?o 
)rother  Krancisro 
called  the    Nifl.i. 


They  are  delineated  as  open,  and  without  deck 
in  tlie  centre,  but  built  up  high  at  the  prow  anil 
stern,  with  forec.islles  and  cabins  lor  the  accnni. 
modation  of  the  crew.  Peter  Martyr,  the  learntd 
contemporary  of  Columbus,  says  that  only  one  (,: 
the  three  vessels  was  decked.  The  sm.illnessdi 
the  vessels  was  considered  ,in  advant.ige  tiy  Cr. 
lumbus,  in  a  voyage  ot  discovery,  enal)ling  him 
to  run  close  to  the  shores,  and  to  enter  shalln'v 
rivers  and  harbors.  In  his  third  voy.ige,  when 
co.isting  the  (iulf  of  Pari.i,  he  comi)lained  ot  the 
size  of  his  ship,  being  nearly  a  huiulred  Uinr,  bur- 
den. 'Jut  that  such  long  and  perilous  expedi. 
tions,  into  unknown  seas,  should  be  undertaken 
in  vessels  without  decks,  and  that  they  should  live 
through  the  violent  tempests,  by  which  they  were 
frKjuently  assailed,  remain  among  the  singular 
circumstances  of  these  daring  voyages. 

At  length,  l<y  the  beginning  of  August,  even' 
difhcuity  was  vancjuished,  and  tiie  vessels  were 
ready  for  sea.  The  largest,  which  ImkI  been  pre- 
pared  expressly  for  the  voyage,  .and  w.is  decked, 
was  called  the  Santa  Maria  ; 
ship  Columbus  hoisted  his  llag. 
ed  the  Pinta,  was  ctmimanded 
Pinzon,  accomjianied  by  his 
.Martin,  as  pilot.  The  third, 
had  latine  sails,  and  w.is  comm.inded  by  the  third 
of  the  brothers,  Vicente  YaHez  Pinzon.  There 
were  three  other  pilots,  .S.incho  Ruiz,  Pedro 
Alonzo  Niflo,  and  IJartolomeo  Roldan.  Roderi- 
go  Sanchez  of  Segovia  was  inspector-general  01 
the  armament,  and  Diego  de  Aran.i,  a  native  ot 
Cordova,  chief  alguazil.  Rodi'rigo  de  Kscoh.ir 
went  as  a  royal  notary,  an  officer  alw.iys  sent  in 
the  armaments  of  the  crown,  to  take  olTicial  notes 
of  all  transactions  There  were  also  a  physici.m 
and  a  surgeon,  together  with  various  |irivate  ;ul- 
venturers,  several  servants,  and  ninety  mariners: 
making  in  all  one  hundred  and  twenty  persons.* 

The  sc(uadron  being  ready  to  put  to  sea,  Colur  • 
bus,  impressed  with  the  solemnity  of  his  und  r- 
t.iking,  confessed  himself  to  the  Friar  Juan  Peiez, 
and  jjartook  of  the  sacrament  of  the  communion. 
His  example  was  followed  by  his  oflicers  nnc 
crew,  and  they  entered  upon  their  enteriirise  fui! 
of  awe,  and  with  the  most  devout  and  affectin;; 
ceremonials,  committing  themselves  to  the  especi;L 
guidance  and  protection  of  Ile.iven.  .\  <lee|)gloon' 
was  spread  over  the  whole  community  of  Palos  .1! 
their  departure,  for  almost  every  one  had  some 
relative  or  friend  on  board  of  the  sciuadnm.  The 
s])irits  of  the  seamen,  already  depressed  by  their 
own  fears,  were  still  more  cast  down  at  the  afflic- 
tion of  those  they  left  behind,  who  took  leave  oi 
them  with  tears  and  lamentations  and  disn1.1l 
forebodings,  as  of  men  they  were  never  to  behold 
again. 

*  Charlevoix,  Hist.  St.  Domingo,  lib.  i.  Mufio:, 
Hist.  Nuevo  Mundo,  lib.  ii. 


W 


Wii 

Vovag 
Vlto 
Like 
Jfe|)ly 

rlemi 
as 
Conim 
^nddv 
■et 
4xp<  (Ii 
'■»■'■ 


,11  i 


LIFE  AND   VOYAGES  OF  COLUMBUS. 


33 


^n,  and  without  deck 
lii^rh  at  tlu'  prow  and 
c:il)iiiK  tor  lliL-  accDHv 
•r  Martyr,  tin-  Ifarnid 
says  that  only  one  i,: 
•(I.     'I'lic  sinalliu'ss  (ii 
an  advaiiia^i'  by  Cr. 
icovfry,  i'n,il)lin),'  liim 
,  and  to  enter  shalUvv 
s  third   voyajff,  wlun 
,  W.  co'iijilained  of  the 
y  a  hunclrcd  tons  iiur- 
and  ju-rilous  expcdi- 
sliouid  lie  undertaken 
(1  that  they  should  live 
s,  by  which  tiiey  were 
I  among  the  singular 
n^  vovajjes. 
ninj,'  of  Au(,nist,  every 
and   the  vessels  were 
t,  whieh  had  been  pre- 
v:if;e,  and  was  decked, 
Via  ;    on   board  of  this 
lav,'.     The  second,  call. 
(led  by  Martin  Alon/o 
his  brother  Francisco 
lird,   called  the    NiRa, 
immanded  by  the  third 
Yafle/.   Pini-on.      There 
Sancho    Ruiz,    I'edro 
imeo  Koldan.     Roderi- 
as  insiiector-fjeneral  ni 
de  Arana,  a  native  oi 
Roderigo  de    Kscohar 
1  officer  always  sent  in 
,n,  to  take  official  notes 
'  were  also  a  physician 
ith  various  private  ad- 
and  ninety  mariners: 
and  twenty  persons.* 
:ly  to  put  to  sea,  Colur- 
'enmity  of   his  undjr- 
the  Friar  Juan  Teiez, 
ent  of  the  communion, 
■d    by  his  ofhcers  and 
DM  their  enterprise  full 
I  devout  and   atiectinj 
emselves  to  the  especial 
Heaven.   Adeepf.doon' 
community  of  Fa'los  ai 
t  every  one  had  some 
of  the  scjuadron.     The 
jady  depressed  by  their 
least  down  at  the  afflic 
ind,  who  look  leave  oi 
entations   and   dismal 
ly  were  never  to  behold 


lomingo, 


lib. 


Muno!, 


1 


BOOK   III. 


CHAPTER  I. 


bEPARTURE  3F  COI.f  MIIUS  ON  HIS  FIRST  VOYAGE. 
[1492.] 


WllKN  Columbus  set  sail  on  this  memorable 
Voyage,  he  commenced  a  regular  journal,  intend- 
l^d'tor  the  inspection  of  the  Spanish  sovereigns. 
iike  all  his  other  fansactions,  it  evinces  how 
leeply  he  w.is  impressed   with  the  grandeur  and 

leinnily  of  his  enterj)r:se.  He  ])ropoiied  to  keej) 
as  he  iturward  observed,  in  the  manner  of  the 
fommentariesof  Ca-sar.  It  onened  with  a  stately 
prologue,  wherein,  in  the  following  words,  were 
let  lorth  the  motives  and  views  which  led  to  his 
^Xpi'ditimi. 

■♦  "  in  nomine  I).  \.  Jesu  Christi.     Whereas  most 
ijhristi.iii,   most  high,    most    excellent   and   most 

oweriiil   princes,    king  and  (pieen  of  the  Sjiains, 

nd  of  the  islands  of  the  sea,  our  sovereigns,  in 

fe  presiiil   year  of   I4<)2,   after  your  highnesses 
id   put  :in   end   to  the  war  with  the  Moors  who 
■   lied  in  lairope,  and  had  concluded  that  warfare 
,  t  the  great  city  of  Ciranada,  where,   on  the  sec- 
nd  of    (anu.iry,  of  this   iiresent  year,  I  saw  the 
I  oy.il  banners  of  your  hignnesses  jilaced  by  force 
,  farms  on  the  towers  of  the  Alhambra,  which  is 
le  fortress  of  that  city,  and   beheld  the  Moorish 
ing  s.illy  fortli   from  tlie  gates  of  the  city,  and 
iss  the  royal  hands  of  your  highnesses  and  of  my 
»rd   the   prince  ;    and   immediately  in  that  same 
Jonlh,  in  coiisecpience  of  the  information  which  I 
id  given   to  your  highnesses  of  the  lands  of  In- 
|i.a,  anil   of   a   ])rince  who   is  called  the  (Irand 
khan,  which   is   to  say  in  our  language,  king  of 
Ingi  ;  how  that  many  times  he  and  his  jiredeces- 
)rs  had  S'jnt  to  Rome  to  entreat  for  doctors  of  our 
ly  faith,  to  instruct  him  in  the  same  ;  and  that  the 
)ly  father  had  never  jirovided  hini  with  them,  and 
Uis  so  many  people  were  lost,  believing  in  idola- 
Hes,  and  imbibing  doctrines  of  perdition  ;  there- 
)re  your  highnesses,  as  Catholic  Christians   and 
rinces,  lovers  and  promoters  of  the  holy  Chris- 
m  faith,  and  enemies  of  the  sect  of  Mahomet, 
id  of  all   idolatries  and  heresies,  determined  to 
tnd  me,  Christopher  Columbus,  to  the  said  parts 
India,  to  see  the  said  prince-",  and  the  peojilu 
id  lands,  and  discover  the  nature  and  disposi- 
)n  of  them  all,  and  the  means  to  be  taken  for 
ke  conversion  of  them  to  our  holy  faith  ;  and  or- 
:red  th.it  1  should  not  go  by  land  to  the  east,  by 
|hich  it  is  the  custom  to  go,  but  by  a  voyage  to 
|e  west,  by  which  course,  unto  the  present  time, 
do  not  know  for  certain  that  any  one  hath 
issed.     Your  highnesses,   therefore,    after  hav- 
lgex])elled  all  the  Jews  from  your  kingdoms  and 
rritories,  commanded  me,  in  the  same  month  of 
knuary,  to  proceed  with  a  sufficient  armament  to 
ie  said  p.irts  of  India  ;  and  for  this  purpose  be- 
)we(l  groat  favors  upon  me,  ennobling  me,  that 
;nceforward  I  might  style  myself  Don,  appoint- 
me  high  admiral  of  the  Ocean  sea,  and  per- 
Ftual  viceroy  and  governor  of  all  the  islands  and 
Intinents  I  should  discover  and  gain,  and  which 
inceforward  may  he  discovered  and  gained  in 
Ocean  sea  ;    and  that  my  eldest  son  should 
:ceed  me,  and  so  on  from  generation  to  gener- 
|on  for  ever.     I  departed,   therefore,  from  the 
of  Granada,  on  Saturday,  the  I2th  of  May,  of 


the  same  year  1492,  to  Palos,  a  seaport,  where  I 
armed  three  ships,  well  c.ilcul.ited  for  such  ser- 
vice, and  sailed  from  that  port  well  furnished  with 
provisions  and  with  many  seamen,  on  I'nday,  the 
3d  of  August,  of  the  same  year,  half  ;in  hour  before 
sinirise,  and  took  the  route  tor  the  Canary  Isl.ituls 
ot  your  highnesses,  to  steer  my  course  thence,  and 
navig.ite  imtil  1  should  arrive  at  the  Indies,  and 
deliver  the  embassy  of  your  highnesses  to  those 
princes,  and  accomplish  that  which  you  had  com- 
manded. For  this  purpost;  I  intend  to  write  dur- 
ing this  voyage,  very  punctually  from  day  to  day, 
all  that  I  may  do,  and  see,  and  exjierietice,  as  will 
hereafter  be  seen.  Also,  my  sovereign  princes, 
besides  describing  each  night  all  that  has  oc- 
curred in  the  day,  and  in  the  day  the  navigation 
of  the  night,  I  propose  to  make  ii  chart  in  winch  I 
will  set  down  the  waters  and  lands  of  the  Oce.in 
sea  in  their  proper  situations  under  their  bear- 
ings ;  and  further,  to  comi)ose  a  book,  and  illus- 
trate the  whole  in  picture  by  latitude  from  the 
e(piinoctiaI,  and  longitude  from  the  west  ;  and 
upon  the  whole  it  will  be  essential  that  I  shoidd 
forget  sleej)  and  attend  closely  to  the  n.ivigation 
to  accomplish  these  things,  which  will  be  a  great 
labor."* 

Thus  are  formally  and  expressly  stated  by  Co- 
lumbus the  objects  of  this  extraordinary  voyage. 
The  material  facts  still  extant  of  his  joiirn.il  will 
be  found  incori)orated  in  the  i)resent  work.f 

It  was  on  Friday,  the  3d  of  August,  1492,  early 
in  the  morning,  that  Coluir.bus  set  sail  from  tlie 
bar  of  Saltes,  a  small  island  formed  by  the  arms 
of  the  Odiel,  in  front  of  the  town  of  Huelva,  steer- 
ing in  a  south-westerly  direction  for  the  Canary 
Islands,  whence  it  was  his  intention  to  strike  flue 
west.  As  a  ,';uide  by  which  to  sail,  he  had  |)re- 
pared  a  map  or  chart,  improved  upon  that  sent 
him  by  I'aulo  Toscanelli.  Neither  of  those  now 
exist,  but  the  globe  or  planisjiherc  finished  by 
Martin  Hehem  in  this  year  of  the  admiral's  first 
voy.ige  is  still  extant,  and  furnishes  an  idea  of 
what  the  chart  of  Columbus  must  have  been.  It 
exhibits  the  coasts  of  Europe  and  Africa  from  the 
south  of  Ireland  to  the  end  of  C.uinea,  and  oppo- 
site to  them,  on  the  other  side  of  the  Atlantic,  the 
extremity  of  Asia,  or,  as  it  was  termed,  India. 
Between  them  is  placed  the  island  of  Cipango,  or 

*  Navarrcte,  Colec.  Viag.,  torn.  i.  p.  I. 

f  An  abstract  of  this  jou/nal,  made  by  Las  Casas, 
lias  recently  been  discovered,  and  is  publisfied  in  the 
first  volume  of  the  collection  of  SeOor  Xavarrete. 
Many  passages  of  this  abstract  had  been  previously 
inserted  by  Las  Casas  in  his  History  of  the  Indies, 
and  the  same  journal  had  been  copiously  used  liy 
Fernando  Columbus  in  the  history  of  his  father.  In 
the  present  account  of  this  voyage,  the  author  has 
made  use  of  the  journal  contained  in  the  work  of 
SeHor  Navarrete,  the  manuscript  history  of  Las  Casas, 
the  History  of  the  Indies  by  Herrera,  the  Life  of  the 
Admiral  by  his  son,  the  Chronicle  of  the  Indies  by 
Oviedo,  the  manuscript  history  of  Ferdinand  and 
Isabella  by  Andres  Bernaldes,  curate  of  Los  Palacios, 
and  the  Letters  and  Decades  of  the  Ocean  Sea,  by 
Peter  Martyr  ;  all  of  whom,  with  the  exception  of 
Herrera,  were  contemporaries  and  acquaintances  of 
Columbus.  These  are  the  principal  authorities  which 
have  been  consulted,  though  scattered  lights  hav« 
occasionally  been  obtained  from  other  sources. 


»"•; 


LIFE   AND  VOYAGES   OF   COLUMBUS. 


i: 


fl 

j 

.1 

■  :l  \ 

u 

uiill 

Jnpnn,  which,  nrrnrflin^;  to  M.ircn  Polo,  l.iv  t'lltccn 
hundrt'd  injh's  (li>t,int  Irmu  the  Asiatl<'  i'o,ist.  In 
his  ('oiii|iui.ili<>ns  ('oiiiinl)Us  .iilv.inccd  tliis  isl.uwl 
itlxxit  ;i  lho;is,iii(l  li'.i^iU's  too  miik  h  to  the  ciist, 
su|)|iosi(i);  it  to  Ix'  iiliout  thi  siiii.ition  ot  I'Mor- 
ida  ;*  aiiij  at  this  isl.md  hr  liopcd  lir-it  to  anixc. 

Th"  exult. ilioi)  ol  C'olunihus  ,it  rinding;  liimscll, 
nitii  so  mariy  ycirs  ol  haltlcd  hopt',  I  lirly  l.iuiuh- 
«'d  on  his  ),'raiid  ciitcrorisf,  was  chucked  l)y  his 
want  ot  contifleiiCL-  in  tlie  resolution  and  persever- 
ance' ol  his  crews.  As  i<iii^  as  he  remained  with- 
in re.ich  ol  iiurope,  there  was  no  security  that,  in 
a  moment  ot  ri-pcnt.ince  and  alarm,  they  mij;ht 
not  renounce.'  the  prosecution  ot  the  voyage,  and 
insist  on  a  return.  .Sym|)tonv,  soon  iippeared  to 
w.irrant  his  a|)prehensi()ns.  On  the  third  d.iy  the 
I'inla  ni.ule  si^nial  ot  distress  ;  her  rudder  was 
discovered  to  he  hroken  and  uiduniK.  This 
Columbus  surmised  to  lie  done  throU),di  the  con- 
trivance ot  the  owners  of  the  caravel,  dome/ 
Hascon  and  C'hristoval  (jinntero,  to  disaliie  their 
vessel,  and  c.iuse  her  to  he  lelt  hehind.  As  lias 
already  lieen  ohserved,  they  h.id  heen  j)ressed  into 
tlie  servii  I'  j;reatiy  a).f.iinst  their  will,  and  their 
caravel  seized  upon  for  the  expedition,  in  conform- 
ity to  the  roy.d  orders. 

Columhus  was  much  disturbed  :it  this  occur- 
rence. It  f,Mve  him  a  foretaste  of  further  ditli- 
rulties  to  he  apprehended  from  crews  p.irtly  en- 
listed on  com|)ulsion,  and  all  full  ot  doubt  and 
forebodinjj.  Trivial  obstacles  mij,dit,  in  the 
present  critic.il  state  of  his  voy;ij(e,  spre.id  panic 
and  mutiny  through  his  ships,  and  entirely  defeat 
the  expedition. 

The  wind  was  l)low'in};  stronjjly  at  the  time,  so 
that  he  could  not  render  assistance  without  endan- 
jerinjj  his  own  vessel.  Fortunately,  M.irtin  Alon/o 
'  in/on  commanded  the  I'inta,  and  beinjfan  adroit 
and  .ihle  seaman,  succeeded  in  securing  the  rud- 
der with  cords,  so  as  to  bring  the  vessel  into  m;in- 
agement.  This,  however,  was  but  a  temporary 
and  inade(|uate  expedient  ;  the  f.istenings  gave 
way  again  on  tlut  following  day,  and  the  other 
ships  were  obliged  to  shorten  sail  until  the  rudder 
could  be  secured. 

This  damage. I  state  of  the  I'inta,  as  well  as  her 
being  in  a  leaky  condition,  determined  the  ad- 
miral to  touch  at  the  Canary  Islands,  and  seek  a 
vessel  to  replace  her.  He  considered  himself  not 
far  from  those  islands,  though  a  different  opinion 
was  entertained  by  the  pilots  ot  the  sfpiadron. 
The  event  nroved  his  superiority  in  taking  obser- 
vations and  keeping  reckonings,  for  they  came  in 
sight  of  the  Canaries  on  the  morning  of  the  9th. 

They  were  detained  upward  of  three  weeks 
among  these  islands,  seeking  in  vain  another  ves- 
sel. They  were  obliged,  therefore,  to  make  a 
new  rudder  for  the  I'inta,  and  repair  her  for  the 
voyage.  The  latine  sails  of  the  Nif^a  were  also 
altered  into  square  sails,  that  she  might  work 
more  steadily  and  securely,  and  be  able  to  keep 
company  with  the  other  vessels. 

While  sailing  among  these  islands,  the  crew 
were  terrified  at  beholding  the  lofty  peak  of  Ten- 
eriffe  sending  forth  volumes  of  flame  and  smoke, 
being  ready  to  take  alarm  at  any  extraordinary 
phenomenon,  and  to  construe  it  into  ;i  disastrous 
portent.  Columbus  took  great  pains  to  dispel  their 
apprehensions,  explaining  the  natural  causes  of 
those  volcanic  tires,  and  verifying  his  explanations 
by  citing  Mount  Una  and  other  well-known  vol- 
canoes. 


f 


*  Malte-Brun,  Geograph.   Universelle,  torn.  ii.  p. 
283. 


Whilr  t, iking  in  wood  and  wafrr  and  provisions 
in  the  isl.ind  of  ( iomer.i,  a  vessel  .iirived  Irmi, 
I't'rro,  whii  h  reported  th.it  llirer  I'ortuguese  1  .ir- 
avids  had  been  seen  hovering  off  that  island,  with 
tlu'  intention,  it  w.is  s.iid,  ot  <  .ipturing  ( 'cdumllll^, 
The  admiral  suspected  some  hostile  sir.itagein  11 
the  part  ol  the  Kingot  i'ortugal,  in  revenge  lor  li 
having  embarked  in  the  service  of  Spain;  ' 
thendore  lost  no  time  i-i  putting  to  se.i,  anxim., 
to  get  l.ir  from  those  isl.inds,  .ind  out  ol  the  tr.nk 
ot  navig.ition,  trembling  lest  some'thiii;;  niiglu  m. 
cur  to  defe.it  his  expedition,  commenced  under 
such  inauspicious  circumstances. 


CMAI'TKK  II. 

CONTINUATION    ol'-    Till',   VoVAOK— FIRST    NOTICt 
OK  THK   VAKIAIIn.V   (IK    IHK   NKKlJl.K. 

I  1493.1 

Karly  in  the  morning  ol  the  fith  of  Septcmlur 
Columbus  set  s.iil  from  the  isl.ind  of  Oomera,  an.i 
now  might  be  s.aid  llrst  to  strike  into  the  icgioiiij; 
discovery  ;  t.iking  le.ive  ol  these  frontier  isLiiu:. 
of  the  Old  World,  and  steering  westward  for  ili 
unknown  parts  of  the  Atlantic.  l''or  three  <lav\ 
however,  a  profound  calm  kept  the  vessels  loiter- 
ing with  flagging  sails,  within  .a  short  ilistanccd 
the  l.ind.  'I'his  was  a  tantalizing  dehiy  to  Coliiiv,- 
bus,  who  was  im|)atient  to  hnd  himself  t.ir  oiiti; 
sight  of  either  land  or  sail  ;  which,  in  the  piir: 
iitmospheres  of  these  latitudes,  may  be  descritn 
atanimmer.se  distance.  On  the  following  .Sun- 
day, the  9th  of  .September,  at  daybreak,  he  behuiil 
I-'erro,  the  last  ot  the  Canary  Islands,  .ibout  nil:; 
leagues  distiint.  This  was  the  island  whence  the 
I'ortuguese  caravels  had  been  seen  ;  he  was  thcri- 
fore  in  the  very  neighborhood  of  danger,  for- 
tunately, a  breeze  sprang  up  with  the  sun,  tlitir 
sails  were  once  more  tilled,  an<l  in  the  course  ci 
the  day  the  heights  of  Ferro  gradually  faded  from 
the  horizon. 

On  losing  sight  of  this  last  trace?  e)f  land,  the 
hearts  of  the  crews  failed  them.  The'v  seenin! 
liter.iUy  to  have  taken  leave  e)f  the  WDrld.  lie- 
hind  them  was  everything  dear  to  the  heart  c: 
man  ;  country,  family,  friends,  life  itself  ;  bctore ; 
them  everything  was  chaos,  mystery,  and  |)tnl. 
In  the  perturbation  of  the  moment,  they  despairei: 
of  ever  more  seeing  their  homes.  Many  ot  th: 
rugged  seamen  shed  tears,  and  some  breike  im 
le)ud  lamentations.  The  admiral  trieel  in  ever, 
w.'iy  to  soothe  their  distress,  and  to  inspire  the:^ 
with  hise)wn  glorious  anticipations.  He  describji 
to  them  the  magnificent  countries  to  whie^h  he  vv,.; 
about  to  conduct  them  :  the  islands  of  the  Indi.m 
seas  teeming  with  gold  and  precious  stones  ;  t!e 
regions  of  Mangi  and  Cathay,  with  their  citi« 
of  unrivalled  wealth  and  splendor.  He  promise' 
them  land  and  riches,  and  everything  that  coii'ii 
arouse  their  cupidity  or  inflame  their  imagina- 
tions, nor  were  these  promises  made  for  j)urpose- 
of  mere  dece|)tion  ;  he  certainly  believed  that  he  ^ 
shoukl  realize  them  all. 

He  now  issued  orders  to  the  commanilcrs  of  the 
other  vessels,  that,  in  the  event  of  sejjaration  ly 
any  accident,  they  should  continue  directly  west- 
ward ;  but  that  after  sailing  seven  hundrti. 
leagues,  they  should  lay  by  from  midnight  uiiiJ 
daylight,  as  at  about  that  distance  he  contideniy 
"vpected  to  find  land.  In  the  mean  time,  as  he  j 
thought  it  possible  he  might  not  discover  land'l 
within  the  distance  thus  assigned,  and  as  he  fore- 


LIFK    AND   VOYAGES   OF   COLl'Mni'S. 


37 


I  wntrr  and  prox  isioM 
[I  vessel  arnvfil  Irmi, 
lliriT  I'orliimu'sr  ( .ir- 
1^'  (ill  lliat  island,  with 
t  (  M|>iiirinv,'  (cilumliuv 
V  lidstilc  siiala^;i'in  ni 
iijjal,  ill  ri'Mn>.;c  lor  li  ■ 
siivicf  III  Spain  ;  ' 
)Uttin>f  ti)  SIM,  an\iui., 
s,  and  out  (p|  the  Ir.iu 
si  somctliin;,'  niijjht  m. 
DM,  commenced  undir 
anci.'s. 


K   II. 

DVAdK— FIRST    NOTICt 
L)K  THE  NKKIJI.K. 


)t  the  ^)th  of  St'ptcnilicr 
island  of  (iomcra,  ami 
strike  into  the  lejjion  ui 
)t  these  frontier  island; 
■rinv;  westward  for  llv 
anlie.  For  three  day\ 
kept  the  vessels  loiter- 
thin  a  short  distante  i! 
■  day 
iself 
which,  in  the  \m-: 


tali/.in^j  d(day  to  Coliim- 

)  find  himself  f.ir  oiiti: 

ai 

;udes,  may  he  descruu 
On  the  following  Sim- 
at  dayhreak,  he  hehiiil 

ary  Islands,  .ihout  nine 

s  the  island  whence  the 
en  seen  ;  he  was  theri- 

hood  of   danger.     I'nr- 

uj)  with  the  sun,  thtir 

(1,  and  in  the  comseoi 

o  gradually  faded  from 

last  trace  of  land,  the 
(I  them.     They  seemu 
lave  of  the  world,     lie- 
L'  dear  to  the  heart  c: 
Inds,  life  itself  ;    betore.; 
ios,  mystery,  and  pen! 
[iiomeiit,  they  despairo. 
'r  homes.     Many  of  th; 
},  and  some  broke  im 
admiral  tried   in  ever, 
|s,  and  to  inspire  llies 
:ipations.   He  descril'ei 
luntries  to  which  he  w:..-^ 
le  islands  of  the  Indianj 
tl  precious  stones  ;  the  I 
[thay,   with  their  citid 
[plendor.     He  promisei.; 
everything  that  cou'.il. 
linrtame  their  imagiiu" 
lises  made  for  purjiosei 
[tainly  believed  that  In 

Ithe  commanders  of  tb 
jcvent  of  se|)aration  I) 
Iconlinue  directly  wts;- 
lading    seven    hundm: 
ly  from  midnight  unt.i 
llistance  he  confidenlivi 
Ii  the  mean  time,  as  h; , 
|ght  not  discover  land! 
[signed,  and  as  he  forev^ 


,^a\v  that   the  vnfjur  terrors   already   awakened 

'ninong  the  si'.imen  woidd  iticr<Mse  with  the  sp.ice 

^^lm  h  intervened  between   them  and  their  homes, 

'|he  lonimenced   a   sir.tt.igem    which   he  (  iintiiuied 

'^throughout  the  voyage,      lie  kept  two  rei  iMinings  ; 

tone  correct,  in  which  the  true  way<it  the  ship  was 
noted,  ami  which  w.is  retained  in  secret  lo,-  his 
own  government  ;  in  the  other,  whii  h  w.is  open 
^to  gcner.il  inspection,  a  number  of  leagues  was 
.*'tlaily  subir;'.(  led  trom  the  sailing  ol  the  ship,  so 
■'.ith.it  the  I  rews  were  kept  in  ignorance  of  the  real 
|dist.iMce  they  h.id  .ulvanced.* 

/'  On  the  iith  of  .September,  when  about  one 
^hundred  .ind  (illy  leagues  west  of  Kerro,  they  lell 
lin  with  p. Hi  111  .1  mast,  which  from  its  si/e  appear- 
led  to  li.iM'  belonged  lo  a  vessel  of  about  a  hun- 
«lred  and  twenty  tons  burden,  antl  which  had  ev- 
lideiuly  been  a  long  time  in  tin;  water.  The 
crews,  tremblingly  alix'c  to  everything  that  could 
BM  ile  their  hopes  or  fe.irs,  looked  with  rueful  eye 
jpon  this  wreck  of  some  unfortunate  voyager, 
•llritiiMg  ominously  at  the  entrance  of  those  un- 
^lunui  seas. 

On  the  13th  of  Sentember,  in  the  evening,  being 
UliDiit  two   hundred    leagues  from   the   islaiul    of 
■"erro,  Columbus   lor  the   first   time   noticed    the 
^ari.ilion<d   the  needle,  a  phenomenon  which  h.id 
[ie\er  liclore  been  remarked.    He  perceived  .ibout 
liglitldl  that  the  needle,    instead  of  pointing  to 
klie  Morlh   star,  varied   about  halt   a  |)oint,  or  be- 
tween live  and  six  degrees,  to  the  north-west,  and 
Ktill  nuireon  the  following  morning.     Struck  with 
this  circumstance,   he  observed   it  :    U'ntively  for 
three  days,  .iiul  found  that  the  variaiion  increased 
is  he  adv.inced.     He  at  first  made  no  mention  of 
Ithis  phenomenon,  knowing  how  ready  his  |)eople 
Jwere  to  take  alarm,  but  it  soon  attracted  the  at- 
jteiition  of  the  pilots,  and  tilled  them  with  conster- 
ation.     It  seemed   as   if  the  very  l.iws  of  n.ature 
Ivere  changing,  as  they  advanced,  and  that  they 
rtere  entering  another  world,  subject  to  unknown 
fnlluences.t     They   apprehended    that    the    com- 
pass was  ;il)out  to  lose  its  mysterious  virtues,  and, 
Jvvitluuil  this  guide,  what  was  to  become  of  them 
■in  a  vast  ;ind  trackless  ocean  ? 

Columbus  tasked  his  science  and  ingenuity  for 
reasons  with  which  to  allay  their  terror.      He  oh- 
Ir.erved  that  the  direction  of  the  needle  was  not  to 
iiie   |)ular  star,    but  to  some   fixed   and"  in  visible 
point.     The  variation,  therefore,  was  not  caused 
by  any  fallacy  in  the  compass,  but  by  the  move- 
ment of  the  north  star  itself,  which,  like  the  other 
heavenly  bodies,  had  its  changes  and  revolutions, 
md  every  day  described  a  circle  round  the  pole. 
Ihe  high  opinion  which  the  pilots  entertained  of 
."olumlius  as  a  i)rofound  astronomer  gave  weight 
jlo  this  theory,  and  their  alarm  subsided.     As  yet 
the  sol, ir  system  of  Copernicus  was  unknown  ;  the 
txplanation  of  Columbus,   therefore,  was  highly 
lausible  and  ingenious,  and  it  shows  the  vivacity 
at  his  mind,  ever  ready  to  meet  the  emergency  of 
Ithe  moment.  The  theory  may  at  first  have  been  ad- 
^i^ced  merely  to  satisfy  the  minds  of  others,  but 
Zoluinhus  appears  subsequently  to  have  remained 


It  has  been  erroneously  stated  that  Columbus 
kept  two  journals.  It  was  merely  in  the  reckoning, 
nr  log-book,  that  he  deceived  the  crew.  His  journal 
vas  entirely  private,  and  intended  for  his  own  use 
^nd  the  perusal  o(  the  sovereigns.  In  a  letter  written 
from  Granada,  in  1503,  to  Pope  Alexander  VII.,  he 
Bays  that  he  had  kept  an  account  of  his  voyages,  in 
Ihe  style  of  the  Commentaries  of  Caesar,  which  be  in- 
fended  to  submit  to  his  holiness. 
t  Las  Casus,  Hist  Ind.,  lib.  i.  cap.  6. 


satislied  with  it  himself.  The  phrnomrnor^  has 
now  become  l.imiliar  to  us,  but  we  still  continue 
ignor.int  of  its  ciuse.  It  is  one  of  those  myslerif* 
ol  n.ilure,  open  lo  daily  observ.ition  and  exiieri- 
meiil,  .ind  .ipp.ireiilly  simple  Irom  their  l.imili.ir- 
iiv,  but  which  on  investig.iiion  make  the  luim.in 
niind  c  onscious  ol  its  limits  .  b.iltling  the  evperi- 
en(  e  of  the  |)raclicul,  .iixl  humbling;  the  pride  of 
science. 


CHAI'TKR   III.  4 

CONTINUATION    OK   Till'   VOYAC.K— VARIOUS  TIvR- 
KOKS   Ot      rilK  SKAMKN. 

I'4y2.| 

On  the  14th  of  September  the  voyagers  were  re- 
joiced by  the  sight  of  wli.it  they  considered  har- 
bingers of  l.'ind.  A  heron,  .ind  a  iropic.il  bird 
c.illed  the  Kabo  de  Jimco,*  neither  id  which  are 
supposed  to  venture  t.ir  to  sea,  hovered  about  the 
ships.  Or  the  following  night  they  were  struck 
with  awe  at  beholding  a  meteor,  or,  as  Columbus 
calls  it  in  his  journal,  a  great  tiame  ol  fire,  which 
seemed  to  fail  from  the  sky  into  the  sea,  about 
four  or  five  leagues  dist.inl.  These  meteors,  com- 
mon in  warm  ilimates,  and  especially  under  the 
tropics,  .ire  ;iKvays  seen  in  the  serene  ;i/ure  sky 
of  those  latitudes,  falling  as  it  were  Irom  the 
heavens,  but  never  beneath  a  cloud.  In  the  trans- 
parent atmosphere  of  one  of  those  beaulitftl  nights, 
where  every  star  shines  with  the  purest  lustre, 
they  often  leave  a  luminous  train  behind  them 
which  lasts  hir  twelve  or  fifteen  seconds,  and  may 
well  be  compared  to  a  tlaine. 

The  wind  had  hitherto  been  f.ivor.ible,  with  oc- 
casional though  transii'iit  clouds  and  showers. 
They  had  made  great  progress  each  day,  though 
Columbus,  according  to  his  stcret  pl.in,  contrived 
to  sup|)ress  several  leagues  in  the  ilaily  reckoning 
left  o|)en  to  the  crew. 

They  had  now  .arrive^  within  the  influence  ot 
the  tr.ide  wind,  which,  Tollowiiig  the  sun,  blows 
steadily  from  east  to  west  between  the  troi)ics, 
and  swee|)s  over  a  few  adjoining  degrees  of  oce.m. 
With  this  propitious  breeze  directly  att,  they  were 
wafted  gently  but  sjieedily  over  a  tr.'in(|uil  sea,  so 
that  for  many  days  they  did  not  shift  a  sail.  Co- 
lumbus perpetually  recurs  to  the  bland  and  tem- 
per.'ite  serenity  ol  the  weather,  which  in  this  tract 
of  the  ocean  is  soft  and  refreshing  without  being 
cool.  In  his  artless  and  expressive  language  he 
compares  the  |)ure  and  balmy  mornings  to  those 
of  April  in  Andalusia,  and  observes  that  they 
wanted  but  the  song  of  the  iiighting.ile  to  com- 
plete the  illusion.  "  He  had  reason  to  s;iy  so," 
observes  the  venerable  Las  Casas  ;  "  for  it  is 
marvellous  the  suavity  which  we  experience  when 
half  way  toward  these  Indies  ;  and  the  more  the 
ships  approach  the  lands  so  much  more  do  they 
perceive  the  temjierance  and  softness  of  the  ;iir, 
the  clearness  of  the  sky,  and  the  amenity  and  Ir.i- 
grance  sent  forth  from  the  groves  and  forests  ; 
much  more  certainly  than  in  April  in  .Andalu- 
sia." + 

They  now  began  to  see  large  jiatches  of  herbs 
and  weeds  drifting  from  the  west,  and  increasing 
in  quantity  as  they  advanced.  Some  ot  these 
weeds  were  such  as  grow  about  rocks,  others  such 
.IS  are  produced  in  rivers  ;  some  were  yellow  and 
withered,  others  so  green  as  to  have  apparently 


*  The  water-wagtail. 

f  Las  Casas,  Hist.  Ind.,  lib.  i.  cap.  36,  MS. 


38 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGES   OF   COLUMBUS. 


¥i 

P> 

Wi^ 

Kit 

i 

1 

, 

1! 

l)ecn  recently  washed  from  land.  On  one  of  these 
])atches  was  a  live  crab,  which  Columbus  care- 
fully preserved.  They  saw  also  a  white  tropical 
bird,  of  a  kind  which  never  sleeps  upon  the  sea. 
Tunny  tish  also  played  about  the  sni|)s,  one  of 
which  was  killed  by  the  crew  of  the  NiRa.  Co- 
luntbus  now  called  to  mind  the  account  given  by 
Aristotle  of  certain  shii)s  of  Cadi/,  which,  coasting 
the  shores  outside  of  the  .Straits  of  Gibraltar,  were 
driven  westward  by  an  impetuous  east  wind,  until 
they  reached  a  part  of  the  ocean  covered  with  vast 
fiekls  of  weeds,  resembling  sunken  islands,  among 
which  they  beheld  many  tunny  tish.  He  supposed 
himself  arrived  in  this  weedy  sea,  as  it  had  been 
called,  from  which  the  ancient  mariners  had 
turned  back  in  dismay,  but  which  he  regarded 
with  animated  hope,  as  indicating  the  vicinity  of 
land.  Not  that  he  had  yet  any  idea  of  reaching 
the  object  of  his  search,  the  eastern  end  of  Asia  ; 
for,  according  to  his  computation,  he  had  come 
but  three  hundred  and  sixty  leagues*  since  leav- 
ing ;he  Canary  Islands,  and  he  ])laced  the  main 
land  of  India  much  farther  on. 

On  the  i8lh  of  .Septen^lier  the  same  weather  con- 
tinued ;  a  si'ft  steaJy  breeze  from  the  east  tilled 
every  sail,  -."hile,  to  use  the  words  of  Columbus, 
the  sea  was  as  calm  as  the  Guadalquiver  at  .Sev- 
ille. He  fancied  that  the  water  of  the  sea  grew 
fresher  as  he  advanced,  and  noticed  this  as  a  jiruof 
of  die  superior  sweetness  and  purity  of  the  air.f 

The  crews  were  all  in  high  spirits  ,  each  ship 
strove  to  get  in  the  advance,  and  every  seaman 
was  eagerly  on  the  look-out  ;  for  the  sovereigns 
had  promised  a  pension  of  ten  thousand  mara- 
vedis  to  him  who  should  first  discover  land.  Mar- 
tin .Monzo  I'inzon  crowded  all  canvas,  ai.d,  as  the 
Finla  was  a  fast  sailer,  he  generally  kept  the  lead. 
In  the  af.ernoon  he  hailed  the  admiral  and  in- 
formed him  that,  from  the  tlight  of  a  great  num- 
ber of  birds  and  from  the  apjiearance  of  the 
northern  horizon,  be  thought  there  was  land  in 
that  direction. 

There  was  in  fact  a  floudiness  in  tl'e  north, 
such  as  often  hangs  over  land  ;  and  at  sunset  it 
assumed  such  shapes  and  masses  that  many  fan- 
cied they  beheld  islands.  There  was  a  universal 
wish,  therefore,  to  steer  for  that  quarter.  Colum- 
bus, however,  was  persuaded  that  they  were  mere 
illusions.  Kvery  one  who  has  made  a  sea  voyage 
must  have  witnessed  the  decejitions  caused  bv 
clouds  resting  upon  the  horizon,  especially  about 
sunset  and  sunrise  ;  which  the  eye,  assisted  by 
the  imagination  and  desire,  easily  converts  into 
the  wished-for  land.  This  is  particularly  the 
case  within  the  tro])ics,  where  the  clouds  at  sun- 
set assiime  the  most  singular  appearances. 

On  the  following  day  there  were  drizzling  show- 
ers, unaccompanied  by  wind,  which  Colu.nbus 
considered  favorable  signs  ;  two  boobies  also  flew 
(in  hoard  the  shijis,  birds  which,  he  observed, 
seldom  tly  twenty  leagues  from  land.  He  sound- 
ed, therefore,  with  p  line  of  two  hundred  fathoms, 
hut  found  no  bottom.  He  supposed  he  might 
he  passing  between  islands,  lying  to  the  north 
and  south,  but  was  unwilling  to  waste  the  pres- 
ent favoring  breeze  by  going  in  search  of  them  ; 
besides,  he  had  e'lntidently  affirmed  that  land  was 
to  be  found  by  kt  'oing  steadfastly  to  the  west  ; 
his  whole  expedition  i,..;!  been  founded  on  such  a 
presumption  ;  he  should,  therefore,  risk  all  credit 
and  authority  with  his  people  were  he  to  appear 

■■*  Of  twenty  to  the  degree  of  latitude,  the  unity  of 
distance  used  throughout  this  work. 
f  Las  Casas,  Hist.  Ind.,  lib.  i.  cap.  36. 


to  doubt  and  waver,  and  to  go  groping  blindly 
from  point  to  point  of  the  comjiass.  He  resolvecl, 
therefore,  to  keep  one  bold  course  always  west- 
ward, until  he  should  reach  the  coast  of  Indi.i ; 
and  afterward,  if  advisable,  to  seek  these  islands 
on  his  return.* 

Notwithstanding  his  precaution  to  keep  the  peo- 
ple ignorant  of  the  distance  they  had  sailed,  they 
were  now  growing  extremely  uneasy  at  the  length 
of  the  voyage.  They  had  advanced  much  farther 
west  than  ever  man  had  sailed  before,  and  though 
already  beyond  the  reach  of  succor,  still  they 
continued  daily  leaving  vast  tracts  of  ocean  behind 
them,  and  pressing  onward  and  onward  into  »hat 
ap])arently  boundless  abyss.  It  is  true  they  had 
been  flattered  by  various  indications  of  land,  and 
still  others  were  occurring  ;  but  all  mocked  them 
with  \ain  hopes  :  after  being  hailed  with  a  tran- 
sient joy,  ihey  passed  away,  one  after  another, 
and  the  same  interminable  expanse  of  sea  and  skv 
continued  to  extend  before  them.  Even  the  bland 
and  gentle  breeze,  uniformly  aft,  was  now  conjured 
by  their  ingenious  fears  into  a  cause  of  alarm  ;  for 
they  began  to  imagine  that  the  wind,  in  these 
sea.s,  might  always  jirevail  from  the  east,  and  if 
so.  would  never  ])ermii  their  return  to  Sjiain. 

Columbus  endeavored  to  dispel  these  gloomy 
presages,  sometimes  by  argument  and  expostula- 
tion, sometimes  by  awakening  fresh  hopes,  and 
jjointing  out  new  signs  of  land.  On  the  20th  oi 
September  the  wiiui  veered,  with  light  breezes 
from  the  south-west.  These,  though  adverse  to 
their  progress,  had  a  cheering  effect  upon  the  peo- 
])  ?,  as  they  proved  that  the  wind  did  not  always 
])revail  from  the  east.f  Several  birds  also  visited 
the  shijis  ;  u..ee,  of  a  small  kind  which  keep  about 
groves  and  orchards,  came  singing  in  the  morn- 
ing, and  flew  away  again  in  the  evening.  'Their 
song  cheered  the  hearts  of  thedismayeil  mariners, 
who  hailed  it  as  the  \oice  of  land.  The  larger 
fowl,  they  observed,  were  strong  of  wing,  and 
might  venture  far  to  sea  ,  hut  such  small  birds 
were  too  feeble  to  fly  far,  and  their  singing  showed 
that  they  were  not  exhausted  by  their  flight. 

On  the  following  day  there  was  either  a  pro- 
found calm  or  light  winds  from  the  south-west. 
The  sea,  as  f.ir  as  the  eye  could  reach,  was  cov 
ered  with  weeds  ;  a  phenomenon,  often  observed 
in  this  part  of  the  ocean,  which  has  sometimes  the 
appearance  of  a  vast  inundated  meadow.  This 
has  been  attributed  to  immense  quantities  of  sub- 
marine i)lants,  which  grow  at  the  bottom  of  the 
sea  until  ripe,  when  they  are  detached  by  the  mo- 
tion of  the  waves  and  currents,  and  rise  to  the 
surface. J  These  fields  of  weeds  were  at  first  re- 
garded with  great  satisfaction,  but  at  length  they 
became,  in  many  places,  so  dense  and  matted  as 
in  some  degree  to  impede  the  sailing  of  the  ships, 
which  must  have  been  under  very  little  headway. 
The  crews  now  called  to  mind  some  tale  about 
the  frozen  ocean,  where  ships  were  said  to  be  some- 
times I'xed  immovable.  They  endeavored,  there- 
fore, to  avoid  as  much  as  possible  these  floalin;,' 
masses,  lest  some  disastc'of  the  kind  might  happen 
to  them;  elves. 5  Others  consitlered  these  weeds  as 
proof  that  the  sea  was  growing  shallower,  and 

*  Hist,  del  Almirante,  cap.  20.  Extracts  from 
Journal  of  Columb.  Navarrete,  ;   i.  p.  16. 

f  Mucho  me  fue  necesario  esie  viento  contrario, 
porque  mi  gente  andaban  muy  estimulados,  que  pen- 
saban  que  no  ventaban  estos  mares  vientos  pnra  vol- 
ver  h  Espana.  Primer  Viage  de  Colon.  NavaiTcte, 
torn.  i.  p.  12. 

^  Humboldt,  Personal  Narrative,  book  i.  cap.  i. 

^  Hist,  del  Abnuoute,  c^p.  i3. 


LIFE   AND  VOYAGES  OF  COLUMBUS. 


8» 


1  fro  groping  Mindly 


inciiy 
Ivetl, 


mpass.     He  resoh 

course  always  west- 
h  the  coast  of  India  ; 
,  to  seek  these  islan<ls 

aiition  to  keep  the  peo- 
■  they  had  sailed,  they 
,'  uneasy  at  the  length 
(Ivanced  much  farther 
led  before,  and  thoujjh 

of  succor,  still  they 
tracts  of  ocean  hehinil 

and  onward  into  that 
5.  It  is  true  they  had 
idications  of  land,  and 

but  all  mocked  them 
ng  hailed  with  a  trnn- 
ly,  one  after  another, 
expanse  of  sea  and  sky 
hem.  Kven  the  hiaiid 
,■  alt,  was  now  conjured 
J  a  cause  of  alarm  ;  for 
at  the  wind,  in  these 
1  from  the  east,  and  if 
ir  return  to  Spain. 
)  disjiel  these  gloomy 
rument  and  expostui.-i- 
ning  fresh  hopes,  and 

land.  On  llie  2oth  oi 
;d,  with  light  breezes 
ese,  though  adverse  to 
ing  effect  upon  the  peo- 
he  wind  did  not  always 
veral  birds  also  visited 

kind  which  keep  about 
e  singing  in  tlie  morn- 
in  the  evning.  Their 
the  dismayed  mariners, 

of  land.     The  larger 

strong   of   wing,   and 

hut  such  small  birds 

fid  their  singing  showed 

■d  by  their  flight, 
[lere  was  either  a  pro- 
froin  the  south-west. 

could  reach,  was  cov- 
jmenon,  often  observed 

iiich  has  sometimes  the 

.dated  meadow.     This 

ense  quantities  of  sub- 
at  the  bottom  of  the 

e  detached  by  the  nio- 

Irrents,  and   rise  to  the 

weeds  were  at  tirst  re- 
ion,  but  at  length  thty 
dense  and  matted  ns 

[he  sailing  of  the  ships, 
r  very  little  headway, 
mind  some  tale  about 

)S  were  said  to  be  sonie- 

|hey  endeavored,  there- 
possible  these  tloatins 
the  kind  might  happen 

Isidered  tliese  weeds  as 
owing  shallower,  and 

).   20.     Extracts    from 

,  :,  i.  p.  i6. 
este  viento  contrano, 

•  estimulados,  que  pen- 
Imares  vientos  pnra  vol 
1  de  Colon.     Navairete, 

[■ative,  book  i.  cap.  I. 

i8. 


;rtDtgai  to  talk  of  luiking  rocks,  and  shoals,  and 
Areacherous  quicksands  ;  and  of  the  danger  of 
Running  aground,  as  it  were,  in  the  midst  of  the 

Socean,  where  their  vessels  might  rot  and  fall  to 
•^pieces,  far  out  of  the  track  of  human    aid,  and 

■Avithoiit  any  shore  whe  e  the  crews  might  take 

irefuge.      They   f  ad  evidently  some  confused  no- 

ttion  of  the  ancient  story  of  the  sunken  island  of 
Atalantis,  and  feared  that  they  were  arriving  at 
'"that  part  of  the  ocean  where  navig,  ;ion  was  said 
L'.o  be  obstructed  by  drowned  lands,  and  the  ruins 
''lof  an  engulfed  country. 

To  dispel  these  fears,  the  admiral  had  frequent 

recourse  to  the  lead  ;  but  though  he  sounded  with 

Jija  deep-sea  line,  he  still   found   no  bottom.     The 

t4ir>inds  of  the  crews,  however,  had   gradually  be- 
:lconie  diseased.     They  were  full   of  vague  terrors 
:^n(l  superstitious  fancies  :  they  construed  every- 
hing  into  a   cause  of  ;Jarm,  and   harassed   their 
.jommaniler  by  incessant  murmurs. 
"i    For  three  days  there  was  a  continuance  of  light 
sluninier  airs  from  the  southward  and  westward, 
md  the  sea  was  as  smooth  as  a  mirror.     A  whale 
ras  seen  heaving  uj)  its  huge  form  at  a  distance, 
,,;hich  Columbus  immediately  pointed   out   as   a 
favorable  indication,  affirmingthat  these  fish  were 
renerally   in    the   neighborhood    of    land.       The 
irews,  however,  became  uneasy  at  the  calmuL-ss 

th.e  weather.     They  observed  that  the  contriry 

irids  whi(  h  they  experienced  were  transient  and 
insteady,  and  so  light  as  not  to  ruffle  the  surface 
)f  the  sea,  which  maintained  a  sluggish  calm  like 

ake  of  dead  water.  Everything  differed,  they 
said,  in  these  strange  regions  from  the  world  to 
diich  they  had  been  accustomed.  The  only 
.;inds  whi^ii  ])revailed  with  any  constancy  and 
force,  were  from  the  east,  and  they  hail  not  jrower 
to  disturb  the  torpid  stillness  of  the  ocean  ;  there 
ivas  a  risk,  therefore,  either  ol  perishing  amiil 
itajijnant  and  shoreless  waters,  or  of  being  pre- 
sented, by  contrary  winds,  from  ever  returning  to 
ir  native  cou"  ;ry. 

Columbus  continued  with  admirable  patience  to 
reason  with  these  fancies  ;  observing  that  the 
ralmness  of  the  sea  must  undoubtedly  be  caused 
jy  the  vicinity  of  land  in  the  cju.irter  whence  the 
•ind  blew,  which,  therefore,  had  not  space  sutfi- 
:ient  to  act  upon  the  surface  and  heave  up  large 
.  aves.  Terror,  however,  multiplies  and  varies 
Ihe  forms  of  ideal  danger  a  thousand  times  faster 
Ihan  the  most  active  wisdom  can  dispel  them, 
'he  more  Columbus  argueti,  the  more  boisterous 
)ecame  the  murmurs  of  his  crew,  until,  on  Sun- 
lay,  the  25ih  of  September,  there  came  on  a  hea\y 
►well  of  the  sea,  unaccompanied  by  wind.  This 
)henomenon  often  occurs  in  the  broad  ocean  ; 
)eing  either  the  exjjiring  undulations  of  some  jiast 

le,  or  the  movement  given  to  the  sea  by  some 
listant  current  of  wind  ;  it  was,  nevertheless,  re- 
garded with  astonishment  by  the  mariners,  .and 
lispelled  the  imaginary  terrors  occasioned  by  th'. 
calm. 

Columbus,  who  as 
inder  the  immediate 
leaven  in  this  solemn  enterprise,  intimates  in  his 

nrn.il  that  this  swelling  of  the  sea  seemed  provi- 
Itn.ially  ordered  to  allay  the  rising  clamors  of 
iis  crew  ;  comjjaring  it  to  that  which  so  miracu- 
jusly  aided  Moses  when  conducting  the  childrer, 
tt  Israel  out  of  the  captivity  of  Egypt.* 


.wenti 
?|lhcir 


usual    considered    himsel' 
eve    and    guardianship   of 


CHAPTER  IV. 

CONTINUATION   OF  THF.   VOYAGE — DISCOVF.RY    OF 
I.ANI). 

[I492-] 

Thf.  ^ituation  of  Columbus  was  daily  l^ccoming 
more  and  more  critical.  In  proportion  as  he  ap- 
proached the  regions  where  he  expected  to  find 
land,  the  impatience  of  his  crews  augmented. 
The  favorable  signs  which  increased  his  confi- 
dence, were  de  ided  by  them  as  delusive  ;  and 
then-  was  danger  of  their  rebelling,  and  obliging 
him  to  turn  back,  when  on  the  point  of  realizing 
the  object  of  all  his  labors.  They  beheld  them- 
selves .»ith  dismay  still  wafted  onwa'd,  over  the 
boundless  wastes  of  what  appeared  to  them  a 
mere  watery  desert,  surrounding  the  habitable 
world.  What  was  to  become  of  them  should  their 
provi..ions  fail  ?  Their  ships  were  too  weak  and 
defective  even  for  the  great  voyage  they  had 
already  made,  but  if  they  were  still  to  press  for- 
ward, adding  at  every  moment  to  the  immense 
expanse  behind  them,  how  should  they  ever  be 
able  to  return,  h  iving  no  intervening  ])ort  where 
they  might  victual  and  refit. 

In  this  way  they  fed  each  other's  discontents, 
gathering  together  in  little  knots,  and  fomenting 
a  spirit  of  mutinous  opjjosition  ;  and  when  we 
consider  the  natural  fire  of  the  Spanish  tempera- 
ment and  its  impatience  of  control  ;  and  that  a 
great  part  of  these  men  were  sailing  on  compul- 
sion, we  cannot  wonder  that  there  was  iinminent 
danger  of  their  breaking  forth  into  open  rebellion 
■ind  compelling  Columbus  to  turn  back.  In  their 
secret  conferences  they  exclaimed  against  him  as 
a  desperado,  bent,  in  a  mad  phantasy,  upon  doing 
something  extravagant  to  render  himself  notorious. 
What  were  their  sufferings  and  dangers  to  one 
evidently  content  to  sacrihce  his  own  life  for  the 
charce  of  distinction  ?  What  obligations  bound 
them  lO  continue  on  with  him  ;  or  when  were  the 
terms  of  their  agreement  to  be  considered  as  ful- 
filled ?  They  had  already  penetrated  unknown 
seas,  untraversed  by  a  sail,  far  beyond  where  man 
had  ever  before  ventured.  They  had  done  cnougli 
to  gain  themselves  a  character  for  courage  and 
hardihood  in  undertaking  such  an  enterprise  and 
])ersisting  in  it  so  far.  How  much  farther  were 
they  to  go  in  (|uest  of  a  merely  conjectured  land  ? 
Were  thiy  to  sail  on  until  they  perished,  or  until 
all  r?turn  became  impossible  ?  In  such  case  they 
would  he  the  authors  of  their  own  destruction. 

On  the  other  hand,  should  they  consult  their 
safety,  and  turn  back  before  too  late,  who  would 
bl.ime  them  ?  Any  complaints  made  by  Colum- 
bus would  be  of  no  weight  ;  he  was  a  foreigner, 
without  friends  or  influence  ;  his  schemes  had 
been  condemned  by  the  learned,  and  discounte- 
naired  by  ])eople  of  all  ranks.  He  harl  no  ]iarty 
.,j  uphold  him,  and  a  host  of  opponents  whose 
pride  of  opinion  would  be  gratified  by  his  failure. 
Or,  as  an  effectual  means  of  preventing  his  com- 
plaints, they  might  throw  him  into  the  sea,  and 
ijive  out  that  he  had  fallen  overboard  while  busy 
with  his  instruments  contemplating  the  stars  ;  a 
report  which  no  one  would  have  eitherthe  inclin.i 
tion  or  the  means  to  controvert.* 


Cotno  la  mar  estuviese  mansa  y  liana  mur- 
nuraba  la  gente  diciendo  que,  pues  por  alii  no  habia 
Bar  grande  que  nunca  ventaria  para  volver  a  Espaflci  , 
ero  despues  alz6se  mucho  la  mar  y  sin  vienlo,  que 


los  asomhraba  ;  por  lo  cual  dice  aqui  el  Almirante  ; 
i)ii  i/iif  fitly  tifffsiin'o  tiif  /"«/  /-i  i/uir  alta,  ijut  no 
/;irin\<,  .uikv  el  tiempo  de  los  Judios  cuaitdo  fnlieron  d: 
F.i^ipto  contfii  Movses  que  los  sacnlni  de  capth-erio." — 
Journal  of  Columb.  Navarrete,  torn.  i.  p.  12. 

*  Hist,   del   Almirante,   cap.    19,      Herrera,     Hist 
Ind.,  dccad.  i.  lib.  i.  cap.  10. 


v?>^ 


■   ''ii     ' 

'I 


40 


LIFE  AND  VOYAGES  OF  COLUMBUS. 


Columbus  was  not  ignorant  of  the  mutinous  dis- 
position of  his  crew,  but  he  still  maintained  a 
serene  and  steady  countenance  ;  soothing  some 
with  gentle  wortls  ;  endeavoring  to  stimulate  the 
pride  or  avarice  '>f  others,  and  openly  menacing 
the  refractory  '  i  signal  punishment,  should  they 
do  anything  ti.    ...ptcle  the  voyage. 

On  the  25th  of  September  the  wind  again  be- 
came favoral)le,  and  they  were  able  to  resume 
their  course  directly  to  the  west.  The  airs  being 
light  and  the  sea  calm,  the  vessels  sailed  near  to 
each  other,  and  Columbus  had  much  conversation 
with  Martin  Alonzo  Pinzon  on  the  subject  of  a 
chart  which  the  former  had  sent  three  days  before 
on  board  of  the  Pinta.  Pinzon  thought  that,  ac- 
cording to  the  indications  of  the  map,  they  ought 
to  be  in  the  neighborhood  of  Cipango,  and  the 
other  islands  which  the  admiral  had  therein  de- 
lineated. Columbus  partly  entertained  the  same 
idea,  but  thought  it  possible  that  the  ships  might 
have  been  borne  out  of  their  track  by  the  ))reva- 
lent  currents,  or  that  they  had  not  come  so  far  as 
the  pilots  had  reckoned.  He  desired  that  the 
chart  might  be  returned,  and  Pinzon  tying  it  to 
the  end  of  a  cord,  Hung  it  on  board  to  him.  While 
Columbus,  his  pilot,  and  several  of  his  exi)crienced 
mariners  were  studying  the  map,  and  endeavor- 
ing to  make  out  from  it  their  actual  position,  they 
heard  a  shout  from  the  Pinta,  and  looking  up, 
beheld  Martin  Alonzo  Pinzon  mounted  on  the 
stern  of  his  vessel  crying  "  Land  !  land  I  Seflor,  I 
claim  my  reward  !"  He  pointed  at  the  same  time 
to  the  south-west,  where  there  was  indeed  an  a])- 
pearance  of  land  at  about  twenty-five  leagues' 
distance.  Upon  this  Columbus  threw  himself  on 
his  knees  and  returned  thanks  to  God  ;  and  Martin 
Alonzo  repeated  the  Gloria  in  c.vcelsis,  in  wi.'.ch 
he  was  joined  by  his  own  crev;  and  that  of  the 
admiral.* 

The  seamen  now  mounted  to  the  masthead  or 
climbed  about  the  rigging,  straining  their  eyes  in 
the  direction  pointed  out.  The  conviction  became 
so  general  of  land  in  that  quarter,  aiid  the  joy  of 
the  i)eoj)le  so  ungovernable,  that  Columbus  found 
it  necessary  to  vary  from  his  usual  course,  and 
stand  all  night  io  the  south-west.  The  morning 
light,  however,  put  an  end  to  all  their  hopes,  as 
to  a  dream.  The  fancied  land  proved  to  be  noth- 
ing but  an  evening  cloud,  and  had  vanished  in 
the  night.  With  dejected  hearts  they  once  more 
resumed  their  western  course,  from  which  Colum- 
bus would  never  have  varied,  but  in  compliance 
with  their  clamorous  wishes. 

For  several  days  they  continued  on  with  the 
s,.me  propitious  breeze,  tranquil  sea,  and  mild, 
de  ightful  weather.  The  water  was  so  calm  that 
thi  ~ailors  amused  themselves  with  swimming 
about  'he  vessel.  Dolphins  began  to  abound,  anti 
flying  t'ish,  darting  into  the  air,  fell  ujion  the 
decks.  The  continued  signs  of  land  diverted  the 
attention  of  the  crews,  and  insensibly  beguiled 
them  onward. 

On  the  1st  of  October,  according  to  the  reckon- 
ing of  tile  pilot  of  the  admiral's  ship,  they  had 
come  five  hundred  anil  eighty  leagues  west  since 
leaving  tile  Canary  Islands.  The  reckoning  which 
Columiius  showed  the  crew  was  five  hundred  and 
eighty-four,  but  the  reckoning  which  he  kept  pri- 
vately was  seven  hundred  and  seven. f  On  the 
following  day  tlie  weeds  floated  from  east  to  west  ; 
and  on  the  third  day  no  birds  were  to  be  seen. 


*  Journal  of  Columb. ,    Primer  Viage,    Navarrete, 
torn.  i. 

f  Navarrete,  torn.  i.  p.  16. 


The  crews  now  began  to  fear  that  they  had 
passed  between  islands,  from  one  to  the  other  0' 
which  the  birds  had  been  flying.  Columbus  liai 
also  some  doubts  of  the  kind,  but  refused  to  alter 
his  westward  course.  The  people  again  utteri, 
murmurs  and  menaces  ;  but  on  the  following  cLu 
they  were  visited  by  such  flights  of  birds,  and  tU 
various  indications  of  land  became  so  numerous 
that  from  a  state  of  despondency  they  passed  i, 
one  of  confident  expectation. 

Eager  to  obtain  the  promised  pension,  the  sea- 
men were  continually  giving  the  cry  of  land,  or, 
the  least  appearance  of  the  kind.  To  put  a  sid; 
to  these  fa  se  alarms,  which  produced  continuii, 
disappointments,  Columbus  declared  that  slioulc 
any  one  give  such  notice,  and  land  not  be  dis- 
covered v.ithin  three  days  afterward,  he  shouiL 
thenceforth  forfeit  all  claim  to  the  reward. 

On  the  evening  of  the  6th  of  October,  Martir 
Alonzo  Pinzon  began  tc  lose  confidence  in  their 
present  course,  and  proposed  that  they  shoul; 
stand  more  to  the  southward.  Columbus,  how- 
ever, still  persisted  in  steering  directly  west.* 

Observing  this  difference  of  opinion  in  a  person 
so  important  in  his  squadron  as  Pinzon,  and  fear- 
i'lg  that  chance  or  design  might  scatter  the  ships 
he  ordered  that,  should  either  of  the  caravt'3  li; 
separated  from  him,  it  should  sund  to  the  west 
and  endeavor  as  soon  as  possiI)le  to  join  con;- 
pany  again  ;  he  directed,  also,  that  the  vesse.- 
should  keep  near  to  him  at  sunrise  and  sunset,  a^ 
at  these  times  the  state  of  the  atmosphere  is  moy 
favorable  to  the  discovery  of  distant  land. 

On  the  morning  of  the  7th  of  October,  at  sun- 
rise, several  of  the  admiral's  crew  thought  they 
beheld  land  in  the  west,  but  so  indistinctly  thx 
no  o-  i;  ventured  to  ])rocIaim  it,  lest  he  should  I: 
rnisi.iken,  and  forfeit  all  chance  of  the  reward 
the  Nifla,  however,  being  a  good  sailer,  presse; 
forward  to  ascertain  the  fact.  In  a  little  while: 
flag  was  hoisted  at  her  masthead,  and  a  gun  d:;. 
charged,  being  the  preconcerted  signals  for  Ian: 
New  joy  was  awakened  throughout  the  liii: 
squadron,  and  every  eye  was  turned  to  the  we^: 
As  they  advanced,  however,  their  cloud-bu: 
hopes  faded  away,  and  before  evening  the  fancit 
land  had  again  nicited  into  air.f 

The  crews  now  sank  into  a  degree  of  dejectii 
proportioned  to  their  recent  excitement  ;  but  ik 
circumstances  occurred  to  arouse  them.     Colur 
Ijus,  having  observed  great  flights  of  small  tiel 
birds  going  toward  the  south-west,  concluded  th. 
must  i)e  secure  of  some  neighboring  land,  wlu: 
they  would  find  food  and  a  resting-place-     i' 
knew  the  importance  which  the  Portuguese  vi 
agers  attached  to  t'le  (light  of  birds,  by  follow; , 
which  they  had  d    covered  most  of  their  islan 
He    had    now    come    seven    hundred    and  ti: 
leagues,  the  distance  at  which  he  had  compuk 
to  find  the  island  of  Cipango  ;  as  there  was  no  a: 
|)earance  of  it,  he  might  have  missed  it  tlirou^' 
some  misti'ke   in   the   latitude.     He  dete;  mint- 
therefore,  on  the  evening  of  the  7th  of  October.:; 
alter  his  course  to  the  west-south-west,  the  dirt:-; 
tion  in  which  the  birds  generally  flew,  and  cor^ 
tinue  that  direction  for  at  least  two  days.     .Attti 
all,  it  .'as  no  great  deviation  from  his  main  cours: 
and  Wi  .dd    meet  the   wishes  of   the    Pinzoiis,  i 
well  as  be  inspiriting  to  his  followers  generally- 

For  three  days  they  stood  in  this  direction,  ar-,« 
the  further  they  went  the  more  frequent  and  tt| 


bou 

floa 

1 

huu 

and 

A 

as  s 

"■'% 
■  f 

siru 
day 
hori 

Hi 

■■* 

fate 

1 

i;iais 

:'\ 

the 

J 

to    ]) 

larg< 
crca; 
He  t 

1 

])e(lit 
the  I 

,:. 

mine 
he  sh 

*  Journ.  of  Columbus,  Navarrete,  torn.  i.  p.  i?. 
f  Hist,  del  Almlrante,  cap.  ao.    Journ.  of  Colue- 
bus,  Navarete,  torn.  i. 


^y^ 


LIFE  AND   VOYAGES   OF   COLUMBUS. 


41 


to  fear  that  they  had 
om  one  to  the  other  o: 
tlyinf^.  Columbus  haii 
ind,  !)Ut  refused  to  alt« 
le  people  a^ain  uttenc 
ut  on  the  following  day 
flights  of  birds,  and  tht 
1  became  so  numerous 
)ondency  they  passed  k 
m. 

mised  pension,  the  sea- 
'ins  the  cry  of  land,  o:; 
be  kind.     To  put  a  sUr, 
ich  produced  conlinua. 
js  declared  that  shouM 
;,  and   land   not  be  dis- 
s   afterward,  he  shouk 
m  to  the  reward. 
:  6th  of  October,  Martir 
lose  confidence  in  the,! 
posed    that  they  shoul^; 
,vard.     Columbus,  how- 
iring  directly  west.* 
:e  of  opinion  in  a  person 
ron  as  Pinzon,  and  fear- 
1  might  scatter  the  ships 
either  of  the  caravth  he 
ihould  siand  to  the  west 
IS  possible  to  join  coni- 
1,  also,   that  the   vessel 
at  sunrise  and  sunset,  a: 
f  the  atmosphere  is  mos: 
y  of  distant  land, 
e  7th  of  October,  at  sun- 
iral's  crew  thought  they 
t,  but  so  indistinctly  liu: 
aim  it,  lest  he  should  h 
1  chance  of  the  reward 
ig  a  good  sailer,  pressc. 
fact.     In  a  little  while; 
..asthead,  and  a  gun  dh. 
incerted  signals  for  lane 
:l    throughout    the    liiup 
was  turned  to  the  wes'J 
Lvever,    their    cloud-bui 
jefore  evening  the  fancic. 
to  air.f 

to  a  degree  of  dejectioJ 
nt  excitement  ;  but  net 
o  arouse  them.     Coiun: 
.at  Hights  of  small  tiek 
lUth-west,  concluded  the 
lieighboring  land,  wher:^^ 
id  a  resting-place.     K:- 
lich  the  Portuguese  vo, 
ht  of  birds,  by  foUowi;;, 
d  most  of  their  islami' 
ven    hundred    and  tir. 
|\vhich  he  had  compuk 
igo  ;  as  there  \%as  no  a: 
have  missed  it  throu," 
itude.     He  detevminc  ; 
of  the  7th  of  Ociober.  ;> 
Ist-south-west,  the  dire:- 
generally  flew,  and  co' 
least  two  days.     .MitJ 
lion  from  his  main  courst 
Ishes  of   the    Pinzons,  i 
is  followers  generally, 
[od  in  this  direction,  ar-, 
more  frequent  and  t: 

tavarrete,  torn.  i.  p.  !?■    , 
\p,  20.     Journ.  of  Colutv^ 


couraging  were  the  signs  of  land.  Flights  of 
small  birds  of  various  •:olors,  some  of  them  such 
as  sing  in  the  tields,  came  flying  .about  the  ships, 
and  then  contmued  toward  the  south-west,  and 
others  were  heard  also  flying  by  in  the  night. 
Tunny  fish  played  about  the  smooth  sea,  and  a 
heron,  a  pelican,  and  a  duck  were  seen,  all 
bound  in  the  same  direction.  Theherb.age  which 
floated  l)v  was  fresh  and  green,  as  if  recently  from 
land,  and  the  air,  Columbus  observes,  was  sweet 
and  fragrant  as  April  breezes  in  Seville. 

All  these,  however,  were  regarded  by  the  crews 
.is  so  many  delusions  beguiling  them  on  to  de- 
struction ;  and  when  on  the  evening  of  the  third 
day  thev  beheld  th'.-  sun  go  down  upon  a  shoreless 
hoiizoni  they  broke  forth  into  turbulent  clamor. 
ThdV  declaimed  against  this  obstinacy  in  tempting 
tale  by  continuing  on  into  a  boundless  sea.  They 
insisted  upon  turning  homeward,  and  abandoning 
the  voyage  as  hopeless.  Columbus  endeavored 
to  pacily  them  by  gentle  words  and  promises  of 
large  rewards  ;  but  finding  that  they  only  in- 
creased in  clamor,  he  assumed  a  decided  tone. 
He  told  them  it  was  useless  to  murmur,  the  ex- 
])edition  had  been  sent  by  the  sovereigns  to  seek 
the  Indies,  and,  happen  what  might,  he  was  deter- 
mined to  |)ersevere,  until,  by  the  blessing  of  God, 
he  should  accomplish  the  enterprise.* 


*  Hist,  del  Almirante,  cap.  20.  Las  Casas,  lih.  i. 
joiunal  of  Columb.,  Navarrete,  Colec.  torn.  1.  •,!.  19. 

It  has  been  asserted  by  various  historians,  that 
Columbus,  a  day  or  two  previous  to  coming  in  sight 
of  the  New  World,  capitulated  with  his  mutinous 
crew,  promising,  if  he  did  not  discover  land  within 
three  days,  to  .ibandon  the  voyage.  There  is  no 
authority  for  such  an  assertion,  either  in  the  history  of 
his  son  FernaiiJo  or  that  of  the  Bl'-hop  Las  Casas, 
each  of  whom  had  the  admiral's  ;  apers  before  him. 
There  is  no  mention  of  such  a  circumstance  in  the  ex- 
tracts made  from  the  journal  by  Las  Casas,  which 
have  recently  been  brought  to  light  ;  nor  is  it  asserted 
by  either  Petjr  Martyr  or  the  Curate  of  Los  Palacios, 
both  contemporaries  and  acquaintances  of  Columbus, 
and  who  could  scarcely  have  failed  to  mention  so 
striking  a  fact,  •  if  true.  It  rests  merely  upoi;  the 
aulhority  of  Oviedo,  who  is  of  inferior  credit  to  either 
of  the  authors  above  cited,  and  was  grossly  misled  as 
to  many  of  the  particulars  of  this  voyage  by  a  pilot  of 
the  nnrae  ol  Hernan  Perez  Matheo,  wfio  was  hostile 
to  Columbus.  In  the  manuscript  process  of  the 
memorable  lavvsuit  between  Don  Diego,  son  of  the  ad- 
miral, and  the  fisc  1  of  the  crown,  is  the  evidence  of 
one  Pedro  de  Bilbao,  who  testifies  that  he  heard  many 
times  that  some  ol  the  pilots  and  mariners  wished  to 
turn  back,  but  that  the  admiral  promised  them  pres- 
ents, and  entreated  them  to  wait  two  or  three  days, 
before  which  time  he  should  discover  land.  ("  Pedro 
dc  Bilbao  oyo  muchas  veces  que  algunos  pilotus  y 
marineros  querian  volverse  sino  fuera  por  el  Almi- 
rante que  les  prometio  donos,  les  rogo  esperasen  dos 
o  tres  dias  i  que  antes  del  terminodcstubrieralierra.") 
This,  if  true,  implies  no  capitulation  to  relinquish  the 
enterprise. 

On  the  other  hand,  it  was  asserted  by  some  of  the 
witnesses  in  the  above-mentioned  suit,  that  Colum- 
bus, after  having  proceeded  some  few  hundred  leagues 
without  findini;  land,  lost  confidence  and  wished  to 
turn  back  ;  but  was  persuaded  and  even  piqued  to 
continue  by  the  Pinzons.  This  assertion  carries  false- 
hood on  its  very  face.  It  is  in  total  contradiction  to 
that  persevering  constancy  and  undaunted  resolution 
displayed  by  Columbus,  not  merely  in  the  present 
voyage,  but  from  lirst  to  last  of  his  diflieult  and  dan- 
gerous career.  This  testimony  was  given  by  some  of 
the  mjtinous  men,  anxious  to  exaggerate  the  merits 
of  the  Pinzons,  and  to  depreciate  that  of  Columbus. 
Fortunately,  the  extracts  from  the  journal  of  the  lat- 


Columbus  was  now  at  open  defiance  with  his 
crew,  and  his  situation  became  des|)erate.  For- 
tunately the  manifestations  of  the  vicinity  of  land 
were  such  on  the  following  day  as  no  longer  to 
admit  a  doubt.  Besides  a  (|uantity  of  fresh  weeds, 
such  as  grow  in  river's,  they  saw  a  green  fish  of  a 
kind  which  keeps  about  rocks  ;  then  a  branch  of 
thorn  with  berries  on  it,  and  recently  separated 
from  the  tree,  floated  by  them  ;  then  they  picked 


up  a  reed,  a  small  board,  and,  above  a 


y  picke 
I,  a  sta 


ff 


artificially  carved.  Aii  gloom  and  mutiny  now 
gave  way  to  sanguine  ex|)ect.ition  ;  and  through- 
out the  day  each  one  was  eagerly  on  the  watch, 
in  hopes  of  being  the  first  to  discover  the  long- 
s^^ught-for  land. 

In  the  evening,  when,  according  to  invariable 
custom  on  board  of  the  admiral's  ship,  the  mar- 
iners had  sung  the  "Salve  Regina,"  cr  vesper 
hymn  to  the  Virgin,  he  made  an  impressive  ad- 
dress to  his  crew.  He  pnMited  out  the  goodness 
of  (iod  in  thus  conducting  lOem  by  soft  and  favor- 
ing bree/.es  across  a  tranquil  ocean,  cheering  their 
hopes  continually  with  fresh  signs,  increasing  as 
their  fears  augmented,  and  thus  leading  and 
guiding  them  to  a  promiseil  land.  He  now  re- 
minded them  of  the  orders  he  had  given  on  leav- 
ing the  Canaries,  that,  after  sailing  westward 
seven  hundred  leagues,  they  should  not  make  sail 
after  midniifht.  Present  ap|)earances  authorized 
such  a  precaution.  He  thought  it  probable  they 
would  make  land  that  very  night  ;  he  otderetl, 
therefore,  a  vigilant  look-out  to  lie  kept  irom  the 
forecastle,  promising  to  whomsoever  should  make 
the  discovery,  a  doublet  of  velvet,  in  addition  to 
the  pension  to  be  given  by  the  sovereigns.* 

The  breeze  had  been  fresh  all  day,  with  more 
sea  than  usual,  and  they  had  made  great  progress. 
At  sunset  they  had  stood  again  to  the  west,  and 
were  ploughing  the  waves  at  a  rapid  rate,  the  Pinta 
keeping  the  lead,  from  her  superior  sailing.  The 
greatest  animation  prevailed  throughout  the 
ships  ;  not  an  eye  was  closed  that  night.  As  the 
evening  darkened,  Columbus  took  his  station  on 
the  top  of  the  castle  or  cabin  on  the  high  poop  of 
his  vessel,  ranging  his  eye  along  the  dusky  hori- 
zon, and  maintaining  an  intense  and  unremitting 
watch.  About  ten  o'clock  he  thought  he  behehl  a 
light  glimmering  at  a  great  distance.  I'"earing  his 
eager  hopes  might  deceive  him,  he  calleil  to  Pe- 
dro Gutierrez,  gentleman  of  the  king's  bedcham- 
ber, and  inquired  whether  he  saw  such  a  light  ; 
the  latter  replied  in  the  affirmative.  Doul>ttul 
whether  it  might  not  yet  be  some  delusion  of  the 
lancy,  ColumbuS  called  Rodrigo  .Sanchez  of  Se- 
govia, and  made  the  same  incjuiry.  By  the  time 
the  latter  had  ascended  the  round-house  the  light 
had  disappeared.  They  saw  it  once  or  twice  after- 
ward in  sudden  and  passing  gleams  ;  as  it  it  were 
a  torch  in  the  bark  of  a  lisherman,  rising  and 
sinking  with  the  waves  ;  or  in  the  hand  ol  some 
|)erson  on  shore,  borne  up  and  down  as  he  walked 
from  house  to  house.  So  transient  and  uncertain 
were  these  gleams  that  few  attached  any  impor- 
tance to  them  ;  Columbus,  however,  considered 
them  as  c  tain  signs  of  land,  and,  moreover,  that 
the  land  was  inhabited. 

They  continued  their  course  until  two  in  the 
morning,   when  a  gun  from   the  Pinta  gave  the 


ter,  written  from  day  to  day,  with  guileless  iiniplicily, 
and  all  the  air  of  truth,  disprove  these  fables,  and 
show  that  on  the  very  day  previous  to  his  discovery, 
he  expressed  a  peremptory  determination  to  perse, 
vere-  in  defiance  of  ail  dangers  and  ditficulties. 
*  Hist,  del  Almirante,  cap.  21. 


1 1 


!.: 


I  1 


i     i 


43 


LIFE    AND   VOYAGES   OF   COLUMBUS. 


joyful  signal  of  land.  It  \va.-  first  descried  by  a 
mariner  named  Rodrigo  de  Triana  ;  but  the  re- 
ward was  afterward  adjudged  to  the  admiral,  for 
having  previously  perceived  the  light.  The  land 
was  now  clearly  seen  about  two  leagues  distant, 
whereupon  they  took  in  sail  and  laid  to,  waiting 
impatiently  for  the  dawn. 

The  thoughts  and  feelings  of  Columbus  in  this 
little  space  of  time  must  have  been  tumultuous 
and  intense.  At  length,  in  spite  of  every  diffi- 
culty and  danger  he  had  accomplished  his  object. 
The  great  mystery  of  the  ocean  was  revealed  ;  his 
theory,  which  had  been  the  scoff  of  sages,  was  tri- 
umphantly established  ;  he  had  secured  to  himself 
a  glory  durable  as  the  world  itself. 

It  is  ditlicult  to  conceive  the  feelings  of  such  a 
man,  at  such  a  moment;  or  the  conjectures  which 
must  have  thronged  upon  his  mind,  as  to  the 
land  before  him,  covered  with  darkness.    That 


it  was  fruitful,  was  evident  from  the  vegetables 
which  floated  from  its  shores.  He  thought,  too, 
that  he  perceived  the  fragrance  of  aromatic 
groves.  The  moving  light  he  had  beheld  proved 
it  the  residence  of  man.  Hut  what  were  its  in- 
habitants .'  Were  they  like  those  of  the  other 
parts  of  the  globe  ;  or  were  they  some  strange 
and  monstrous  race,  such  as  the  imagination  was 
prone  in  those  times  to  give  to  all  remote  and  un- 
known regions  ?  Had  he  come  upon  some  wild 
island  far  in  the  Indian  sea  ;  or  was  this  the  famed 
Cipango  itself,  the  object  of  his  golden  fancies  ? 
A  thousand  speculations  of  the  kind  must  have 
swarmed  upon  him,  as,  with  his  anxious  crews, 
he  waited  for  the  night  to  pass  away,  wondering 
whether  the  morning  light  would  reveal  a  savage 
wilderness,  or  dawn  upon  spicy  groves,  and  glit- 
tering  fanes,  and  gilded  cities,  and  all  the  splen- 
dor of  oriental  civilization. 


BOOK   IV. 


CHAPTER  I. 


FIRST  LANDING  OF  COLU.MBUS   IN  THE  NEW 
WORLD. 

It  was  on  Friday  morning,  the  I2th  of  October, 
that  Columbus  first  beheld  the  New  World.  As 
the  day  dawned  he  saw  before  him  a  level  island, 
several  leagues  in  extent,  and  covered  with  trees 
like  a  continual  orchard.  Though  ap|)arently 
uncultivated,  it  was  populous,  for  the  inhabitants 
were  seen  issuing  from  all  parts  of  the  woods 
and  running  to  the  shore.  They  were  perfectly 
Baked,  and,  as  they  stood  gazing  at  the  ships, 
appeared  by  their  attitudes  and  gestures  to  be  lost 
in  astoiMshment.  Columbus  made  signal  for  the 
ships  to  cast  anchor,  and  the  boats  to  be  manned 
and  arme;l.  He  entered  his  own  boat,  richly  at- 
tired in  s:arlet,  and  holding  the  royal  standard  ; 
while  Martin  Alon/.o  Pinzon  and  Vincent  Jafiez  his 
brother,  put  off  in  company  in  their  boats,  each 
with  a  banner  of  the  enter|)rise  emblazoned  with 
a  green  cross,  having  on  either  side  the  letters  F. 
and  Y.,  the  initials  of  theCastilian  monarchs  Fer- 
nando and  Ysabel,  surmounted  by  crowns. 

As  he  approached  the  shore,  Columbus,  who  was 
disposed  for  all  kinds  of  .agreeable  impressions, 
was  deligiited  with  the  purity  and  suavity  of  the 
atmosphere,  the  crystal  transparency  of  the  sea, 
and  the  extraordinary  beauty  of  the  vegetation. 
He  beheld,  also,  fruits  of  an  unknown  kind  upon 
the  trees  which  overhung  the  shores.  On  landing 
he  threw  himself  on  his  knees,  kissed  the  earth, 
and  returned  thanks  to  God  with  tears  of  joy.  His 
example  was  followed  by  the  rest,  whose  hearts 
indeed  overllowed  with  the  same  feelings  of  grati- 
tude. Columbus  then  rising  drew  his  sword,  dis- 
played the  royal  standard,  and  assembling  round 
him  tiie  two  captains,  with  Rodrigo  de  Escobedo, 
notary  of  the  armament,  Rodrigo  Sanchez,  and 
the  rest  who  had  landed,  he  took  solemn  posses- 
sion in  the  name  of  the  Castilian  sovereigns,  giv- 
ing the  island  the  name  of  .San  Salvador.  H.u- 
ing  complied  witii  the  rec|uisite  forms  and  cere- 
monies, he  called  upon  all  present  to  take  the 
oath  of  obedience  to  him,  as  admiral  and  viceroy, 
representing  the  persons  of  the  sovereigns,* 

*  In  the  Tablas  Chronologicas  of  Padre  Claudio 


The  feelings  of  the  crew  now  burst  forth  in  the 
most  extravagant  transports.  They  had  recently 
considered  themselves  devoted  men,  hurrying  for- 
ward to  destruction  ;  they  now  looked  upon  them- 
selves as  favorites  of  fortune,  and  gave  themselves 
up  to  the  most  unbounded  joy.  They  thronged 
around  the  admiral  with  overtiowing  zeal,  some 
embracing  him,  others  kissing  his  hands.  Those 
who  had  been  most  mutinous  and  turbulent  dur- 
ing the  voyage,  were  now  most  devoted  and  en- 
thusiastic. Some  begged  favors  of  him,  as  if  he 
had  already  wealtli  and  honors  in  his  gift.  Many 
abject  s])irits,  who  had  outraged  him  by  their  inso- 
lence, now  crouched  at  his  feet,  begging  pardon 
for  all  the  trouble  they  had  caused  him,  and  prom- 
ising the  blindest  obedience  for  the  future.* 

The  natives  of  the  island,  when,  at  the  dawn  of 
dnv,  they  had  beheld  the  ships  hovering  on  their 
coast,  had  supposed  them  monsters  which  had  is- 
sued from  the  deep  during  the  night.  They  had 
crowded  to  the  beach  and  watched  their  move- 
ments with  awful  anxiety.  Their  veering  about, 
ap]Kirently  without  effort,  and  the  shifting  and 
furling  of  their  sails,  resembling  huge  wings,  filled 
them  with  astonishment.  When  they  beheld  their 
boats  approach  the  shore,  and  a  number  of  strange 
beings  clad  in  glittering  steel,  or  raiment  of  va- 
rious colors,  landing  upon  the  beach,  they  fled  in 
affright  to  the  woods.  Finding,  however,  that 
there  was  no  attempt  to  pursue  nor  molest  them, 
they  gradually  recovered  from  their  terror,  and 
approached  the  Spaniards  with  great  awe  ;  fre- 
quently prostrating  themselves  on  the  earth,  and 
making   signs   of   adoration.      During   the   cere- 


Clemente,  is  conserved  a  form  of  prayer,  said  to  have 
been  used  by  Columbus  on  this  occasion,  and  which, 
by  order  of  the  Castilian  sovereigns,  was  afterward 
used  by  Balboa,  Cortez,  and  Pizarro  in  their  discov- 
eries. "  Domiiie  Deus  a;terne  ct  omnipotens.  sacro 
tuo  verbo  coelum,  et  terram,  ct  mare  creasti  ;  benedi- 
catur  el  Rlorificetur  nomen  tuum,  laudetur  tua  majes- 
tas,  qu.T:  dignita  est  per  humilem  servnm  tuum,  ut 
ejus  sacrum  nomen  agnoscatur,  et  prjedicetur  in  hac 
altera  mundi  parte."  Tab,  Chron,  de  los  Descub., 
decad.  i.     Valencia,  1689. 

*  Oviedo,  lib.  i.  cap,  6.      Las  Casas,    Hist.  Ind., 
lib.  i,  cap.  40. 


mom 

i'>« 
bear( 

■i  the  S 
ledtj 
s  his 
defer 
ions  ; 
mand 
from 
touch 
and  f; 
was 
simpli 
feet  ai 
They 
of  the 
zon,  01 
wings 
habita 
The 
curios 
from 
appear 
civiliza 
paintet 
was  CO 
or  aroi 
whole 
appear 
or  cop 
beards. 
cently-< 
der  tht 
partly 
were   1( 
shoulde 
disfigut 
lofty  fo! 
were  ol 
of  then 
.age  ;  tf 
young, 
formed. 
As  C 
on  an  is 
the  nati 
which  1 
nature  ( 
been  ex 
World. 
Thei: 
i     only  an 
fire,  or 
of  a  tish 
i     they  api 
;j     when  a 
y      unguarc 
Colun 
glass  l)e 
as  the  I 
:^  among 
■^  They    r 
round  t 
with  tht 
The  Sp; 


LIFE  AND  VOYAGES  OF  COLUMBUS. 


43 


from  the  vegetables 
s.  He  thought,  too, 
igrance  of  aromatio 
ie  had  beheld  proved 
[Jut  what  were  its  in- 
e  those  of  the  other 
re  they  some  strange 
;  the  imagination  was 
to  all  remote  and  un- 
:ome  upon  some  wild 
or  was  this  the  famed 
[  his  golden  fancies  ? 
E  the  kind  must  have 
th  his  anxious  crews, 
)ass  away,  wondering 
i'ould  reveal  a  savage 
picy  groves,  and  glit- 
es,  and  all  the  splen- 


low  burst  forth  in  the 
s.     They  had  recently 
ted  men,  hurrying  for- 
ow  looked  upon  them- 
;,  and  gave  themselves 
I  joy.     They  thronged 
I'ertlowing  zeal,   some 
ing  his  hands.     Those  ,^ 
us  and  turbulent  dur- 
most  devoted  and  en- 
vors  of  him,  as  if  he 
ors  in  his  gift.     Many 
ged  him  by  their  inso- 
feet,  begging  pardon  ; 
aused  him,  and  prom-  ' 
for  the  future.* 
when,  at  the  dawn  of  ; 
ips  hovering  on  their 
onsters  which  had  is- 
the  night.     They  had 
watched  their  move- 
Their  veering  about, 
|and  the  shifting  and 
ing  huge  wir.gs,  filled  ' 
hen  they  beheld  their 
I  a  number  of  strange 
el,  or  raiment  of  va- 
|he  beach,  they  fled  in 
ding,    however,   that 
sue  nor  molest  them, 
om  their  terror,  and 
,vith  great  awe  ;  fre- 
es on  the  earth,  and 
During   the   cere- 

|of  prayer,  said  to  have 

occasion,  and  which. 

Ireigns,    was  afterward 

lizarro  in  their  discov- 

ct  omnipotens.  sacro 

1  mare  creasti  ;  benedi- 

laudetur  tua  majes- 

llem  servum  tuum,  ut 

I,  et  prjedicetur  in  hac 

Von.  de  los  Descub,, 

las  Casas,    Hist.  Ind., 


J 


monies  of  taking  possession,  they  remamed  gaz- 
ing in  timid  admiration  at  the  comule.xion,  the 
beards,  the  shining  armor,  and  splendid  dress  of 
the  Spaniards.  The  admiral  particularly  attract- 
ed their  attention,  from  bis  commanding  height, 
his  air  of  authority,  his  dress  of  scarlet,  and  the 
deference  which  was  paid  him  by  his  compan- 
ions ;  all  which  pointed  him  out  to  be  the  com- 
mander.* When  they  had  still  further  recovered 
from  their  fears,  they  apjiroached  the  Spaniards, 
touched  their  beards,  and  examined  their  hands 
and  faces,  admiring  their  whiteness.  Columbus 
was  pleased  with  their  gentleness  and  contiding 
simplicity,  and  suffered  their  scrutiny  with  per- 
fect acquiescence,  winning  them  by  his  benignity. 
They  now  su[)j)ose(l  that  the  ships  had  sailed  out 
of  the  crystal  lirmament  which  bounded  their  hori- 
zon, or  had  descended  from  above  on  their  ample 
wings,  and  that  these  marvellous  beings  were  in- 
habitants of  the  skies. t 

The  natives  of  the  island  were  no  less  objects  of 
curiosity  to  the  .Spaniards,  differing,  as  they  did, 
from  any  race  of  men  they  had  ever  seen.  Their 
appearance  gave  no  promise  of  either  wealth  or 
civilization,  for  they  were  entirely  naked,  and 
painted  with  a  variety  of  colors.  With  some  it 
was  confined  merely  to  a  part  of  the  face,  the  nose, 
or  around  the  eyes  ;  with  others  it  extended  to  the 
whole  body,  and  gave  them  a  wild  and  fantastic 
appearance.  Their  complexion  was  of  a  tawny 
or  copper  hue,  and  they  were  entirely  destitute  of 
beards.  Their  hair  was  not  crisped,  like  the  re- 
cently-discovered tribes  of  the  African  coast,  un- 
der the  same  latitude,  but  straight  and  coarse, 
pardy  cut  short  above  the  ears,  but  some  locks 
were  left  long  behind  and  falling  upon  their 
shoulders.  Their  features,  though  obscured  and 
disfigured  by  paint,  were  agreeable  ;  they  had 
lofty  foreheads  and  remarkably  fine  eyes.  They 
were  of  moderate  stature  and  well-shaped  ;  most 
of  them  appeared  to  be  under  thirty  years  of 
age  ;  there  was  but  one  female  with  them,  quite 
young,  naked  like  her  companions,  and  beautifully 
formed. 

As  Columbus  supposed  himself  to  have  landed 
on  an  island  at  the  extremity  of  India,  he  called 
the  natives  by  the  general  appellation  of  Indians, 
which  was  universally  adopted  before  the  true 
nature  of  his  discovery  was  known,  and  has  since 
been  extended  to  all  the  aboriginals  of  the  New 
World. 

The  islanders  were  friendly  and  gentle.  Their 
only  arms  were  lances,  hardened  at  the  end  by 
fire,  or  pointed  with  a  flint,  or  the  teeth  or  bone 
of  a  fish.  There  was  no  iron  to  be  seen,  nor  did 
they  appear  ac((uainted  with  its  properties  ;  for, 
when  a  drawn  sword  was  presented  to  them,  they 
unguardedly  took  it  by  the  edge. 

Columbus  distributed  among  them  colored  caps, 
glass  beads,  hawks'  bells,  and  other  trifles,  such 
as  the  Portuguese  were  accustomed  to  trade  with 
among  the  nations  of  the  gold  coast  of  Africa. 
They  received  them  eagerly,  hung  the  beads 
round  their  necks,  and  were  wonderfully  pleased 
with  their  finery,  and  with  the  sound  of  the  bells. 
The  Spaniards  rf-ma.ned  all  day  on  shore  refresh- 

*  Las  Casas,  ubi  sup. 

f  The  idea  that  the  white  men  came  from  heaven 
was  universally  entertained  by  the  Inhabitants  of  the 
New  World.  When  in  the  course  of  subsequent  voy- 
ages the  Spaniards  conversed  with  the  cacique  Nica- 
ragua, he  inquired  how  they  came  down  from  the 
skies,  whether  flying  or  whether  they  descended  on 
clouds,    ilcrrera,  decad.  ii\  lib.  iv.  cap.  5. 


ing  themselves  after  their  anxious  voyage  amid 
the  beautiful  groves  of  the  island,  and  returned 
on  board  late  in  the  evening,  delighted  with  all 
they  had  seen. 

t)n  the  following  morning  at  break  of  day,  the 
shore  was  thronged  with  the  natives  ;  some  swam 
o''  lO  the  shi|)s,  others  came  in  light  barks  w'hich 
iney  called  canoes,  formed  of  a  single  tree,  hol- 
lowed, and  ca|)able  of  holding  from  one  man  to 
the  number  of  forty  or  fifty.  Tliese  they  managed 
dexterously  with  paddles,  and,  if  overturned, 
swam  about  in  the  water  with  perfect  unconcern, 
as  if  in  their  natural  element,  righting  their  canoes 
with  great  facility,  and  baling  them  with  cala- 
bashes.* 

They  were  eager  to  procure  more  toys  and 
trinkets,  not,  apparently,  from  any  idea  of  their 
intrinsic  value,  but  because  everything  from  the 
hands  of  the  strangers  jiossessed  a  supernatural 
virtue  in  their  eyes,  as  having  been  brought  from 
heaven  ;  they  even  picked  up  fragments  of  glass 
and  earthenware  as  valuable  prizes.  They  had 
but  few  objects  to  offer  in  return,  except  parrots, 
of  which  great  numbers  were  domesticated  among 
them,  and  cotton  yarn,  of  which  they  bad  abun- 
dance, and  would  exchange  large  balls  of  five  and 
twenty  pounds'  weight  for  the  merest  trifle.  They 
brought  also  cakes  of  a  kind  of  bread  called  cas- 
sava, which  constituted  a  ])rincipal  part  of  their 
food,  and  was  afterward  an  important  article  of 
provisions  with  the  Spaniards.  It  was  formed 
from  a  great  root  called  yuca,  which  they  culti- 
vated in  fields.  This  they  cut  into  small  morsels, 
which  they  grated  or  scraped,  and  strained  in  a 
press,  making  a  broad  thin  cake,  which  was  after- 
ward dried  hard,  and  would  keep  for  a  long  time, 
being  steeped  in  water  when  eaten.  It  was  in- 
sipid, but  nourishing,  though  the  water  strained 
from  it  in  the  preparation  was  a  deadly  ])oison. 
There  was  another  kind  of  yuca  destitute  of  this 
poisonous  quality,  which  was  eaten  in  the  root, 
either  boiled  or  roasted. t 

The  avarice  of  the  discoverers  was  (juickly  ex- 
cited by  the  sight  of  small  ornaments  of  gold, 
worn  by  some  of  the  natives  in  their  noses.  These 
the  latter  gladly  exchanged  for  glass  beads  and 
hawks'  bells  ;  and  both  parties  exulted  in  the 
bargain,  no  doubt  admiring  each  other's  sim- 
|)licily.  As  gold,  however,  was  an  object  of  royal 
monopoly  in  all  enterprises  of  discovery,  Colum- 
bus forbade  any  traffic  in  it  without  his  express 
sanction  ;  and  he  |)ut  the  same  prohibition  on  the 
traffic  for  cotton,  reserving  to  the  crown  all  trade 
for  it,  wherever  it  should  be  found  in  any  quan- 
tity. 

He  inquired  of  ihe  natives  where  this  gold  was 
procured.  They  answered  him  by  signs,  jjointing 
to  the  south,  where,  he  understood  them,  dwelt  a 
king  of  such  wealth  that  be  was  served  in  vessels 
of  wrought  gold.  He  understood,  also,  that  there 
was  land  to  the  soutli,  the  south-west,  and  the 
north-west,  and  that  the  i)eoi)le  from  the  last  men- 
tioned quarter  frecpiently  jiroceeded  to  the  south- 
west in  quest  of  gold  and  |)recious  stones,  making 
in  their  way  descents  u|)on  the  islands,  and  carry- 
ing off  the  inhabitants.  .Several  of  the  natives 
showed  him  scars  of  wounds  received  in  battles 
with  these  invaders.  It  is  evident  that  a  great 
part  of  this  fancied  intelligence  was  self-delusion 


*  The  calabashes  of  the  Indians,  which  served  the 
purposes  of  glass  and  earthenware,  supplying  them 
with  all  sorts  of  domestic  utensils,  were  produced  on 
stately  trees  of  the  size  of  elms. 

f  Acosta,  Hist.  Ind.,  lib.  iv.  cap.  17. 


u 


LIFE  AND   VOYAGES   OF  COLUMBUS. 


'  iii 


U' 


on  the  part  of  Columbus  ;  for  he  was  under  a  s|)ell 
of  the  imajrination,  which  gave  its  own  siiiujes 
and  colors  to  every  ohiect.  He  was  ])ersua(lecl 
that  he  had  arrived  among  the  islands  described 
by  Marco  Polo  as  lying  opposite  Cathay,  in  the 
Chinese  sea,  and  he  construed  everything  to  ac- 
cord with  the  account  given  of  those  o|>ulent  re- 
gions. Thus  the  enemies  which  the  natives  spoke 
of  as  coming  from  the  north-west,  he  concluded  to 
be  the  people  of  the  main-land  of  Asia,  the  sub- 
jects of  the  great  Khan  of  Tartary,  who  were  rep- 
resented by  the  V'enetian  traveller  as  accustomed 
to  make  war  ujjon  the  islands,  and  to  enslave 
their  inhr.bitants.  The  country  to  the  south, 
abounding  in  gold,  could  be  no  other  than  the 
famous  island  of  Cipango  ;  and  the  king  who  was 
served  out  of  vessels  of  gold  must  be  tiie  monarch 
whose  magniticent  city  and  gorgeous  palace,  cov- 
ered with  plates  of  gold,  had  bee.i  extolled  in  such 
splendid  terms  by  Marco  Polo. 

The  island  where  Columl)us  had  thus,  for  the 
first  time,  set  his  foot  upon  the  New  World,  was 
called  by  the  natives  C.uanahan^.  It  still  retains 
the  name  of  San  Salvador,  wiiich  he  gave  to  it, 
though  called  by  the  English  Cat  Island.*  The 
light  whicii  he  had  seen  the  evening  previous  to 
his  making  land,  may  have  been  on  Watling's 
Island,  whicii  lies  a  few  leagues  to  the  east.  San 
Salvador  is  one  of  the  great  cluster  of  the  Lucayos, 
or  IJahama  Islands,  which  stretch  south-east  and 
north-west,  from  the  coast  of  I'lorida  to  His- 
paniola,  covering  tiie  northern  coast  of  Cuba. 

On  the  morning  of  the  14th  of  October  the  atl- 
miral  set  off  at  daybreak  with  the  boats  of  the 
ships  to '■econnoitre  the  island,  directing  his  course 
to  the  north-east.  The  coast  was  surrounded  by  a 
reef  of  rocks,  within  whicii  there  was  depth  of 
water  and  sufficient  harbor  to  receive  all  the  ships 
in  Chiistendom.  The  entrance  was  very  narrow  ; 
within  there  were  several  sand-banks,  but  the 
water  was  as  still  as  in  a  pool.f 

The  island  a])peared  liiroughout  to  be  well 
wooded,  with  streams  of  water,  and  a  large  lake 
in  the  centre.  As  tiie  boats  jiroceeded,  they 
passed  two  or  three  villages,  the  inhabitants  of 
which,  men  as  well  as  women,  ran  to  the  shores, 
throwing  themselves  on  the  ground,  lifting  up 
their  hands  and  eyes,  eitiier  giving  thanks  to 
heaven,  or  worshijjping  the  Spaniards  as  super- 
natural beings.  Tiiey  ran  along  jjarallel  to  the 
boats,  calling  after  the  Spaniards,  and  inviting 
them  by  signs  to  land,  offering  them  various  fruits 
and  vessels  of  water.  Finding,  however,  that  the 
boats  continued  on  their  course,  many  threw 
themselves  into  the  sea  and  swam  after  them,  and 
others  followed  in  canoes.  The  admiral  received 
them  all  with  kindness,  giving  them  glass  beads 
and  other  trilles,  which  were  received  with  trans- 
port as  Celestial  presents,  for  the  invariable  idea 
of  tile  savages  was,  that  the  white  men  had  come 
from  the  skies. 

In  this  way  thev  pursued  their  course,  until  they 
came  to  a  small  piminsula,  whicii  with  two  or 
three  days'  labor  might  be  separated  from  the 
main-land  and  surrounded  with  water,  and  was 
therefore  specified  by  Columbus  as  an  excellent 
situation  for  a  fortress.  On  this  were  six  Indian 
cabins,   surrounded   by  groves    and    gardens  as 


*  Some  dispute  having  recently  arisen  as  to  the 
island  on  which  Columbus  first  landed,  the  reader  is 
referred  for  a  discussion  of  this  question  to  the  illus- 
trations of  the  work,  article  "  First  Landing  of  Co- 
lumbus." 

f  Primer  Viage  de  Colon.     Navarrete,  torn.  i. 


beautiful  as  those  of  Castile.  The  sailors  being  | 
wearied  with  rowing,  and  the  island  not  appear, 
ing  to  the  admiral  of  sufficient  in-portance  to  in-' 
duce  colonization,  he  returned  to  tlie  shi|)s,  takiri" 
seven  ol  the  natives  with  him,  that  they  might  ac° 
quire  the  Spanish  language  and  serve  as  inter- 
preters. 

Having  taken  in  a  supply  of  wood  and  water, 
they  left  the  island  of  San  Salvador  the  same  even- 
ing, the  admiral  being  im|)atient  to  arrive  at  iht 
wealthy  country  to  the  south,  which  he  llattcR-l 
himself  would  prove  the  famous  island  of  Cipangu. 


CHAPTER  II. 
CRUISE  AMONG  THE  llAHAMA  ISLANDS. 

[1492.1 

On  leaving  San  Salvador  Columbus  was  at  ,• 
loss  which  way  to  direct  his  course.  A  gre.r 
number  of  islands,  green  and  level  and  fertile- 
invited  him  in  different  directions.  Tlie  Indiaii- 
on  board  of  his  >essel  intimated  by  signs  th;i; 
they  were  innumeral)le,  well  peopled,  and  at  war 
with  one  another.  They  mentioneil  the  names  0: 
above  a  hundred.  Columbus  now  had  no  longer 
a  doubt  that  lie  was  among  the  isl.uids  descril)e(! 
by  Marco  Polo  as  studding  the  vast  sea  of  Chin, 
or  China,  and  lying  at  a  great  distance  from  the 
main-land.  These,  according  to  the  Venetian, 
amounted  to  between  seven  and  eight  thousand, 
and  abounded  with  drugs  and  sjiices  and  odorifer- 
ous trees,  together  with  gold  and  silver  and  many 
other  precious  objects  of  commerce.* 

Animated  by  the  idea  of  exploring  this  opulen; 
archijjelago,  he  selected  the  largest  island  in  sigh; 
for  his  next  visit ;  it  appeared  to  lie  about  tut 
leagues'  distance,  and  he  understood  from  hi> 
Indians  that  the  natives  were  richer  than  thos: 
of  San  Salvador,  wearing  bracelets  and  anklets 
and  other  ornaments  of  massive  gold. 

The  night  coming  on,  Columbus  ordered   thai 
the  shijis  should  lie  to,  as  the  navigati(jn  was  diffi-| 
cult  and  dangerous  among  these  unknown  islands, 
and  he  feared  to  venture  upon  a  strange  coast  in  | 
the  dark.     In  the  morning  they  again  made  sail, | 
l)ut  meeting  with  counter-currents  it  was  not  u:Ui! 
sunset  that  they  anchored    at   the   island.     The 
next  morning  (16th)  they  went  on  shore,  arid  Co- 
lumbus took  solemn   jiossession,  giving  the  island 
the  name  of  Santa  Maria  de  la  Conce[)cion.     The| 
same  scene  occurred  with  the  inhal)ilants  as  wit" 
those  of  San  Salvador.     They  manifested  thesanif 
astonishment  and  awe,  the  same  gentleness  and 
sini])licity,  and  the  same   nakedness  and  absenct 
of  all  wealth.     Columbus  looked  in  vain  for  brace 
lets  and  anklets  of  gold,  or  for  any  otiier  precimii 
articles  :  they  had  been  either  fictions  of  his  In- 
dian guides,  or  l.is  own  misinterpretations. 

Returning  on  board,  he  prepared  to  make  sail, 
when  one  of  the  Indians  of  San  Salvador,  who  w.is 
on  board  of  the  Nina,  jilunged  into  the  sea,  and 
swam  to  a  large  canoe  filled  with  natives.  The 
boat  of  the  caravel  put  off  in  pursuit,  but  the  In- 
dians managed  in  their  light  hark  with  too  much 
velocity  to  be  overtaken,  and,  reaching  the  land, 
fled  to  the  woods.  The  sailors  took  the  canoe  as 
a  prize,  and  returned  on  board  the  caravel. 
Shortly  afterward  a  small  canoe  appioached  one 
of  the  ships  from  a  different  part  of  the  island, 


with 
a  ba 
lie  p 

ente 

sea  i 

C( 

stati 

capt 

with 

a  gii 

benij 

cap 

his 

derm 

the 

joved 

had 


*  Marco  Polo,  book 
by  W.  Marsden. 


iii.  chap.  4  ;  Eng.  translation  i 


isirnul 
He  h: 
calabi 
paint, 
when 
such  ;i 
\a(lor, 
probal 
notice 
hood  I 
tensivt 
was  St 
anil  hi: 
he  tre; 
him  1)1 
The  w 
the  isl; 
ot  cutt 
tliese  i 
time  tl 
grouni 
taiice  I 
canoe  < 
storing; 
fully  a: 
rival,  \ 
This 
l3  lives  SI 
I  the  nif^ 
I  water 
^  tririinsi- 
J  came  ^ 
Lane 
islanci 
king  ; 
llie  in 
those  (I 
apjiear 
the  wo 
i)ut  foi 
Their  I 
n  pavi 
trees,  ( 
very  cl 
ing  tre 
tended 
a  namt 


LIFE   AND  VOYAGES   OF   COLUMBUS. 


10 


le.  The  sailors  being 
the  island  not  appear- 
iunt  in'portance  to  in- 
led  to  iJie  sliips,  takin;; 
m,  that  they  mi<;ht  ac- 
jL-  and  serve  as  inter- 

ily  of  wood  and  water, 
alvadurthe  same  even- 
)atient  to  arrive  at  tht 
uth,  which  he  flatttrei! 
nous  island  of  Cipango,    3 

;r  II. 

ll.\HAMA   ISLANDS. 


or  Columbus  was   at  a 
his  course.      A   great 
and   level   and   fertile, 
rections.     The  Indians ; 
Uimated   by  signs  tlimi 
ell  ijuopled,  and  at  war' 
nentioned  the  names  o:| 
)us  now  had  no  longer 
r  the  islands  described  j 
;  the  vast  sea  of  Chin, 
real  distance  from  the" 
•ding  to  the    Venetian, 
en  and  eight  thousand, 
ind  spices  and  odorifer-i 
lid  and  silver  and  many: 
ommerce.* 
f  exploring  this  opulen:: 
e  largest  island  in  si^^ht 
eared   to   be  about   hve' 
understood   from   hi: 
vere  richer  than  tliosti 
bracelets  and  anklets  j 
ssive  gold, 
olumhus  ordered   tliaij 
|he  navigation  was  dirti-i 
these  unknown  islands, 
pou  a  strange  coast  in; 
they  again  made  sail, 
urrents  it  was  not  umi! 
at  the   island,      Thej 
cnt  on  shore,  artd  Co- 
ision,  giving  the  island 
la  Concepcion.     The) 
he  iniiabitants  as  with 
ey  manifested  the  same 
same  gentleness  and  j 
iikedness  and  absence! 
boked  in  vain  for  brace-  ^ 
for  any  otiier  precious  | 
ther  fictions  of  his  In-^ 
interpretations, 
prepared  to  make  sail, 
ian  Salvador,  who  \vas| 
ged  into  the  sea,  and 
led  with  natives.     The| 
in  pursuit,  but  the  In- 
lit  bark  with  too  mucii 
lid,  reaching  the  land, 
ors  took  the  canoe  as '; 
board    the    caravel- 
anoe  appioached  onej 
nt  part  of  the  island,  \ 

ap.  4  ;  Eng.  translation ' 


with  a  single  Indian  on  board,  who  came  to  offer 
a  ball  of  cotton  in  exchange  lor  hawks'  bells.  As 
lie  paused  when  close  to  the  vessel,  and  feared  to 
enter,  several  sailors  threw  themselves  into  the 
sea  and  took  him  i)risoner. 

Columbus  having  seen  all  that  passed  from  his 
station  on  the  high  poop  of  the  vessel,  ordered  the 
cajitive  to  be  brought  to  him  ;  he  came  trembling 
with  fear,  and  humbly  offered  his  ball  of  cotton  as 
a  gilt.  Thi  .'"iiniral  ■^■ceived  him  with  the  utmost 
bc-nigni'v,  .mkI  declining  his  offering,  put  a  colored 
caj)  upoi  h  s  head,  strings  of  green  beads  around 
his  arms,  and  hawks'  bells  in  his  ears,  then  or- 
dering him  and  his  ball  of  cotton  to  Iv  replaced  in 
the  canoe,  dismissed  him,  astonis'ied  and  over- 
joyed. He  ordered  that  the  canoe,  also,  which 
had  been  seized  and  was  fastened  to  the  Niila, 
should  be  cast  loose,  to  be  regaii'.'ul  by  its  pro- 
iirietors.  When  the  Indian  reache(.  the  shore, 
liis  countrymen  thronged  round  him,  examining 
and  admiring  his  tinery,  and  listening  to  his  ac- 
count ot  the  kind  treatment  he  experienced. 

.Sucii  were  the  gentle  and  sage  precautions  con- 
tinually taken  by  Columbus  to  impress  the  natives 
iavorably.  Another  instance  of  the  kind  occurred 
after  lea\  ing  the  island  of  Concepcion,  when  the 
varavels  stood  for  the  larger  island,  several 
leagues  to  the  west.  Midway  between  the  two 
isiaiuls  they  overtook  a  single  Indian  in  a  canoe. 
He  had  a  mere  morsel  of  cassava  bread  and  a 
calabash  of  water  for  sea-stores,  and  a  little  red 
])aint,  like  dragons'  blood,  for  personal  decoration 
when  he  should  land.  A  string  of  glass  beads, 
such  as  had  been  given  to  the  natives  of  San  Sal- 
vador, showed  that  he  had  come  thence,  and  was 
probably  passing  from  island  to  island,  to  give 
notice  ot  the  ships.  Columbus  admired  the  hardi- 
hood ot  this  simple  navigator,  making  such  an  ex- 
tensive voyage  in  so  frail  a  bark.  As  the  island 
was  still  distant,  he  ordered  that  both  the  Indian 
and  his  canoe  should  be  taken  on  board,  where 
he  treated  him  with  the  greatest  kindness,  giving 
him  bread  and  honey  to  eat,  and  wine  to  drink. 
The  weather  being  very  calm,  they  did  not  reach 
the  island  until  too  dark  to  anchor,  through  fear 
ot  cutting  their  cables  with  rocks.  The  sea  about 
these  islands  was  so  transparent  that  in  the  day- 
time they  could  see  the  bottom  and  choose  their 
ground  ;  and  so  deep,  that  at  two  gun-shot  dis- 
tance there  was  no  anchorage.  Hoisting  out  the 
caiioe  ot  their  Indian  voyager,  therefore,  and  re- 
storing to  him  all  his  effects,  they  sent  him  joy- 
fully ashore,  to  prepare  the  natives  for  their  ar- 
rival, while  the  ships  lay  to  until  morning. 

This  kindness  had  the  desired  effect.  The  na- 
tives surrounded  the  ships  in  their  canoes  during 
the  night,  bringing  fruits  and  roots,  and  the  |)ure 
water  ot  their  springs.  Columbus  distributed 
trilling  |)resents  among  them,  and  to  those  vlio 
came  on  board  he  gave  sugar  and  honey. 

Landing  the  next  morning,  he  gave  '.o  this 
island  the  name  ot  Fernandina,  in  honor  of  the 
king  ;  it  's  the  same  at  present  called  Exuma. 
The  inluiliitants  were  similar  in  every  respect  to 
those  ot  the  preceding  islands,  excepting  that  they 
appeared  more  ingenious  and  intellig'.;nt.  Some  of 
the  women  wore  mantles  and  aprons  of  cotton, 
hiit  tor  the  most  part  they  were  entirely  naked. 
Their  habitations  were  constructed  in  the  form  of 
"  pavilion  or  high  circular  tent,  of  branches  ot 
trees,  ot  reeds,  and  palm  leaves.  They  were  kept 
very  clean  and  neat,  and  sheltered  uncler  spread- 
ing trees.  For  beds  they  had  nets  of  cotton  ex- 
tended from  two  posts,  which  they  called  haiiiiics, 
a  name  since  in  universal  use  among  seam'n. 


In  endeavoring  to  circumnavigate  the  island, 
Columbus  found,  within  two  leagues  ol  the  north- 
west cape,  a  noble  harbor,  suliicient  to  hold  a 
hundred  ships,  with  two  entrances  iormed  by  an 
island  which  lay  in  the  mouth  ot  it.  Here,  while 
the  men  landed  with  the  casks  in  search  of  water, 
he  reposed  under  the  shade  of  the  groves,  which 
he  says  were  more  beautitul  than  any  he  had  ever 
beheld  ;  "  the  country  was  as  fresh  and  green  as 
in  the  month  ot  May  in  Andalusia  ;  the  trees,  the 
fruits,  the  herbs,  the  tlowers,  the  very  stones  for 
the  most  part,  as  different  from  those  ot  Spain  as 
night  from  clay."*  The  inhabitants  gave  the 
same  proofs  as  the  other  islanders,  of  being  totally 
unaccustomed  to  the  sight  of  civili/ed  man.  They 
regarded  the  Sjjaniards  with  awe  and  admiration, 
a])proache  ■  them  with  propitiatory  offerings  ot 
whatever  tiieir  |)overty,  or  rather  their  simple  and 
natural  mode  of  life,  afforded  ;  the  fruits  of  their 
tields  and  groves,  the  cotton,  which  was  their  arti- 
cle of  greatest  value,  and  their  domesticated  par- 
rots. They  took  those  who  were  in  search  of 
water  to  the  coolest  springs,  the  sweetest  and 
freshest  runs,  tilling  their  casks,  and  rolling  them 
to  the  boats  ;  thus  seeking  in  every  way  to  gratify 
their  celestial  '.isUors. 

However  jjleasing  this  state  of  primeval  ])overty 
might  be  to  the  imagination  of  a  poet,  it  was  a 
source  of  continual  disapi)ointment  to  the  Span- 
iards, whose  avarice  had  been  whetted  to  the 
quick  by  scanty  specimens  ot  gold,  and  by  the  in- 
formation of  golden  islands  continually  given  by 
the  Indians. 

Leaving  Fernandina,  on  the  19th  of  October, 
they  steered  to  the  south-east  in  ([uest  ot  an  island 
called  Saometo,  where  Columbus  understood, 
from  the  signs  of  the  guides,  there  was  a  mine  of 
gold,  and  a  king,  the  sovereign  of  all  the  surround- 
ing islands,  who  dwelt  in  a  large  city  and  pos- 
sessed great  treasures,  wearing  rich  clothing  and 
jewels  ot  gold.  They  fountl  the  island,  but 
neither  the  monarch  nor  the  mine  ;  either  Colum- 
bus had  misunderstood  the  natives,  or  they, 
measuring  things  by  their  own  poverty,  had  ex- 
aggerated the  paltry  state  and  trivial  ornaments 
of  some  savage  chieftain.  Delightful  as  the  other 
islands  had  ap|)eared,  Columbus  declared  that 
this  surpassed  them  all.  Like  those  it  w.is  covere^l 
with  trees  and  shrubs  and  herbs  ot  unknown  kind. 
The  climate  had  the  same  soft  temperature  ;  the 
air  was  delicate  and  balmy  ;  the  land  was  higher, 
with  a  tine  verdant  hill  ;  the  coast  ot  a  tine  sand, 
gently  laved  by  tians])arent  billows. 

At  the  south-west  end  ot  the  island  he  found  fine 
lakes  of  fresh  water,  overhung  witii  groves,  and 
surroundetl  by  banks  covered  witii  herbage. 
Here  he  ordered  all  the  casks  of  the  ships  to  be 
filled.  "  Here  are  large  lakes,"  says  he,  in  his 
journal,  "  and  the  groves  about  them  are  marvel- 
lous, and  here  and  in  all  the  island  everything  is 
green,  as  in  April  in  Andalusia.  The  singing  ot 
the  birds  is  such,  that  it  seems  as  it  one  would 
never  desire  to  depart  hence.  There  are  llocks  0/ 
parrots  which  obscure  the  sun,  and  other  birds, 
large  and  small,  of  so  many  kinds  all  ditferi-nt 
from  ours,  that  it  is  wonderful  ;  and  besides  there 
are  trees  of  a  thousand  species,  each  having  its 
jiarticular  fruit  and  all  ot  marxellous  flavor,  so 
that  I  am  in  the  greatest  trouble  in  the  world  not 
io  know  them,  tor  i  am  very  certain  that  they  are 
each  ot  great  value.  I  shall  bring  home  some  ot 
them  as  specimens,  and  also  some  of  the  herbs." 
To  this   beautiful  island  he  gave   the  name  ot  his 

*  Pi.imer  Viage  de  Colon.     Navarrete,  lib.  i. 


I 

:lil 

,, 

; 

..1 

i' 

f 

1' 

i  • 

i' 


13 


4(1 


LIFE  AND  VOYAGES  OF  COLUMBUS. 


royal  patroness,  Isabella  ;  it  is  the  same  at  present 
called  Isia  l.ar^a  and  Ivxumeta.  Columbus  was 
intent  on  discovi-rinj^  the  dru^s  and  s|)ices  of  the 
Kast,  and  on  approachinfj  this  island,  had  fancied 
he  perceived  in  the  air  the  s|)icy  odors  said  to  be 
wafted  from  the  islands  oi  the  Indian  seas.  "  As 
I  arrived  at  this  caiv,"  says  he,  "there  came 
thence  a  traj,'rance  so  j(ood  and  soft  of  the  llowers 
or  trees  ot  the  land,  that  it  was  the  sweetest  thing 
in  the  world.  1  believe  there  are  here  many  herbs 
and  trees  which  would  be  of  jjreat  price  in  Spain 
for  tinctures,  medicines,  and  spices,  but  I  know 
nothing  ol  them,  which  gives  me  great  concern."* 

The  tisli,  which  abounded  in  these  seas,  partook 
of  the  noNclty  which  characterized  most  ot  the  ob- 
jects in  this  new  world.  They  rivalled  the  birds 
in  tropical  brillianj)'  of  color,  the  scales  of  some 
of  them  glancing  back  the  rays  of  light  like  [ire- 
cious  stones  ;  as  ihey  sported  about  the  ships, 
they  flashed  gleams  of  gold  and  S'lver  through 
the  clear  waves  ;  and  the  dolphins,  taken  oi  t  of 
their  element,  delighted  the  eye  \vith  the  (  \anges 
of  colors  ascribed  in  fable  to  the  chameleon. 

No  inim:.ls  were  seen  in  these  islands,  except- 
ing a  species  of  dr)g  which  never  barked,  a  kind 
of  cone)  or  -abbit  called  "  utia"  by  the  natives, 
together  with  numerous  lizards  and  guanas.  The 
last  were  regarded  with  disgust  and  horror  by 
the  .S[)aniards,  suppo-.ing  them  to  be  fierce  and 
noxious  serpents  ;  but  they  were  found  afi"r\vaTd 
to  be  perlectly  harmless,  and  their  flesh  to  be  es- 
teemed a  gre.it  delicacy  by  the  Indians. 

For  several  days  Coluni'  us  hovered  about  this 
island,  seeking  in  vain  to  lind  its  imaginary  mon- 
arch, or  to  esiablish  a  communijalion  with  him, 
until,  at  length,  he  reluctantly  became  convinced 
of  his  error.  No  sooner,  however,  did  one  delu- 
sion fade  away,  than  another  succeeded.  In  reply 
to  the  continual  in(|uiries  made  by  the  Spaniards, 
after  the  source  \vhence  they  procured  tht  ir  gold, 
the  r  itives  uniformly  jjointed  to  the  south.  Co- 
lumbus now  began  to  hear  of  an  island  in  that 
direction,  called  Cuba,  but  all  that  he  could  col- 
lect concerning  it  from  the  signs  of  the  natives 
was  colored  by  his  imagination.  He  understood 
it  to  be  of  great  e\tent,  abounding  in  gold,  and 
pearls,  and  s])ices,  and  carrying  on  an  extensive 
commerce  in  those  precious  articles  ;  and  that 
large  merclr>nt  ships  came  to  trade  with  its  in- 
habitants. 

Comparing  these  misinterpreted  accounts  with 
the  coast  ot  Asia,  as  laid  down  on  his  m.''|i,  .iftet 
the  descriptions  of  Marco  Polo,  he  concludei!  tl  .u 
this  island  must  be  Cipango,  and  the  merch.mt 
ships  raeniioneil  must  be  those  of  the  Crand  Khan, 
vho  maiiuained  an  extensive  commerce  in  fliese 
seas.  He  formed  his  plan  accordi'>gly,  deterni'n- 
ing  to  sail  immediately  for  this  island,  .in:  mike 
himself  acquainted  with  its  norts,  Cities,  and  pro- 
ductions, for  the  [)ur|)ose  of  establishing  relations 
ot  traffic.  Me  would  then  seek  ancther  great 
island  called  Hohio,  of  which  the  natives  gave 
likewise  marvellous  accounts.  His  sojourn  in 
those  islands  would  depend  upon  the  quantities  ot 
gold,  spices,  precious  stones,  and  other  objects  of 
(Oriental  trade  which  he  shou'-'  find  there.  After 
this  he  would  proceed  to  the  main-land  of  India, 
which  mus,  be  within  ten  day;.'  sail,  seek  ihe  city 
Quins  li,  wl'.ich,  according  to  Mar..o  i'olo,  was  one 
ot  the  most  magniticent  Ci'pitais  in  the  world  ;  he 
would  there  deliver  in  person  the  letters  of  the 
Castilian  sovereigi's  to  the  Grand  Khan,  and, 
when  he  receivecl  his  reply,  return  triumphantly 


to  Spain  with  this  document,  to  prove  that  he 
had  accomplished  the  great  object  of  his  voyage.* 
Such  was  the  splendid  scheme  with  which  Colum- 
bus fed  his  imagination,  when  about  to  leave  the 
Uahamas  in  quest  of  the  island  of  Cuba, 


Primer  Viagc  de  Colon.     Navarrete,  cap.  i. 


CHAPTER  III. 

DISCOVERY   AND   COASTING   OF    CUIiA. 
[1492.] 

For  several  days  the  departure  of  Columbus 
was  delayed  by  contrary  winds  and  calms,  attend- 
ed by  hea\y  showers,  which  last  had  prevailed, 
more  or  less,  since  his  arrival  among  the  islands. 
It  was  the  season  lA  the  autumnal  rains,  which  in 
those  to.rid  climates  succeed  the  |)arching  he-ts 
ol  summer,  commencing  about  the  decrease  ot 
the  .Viigiist  moon,  and  lasting  until  the  month  of 
November. 

At  length,  at  midnight,  October  24th,  he  set 
sail  from  tiie  island  ot  Isabella,  but  was  nearly 
becalmed  until  midday  ;  a  gentle  wind  then 
sprang  up,  and,  as  he  observes,  bt;g;in  to  blow 
most  amorously.  Kvery  sail  was  sj)read,  and  he 
stoor'  toward  the  w'esi-south-west,  the  direction  in 
which  he  was  lold  the  land  of  Cuba  lay  from  Isa- 
beda.  After  three  days'  navigation,  in  the  course 
of  which  he  touched  at  a  group  of  seven  or  eight 
small  islands,  which  he  called  Islas  de  Aren.i, 
supposed  to  be  the  present  Mucaras  isl.mds,  anil 
having  crossed  the  Hahania  bank  and  channel,  he 
arrived,  on  the  morning  of  the  28th  of  October,  in 
sight  of  Cub. I.  The  ])art  which  he  first  discov- 
ered is  sufjposed  to  he  the  coast  to  the  west  ot 
Nuevitas  del  Principe. 

As  he  approached  this  noble  i.sland,  he  was 
struck  with  its  magnitude,  and  the  grandeur  of  its 
leatures  ;  its  high  ;ind  airy  mount.iins,  which  re- 
minded him  of  those  of  Sicily  ;  ii.;  fcitile  v.illevs, 
and  long  sweeping  ])lains  watered  by  noble  riv- 
ers ;  its  stately  forests  ;  its  bold  i)romontories 
and  stretching  headlands,  which  melted  away  in- 
to the  remotest  distance.  He  anchored  in  a  beau- 
tiful river,  of  transparent  clearness,  ii^,:  from 
rocks  and  shoals,  its  banks  overhung  with  trees. 
Here,  binding,  and  taking  ])ossess:on  of  the  island, 
he  gave  it  the  name  of  Juana,  in  honor  of  Prince 
Juan,  and  to  the  river  the  name  of  San  Salvador. 

On  the  arrival  ot  the  ships,  two  canoes  put  off 
from  the  shore,  but  tied  on  seeing  the  boat  ap- 
proacii  to  sound  the  river  for  anchor.ige.  The 
admiral  visited  two  cabins  abandc>ned  by  liieir  in- 
habitants, riiey  contained  but  a  few  ,1  ts  made 
of  the  fibres  ot  the  ])alm-tref ,  hooks  ;ind  harpoons 
of  bone,  and  souic  other  fishing  implements,  and 
one  of  the  kind  of  .'logs  he  had  met  with  on  th° 
smaller  islands,  which  never  bark.  I'e  ordered 
that  nothing  should  be  taken  away  or  der.inged. 

Returning,  to  his  boat,  he  proceeded  for  some 
distance  up  the  river,  n.)re  and  mTe  enchanted 
with  the  beauty  of  the  coc.itry.  The  banks  were 
coven  d  with  high  and  wide-spreading  trees; 
some  hearing  f  uits,  others  flowers,  while  in  some 
both  fruit  and  Hower  were  mingled,  bespeaking  a 
iierpetual  round  of  fertili;;y  ;  among  then  were 
many  ])a'ms,  but  tlifferent  from  those  ot  .Spain  and 
Africa  ;  with  the  gr.-at  leaves  of  these  the  natives 
•hatched  their  cabins. 

The  continual  eulogies  made  by  Columbus  on 
the  beauty  of  the  country  were  warranted  by  the 


Journal  of  Columbus.     Navarrete,  torn.  i. 


i'. 


m 


5. 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGES  OF  COLUMBUS. 


47 


lumcnt,  to  prove  that  he 
reat  object  of  his  voyajfe.* 
chcme  with  which  Colum- 
,  when  ahout  to  leave  the 
.•  island  of  Cuba. 


TKK  III. 

COASTING   OF   CUBA. 
492O 

le  departure  of  Columliiis 
y  winds  and  calms,  attend- 
which  last  had  prevailed, 
arrival  .'imonjf  the  islands. 
•  autumnal  rains,  which  in 
iucceed  the  parchinjr  he:'.ts 
njr  about  the  decrease  of 
lastinjr  until  the  month  of 

jrht,  October  24th,  he  set 
t  Isabella,  but  was  nearly 
ay  ;    a   jrentle   wind    then 

observes,  bejr.in  to  blow 
ry  sail  was  sj)rea(l,  and  he 
south-west,  the  direction  in 
land  of  Cutia  lay  from  Isa- 
s'  navig-ation,  in  the  course 
t  a  group  of  seven  or  eij^ht 
ie  called  Islas  de  Aren.i, 
s'.-nt  Mucaras  islands,  and 
lani.i  bank  and  channel,  he 
^  of  the  28th  of  October,  in 
part  which  he  first  discov- 

e  the  coast  to  the  west  of 

this  noble   island,    he   was 
dc,  and  tlie  j^randeur  of  its 
airy  mountains,  which  re- 
Sicily  ;  ii;;  fci  tile  v.Uleys, 
tins  watered  by  noble  riv- 
its  bold     promontories 
|ds,  which  melted  away  in- 
Ile  anchored  in  a  beau- 
rent   clearness,    11  uC    from 
inks  overhunjr  with  trees. 
tiir  possession  of  the  island, 
juana,  in   honor  of  Prince 
le  name  of  San  Salvador. 
■  ships,  two  canoes  i)Ut  off 
(I   on   seein^f   the  boat  ap-  ; 
iver  for  anchorage.      The  .' 
|ins  ab.mdiMied  by  liieir  in-  : 
ir.ed  I'u;  .-i  few  .;  S  made  \ 
iref ,  hooks  and  harjjoons  ; 
r  fishing  implements,  and 
|rs  he  had  met  with  on  lb.'. 
never  bark.      I'e  ordered 
ikeii  away  or  deranged, 
t,  he  proceeded  for  some 
)re  and  m-^re  enchanted 
ou.itry.     The  banks  were 
1    wide-spreading    trees ; 
•rs  flowers,  while  in  some 
re  mingled,  bespeaking  a 
iliiy  ;    among  then  were 
t  from  those  of  Sjiain  and 
aves  of  these  the  natives 

fs  made  fiy  Columbus  on 
Iry  were  warranted  by  the 

Navarrete,  torn.  i. 


kind  of  scenery  he  was  beholding.     There  is  a 

wonderful  s|)len(lor,  vuriety,  and  luxuriance  in  tlv 
k-egetalion  of  those  quick  and  ardent  climates. 
The  verdure  of  the  groves  and  the  colors  of  the 

iowers  and  blossoms  derive  a  vividness  from  the 
transparent  luirityof  the  air  and  the  deep  serenity 

&t  the  a/ure  heavens.  The  for^'^'s,  loo,  are  full  of 
llife,   swarming   with   birds  ot     irilliaiit  i)lumage 


I'ainted  varieties  of  parrots  and  woodpeckers  cre- 
ate a  glitter  amid  the  verdure  of  the  grove,  and 
humming-birds  rove  from  flower  to  flower,  re- 
!sembling,  as  has  well  been  saiil,  animated  parti- 
cles ot  a  rainbow.  The  scarlet  flamingoes,  too, 
seen  sometimes  through  an  opening  of  a  forest  in 
a  distant  savanna,  have  the  appearance  of  sol- 
diers drawn  u|)  in  battalion,  with  an  advanced 
scout  on  the  alert,  to  give  notice  of  a|)proaching 
danger.  Nor  is  the  least  beautiful  part  of  ani- 
mated nature  the  various  tribes  of  insects  peopling 
every  plant,  and  disiilaying  brilliant  coats  of  mail, 
which  sparkle  like  precious  gems.* 

Such  is  the  splendor  of  animal  and  vegetable 
creation  in  these  tropical  climates,  where  an 
anient  sun  imparts  its  own  lustre  to  every'  object, 
and  quickens  nature  into  exuberant  fecundity.  The 
birds,  in  general,  are  not  remarkable  for  their 
notes,  for  it  has  been  observed  that  in  the  feather- 
ed race  sweetness  of  song  rarely  accompanies 
hrilliancv  of  plumage.  Columbus  remarks,  how- 
ever, th.it  there  were  various  kinds  which  sang 
sweetly  among  the  trees,  and  he  frequently  de- 
ceived himself  in  fancying  that  he  heard  the  voice 
ot  the  nightingale,  a  bird  unknown  in  these  coun- 
tries, fie  was,  in  fact,  in  a  mood  to  see  every- 
thing through  a  favoring  medium.  His  heart 
\v,is  full  to  overllowing,  tor  he  was  enjoying  the 
fuUilnv-:it  of  his  hopes,  and  the  hard-earned  but 
glorious  rcw.ird  of  his  toils  and  perils.  Every- 
tliing  round  him  was  beheld  with  the  enamored 
and  exulting  eye  of  a  discoverer,  where  triumph 
mingles  with  admiration  ;  and  it  is  difficult  to 
conceive  the  rapturous  state  of  his  feelings,  while 
thus  exploring  the  charms  of  a  virgin  world,  won 
by  his  enterprise  and  valor. 

From  his  continual  remarks  on  the  beauty  of 
scenery,  and  from  his  evident  delight  in  rural 
sounds  and  olijects,  he  appears  to  have  been  ex- 
tremely open  to  those  happy  inlluences,  exercised 
over  some  s])irits,  by  the  graces  and  wonders  of 
nature.  He  gives  utterance  to  these  feelings  with 
characteristic  eiuhusi.asm,  and  at  the  same  time 
with  the  artlessness  and  simplicity  of  ci'ction  of  a 
cliild.  When  speaking  of  some  lovely  scene 
Tniong  the  groves,  or  along  the  llowery  shores  of 
these  hivored  islands,  he  says,  "  one  could  live 
there  for  ever."  Cuba  broke  upon  him  like  an 
elysium.  "  It  is  the  most  beautiful  island,"  he 
s;'\s,  "  that  eyes  ever  beheld,  full  of  excellent 
jiorls  and  profound  rivers."  The  climate  was 
more  lenii)erate  here  than  in  the  other  islands,  the 
nijrhts  being  neither  hot  nor  cold,  while  the  birds 
and  crickets  sang  all  night  long.  Indeed  there  is 
a  heauty  in  a  tropical  night,  in  the  depth  of  the 
dark  blue  sky,  the  lambent  purity  of  the  stars,  and 
the  resplendent  clearness  of  the  moon,  that  spreads 
over  the  rich  landscape  and  the  balmy  groves  a 
charm  more  captivating  than  the  splendor  of  the 
day. 

In  the  sweet  smell  of  the  woods  and  the  odor 
of  the  flowers  Columbus  fancied  he  perceived 
the  fragrance  of  oriental  spices  ;    and    along  the 


*  The  ladies  of  Havana,  on  gala  occasions,  wear 
I  in  their  hair  numbers  of  those  insects,  which  have  a 
I  brilliancy  equal  to  rubies,  sappliires,  or  diamonds. 


shores  he  found  shells  of  the  kind  of  oyster  which 
produces  pearls.  P'rom  the  grass  growing  to  the 
very  edge  of  the  water,  he  inferreil  tbi;  jjeaceful- 
ness  of  the  ocean  which  bathes  these  isl.inds, 
never  lashing  the  shores  with  angry  surges.  Ever 
since  his  arrival  among  these  Antilles  he  had 
ex|ierieiicecl  nothing  but  soft  and  gentle  weather, 
and  he  concluded  that  a  i)er|)etual  serenity  reign- 
ed over  these  liaj.py  seas.  He  was  little  suspi- 
cious of  the  occasional  bursts  of  fury  to  which  they 
are  liable.  Charlevoix,  s])eaking  from  actual  ob- 
servation, remarks,  "  The  sea  of  those  islands  is 
commonly  more  tranquil  than  ours  ;  but,  like  cer- 
tain people  who  are  excited  with  dilliculty,  anil 
whose  trans[)orts  of  passion  are  as  \iolent  as  they 
are  rare,  so  when  the  sea  becomes  irritated,  it  is 
terrible.  It  breaks  all  bounds,  overflows  the  coun- 
try, sweeps  away  all  things  that  oppose  it,  antl 
leaves  frightful  ravages  behind,  to  mark  the  ex- 
tent of  its  inundations.  It  is  after  these  tempests, 
known  by  the  name  of  hurricanes,  that  the  shores 
are  covered  with  marine  shells,  which  greatly  sur- 
pass in  lustre  and  beauty  those  of  the  European 
seas."*  It  is  a  singular  fact,  however,  that  the 
hurricanes,  which  almost  annually  dev.istate  the 
IJahainas,  and  other  islands  in  the  im.nediate  vi- 
cinity of  Cuba,  have  been  seldom  known  to  extend 
their  influence  to  this  favored  land.  It  would  seem 
as  if  the  very  elements  were  charmed  into  gentle- 
ness as  they  approached  it. 

In  a  kind  of  riot  of  the  imagination,  Columbus 
finds  at  every  step  something  to  corroborate  the 
information  he  had  received,  or  fancied  he  had 
received,  from  the  natives.  He  had  conclusive 
proofs,  as  he  thought,  that  Cuba  possessed  mines 
of  gold,  and  groves  of  sjjices,  and  th.it  its  shores 
abounded  with  pearls.  He  no  longer  doubted 
that  it  was  the  island  of  Cipango,  and  weighing 
anchor,  coasted  along  westward,  in  which  (iirec- 
tion,  according  to  the  signs  of  his  interpreters,  the 
magnificent  city  of  its  king  was  situated.  In  the 
course  of  his  voyage  he  landed  occasionally,  and 
visited  several  villages  ;  particularly  one  on  the 
banks  of  a  large  river,  to  which  he  gave  the  name 
of  Rio  de  los  .Mares. f  The  houses  were  neatly 
built  of  branches  of  palm-trees  in  the  shape  of  pa- 
vilions ;  not  laid  out  in  regular  streets,  but  scat- 
tered here  and  there,  among  the  groves,  and  un- 
der the  shade  of  broad  spreading  trees,  like  tents 
in  a  camp  ;  as  is  still  the  case  in  many  of  the 
.Spanish  settlements,  and  in  the  villages  in  the 
interior  of  Cuba.  The  inhabitants  lied  to  the 
mountains,  or  hid  themselves  in  the  woods.  Co- 
lumbus carefully  noted  the  architecture  and  fur- 
niture of  their  dwellings.  The  houses  were  bet- 
ter built  than  those  he  had  hitherto  seen,  and 
were  kept  extremely  clean.  He  found  in  them 
rude  statues,  and  wooden  masks,  carved  with 
considerable  ingenuity.  All  these  were  indica- 
tions of  more  art  and  civilization  than  he  had  ob- 
served in  the  smaller  islanrls,  and  he  supposed 
they  would  go  on  increasing  as  he  approached 
terra  firma.  Finding  in  all  the  cabins  imple- 
ments for  fishing,  he  concluded  that  these  coasts 
were  inhabited  merely  by  fishermen,  who  carried 
their  fish  to  the  cities  in  the  interior.  He  thought 
also  he  had  found  the  skulls  of  cows,  which  proved 
that  there  were  cattle  in  the  island  ;  thougti  these 
are  supposed  to  have  been  skulls  of  the  manati  or 
sea-calf  found  on  this  coast. 

After  standing  to  the  north-west  for  some  dis' 


*  Charlevoix,    Hist.  St.   Domingo,  lib.   i.   p.   20. 
Paris,  1730. 
f  Now  called  Savannah  la  Mer. 


48 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGES   OF   COLUMBUS. 


■!  •■! 


lanrp,  Coliimhiis  camp  in  sijfht  of  .1  ^jri-at  lu-ad- 
lancl,  to  which,  trom  the  ^^rovfs  with  which  it  was 
rovrri-(l,  he  ^jave  the  name  ot  tlu*  Cape  ol  I'aiins, 
and  which  lorms  tht-  eastern  entrance  to  what  is 
now  known  as  l.ajjuna  de  Moron.  Mere  three  In- 
dians, natives  ot  the  Island  of  (luanahani,  who 
were  on  board  ot  the  I'int.i,  informed  tlie  roni- 
niaiider,  Martin  Aloii/o  I'inzon,  tliat  i)eliind  the 
cape  there  was  a  ri\ir,  whence  it  was  imt  four 
days'  journey  to  Cuhanacan,  a  phice  aixiundinj,' 
in  },'ohl.  liy  tliis  they  desij^nated  a  province  situ- 
ated in  the  centre  ot  Cul)a  ;  iincitii,  in  tiieir  lan- 
tjuaj^e,  sijrnityiii^r  tlie  midst.  I'in/on,  however, 
had  siudicd  intently  the  mapof  Toscmelli,  and  had 
iml)il)ed  trom  Columbus  all  iiis  ideas  respectinj^ 
the  coast  of  Asia,  lie  c(mclu<led,  theretore,  that 
the  Indians  were  talkin(,M)f  Cublai  Khan,  tlie  Tar- 
tar sovereijjn,  and  ot  certain  parts  f)f  his  df)mini.;ns 
described  by  Marco  I'olo.*  He  understood  from 
them  that  Cuba  was  not  an  island,  but  terra 
tlrm.i,  extending;  ;i  v.ist  distance  to  the  north,  and 
that  the  kin;,^  wlio  reijjned  in  this  vicinity  was  at 
war  with  the  Cire.it  Khan. 

This  tissue  ot  errors  and  misconceptions  he 
immediately  communicated  to  Columbus.  It  put 
an  end  to  the  delusion  in  which  the  admiral  lia<l 
hitherto  induljjed,  that  this  was  the  isl.ind  of 
Cipanjjo  ;  but  it  sulistituted  another  no  less  aj^^ree- 
ahle.  lie  concluded  that  lie  must  have  reached 
the  main-land  of  Asia,  or  as  he  termed  it,  India, 
and  if  so,  he  could  not  be  any  f;r'..'at  dist.mce  from 
Manjji  and  Cathay,  the  ultimate  destin.ition  of  his 
voyage.  The  prince  in  c|Uestion,  who  reifjned 
over  this  neighboring  country,  miiit  bo  some 
oriental  ])otentate  of  consecpience  ;  he  resolved, 
therefore,  to  seek  the  river  beyon(l  the  Cape  of 
Palms,  and  dispatch  a  present  to  the  mon.uch, 
with  one  of  the  letters  of  recommendation  from 
the  Castilian  sovereigns  ;  and  after  visiting  his 
dominions  he  would  proceed  to  tlie  cajiital  of  Ca- 
thay, the  residence  of  the  Cirand  Khan. 

Every  attempt  to  reach  the  river  in  (]uestion, 
however,  proved  ineffectual.  Cape  stretched  be- 
yond cape  ;  there  w.is  no  good  anchorage  ;  the 
wind  became  contrary,  and  the  ajipcarance  of  the 
heavens  threatening  rough  weather,  he  put  back 
to  the  Rio  de  los  Mares. 

On  the  1st  of  November,  at  sunrise,  he  sent  the 
l)oats  on  siiore  to  visit  several  houses,  but  the 
inhabitants  tied  to  the  woods.  He  supposed  that 
they  must  mistake  his  armament  for  one  of  the 
scouring  exjieditions  sent  iiy  the  Grand  Khan  to 
make  ])risoners  and  slaves.  He  sent  the  boat  on 
shore  again  in  the  afternoon,  with  an  Indian  inter- 
preter, who  was  instructeil  to  assure  the  people  of 
the  peaceable  and  beneficent  intentions  of  the 
S|)aniar(ls,  and  that  they  had  no  connection  with 
the  (irand  Khan.  After  the  Indian  had  proclaimed 
this  from  the  boat  to  the  savages  U])on  the  beach, 
part  of  it,  no  doubt,  to  their  great  perplexity,  he 
threw  himself  into  the  water  and  swam  to  shore. 
He  was  well  received  by  the  natives,  and  succeed- 
ed so  effectually  in  calming  theirfears,  that  before 
evening  there  were  more  than  sixteen  canoes 
about  the  ships,  bringing  cotton  yarn  and  other 
simple  articles  of  traffic.  Columbus  forbade  all 
trading  tor  anything  but  gold,  that  the  natives 
might  be  tempted  to  produce  the  real  riches  of 
their  country.  They  had  none  to  offer  ;  all  were 
destitute  of  ornaments  of  the  ]irecious  metals,  ex- 
cepting one,  who  wore  in  his  nose  a  piece  of 
wrought  silver.  Columbus  understood  this  man  to 
say  that  the  king  lived  about  the  distance  of  four 


*  Las  Casas,  lib.  i.  cap.  44,  MS. 


(lays'  journey  in  the  interior  ;  that  many  nu-j. 
sengcrs  had  \n:v\\  dispatched  to  give  him  lidiii^'s 
ot  the  arrival  ot  the  strangers  upon  the  coast; 
and  that  in  less  than  three  (lays'  time  messengers 
might  be  (expected  trom  bin)  in  return,  ainl  m.uiy 
merchants  trom  the  interior,  to  trade  with  il,c 
ships.  It  is  curious  to  observe  how  ingeniously 
the  im.igination  ot  Columbus  deceived  him  ;it 
every  step,  and  how  he  wove  everything  into  ,\ 
uniform  web  of  false  conclusions.  I'oring  over 
the  map  ot  Toscanelli,  referring  to  the  reckon iiijjs 
of  his  voyage,  and  musing  on  the  misint(ri)retiM| 
words  of' the  Indians,  he  imagined  that  he  muM 
be  on  the  borders  ot  Cath.iy,  and  about  one  hun- 
dred leagues  from  the  capital  ot  the  Cir.ind  Khan, 
Anxious  to  arrive  there,  and  to  delay  as  little  as 
possible  in  the  territories  ot  an  iiderior  prince,  he 
determined  not  to  await  the  arrival  ot  the  nits- 
sengcrs  and  merch.ints,  but  '  .jispatch  two  en- 
voys to  seek  the  neighbor*. i^  monarch  at  lus  resi- 
dence. 

For  this  mission  he  chose  two  .Spaniards,  Rod- 
rigo  de  Jere/.  and   l.uis  de  Torres  ;  the    latter  ;i 
converted  Jew,  who  knew  Hebrew  and  Chaldaic, 
.ind   even   something  ot   Arabic,  one  or  other  ul 
which  Columbus  supposed  might  be  known  to  this  I 
oriental    prince.      Two   Indians    were    sent   with  | 
them  as  f^uides,  one  a   native  of  Ciuanahani,  and 
the  other  an  iidiabitant  of  the  hamlet  on  the  bank  ! 
of  the   river.      The  ambassadors   were  furnished  | 
with  strings  of  beads  and  other  trinkets  for  trav- 
elling expenses.      Instructions  were  given  them  to  i 
inlorm  the  king  that  Columbus  had  been  sent  by 
the  Castilian  sovereigns,  a  bearer  ot  letters  and  ,1 
])resent,  which   he  was  to  deliver  personally,  tor  | 
the   |)urpose   of   establishing    an    amicable   inter- 
course between  the  powers,     'fhey  were  likewise 
to  inform  themselves  accurately  about  the  situa- 
tion and  distances  ot  certain  provinces,  polls,  and  | 
rivers,  which  the  admiral  specilied  by  name  from  i 
the   descriptions    which    he    had  of  the  coast  of 
Asia.     They  were  moreover  i)ro\ide(l  with  s|)eci- 1 
mens  of    spices  antl    drugs,    for  the    purpose  of 
.iscertaining    whether    any    articles    of    the  kind 
abounded  in  the  country.     With  these  jirovisions  I 
and  instructions    the  ambassadors  departed,  six  j 
days  being  allowed  them  to  go  and  return.   Many, 
at  the  present  day,  will  smile  at  this  embas.sy  to  .1 
naked  savage  chieftain  in  the  interior  ot  Cuba,  in 
mistake  for  an   Asiatic  monarch;  but  such  was  | 
the  singular  nature  of  this  voyage,  a  continual 
series  of  golden  dreams,   and  all  interpreted  hy  | 
the  deluding  volume  of  Marco  I'olo. 


CHAPTER  IV. 

FURTHER  COASTING  OF  CUBA. 

Whii  v. awaiting  the  return  of  his  ambassadors,] 
the  admiral   ordered   the    ships   to    he   careened 
and  re|)aired,  and  employed   himself  in  collectinj;| 
information  concerning  the  country.     On  the  day  [ 
after  their  departure,    he  ascended   the  river  in  j 
twats  for  the  distance   of  two   leagues,  until  he 
came  to  fresh  water.     Here  landing,  he  climhi-d  | 
a  hill  to  obtain  a  view  of  the  interior.     His  view, 
however,  was  shut  in   by  thick  and  lofty  forests, 
of  wild   but  beautiful    luxuriance.      Among  the  I 
trees  were  some  which  he  considered  linaloes;] 
many  were  odoriferous,  and  he'  doubted  not  pos- 
sessed valuable  aromatic  (lualities.     There  was  a  I 
general  eagerness  among  the  voyagers  to  tiiid  the 
precious  articles  of  commerce  which  grow  in  the  | 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGES   OF  COLUMBUS. 


40 


(r  ;  that  many  mej. 
I  tu  ^'ivi;  him  ti(hi)^'s 
ers  u|i()ii  Ihf  coasi ; 
lys'  tinu!  nu'Nsc'UKirs 
ill  return,  ami  m.iiiy 
r,  to  tradi-  sviih  tl.c 
L-rve  lu)\v  inj{fniously 
us  lU'ifivt'd  liim  ai 
ve  L'VfrythinK  into  ;i 
Lisions.  roriuf^  ovur 
in^f  to  the  rcrkoniiiKs 
on  the  miiiinitrprutiMl 
lanincd  that  hi-  nuht 
and  about  oni-  luin- 
1  ot  the  Cirand  Khan, 
1  lo  (h'iay  as  little  as 
an  inferior  piincu,  lie 
le  arrival  ol  tin'  nits- 
'  viispaleh  two  en- 
monarch  at  his  rebi- 

two  .Spaniards,  Rod- 
Torres  ;  the    latter  ,i 
iehrew  and  Chaldaic, 
ahii",  one  or  other  ol 
li^fht  he  known  to  this 
ians    were    sent    with 
,e  of  Ciuan.'ihani,  and 
le  hamlet  on  the  hank 
adors  were  furnished 
ther  trinkets  tor  trav- 
is  were  ^iven  them  lo  I 
d)us  had  been  sent  by 
)earer  ot  letters  and  a 
lelixer  personally,  fur 
r    an   amicable   inter- 
'fhey  were  likewise  | 
falely  about  the  situa- 
provinces,  ports,  and 
)ecitied  iiy  name  from 
had  of  the  coast  ci 
])n)vided  with  si)tci- 
for  the    i)urpose  of 
articles    of    the  kind 
Vith  these  provisions  I 
isadors  departed,  sis  | 
ro  and  return.   Many, 
at  this  embassy  to  .i  I 
e  interior  ot  Lut)a,  in 
ir.rch  ;  but  such  was  | 
voyage,  a  continual 
all  interpreted  l)y| 
:o  I'olo. 


IV. 

OF  cunA. 

of  his  ambassadors, 

ips   to    be    careened 

himself  in  collectinj; 

■ountry.     On  the  d.iy 

icended   the  river  in  1 

AO   leagues,  until  he 

landing,  he  climhtd 

interior.     His  view,  I 

ck  and  lofty  forests, 

iance.      Among  the 

considered  linaioes; 

he'  doubted  not  pos- 

ilities.     There  was  a 

voyagers  to  find  the 

;  which  grow  in  the 


ided   I )  keen  up  the  per- 
ong  the  valu;u)le  coasts 


Invorcd  climes  of  the  East,  and  their  imaginations 
vere  conlinu.dlv  deceived  by  their  hopes. 

Kor  two  or  three  days  tlie  admir.il  was  excited 
t)v  reports  of  <  innamon-trees,  and  nutmegs,  nm\ 
Huibarh  ;  but  on  examination  they  all  prove<l  lal- 
JaciiHis.  He  sho\\cd  the  natives  s|)ecimens  of 
Ihuse  and  various  other  spices, and  drugs,  and  un- 
Jerhtood  from  tliem  that  those  .irticlcs  .abounded 
|o  the  south-east.  He  showed  them  gold  and 
pearls  .also,  and  s-veral  ohl  Indians  spoke  of  a 
country  where  the  natives  wore  ornaments  of 
them  round  their  necks,  arms, , and  ankles.  They 
re|)eate(lly  mentioned  the  word  Hohio,  which  Co- 
iunihus  s'ujiposed  to  be  the  name  of  the  |)lace  in 
juestion,  and  that  it  was  some  rich  district  or 
[island.  They  mingled,  however,  great  extr.iva- 
jances  with  their  imperfect  accounts,  describing 
nations  at  a  distance  who.  had  but  one  eye  ;  othiTS 
jwho  had  the  heads  of  dogs,  ,ind  who  were  canni- 
Ibals— cutting  the  throats  of  their  prisoners  and 
Bucking  their  blood.* 

All   these    reports    of    gold,    and    pearls,    and 
spices,  m.my  ot  which  were  nrobalily  fabrications 
lo  |)le.ise  the  admiral,  tended   i ) 
■suasion  that   he  w.is  among 

land  isl.mds  of  the  Mast.    On  making  a  tire  lo  he.it 

the  tar  for  careening  the  ships,  the  seamen  tound 

that  the  wood   they    burnt  sent  forth  a  powerful 

Dclor,  and,  on  examining  it,   declared  that  it  was 

Iriastic.     'I'he  wood  abounded  in  the  neighboring 

Iforests,  insomuch  that  Columt)us  flattered  himself 

la  thousand  (piint.ds  ot  this  ])recious  gum  might 

Ibe  collected    every  ye.ir,  and  a  more  abundant 

■supply  procured  than  th.it  furnished  by  Scios  and 

■other  islands  of  tlie  y\rchi|ielago.     In  the  course 

|of  their  researches  in  the  vegetal)le  kingdom,  in 

quest  of  the  luxuries  of  commerce,  they  met  with 

he  potato,    a   humblt;   root,   little   valued   at  the 

Itime,  hut  a  more  precious  accjuisition  to  man  than 

lall  the  spices  of  the  I''.ast. 

On  the  6th  of  November,  the  two  ambassadors 
Ireturncd,  and  every  one  crowded  to  hear  tidings 
lof  the  interior  of  the  country,  and  of  tlu;  |)rince  to 
Iwhose  capit.il  they  had  been  sent.  After  pene- 
Itrating  twelve  leagues,  they  had  come  to  a  village 
■of  titty  houses,  built  similarly  to  those  of  the  coast, 
Ibut  larger  ;  the  whole  village  containing  at  least 
la  thousand  inhabit.ints.  The  natives  received 
Ithcni  with  great  solemnity,  conducted  them  to  the 
Ihest  house,  and  placed  them  in  what  appeared  to 
Ibe  intended  for  chairs  of  state,  being  wrought  out 
lof  single  |)ieces  of  wood,  into  the  forms  of  ciuadru- 
Ipeds.  They  then  offerefl  them  fruits  and  vege- 
Itahles.  Having  complied  with  the  laws  of  sav.age 
|courte.sy  and  hosi)it.ility,  they  seated  themselves 
Ion  the  ground  around  their  visitors,  and  waited 
|to  hear  what  they  had  to  communicate. 

The  Israelite,  Luis  de  Torres  found  his  He- 
Ibrew,  Chaldaic,  and  Arabic  of  no  avail,  and  tlie 
iLucayen  interjireter  had  to  be  the  orator.  He 
Iriade  a  regul.ir  speech,  after  the  Indian  manner, 
jin  which  lie  extolled  the  power,  the  wealth,  the 
|mi|niticence  of  the  white  men.  When  he  had 
Ifinished  the  Indi.ms  crowded  round  these  won- 
[derful  beings,  whom,  as  usual,  they  considered 
Imore  than  human.  Some  touched  them,  ^am- 
lining  their  skin  and  raiment,  others  kissed  their 
Ihands  and  feet,  in  token  of  submission  or  adora- 
jtion.  In  a  little  while  the  men  withdrew,  .and 
jwere  succeeded  by  the  women,  and  the  same  cer- 
jemonies  were  repeated.  Some  of  the  women  had 
la  slight  covering  of  netted  cotton  round  the  mid- 
Idle,  but  in  general  both  sexes  were  entirely  naked. 

*  Primer  Viage  de  Colon.     Navarrete,  Ixxi.  p.  48. 


There  seemed  to  be  ranks  .ind  orders  of  society 
iimong  them,  and  a  chieftain  of  some  autliority  ; 
whereas  .among  all  the  natives  they  b.id  previously 
met  with  a  complete  e(|u.iiit\    .eemcd  to  prevail. 

There  was  no  appearanci-  ut  gold  or  other  pre- 
cious articles,  and  when  they  showed  'ipecimens 
of  cinnamon,  pepper,  and  other  spices,  the  inhab- 
it.ints tolil  them  tliey  were  not  to  be  tunj.  '  in  that 
neighborhood,  but  (.ir  otf  to  the  south-west. 

The  envoys  determined,  therelore,  to  return  to 
the  ships.  The  n.itives  would  l.iin  have  induced 
them  to  remain  forseveral  days  ;  but  seeing  theni 
bent  on  departing,  a  gre.it  number  were  .inxious  to 
accomp.iny  them,  im.igining  they  were  about  to 
return  to  the  skies.  'I'hey  took  with  them,  how- 
ever, only  one  ot  the  priiuip.il  men,  with  his  son, 
who  were  atteiuled  bv 


(1  oy 
On  their  w.iy  back,  they 


lomestic. 

[or  th(?  first  time  wit- 
nessed the  use  of  a  weed,  which  the  ingenious 
caprice  of  man  has  sim c  converted  into  an  uni- 
versal  luxury,  in  defiance  ot  the  ojiposition  of  tiie 
senses.  They  beheld  sever.il  ot  the  natives  go- 
ing about  with  firebrands  in  their  h.inds,  and  cer- 
tain dried  herbs  which  they  rolled  uj)  in  a  leaf, 
and  lighting  {)ne  en<l,  put  the  other  in  tluir  mouths, 
and  conliiUK'd  exh.aling  .and  imtling  out  tin;  smoke. 
A  roll  of  this  kind  they  called  .1  tobacco,  ,1 
name  since  transferred  to  the  plant  of  which  the 
rolls  were  made.  The  .S|)aniards,  .although  pre- 
jiared  to  meet  with  wonders,  were  struck  with  .as- 
tonishment at  this  singular  and  apparently  nau- 
seous indulgence.* 

On  their  return  to  th(!  ships  they  gave  f.iN'or- 
able  accounts  ot  the  beauty  and  fertili'v  of  the 
country.  They  had  met  with  many  h.i  dets  of 
four  or  five  houses,  well  peopled,  embowered 
among  trees,  laden  with  unknown  fruits  of  tem|it- 
ing  hue  and  delightful  tl.ivor.  Around  them  were 
fields,  cultivated  with  the  agi  or  sweet  peiiiicr, 
potatoes,  m.ii/e  or  Indian  corn,  a  species  of  lupin 
or  pulse,  and  yuca,  whereof  they  made  their  cas- 
s.iva  bread.  These,  with  the  fruits  of  the  groves, 
formed  their  principal  food.  'I'here  were  vast 
tpiantities  of  cotton,  some  just  sown,  some  in  full 
growth.  There  w;is  great  store  of  it  also  in  their 
houses,  some  wrought  into  y.irn,  or  into  nets,  of 
which  they  made  their  h.immocks.  They  h.ul 
seen  many  birds  of  rare  iilumage,  but  unknown 
s])ecies  ;  many  ducks  ;  several  small  |).artridges  ; 
and  they  heard  the  song  of  a  bird  which  they  had 
mistaken  for  the  nighting.ile.  All  that  they  had 
seen,  however,  tietokened  a  primitive  and  simple 
state  of  society.  The  wonder  with  which  they 
had  been  regarded  showed  clearly  that  the  peo[)le 
were  strangers  to  civilized  man,  nor  couki  they 
hear  of  any  inland  city  superior  to  the  one  they 
had  visited. 

The  report  of  the  envoys  put  an  end  to  many 
splendid  fancies  of  Columbus,  about  the  barb.iric 
prince  and  his  capital.  He  was  cruising,  how- 
ever, in  a  region  of  enchantment,  in  which  pleas- 


*  Primer  Viage  de  Colon.     Navarrete,  toni.  i.  p.  51. 

"  Hallaron  por  el  c.imino  raucha  gcnlc  que  airave- 
saban  a  sus  pueblos  niui,'eres  y  hombres  :  sicmpre  los 
hombres  con  un  tison  en  las  manos  y  cierlcs  yerbas 
par;  .mar  sus  sahumerios,  que  son  unas  yerbas  secas 
met.  as  en  una  cierta  hoja  seca  tambien  a  manera  de 
inosquete  herho  dc  papel  de  los  que  hacon  los 
muctiachos  la  I'ascua  del  Kspiritu  Santo,  y  encondido 
por  una  parte  de  el.  por  la  otra  chupan  1')  sorbant  6 
recibcn  con  el  resuello  por  adcntro  aquel  liumo  ;  con 
el  qual  se  adormecen  las  carnes  y  ruasi  emborracho, 
y  as!  diz  que  no  sienten  el  daasancio.  Estos  mosque- 
tos,  6  como  los  llam&remas,  llamen  ellos  tabacos."— 
Las  Casas,  Hist.  Gen.  Ind.  lib.  i.  cap.  46. 


!  1 1 


CO 


LIFK   AND   VOVAOKS  OF   COI.UMnUS. 


I 


1 : ! 


,.M 


*  ; 


injj  chimeras  started  up  at  rvery  strp,  cxercisinj; 
liy  liiriis  ;i  pouiT  ovi-r  liis  iin.ininalii)ii.  Duriiijj 
till-  ;il)s('tuf  (it  the  cniissiirifs,  the  Indians  had  in- 
iDiincd  hini,  liy  si^ns,  of  .i  place  to  the  oastsvard, 
wlitTi'  the  pciipic  <i)llc(lcd  ^r(,|(|  aionj^  the  river 
banks  liy  tiiril)lij{ht,  ami  aiierward  \vr(iii>{ht  it 
inld  liars  with  liainniers.  In  speaking;  (it  this 
place  tluya^;aiii  useil  the  Wdrds  llalie(|U(!  and  Itd- 
liid,  whicii  lie,  as  usual,  suppdsed  t(i  lie  the  jirdper 
names  ot  islands  or  cduntries.  Tlie  true  mean- 
ing dt  these  words  has  lieen  \aridUsly  e\|ilained. 
It  IS  said  that  they  were  applied  liy  the  Indians  to 
the  coast  dl  terra  lirma,  called  also  hy  them  L'ari- 
talia.*  It  is  .ilso  said  that  llohio  means  a  hduse, 
and  was  ditin  used  liy  the  Indians  to  signify  tlu; 
iiopuldusness  ol  an  isand.  Hence  it  was  lre(pient- 
ly  applied  lo  llispiniola,  as  well  as  the  more  ),'en- 
cral  name  ot  ll.iyli,  which  means  hi^h  land,  and 
occasidually  (^iiis(piey.i  (/.(•.  the  whole),  on  ac- 
count ot  its  extent. 

The  misapprehension  of  these,  and  other  words, 
was  a  source  ol  |ier|ietual  error  to  Cohimlius. 
Sometimes  he  supposed  lialie(|ue  and  lidhio  to 
signity  the  sanitr  islands  ;  sometimes  to  lie  differ- 
ent places  or  islands  ;  and  (.)uis(|ueya  he  sup- 
pdsed  to  mean  (^uis.ii  or  Ouinsai  {i.e.  the  celes- 
tial city)  mentioned  liy  Marco  I'olo. 

His  jjreat  oliject  w.is  to  arrive  at  some  opui.ent 
and  civili/ed  country  ol  the  I'',ast,  with  which 
he  mi},d)t  estalilish  commercial  relations,  and 
whence  he  nii^fht  carry  home  a  (piantity  ot  ori- 
ental merchandise  as  a  rich  tropin  ot  his  discov- 
ery. The  season  was  adiancinj;  ;  the  cool  nijjhts 
g.ive  hints  of  .ipiiroaching  winter  ;  he  resolved, 
theretore,  not  to  proceed  farther  to  the  north,  nor 
to  linger  aliout  uncivilized  places,  which,  at  pres- 
ent, he  had  not  the  means  of  colonizing,  liut  lo 
return  to  the  east-south-east,  in  ([uest  ot  lJal)e(pie, 
which  he  trusted  might  prove  some  rich  and  civ- 
ilized isl.md  on  the  coast  of  Asia. 

Uetore  leaving  the  river,  to  which  he  had  given 
the  name  of  Kio  de  Mares,  he  took  several  of  the 
natives  to  carry  with  him  to  Spain,  tor  the  jiur- 
pose  of  teaching  them  the  language,  that,  in  fu- 
ture voyages,  they  might  serve  as  interpreters. 
He  took  them  of  both  sexes,  having  learned  from 
the  Portuguese  discoverers  that  the  men  were 
always  more  contented  on  the  voyage,  and  service- 
able on  their  return,  when  accompanied  by  fe- 
males. With  the  religious  feeling  ot  the  day,  he 
anticipated  great  triumphs  to  the  faith  and  glory 
to  the  crown,  from  the  conversion  ot  these  savage 
nations,  through  the  means  of  the  natives  thus 
instructed.  He  imagined  th.it  the  Indians  had 
no  system  of  religion,  but  a  (lis|)osition  to  receive 
its  impressions  ;  as  they  regarded  with  great  rev- 
erence and  attention  the  religious  ceremonies  of 
the  Spaniards,  soon  repeating  by  rote  any  jjrayer 
taught  them,  and  making  the  sign  of  the  cross 
with  the  most  edifying  devotion.  They  had  an 
idea  of  a  future  state,  but  limited  and  confused. 
"They  confess  the  soul  to  be  immortal,"  says 
Peter  Martyr,  "  and  having  put  off  the  bodily 
clothing,  they  imagine  it  goes  forth  to  the  woods 
and  the  mountains,  and  that  it  liveth  there  per- 
petually in  caves  ;  nor  do  they  exemjit  it  from 
eating  and  drinking,  hut  that  it  should  be  fed 
there.  Th"  answering  voices  heard  from  caves 
and  hollows,  which  the  Latines  call  echoes,  they 
suppose  to  be  the  souls  ot  the  departed,  wander- 
ing through  those  places."  f 


From  the  natural  tendeticy  to  devotion  which 
Columbus  thought  he  discovered  among  them. 
Irom  their  gentle  natures,  and  their  ignorance  ot 
all  w.irlike  arts,  he  prdnounces  it  an  easy  matter 
td  m.ike  themdeVdUt  members  of  the,  church  .iiid 
loyal  subjects  of  the  crown.  He  concludes  hi< 
speculations  upon  the  a(K'antages  t(i  be  derived 
from  the  coloni/alion  ot  these  p.irts  by  antici. 
pating  a  great  trade  for  gold,  which  must  abourul 
m  the  interior  ;  tor  pearls  and  precious  sldiies,  ot 
which,  though  he  had  seen  none,  he  had  receivf(l 
lre(|Uent  accounts  ;  tor  gums  and  spices,  of  whi'  h 
he  thought  he  had  found  indubitable  traces  ;  and 
for  the  cotton,  which  grew  w  ild  in  vast  (piantities. 
Many  ot  these  articles,  he  observes,  would  proli.i- 
Illy  find  a  nearer  market  than  Spain,  in  the  ports 
and  cities  of  the  (Ireat  Khan,  at  which  he  had  nu 
doubt  ol  soon  arriving,* 


*  Mufloz,  Hist.  N.  Mundo,  cap.  3. 
+  P.  Martyr,  decad,  viii,  cap.  9  ;  M.  Lock's  trans- 
lation, 1612. 


CHAPTKR  V. 

SI'.ARCM     AFTKR    TIIK   Sf  I'I'dSKll    ISLAND     OK    HA- 
lIKgUK— UKSKKTION    (IF  TIIK   I'lNlA. 

['492.] 

On  the  12th  of  November,  Columbus  turned  his 
course  to  the  east-south-east,  to  follow  back  the 
direction  of  the  co.ist.  This  may  be  considered 
another  critical  change  in  his  voyage,  which  had 
a  great  effect  upon  his  subsetpient  discoveries. 
He  had  jiroceeded  far  within  what  is  called  the 
old  channel,  between  Cuba  atid  the  llahamas.  In 
two  or  three  days  more  he  would  have  discovered 
his  mistake  in  supjiosing  Cuba  a  part  of  terra 
firma  ;  an  error  in  which  he  ( (intiiuud  to  the  d.ny 
of  his  death.  He  might  have  had  intimation  also 
ot  the  vicinity  of  the  continent,  and  have  st()(i(l 
for  the  coast  of  I'"liirida,  or  have  been  carried 
thither  by  the  gulf  stream,  or,  continuing  along 
Culi.i  where  it  bends  to  the  south-west,  might  have 
struck  over  to  the  ojjposite  coast  of  Yucatan,  and 
have  realized  his  most  s.anguine  anticipations  in 
becoming  the  discoverer  of  Mexico.  It  was  sulTi- 
cient  glory  tor  Columbus,  however,  to  have  dis- 
covered a  new  world.  Its  more  golden  regions 
were  reserved  to  give  splendor  to  succeeding  en- 
terjirises. 

He  now  ran  along  the  coast  for  two  or  three 
days  without  stojiping  to  explore  it,  as  no  popu- 
lous towns  or  cities  were  to  be  seen.  Passing  tiy 
a  great  cape,  to  which  he  gave  the  name  of  Cape 
Cuba,  he  struck  eastward  in  search  of  Babeque, 
but  on  the  i4lh  a  head  wind  and  boisterous  sea 
obliged  him  tojiut  back  and  anchor  in  a  deep  and 
secure  harbor,  to  which  he  gave  tht!  name  of  Pu- 
erto del  Principe.  Here  he  erected  a  cross  on  a 
neighboring  height,  in  token  of  jiossession.  A 
few  days  were  ])assed  in  exploring  with  his  boats 
an  archipelago  of  small  but  beautiful  islands  in 
the  vicinity,  since  known  as  Kl  jiirtlin  del  Rey, 
or  the  king's  garden.  The  gulf,  studded  with 
these  islands,  he  named  the  sea  of  NuestraSe- 
fiora  ;  in  modern  days  it  has  been  a  lurking-place 
for])irates,  who  have  found  secure  shelter  and  con- 
cealment among  the  channels  and  solitary  harbors 
of  this  archipelago.  These  islands  were  covered 
with  noble  trees,  among  which  the  Spaniards 
thought  they  discovered  mastic  and  aloes. 

On  the  19th  Columbus  again  put  to  sea,  and  for  | 
two  days  made  ineffectual  attempts,  against  head 
winds,  to    reach   an   island   directly  east,   about 


*  Primer  Viage  de  Colon.     Navarrete,  torn.  i. 


liii^ 


LIFE  AND   VOYAr.F.S   f)F  COMIMBUS. 


51 


icy  to  rlrvntion  which 
(ivcri'd  nmoiiK  tlu-m, 
mil  llii'ir  i^'nof.mce  ot 
icfs  it  Mil  f.isy  riKitttr 
ITS  of  thi;  iluirch  and 
r>.  Hi'  (oiuUkIl's  hi» 
anta^jfi  to  In-  (Icrivcd 
licsf  |i,iils  l)y  iintid. 
il,  whiih  must  aljoutul 
11(1  ]iri'i  iDii'i  stoiii's,  ot 
nolle,  he  had  rccfivcil 
IS  and  sniifs,  of  whiih 
duhitalilc  traces  ;  and 
vihl  ill  \ast  (|uantitits, 
iliserves,  wiiuiii  jiroha- 
laii  Spain,  in  tlie  ports 
11,  at  which  lie  had  nu 


R  V. 

)Si:|)    ISLAND     OK 
OK  TlIK   I'INTA. 


HA- 


] 

r,  Columbus  turned  his 

ast,  to  follow  back  the 

his  may  lie  considered 

his  voyajfc,  which  had 

iil)se(picnt   discoveries. 

thin   what  is  called  the 

and  the  Uahamas.    In 

would  have  discovered 

Cuba  a  part  of  terra 

e  continued  to  the  day 

ve  had  intimation  also 

lineiit,  and   have  stoix' 

or  have   been   carried 

or,  contiiiiiinjj  aloni; 

iouth-west,  mijjht  have 

coast  ot  N'ucatan,  and  I 

jriiinc!  anticipations  in  fi 

Mexico.     It  was  suiti-  ? 

owever,  to  have  (lis-  | 

more  ^jolden  regions  ?; 

or  to  succeeding  en 

:oast  for  two  or  three  i^ 
plore  it,  as  no  pojiu- 


11 1 


)e  seen.     Passing  My 

ive  the  name  of  Cape  i- 

11  search  of  Habeque, 
d  and  boisterous  sea 
anchor  in  a  deep  and 

gave  the  name  of  I'u-  ^ 
erected  a  cross  on  a  £ 

en  of  |)ossession.    A  {; 

ploring  with  his  boats  | 
beautiful  islands  in  I 

is  AY  jardin  del  Rf\\ 
gulf,   studded  with 
e  sea  of  Nuestra  Se- 
been  a  lurking-jilace 

ecure  shelter  and  con- 
and  solitary  harbors 
islands  were  covered 
,vhich  the  Spaniards 
tic  and  aloes, 
in  put  to  sea,  and  for 
tempts,  against  head 
directly  east,   about 

Navarrele,  torn.  i. 


\ty  miles  distant,  which  he  supposed  to  be  Ha- 
ei|ue.     The  wind  continuing  obstinately  adverse 
the  sea  rough,  he  put  Ins  ship  alyiut  toward 
iiig  of  the  juth.  111. iking  signals  lor  the  other 
leMils  to  lollow  him.   Ills  Mgn.ds  wiTe  uiialtend- 

I  Id  hy  liie  I'iiita,  whiih  was  coiisider.ibly  to  the 
.islw.ird.  Columbus  reiiiMted  (he  signals,  but 
liry  were  sldl  un.itteiided  to.  Night  toiiiing  on, 
e  -.hortelied  s.iil  and  hoisled  signal  lights  to  the 
i.islhead,  thinking  I'in/on  would  yet  join  him. 
,\lii(  h  he  could  easily  do,  having  the  wind  astern  ; 
)iit  when  the  morning  dawned  the  Tinta  was  no 
onuer  to  be  seen.* 

I  (lUimbus  was  dis(|uieted  by  this  circunist.ince. 
'm/oii  was  a  veteran  navigator,  .".ccustoiiied  to 
idd  a  high  rank  among  his  nautical  associates. 
he  squadron  had  in  .i  gre.it  measure  been 
i.iiiiii-  I  and  lilted  out  through  his  intlueiiie  and 
xcrtiiins  ;  he  could  ill  brook  subordination  there- 
ore  to  Columbus,  whom  he  nerhaps  did  not  coii- 
jiler  his  superior  in  skill  and  Knowle<lge,  and  who 
,id  been  heiulitted  by  his  purse.  .Several  mis- 
nlerst mdiiigs  and  disputes  had  accordingly  oc- 
iirre  I  between  them  in  the  course  of  the  voyage, 
III  when  Columbus  saw  riii/on  thus  parting 
Dinpany,  without  any  .ippointed  rendezvous,  he 
usptMted  either  th.it  he  intended  to  take  upon 
inis;  II  a  separate  command  and  prosecute  the 
iiterprise  in  his  own  ii.ime,  or  h.isten  b.u  k 
o  Sp.iiii  and  be.ir  off  the  glory  of  the  dis- 
Dvery.  To  attempt  to  seek  him,  however,  was 
ruitleiis  ;  he  was  f.ir  out  of  sight  ;  his  vessel 
,vas  a  superior  sailer,  and  it  was  im|)ossil)le 
I)  say  what  course  he  had  steered.  Colum- 
ns stood  back,  therefore,  for  Cuba,  to  liiiish 
lie  exploring  ot  its  coast  ;  but  he  no  longer  pos- 
essi'd  his  usual  serenity  of  mind  and  unity  of 
nrpose,  and  was  embarrassed  in  the  prosecution 
t  his  discoveries  by  doubts  ot  the  designs  of 
'in/,i)n. 

On  the  24th  of  November  he  regained  I'oint 
uh.i,  and  anchored  in  a  line  harbor  formed 
jy  the  mouth  of  a  river,  to  which  he  gave  the 
name  ol  St.  Catherine.  It  was  bordered  by  rich 
nealows  ;  the  neighboring  mountains  were  well 
\V()i)  leil,  having  pines  tall  enough  to  make  masts 
or  the  riiiest  ships,  and  noble  oaks.  In  the 
hcd  1)1  the  river  were  found  stones  veined  with 
B..M. 

Ciihinibus  continued  for  several  days  coasting 
residue  ot  Cuba,  extolling  the  magnificence. 


th 


rfshiu'ss,  and  verdure  ot  the  scenery,  the  jiurity 
pI  the  rivers,  and  the  number  and  commodious- 
iifss  ol  tliC  h.'irbors.  Speaking  in  his  letters  to 
the  sovereigns  of  one  place,  to  which  he  gave  the 
name  ol  Puerto  Santo,  he  says,  in  his  artless  but 
entluisiastic  language,  "  Tlie  amenity  of  this 
river,  and  the  clearness  of  the  w  'ter,  through 
\vhicli  the  sand  at  the  bottom  may  he  seen  ;  the 
jmuliULi.leof  |)alm-treesof  various  forms,  the  high- 

^t  and  most  be.iutitul  that  I  have  met  with,  and 
an  iiniiiity  of  other  great  and   green   trees  ;    the 

lir  Is  ill  rich  plumage  and  the  verdure  of  the 
tiilds,  render  this  country,  most  serene  princes, 
[ol  siuli  marvellous  beauty,  that  it  surpasses  all 
lOiluTs  in  chari.i  -nd  graces,  as  the  day  doth  the 
ni;;lu  in  lustre,  i-'or  which  reason  I  often  say  to 
,niy  people,  that,  much  as  I  endeavor  to  give  a 
;ci)inplcte  account  of  it  to  your  majesties,  my 
ton^riie  cannot  express  the  whole  truth,  nor  my 
pen  describe  it  ;  and  I  have  been  so  overwhelmed 


*  Las  Casas,  Hist.  Ind.,  torn.  i.  cap.  27.  Hist,  del 
lAlmirame,  cap.  29.  Journal  of  Columbus.  Navar- 
Ireie,  torn.  i. 


at  the  sight  of  so  much  beauty,  that  I  have  nul 
known  how  to  relate  it."» 

1  he  ir.insp.ireiuy  of  the  water,  which  Colum- 
bus attributed  to  the  (lurity  of  tht  rivers,  is  tlio 
property  ol  the  ore. m  in  these  l.ititudes.  So  cie.ir 
IS  the  se,i  ill  the  neighborhood  of  some  ol  these 
isl.inds,  that  in  still  weather  the  bottom  m.iy  be 
seen,  as  in  ,1  (  ry-^t.d  fountain  ;  and  the  iiih.ibi- 
taiits  (live  down  tour  or  ti\e  lathoms  in  se.irch  ot 
coiichs,  and  other  shell-tish,  which  are  visible 
liom  tlie  surl.iic.  The  delicate  air  anil  pure 
waters  ot  ihesic  itilands  arc  umung  their  greatest 
ch.trms. 

As  :i  proof  of  the  gigantic  veget.ition,  Colum- 
bus mentions  the  enormous  si/e  ot  the  i  ,uioe!> 
lormed  from  single  trunks  of  trees.  One  tli.it  he 
saw  was  cipable  of  cont. lining  one  hundred  .mil 
titty  persons.  Among  other  articles  lound  in  the 
liKli.m  dwellings  w.is  a  cake  of  wax,  which  he 
took  to  |)resenl  to  the  C.istilian  sovereigns,  "  tor 
where  there  is  wax,"  said  he,  "  there  must  be  .1 
thousand  other  good  things. "t  It  is  since  sup- 
posed to  have  been  brought  from  Yucatan,  as  the 
inhabitants  ot  Cuba  were  not  accustomed  to 
gather  wax.| 

On  the  5tli  of  December  he  reached  the  eastern 
end  ot  Cuba,  which  he  supposed  to  be  the  eastern 
extremity  of  Asia  ;  he  gave  it,  therefore,  the 
name  of  Alpha  and  Omega,  the  beginning  .iiul 
the  end.  He  was  now  greatly  perplexed  wh.it 
course  to  take.  It  he  kept  along  the  co.ist  .is  it 
bent  to  the  south-west,  it  might  bring  him  to  the 
more  civili/ed  and  opulent  jiarts  of  liidi.i  ;  but  it 
he  took  this  course,  he  must  abandon  all  hone  of 
tiiidiiig  the  island  ot  Habeipie,  which  the  Indi.ms 
now  said  lay  to  the  north-east,  and  ot  which  they 
still  continued  to  give  the  most  marvellous  ,ic- 
couiits.  It  was  a  state  ot  embarrassiiienl  char- 
acteristic ot  this  extraordinary  voyage,  to  h.ive 
.1  new  and  unknown  world  thus  spread  out  to 
the  choice  of  the  explorer,  where  wonders  and 
beauties  invited  him  on  every  side  ;  but  where, 
whichever  way  he  turned,  he  might  leave  the  true 
region  of  profit  and  delight  behind. 


CHAPTER    \T. 
DISCOVERY   OK  HISPANIOLA. 


['492-] 


le 
,.  ,,^,,w.v.i..j^  it,  exclaimed  /lo/iio,  the 
name  by  which  Columbus  understood  them  to 
designate  some  country  which  abounded  in  gold. 
When   they  saw  him   standing   in   th;t 


....- ^j  f,    lat  direction, 

they  showed  great  signs  of  terror,  imjiloring  him 
not  to  visit  it,  assuring  him,  by  signs,  that  the  in- 
habitants were  tierce  and  cruel,  that  they  had  but 
one  eye,  and  were  cannibals.  The  wind  being 
unfavor.ible,  and  the  nights  long,  during  which 
they  did  not  dare  to  make  s.iil  in  these  unknown 
seas,  they  were  a  great  part  of  two  days  working 
up  to  the  island. 

In  the  transparent  atmosphere  of  the  tropics, 

*  Hist,  del  Alinirante,  cap.  2g. 

\  Journal  of  Columbus.     Navarrete,  torn,  i, 

X  Herrera,  Hist.  Ind.,  decad.  L 


'  r  i 


59 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGES   OF   COLUMBUS. 


ohjccts  nre  descried  at  .1  great  distance,  and  the 
j)urily  of  the  air  and  serenity  of  tlie  deep  blue  slcy 
give  a  magical  effect  to  the  scenery.  Under  these 
advantages,  tlie  beautiful  island  ot  Hayti  revealed 
itself  to  the  eye  as  they  approached.  Its  moun- 
tains were  higher  and  more  rocky  than  those  of 
the  other  islands  ;  but  the  rocks  rose  from  among 
rich  forests.  The  mountains  swept  down  into 
luxuriant  plains  and  green  savannas  ;  while  the 
aiijjcarance  of  cultivated  t";elds,  of  numerous  fires 
at  night,  and  columns  of  smoke  by  day,  showed 
it  to  be  populous.  It  rose  before  them  in  all  the 
sp'  'n(l(,r  of  tropical  vegetation,  one  of  the  most 
beautiful  islands  in  the  world,  and  doomed  to  be 
one  of  the  most  unfortunate. 

In  the  evening  of  the  6th  of  December,  Colum- 
bus er'fred  a  harbor  at  the  western  end  of  the 
island,  to  which  he  gave  the  name  of  St.  Nicho- 
las, by  which  it  is  called  at  the  present  day.  The 
harbor  was  spacious  and  deej),  surrounded  with 
large  trees,  many  of  them  loaded  with  fruit  ; 
while  a  beautiful  plain  extcTuled  in  front  of  the 
])ort,  traversed  by  a  fine  stream  of  water.  From 
the  number  of  canoes  .seen  in  various  |)arts,  there 
were  evidently  large  villages  in  the  neighborhood, 
but  the  natives  haci  fled  with  terror  at  sight  of  the 
ships. 

Leaving  the  harbor  of  Si,  Nicholas  on  the  7th, 
they  coasted  along  the  northern  side  of  the 
island.  It  was  lofty  and  mountainous,  but  with 
green  savannas  and  long  sweeping  plains.  At 
one  place  they  caught  a  view  up  a  rich  and  smil- 
ing valley  that  ran  var  into  the  interior,  between 
two  mountains,  and  appeared  to  be  in  a  high 
state  of  cultivation. 

l'"or  several  d.iys  they  w, 're  detained  in  a  harbor 
which  they  called  Port  Conception  ;  *  a  small 
river  emptii'd  into  it,  after  winding  through  a  de- 
lightful country.  The  coast  abounded  with  fish, 
some  ot  which  even  leaped  into  their  boats.  They 
cast  their  nets,  therefore,  and  caught  great  (|'ian- 
tilies,  and  among  thein  several  kinds  similar  to 
those  of  Spain — the  first  fish  they  had  met  with 
resembling  those  of  their  own  country.  The  notes 
of  the  biru  which  they  mistooi<  for  llu- nightingale, 
and  of  several  others  to  v.liich  they  were  accus- 
tomed, reminded  them  strongly  of  the  groves  of 
their  distant  Andalusia,  'fhey  fancied  the  features 
of  the  surrounding  country  resembled  those  of  the 
more  beauiilul  ])rovinces  ot  ,S])ain,  and,  in  conse- 
qui'iice,  the  admiral  n.imed  the  islanrl  llispaniola. 

Desirous  ot  establishing  some  intercourse  with 
the  natives,  who  had  abandoned  the  coast  on  his 
arrival,  he  disp.itched  six  men,  well  armed,  into 
liie  interior.  'I'hey  found  several  culti\at>,\i  lii^lds, 
and  traces  of  roads,  and  |)laces  whf. e  fires  had 
l)een  made,  but  the  inhabitants  ha'.i  tied  with  ter- 
ror to  the  mountains. 

Though  the  whole  country  was  solitary  and 
deserted,  Columbus  console.)  himself  with  the 
ide.i  that  there  must  be  jopulous  towns  in  the 
interior,  where  the  jieople  tiad  t'.ken  refuge,  and 
that  the  fires  he  had  i)eheld  had  been  signal  tires, 
like  those  lighted  up  on  t'le  mountains  of  Sp.iin, 
in  the  times  ot  Moorish  .var,  to  gi\e  the  alarm 
when  there  was  any  invasion  ot  the  seaboard. 

*  Now  known  by  the  name  of  the  Bay  of  Moustique. 

NoiK. — Tlie  author  h.  ;  rcceivi.d  very  obliginK -uul 
intcrcstinR  letfrs,  dated  in  iS»t7,  from  i.Z.  Heneken, 
Fs<|.,  many  yeai.''  a  resident  of  S;.  Domingo,  Riiini- 
names,  localities,  and  otiier  particulars  connected  vith 
the  ttansat  lions  of  Columbus  in  that  island.  Tliese 
will  be  thankfully  made  use  of  and  duly  cited  in  the 
course  of  the  work. 


On  the  1 2th  of  December  Columbus  with  griat 
solemnity  erected  a  cross  on  a  commanding  en,; 
nence,  at  Uie  entrance  of   the  harbor,  in  sign  ,:: 
having  taken   possession.     As  three  sailors  wi; 
rambling  about  the  vicinity  they  beheld  a  l.ir.; 
number   ot   the    ntitives,    who    i"imediately  in 
rtight  ;   out   the    sailors  pursued   theni,    and  ir 
tured  a  young  female,  whom   they  brought  to  t: 
ships.     She   was  jierfectly  naked,  a  hail  omen  , . 
to  the  civilization  of  the  island,  but  an  ornaiiK: 
of   gold    in    the   ncj^e  ; ';.'■.•,  e   hope  of  the  |)re(  iir 
metal.     The  admiral  soon  sootherl  her  ternji- i 
his    kindness,    .and    by    presents   of   beads,   hr,:-. 
rings,  hawks'  bells,  and  other  trinkets,  and,  li,r 
ing  had   her  clothed,   sent   her  on   shore  aciMn 
panied  by  several  ot  the  crew  and  three  of  the  I; 
dian  interpreters.     .So  well  pleased  was  she  w,' 
her  finery,  :'.'.id   with  the   kind  treatment  shell;: 
experienced,  that  she  would  gladly  have  remain.  : 
with  the  Indian  women  whom  she  loiMuf  on  hoar; 
The  party  sent  with  her  returned  on  boanl  late; 
the  night,  wiiliout  venturing  to  her  village,  whi' 
was   far  inland.     Confident  ol   the  favorable  i;v 
pressioii   which   the   report  given   by  the  woni,, 
must  produce,  the   admiral  on   the  following  (i 
dispatched   nine   stout-hearted,   well-armeil  im 
to  seek   the   village,  .accompanied   by  a   nati\r 
Cuba  as  an   inter])reter.      They   found    it   aliir 
four  and  a  half  leagues  to  the  south-e.ist,  in  a  tin; 
valley,   on   the   banks  of    a    beautiful    river.*    1:1 
contained  one  thousand  houses,   but  the    inhabi-l 
tants   fled   as  they   appro.iched.     The   interprettrj 
overtook  the'",  and  assured  them  of  the  goodnessl 
of  these  strangers,  who  had  descended  from  the! 
skies,  and  went  about  the  world  making  prcciDuJ 
and  beautiful  |)reseiits.     Thus  assured,  the  n.ilivfij 
ventured  iiack   to  the   number  of  two   thousanii.j 
They   approached   the  Spaniards   with   slow  ;ini!j 
trembling  steps,  olten  jiausing   and   putting  tht:ri 
hands    upon    their   heads,    in    token   ot   protoiin:! 
re\'erence   and    submission.     They   u\.i"e  a   wd 
formed    race    fairer  and   h.unlsomer  than  the  ivi-l 
lives  of  the  other  islands. t     While  the  S|)aniar(!5 
were  conversing  with  them  by  means  of  their  ir.  I 
terpreter,  another  multitude   aopro.iched,  lieadc!; 
by  the    husband    ot   the    female    captive.      Ths 
brought  her    in    triumph  on    their   shoulders,  ;i;; 
the  husband  was  proluse  in  his  gratitude  tor  tl 
kindness   with    which   she   had   been  trealeil,  ai;; 
the  magnilicenl  presents  which  had  been  bestowi. 
u|)on  her. 

The   Indians   now  conducted   the  Sp.mi.irds : 
their  houses,  and   set  helore  them  cassava  l)i\  1 
fish,    ro{3ts,  and    fruits   of    v.crious    kinds.      Tli 
brought  aiso  gre.at   numbers  of  (lomestii:ated  pi  ■ 
rots,  :ind  indeed  offered  freely  whate\'er  they  p  - 
sessed.     Tiie  great  river  tlowing  through  this  \  . 
ley  was  bordered  with  noble  forests,  among  wlih 
were    palms,  bananas,  and    many   trees    comt 
with  fruit   anri   llov  ers.     The  air  was  mild  ,i^ 
April  ;    the    birds    sang  all    day   long,  and   s"'; 
were   even    hea-tl    in  the  idght.     The   .Spania; 
had  not   learnec'    as   yet  to  account  tor  the  liiil 
enoe  of  seasons  i  1  this  opposite  part  of  the  l;!'!' 
they  were  astoi'.ished  to  hear  the  voice  of  this    t: 
posed  nighting.  le  singing  in  the  midst  of    I)  1 
her,  and  considered  it  a  proof  tl.at  there  w  ^^ 
wint'-r  in   tin',  happy  climate.     They   retuii.f  I 
the  shiiis  e'lraptiired  with  the  beautv  vi  the  .  ■> 


*  This  village  was  formerly  known  by  the  n  cm  • 
Gros  Morne,  situated  on  the  l)anks  of  the  i;.(r 
"  Trois  Rivieres,"  which  empties  itself  half  a  11: 
west  of  Port  de  Paix.     Navarrete,  torn.  i. 

f  Las  Casas,  lib.  i.  cap.  53,  Ms, 


'Columbus  with  great! 
1  a  commandin};  cm;. 
ihf  harbor,  in  t.igii  « 
As  three  sailors  wcr- 
y  they  beheld  a  lar^'il 
,h()  i'^nnietliately  tii(i:;j 
•sued  tiieni,  ami  t:i]. 
n  liiey  In'ought  to  th- 
iiaki.d,  a  bad  omen  :ii 
ar.d,  but  an  oniamen;! 

hope  of  the  i)recioMjj 

soothed  her  terror  by 
:sents   of   beads,  hrasil 
her  trinkets,  and,  hav- 

her  on   shore  accoin-l 
ew  and  three  of  the  in.{ 

])leased  was  she  with 
:ind  treatment  she  liadl 
il  (gladly  have  remaindl 
om  she  i'oiMul  on  hoard! 
turned  on  board  laleinl 
i<^  to  her  viliajjc,  whichl 
It  ol  the  favorai)le  im-f 
t  given  by  the  woniasi 
1  on  the  lol'.owintj  (!ny 
rted,  well-armed  nien.i 
npanied   by  a   native  o: 

Tliey    found    it   aho'" 
the  south-east,  in  a  tim| 
a    beautiful    river.*    1; 
lou.ses,   but  the    inhabj. 
iched.     The   iiUerpreir 
(1  them  of  the  f^dodiicsij 
ad  deseended  from  ihej 
world  makinj^  precioiiij 
rinis  assured,  the  nativi-i 
nibi-r  of  two  thousand] 
anianls   with    slow  an! 
using   and  ])ultiiiLr  th: 

in    token   t)l   prc-l'iui; 
n.     They   w..re  a   wiv 
handsomer  than  the  n.A 
t     While  the  Spaiiian!' 
m  by  means  of  tliein:' 

de   approached,  heailc. 

female    captive.      Thri 

11    their   shoultlers,  x. 

in  his  gratitude  lor  \'.\] 
had  been  treated,  an:i 

hich  had  been  bestuwt.; 

lucted   the  S|)aniar(ls ; 
]re  ttuni  cassava  hrtM. 
v:.rious    kinds.      Th- 
Irs  ol  clomestieated  pr, 
leely  whate\-er  they  p  - 
lowing  through  this  \  - 
le  forests,  among  \vh,r 
|1    many    trees    cmrr; 
he   air  was  miid  a^ 
Il    day   long,  and   ^"" 
Inight.     The   Spani.cr.: 

accriunt  for  the  liiil 
|osite  part  of  the  gh'h 
ar  the  voice  ol  this  -i: 
in  the  midst  of  1)  c,' 
oof  tl'.at  there  wis  ' 
lite,  'l^hey  retun.nl  ■ 
Ihe  beautv  of  the  mj 


ly  known  by  the  ii.i'H" 
banks  of   the    i:'<r 
1  plies  itself  hall  a  '.v.i 

Irrete,  lorn.  i. 
MS. 


It 


i\ 


tl 


r>-,  - 
ain 
|\vas  I 
native 
[dwell 
|ers,  o 
re 
0  the 
Ithat  s 
.some 
most 
blessi 
wants 
of  the 
antl  s( 
the  ut 
to  hei 
was  g 
thus 
all  the 
them  a 
was  no 
cors 
9 his  ow 
St.   An 
.  felt  con 
'SO  libel 
!>  not  he 
l-anvthin 
but  rati 
amity  a 
whet  he  I 
■they  w 
jtiirn. 
i\.me  that 
ftheygiv 
women 
have  nc 
possess 
I  whateve 
all  articl 
One  o 
h.ioitant 
tyr,  who 
sations 
says  he, 
common 
and  thin 
iwith  the 
in  so  lar 
'  an  sea 
oklen  V 
intn 
jor  deteiK 
another, 
[judges. 
bus  man 
lanother  ; 
Wes,  yet 
such  roc 
itemed  w 
ipreservet 
Much 
|imagiiKit 
emporai 
eiiting  1 
nhe'g 
nder  thi 
f  their  c 


*  Charl 

f  Lette 

rrete,  toi 

t  P.  Ml 

jEden,  155 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGES   OF   COLUMBUS. 


try,  surpass'.npr,  as  they  said,  even  the  luxuriant 
jplains  of  Cordova.  All  that  they  complained  of 
Iwas  that  they  saw  no  signs  of  riches  among  the 
Inalives.  And  here  it  is  impossible  to  refrain  from 
Idwelling  on  the  picture  given  hy  the  first  discover 
ers,  of  the  state  of  manners  in  this  eventful  island 
Ibefore  the  arrival  of  the  white  men.  According 
Jto  their  accounts,  the  people  of  Hayti  existed  in 
Ithat  state  of  iirimitive  and  savage  simplicity  which 
Isome  philosophers  have  fondly  pictured  as  the 
linost  enviable  on  earth  ;  surrounded  by  natural 
Iblessings,  without  even  a  knowledge  of  artificial 
Iwants.  The  fertile  earth  produced  the  chief  part 
of  their  food  almost  without  culture  ;  their  rivers 
land  sea-coast  abounded  with  fish,  and  they  caught 
Ithe  utia,  the  guana,  and  a  variety  of  birds.  This, 
Ito  beings  of  their  frugal  and  temperate  habits, 
Iwas  great  abundance,  and  what  nature  furnished 
[thus  spontaneously  they  willingly  shared  with 
lall  the  world.  Hospitality,  we  are  told,  was  with 
ithem  a  law  of  nature  universally  observed  ;  there 
Iwas  no  need  of  being  known  to  receive  its  suc- 
Icors  ;  every  house  was  as  open  to  the  stranger  as 
Ihis  own.*  Columbus,  too,  in  a  letter  to  Luis  de 
ISt.  Angel,  ol)serves,  "  True  it  is  that  after  they 
jielt  contitlence,  and  lost  their  fear  of  us,  they  were 
ISO  liberal  with  what  they  possessed,  that  it  would 
Ijiot  be  believed  by  those  who  h.-id  not  seen  it.  If 
Kinything  was  asked  of  them,  they  never  said  no, 
Ibut  rather  gave  it  cheerfully,  and  showed  as  much 
lamity  as  if  they  gave  their  very  hearts  ;  and 
Iwhether  the  thing  were  of  value,  or  of  little  price, 
Ithey  were  content  with  whatever  was  given  in  re- 
|turii.  ...  In  all  these  islands  it  appears  to 
Ime  that  the  men  are  all  content  with  one  wife,  but 
Ithey  give  twenty  to  their  chieftain  or  km:^.  The 
Iwomen  seem  to  work  more  than  the  men  ;  and  I 
|have  not  been  al)le  to  understand  whether  they 
Ipossess  individual  property  ;  but  rather  think  that 
|\vhatever  one  has  all  the  rest  share,  especially  in 
|all  articles  of  provisions."  f 

One  of  the  most  pleasing  descri|)tions  of  the  in- 

|hai)itants  of  this  island  is  given  by  old  Feter  Mar- 

Ityr,  who  gathered  it,  as  he  says,  from  the  conver- 

|sations  of  the  admiral  himself.      "  It  is  certain," 

|says  he,  "  that  the  land  among  these  people  is  as 

|common  as  the  sun   and  water  ;  and   that  '  mine 

land  thine,'  the  seeds  of  all  mischief,  have  no  place 

Iwith  them.     They  are  content  with  so  little,  that 

lin  so  large  a  country  they  have  rather  superfluitv 

than  scarceness  ;  so  that  they  seem  to  live  in  the 

joklen  world,  without  toil,  living  in  open  gardens  ; 

Jnot  intrenched   with   dykes,  divided  with  hedges, 

lor  defended  with  walls.    They  deal  truly  one  with 

|aiiother,  wiiliout  laws,  without  books,  and  without 

judges.     They  take  him  for  an  evil  and  mischiev- 

Dus  man,  who  taketh   pleasure   in  doing  hurt   to 

mother  ;  and  albeit  they  delight  not  in  supertlui- 

Jties,  yet  they  make   jirovision   for  the  increas,()l 

■such   roots  whereof  they  make  their  bread,  coii- 

Iteiued  with  such  simple  diet,  whereby   health   is 

preserved  and  disease  avoided."  J 

Much  of  this  |iictiire  may  be  overcolored  by  the 

limaijjiiialion,  hut  it  is  generally  confirmed  by  con- 

Jtcmporary  historians.     They  all  concur  in  repre- 

keiiting  the  life  of  these  islanders  as  approaching 

^0  the    golden    state    of    jioetical    felicity  ;    living 

Juder  tile  absolute  but  ])atriarchal  and  easy  rule 

of  their  caci((ues,  tree  from  pride,  with  few  wants, 

*  Charlevoix.     Hist.  St.  Domingo,  lib.  i. 
f  Letter  of  Columbus  to  Luis  de   St,  Angel.     Nav- 
arrete,  torn.  i.  p.  167. 

t  P.  Martyr,  decad.  i.  lib.  iii.     Transl.  of  Richard 
•Ellen,  ic:;s. 


an  abundant  country,  a  happily-tempered  climate, 
and  a  natural  disposition  to  careless  and  indolent 
enjoyment. 


CHAPTER   VH, 

COASTING  OF   HISPANIOI.A. 
[1492.] 

When  the  weather  became  favorable,  Colum- 
bus made  another  attempt,  on  the  14th  of  Decem- 
ber, to  find  the  island  of  IJabecjue,  hut  was  again 
baffled  by  adverse  winds.  In  the  course  of  this 
attempt  he  visited  an  island  lying  opposite  to  the 
harbor  of  Conception,  to  which,  from  its  abound- 
ing in  turtle,  he  gave  the  name  of  Tortugas.* 
The  natives  had  fled  to  the  rocks  and  forests,  and 
alarm  fires  blazed  along  the  heights.  The  coun- 
try was  so  beautiful  that  he  gave  to  one  of  the  val- 
leys the  name  of  Valle  de  Paraiso,  or  the  Vale  of 
Paradise,  and  called  a  fine  stream  the  ("ruadalquiv- 
er,  after  that  renowned  riverwhich  Hows  through 
some  of  the  fairest  provinces  of  .Spain. t 

Setting  sail  on  the  16th  of  December  at  mid- 
night, Columbus  steered  again  for  Hispaniola. 
When  half  way  across  the  gulf  which  separates 
the  islands,  he  jierceived  a  canoe  navigated  by  a 
single  Indian,  and,  as  on  a  former  occasion,  was 
astonished  at  his  hardihood  in  venturing  so  far 
from  land  in  so  frail  a  bark,  and  at  his  adroitness 
in  kee])ing  it  above  water,  as  the  wind  was  fresh, 
and  there  was  some  sea  running.  He  ordered 
both  him  and  his  canoe  to  be  taken  on  board  ;  and 
having  anchored  near  a  village  on  the  coast  of 
His])aniola,  at  present  known  at  Puerto  de  Paz,  he 
sent  h.im  on  shore  well  regaled  and  enriched  with 
various  jjresents. 

In  the  early  intercourse  with  these  ]ieople,  kind- 
ness never  seems  to  have  failed  in  its  effect.  The 
favorable  accounts  given  by  this  Indian,  and  f)y 
those  with  whom  the  Spaniards  had  communi- 
cated in  their  ]irevious  landings,  dispelled  the 
fears  of  the  islanders.  A  friendly  intercourse  soon 
took  place,  and  the  ships  were  \isited  by  a 
cacique  of  the  rieighborhood.  From  this  chieftain 
and  his  counsellors,  Columbus  had  further  infor- 
mation of  the  island  of  liahe(|ue,  which  was 
described  as  lying  at  no  great  distance.  No  men- 
tion is  afterward  made  of  this  island,  nor  does  it 
appear  that  he  made  any  further  attempt  to  seek 
it.  No  such  island  exists  in  the  ancient  charts, 
and  it  is  jirobable  that  this  was  one  of  the  numer- 
ous misinterpretations  of  Indian  words,  w  hich  led 
the  first  discoverers  into  so  many  fruitless  re- 
searches. The  people  of  Hisjianiola  appeared 
handsomer  to  Columluis  than  any  he  harl  yet  met 
witli,  and  of  a  gentle  and  peaceable  disposition. 
.Some  of  them  had  ornaments  of  gold,  which  they 
readily  gave  away  or  e.xchanged  for  any  triple. 
The  country  was  finely  diversified  with  lofty 
mountains  and  green  valle\s,  which  stretched 
away  inland  as  far  as  the  eye  could  reach.  The 
nnouiUains  were  of  such  easy  as<'ent  that  the 
highest  of  them  might  be  ploughed  with  oxen,  and 
the  luxuriant  growth  of  the  forests  manifested  the 
fertility  of  the  soil.  The  valleys  were  watered  by 
numerous  clear  and  beautitul  stre.ims  ;  they  ap- 
peared to  be  cultivated  in  many  places,  .and  to  be 
fitted  for  grain,  for  orchards,  ami  ])astura;;e. 


*  This  island  in  after  times  became  the  headquar- 
ters of  the  famous  Ruccaneers. 

f  Journal  of  Columbus,  Navarrete,  Colcc,  torn.  i. 
P-  91-  .  . 


5G 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGES   OF   COLUMBUS. 


m- 


While  detained  at  this  harbor  by  contrary 
winds,  Coluiiil)u.s  was  visited  i)y  a  young  caci(|iie, 
who  came  borne  by  four  men  on  a  sort  of  litter, 
and  attended  by  two  iumdred  of  his  subjects. 
The  admiral  bein;.;  at  dinner  when  he  arrived,  the 
younjf  chiettain  ordered  his  followers  to  remain 
without,  and  entering  the  cabin,  took  his  seat 
beside  Columbus,  not  |)ermitting  him  to  rise  or 
use  any  ceremony.  Oidy  two  old  men  entered  with 
him,  who  appeared  to  be  his  counsellors,  and  who 
seated  themselves  at  his  feet.  Jf  "nything  were 
given  him  to  eat  or  drink,  he  merely  tasted  it, 
and  sent  it  to  his  followers,  maintaining  an  air  of 
great  gravity  and  dignity.  He  spoke  but  little, 
his  two  counsellors  watching  his  lips,  and  catch- 
ing and  communicating  his  ideas.  After  dinner 
he  presented  tlie  admiral  with  a  belt  curiously 
wrought,  and  two  pieces  of  gold.  Columbus  gave 
him  a  piece  of  cloth,  several  amber  beads,  colored 
shoes,  and  a  llask  of  orange-flower  water  ;  he 
showed  him  a  S|)anish  coin,  on  which  were  the 
likenesses  of  the  king  and  queen,  and  endeavored 
to  explain  to  hhn  the  power  and  grandeur  of  those 
sovereigns  ;  he  displayed  also  the  royal  banners 
and  the  standard  of  the  cross  ;  but  it  was  all  in 
vain  to  attem[)t  to  convey  any  clear  idea  by  these 
.symbols  ;  the  caci(|ue  could  not  be  made  to  be- 
lieve that  there  was  a  region  on  the  earth  which 
produced  tlii'se  wonderful  people  and  wonderful 
things  ;  he  joined  in  the  common  idea  that  the 
Spaniards  were  more  than  mortal,  and  that  the 
country  and  so\ereigns  they  talked  of  must  exist 
somewhere  in  t!ie  skies. 

In  the  evening  the  cacique  was  sent  on  shore 
in  the  boat  with  great  ceremony,  and  a  salute 
tired  in  honor  t)f  him.  He  departed  in  the  state 
in  which  he  liad  come,  carried  on  a  litter,  accom- 
panied by  a  great  concourse  of  his  subjects  ;  not 
far  behind  him  was  his  son,  borne  and  escorted 
in  like  manner,  and  his  brother  on  foot,  supported 
by  two  attendants.  The  presents  which  he  had 
received  from  the  admiral  were  carried  triumph- 
antly before  him. 

They  procured  but  little  gold  in  this  place, 
though  whatever  ornaments  the  natives  possessed 
they  readily  gave  away.  The  region  of  i)romise 
lay  still  further  on,  and  one  of  the  old  counsellors 
of  the  cacique  told  Columbus  that  he  would  soon 
arrive  at  islands  rich  in  the  precious  ore.  Before 
leaving  this  place,  the  admiral  caused  a  large 
cross  to  be  erected  in  the  centre  of  the  village, 
and  from  the  readiness  with  which  the  Indians 
assisted,  and  their  implicit  imitation  of  the  Span- 
iards in  their  acts  of  devotion,  he  inferred  that  it 
would  be  an  easy  matter  to  convert  them  all  to 
Christianity. 

On  the  igth  of  December  they  made  sail  before 
daylight,  but  with  an  unfavorable  wind,  and  on 
the  evening  of  the  20th  they  anchored  in  a  fine 
harbor,  to  which  Columbus  gave  the  name  of  St. 
Thomas,  supposed  to  be  what  at  present  is  c;il!cu 
the  Hay  of  Aciil.  It  was  surrounded  by  a  beauti- 
ful and  well-jjeopled  country.  The  inhabitants 
came  off,  some  in  canoes,  some  swimming,  bring- 
ing fruits  of  various  unknown  kinds,  of  great  fra- 
grance and  flavor.  These  they  gave  freely  with 
whatever  else  they  possessed,  especially  their 
golden  ornaments,  which  they  saw  were  particu- 
larly coveted  by  the  strangers.  There  was  a  re- 
markable frankness  and  generosity  about  these 
|)e()ple  ;  they  had  no  idea  of  tratlic,  but  gave  away 
everything  with  spontaneous  liberality.  Colum- 
bus would  not  permit  his  people,  however,  to  take 
advantage  of  this  free  disposition,  but  ordered 
that  something   should   always   be   give.i   in  e.\- 


ciiango.  Several  of  the  neighboring  caciques  vis 
ited  the  ships,  bringing  presents,  and  inviting  th 
Spaniards  to  their  villages,  where,  on  going  i 
land,  they  were  most  hospitably  enti'rtained. 

On  the  22(1  of  December  .'i  large  canoe  tille. 
with  natives  came  on  a  mission  from  a  grar, 
cacique  named  (iuacanagari,  who  commanded  ;i; 
that  part  of  the  island.  A  jirincipal  servant  i; 
the  chieltaiii  came  in  the  canoe,  bringing  the  ad- 
miral a  present  of  a  broad  belt,  wrought  ingcn:- 
ously  with  colored  beads  and  bones,  andawoodt: 
mask,  the  eyes,  nose,  and  tongue  of  which  wcr: 
of  gold.  He  delivered  also  a  message  from  the 
cacique,  begging  that  the  ships  might  come  onpi 
site  to  his  residence,  which  was  on  a  part  of  th- 
coast  a  little  farther  to  the  eastward.  The  win 
preventing  an  immediate  compliance  with  thi;  in- 
vitation,  the  admiral  sent  the  notary  of  the  S(iuad- 
ron,  with  several  of  the  crew,  to  visit  the  caci(|Ue 
He  resided  in  a  town  situated  on  ;i  river,  at  wh.r 
they  called  I'unta  Santa,  at  present  (irande  K: 
viere.  It  was  the  largest  and  best  built  tow; 
they  h.ad  yet  seen.  The  cacicjue  received  them  i: 
a  kind  of  public  square,  which  had  been  swir 
and  prejjared  for  the  occasion,  and  treated  tlier 
with  great  honor,  giving  to  each  a  dress  of  cotton 
The  iidiabitants  crowded  round  them,  bringin, 
provisions  and  refreshments  of  various  kinds 
The  seamen  were  received  into  their  houses  a! 
distinguished  guests  ;  they  g.ive  them  garmLP.',! 
of  cotton,  and  whatever  else  ;ip|)e;'.red  to  hni- 
value  in  their  eyes,  asking  nothing  in  return,  ti: 
it  anything  were  given  appearing  to  treasure  it  i:: 
as  a  sacred  relic. 

The  cacique  would  have  detained  them  ,->. 
night,  but  their  orders  obliged  them  to  return 
On  parting  with  them  he  gave  them  jiresents ' 
parrots  and  pieces  of  gold  for  the  admiral,  an: 
they  were  attended  to  their  boats  by  a  crowd  r 
the  natives,  carrying  the  presents  for  them,  ar. 
vying  with  each  other  in  renflering  them  service 

During  their  absence  the  admiral  had  htt 
visited  by  a  great  number  of  canoes  and  sever:: 
inferior  cacicjues  :  all  assured  hini  that  the  islan. 
abounded  with  wealth  ;  they  talked,  especiallv 
of  Cibao,  a  region  in  the  interior,  farther  to  th- 
east,  the  cacique  of  which,  as  f:ir  as  they  con: 
be  understood,  had  banners  of  wrought  gold.  Co 
lumbus,  deceiving  himself  as  usual,  fancied  thi: 
this  name  Cibao  must  be  a  corruption  of  Cip.inf;f 
and  that  this  chieftain  with  golden  banners  mu; 
be  identical  with  the  magnificent  prince  of  tha: , 
island,  mentioned  by  Marco  Polo.* 


CHAPTER    VIII. 

SHirWUI'.CK. 

[1492.] 

On  the  morning  of  the  24th  of  December  Co 
lumbus  set  sail  from  Port  St.  Thomas  before  siir 
rise,  and  steered  to  the  eastward,  with  an  inter 
tion  of  anchoring  at  the  harbor  of  the  caciqi;: 
(Iuacanagari.  The  wind  was  from  the  land,  be 
so  light  as  scarcely  to  till  the  sails,  and  the  ship 
made  but  little  progress.  At  eleven  o'clock  :. 
night,  being  Christmas  eve,  they  were  within  . 
league  or  a  league  and  a  h.ilt  of  the  residence  r 
the   cacique  ;  and    Columbus,    who    had    hithcri: 


'  Journal  of  Columb.  Navarretc,  Colec. ,  torn.  1 
H  t.  del  Almirante,  cap.  32.  Herrera,  decad.  i.  lib. 
cap.  15,  lO. 


I   '      I 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGES   OF  COLUMBUS. 


57 


iphhorinfj  caciques  vis 
'sciUs,  .ukI  invitiiiff  ih 
s,   wiiLTi',  on   ^foinjj  i 
tai)ly  fntcrtaiiicd. 
r   a  larf^c   canoe  fillf, 
mission    from    a  fjrar. 
ri,  who  commandfd  ;i. 
\    principal   servant  r 
anoc,  l)rin|^injr  tli(.  ;„;. 
1   belt,  wroujrht  inf^'cn;. 
1(1  bones,  and  a  wooder 
ton^rue  of  which  wur 
so   a  message  from  the 
.liips  mi^ht  come  o])|k 
1   was  on   a  part  of  thi 
;  eastward.     The  nii; 
omjjliance  with  thi:  in- 
he  notary  of  the  S(|ua(I- 
w,  to  visit  the  caci(|Ue 
ted  on  a  river,  at  whs: 
at  present  (irantie  Hi- 

and  i)est  iiuilt  towr 
ici([ue  received  them  ir 
,vhich  iiad  been  swtr 
sion,  and  treated  tlu-r 
)  eacii  a  dress  of  cotton 

round  them,  brin(,nn, 
nts  of  various  kinds 
■d  into  their  iiouses  a? 
y  pave  them  frarmcR!! 
jise  appeared  to  ha\^ 
■  noliiinsr  in  return,  hi: 
learing  to  treasure  it  u; 

ve   detained     them  a; 
i)lifjed    them    to  returr 

f^ave  tiiem  presents  "■ 
d  for  tiie  admiral,  an: 
■ir  boats  by  a  crowd  r 
presents  for  them,  ar. 
endering  them  service 
the  admiral  had  hti 
•  of  canoes  and  sevcra 
red  him  that  the  islar,. 
hey  talked,   especiall;. 

nierior,  farther  to  th- 

,  as  far  as  they  con: 
f  wrought  gold.   O: 

as  usual,  fancied  tha: 
orruption  of  Cipaiipo 
golden  banners  mu-' 

iiiticent  prince  of  tha:, 

o  Polo.* 


vni. 

KCK. 


:4th  of  December  Co 
t.  Thomas  before  siir 
itward,  with  an  inter 
harbor  of  the  caciqi- 

as  from  the  land,  be 
he  sails,  and  the  shifi; 

At  eleven  o'clock  a' 
e,  they  were  within  . 
lalt  of  the  residence  I 
us,   who   had   hilheri: 

ivarretc,   Colec,  torn.  ' 
Herrera,  decaii.  i.  lib- 


kept  watch,  finding  the  sea  calm  and  smooth,  and 

the  shij)  almost  motionless,  retired    to    rest,   not 

■Ihaving   slept    the    preceding    night.     He    was,  in 

:fgeneral,  extremely  wakeful  on  his   coasting  voy- 

■ages,    passing     whole    nights    upon    deck    in    all 

weathers  ;  never  trusting  to  the  watchtulness  of 

others,  where  there  was  any  dit'liculty  or  danger 

to  he   provided   against.     In   the  present  instance 

ihe   felt   perfectly  secure  ;    not   merely  on  account 

■  of  the  profound  calm,  but   because   the   boats   on 

>  the  preceding   day,  in    their   visit  to  the  cacique, 

■ihad  reconnoitred  the  coast,  and  had  reported  that 

J  tin  re  were  neither  rocks  nor  shoals  in  their  course. 

\     No  sooner  had  he  retired   than  the  steersman 

>gave  the  helm  in  charge  to  one  of  the  shi|)-boys, 

■and  went  to  sleej).     This  was   in  direct  violation 

of  an   invariable  order  of  the   admiral,  that  the 

helm  should  never  be  intrusted   to  the  boys.     The 

rest  of  the  mariners  who  had  the  watch   took  like 

;  advantage  of   the  absence  of  Columbus,  and  in  a 

'little  wliile  the  whole  crew  was  buried  in  sleep.   In 

tthe  mean  time  the  treacherous  currents  which  run 

i  swiftly  along  this  coast   carried  the  vessel  quietly, 

I  hiu  with  force,  upon  a  sand-bank.     The  heedless 

,,|  hoy  had  not   noticed   the   breakers,  although  they 

4  made   a  roaring   that    might   have    been   heard  a 

ile.igue.     Xo  sooner,  however,  did  he  feel  the  rud- 

,3(ler  strike,  and  hear  the  tumult  of  the  rushing  sea, 

|tlian  he  began   to  cry  for  aid.     Columbus,  whose 

.1  careful  thoughts  never  permitted  him  to  sleep  pro- 

ifountlly,  was  the  first  on  deck.     The  masterof  the 

ishi|),  whose  duty  it  was  to  have  been  on  watch, 

f  next  made  his  apjjearance,  followed   by  others  of 

a  the  crew,  half  awake.     The  admiral  ordered  them 

Ito  take  the  boat  and  carry  out  an  anchor  astern, 

to  warp  the  vessel  off.  The  master  and  the  sailors 

spr.ing  into  the  boat  ;  but,  confused,  as  men  are 

apt  to  be  when  sutldenly  awakened   by  an  alarm, 

instead  of  obeying  the  commands  of  Columbus, 

they  rowed  off  to  the  other  caravel,  about  half  a 

i  league  to  windward. 

I      In  the  mean  time  the  master  had  reached  the 

a  caravel,  and    made   known    the    perilous   state  in 

1  which  he  had  left  the  vessel.     He  was  re|)roached 

I  with  his  pusillanimous  desertion  ;  the  commander 

I  of  the  caravel   manned   his   boat  and  hastened  to 

I  the  relief  of  the  admiral,  followed  by  the  recreant 

•;  master,  covered  with  shame  and  confusion. 

It  was  too  late  to  save  the  shi|),  the  current  hav- 

1  ing  set  her  more   upon  the  bank.     The  admiral, 

I  seeing  that  his   boat   had   deserted   him,  that  the 

■|  ship  had  swung  across   the  stream,  and  that  the 

■"f  water  was  continually  gaining  upon  her,  ordered 

tin:  niast  to  be  cut  away,  in  the  h(jpe  of  lightening 

her  sufficiently  to  lloal  her  off.     Kvery  effort  was 

?  ill  vain.     The  keel  was  firmly  bedded  in  the  sand  ; 

?  tile  shock  had  opened   several  seams  ;  while  the 

■J  swell  of  the  breakers,  striking   her  broadside,  ic-lt 

I  her  each  moment  more  and  more  aground,   un- 

4  til    she   fell   over   on   one    side.      F'ortunately  the 

;:  weather  continued  calm,  otherwise  the  ship  must 

have  gine   to   jiieces,  and    the  whole  crew  might 

i  have  jjerished  amid  the  currents  and  breakers. 

I      The  admiral  and  her  men  took  refuge  on  board 

I  the  caravel.     Diego  de  Arana,  chief  judge  of  the 

I  armament,  and  Pedro  Gutierrez,  the  king's  butler, 

i  Were  ininieilialely  sent  on  shore  as  envoys  to  the 

.1  cacique  (luacanagari,  to  inform  him  of  the  intend- 

I  cd  visit  of  the  admiral,  and  of  his  disastrous  ship- 

}  wreck.     In   the  mean  time,  as   a  light  wind   had 

sprung  u^)  from  shore,  and   the  admiral  was  igno- 

r.uit  of  hiK  situation,  and  of   the  rocks  and   banks 

that  might  be  lurking  around   him,  he  lay  to  until 

daylight. 

The  habitation    of    the    cacique    was   about   a 


league  and  a  half  from  the  wreck.  When  he 
hearti  of  the  misfortune  of  his  guest,  he  mani- 
fested the  utmost  affliction,  and  even  shed  tears. 
He  immediately  sent  all  his  people,  with  all  the 
canoes,  l.irge  and  small,  that  could  be  mustered  ; 
and  so  active  were  they  in  their  assistance,  that 
in  a  little  while  the  vessel  was  unloaded.  The 
caci(|ue  himself,  and  his  brothers  and  relatives, 
rendered  all  the  aid  in  their  power,  both  on  sea 
and  land,  keeping  vigilant  guard  that  everything 
should  be  conducted  with  order,  and  the  property 
secured  from  injury  or  theft.  From  time  to  time 
he  sent  S(mie  one  of  his  family,  or  some  principal 
person  of  his  attendants  to  console  and  cheer  the 
admiral,  assuring  him  that  everything  he  possessed 
should  be  at  his  disposal. 

Never,  in  a  civilized  country,  were  the  vaunted 
rites  of  hospitality  more  scrupulously  (observed 
than  by  this  uncultivated  savage.  All  the  effects 
landed  from  the  ships  were  de|K)siled  near  his 
dwelling,  and  an  armed  guard  surrounded  tliein 
all  night,  until  houses  could  be  prepared  in  which 
to  store  them.  There  seemed,  nowever,  even 
am  'ig  the  common  people,  no  disposition  to  lake 
advantage  of  the  misfortune  of  the  stranger.  Al- 
though they  belielcl  what  must  in  their  eyes  have 
been  inestimable  treasures,  cast,  as  it  were,  upon 
their  shores,  and  ojien  to  dejiredation,  yet  there 
was  not  the  least  attemj)!  to  pilfer,  nor,  in  trans- 
])orting  the  effects  from  the  ships,  had  they  appro- 
priated the  most  trilling  article.  On  the  contrary, 
a  general  sympathy  was  visible  .n  their  counte- 
nances and  actions  ;  and  to  have  -vitnessed  their 
concern,  one  would  have  sup|)os  .'d  the  misfortiuie 
to  have  hapjiened  to  themselves.* 

"  So  loving,  so  tractable,  so  peaceable  are  these 
|)eople,"  says  Columbus  in  his  journal,  "  that  I 
swear  to  your  majesties,  there  is  not  in  the  worUh 
a  better  n.ition,  nor  a  better  land.  They  love 
their  neighbors  as  themselves  ;  and  their  dis- 
course is  ever  sweet  and  gentle,  and  accom|)anie(l 
with  a  smile  ;  and  though  it  is  true  that  they  are 
naked,  yet  their  manners  are  decorous  and  praise- 
worthy." 


CHAPTER    IX. 

TRANSACTIONS   WITH   THE   NATIVES. 
[1492.] 

On  the  26th  of  December  Guacanagari  came 
on  board  of  the  caravel  NiRa  to  visit  the  admiral, 
and  observing  him  to  be  very  much  dejected  was 
moved  to  tears.  He  repeated  the  message  which 
he  had  sent,  entreating  Columbus  not  to  be  cast 
down  by  his  misfortune,  and  offering  everything 
he  possessed,  that  might  render  him  aid  or  con- 
solation. He  had  already  gi\en  three  houses  to 
shelter  the  Spaniarils,  and  to  receive  the  effects 
landed  from  the  wreck,  and  he  offered  to  furnish 
more  if  necessary. 

While  they  were  conversing,  a  canoe  arrived 
from  another  jiart  of  the  island,  bringing  pieces 
of  gold  to  be  exchanged  lor  hawks'  bells.  There 
was  nothing  ujion  which  the  natives  set  so  much 
value  as  iqion  these  toys.  The  Indians  were  ex- 
travag.ntly  fond  of  the  dance,  which  they  per- 
formed to  the  cadence  of  certain  songs,  accom- 
panied by  the  sound  of  a  kind  of  drum,  made  from 
the  trunk  of  a  tree,  and  the  rattling  of  hollow  bits 


*  Hist,  del  Almirante,  cap.  32.     Las  Casas,  lib,  L 
cap.  9. 


58 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGES   OF   COLUMBUS. 


i 


H': 


S    '1 


of  wnofl  ;  hut  when  they  hiinj^  tlic  hawks'  1)L'11s 
ahout  their  persons,  iinil  heard  the  cU-ar  musical 
souncl  respondinjr  to  the  moxenietits  of  the  (Uince, 
iiolliin^^  could  exceed  their  wild  deli^jht. 

'I'he  sailors  who  came  troni  tiie  shore  informed 
•  the  admiral  that  considerable  ([uantities  ot  i,'old 
had  belli  brought  to  barter,  and  iarj^e  jiieces  were 
easterly  ^'ivcn  lor  the  merest  tritle.  This  intorma- 
tion  had  a  cheering  effect  U|)on  Columbus.  'I"he 
attentive  caci(|Ue,  perceiving  the  lighting  up  of 
liis  countenance,  asked  what  the  sailors  had  com- 
municated. When  he  learned  its  purport,  and 
found  that  'he  admiral  was  I'xtremelv  desirous  ot 
procLirvig  gold,  he  assured  him  by  signs,  tliat 
there  was  a  i)la(  e  not  far  off,  among  the  moun- 
tains, where  it  aliounded  to  such  a  degree  as  to 
1)e  held  in  little  v.ilue,  and  promised  to  procure 
him  thence  as  much  as  he  desired.  The  jilace  to 
Avhich  he  alluded,  and  which  he  called  Cibao,  was 
it\  fact  a  mountainous  region  afterward  found  to 
contain  valuable  mines  ;  but  Columbus  still  con- 
founded tlie  name  with  that  of  Cipango.*' 

C.uacanagari  dined  on  board  of  the  caravel  with 
the  admiral,  after  which  he  invited  him  to  \isit 
liis  residence.  Mere  he  had  prepared  a  collation, 
as  choice  and  abundant  as  his  simple  mt^ins 
afforded,  consisting  ol  utias,  or  ciinevs,  fish,  roots, 
and  various  Iruits.  !  le  did  evervthing  in  his  ])ower 
to  hoiu)r  his  guest,  and  cheer  him  under  his  mis- 
fortune, sliowing  a  warmth  ot  symp.ilhy  yet  deli- 
cacv  ol  attention,  which  could  not  have  been  ex- 
pected from  his  sav.ige  st.ile.  Indeed  there  was  a 
degree  of  innate  dignity  and  refinement  dis|)layed 
in  his  manners,  that  often  surprised  the  Sp.m- 
iards.  I  le  was  remark.ably  nice  and  decorous  in 
his  mode  ot  eating,  which  w.is  slow  and  with 
moliM-aiion,  washing  his  hands  when  he  had  fin- 
ished, ;iiid  rubbing  them  with  sweet  and  odorifer- 
ous herbs,  which  Cokimbus  su]iposed  was  done  to 
])reserve  their  delicacy  and  softness.  He  was 
served  wiih  great  deference  by  his  sulijects,  and 
conducted  himself  toward  them  with  a  gracious 
and  prince-like  majesty.  His  whole  deportment,  in 
the  enthusiastic  eyes  ot  Columbus,  betokened  the 
inborn  grace  and  dignity  ol  lofty  line.ige.t 

In  tact,  the  sovereignty  among  the  jieople  of  tins 
island  was  hereditary,  and  tht;y  had  a  simpL-  but 
sag.acious  mode  of  maintaining,  in  some  degree, 
the  verity  of  descent.  On  the  death  ot  a  cacitpie 
without  children,  his  autlnu-ity  passed  to  those  of 
his  sisters,  in  pri'lerence  to  those  ot  his  brothers, 
fieing  considered  most  likely  to  be  ot  his  blood  ; 
for  they  observed,  that  a  brother's  reputed  chil- 
dren m.ay  by  accident  have  no  consanguinity  with 
their  uncle  ;  but  those  of  his  sister  must  certainly 
he  the  children  of  their  mother.  'I'he  form  of  gov- 
ernment was  com])letely  despotic  ;  the  caci(|ues 
fiad  tiitire  control  o\er  tlu^  lives,  the  propertv, 
and  even  the  religion  ot  their  subjects.  They  had 
few  laws,  and  ruled  according  to  their  jutlgment 
and  their  will  ;  but  they  ruled  mildly,  and  were 
implicitly  and  cheerfully  obeyed.  Throughout 
the  lourse  of  the  dis.islrous  history  of  these 
islanders,  alter  their  discovery  by  the  luiropeans, 
there  are  continual  proofs  ot  their  affectionate  and 
tievoted  fidelity  to  their  ciciepies. 

Alter  the  collation,  ("ruacanagari  conducted  Co- 
lumbus to  the  beautiful  groves  which  surrouncled 
liis  residence.  They  were  attended  by  upward  ot 
a  thousaiul  of  the  n.atives,  ;dl  perfectly  naked,  who 
peiiormed   se\'(.'ral    nation.d   g.imes    and    dances, 

*   Primer  Vjap;o  de  Colon,  Kavarrcte,  torn,  i.  p.  114. 
+  I. as  Casiis,  lib.  i  cap.    70,  Ms.     Primer  Viage  de 
Color,.     Navarretc,  torn,  i,  p.  114. 


which  Ciuacanagari   had   ordered,   to  amuse  th' 
melancholy  of  his  guest. 

When  the  Indians  had  finished  their  games,  Cd 
lumbu.i  gave  them   an   entertainment   in   returr,, 
calculate<l  at  the  same  time  to  impress  them  withj 
a   t<n'mi(lable   idea   ot   the   military  power  of  the 
.Spaniards.     He  sent  on   lK)ard  the  caravel  for,i| 
^ioorish  bow  and  a(|uiver  ot  arrows,  ,uid  a  Castil.f 
ian  who  had  served   in  the  wars  of  dr.inad.i,  luy  • 
was  skilful  in  the  use  of  them.     When  the  ca(  i(|u 
beheld  the  accuracy  with  which  this  man  used  hi. 
weapons,  he  was  greatly  sur|)rise(l,  being  hinise: 
ot  an  unwarlike  ciiaracter,  and  little  accustonii 
to  the  use  ot  arms.      lie  told  the  admiral  that  il 
Caribs,  who  often  made   ilesceiits  upon   his  tern- 
tory,  and   carried   off  his  subjects,  were  likewisf 
armed  with  bows  .and  arrows.     Columbus  assure, 
him  of   the   ])rotection  ot   the  Castilian  monarclb 
who  would  destroy  the  Caribs,  tor  he  let  him  kn(p\ 
that  he  had  we.>|)ons  hir  more  tremendous,  agaiih- 
which   there   was   no  defence.      In  \nooi  of  thI^ 
he  ordere<l   a   Lomb.ird  or   heavy  cannon,  and  ,. 
1   anpiebus,  to  be  discharged. 

I  On  hearing  the  report  the  Indians  fell  to  tlv: 
I  ground,  as  though  they  had  been  .struck  hv  ,; 
,  thunderbolt  ;  and  when  they  saw  the  elfect  ot  [\y, 
I  ball,  rending  and  shi\-ering  the  trees  like  a  slrok- 
j  of  lightning,  they  were  filled  with  dism.iy.  liiiiv, 
I  t(>ld,  however,  that  the  Spaniards  would  (lel(!i 
;  them  with  these  arms  against  their  dreaded  eiir- 
I  mies  the  Caribs,  their  alarm  was  changed  iiv. 
j  exultation,  considering  ihemsidves  under  the  pn'- 
!  lection  ot  the  sons  of  heaven,  who  had  come  h'i)~ 
I  the  skies  armed  with  thunder  and   lightning. 

The   caci(|Ue   now    presented   Columbus  with  , 

'   mask  carved  of  wood,  with  the  eyes,  ears,  and  var;- 

j  ous  other  parts  ot  gold  ;   he  hung  |)l;ites  ot  the  saiii' 

metal  round  his  neck,  and  pl.iced  a  kind  ol  goidi': 

j  coronet   U|)on    his    he.id.      lie  dispensed    ])res(ii;- 

also  among  the  followers  of  the  admir.il  ;  ;u(|ui!- 

ting  himself    in  all    things  with  a  munificence  th ■: 

would  ha\e  done  honor  to  an  accomplished  priii  : 

in  civilized  life. 

Whatever  trilles  Columbus  gave  in  return  \vt' 
regarded  with  reverence  as  celestial  gills.  Ti.-. 
Indians,  in  admiring  the  articles  ot  luiropca: 
manufacture,  continually  repeated  the  word  /ifirv 
which  in  their  l.ingu.ige  signifies  heaven.  Thi. 
[iretended  to  distinguish  the  different  (pialilies  l: 
gold  by  the  smell  ;  in  the  same  way,  when  an;. 
article  ol  tin,  ot  silver,  or  other  white  melal  \va' 
given  them,  to  which  they  were  unaccustom  (! 
they  smelt  it  and  declared  it  "  turey,"  ot  excel!'!': 
(|ualily  ;  giving  in  exchange  pieces  of  the  ti^a■^; 
gold.  luerything,  in  lact,  from  the  hantls  ol  liv 
.S|)aniards,  even  a  rusty  ])iece  of  iron,  an  end  ot  ; 
sir.!)),  or  a  he.ad  of  a  nail,  had  an  occult  am 
su|)ernatur;il  value,  and  smelt  ot  turi'y.  ll.iwk- 
bells,  howe\-er,  were  sought  by  them  with  a  mam. 
only  e(|ualled  by  that  ot  the  .Spani.irds  tor  g(i!i' 
They  could  not  contain  their  ecst.asies  at  li" 
sound,  d.incing  and  pl.aying  a  thousand  anti(< 
(^n  one  occasion  an  Indian  gave  halt  a  handhil  1 
gold  dust  ill  exchange  for  one  of  these  toys,  an 
no  sooner  was  he  in  possession  ot  it  th.iii  Iv 
bounderl  away  to  the  woods,  looking  often  b(  liin'. 
him,  tearing  the  Sp.aniards  might  re|)vjnt  ot  hav- 
ing p.irted  so  cheaply  with  such  an  inestiniaii;'- 
jewel.- 

The  extriMne  kindness  of  the  cacique,  the  gen- 
tleness ot  his  people,  the  cpiantities  ot  gold  whir' 
were  daily  brought  to  be  exchanged  tor  the  veriix 
trifles,  and  the  information  continually  received  0: 


Las  Casas,  lib.  i,  cap.  70,  Ms. 


LIFE   AND    VOYAGES   OF   COLUMBUS. 


59 


rdered,  to  amuse  th'J 

ished  their  ^ames,  Co-  ■■, 
ertainmcnt   in   ri-tuii;.  ■, 
to  impress  tlicni  wic 
military  power  ot  i!> 
oard  tin-  caravel  lor 
t  arrows,  and  a  Ca^ii . 
wars  (it  Ciraiiada,  ,ii, 
m.     Wiien  the  lai  i(|u 
hich  this  man  used  lii. 
rprised,  heinj;  llim^c: 
and  little  accusidnii 
d  the  admiral  thai  il 
•seents  ujjon   his   icrr;- 
lubjeets,  were  lil<e\vi>,f 
vs.     Columbus  assiiii-. 
ie  C'astilian  monarrlb 
hs,  for  he  let  him  kiKu 
)re  tremendous,  aj^fainv 
ice.      In  proof  of  tin- 
heavy  cannon,  and  i 
1. 

the   Indians   lell   to  tlv 
lad    been    struck  by  >; 
■v  saw  the  effect  <it  th^ 
;•  the  trees  like  a  strcikfr 
(1  with  dismay.      Hi-in.; 
laniards   would    deltvii 
linst  iheir  dreaded  eni- 
irm   was  changed   in; 
mselves  under  the  pr.i- 
•n,  who  had  come  trun 
ier  and  lij^htnin}^. 
nled   Columbus  with  :• 
the  eyes,  ears,  and  van- 
luinfj  plates  of  thesani' 
pl.iced  a  kind  ot  <:;<)Ukr. 
Ill-   dispensed    presciil- 
f  the  admiral  ;  acquit- 
,vith  a  munificence  iIki: .;| 
fin  accom[)lished  ]>riii':'' 

us  sjfave  in  return  wc 
|is  celestial  frills.     Tiv. 
irticles    ot     ICuropc.ir, 
peated  the  word  /nr.} 
ij.;nilies   heaven.     Thi'. 
|ie  dilferent  (|ualilies  i: 
same  way,  when  an;. 
lolher  white  metal  was 
were  unaccustoni  •(! 
It  "  turey,"  ot  exccll'r; 
.je   pieces  ot   the  lira-: 
from   the  hands  ot  ih. 
|ce  ot  iron,  an  end  (it 
1,    had   an   occult  aiv 
lelt  ot  turey.      Hawk- 
by  them  with  a  mam. 
e   Sjianiards  for  golil  ■ 
[heir   ecstasies    at    ih 
^   a   thousand   antir-; 
lljave  halt  a  handliil  c 
ne  of  these  toys,  an 
Isession    ot    it  th.m  li: 
lookinj^  often  bcliim. 
mi,',du  rei)cnt  ot  hav- 
such    an  inestimable 

the  caci(iue,  the  i,'i';'- 
InUities  of  (fold  whir 
Ihanfjcd  tor  the  verii-'- 
tontinually  received  c: 

MS. 


;8 


[sources  of  we.alth  in  the  interior  of  this  island,  all 
contributed  to  console  the  admiral  tor  his  misfor- 

The  shipwrecked  crew,  also,  became  fascinated 
with  their  easv  and  idle  mode  ot  lite.  Kxempted 
bv  their  simjiiicity  from  the  cares  and  toils  which 
civili/'ed  man  inflicts  upon  himself  by  his  many 
artiticial  wants,  the  existence  ot  these  islanders 
set-nied  to  the  Spaniards  like  a  pleasant  dream. 
They  dis(|uieled  themselves  about  nothing,'.  A  few 
fields,  cultivated  almost  without  labor,  furnished 
the  roots  and  ve^fetables  which  formed  a  ^^reat 
part  ot  their  diet.  Their  rivers  and  coasts 
aboundcrl  with  tish  ;  their  trees  were  laden  with 
fruits  ot  j,n)lilen  or  blushinj^  hue,  and  hei},ditene(l 
by. I  tropical  sun  to  delicious  flavor  and  fraf^rance. 
.Siiliened  by  the  indulgence  ot  nature,  and  by  a 
viiluptuoiis  climate,  a  j^reat  part  ot  their  day  was 
passed  in  indolent  repose,  and  in  the  evenings 
tlu-v  d.inced  in  their  fra^'r.int  {proves,  to  their  na- 
tioii.d  souths,  or  the  sound  of  their  sylvan  drums. 

Such  w.is  the  indolent  and  holiday  lite  ot  these 

simple   pcii|de  ;    which,    it   it    had    not    the   jjreat 

scope     ot     enjoyment,     nor     the     hi^h-seasoned 

])oi;.,Miancv  ot   pleasure  which   attend  civilization, 

wa.i  certainlv  destitute  ot   most  of    its   artiticial 

iiiiserit-s.     The  venerable  Las  Casas,  speakinjr  of 

their    perfect     n;d<edness,    observes,     it    seemed 

■|  almost  .IS   if  they  were  existiii'.,'-   in   the   sl.ite   of 

]aiin('v.ii    innocence    of   our    first    parents,  before 

[their  fall    brought  sin    into  the  world.      He  mi<rht 

have  added,    that  they  seemed    exempt   likewise 

i  from   tile    |)enalty    inflicted    on    the    children    of 

.Ad.im,  that    they   should    cat    their   bread  by  the 

I  sweat  <it  their  brow. 

When  the  Spanish  mariners  looked  b.-ick  U]ion 
[their  own  toilsome  and  ])aiiiful  life,  and  reflected 
ion  the  cares  and  hardshijis  th.at  must  still  be  their 
[lot  if  they  returned  to  luiro|)e,  it  is  no  wonder 
that  they  re,!,^ir(le(l  with  a  wistful  eye  the  easy  and 
[idle  existence  of  these  Indians.  Wherever  they 
[went  they  met  with  caressinj^  hospitality.  The 
men  were  simiile,  frank,  and  cordial  ;  the  women 
lloviiifT  ;uid  compliant,  and  prompt  to  form  those 
;  connections  which  anchor  the  most  waiuleriiiL;' 
heart.  They  saw  j^'old  ^litteriniif  around  them,  to 
[he  had  without  labor,  and  every  enjoyment  to  be 
(procured  without  cost.  Captivated  by  these  ad- 
|vaiit,ii;es,  many  of  the  seamen  re|iresented  to  the 
|ii(lniira!  the  dilliculties  and  sufferin<rs  they  must 
jencoiinter  on  ,i  return  vovatfe,  where  so  many 
Iwnuld  be  crowded  in  a  small  caravel,  and  en- 
i treated  permission  to  remain  in  the  isfaiul. 


CHAI'TKR  X. 

i^riLDiNG  OF  Tin;  r(,iivrRKss  ov  l.-v  n.-wtp.-^d. 

[149^.] 

TnF.  solicitude  expressed  by  many  of  his  people 
to  he  lett  b(diind,  added  to  the  friendly  and  pa- 
citic  ch.inicter  ot  the  natives,  now  suiro-ested  to 
Columlius  the  idea  of  forminL,"-  the  .nerm  of  a  fu- 
ture colony.     The  wreck  of  the  caravel  would  a! 
for. I   materials    to   construct    a    fortress,     which 
liii'jfht   he   (hdeiided    by    her  fjuns    and   supjilied 
|viili  l;ir  .inimuiiition  ;    ;md   he  could  spare  ])ro- 
|vi<ioii-i  (ii(iu<,h  to  maintain  a  small  tjarrison  for  a 
*}i-u-.      The   people   who    thus    remained    on    the 
jiaiand  rouhf  explore   it,  .and  make  themselves  ac- 
|(iuaiiue(l  with    its    mines,    and   other  sources  of 

I    *  Primer  Viagede  Colon.     Navarrete,  torn.  i.  p.  iiC. 


wealth  ;  they  might,  at  the  same  time,  procure 
by  tr.alfic  a  hirj^e  (|u,intity  ol  j^old  from  the  na- 
tives ;  they  could  learn  their  l.inj^iiaj,'-e,  .md  .accus- 
tom theniselves  to  their  habits  .ind  manners,  so 
.as  to  be  ot  f^^reat  use  in  future  intercnurse.  In 
the  mean  time  the  .idmiral  could  return  to  Sp.iin, 
report  the  success  ot  his  enter[)rise,  and  briiij;-  out 
reinforcements. 

No  sooner  did  this  idea  bre.ik  U|ion  the  mind 
of  Columbus  than  he  set  .iliout  accomplishin},^  it 
with  his  accustomed  promptness  and  celerity. 
The  wreck  w.is  broken  up  ;iiid  broui^dit  pieceme.d 
to  shore  ;  and  a  site  chosen,  and  prepar.itions 
made  for  th(;  erection  ot  a  tower.  Win  n  ( lu.ican- 
agari  was  informed  ot  the  intention  of  the  .idmiral 
to  leave  a  part  of  his  men  lor  the  defence  ot  the 
island  from  the  Caribs,  while  he  returned  to  his 
country  for  more,  he  w.is  j.jreatly  overjoved.  His 
subjects  manifested  e(pial  didij^dii  ,it  tlie  idea  of 
retainins,^  these  wonderful  peojile  ;imi)ni^  them, 
and  at  the  prospect  ol  the  future  ;iriiv,il  ot  the 
•admir.il,  with  shijis  Iridjriiteil  with  h.iwks'  bells 
and  other  precious  articles.  Thcv  eagerly  lent 
their  assistance  in  luiildini;  the  fortress,  little 
dreaming''  that  they  were  assisting,''  to  pl.ace  on 
their  necks  the  fj.illini,^  yoke  ol  perpetual  and  toil- 
some shivery. 

The  preparations  for  the  (oriress  were  scarcely 
commenced  when  certain  Indi.ins,  arri\inf,''  at 
the  h.irbor,  broU},rht  a  re[)ort  tli.it  ;i  ^ri'at  vessel, 
like  those  ot  the  admir.il,  li.id  ftnchored  in  a  river 
at  the  eastern  end  of  the  island.  These  tidinj,rs, 
for  a  time,  disptdh-cl  a  thous.ind  une.isy  conjec- 
tures which  had  h.irassed  the  mind  of  Columbus, 
for  of  course  this  \i'ssel  could  be  no  other  tli.an 
the  I'iiita.  He  inimedi.itely  |)rocured  a  canoe 
from  (iuacan,i<rari,  with  se\eral  Indi.ins  to  n.ivi- 
fifate  it,  and  disp.it(  bed  a  .Sp;ini;ird  with  ;i  letter 
to  I'in/on,  couched  in  amicaiile  tern>s.  la.ikini;'  no 
complaints  of  his  desertion,  but  ur^in;.^'  him  to 
join  comp.my  iinniedi;it(dy. 

After  three  days'  .absence  the  c.inoe  returned. 
The  Spani.ird  reported  that  he  h.id  pursued  the 
coast  for  twenty  le.i^ues,  but  h.id  neither  seen  nor 
heard  aiiythinij  of  the  I'int.i  ;  he  coiihidered  the 
report,  therefore,  ,'is  incdircct.  Other  rumors, 
however,  were  imniedialtd)'  alterw.iid  cinulated 
at  the  harbor  of  this  lar^e  vessel  to  the  e.istw.ird  ; 
but,  on  investi^^Mtion,  they  ap|)e,'ired  to  Columbus 
to  be  e(|U,illy  uiideservinj^df  credit.  He  relaps(\l, 
therefore,  into  his  doubts  and  .mxielies  in  res|)ect 
to  I'iii/on.  Since  the  shipwreck  of  his  vessel,  the 
desertion  of  that  cunim.mdei  h.id  become  a  mat- 
ter of  still  more  serious  monii-nt,  and  h.id  olili^^refl 
him  to  alter  all  his  plans.  Sliould  tlie  I'inta  be 
lost,  as  w  ;is  \'ery  possilile  in  a  vi)y.i,i;e  ot  such  extent 
and  exposed  to  so  many  uncommon  perils,  there 
would  then  be  but  one  .-liip  surviving  of  the  three 
which  h.id  set  sail  from  P.ilos,  and  th.it  one  an 
indifferent  s.ailer.  On  the  |)rec;irious  return  of 
that  cra/y  bark,  across  ;in  immense  expanse  of 
ocean,  would  depend  ihe  ultim.ite  mui  ess  of  the 
(expedition.  .Should  tli.it  one  likewisi'  perish, 
(-•very  record  of  this  ;_;real  discoverv  would  be 
sw.allowed  up  with  it  ;  the  name  oi  Columbus 
would  only  be  remembered  as  th.il  of  a  m;i(l  .id- 
venturer,  who,  despisin.Lj  the  opinions  ol  the  learn- 
ed and  the  counsels  of  the  wise,  li.ad  de[)arted 
into  the  wilds  of  the  ocean  never  to  return  ;  the 
obscurity  of  his  fate,  and  its  im,i,i;in'-d  horrors, 
mi|4ht  deter  all  future  enterprise,  and  tlius  the  new- 
world  mif^ht  remain,  as  heretofore,  unknown  to 
civilized  man.  These  consider.itioiis  determined 
Columbus  to  ah.iii'ion  all  lurther  ]irosecuiion  of 
his  \-oyajje  ;    to  leave  unexplored  the  ma^rniticent 


00 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGES   OF   COLUMBUS. 


'Il' 


(  I 


regions  wliirh  wore  in\itin},'  liim  on  every  hand  ; 
to  ^'ivc  u|)  ,ill  liii|)f  tor  the  prc-iciil  of  lindirij,'  his 
way  to  the  (JDniiiiitins  ol  tlic  (ir,in('  Khan,  and  to 
lose  no  time  in  rLlurnin;,'^  to  Spain  and  rejjorting 
his  discover)-. 

While  tlie  fortress  was  l)nihhnj(,  he  continued 
to  receive  every  <lay  new  jjroots  ol  tlie  amity  and 
kindness  of  ( iuac  anajrari.  Whenever  he  went  on 
sliore  to  superintend  llie  works,  he  was  entertain- 
ed in  the  most  hos|)iial)le  manner  i)y  tliat  cliiet- 
tain.  lie  iiad  the  lar^'esi  lioiise  in  the  jilace  pre- 
pared for  liis  ri'ieption,  strewed  or  carpeted  with 
nalm-leaves,  and  furnisiied  wil'i  low  stools  of  a 
l)lack    and    shininj^    wood    tiiat    l()ok<'d    like    jet. 


idmiral. 

isity,  I- 

'■'i,  oi    ' 


wa 

■.1 


;Uways  in 
round  his 
im  so  nil 


t  him  on  his 
jiqnes,  each 
liey  CO!.''     led  hun 


When   he  received  the 
a  style  of  princely  jren 
neck  some   '<'\\  '1  of  j:; 
present  of  s  "ilar  vali't 

On   one  occasion,  he      uUi 
landinjr,  attended  I  ;   live  ;  ,'■ 

carryinj,r  ;i  coronet  of  );oki  ,     .._^  

witii  >;:re;it  (ielerence  to  th(r  house  aii  ,,v,  ■  men- 
tioned, where,  seatinjr  him  in  one  of  the  ciiairs, 
(luacana^ari  took  off  his  own  coronet  of  fjold  and 
placed  ilupon  his  head  :  Columbus  in  return  took 
from  his  neck.i  collar  of  tine-colored  heads,  which 
he  put  round  that  of  the  caci(|ue  ;  he  investeil  him 
with  his  own  mantle  of  tine  cloih,  j.rave  him  .i  pair 
of  colored  hoots,  an<l  put  on  his  tinj^er  a  larfje 
silver  rin;r,  upon  which  metal  the  Indians  set  a 
great  value,  it  not  heiiif,'-  found  in  their  isl.ind. 

The  caci(|ue  exerted  himself  to  the  utmost  to 
procure  a  <^reat  (|uantity  of  f;old  for  the  admiral 
before  his  departure  tor. Spain.  The  supplies  thus 
furnishi'l,  and  the  v.ague  accounts  collected 
throu^^li  the  medium  of  siijns  ami  imperfect  inter- 
pretations, ga\e  Columbus  magniticeiu  ideas  of 
the  we.ilth  in  the  interior  of  this  island.  The 
names  of  caci(|Ues,  mount.iins,  and  provinces, 
were  confused  toirether  in  his  imaj^ination,  and 
su|)pose(l  lo  mean  various  places  where  ^reat 
treasure  was  to  be  found  ;  above  all,  the  name  of 
Cibao  continually  occurred,  tlie  f,n3lden  rej^ion 
among  the  mount.iins,  whence  the  natives  |)ro- 
cured  mostot  the  ore  for  their  ornaments.  In  the 
pimento  or  red  jiepper  which  abounded  in  the 
island,  he  fancied  lie  tound  a  trace  of  oriental 
spices,  .ind  he  thought  he  had  met  with  speci- 
mens of  rhubarb. 

Passing,  with  his  usual  excitability,  from  a 
state  of  doubt  and  anxietv'  to  one  of  sanguine 
anticip.ition,  he  now  considered  his  shipwreck  as 
a  jirovideiiti.il  event  mysteriously  ordained  i\v 
Heaven  to  work  out  the  success  of  his  enterprise. 
Without  this  seeming  dis.ister,  he  should  never 
have  remained  to  tind  out  the  secret  wealth  of 
the  island,  but  should  merely  have  touched  at 
various  parts  of  the  co.ist,  .'uul  passed  on.  As  a 
prool  that  the  parlicul.ir  hand  of  Providence  was 
exertetl  in  it,  he  cites  the  circumstance  of  his  hav- 
ing been  wrecked  in  a  perfect  calm,  without  wind 
or  wave,  and  the  desertion  of  the  pilot  and  mar- 
iners, v.hen  sent  to  carry  out  an  anchor  astern, 
for,  had  they  performed  his  orders,  the  vessel 
wo. lid  have  been  hauled  off,  they  would  have 
pursued  their  voyage,  and  the  treasures  of  the 
island  would  have  remained  .i  secret.  Hut  now 
he  looked  forward  to  glorious  fruits  to  be  reaped 
from  this  seeming  e\il  ;  "  for  he  hoped,"  he  said, 
"  that  when  he  returned  from  Spain,  he  should 
find  ;i  ton  of  gold  collected  in  tr.ilhc  by  those 
whom  he  had  left  behind,  .and  mines  and  spices 
disco\ered  in  such  (luanlilies  ih.it  the  sovereigns, 
before  three  years,  would  be  .able  to  undertake  a 
crusade  tor  the  deliverance  of  the  holy  sepulchre  ;" 


the  grand  object  to  which  he  h.nd  proposed  ;' 
they  shoul:!  (iedicite  the  fruits  of  this  eiili  rpriM 
Such  'v.is  the  visionary,  yet  generou-,,  entin 
asm  of  Columbus,  the  moment  that  prospects   : 
v.ist  wealth  broke  upon  his  mind.     \V  hat  in  sonit 
s|)irits  would  h.ive  .isv.ikened  a  grasping  and  sor- 
ditl  avidit)-  lo  accumulate,  immediately  tilled  hi, 
imagination   with   ])lans  of  niagniliccnl  expendi- 
ture.     Hut  how  V  un  are  our  attempts  to  internn 
the  inscrutable  decree^  of  I'rovidei.ce  1    The  ship. 
wreck,  which  Columbus  considered  an  act  of  di- 
vine    f.ivor,  to    reveal    to    him    the  secrets  of  the 
land,  sh.ickled    and    limited    all   his   •  Iter  discov- 
eries.     It   linked   his  fortunes,   for  'he  renia'nder 
of   his  life,  to  this  i.i.md,  wii>ii   »vas  (loomed  lo 
be   to   him    .i   source  of  c.ires  and  troubles,  to  in- 
voh-e   l.ini   in   a  thousand  perplexities,  and  to  hi- 
cloud   his  declining  years  with  humiliation  and 
disappointment. 


CHAPTER  XI. 

REGULATION    OF    TIIK    I-OKIkKSS  Of   I..\  N'.WID.M) 
—  I)K1'.\K1LRK   OI'  C:OI.lIMItUS  KOK  Sl'.AIN. 

.So  great  was  the  activity  of  the  SjianLirds  ir, 
the  construction  ot  their  fortress,  ami  so  .imiilt 
the  assist.ince  rendered  by  the  natives,  that  in  ttr. 
days  it  w.is  sul'ticiently  com])lete  for  service.  A 
large  vault  had  been  m.ide,  over  which  wasereci- 
ed  a  strong  wooden  tower,  and  the  whole  w.i; 
surrounded  by  ;i  wide  ditch.  It  was  stored  wit 
all  the  ammunition  saved  from  the  wreck,  or  th;;! 
could  l)e  sp.ired  from  the  caravel  ;  .and  the  gur; 
being  mounted,  the  whole  h.iel  a  formidable  ,i- 
pect,  sut'ticient  to  overawe  and  re|)ulse  this  nakt. 
and  unwarlike  jieople.  Indeed  Columbus  was  i: 
oi)inion  that  but  little  force  was  necess.iry  to  sii'' 
jugate  the  whole  island.  Ht?  considered  a  for 
tres';,  and  the  restrictions  ot  a  garrison,  iik' 
.((uisite  to  keep  the  Sp.miards  themselves 
order,  and  prevent  their  wandering  about,  .ir,> 
committing  acts  ot  licentiousness  among  the  n.i- 
tives. 

The  fortress  being  finished,  he  gave  it,  as  we! 
as  the  adjacent  village  and  the  harbor,  the  n.ur.: 
ot  La  N.ividail,  or  the  Nativity,  in  memori.ili; 
their  having  escaped  from  the  sliii)wreck  .: 
Christmas  day.  .Many  volunteered  to  remain  o: 
the  island,  from  whom  he  selected  thirty-ninu  c 
the  most  ai)le  and  exemplary,  and  among  them  : 
phvsician,  ship-carpenter,  calker,  cooper,  tailor 
;in(t  gunner,  all  exjiert  at  their  several  calling> 
The  command  was  given  to  Diego  de  .\ran.i. .; 
native  ot  Cordova,  and  notary  and  alguazil  to  li^ 
armament,  who  was  to  retain  all  the  powers  vi'-; 
ed  in  him  by  the  Catholic  sovereigns.  In  case  i 
his  death,  Pedro  (Gutierrez  was  to  comni.md,  ai.r 
he  dying,  Rodrigo  de  I'.scobedo.  The  boat  of  the 
wreck  w.is  left  with  them,  to  he  used  in  fishing 
a  variety  of  seeds  to  sow,  and  a  large  ([uantity: 
articles' for  traffic,  that  they  might  ])rocure  . 
much  gold  as  possible  against  the  admiral's  r, 
turn.* 

As  the  time  drew  nigh  for  his  departure,  Coliin" 
bus  .assembled  those  who  were  to  remain  in  i; 
island,  and  made  them  an  earnest  address,  ch.ir, 
ing  them,  in  the  name  of  the  sovereigns,  to  ! 
obedient  to  the  officer  left  in  command  ;  to  mar- 
tain  the  utmost  respect  and  reverence  for  the  a- 
cique  tiuacanagari  and  his  chieftains,  recollectin. 


I 

how   (In 

aii'i   II" 
■thiir  \\i 
.?ourse 
'r.-.iting 
lid,  .lb 
I  >ward 
\  'spcct 
•  isaster. 
le   war 
selves  .. 
.afety  ; 
*itory    ( 
dAr.in.-i, 
.iknowleii 
.'island, 
/elniig  till 
the    pres 
;gerous, 
^fiitrance 
;    On  tin 
;*o  ;ake 
chieftain: 
p.-ive  thei 
•Ilis    use, 
.men    will 
Arana,  1 
do,    his 
■■■when  hi 
ahiiiid.'ini 
'lOr  his  pel 
•Jagari  slio 
ip.iiture. 
rein.'iiiied 
-sidiis,  am 
( luce  IV 
<iof  the  wa 
Ijbus  eansi 
'■imock-tigh 
flows,    an 
■vvere  nstu 
.and  at  tli 
:*ar(|uelHisc 
^rthe  heavy 
-fortress,  w 
•jiiig  the   t( 
I  the  trees  ' 
fill   those   t 
] however,  ' 
tioii,  they 
'Ciril)  won 
The  test 
lemhraced 
j;aiid  took  a 
/tears  ;  for 
■fled  (leme.i 
siipcrhuiii; 
;l)y  the   bt: 
.  parting  sc 


*  Primer  Viage  de  Colon, 
del  Almiranlc,  cap.  33. 


Navarrete,  torn.  i.  Hisi- 


iij 


^^, 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGES   OF   COLUMRCS. 


61 


he  had  proposed  that 
ts  of  this  rnlrrprisc. 
ft  fTfuc-roiK,  ciulvb:- 
(•111  that  i)i'()si)L-i:ls  ' : 
niiul.  What  in  sijn> 
1  ;i  j;ras|)inn  and  sor- 
miiu'diatcly  tilled  his 
ma^jnilict  111  cxpcmli- 

•tti-nipts  Id  iiUcrnrt 
rovidciice  1    Thi;  sliip- 
nsidiTcd  an  act  oi  di- 
m    the  secrets  of  liie 

all  his  Iter  discov- 
es,  for  thf  remn'nder 
vi  '.>  !i  »vas  (loomed  to 
I's  and  troubles,  to  in- 
erplexitics,  and  to  In- 
with  humilialioa  ami 


<  XI. 

■KESH  OF    I.A  XAVIDAD 
IMHUS  FOR  Sl'AlN. 

ly  of  the  Spaniards  in 

orlress,  and  so  amiik 

he  natives,  that  in  tir, 

nplete  for  service.    .\ 

over  which  was  erect- 

r,  and   the   whole  \v,.> 

I.      It  was  stored  wit" 

-om  the  wrecU,  or  th.r. 

caravel  ;  :ind  thi,  j,nir:- 

had  a  foniiidahle  av 

ind  repulse  this  nakii. 

leed  Columbus  wasi: 

was  necessary  to  su' 

lie   consideri'd  a  lur 

of  a  jrarrison,    nv' 

niards    themselves 

indering  about,   ar„ 

sness  among  the  nv 

1,  he  gave  it,  as  we! 

the  harl)or,  the  iiamt 

itivity,  in  memorial  <: 

the    shipwreck   or, 

nteered  to  remain  or. 

selected  thirty-nine  c;^ 

ry,  and  among  ihemi 

dker,  cooper,  tailor 

their  several  callings  ■ 

to  Diego  de  .-Xrana.  s 

ry  and  algua/il  to  the 

n  all  the  powers  vest 

overeigns.     In  case  c 

■as  to  command,  aiii! 

edo.     The  boat  of  the 

to  be  used  in  fishiiif; 

nd   a  large  ipiantityi 

cy    might   procure  .: 

inst  the  admiral's  re 


4>ow  deeplv  they  were  indebted   to  hi ;  goodness, 

And    how    important    a   continuance  of  it  was  to 

^heir  welfare.     To  be  circumspei  t   in  their   inler- 

.-ourse   with   the   n.itives,  avoid'-ig  disputes,   and 

T'Mting  them  always  with  genlN'ness  .and  justice  ; 

li  I,  above    all,  be'm,:  discreet   i..    their   conduct 

,  >ward  the     Indian    women,    misconduct  in    this 

V  siHCt  being  tlie  lre(|i..nt  source  of   troubles  and 

'■■h  isasters  in  the  intercourse  with  savage  natio     . 

.le  warned   them,  moreover,  not  to  scatter  tl.em- 

wlves  i.    inder,  but  to  keep  together,  lor  mutual 

iafety  ;  and   not  to  stray  beyond  the  Tiendly  ter- 

jjjitory    ol    (luac.inagari.     He     enjoined    it    upon 

■lAraiia,  and  the  >  'he'- .     i  command,  to  acquire  a 

.%nowleu^c'   ol   the   productions  and  mines  of  the 

.^island,  to   procure  gohl   and  sjiices,  and   to  seek 

ioloiig  the  co.ist  a  'etter  situation  lor  a  settlement, 

the   present   harbor   being  iiuoiivenient  and  d.in- 

igerous,  Irom  the  rocks  and  shoals  which  beset  its 

entrance. 

?    On  the  2(1  of  Janu.iry,  I49,';,  Columbus  landed 

ho  'ake  afaiew(dl  ol  the  generous  cacicpie  and  his 

cliiettains,  intending  the  ne.xt  d.iy  to  set  sail.      He 

g.ive  them  a  parting  feast  at  the  house  devoted  to 

jfiis   use,  .111(1    commended    to   their  kindness  the 

Inien   who   were   to    rem.iin,  es|)ecially  Diego  de 

Arana,  I'edro  ("lUtierrez,  and  Kodrigo  de  Escobe- 

dn,    his    lieulen.mts,    assuring    the    caci(|Ue     that 

when  he  iciunied  Irom  Castile    he    would  bring 

abundance  ot   i(  wcis  more  precious  than  any  he 

,:or  his  jieople  had  yet  seen.     The  worthy  CiU.icin- 

:agari  showed  great  concern  at  tiie  idea  ot  his  de- 

Iparlure,  and   assured   him   that,  as  to  those  who 

vreniained,    he    should    lurnish    them   with    provi- 

,sions,  and  render  them  e\ery  service  in  his  |)ower. 

(•lice  more  to  impress  the  Indians  with  an  itlea 

^•cf  the  warlike  jirowess  ot  tli(,'  white  men,  Colum- 

■vbus  caused   the  crews  to  perlorm  skirmishes  and 

iiiiock-tights,  with  swords,  bucklers,  lances,  cross- 

fbows,    anpiebuses,    and    cannon.       The    Indians 

.^•were  astonished   at  the  keenness  ot  the  swords, 

Sand  at  the  deadly   power  ol  the  cross-bows  and 

:iar(iuel)uses  ;  but  they  were  struck  with  awe  when 

;^the  heavy   Lombards  were  discharged  Irom  the 

llorlress,  wrap|)iiig  it  in  wre.aths  ot  smoke,  shak- 

(ing  the  forests  with   their  report,  and   shivering 

[the  trees  with   the  balls  ot  stone  used  in  artillery 

in  those  times.      As   these   tremendous   powers, 

{however,  were  all  to  be  employed  tor  their  protec- 

:fti()n,  they   rejoiced  while   they  trembled,  since  no 

liCarib  would  now  dare  to  invade  their  island.* 

The  festivities  ot  the  day  being  over,  Columbus 
[embraced  the  cacique  and  his  principal  chieftains, 
land  took  a  tin.il  leave  ot  them,  (iuacanagari  shed 
[tears  ;  lor  while  he  had  been  ;iwed  by  the  digni- 
jfiecl  demeanor  of  the  admiral,  and  the  idea  of  his 
(superhuman  nature,  he  had  been  completely  won 
[by  the  benignity  of  his  manners.  Indeed,  the 
[parting  scene   was  sorrowful  on  all  sides.     The 


arriv.il  of  the  sliips  had  been  an  event  of  wondet 
and  excitement  to  the  isl.iiiders,  who  had  as  yet 
known  nothing  but  the  good  (pialities  of  their 
guests,  and  had  been  enriched  by  tlu  ir  lelesti.il 
gilts  ;  while  the  rude  seamen  had  been  ll.ittcred 
by  the  blind  deference  paid  them,  and  captivated 
by  the  kindness  and  unlimited  indulgence  witfi 
which  they  had  been  treated. 

The  sorest  parting  w.is  between  the  .S])aniard« 
who  embarked  and  those  who  remained  behind, 
Irom  the  strong  sym|).itliy  caused  by  companion- 
ship in  |)erils  and  adventures.  The  little  garri- 
son, however,  evinced  a  stout  lie.irt,  looking  for- 
ward to  the  return  of  the  admir.il  from  Sp.iin  with 
large  reiiilorcemeiits,  when  they  promised  to  give 
him  a  good  account  ot  all  things  in  the  island. 
The  caravel  was  detained  a  day  longer  by  the 
absence  of  some  ol  the  Indians  whom  they  were 
to  take  to  .Spain.  At  length  the  sign.il-gun  was 
fired  ;  the  crew  gave  a  p.irting  cheer  to  the  hand- 
lul  of  comrades  thus  left  in  th"  wilderness  ot  an 
unknown  world,  who  echoef'  '-  cheerinu  as 
they  ga/ed  wistlully  alter  ti,  'i  f.  the  beach, 
but  who  were  destined  iie>  r  lo  •  'jme  their 
return. 


/< 


f.r- 


I  .  S.  .    lilt  All,  l:.\q. 

wn        :i    I  ailed    Guariro. 

I   can  gather,  it  was  sit- 

'<e  beach,  where  the  vil- 

i      vhich   is  about  two 


*  Primer  Viage  de  Colon.  Navarrete,  torn.  i.  p.  I2i. 


No  IK  iilwiil  tlie  localities  in 
liaclid  from  the  I.  Iter  , 

Guacanagari's    cni)ilal    I' 
From  the   best   inforiiiatioe 
uatcd  a  short  distance  (re 
lagc  of  Petit  An=e   now   ; 
miles  south-east  of  Cajie  H. 

Oviedo  says  that  Colinnl)us  look  in  water  for  his 
homeward  voyage  from  a  small  stream  to  the  north- 
west of  the  anchoraRc  ;  and  presuming;  him  to  have 
been  at  anchor  off  I'e'it  Ansc,  this  stream  presents 
itself  falling  from  the  I'icolet  mountain,  crossing  the 
present  town  of  Cape  llayticn,  and  emptying  into  the 
bay  near  the  Arsenal. 

The  stream  which  sup  lied  Columbus  with  water 
was  dammed  up  at  the  foot  of  the  mountain  by  the 
French  when  in  possession  of  the  country,  and  its 
water  now  feeds  a  number  of  public  fountains. 

Punta  Santa  could  be  no  other  than  the  present 
Point  Picolet. 

Heating  up  from  St.  XicholasMole  along  an  almost 
precipitous  and  iron-t)ound  coast,  a  prospect  of  un- 
rivalled splendor  breaks  upon  the  view  on  turning 
this  point  ;  the  spacious  bay,  the  extensive  plains, 
and  the  distant  cordillcras  of  the  Cibao  mountains, 
impose  upon  the  mind  an  impression  of  vastncss, 
fertility,  and  beauty. 

The  fort  of  La  Navidad  must  have  been  erected 
near  Haul  du  Cap,  as  it  could  be  ap[)roached  in  boats 
by  rowing  up  the  river,  and  there  is  no  other  river  in 
the  vicinity  that  admits  a  passage  for  boats. 

The  locality  of  the  towm  of  Guacanagari  has  always 
been  known  by  the  name  of  C.uarico.  The  French 
first  settled  at  Petit  Anse  ;  Kubsc(iuently  they  removed 
to  the  opposite  side  of  the  bay  and  founded  the  town 
of  Cape  Francois,  now  Cape  Haytien  :  but  the  old 
Indian  name  Guarico  continues  in  use  among  all  lf>e 
Spanish  inhabitants  of  the  vicinily. 


his  departure,  CohiiT. 

,vere   to  remain  in  ih' 

cirnest  address,  chari; 

the  sovereigns,  to  h 

command  ;  to  niair,- 

reverence  tor  the  cr. 

:hieftains,  recollectinj 


Navarrete,  torn,  i 


Hist. 


68 


I 


: 


LIFE   AND   VOVACIHS   OK   COLUMBUS. 


BOOK   V. 


CHAPTER   I. 


COASTINT,  TmvAki)  lilt;   i  AsiruN  i-nd  of  his- 

I'AMDI.A  —  MI.I.I  \SC,     W nil      I'lNZON  —  Al-KAIR 
Willi     I  III;    NMIVI..-,    Al     nil;  (ill.K  ()!■   SAMANA. 

I '493 -I 

It  was  on  ihc  4th  of  January  that  Columbus  set 
sail  frfim  I  a  Navidad  on  liis  return  to  Spain. 
The  wind  ixin;,'  lin'it,  it  was  ncci-ssarv  to  tow  llu' 
caravel  out  ot  the  harbor,  and  clear  ot  the  reels. 
They  then  stood  eastward,  toward  a  lotty  proinon- 
torv  desiituti'  ot  trees,  but  covered  with  jj[rass, 
and  shaped  like  a  tent,  havin^f  at  a  distaiue  the 
appe;iranre  ot  a  toweriiiL,'  island,  bein^r  connected 
with  Ili>paniol,i  by  a  low  neck  of  land.  To  this 
promontory  (.'ohmibus  ^ave  the  name  of  .Monte 
Christi,  by  which  it  is  still  known.  The  country  in 
the  immedi.iie  neiLfhborhood  was  li'vel,  but  f;ir- 
ther  inland  rf>se  a  hi;;li  ran^n'  of  mountains,  well 
wooded,  with  bro.id,  fruitful  valleys  between 
them,  w.itered  by  abundant  streams.  The  wind 
beiny  contrary,  they  were  det.iined  for  two  days 
in  a  lar:;e  b.iy  to  tlie  west  of  the  promontory.  <')n 
the  6lh  they  .ij^mih  m.ide  sail  uilh  a  land  bree;!e, 
and  we.'.tlurini;-  the  cape,  advanced  ten  lea;,nies, 
when  tile  wiml  aj;,iin  turned  to  blow  freshly  Irom 
the  east.  ,\t  this  time  :i  sailor,  stationed  at  the 
masthe:id  to  look  out  for  rocks,  cried  out  that  he 
beheld  the  I'iiila  at  a  dist.ince.  'J'he  certaintv  of 
the  f.ii  t  jiladdened  the  he.irt  of  the  admir.il,  ;ind 
had  an  .animating;-  effect  throu;;hout  the  shi|)  ;  for 
it  was  ,1  joylul  e\enl  to  the  mariners  once  niore 
to  meet  with  lluir  comrades,  and  to  have  a  com- 
panion bark  in  their  voya;4e  throu,L;h  these  lonely 
seas. 

The  I'inta  cime  sweepiiiL;' toward  them,  direcllv 
liefore  the  wind.  'I'he  admiral  was  desirous  of 
haviiijr  a  conversation  with  Martin  Alon/o  I'in- 
zon,  and  sieiiiL;'  that  all  attempt  was  fruitless  from 
the  obstinacy  ol  the  .idverse  wind,  aixl  ih.U  there 
was  no  sate  anchoraj;-e  in  the  nei,i;hl)orhood,  he 
put  back  to  the  bay  a  little  west  of  Monte  Christi, 
whither  he  was  followed  by  the  I'inta.  On  their 
first  interview,  I'in/oii  endea\ored  to  e\i:use  his 
desertion,  alle;;iii^'-  thai  he  h;id  been  compelled  to 
part  comp.my  by  stress  of  weather,  and  had  ever 
since  been  seekiii},'-  to  rejoin  tlu'  admiral.  Colum- 
bus listened  passively  but  dubiously  to  his  ajiolo- 
g'lea  ;  aiul  tlie  susjiicions  he  h.id  concei\ed  ap- 
peared to  be  warranted  by  su!)secpient  inform;i- 
tion.  He  was  told  that  I'in/on  had  been  excited 
by  accounts  ^nven  him  by  one  of  the  Indians  on 
board  ot  his  vessel  of  ;i  ret^ion  to  the  eastward, 
aboundin;^-  in  j;old.  Takini^  advantaj^fe,  there- 
fore, of  the  superior  sailiiii;-  of  his  vessel,  he  had 
worked  to  wiiidward,  when  the  other  ships  had 
l)een  oblii^'ed  to  jjut  b.ick,  .-ind  had  sought  to  be 
the  first  to  discover  and  enjoy  this  golden  reL;ion. 
After  separatini,r  Irom  his  companions  he  had  been 
entanj^led  torse\cral  cl.ays  a  moni;- a  cluster  of  small 
islands,  sujjposi-d  to  h.ive  been  the  Caicos,  but 
had  at  leiii^th  been  i^uidrd  by  the  Indians  to  Ilis- 
paniola.  Here  h.'  ren-, lined  ihi'ee  weeks,  tradinur 
whh  the  natives  in  the  river  .alreadv  mentioned. 
and  collected  a  considerable  cpiantitv  of  j^old,  one 
half  of  whiidi  he  retained  as  captain,  the  rest  he 
divided  amont;  his  men  tosecure  their  fidelity  and 
sccrecv. 


Such  were  tlip  particulars  privately  related' 
Colund)iis  ;  who,  however,  repressed  his  iiuh^n 
tion  at  this  llaj,'rant  bre;i(  h  of  duty,  beiii),'  uiiui! 
inj,'  to  disturb  the  remainder  of  his  \()\;ij;e  \vi' 
any  altercations  with  I'm/on,  who  h  id  a  jiowtrtL 
n.irty  ot  relatives  ;»nd  townsmen  in  the  ,irm,iniu:' 
I'o  such  a  dejjree,  however,  was  his  c(inli<l<'M(c 
his  conlederates  imp.iirefl,  th.it  he  determiiud  • 
return  torthw  ith  to  Sn.iiii,  though,  under  other  1  •■ 
cumsiances,  he  would  h.nc  been  tempted  toc' 
plore  the  co.'ist  in  hopes  ot  freij^htiii;;  his  shi|. 
with  treasure.* 

The  boats  were  accordinj^^dv  disp.itched  to  . 
Iart,'e  riviT  in  the  neij^hborhoml,  to  |>rocure  a  siri 
ply  of  wood  and  water  tor  the  vovi^je,  'I'h; 
river,  called  by  the  n.itives  thi'  N'acpii,  llows  fro- 
the  mountains  (j1  the  inli'iaor  and  throws  iiM.; 
into  the  b.iy,  receivin;;  in  its  course;  the  contr.- 
butions  of  \arious  minor  streams.  Many  part> 
cles  ol  ),^old  were  perceived  amolij;  the  s.ands  at  i'i 
mouth,  .and  others  were  found  adherin|,r  to  ti: 
hoops  ot  llu;  water-ciisks.-j-  Columbus  j^'avc  1: 
therefore,  the  name  of  Rio  del  ( iro,  or  the  (lol.lj- 
River  ;  it  is  at  |)resent  callecl  the  Santiaj^o. 

In  this  neighborhood  were  turtles  of  i;reat  si/' 
Columbus  also  mentions  in  his  journal  that  :, 
saw  three  mermaids,  which  ele\'.ited  themseh'i: 
.ibove  the  surface  of  the  sea,  and  he  observes  ih.:: 
he  had  betore  seen  such  on  the  coasts  of  Afriti 
He  iidds  that  they  were  by  no  means  the  beautili. 
beiiiLjs  they  had  been  rci)resented,  althou;,di  thf. 
possessed  some  traces  ot  the  human  counten.iiict 
it  is  supposed  that  these  must  h.ive  been  man;;: 
or  sea-cdves,  seen  indistinctly  .and  at  .'i  distain'r 
and  th.it  tlie  ini,\),nnation  ot  Columbus,  disposed  lit 
f^ive  a  wonderful  ch.-ira(  ter  to  ever\thin;r  jn  (li:;| 
new  world,  had  identiried  these  missh.ipeii  aniiii.V; 
with  the  sirens  of  ancient  story. 

(In  the  eveniiijT  of  the  (;th  ot  Januarv  they  ai,'i:- 
made  sail,  and  on  the  lollowinj;-  d.iy  ;irri\ed  at  l.- 
river   where   I'inzon   had    been   trading,',  to  wliic', 
Columbus  jjave  the   name  ot  Rio  di;  ( Iracia  ;  I)'.; 
it  look   the   ;ippell;ition  ot    its   original  discover'^r  ' 
and    loni^'  continued   to   be   known  as  the  ri\er  : 
M.irtin  Aloiuo.J     The  n,iti\-es  ol  this   place  coiiv^ 
pl.iined   that    I'inzon,    on    his   previous   \isit,   h:  '4 
\  iolently  carried  off  four  men  and  two  ^irls.     Ti'tS 
.■idivinil,  lindin^r  they   were   retained   on  board  i':* 
the  riin.i  to  be  carried  to  Sp.-iin  .-ind  sold  as  slavi-  . 
ordered  them  to  be  immedl.itelv  restored  to  t!;c::  - 
homes,  with  many  |)reseins,  .ind   well   clothed,!: 
atone   tor  the  wroiit^'  they  h.id  experienced.     Th- 
restitution    was    made   with   g'rcit   unwillin;,MK:: 
and  many  hij^h  words  on  the  part  ot  I'in/on. 

■file  wind  bein^r  favorable,  for  in  these  refjio-i; 
the  tr.ide  wind  is  often  .alternated  flurinjj  auiuir.' 
and  winter  by  north-westerly  breezes,  they  coiitir- 
ued  coastiiiLf  the  island  until  they  came  to  a  hi;; 
and  beautilul  headl.ind,  to  which  lliev  i;'ave  tl: 
name   ot  C.qio  del   I'-namoratlo,    or   the    Lover; 


■•■   Hist,  del  Almirante.  cap.  34. 

f  l.as  Ca^as  suR,i;csts  tti.it  these  may  have  bcc. 
[i.arlicies  of  marcasite,  ivhirli  almimds  in  this  rive 
and  in  the  other  Flrcams  whicli  f.ijl  froni  the  nimi;- 
tains  of  Cibao.      Las  Casas.  Hist.  Ind.   lib.  i.  rap.  7 

I  It  is  now  called  Porto  Caliallo,  tmt  the  sun  our.  / 
inn  r>lain  is  called  the  Savanna  of  Martin  Alonzo.— T. 

S.    Ill.NLKE.N. 


'npe,  I)Ut  wl 
iron.  .\  litil 
)a\ ,  or  r.illier 
Ixtendm^;  ^o 

lUpposed  It  .111 
il.i  Iroiii  some 
ihe  native-i  ipi 
iltic    people    I 
"hey    Were   ot 
lainted.     Tlu' 
lecorated   witi 
lirds  ol  K.'H'ly 
f.ir-clu')-.  ;  oil 
jsed    hy    the 
lleiul  ■(  reed-., 
^  vith   boiii'  or 
I  vere  ot    p.ihn- 
'■  tot   sharp,  bin 
\vo  rni;.;rr-,,  .in 
;  n^'  tliroii;,di  ,1 1 
>   hu>  prep, lied 
O   moiesl    the 
lold   them   two 
,rr.)ws,  .Old  oiii 
;o  on  liii.ird  ol  t 
Columbus   w, 
looks  and   li.iid 
iirrior,  lli.it   lu 
iilioii  ol   C.iril) 
:he>e  se.l1,  and  I 
;hi)ied   imiht    In 
[nun  Hi-.p.iiiiol.i 
ver,  he   still    |io 
lere  l.iy  the  C; 
an   isLuul,  ca 
ancied  him  to  s; 
i    vlu)  receive>l  the 
"'"'    or  the  s.ike  ot  (I 
land.      All    the 
;Uch  visits  were 
nale  reni;iined  w 
This  .\in,izoni; 
n  the  course  ol 
mother  ot   his  s 
ho  work  ot  Mart 
wo  islands  near 
iolely    by    vvome: 
vhich  a  similar 
umhus,  siipposin 
interpreted    the  • 
ith  the  descripti 
Having'-  re^;-.ile, 
'HIS  preseius,  if 
io|)es,  iliroui^h  hi 
r  ^(old   with   hi 
niache  I  the  l.iiu 
ith  hows  and   ; 
fere  seen  lurkin 
•om  the  liulian  v 
leir  arms  and  ca 
'lie  killer,  accor 
iral,  endeavorei 
'■eapoiis,  to  i.ike 
larled  with  two  o 
:eivin,i(  some  dis 
|hi>  h,in  Itul  of  sir 

'■IV  ihry  h,i(|   If 

i|>.  an  1   returned 

■).ini,ii-,U.       •[■ju; 

^•ai.  wounded    t 

uuld  h;ive  pursu 

I  *  Las  Casas,  Hii 
I  +  M.ir.  o   I'olo,  h 


Lirr:  and  voyagks  or  columul's. 


69 


fnpe,  liut  wIiilIi  at  jircM 


Iron. 


httlr 


lit   IS  kiKiw  II  as  Caiu:  Cx- 
\(piul    tills  they  aiii'lujifil    ill  a 


or  iMtlit-r  null,  iliirc  Ici^tics 


ii)  hicadth,  a 


ml 


atfly  rciatnl  ■ 
icd  his  iiuii;;!) 
y,  lic'int,'  uiiwi 
his  \i)ya^;i;  w; 
h:i(l  a  piiucrl. 
I  liur  arin.iMiu!; 
lis  conlKlcnrt; ; 
(•  (Iclfrniiiuil  • 

UIKJrr  otllLT  I.:-. 

tfni|iti'(l  to  cv 
;luiiii;-  iiis  ship 

[lispati'ht'd  to  ; 
I)  ]ir()rurc  a  sny 
:    Vny:i;,'f,      Thi 

i(|iii,  lliiws  fror 
111  throws  itsi: 
ursc  llu;  coiur. 
-;.  Many  par,,- 
;  the  sands  at ' 
adlu-riiifr  to  th> 
iinihiis  j^ave  i; 
1),  or  tiic  (jo!i!e: 
Saiitiaj^o. 
I's  of  j^ivat  size 
journal  that  !.: 
ali'd  llnMiisclvri 
111'  olisi'rvus  thj. 
;:oasts  of  Africa 
ms  iht!  hcaiilili. 

illhoii},di  thf, 
an  counti-'naiKc 
i\c   l)(.'i-n  man:;' 

at  a  distance 
hus,  disposiMJ 
icry'.hiri;;'  in  t 
sslia|)L-n  anima 


h:i;l' 


.1 


ary  tlu-y  ;v^rr 
arrived  ai  i,,- 
lin;4,  to  wiiic:; 
Ic  ( Iracia  ;  hc' 
iial  (lisi'ovtTur 
IS  llic  ri\cr  :: 
his   place  coiiv; 

us   \isit,   h. 

ivo  ^irls.     Tr; 

(I   (111  hoanl  i; 

sold  as  shtvc- 

ston.'d  to  t!;c:: 

rll    clothed,'.: 

rirnced.     T! 

unwillinjjnc-'i 

I  i'in/on. 

1  these  rej^iiii 

hirinjj  aiiiuiiv 

s,  lliry  coiui:: 

':iiiie  to  a  liii, 

they    i;-avc  li 

ir    tiic    Lovcri 


may  have  bee 
s  in  this  river 
iim  the  ninur.' 
hb.  i.  cap.  7' 
it  the  surroun:- 
tin  Alonzo.— T. 


jxtriuhiiK   so   l.ir   iiil.ind     that   Columhus  at    Inst 

fu|i|)oscd  It  .111  .inn  111  the  se.i,  sep.iratiiiK'  liispaiii- 

0|.i  Irolii  some  other  land.     <  Mi  landing;-  they  lound 

|hr   native^  ipiite  ilillerent  irom  the  j;eiitle  and  pa- 

lilic    iiLiiplf    hitherto    nut    with   on    this    isl.iml. 

a")!!  V   \sere   ot  a  lei'ocious  aspect,  and  hideously 

tainted.     'I'hiMr  h.iir  w.is  ionj;',  lifd  behind,  ami 

IcMirated   with   the  leathers  ot   parrots  and  other 

Jirds  III  K.iK'ly  phiin.ine.     Some  were  armed  with 

A'.u-cUllis  ;  others  had  liowsot  the  lelijith  ot  those 

,'  ised    by   li)e    Kn^rjish   archers,    with    arrows    ol 

,S  ileiid  T  reeds,  pointed   with   hard  wood,  or  tipped 

vith   hone  or  the  tooth  ot  ,i  lisli.     Their  swords 

Vere  ot   p.ilm-wooil,  as   h.ird  .ind   he. ivy  as  iron  ; 

lot  sharp,  but   bio. id,  ne.irly  of  the  thickness  of 

wo  liii;.;eis,  .ind  <  .ip.ible,  with  one  blow,  ot  cle.i\- 

nj;  thr(iu;,'li  .i  helmet  to  the  very  brains.*  'I'hounh 

,hu>  prep.ired  lor  conib.it,  they  mailc  no  attempt 

0  moil  si  the  Sp.iniards  ;  on  the  contrary,    they 

lold  them  two  ot  their  bows  and  sever.d  of  tluir 

Lrr.)ws,  and  one  of  them   was  prevailed  upon  to 

[()  on  bo.ird  ot  the  admir.il's  ship. 

Columbus  w.is  persU.ided,  Irom  the  ferocious 
looks  and  hardy,  undaunted  m. inner  of  this  wild 
;arrior,  th.it  lu  and  his  comp.mions  were  of  the 
Ration  ol  L'aribs,  so  much  dreaded  throujrjiout 
[hese  se.is,  and  th.it  the  j^iili  in  which  lie  u.is  an- 
chored must  be  .1  strait  sep.iratin^;'  their  island 
[rum  Ilisp.iniola.  On  iiupiii  iii;,'-of  the  Indi.m,  how- 
iver,  he  still  pointed  to  the  e.ist  as  the  ipi.irter 
there  lay  the  CariUbe.m  Isl.uids.  lie  spoke  also 
if  an  isl.Kul,  called  .M:uuinino,  which  Columbus 
iicied  him  to  say  w,is  |)i-opied  merely  by  women, 
lio  received  the  Carib-i  amoiij^r  them  once  a  ye.ir, 
lor  the  s;ike  ol  continuin^j  the  population  of  their 
„land.  .Ml  the  m:ile  proi^eny  resultiii),^  from 
luch  visits  wi;re  delivered  to  the  fathers  ;  the  fe- 
ale  rem:iiiied  with  the  mothers. 
This  .\m,i/,onian  isl.ind  is  repeatedly  mentioned 
In  the  course  ol  the  voyajres  of  Columbus,  ;ind  is 
knother  ot  his  sell-delusions,  to  be  e.xplained  by 
he  work  ot  Marco  I'olo.  'I'll. it  traveller  described 
jwo  islands  near  the  co:isl  of  Asia,  one  inhabited 
tolely  by  women,  the  other  by  men,  between 
f/hicli  a  similar  intercourse  subsisted  ;l  ami  Co 
Uinhus,  su|)i)osin^  himself  in  that  vicinity,  easily 
Interpreted  the  sijfiis  ot  the  Indians  to  coincide 
I'ith  the  descriptions  of  the  Veneti.iii. 

Having'-  ri:};,ile.l   the  w.arrior,  and  made  him  va- 

ioiis  presents,  the  .idmiral  sent  him  on  shore,  in 

lopes,  tlinui;.;li  his  mediation,  of  ojieninjr  ;i  trade 

or  j^old   with   liis  comp.inions.     As  the  boat  ap- 

miached  the  l.iiid,  upwaid  of  fifty  savai^^es,  armed 

ilh  hows  and   .arrows,  war-clubs,  and  i;ivelins, 

ere  seen  lurking  amon;^  the  trees.     On  a  word 

Irom  the  lii.li:in  who  was  in  the  boat,  they  l.iid  by 

[hfirarais  and  came  forth  to  meet  the  Spaniards. 

lie  l.uier.  according  to  directions  from   the  ;id- 

liral,  eiide.ivored    to   purch.ise  several    of   their 

feapons,  to  take   as  curiosities  to  S|).iiii.     They 

larted  witliiwo  of  their  bows  ;  but,  suddenly  coii- 

ieivin|,r  some  distrust,  or  tliiiikin^f  to  overpower 

[his  h.inlful  of  str.ini,a'rs,  they  rushed  to  the  pi. ice 

iuTe  they  h,ad  left  their  weapons,  sn.ilclied  them 

jp.  an  I   returned   with  cords,    as   if  to   l)ind   the 

ipaniards.       The      latter    immediately    attacked 

lem,  wounded   two,    put   the   rest  to'llit^ht,  and 

■oukl  have  pursued  lliem,  but  were  restrained  by 

*  I,.is  Casas,  Hist.  Ind.,  Ill),  i.  cap.  77,  .MS. 

+  M.ino   Polo,  boolc  iii.    chap.    34;    Eng.    edit,   of 

.arsJcii. 


ihu  pilot  wlio  commanded  the  IAmit.  This  wai 
the  lirst  contest  with  the  Indi.ms,  and  the  lir-it  lime 
th.it  n.itue  blood  w.is  shed  by  the  while  men  in 
liimbus  w.is  vjiieved  to  see  all 


the  new  world.     Ci 


his  exertions  to  ni.imt.iin  an  ,11111c. ilile  intercouise 
vain  ;  he  consoled  himself  with  the  ide.i,  however, 
that  it  these  were  Ciribs,  or  Iroiitii'r  Indi.ms  ot 
w.irlike  ch.ir.utc'r,  lluy  v.ould  be  inspired  with  a 
(Ire. id  ot  the  tiirce  and  weapons  ot  the  while  men, 
and  be  deterred  trom  molestin;;  the  little  ^;.irrison 
ot  I'Orl  .Nativity.  'I  he  t.ut  w.is,  that  these  were 
ot  a  bold  and  h.irdy  race,  inh.ibitinn  .1  mount. liii- 
ous  district  called  Cixuay,  e\teiidm;r  live  and 
twenty  le.i;,'Ues  aloni;'  the  co.ist,  and  several 
lea^;ues  into  the  interior.  They  dilleicd  in  Ian- 
;;Uii>;e,  look,  and  manners  from  the  other  ii.itives  of 
the  island,  and  had  the  rude  but  independent  and 
\  ij;orous  cliarai  ter  of  mount, lineers. 

I'lieir  frank  and  bolil  snirit  was  eviiu cd  on  the 
(l.iy  .ifter  the  skirmish,  when  a  multitude  appe.ir- 
inj,f  on  the  beach,  the  admir.il  sent  ;i  larj,'e  p.irty, 
well  .armed,  on  shore  in  the  bo.it.  Theii.iiives  ,ip- 
iiroached  ,is  treely  and  conlideiitly  as  it  nothing; 
ii.id  happened  ;  neither  did  they  betray,  throuj;h- 
out  their  subsequent  intercourse,  any  sij^iis  ot 
lurking'  fear  or  enmity.  The  caciipie  who  ruled 
over  the  nei).,diborin;.,f  ( (luiitry  was  on  the  shore. 
He  sent  to  the  lio.it  a  stiiiii;  ol  beads  formed  of 
small  stones,  or  r.ither  ot  the  hard  part  ot  shells, 
which  the  .Spani.irds  understood  to  he  a  token  and 
.assurance  of  amity  ;  but  they  were  not  jet  aware 
of  the  lull  me.inin;,'  of  this  symbol,  tlie  w.impuin 
belt,  the  pledjfc  ol  peace,  held  sacred  .1111011;,'  the 
Indi.ms.  The  i  hiclt.iin  loUowcd  shortly  alter,  and 
entering,'  the  boat  with  only  three  attend. mis,  was 
conveyed  on  bo.iid  ol  the  caravel. 

This  frank  and  coiilidiii;;-  conduct,  so  iiidic.iti\e 
of  a  brave  and  ^eiuaous  n.iture,  w.is  |irupeiiy  ap- 
prei:iated  by  Columbus  ;  he  received  the  caci(]ue 
cordi.dly,  set  before  him  a  collation  siuli  as  the 
car.ivel  afforded,  p:irticul.irly  biscuits  and  honey, 
which  were  j,rre.it  dainties  with  the  Indians,  .and 
alter  showinj;  him  the  wonders  of  the  vessel,  and 
m.ikin^f  him  and  his  attfiulants  m.iny  jiresents, 
sent  them  to  land  hi^^hly  ^r.ililied.  The  residence 
of  the  cacique  was  at  such  a  distance  that  he  could 
not  re|)e:it  his  visit  ;  but,  as  a  token  of  hijjh  re- 
gard, he  sent  to  the  admiral  his  coronet  ol  ^(>U\. 
In  speakinjr  of  these  incidents,  the  historians  of 
Columbus  have  ni.ido  no  mention  of  the  name  of 
this  mount.ain  chic'f  ;  ho  w.is  doubtless  the  same 
who,  a  few  ye.irs  atterward,  .appears  in  the  history 
of  the  island  umler  the  n.ame  ol  Mayon.ibex,  ca- 
ciipie  ot  the  Ci^uayans,  .md  will  be  touiiil  acipiit- 
tin;4'  himself  with  \alor,  tr.iiikness,  and  ma^nianim- 
ity,  under  the  most  tryiiij,' circiimst.mces. 

Columbus  remained  a  d.iy  or  two  lonj^cr  in  the 
bay,  during;  which  lime  the  most  friendly  inter- 
course |)re\',iiled  with  the  natives,  who  lirou^ht 
cotton,  and  wirious  fruits  and  ve^^et.ibles,  but  still 
maintained  their  warrior  character,  beinj^  .always 
armed  with  bows  .and  arrows.  I'our  youii)^  In- 
dians ;jfave  such  intereslin^r  .iccouius  ol  the  islands 
situated  to  the  e.asl  that  Columbus  determined  to 
touch  there  on  his  way  to  .Spain,  .and  prevailed  on 
them  to  accompany  him  as  j^aiides.  Takinjf  ad- 
v.anl.a.Lje  of  a  t.avorable  wind,  therehire,  he  sailed 
before  daylight  on  the  i6th  ot  J.iiuiary  from  this 
bay,  to  which,  in  conse(|Ueiice  ot  the  skirmish 
with  the  natives,  he  j^ave  the  name  ot  (lolfo  de  las 
I'lechas,  or  the  Ciulf  of  Arrows,  but  which  is  now 
known  liy  the  name  of  the  Cuilf  ot  S.am.ana. 

On  leavinj;  the  bay,  Columbus  .il  first  steered  to 
the  north-east,  in  which  direction  the  vouiip  Indians 
assured  him  he  would  find  the  island  of  the  Ca- 


64 


I, UK    AND   VOYAGES   OF   COI.rMIU'S. 


riliH,  and  that  of  Mantiiiitio,  llic  ali()<lc  ol  llu-  Ama- 
zniis  ;  It  lifiii^;  lii->  (Iciin'  to  l.tkv  several  ot  the  na- 
tives ot  eacli,  to  ideselU  to  llie  S|i.injsli  SDVtrei^fDs. 
Alter  sailiilK  aliijilt  si\t(ili  le,i^;ilfs,  h.tuevei.  his 
IiKJiaii  ){iii(lrs  (  liati){<'(l  tlieir  ojiiiiion,  and  poi'  u-d 


to  tlie  Milltlicast. 


riiis  ^sou!d  ha\c  l)rou;lit  hii 
to  I'orlo  Kiid,  Nsliieli,  ill  lact,  was  kiioMi  aiiuin^ 
the   iiidi.iii-i  as  ll:e   isl.iiid  iit  Cinl).      llu;  admiral 

lis  (liree- 


iinniediatt'ly  shillcd   sail,  and   stoiK 
tioii,      lie   had   not   |inii  ecded   two 


in  tl 


e   had   not   |)nn  ecded   two   lea;;il<s,   how 


ever,  when  a  most  tavi 


hn 


spraiiL;  up  lor 


tlu'  vo\a^;e  to  Spain,  lie  oliserved  a  kIooiii  ;,'.itl 
crinjf  on  the  couiitenanits  ol  the  sailors,  as  they 
(liveried  trom  the  homeward  route.  Kellectin;; 
ii|)on  the  little  hold  hi'  had  upon  the  fi'elini^s  and 
alleetions  <il  the-,e  men,  the  insubordinate  spirit 
they  had  repeatedly  I'viiieed,  the  uik crt.iinty  of 
the  ^food  taith  u\  I'in/on,  ami  the  leaky  londiiion 
ot  Ills  ships,  he  was  suddenly  l)(-oii),dit  to  ;■.  paiis( 


s  lon^;  as  he  protracted  his  return,  the  whoU 


A 
ot  h 

<i)ntin''encie 


IS  (iiscoverv  wa 


dai 


late 
s  .It   the  mercy  ot  a  ihou'nnd 


1  .iiherse  airident  iniir 


htl 


iimsi 


II,  h 


Hirv 


/\'  h.irks,  and  all  the  records  ol  h 
K 


Vi)ya;re  lorevcr    in  the  ocean.      Kepressinj,',  there- 
lore,  the  stroll),'  iiiclin.ilion  to  seek  liirlher  disc 
cries,  am' 


I   d(  tt  rmiiifd   to   place  what   he  li.id 


ready  maile  lievmul  the  reach  of  accident,  h 


e  once 


more  shillcd  s.iil,  to  tlic  <^r 
resumed  hib  cuiir.iu  lor  .Sp 


at  loyot  his  crews,  and 


CII.M'TI'K   II. 


RIJUUN   VdV.VC.I,      \|ii|,|N|-   SIOKMS— AIUtlVAI. 

.•\r   I  111;  A/.iiUKs. 

Till',  trade-winds  whi(  h  had  tieen  so  propitious 
to  Coluniluis  on  his  outward  vo\a;ife,  were  e(|Ually 
adverse  to  him  on  his  return.  The  f.ivorahle 
l).'ee/e  soon  diecl  aw.iy,  and  throU),diout  the  re- 
mainder ol  January  tht.Me  w;is  a  prev.dence  ot 
lijjht  winds  troin  the  eastward,  which  ])revented 
any  (,'reat  proj;res:i.  lie  was  tre(|ucntly  detained 
also  l)y  the  bad  sailing;-  ol  the  I'inta,  the  toremast 
of  whi(  h  w.is  .so  delective  that  it  could  carry  but 
little  sail.  The  we.uher  continued  mild  and  |)le.is- 
ant,  and  the  sea  so  calm,  ih.it  the  Indians  whom 
they  were  takin;^'  toSjiain  would  fre(iuently  plnn;,',. 
into  the  water  .iiid  swim  .ibout  the  ships.  They 
s;iw  many  tunny  lish,  oiu:  ol  which  they  killed,  as 
likewise  ,i  l;ir)(e  shark  ;  these  J,^•lve  them  a  tem- 
porary supply  ot  provisions,  of  which  the\'  soon 
beLfan  to  st.ind  in  need,  their  sea  stock  Ihmiii;  re- 
duced to  bread  and  wine  .iiid  A);i  jieppers,  which 
last  they  had  learnt  trom  llu'  Indians  to  use  as  an 
important  article  of  food. 

In  the  e.irly  |>.irt  of  I'ebruary,  h.avinp  run  to 
about  the  thirty-eii^-hth  de^jree  of  north  latitude, 
and  j;'ot  out  ol  the  track  swi'pt  by  the  trade-winds, 
they  had  more  lavorable  breezes,  and  were  ena- 
bled to  steer  ilirect  lor  .Si)ain.  From  the  fre(pient 
chan.i,res  (d  their  course,  the  jiilots  became  perplex- 
efl  in  their  reckonini;s,  diflerin;^  widely  amon^f 
themselve..,  i\n<\  still  more  widely  from  the  truth. 
Columbus,  besides  keepin<j  a  careful  reckoning, 
was  a  vijjilant  observer  of  those  indications  fur- 
nished by  the  sea,  the  air,  and  the  sky  ;  the  fate  of 
himself  and    his   ships    in   the   unknown    regions 


*  Journal  of  Columb.  Navarrete,  tom.  i.  Las 
Casas,  Hist.  Ind.,  lib.  i.  cap,  77.  Hist,  del  Al- 
mirantc,  cap.  34,  35. 


wliicli  he  traversed  olteii  dep"nded  upon  lli('<(r  nKj 

servations  ;  and  the  s.ig.n  iiy  ,it  wliii  h  he  .irrivei! 

in  deciphering  the  signs  ot  the  elements,  w.is  Irinkj 

g,i/ 
If  no.  I 


ed    upon  by  the  common  se.imeii    M  something 
most  supern.itur.d.    In  the  present  Inst. nice,  I 


liced  where  the  j^reat  binds  ol  llo.iling  wi-edsi 


menced,  and  where  they  linished 


anil  III  cnic 


ing  from 


them,  I  iilu  hided  hiinseil  to  h 


'■« 


about  the  s. line  degree  (d  longitude  .iswiun  he  tn 


(ountered   them   on    Ins  oiitw 


ird 


voy.ige 


that 


to  say,  .ibout  two  hundred  anil  sixty  leagues  \\pv| 
ot  I'eiro.     On  the  luth  ol    l'(  liruary,  X'icenic  V;, 


fit 


in/on,  a 


nd   th 


lilots   Kui/  and  M.irtol 


onntl 


Kold.m,  who  were  on  board  ot  the  admir.il's  slii 
ex.imined  the  (  h.irts  and  iump.ired  their  reckorj 
ings  to  dtteriniiie  their  situation,  but  could  ni/l 
come  to  .any  agreement.  They  all  supposed  tht'iii- 
selves. It  liiastoiie  hundred  ;iiid  tilty  leagues  iicirt:! 
S|),iin  th.ui  what  Columbus  belieM'd  to  lie  the  truj 
reekoning,  ami  in  the  latitude  ol  .Maileira,  wlic 
as   he   knew   them   to   b 


nearly  in  a  dire(  tioii 
lie  sulfered   them,   howcM'r,  to 


the   .\/ori 

m.iin   in   their  error,  and  even  added  to  their  jut. ; 

plexity,  that  they  might  retain  but  a  i  onlused  iilr; 

"'  the  voyage,  anil  he  .done  possess  ,1  clear  kniiu,. 

edge  of   the   route   to  the  new  I) -di.-.c<i\-ercd   cour,  «^ 

tries.* 

( >n  the  I2th  ol  I'ebru.iry,  as  they  were  ll.itterin. 
themselv(;s  with  soon  coming  in  sight  ot  l.iiid,  ti;r 
wind  came  on  to  blow  violently,  with  a  heavy  sii 
course  to  the  east,  but  wi;: 


they  still   kept   their 
gre.it  l.ibor  and  peril, 


1)11  il 


lolloWinL'   (I.I 


sunset,  the  wind  and  swell   mcre.ised 


there  ww 


"hree 


II 


islies  ot   lightning  m  the  north-nort 
I 


considered    by    Columbus    as   signals  ot 
hing   tempest.       It   soon    burst    upon 


llllT.?3 


with  trigluiul  violence  ;  their  small  and  era/y  vcvifj 
sels,  open  and  without  decks,  were  little  fitted  li' 
the  wild  storms  id  the  Atlantic;  all  night  the 
were  obliged  to  scud  under  bare  jioles.  As  tl- 
morning  dawned  of  the  14th,  there  was  a  tr.ir- 
sient  pause,  and  they  made  a  little  s.iil  ;  liut  tr-' 
wind  rose  again  from  tlie  south  wiili  redmihlfiij,,? 
vehemence!,  r.iging  throughout  the  day,  and  iri  ' 
creasing  in  liiry  in  the  night  ;  while  the  vesst'-i 
labored  terribly  in  ,1  cross  sea,  the  broken  waviiij 
of  whii  h  thrciteiied  at  each  moment  to  o\erwhelrr 
them  or  dash  them  to  pieces.  l''or  three  hour- 
they  I'.y  to,  with  just  sail  enough  to  keep  thett 
above  l\v-  waves  ;  but  the  ti'liipest  still  .•lugim-n;- 
ing,  they  were  obliged  again  to  scud  belore  tl- 
wind.  The  I'inta  was  soon  lost  sight  ot  in  li: 
darkness  of  the  night.  The;idmiral  kept  ;is  niuc  ,^ 
as  jinssible  to  the  north-east,  to  ap])roa(di  the  roavj.s 
ol  Sp.ain,  and  ni.ide  signal  lights  at  the  mjistluac 
tor  the  I'inta  to  do  tlu;  s.ime,  and  to  kee|i  in  coir 
jLiny.  The  l.itter,  liowever,  from  the  weakness (:j;j 
lier  foremast,  could  not  hold  the  wind,  and  ws 
iibliged  to  scud  before  it  directly  north.  Fi 
some  time  sIk;  replied  to  the  signals  of  the  ;i( 
miral,  but  her  lights  gleamed  more  and  mc: 
distant,  until  they  ceased  entirely,  and  nothin 
more  was  seen  ot  her. 

Columbus  continued   to  scud  all  night,  full  <f- 
forebodings  of  the  t.ite  id   his  own  vessel,  and  1 
tears  tor  the  safety  of  tli.at  of  I'in^on.     As  the  (la 
dawned,   the  sea   presented   .a   frighltul   waste  f" 
wild  broken  waves,  lashed  into  fury  by  the  gale 
he  looked  round  anxiously  for  the  I'inta,  but  sh 
was  now  here  to  be  seen,   lie  now  made  a  little  s.i  . 
to   keep   his  vessel  ahead  ot  the  sea,  lest  its  hu!;!| 
waves  should  brt.'ak  over  her.   ,\s  the  sun  rose.trr; 
wind  and  the  waves  rose  uith  it,  and  throughout-;    i 


*  Las  Casas,  Hist.  Ind.,  lib.  i.  cap.  70. 


LIFH   AND   VOYAdlCS   OF   COIX'MHUS. 


68 


ll|)nM  lliCM'  oK 
lu  li  hf  .irrivei' 

IflltS,  W.IH  llXik^ 
t   SDIlU'tllillJJ  ,1,. 

iistalK  f,  he  iiii. 
iiij,'  weeds  ( uir 
and  ii)  vmi'rjj 
tlililM'll  to  l)f  r 
as  win- II  lu'  cr,. 
iiiyajrt;  ;  that  i    ■  *< 
ty  IcaKUcs  wpv';^^ 
ry.  \'iifHtL'  V..  i; 
liid  llai'toliiniii 
adinifal's  sliif 
(I  tticir  rcikdr 
,  luit   inuld  m 
-.ii|)lii>->i'd  tlifiT 
\  liM}.;Uf->  licarr 
il  1(1  111'  tlu;  Iri- 
dadcira,  wlicr^ 
1  a  dirt'itidi)  III' 
hiiwcvcr,  to  ft' 
It'd  tn  their  |nr- 
a  eonluied  idi 
-s  a  clear  know  ■ 
i.scovered  com 


,'  '.vere  tlatteriiif? 
i^ht  i)t  land,  li;: 
ilh  a  lieavy  sii 
le  east,  liut  wii; 
[iwin^;  day,  alir'< 
sed  ;  tlR'i'f  WIT'  .>J 
uiith-noith-L'iis: 
;nals  tit  an  :\[ 
irst  updH  ihcr 
II  and  era/v  Vf 
u  little  titti'd  II 
;  ;dl  ni^du  tin- 
pdles.      As  II 

IC    \V,1S  .1  U'M-f 

sail  ;    hut  ir'-' 

\\  nil  redolihlfi  . 

day,  and  ir 

ile  the  vesst' 

hrokeii  wavr 

I  to  overwlicir 

If  three  houi' 

to   keep  till-;: 

.still  au.i^MH'ii;-, 

ud    helore  th 

si^ht  ot   ill  t:: 

kept  as  niUi' 

1  iiaeh  thec(i:i' 

I  the  iiiastlua. 

o  keep  in  cmr- 

weakness  ( 

wind,  and  wi 

north.      Fi' 

nals  of  the.nc- 

ore   and   ninri 

uul   nothin; 


I 


thi 


nio-ht,  full 
n  vessel,  and 
111 


As  theil 
Infill   wastt'  '  • 
rv  1)\-  the  '^a'x 
'I'in'ta,  huts'r; 
\(l(>a  little  s,i; 
I,  lest  its  hill':: 
he  sun  rose.li:; 
ihroughouU;. 

70. 


jdrpary  <\.\\  lln'  htdplcss  hark  \v;is<lrivpn  alonjj  iiy 
Ithe  tiiVv  III  the  tempest. 

Seen  >{    ill  human  skill  haftled  .and  eonlounded, 

Ic'diiiinhus  endeavored  to  propiti.ite  he.iven  hy  sol- 

le-inn  viius  .md  arts  ol   penanee.      Itv  his  orderr  a 

niiinher  ol  heans,  eipi.il  to  the  number  ot  persons 

Ion  hi). ml,  were  put  into  a  cap,  on  one  ol    which 

|v,i,  cut  tin;  si;;n  ot  ihi-iross.     I'^.ich  ot  the  crew 

Iniide  a  \ou-  th.it  shoulii  he  flr.iw  torth  the  marked 

1  111, 111    lie  wduld   ni.iKe  a  i)il),'nm.i;{e  to  the  shrine 

()t  .Si'it.i  Maria  de  ( lu.id.iliipe,  he.irin^;  a  wax  t.iper 

[ol  live  piiiiiids'  weinhl.      The  admir.il  was  the  lirst 

Iti)   put    in   his   h. mil,  and   the   lot   tell   upon    him. 

'iiniu   ihat   nionit'iil   he  conside.'ed  himselt  a  pil- 

ii;riin,  hinind   to  jierlorm   the   vow.      .Anotlier   hit 

W.I-.  c.i-.t  ill  the  same  w.iy,  tor  a  pilgrim. i},'e  to  the 

(cli.ipi'l   I'f  "Ur   l.ady  ot  I.oretio,  whnh  tell  upon  a 

ise.iiu.in   n.iiiu'd    I'edro  de   \ill.i.  and  the  .•idmir.il 

cn^ja^jed  to  l)L'ar  the  espeiiies  ot  his  jiiiirney.     A 

'third  lot  w.is  also  cast  lor  a  pil;;riin,i^''e  to  S.inta 

C'l.ira  de  .Mo'.,'iier,  to  prrlorm  a  solemn  mass,  and 

to  w.ili  h  all  iiij;ht  in  the  chapel,  and  this  likewise 

1  lell  upon  (.'iiiumhus. 

The  tempest  still  r.iHiii;,^  w  itli  iin.ih.ited  violence, 
1  tlu-  ,iilniiial  and  all  the  m.iriners  made  avow, 
Itli.it,  il  sp.ired,  wherever  they  I'lrst  l.inded,  they 
\vmild  xo  iu  iirocession  h.iri'looted  and  in  iheir 
shirts,  to  oiler  up  pr,i)ers  and  th.mksj^ivin^s  in 
I  some  cluinh  dedicated  to  the  Holy  \irj;in.  l!e- 
sides  these  ;.;eneral  acts  ot  propitiation,  e.ich  one 
made  his  jirivate  vow,  hindiii;,'  hiniiell  to  some 
|)ilj{rini  i.ije,  or  vi^ril,  or  other  riteol  penitence  and 
tll.inks^fivin^at  his  lavorite  shrine.  The  he.ivens, 
however,  seemed  deal  to  their  vows  ;  the  storm 
jjrew  siill  more  wild  and  frijrhtful,  and  eaih  man 
jj.ive  hinisell  up  lor  lost.  'I'lie  danj,'er  ot  the  ship 
was  au;rmeiiteil  hy  the  w.tnt  of  ballast,  the  con- 
samptioii  ol  the  water  and  |)rovisions  lia\injf 
lij;liteiied  In-r  so  much  tli.il  she  rolled  and  tosseii 
aliout  .11  the  mercy  ol  the  w.ives.  To  remed)'  this, 
and  to  render  her  more  steady,  the  .idmir.ii  order- 
ed th.it  all  the  emjity  casks  should  he  filled  with 
se.i-w.iter,  which  in  some  measure  ^(.ive  relict. 

During  thi'i  lonjr  and  awful  conllict  of  the  ele- 
ments, the  mind  ol  Columbus  was  .1  |)rey  to  the 
mist  distiessinjr  anxiety.  Ile  feared  thai  the  I'in- 
ta  had  linindeied  in  the  storm.  In  siu  h  case  the 
whole  history  ot  his  discovery,  the  secret  (d  the 
New  World,  depended  upon  his  own  leeble  bark, 
anil  one  surj;e  ot  ilu'  oce.m  mijrht  bury  it  forever 
in  ohlivion.  The  tumult  of  his  thoui;hls  may  be 
juili,'i;.|  troni  his  own  letter  to  the  so\eri'i^ns.  "  I 
could  have  supported  this  evil  hirtune  with  less 
j>Tief,"  s.iid  he,  "  had  my  person  alone  been  in 
ji'o|)ai(ly,  since  I  am  a  deluor  hir  my  lite  to  the 
sii|iieine  Creator,  ,iiid  ha>  at  other  times  been 
within  a  step  of  death.  IKi,  t  was  a  cause  of  in- 
liiiite  sorrow  and  troulile  to  i,-ink  that,  alter  hav- 
iiij,'  lic'-n  illumiii.ited  from  on  hi^h  with  faith  and 
Certainty  to  undertake  this  em  rprise,  after  h.iv- 
iii}(  victoriiiii-,ly  achieved  it,  and  w  hen  on  the  point 
ot  cimviiicin^r  my  opponents,  and  securinjj  to  your 
hi^.,diiu-sses  j^reat  fflory  .'iiul  vast  increase  ol  do- 
minions, it  should  please  the  divine  .Majesty  to 
*  'ir'i'.it  all  by  my  de.ith.  It  would  have  been  more 
^  I  ipurt.ible  also,  had  I  not  been  accompanied  by 
uLiRiswho  had  been  dr.iwn  on  by  my  iiersu.isions, 
ami  will),  in  their  distress,  cursed  not  only  the 
Ivnir  ot  their  comin^r,  but  the  fe;ir  inspired  by  my 
4  words  which  jjrevented  their  turninjr  back,  ;is  they 
I  h.ul  at  various  times  determined.  .Above  all,  my 
I  f;rief  was  doubletl  when  I  thoujjluof  my  two  sons, 
a  \\honi  1  had  left  at  school  in  Cordova,  ilestitiite, 
^  ill  a  stranije  land,  without  any  testimony  ol  tlit; 
services    rendered    by     their  'father,    which,    if 


known,  mit;ht  have  inclined  your  hi^Jhne»SM  to 
bidrieiid  them,  .\nd  .dthoii|^di,  on  the  our  hand, 
I  W.IS  conilorted  by  laith  lli.it  llii'  liiity  would  not 
permit  .1  work  ol  sin  h  j;re.it  e\.dlalioii  to  his 
church,  wrou;;lit  throii;;!)  so  m.iiiy  trcnibles  and 
contr.idictioiis,  to  reiii.iin  ini|u'rlect  ,  yet,  on  the 
other  hand,  I  retlected  on  my  sins,  as  ,1  punish- 
ment lor  whii'h  he  mi^;hl  intend  lh,il  1  should  be 
deprived  ot  the  ^lory  which  would  redouml  to  me 
111  this  world."  ' 

In  till!  midst  ol  these  Kloumy  .ippicheiisions,  an 
e\pedient  suKvtcsted  itsell,  by  whii'h,  thou^;h  he 
and  his  ship-,  should  |)i'rish,  the  ^jlory  ol  his 
achievement  mij,dit  surM\c  to  his  name,  and  its 
adv,mt.l^,'es  be  secureil  to  his  so'.ereinns.  Ilf 
wrote  on  parchment  a  tiriet  account  ot  his  voyajju 
and  discoverv,  .'ind  ol  his  luuin;;'  taken  po  .session 
ot  the  newly  louiid  l.iiids  in  the  n.iiih'  (d  their 
C.ilholic  m.ijeslies.  This  he  se.iled  .ilid  directed 
to  the  kin^f  and  (pneii  ;  superscribing  .1  promise 
of  a  thousand  dm  its  to  whomsoever  should  de- 
liver the  p. icket  unopened,  lie  then  w  ripped  it 
in  a  w.ixed  cloth,  whii  h  he  placed  in  the  (  ,iiire  of 
;i  cake  ot  wax,  .■iiid  inclosiii;.f  the  whole  111  a  larjje 
b.irrel,  threw  it  into  the  scLi^iv  Iiilj  his  men  to  sup- 
)ose  he  was  |)ertormiiin'  sonic  relij;ioin  vow. 
.est  this  niemori.il  should  never  rcac  h  the  land, 
he  inclosed  a  copy  in  a  simii.ir  niiiiiier,  and 
|)laced  it  upon  the  poop,  so  th.it,  should  the  car.i- 
vel  be  sw.illoweil  up  by  the  waves,  the  b.irn  I  niij^dit 
llo.it  off  .'iiid  siirv  i\  r. 

Thesi'  preciiltions  in  suine  measure  niili.i,Mted 
his  anxiety,  and  he  was  still  more  relii'\id  when, 
alter  heavy  showers,  there  appeared  at  sunset  a 
stre.'ik  of  cle.ir  sky  in  the  vvest,  Ki^'Ui^;  hop<'S  that 
the  wind  was  about  to  shilt  to  th.it  ipi.irter. 
These  hopes  were  i  tinlirm.d  ;  a  lavor.ible  bree/u 
succeeded,  but  the  sea  still  r.iti  so  hi;di  .ind  tll- 
nuiltuously  that  lillle  sail  could  be  c.irrnd  during 
the  iii^jht. 

On  the  morniii,i;iif  the  i^jili.  at  d.iybreil;,  tlu*  cry 
of  l.ind  w.is  f^isen  by  kiii  (l.irci.i,  a  111. inner  in  the 
maintop.  The  transports  id  the  crew,  at  once 
more  fr.iininj,' si;(lit  ot  the  1  )ld  Wurld,  weie  almost 
ecpial  to  those  experienced  on  lirsi  beliohliiiyi  the 
.New.  The  land  bore  east-norih-e.ist,  directly  over 
the  prow  of  the  c.ira\'el  ;  and  the  usual  diversity 
ofoiiinion  concernin;;'  it  arose  .iiilonL;'  tiie  pilots. 
( )ne  thou>rht  it  rhe  island  ot  .Madi'ir.i  ;  another  the 
rock  ot  Ciiitr.i  near  Lisbon  ;  the  most  p.irt,  de- 
ceived by  their  ardent  wishes,  placed  it  near 
.Spain.  Columbus,  howeser,  troni  his  private 
reckonintrs  and  observations,  unicluded  it  to  be 
one  of  the  A/ores.  .\  ne.ii'er  approach  proved  it 
to  be  an  islan.l  ;  it  was  but  ti\e  lea;;ue-i  distant, 
and  the  voyatjers  were  coii;;i'.itiilatinj;  themselves 
upon  the  assur.ince  ol  speedily  hi  iiitr  in  port, 
when  the  wind  veered  ai.(ain  to  the  east-iioith-e;ist, 
blowing  directly  irom  tiie  land,  wiiile  a  heavy  sea 
kept  roUin).;  from  the  west. 

For  two  days  they  hovered  in  s\^h>  ;d  the 
island,  vainly  strivin;,'  to  re.ich  it,  or  to  .iri,ve  .U 
another  i.sland  ot  which  they  caiij^ht  j^liinpses  oc- 
casionally tliroU).;h  the  mist  ;iiul  rai :  ol  the  teni- 
pest.  On  the  e\eninj^  ot  the  I /til  they  aii'proach- 
ed  so  near  the  Inst  isl.uul  as  to  cast  anilior,  but 
partinjr  their  cable,  had  to  put  to  sen  -.i^iin,  wheic 
they  remained  beating  about  until  vli.-  followin;^ 
morniiiff,  when  they  am  hored  under  shelter  of  its 
northern  side,  h'or  several  d.iys  Columbus  h.id 
been  in  such  a  st.ite  of  a'fitation  .■inc.  ,. .ixiety  as 
scarcely  to  take  food  or  repose.  .■\lth(juL;li  suffer- 
injr  greatly  from  a  j^oiuy  affection   to   w  hich   he 

*  Hist,  del  Almirantc,  cap.  36. 


!l 


66 


LIFE   AND   VOVAC3ES   OF   COLUMBIJS. 


II 


^1 


wns  siil)i(H-t,  Vft  l-.o  had  niaintainfc!  his  watihlul 
post  on  (Itrk,  L-x])cist'(l  to  wintry  niid,  to  tiu'  pt-it- 
111}^  o(  liiu  ^>t()|•n1.  and  tht'  dicnihin}^  surt^cs  ol  ihc 
sea.  ll  was  n(  .  ^.niil  the  ni^lu  ol  Uu-  i/lh  that  hv 
j^'ot  a  iittlt'  slci-p,  iiMir  lioni  thi'  (.•xiiaiistion  of  na- 
ti  re  til. in  Ironi  .iiu  tr,nu|inllity  ol  mind.  Siicii 
WLTc  the  liiliiiiiltics  and  perils  whieh  attended  his 
return  to  I'.iirope  ;  h.id  one  tenth  p.irt  ot  iheni  he- 
set  liis  oiilw.iid  \oy,n,^e,  ilis  timid  and  tactions 
crew  would  h,ue  risen  in  ,irms  a^Minsl  the  enter- 
prise, ;ind  he  ne\er  would  have  discovered  'he 
New  World. 


CII.M'll'.K    111. 

TRANSAC'IIONS    AI'     iHl'.    l.-^IAND    Of   .ST.    MAKV'S. 
[I4';3-I 

0\  sendinj;-  tin*  boat  to  l.md,  Columbus  ascer- 
tained tb.e  isLmd  to  he  St.  Mary's,  the  nio-^t 
southern  ot  the  A/nrcs,  ami  ,i  possession  ot  the 
crown  ot  l'ortn;4,d.  'I'iu'  inh.diitants,  when  thev 
beheld  llii'  lii^lu  cir.ucl  ridinj;'  at  anchor,  wt're 
astonished  th.it  it  h.id  been  .ihle  to  li\e  ilirou^h 
the  g. lie,  which  h.ul  r.ii;cd  lor  I'llteeii  da\s  with  un- 
exanipU'd  tur\  ;  luit  wlicn  tiny  heard  irom  the 
boat's  cri  v.  tli.it  this  ii'inpi  st-tossed  vessel  l)roui;ht 
ti(lin,i;s  ol  ,1  str,,n;^"e  counti'v  bevond  tlu-  ocean. 
vlicN'  wi'ic  liUed  with  wondei'  and  curiositv.  To 
the  ini|uiiics  about  .i  pl.ice  where  the  cara\el 
Hiinht  anchor  securely,  they  replied  by  pointin^^ 
out  a  h.irhor  in  the  \iciniiy,  but  jirevailed  on 
three  ot  the  mariner.-i  to  i-em.iin  on  shore,  ,ind 
g'r.itify  them  with  hirilicr  p.iriiculars  ot  this  un- 
[lar.dlelei'  vo\.i;;e. 

In  the  e\enin;4'  three  men  ot  the  island  h.ailed 
the  caravt'l,  and  ,i  bo.it  Ueinij;  sent  tor  them,  lhe\- 
l)rou,i;lit  on  bo.ird  jowls,  bre.id,  .md  v.irious  relresh- 
ments,  Irom  Ju.in  di^'  C'.ist.ii"ied.i,  governor  ot  the 
island,  who  claimed  an  acciuainlance  with  Colum- 
!rjs,  and  sent  him  many  compliments  and  con- 
jjr.itul.nions.  lie  apolo;.;i.a'd  tor  not  cominj;' in 
])erson,  owini;-  to  the  l.iteiiess  of  the  hour  and  the 
ilistance  ot  his  residence,  but  |iromised  to  \isil  the 
caravel  the  next  morniuL;',  brini;in|4  turther  refresh- 
ments, and  the  three  men,  whom  he  still  kept  with 
him  to  s.itisty  h.is  extreme  curiosity  res])ectini;'  the 
voyatje.  As  there  were  no  houses  on  the  neii;h- 
borin;,^  shore,  t!ie  messeiij^ei's  remained  on  bo.ird 
all  nii;ht. 

C)n  the  foUowint;-  morniu;.;  ■'"olumbus  reminded 
his  peo|)le  ot  their  vow  to  iiertorni  a  pious  ]iroces- 
sion  at  the  i'lrst  place  where  they  should  land.  On 
the  nei.;;hho|-ini^  shoi'e.  .it  no  i^reat  distance  from 
the  sea.  was.ism.dl  hermitai;'"  or  ch.ipel  dedicated 
to  the  \"irt;in.  ,ind  he  m.ide  immediate  arran^^^e- 
r.ients  for  the  |)erform.ince  of  the  rite.  The  three 
messengers,  oii  reiurninuf  to  ihe  villa^^.^  sent  a 
jjriest  to  piMlorm  m.i>s,  ,ind  one  half  ot  the  crew 
iaiuliiii;-.  w, liked  in  procession,  barefootetl,  and  in 
their  shirts,  to  the  ch.ipel  ;  while  the  ailmiral 
awaited  their  I'eturn,  to  pertorm  the  same  cere- 
mony with  the  remainder. 

.An  ungenerous  reception,  however,  .awaited  the 
poor  tempest-tossed  mariners  on  their  tlrs*  return 
to  'he  abode  ot  civili/e.l  men,  f,ir  ditferent  fron-:  the 
symjiathy  ami  hos;-,itality  they  had  experienced 
anions^  ti't-  sav.ii,M'-i  of  the  New  World.  .Scarcely 
had  they  bei^im  dieir  prayers  and  thanksf,nvini,'-s, 
when  the  iMbble  of  the  xill.ii^e,  horse  and  foot, 
he.ided  by  the  jjovernor,  sur'-ouiuled  the  hermitajje 
and  took  them  all  prisoners. 

As  an  inter\enin'i;  point  ot  land  hid   the  hei'niit- 


ai,'e  from  the  view  of  the  car.ivel,  the  .idnnr.il  r^ 
111. lined  in  i),fnorai'ce  of  this  trans, iction.  Win- 
eleven  ci'clock  arrix'ed  without  the  return  ot  ti,c 
pilgrims,  he  bei.;;.ii'.  to  U\,r  th.it  they  were  detain^ 
l)y  the  I'ortuj^ue;.!. ,  or  that  the  boat  had  been  sh.r.. 
tered  upon  the  siirf-iieaten  rocks  which  boidcici 
the  isl.ind.  Weii;l)ir;j4'  anchor,  therelore,  he  sidn' 
in  a  diri'ction  '.o  comni.md  .i  \iew  ot  the  ch.i;,, 
and  theadj.iceiil  shore  ;  whence  lie  bi-held  .i  nu:;;. 
bi'r  ol  armed  horsemen,  who,  dismounting^,  i -,. 
tered  ihe  boat  ;uid  made  tor  the  car.ivel.  'Ihi',-, 
miral's  .incient  suspicions  of  l'orlii,L;uese  ho.^iii;' 
toward  himself  .ind  his  enterpri/es  wi'i'e  imiiu-i.;. 
ately  revived,  .md  he  orderetl  ilis  men  to  .n;; 
themselves,  but  to  keep  out  of  si^lit,  re.uly  eiiiii: 
to  delend  the  vessel  or  surprise  the  bo.it.  i; 
hitter,  however,  appro. idled  in  a  p-icil'ic  niann'-'- 
the  governor  ol  the  isl.ind  was  on  bo.ird,  and,  mi; 
inn'  within  hail,  deni.iiided  assur.mce  ot  perr^ui', 
satety  in  case  he  shoeld  enter  the  'mimvcI.  fi;;. 
the  .idmiral  ri'.idily  ua\e,  but  the  I'oitu^uese  ^I:, 
continued  at  a  w.iry  ilistance.  The  iiidii^natinn  c 
Columbus  now  broke  lort'i  ;  he  lepro.iclicil  i- 
l^overnor  with  his  jierlidy,  and  with  the  -.vroiiL;:: 
did,  not  merely  to  the  .Spanish  moii.irchs,  bin  i. 
his  own  sovereii;ii,  bv  such  a  dishonorable  uu;- 
r.ii^e.  lie  intormed  him  of  his  \)wn  rank  .mil  di;;- 
iiity  ;  displayed  his  letters  patent,  sealed  with  ir- 
roy.il  seal  of  Castile,  and  threatened  him  with  tir 
veiijreance  of  his  ^•overnnieiU.  C.istaneda  repln-t 
in  a  vein  of  coniem|U  and  ileii.ince,  decl.iriiij;-  t!„r 
all  he  had  tlone  w.is  in  contorniit)'  to  the  cu:'i 
m.iiuls  ot  the  kin>;  his  sovereign. 

After  an   uii|)rorital)le  altercition,  the  boat  re- 
turned to  shore,  le.ivin^;  Columbia  much  iierplexo 
by   thus   unexpected   hostility,  aiul    fe.irtul    that  „ 
I  war   nii^lil    have   broken   out   l)elwceii   Sp.iin  ,iiit 
:   I'ortuij.il  duriiiij^   his  absence.     The   next   day  li> 
we.ither   bec.ime   so   tempe-ituous   that    they  wirr 
I  driven  from  their  anchor. i)j;e,  and  oblined  to  st,i;.i. 
I  to  sea  toward  the  island  ol  St.  Mich.iel.      I'or  iv. 
I  (lavs   the   ship   continued  be.itinjr   about    in   i,nt.: 
!  peril,  h.ilf  ol    her   cri-w   bein^-  delaiiU'd   mi  sluirr 
and    the    j;reater    p.irt    ot    tho-.e    on    board    he;i,, 
landsmen   and    Indians,  alnio.-.t  ei|iially   useless  ,', 
dillicult    navi);-.ition.       l'"(n-tunately,    allhou^li    l;.: 
waves  ran    hi^h,  there   were    none  ol   liui-ie  clll^• 
seas  w  liicli  had  rt'Ceiitly  prevailed,  otherwise,  he  r.^' 
so  teebly  maii'ied,  the  car.ivel  could  scircely  li.n; 
lived  throu^rli  the  storm. 

On  the  eveiiin;;-  ol  the  22(1,  the  we.ither  haviii; 
moderated,  Cokimbus  returned  to  his  anchor,;;;: 
at  St.  M.iry's.     Shortly  after    his   arriv.al,   a  lui.i; 
came   off,     brin.<;in^    two    |)riesis    and    a   no'.jrv 
.After  a  cautious  jiarley  and  an  as^ur.iii' c  ot  s.ih'. 
thev  c.ime  on  board,  and  recplested  a  si^ht  ol  ' 
p.ipers  of  Columbus,  on  the  |)art  ol  C.ist.ineil.i,  -i- 
surinj;-  him  that   it   was   the  disposition  ol  the  ;.;. 
eriior  to  render  him   every   service  in    his   ]w\\r 
provided  he  really  sailed  in  service  of  the  Sp.in;- 
sovereigns.     Columbus  supposed   it   .i   m.UKfUv:: 
of   Castafied.-l   to   cover   a    retreat  Irom   the  lui>ti:? 
position  he  h.i'l  assumed  ;  restr.iininj;-  his  inilinn-- 
tion,  howevei     lad   expressinji'   his  tli.inks  lor  li; 
friendly  disposition   of  the  frovernor,    he   showr. 
his    letters    ot     commission,    which     satistieil    l'. 
priests  and   the   notary.     On   the  lollowini;'  iii"' 
injr  the  bor.t  and   m.iriners  were  liherati'd.      i' 
lattir,  during'-  their  detention,  h.id    collecte.l  in: 
matioii  from  the  inh.ibitaiits  wliicli  elucid.itcii  :  : 
conduct  ot  Castai'iedii. 

The  Kiiv^'ot  l'orlUi,'-,i|,  jcilous  lest  the  expedif^ 
of   Columbus    mii.;ht    interfere   with   his  own  (lis- 
coveries    had    sent    orders   to  his    coiiim  .iidei^  ''■ 
islands  and  distant  [lorts  to  seii^e  and  detain  !;•- 


.'lerever  he  sh 

il!i  these  on 

line,  hoped  t 

111,  tailin,:,^  in 

Mil  in  his  |)ow 

y  lindiii.Lf  him 

feception   of  til 

JVorlil,  an  e.irn 

Irliich  he  w.is  I 

ne   lit    the    ^ri 

rrcil  upon  his 


^KKIVAI,    AT     l'( 


<  Cdi.fMiu's    ri- 
IbI.uuI  ot  St,  ,Nh 
And  h.'illast,  but 
Ik'hicli   broke   u] 
|o  the  south,  an 
Anchor  olt  the  -si 
Spain,  he  set  s 
lad  pleas.iiil  we.i 
•ithiii   one    luind 
^ape  St.  \'iiicent 
jales   am!    a   boi 
[c.ircely    proof   a 
vhicli  appeared 
iriiiched  his  honi 
tP'ri  •'  conipl.iint  a 
l|f  trmii  the  verv  d 
:  (1  the  rude  stiirm 
I  if  the  old  world,  \ 
.-'  eas,  and  h.almy  \^ 
!  etually    lo  preva 
iscovered.     "  W. 
■  leiiloi^ians  and  s; 
:  errestrial  jiaradis 
;  i  the  Kast,  lor   it 
•  ;ioiis." 

'  After  ex|ierienc 
;(lverse  we.ither,  : 
d  ot  .March,  the  c 
ind  which  rent 
o\v  with  resisilef 
iider  hare  jioles, 
itli  (lestiuction. 
leril,  the  crew  a.^rai 
'lit  was  cast  tor 
ilK'rimayfe  to  the 
.lu-vaiii  Huelva,  a 
himliu^.  There  i 
teiiiiTeiice  of  this 
Vcmly  ((insiders  it 
to  the  adinira!  tha 
fccdiint,  to  humlili 
tOK'aliii;i;  to  himsell 
i'as  the  work  ol  C.i 
Bteii  rhdsen  as  an 
\  ariiiiis  sij;ns  a 
ylliih  they  supposi 
*'>l  ;  die  temiiest, 
jt,:,uee  that  they 
i'oiild  survive  to  f. 
Jiile  a  vow,  in  c 
fesi  updii  hreail  an 


Hist,  del  Almir 

lifi-.  lii).  i.  rap.  72. 

t  LasCasas,  Hist 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGKS   OF   COLUM13US. 


r;r 


lie  a<li"iiMl  r". 
ictiiin.  Whr: 
1  return  (it  ti.; 

Wfrc  ili'l.iiin'i.  .  . 
liad  ln'i'ii  sh.i',- 
vliiih  liurdfii'i. 
(•lore,  lu"  stiKji. 
V  lit   tin:  cli,i|ic. 

bi-lu'ld  a  luiai- 
wnoimiinir,  n. 
•avcl.     'I'lu'  .11,.  ,,, 

s  wfrt'  iinnu'd;.     ■ 

I  nu'ii  111  .1!;: 
It,  rc.uly  ciiik: 
he  boat.  '11: 
acit'if  nianii'.r 
ti.ird,  and,  mi: 
u'c  ot   |)(;rs(in.i, 

■  M  ravel.  Thi> 
l'o;tii^iu-se  >l:. 
L'  indii;iiati(in  i: 
ri'prii.irhfd  ti- 
ll tliL-  -A  riiiij;  ;  r 
onarclis,  bin  ;, 
^iKiiiurablc  uir,- 

II  ranU  .uid  ilii;. 
st-aU-d  with  \\\' 
■d  idiii  with  llr 
istai-K'da  ri'plia 

,  dci'l.irm;.;-  t!,a: 
iit\-    to   llu:  cum. 

on,  tiic  boat  r- 
nundi  |)er|)k'\ii 
I  Icarlul  that  ,. 
iVfcn  .Spain  am. 
,1L-  next   day  tr^ 

that  thry  wi;- 
oblij^i'd  to  sl,i;,:. 
ch.K'l.      I'or  tv. 

about    in   i,nc.;; 

lined   on  sluirc. 

III  board  heir; 
ually  useless  ;■ 
,    althoti.v;!!    !:• 

■      (it       tiUlT."      (Ill" 

illierwise,  he:r.;.: 
|ld  scarcely  h.n; 

[weather  havin; 
|i  his  ancluir.;;;: 
arriv.'il,  ;i  hii.i: 
and  a  no'.-ir;, 
lir.ni'  (■  (it  s.iU'. 
ll  a  si<;ht  ot  :  ' 
L',islaned.i,  .r 
lition  (it  tlie  j;i 
■  in  Ids  pd'vvc 
(it  the  Span:- 
lit  ,1  niancrinr: 
Ironi  the  luisU.^ 
[in^-  hisindi;;!;- 
thanks  lor  v.- 
Iior,  he  shdNM- 
ll     satisfied    '.  ' 

illowini;-  Mill' 
lliberated.      I 
■oUecte.l  inl' 
ll  elueidateil  ii 

It  the  fxpedi'.; 

|h   his  own  d:^ 

■onini  -ndiTi  ' 

l.uid  detain  h;: 


.■'u-rever  he  should  be  met  with.*  In  compliance 
se  orders,  Ca.stafleda  h.ul,  in  the  lirst  iii- 
laiue.  iioped  to  surprise  Columbus  in  the  chapel, 
lid  t.iilinij  in  that  attempt,  had  intended  to  ^et 
iiii' ill  his' power  by  .str.itaH:em,  but  was  deterred 
,•  tiiidiii,^'  him  on  his  j;uard.  Such  w.is  the  lirst 
-ception'  of  the  admiral  on  his  return  to  the  (  Md 
Vorld,  an  earnest  (it  the  crosses  and  troubles  with 
...ch'lie  w.is  to  be  re(|uited  tlirou.i;houl  lile,  for 
ne  ot  the  ;;reatest  lienetits  that  ever  man  con- 
rred  upon  his  lellow-beings. 


rtiK 


^  CHAl'TKR    IV. 

ikKUlV.VL   At    I'OKTUHAl.— Vl.SIf    T(J    THE   COURT. 

[■493] 

i'  Cdl.tMlifS   remained    two    days  longer   n'.   the 
fcl.iml  of  St.  .Mary's,  endeavnrinjr  to  take  in  wood 
tnd  liallast.  Iiut  w.is  jirevented  by  the  heavy  surf 
%\w\\  liroke  upon  the  shore.     The  wind  veering 
to  tlie  south,  .and    being  dangerous  for  vessels  ,it 
Inclior  (lit  the  -sland,  but  tavoraiile  tor  the  voyage 
Npiiii.  lie  set  s.ul  on   the  24th  of  I''ebruary,  and 
lad  pleasant  we.ither  until  the  27th,  when,  being 
I'idiiM   (Hu;    hundred    and    twenty-live    leagues    of 
tape  St.  \'ineent.  he  again  encountered  contrary 
fales  and    a   boisterous  sea.      His    fortitude  was 
Icarcely   ])roof   ag.ainst   these    perils   and    del.iys, 
fliich  .ippe.ired   to   increase,    the    nearer    he    a])- 
^riKiched  his  home  ;  and  he  could  not  help  iitter- 
a  complaint  at  thus  being  repulsed,  as  it  were, 
hiiiii  the  verv  doorof  the  house."      He  contr.ist- 
id  tile  rude  storms  which  raged  about  the  co.ists 
if  the  old  world,  with  the  genial  .lirs,  the  trancpiil 
eis,  ,uid  lialmy  weather  which  he  sup|)osed  jier 
iftuallv   to  prevail    about    the  countries    he    had 
.isciivered.     "  Well,"  says  he,  "  may  the  sacred 
beiilogians  and  sage  philosophers  declare  that  the 
rrestrial  ])aradise  is  in  the  uttermost  extremity 
if  the  Hast,  tor   it   is    the   most   temperate  ot    re- 
inns." 

.Alter  experiencing  several  days  of  stormy  and 
idverse  we.ither,  about  midnight  on  Saturday,  ihe 
1(1  ot  .March,  the  caravel  was  struck  by  ,1  scpi.tll  of 
iiul  wiiicli  rent  all  her  sails,  and,  continuing  to 
iiw  with  resistless  violence,  obliged  her  to  scud 
iider  li.irj  poles,  threatening  her  each  moment 
illi  (lestiuction.  In  this  hour  of  d.irkness  .and 
leril,  the  crew  again  called  upon  the  aid  ot  I  le.iven. 
(It  was  cast  lor  the  ]ierformance  of  a  barefooted 
iili^riiaage  to  the  shrine  of  -Santa  M.iria  de  la 
fucva  111  iluelv.i,  and,  as  usual,  the  lot  fell  upon  Co- 
Jiiiilius.  There  was  something  singular  in  the 
teiinrence  of  this  circumstance.  Las  Casas  de- 
tcudy  considers  it  as  an  intimation  from  the  Deity 

f)  the  admiral  that  these  storms  were  all  on  his 
ccdum,  to  luimble  his  jiride,  and  prevent  his  .ar- 
lro,L;.uiiig  to  himself  the  glory  of  a  discovery  which 
»\is  the  work  of  Ciod,  and  for  which  he  had  merely 
keen  chosen  as  an  instrument. t 

\'.irious  signs  appeared  of  the  vicinity  of  land, 
Vhkli  tluy  su]iposed  must  be  the  coast  of  I'ortu- 
fal  ;  the  tempest,  however,  increased  to  such  a 
fli^'ite  tii.it  they  doubted  whether  any  of  them 
*"  lid  survive  to  reach  a  port.  The  whole  crew 
•i  1  le  a  vow,  in  case  their  lives  were  spared,  to 
fcii  upon  lireail  and  water  the  tallowing  Salurdav. 


*  Hist,  del  Almirante,  cap.  3(j.     Las  Casas,   Hist. 
in<i.,  lib.  i.  cap.  72. 
\  Las  Casas,  Hist.  Ind.,  HI),  i.  cap.  73. 


The  turbidence  of  the  element.^  was  -^till  greater 
in  the  course  of  the  following  night.  The  se.i  was 
broken,  wild,  and  mount, linous  ;  at  one  moment 
the  liglit  caravel  was  tossed  high  in  the  air,  and 
the  next  moment  seemed  sinking  in  .1  yawning 
abyss.  The  r.iin  at  times  fell  in  torrents,  ami 
the  lightning  llashed  and  thunder  |iealed  lium 
various  p.irls  of  the  heavens. 

In  the  lirst  w.itch  of  this  teartul  night  the  se.i- 
men  gave  the  usu.illy  welcome  cry  ot  l.iiid,  but  it 
How  only  increased  the  gener.il  alarm.  'i'liey 
knew  not  whert'  they  were,  nor  when;  to  look  tor 
a  h.irbor  ;  they  dre.ided  being  driven  on  shore,  or 
dashed  upon  rocks  ;  ;ind  thus  the  \cr\-  l.iiid  they 
had  so  earnestly  desired  '.cas  a  terror  to  tluiu. 
T.iking  in  s.iil,  tlieretore,  they  kept  to  sea  as  iiuu  h 
as  iiossible,  and  w.iitcd  .anxiously  lor  the  morning 
light. 

At  d.iybre.ik  on  the  4lh  of  M.irih  they  t  nmd 
ihemstdves  off  the  roc  k  of  Cintra,  at  the  mouth  ot 
the  Tagus.  Though  entert.iining  a  strong  distrust 
of  the  good-will  of  I'ortug.il,  the  still  pre\ailing 
tempest  left  Columbus  no  .iliernative  but  t  1  iiin 
in  tor  shelter  ;  he  accordingly  anchored,  .iliout 
three  o'clock,  o])posite  to  Kaslello,  to  the  great 
joy  of  the  crew,  who  returned  thanks  to  Cio(l  lor 
their  escape  from  so  many  jierils. 

The  inhabit.mts  came  off  from  various  ])arts  of 
the  shore,  congratulating  them  u|)on  what  they 
consid';red  a  miraculous  |ireser\:ition.  They  had 
been  watching  the  vessel  the  wdiide  morning  with 
great  .anxiety,  and  ])ulting  up  prayers  for  her  sate- 
tv.  The  oldest  mariners  of  the  place  assureil  Co- 
lutiibus  they  had  never  known  so  tempestuous  a 
winter  ;  manv  vessels  had  remained  for  months  in 
port,  we.ither-bound,  and  .here  had  been  numer- 
ous shipwrei  ks. 

Immedi.itely  on  his  arrival  Columbus  dis- 
patched a  courier  lo  the  King  and  (^ueenot  Sp.iin, 
with  tidings  of  his  disco\ery.  He  wrote  also  \.o 
the  King  of  I'ortug.il.  then  .it  V'aljiaraiso,  re(|uest- 
ing  i)ermission  lo  go  with  his  vessel  to  Lisbon  ; 
for  a  re])orl  iiad  gone  .abroad  that  his  caravel  was 
laden  with  gold,  and  he  felt  insecure  in  the  mo'ith 
of  the  Tagus,  in  the  neighborhood  of  a  pi. ice  'ike 
Rastello,  scantily  jieopled  by  needy  and  adveiuur- 
ous  inhabitants.  To  prevent  any  misunilerstiind- 
ing  as  lo  the  nature  of  his  vc/y;ige,  he  assured  the 
king  that  he  had  not  been  on  the  coast  of  (a.ine.i, 
nor  to  any  other  ot  the  I'orluguese  colonies,  but 
h.id  come  from  Cipango,  aiul  the  extreaiity  of 
India,  w  ch  he  had  discovered  by  sailii.g  to  the 
west. 

On  the  following  day,  Don  Alonzo  tie  AcuRa, 
the  c.iptain  of  a  large  Portuguese  man-of-war 
stationed  at  Rastello,  summoned  Columbus  on 
board  his  ship,  to  gi\e  an  account  of  himself  and 
his  vessel.  The  latter  asserted  his  rights  and 
dignities  as  admiral  of  the  Castilian  so\ereigns, 
ami  refused  to  leave  his  vessel,  or  to  send  any  one 
in  his  place.  \o  sooner,  however,  did  the  com- 
mander learn  his  rank,  and  the  extraordinary 
n.iture  of  his  voyage,  than  he  came  to  the  car.ivel 
with  great  sound  of  drums,  fifes,  and  trumpets, 
manitesting  the  courtesy  of  a  brave  and  gener- 
ous spirit,  and  making  the  fullest  offer  of  his  ser- 
vices. 

When  the  tidings  reached  Lisbon  of  this  won- 
derful bark,  anchored  in  the  Tagus,  freightel  with 
the  peo|)le  and  productions  ot  a  newly-discovered 
world,  the  effect  may  be  more  easily  conceived 
than  clescrilied.  Lisbon,  for  nearly  a  century,  had 
derived  its  chief  glory  from  its  maritime  discov- 
eries, but  here  was  an  achievement  that  ecliijsed 
them   all.      Curiosity   could   scarcely    have    beeu 


i 


68 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGES   OF   COLUMBUS. 


1'    : 


II' 


more  cxrited  had  thn  vessel  come  freighted  with 
the  wonders  ol  another  planet.  For  several  days 
tile  Ta;;us  presented  a  jifay  and  movinj^  ])icture, 
eov'.-re(l  with  harges  and  boats  of  every  l<ind, 
swarniinj,''  round  tlie  caravel.  From  mornin};  till 
nijjht  the  vessel  was  thronged  with  visitors, 
amonjr  whom  were  cavaliers  ot  high  distinction, 
and  various  officers  ot  the  crown.  All  hung  with 
rapt  attention  upon  the  accounts  given  by  Co- 
lumbus and  his  crew,  of  the  events  of  their  vov- 
ag(\  and  of  the  New  World  they  had  disco^iTed  ; 
and  gazed  with  insatiable  curiosity  upon  the  speci- 
mens <d  unknown  plants  ;>nd  animals,  but  above 
all  upon  the  Indians,  so  dilfer'-nt  from  any  race  of 
men  hitherto  known.  Some  were  tilled  with  gen- 
erous entluhiasm  at  tht;  idea  of  a  discovijrv,  so 
suiilimc  and  so  benet'icial  to  mankind  ;  the  avarice 
of  others  was  iiillamed  by  the  description  of  wild, 
imap|)ropriated  regions  teeming  with  gold,  with 
])earls  and  spices  ;  while  ;)thers  repined  at  the  in- 
credidity  of  the  king  and  his  councillors,  by  which 
so  immense  an  ac<[uisition  had  been  forever  lost 
to  I'ortug.il. 

On  the  8th  of  March  a  cavalier,  called  Don 
Martin  de  Xorofia,  came  with  a  letter  from  King 
John,  congratulating  Columbus  on  his  aTi\al,  and 
in\  itmg  lum  to  the  court,  which  was  then  at  \'al- 
p.'.riso,  about  nine  leagues  from  Lisbon.  The 
king,  with  his  usual  magnificence,  issued  orders 
;it  the  same  time  that  everything  which  the  ad- 
miral re<|uired  for  himself,  his  crew,  or  his  vessel, 
should  be  furnished  promptly  and  abundantly, 
without  cost. 

Columbus  would  gladly  have  declined  the  royal 
invitation,  feeling  distrust  of  the  good  faith  of  the 
king;  but  tempestuous  weather  had  placed  him  in 
his  power,  and  he  thought  it  prudent  to  avoid  all 
appearance  of  suspicion.  He  set  forth,  therefore, 
that  very  evening  for  V'al])ariso  accompanied  by 
his  pilot.  The  lirst  night  he  slept  at  Sacamben, 
where  preparations  '■  i-i  i^een  made  for  his  honor- 
ablt^  entertainmcn.  '  r,e  weather  being  rainy,  he 
ilid  not  reach  X'alpariso  until  the  following  night. 
On  approaching  the  royal  residence,  the  ])rincipal 
cavaliers  of  the  king's  household  came  forth  to 
meet  h'.ii,  and  attended  him  witit  great  ceremony 
to  the  palace.  His  recejnion  by  the  monarch  was 
worthy  ot  an  enlightened  prince.  He  ordered  him 
to  seat  himself  in  his  presence,  an  honor  only 
granted  to  ])ersons  of  royai  dignity  ;  and  after 
many  congratid.itions  on  the  result  of  his  enter- 
prise, assured  him  that  everything  in  his  kingdom 
that  could  be  of  service  to  his  sovereigns  or  h'.m- 
selt  was  at  his  command. 

A  long  conversation  ensued,  in  which  Colum- 
bus gave  an  account  of  his  voyage,  and  of  the 
countries  he  had  discovered.  The  king  listened 
with  much  seeming  pleasure,  but  with  secret  grief 
and  mortitiiation  ;  rejecting  that  this  splendid  en- 
terprise had  once  been  offered  to  himself,  and  had 
been  rejected.  A  casual  observation  showed  what 
was  passing  in  his  thoughts.  He  exjiressed  a 
doubt  whether  the  discovery  did  not  really  apper- 
tain to  the  crown  of  Portugal,  according  to  the 
capitulations  of  the  treaty  ot  1479  witii  the  Castil- 
ian  sovereigns.  Columbus  replied  that  h,e  had 
;iever  seen  those  capitulations,  nor  kn('W  anything 
of  their  nature  ;  his  orders  had  been  not  to  go  to 
La  Mina,  nor  the  coast  ot  (iuinea,  which  orders  he 
hati  carekilly  obscTved.  The  king  made  a  gra- 
cious reply,  expressing  himself  satishetl  that  he 
hatI  acted  correctly,  and  persuaded  that  these  mat- 
t'.'rs  would  be  readily  adjusted  between  the  two 
powers,  without  the  need  ot  um])ires.  On  dismiss- 
ing   Columbus    toi    the   night,   he   gave   him    in 


charge  as  guest  to  the  prior  of  Crato,  the  principajl 
personage  jiresent,  by  whom  he  was  lionoraDlvl 
and  hospitably  entertained. 

On  the   following  day  the  king  made  many  m;.! 
nute  in([uiries  as  to  the  soil,  productions,  and  peij. 
pie  of  the  newly-discovered   countries,    and    ih;i 
route  taken  in  the  voyage  ;  to  all  which  Columbujj 
gave   the   fullest   replies,  endeavoring  to  show;; 
the  clearest  manner  that  these  were  regions  hertf 
tofore   undiscovered   and   unapprojiriated   by  ar 
Christian  i-,.)wer.    Still  the  king  was  uneasy  lestti;.. 
vast  and  undefined  discovery  should   in  sonir  w 
iiUertere  with  his  own  newly-ac(|uired  territoni- 
He  doubted   whether  Columbus  harl  not  fouim  , 
short  way  to  those  very  countries  which  wen  \-- 
ol)ject  ot   his  own   ex[)eilitio]is,    and  which    w-: 
compreliended   in   the   papal  bull,  granting  tn  ■,: 
crown  ot    Portugal   all    the   lands   which   itsJKj;. , 
discover  from  Cape  N"on  to  the  Indi(;s. 

On  suggesting  these  doubts  to  his  councillor: 
they    eagerly    confirmed    them.      Some    of   (In.:; 
were  the  very  |)ersons  who  had  once  derided  ih: 
enter[)rise,  and  scoffed  at  Columbus  as  a  dre.im- 
To  them    its   success   w.is   a  source  of   contu~,i. :. 
and  the  return  of  Columbus,  covered  with  glur 
a  dee|)  humiliation.     Inc.a[)able  of  conceiving  !■; 
high   and   generous  thoughts  which  ele\at(.'(l  I;,; 
at   that    mnment   above   all    mean   consider.uio: . 
they  attributed   to  all   his  actions  the   most  ])i.: 
ami  ignoble  motives.     His  rational  exultation  \v_ 
construed  into  an  insulting  triumjih,  and  they,;. 
cused  him  ot  assuming  a  boistful  aiul  vainglori( 
tone,  when  talking  with  the  king  of  his  iliscowr 
as  if  he  would  revenge  himself  upon  the   nionar, 
for  having  rejected  his  jiroijosilions.*     With  li: 
greatest  eagerness,  therefore,  they  sought  to  t  ■ 
ter  the  doul)ls  which  had  sprung  up  in  the  m. . 
mind.    Some  who  had  seen  the  natives  broughi 
the   caravel,  declared   that  their   color,   hair,  ,.: 
manners  agreed  with  the  descriptions  of  the;; 
])le  of  that  part  of  India  which  lay  within  the  n/,.: 
of  the  Portuguese  discoveries,  and  which  had  In: 
included  in  the  ]).i|)al  bull.     (Others  observe  1  t: . 
there  was  but  little  dist.ince  between  the  Tcii  • 
Islands    and  those  '.'.ich  Columbus   had   dis. 
ered,  and  that  the  latter,  therefore,  clearly  apj 
tallied   to   Portugal.     Seeing  the  king   much  ; 
turbed  in  spirit,  some  even  went  so  tar  as  to  ]  ■ 
pose,  as  a  means  of  impeding  the  prosecuti'V. 
these  enterprises,  that  Columbus  should  be  :im  . 
sinaled  ;  declaring  that  he  deserved  death  {<:. 
tempting  to  dectdve  and  emliroil  the  tv>o  n.i;: 
by  his   pretended   discoveries.     It  was  suggi -. 
th.it    his   assas.iinalion    might    easily    be    ace - 
])lished  without  incurring  any  odium  ;  adv.int;, 
might   be  taken  of  his  lofty  deportment  t^)   pi, 
his   pride,   jircn-oke  him   into  an   altercation,  ,. 
then   dispatch  him  as  if  in  casual   and  h'Mni.. 
encounter. 

It  is  dillicult  to  believe  that  such  n-ckc! 
dastardly  counsel  could  have  been  ])ro',  i?.ii' 
monarch  .•>()  upright  as  John  II.,  but  tht  '; 
asserted  by  various  historians,  PortUiUese  1 


*  Vasconcelos,  Villa  de  n.  Juixn  11.,   li'>.   vi.    " 
Portuguese    historians    in   general   ch.argo   tToliiiiV. 
with  having  conducted  himself  loitily,   and  talkc  I 
vaiiiitinR  terms  of  his  discoveries,  in  hi,->  conversui;  ' 
with    the    kinK-     It  is  evident  their  iiiformati'ui  n:. 
have  been  derived  from   prejudiced  courtiers.     F..' 
y  Souza,  in  his  '    Europa  Portupuesa' '  (Parte  iii.  i  : 
4^,  goes  so  f.ar  as  to  say  that  Colunlms  cnteri'l  : 
the  port  of  Rastello  merely  :  ,  inake  PortiiRal  sen? 
by  the  sight  of   the  trophies    ot   h:-   discovery,  ^ 
much  she  had  loi.t  by  not  actepiing  his  propositions 


IS  Spanish,* 
idvice  formerl 
[0  Columbus. 
;oiirts,  which  i: 
laseness  ;  and 
ite  the  grosses 
[roni  person.d  < 
ll.ippily,  the  I 
idopt  the  iniqu 
justice  to   the 
red  him    as  a 
iiid  ;    and    he 
riiice,  to  protei 
fortune  to   his 

fi'^lcd  a    more 
hey  advised  th 
Jo  return  to  Sp; 
but  a  second 
ihould  be  dispat 
'ortiiguese  mari 
niral,  to  take   pi 
iinintry  ;  posses; 
■ynd   an   appeal 
iiig  so  doubtful 
This   counsel, 
if  coiir.ige  and 
ng,   and    he    n 
|o   put   it   in   ext 

fiscn  de  Almeid 
(I  capt.iins  of  tl 
ion.t 
;    In  the  mean  tin 
Aviih  distingiiishc' 
.  lis  slii|)  by  Don  > 
,  )u.s  train  of  cava 
,i  mnided  for  hims 

t'^himi  the  king  1 
linas,  or  ducats  o 
'  tupped  at  the  mo 
;  a  I'ranca,  to  visii 
1  m  earnest  wish  to 
:  erpri.sing  man,  w 
.  if  e\ery  tongue, 
it  !)('r  t.ivorite  lac 
fl.itlering  receptioi 
h'j-  the   jirincipal 

icrilie  the  countrii 
fr  ladies  hung  wi 
:itii)n.  That  nigf 
.  II  the  point  of  ik 
i';.  U  of  the  king  ar 
j'er,  it  he  jirelerri 
iii'l  to  ])rovide  he 
I-;  might  stand  in 
.veather,  ho\ 
'  icrred  returnin 
Jn.  iht  ,cfore,  un 
i  :<  iy  ,it  the  bar  o 
fi  i  at  mid-dav  t 
*}h<-ncv  he  had'sai 
piVKiJiiig  year,  h 
111  '■nils  and  a  h;ilf 
ii    It  lUo  of  ,ill  mar 


V.isroncelos,  \'l 

f-inii    (II-     Resendc 

jP'-"^''-^.  Hist.  Ind.,  lil 

i  ^  \  isctiiicelos,  ill) 

i  '  Tu-cniy  eight  ik 

jnl  o'luiv.ilent  to  sev 

»fpreri,,iion  of  ihe  p 

'  Works  generally 

'•'■^■iS  Hist.  Ind.  lib. 

,f^P.  39.  40,   41  i  Jo 
torn.  1, 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGES   OF   COLT'MBUS. 


G!) 


,o,  the  prinripj'Jf 
was   honorai);, 

made  many  nv- 
:ti()ns,  and  pc  ■ 
trit'S,  and  li:  • 
,-hich  Columh;,:/ 
injf  Id  sliiiw- 
t;  ri'^jions  h(  ri- 
prialud  liy  ar 
uiiuasy  k'Stth;^ 
1(1  in  sonu:  w.;, 
Liired  li'rritnriii 
had  not  fmiiui , 
which  wen  ;:: 
nd  \vhi(  h  «■•; 
jri-anliii;;  to  •:: 
which  it  shou,. 
lies. 

his  counriUon. 
Some    of   du:; 
incc  derided  th,; 
us  as  a  drcaiivc: 
;e  of   cuntusii,- 
M'ed  with  j,diir, 
if  conceiving  i:-. 
ich  elevated  \;-. 
1  consideralio!'.:, 
s  th(;   most  pi'; 
al  exultation  w^ 
i])h,  and  they  ,;, 
and  vainj^lniii  _ 
of  his  iliscovi:r, 
)on  the   moiia:-. 
ons.*     Wuli  ;:. 
;y  soujjht  to  !  ■ 
up  in  the  in.. 
atives  broUL^hi; 
color,  hair,  ?.:. 
)lions  of  the  ]h 
within  the;  ri'V: 
which  had  In; 
observe  I  i:.^ 
■en  tlie  Tercr. 
us   had  disc 

clfiriy  apii- 
kin^;-  much  ;  • 
o  tar  as  to  |': 
prosecuti'i.'. 
houltl  be  a^:,. 
ed  death  fur.: 
the  tv>-o  nali': 
was  sugjjo.i:. 
sily  be  ace  < 
urn  ;  ad\:uit:. 
tment  to  pi', 
dtercation,  .^ 
ind  b'Moi,: 

luch  w'cked  .. 
i\\  pro'j  isec'  , 
but  the  fact 
iriuf 'uese  as  v 


:i.,   lii'.   vi.    T 
r-harRS  tZoluml 
and  talkci' 
hi.->  conversali'"' 
information  mt' 
rourtiers.     F.r 
"  (I'arto  iii. 
tiiss  cntercil 
I'ortURal  sens 
discovery, 
his  proposiiiow 


ts  Spanish,*  and  it  accords  with  the  perfidious 
idvice  formerly  fjiven  to  the  monarch  in  respect 
(o  Cohniibus.  There  is  a  sinirious  loyalty  about 
:oiirts,  which  is  often  jirone  to  jirove  it's  zeal  by  its 
aieness  ;  and  it  is  the  weaknes  '  kinjjs  to  toler- 
it('  the  tjrossest  faults  when  thi  ,  ear  to  arise 
from  perst)nal  devotion. 

appiiy,  tliekintj  had  too  much  majjnanimity  to 
ulopt  the  inic|uitous  measure  ])ro|)osed.  He  did 
lustiie  to  the  ^freat  merit  ot  Columbus,  and  hon- 
ired  liini  as  a  (listiii};uisht-(l  benefactor  of  nian- 
;iiul  ;  and  he  felt  it  his  duty,  as  a  fjenerous 
Iferiiue,  to  ])rolect  .ill  stranj,a'rs  driven  by  adverse 
fortune  to   his  ])orts.     (">th(;rs  of  his  council  suj^- 

fc-.tid  a   more    bold    and   martial   line  of  ])olicy. 
lu\  advised  that  Columbus  should  be   i)ermitled 
\o  return  to  Spain  ;    but  thai    before  he  could  fit 
)iil  a  second   expedition,   a    jjowerful    armament 
should  be  dispatched,  under  the  j,fuidance  of  two 
^)rlu;4uese  mariners  who  had  sailed   with  the  ad- 
iral,  to  take  ])ossession  of  the  newly-discovered 
;oiinlry  ;  possession  beinjr  after  all  the  best  title, 
^nd  an  ajipe.al   to  arms  the   clearest  mode  of  set- 
Tliiij,"^  so  doubtftd  a  cpiestion. 

"his  counsel,  in  which  there  was  a  mixture 
)f  couraLje  and  craft,  was  more  relished  i)y  the 
liiiL,',  and  he  resolved  jirivately,  but  ])romptly, 
lo  put  it  in  execution,  fixinj,^  ujion  Don  Fran- 
;isc()  de  .Mmeida,  one  of  the  most  disting-uish- 
;(1  ca|)tains  of  the  age,  to  command  the  expedi- 
tion.+ 

i   In  the  mean  time  Columlnis,  after  being  treated 

ividi  distinguished  attention,  was  escorted  b.ack  to 

*is  shi]i  by  Don  .Martin  de  .Xorofia,  and  a  numer- 

)us  train  of  cavaliers  of  the  court,  a   mule  being 

irovided  for  himself,  and  .another  tor  his  pilot,  to 

•honi  the  king  made   a  present  of  twenty  espa- 

linas,  or  ducats  ot  gold. J     On  his  w.iy  Ccdumbus 

(topped  at  the  monastery  of  San   Antonio,  at  \'il- 

la  I'ranca,  to  visit  the  cjueen,  who  had  expressed 

:  m  earnest  wish  to  see  this  extraordin.iry  and  tni- 

erprising  man,  whose  achievement  was  the  theme 

j  )f  every  tongue.      He  found  her  attended  by  a  tew 

i  if  !ier  tavorite  l.ulies,  and   ex|)erienced   the   most 

latteriiig  rece])tion.     Her  majesty  made  him  re- 

;  all'  the  jirincipal   events  of  his   voyage,  and  de- 

icrihe  the  countries  he  had  found  ;  and  she  and 

;  ILT  ladies  hung  with  eager  curiosity  upon  his  nar- 

■ntion.     That  night  he  slept  at  LLandra,  and  being 

;  )n  the  point  of  dep.irting  in   the   morning  a  ser- 

■  T.U  of  the  king  arrived,  lo  attend  him  to  the  tron- 

•]  'xr,  it  he  ])relerred   to  return  to  S|)ain  !)y  land, 

/  md  to  |)rovide  horses,   lodgings,  and  everything 

;  le  might  stand  in  need  ot,  at  the  royal  expense. 

'5' J    weather,   however,     having    moderated,    he 

■     icrred   returtiing  in   his   car.ivel.       Putting  to 

Jta,  thciefore,  on  the   13th  ot   March,  he  arrived 

Iricly  at  the  bar  of  Saltes  on  sunrise  of  the  15th, 

^nil  ,it   mid-day   entered    the    harbor   of    I'alos  ; 

vhence  he  had  sailed  on  the  3d  of  August  in  the 

priaeiiing   year,    having   taken    not    (piite    seven 

loiiths  and  a  half  to  accomplish  this  most   mo- 

Utiuous  of  cdl  maritime  enterprises. J 


Vasronce'.os,  Vida  del  Rei,  Don  Juan  II.,  lib.  vi. 
rarcii    di;    Resende,   vida   do  Dom  Joam    II.     Las 
^as.is,  Hist.  Ind.,  lib.  i.  cap.  74,  .\is. 
t  Vasconcelos,  lit),  vi. 

1  Twenty  eight  dollars  in  gold  of  the  present  day, 
[nil  equivalent  to  sevc  ity-founiollars,  considering  the 
lepreci.ition  of  the  precious  metals. 
>  Works  generally  consulted  in  this  chapter  .  Las 
•asas.  Hist.  Ind.  lib.  i.  cap.  17  ;  Hist,  del  .\lmirante, 
tap.  3r),  40,  41  ;  Journal  of  Coluinb,  Navarrcte, 
torn.  i. 


CHAPTER  V. 

RECEPTION   OF    COI.U.MUU.S   AT  P.\LOS. 

['493-1 

The  triumphant  return  of  Columbus  was  a  pro- 
digious event  in  the  history  of  the  littU;  port  of 
I'alos,  where  (;verybody  w.is  more  or  less  interest- 
ed in  the  fate  of  his  exjjedition.  The  most  impor- 
tant and  wealthy  sea-capt.iins  of  the  ])lare  had  en- 
gaged in  it,  .and  scarcely  a  f.imi'y  but  h.id  some 
rel.itive  or  friend  .among  the  n.ivigators.  The  de- 
parture of  the  shijis  U|)on  what  .appeared  a  chimer- 
ical and  (lt'S|)erate  cruise,  had  sjiread  gloom  ;>.n(l 
dism.ay  over  the  jilace  ;  and  the  storms  which  h.ad 
rageil  througliout  the  winter  h.ad  heightened  the 
public  despondency.  M.ui)-  lamented  their  friends 
as  lost,  while  imagination  lent  mysterious  horrors 
to  their  fate,  picturing  them  as  driven  .about  over 
wild  and  desert  wastes  ot  water  without  a  shore, 
or  as  ])erishing  amid  rocks  and  (piicksands  .and 
wliirlpools  ;  or  a  prey  to  those  monsters  of  the 
deep,  with  which  credulity  peopled  every  distant 
and  unfreepiented  sea.  Tiiere  was  something 
more  awfid  in  such  a  mysterious  late  than  in  de.ath 
itself,  un(li;r  any  defined  and  ordinary  form.* 

Great  was  the  agitation  of  the  inh.aliit.ants,  there- 
fore, when  they  beheld  one  ot  the  ships  sl.anding  up 
the  river  ;  but  when  thev  learned  that  she  returned 
in  triumph  from  tb.e  ([isco\ery  of  a  world,  the 
whole  community  broke  forth  into  trans])orts  of 
joy.  The  bells  were  rung,  the  shops  shut,  all 
business  w.as  suspended  :  f:)r  a  time  there  was 
nothing  but  hurry  and  tumult.  Some  were  anxious 
to  know  the  fate  of  a  r(dative,  others  of  a  friend, 
and  all  U)  le.arn  the  p.irticulars  of  so  wonderful  a 
voy.age.  When  Columbus  landed,  the  multitude 
thronged  to  see  and  welcome  him,  and  a  grand 
])rocession  w.as  lormecl  to  the  ])rincipal  church,  to 
return  thanks  to  dod  for  so  signal  a  discovery 
m.ide  by  the  people  of  th.at  place — fcjrgctting,  in 
their  exultation,  the  thousand  ditliculties  they  had 
thrown  in  the  way  of  the  enter|)rise.  Wherever 
Columbus  ])asse(',  he  was  hailed  with  shouts  and 
acclam.ations.  What  a  contrast  to  his  dep.arture 
a  tew  months  before,  followed  by  murmurs  .and 
execrations  ;  or,  rather,  what  a  contrast  to  his  first 
arrival  at  I'alos,  ,1  poor  pedestrian,  craving  bread 
and  water  for  his  child  at  the  gate  ot  a  convent  ! 

Understanding  that  the  court  was  at  15arcelona, 
he  felt  disposed  to  proceed  thither  immediatel\-  in 
his  cara\el  ;  refiecting,  however,  on  the  changers 
and  'isasters  he  had  already  experienced  on  the 
seas,  he  resolved  to  proceed  by  Land.  He  dis- 
patched a  letter  to  the  king  anti  ([ueen,  informing 
them  of  his  arriv.il,  .and  soon  afterward  departed 
for  .Seville  to  await  their  orders,  t.aking  with  him 
six  of  the  natives  whom  he  had  brought  from  the 
-New  World.  Onu  had  died  at  sea,  and  three 
were  left  ill  at  Talos. 

It  is  a  singular  coincidence,  which  appears  to 
be  well  authenticated,  that  on  the  very  evening  ot 
the  .arriv.al  cf  Columl)US  at  I'alos,  and  while  tiic 
peais  ot  triumph  were  still  ringing  from  its  towe.s, 
the  I'inta,  commanded  by  .Martin  Alon/o  I'in/on, 
likewise    entered    the    river.     After  her    sepaiM- 


*  In  the  maps  and  charts  of  those  times,  and  even 
in  those  of  a  much  later  date,  the  variety  of  formidable 
and  hicleoiis  monsters  depicted  in  all  remote  parts  of 
the  ocean  evince  the  terrors  and  dangers  with  which 
the  imagina  ion  clothed  it.  The  same  ni.iy  also  l)e 
said  of  distant  and  unknown  lands  ;  the  remote  parts 
of  .Asia  and  .\frica  have  monsters  depicted  !■  ihetn 
which  ii  would  be  difficult  to  trace  to  any  origuii..  ,11 
natural  history. 


70 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGES   OF   COLUMBUS. 


■'■:  r 


li 


(     i." 


',>  M 


mm 


tion  from  the  adn  'ral  in  the  storm,  she  had  been 
driven  before  the  jjale  into  the  Hay  ot  liis- 
cay,  and  liad  made  the  port  of  liayonne.  Doubt- 
inj^  whether  Cokimbus  had  survived  llie  teni- 
pest,  Pinzon  liad  immethately  written  to  the 
sovereifjjns  j^ivin;^  information  of  tiie  discovery 
he  liad  made,  and  had  requested  permission 
to  come  to  court  and  communicate  the  particu- 
lars in  person.  As  soon  as  the  weather  per- 
mitted, he  iiad  again  set  sail,  anticipatiiitf  a  tri- 
umphant reception  in  liis  native  port  ot  I'alos. 
When,  on  enterinj^  liie  liari)or,  he  t)elield  the  ves- 
sel of  the  admiral  ridinjj  at  anchor,  and  learnt 
the  entiuisiasm  with  wiiich  he  had  been  received, 
the  heart  of  I'inzon  died  within  him.  It  is  said 
that  he  feared  to  meet  Columbus  in  this  hour  of  his 
triumph,  lest  he  should  i)Ut  him  under  arrest  for 
his  desertion  on  the  coast  of  Cuba  ;  but  he  was  a 
man  ot  too  much  resolution  to  induljje  in  such  a 
fear.  It  is  more  jirobable  that  a  consciousness  of 
his  misconduct  made  him  unwilling  to  ap])ear  be- 
fore the  public  in  the  midst  of  their  enthusiasm  for 
Columbus,  and  perhaps  he  sickened  at  the  hon- 
ors hea|)ed  upon  a  man  w:;ose  su|)erif)rity  he  had 
been  so  unwilling  to  acknowledge.  Cietting  into 
his  boat,  tiierefort',  he  landed  ])rivately  and  !:e])t 
out  of  sight  until  he  heard  of  the  admiral's  de|iart- 
ure.  He  then  returned  to  his  home,  broken  in 
health  and  deeply  dejected,  considering  all  the 
honors  and  eulogiums  hea]ied  upon  Columbus  as 
so  many  re|)roache!j  on  himself.  The  rejily  of  the 
sovereigns  to  his  letter  at  length  arrived.  It  was 
of  a  reproaciiful  tenor,  and  loi'bade  his  appearance 
ai  court.  This  letter  completed  his  humiliation  ; 
the  anguish  of  his  feelings  gave  virulence  to  his 
bodily  malady,  and  in  a  few  days  he  died,  a  victim 
to  ''(X'p  chagrin.* 

Let  no  one,  however,  indulge  in  harsh  censures 
over  the  grave  of  Pinzon  !  His  merits  and  ser- 
vices-are entitled  to  the  highest  ])raise  ;  his  errors 
should  be  regarded  with  indulgence.  He  was  one 
of  the  foremost  in  Spain  to  appreciate  the  project 
of  Columlius,  animating  him  by  his  concurrence 
and  aiding  him  with  his  purse,  when  poor  and 
unknown  at  Palos.  He  afterward  cnal)led  him  to 
procure  and  fit  oat  ships,  when  even  the  mandates 
of  the  sovereigns  were  ineffectual  ;  and  finally 
embarked  in  the  e.xiiedition  with  his  brothers  and 
his  friends,  staking  life,  jjroperty,  everything  upon 
the  event.  He  thus  entitled  himself  to  participate 
largely  in  the  glory  of  this  immortal  enter|jrisc  ; 
but  \mlortunately,  forgetting  for  a  moment  the 
grandeur  ot  the  cause,  and  the  implicit  obedience 
clu(  to  his  commander,  he  yielded  t  j  ihe  incite- 
ments of  self-interest,  and  committed  that  act  of 
insubordination  which  has  cast  a  shade  upon  his 
name.  In  extenuation  of  his  fault,  however,  may 
be  alleged  his  habits  of  command,  which  rendered 
him  im])atient  of  control  ;  his  consciousness  of 
having  rendered  great  services  to  the  ex])edition, 
..-\(i  of  possessing  ])roperty  in  the  ships.  That  he 
V'  .-is  a  man  of  great  professional  merit  is  admitted 
h\  :.  ]  'li-  >  oeu'mporaries  ;  that  he  naturally  pos- 
se.ssLi'  p.  .erous  ;<'  uiments  and  an  honorable  am- 
bition   :-;  1    idcnt  Irom  the  poignancy  with  which 


I'  his  miscon- 
[aflen  a  vic- 


d'  c  .  A  ;neai.  man  would  n^t  have 
tiiii  u  sf>lf-i.'pl)rai'ling  Sr  havini-  heen  convicted 
rf  a  ..K'^iV  .u'iion.  Hiii  story  shovvb  how  one  lapse 
irom  d'it\-  mav  r-junterbalam,"  the  merits  of  a 
■  li!  ',1'=,.  '  i!  s.^rvices  ;  how  one  moi  i  ;nt  of  weakness 
may  nv  •  tl  •.,  I.'^.'uiiV  ot  '  whole  Hie  of  virtue  ;  and 

*    Jiii..',  l'.\k     N.  .Mundo,  lib,  iv.  §  14,     Charle- 
voix, Hisi   "5i.  fJomin.  lib.  ii. 


how  important  it  's  for  a  man,  under  all  circurn-l 
stanc'.'s,  to  be  irue  not  merely  to  others,  but  tj; 
himself.* 


CHAPTER  VI. 

RECEPTION  OF  COI.U.Mlil.S  liY  THE  .SP.AMSH  COIR: 
AT    r..\RCEI,ON.\. 

The  letter  of  Columbus  to  the  Spanish  mon- 
archs  had  produced  the  greatest  sensation  ,r 
court.  The  event  he  announced  was  consideie; 
the  most  extraordinary  of  their  pros])erou  i  reif,fr 
and  following  so  close  U])on  the  c;on{[uest  of  Cr.. 
nada,  was  ])ronounced  a  sigriul  mark  of  divine  i^ 
vor  for  that  trium|)h  achieved  in  the  cause  of  li.. 
true  faith.  The  sovereigns  themselves  were  Im  • 
tim.e  dazzled  by  this  sudden  and  easy  ac(|ui^itii- 
of  a  new  empire,  of  indefinite  extent,  and  ap|K!r. 
ently  boundless  wealth  ;  and  their  first  idea  w,^ 
to  se.ure  it  beyo'id  the  reach  of  dispute.  Sliori;, 
after  his  arrival  in  .Seville,  Columbus  received : 
letter  from  them  exjiressing  their  great  deii^'h; 
and  requesting  him  to  repair  immediately  ; 
court,  to  concert  i)lans  for  a  second  and  more  r\- 
tensive  ex|)edition.  As  the  summer,  the  time  tr- 
vorable  for  a  \oyage,  was  approaching,  they  (';:; 
sired  him  to  make  ;iny  arrangements  at  Seville  r 
elsewhere  that  might  hasten  the  ex])edition,  ar; 
to  inform  them,  by  the  return  ot  the  cnuricr 
what  was   to   be  done  on  their  ,jart.     This  let',-.: 


*  After  a  lapse  of  years,  the  descendartS  of  th 
Pinzons  made  strenuous  representations  to  the  crow: 
of  the  merits  and  services  of  their  family,  endcavr: 
ing  to  prove,  among  other  things,  that  but  for  ih 
aid  and  encouragement  of  Martin  Alonzo  and  h 
brothers,  Columbus  would  never  have  made  his  (b 
covery.  Some  of  the  testimony  rendered  on  this  an 
another  occasion  was  rather  exii  ivagant  and  nbsur; 
as  will  be  sliown  in  another  part  of  this  work.f  Tht 
I'mperor  Charles  V'.,  however,  taking  into  consider.. 
tion  the  real  services  of  the  brothers  in  the  first  voyage 
and  the  subsequent  expeditions  and  discoveries  oi  ih;: 
able  and  intrepid  navigaliir,  Vincente  Yai'iez  Pinzor, 
granted  to  the  family  the  well-merited  rank  and  priv; 
leges  of  I/idiil^iiia,  a  ilegree  of  nobility  which  cnn>:: 
tuted  them  noble  hidalgos,  with  the  right  of  prefix;!:; 
the  title  of  Don  to  their  names.  A  coat  of  arms  Ha- 
also  given  them,  emblematical  of  their  services  as  i::; 
coverers.  These  privileges  and  arms  are  carefa i; 
preserved  by  the  family  at  the  present  day. 

The  PInzons  at  present  reside  principally  in  1-: 
little  city  of  Moguer,  about  a  league  from  Palos.  ar. 
possess  vineyards  and  estates  about  the  neighborl-i-' : 
They  are  in  easy,  if  not  affluent  circumstances,  ar: 
inhabit  the  best  houses  in  Moguer.  Here  they  Iw: 
continued,  from  generation  to  generation,  since  1:; 
time  of  the  discovery,  filling  places  of  public  trust  ar: 
dignity,  enjoying  Ihe  good  opinion  and  good  w''l 
their  fellow  -  citizens,  and  flourishing  in  nearly  tfer 
same  state  in  which  they  were  found  by  Columbu! 
on  his  first  visit  to  Palos.  It  is  rare  indeed  to  fin!: 
family,  in  this  thictuating  world,  so  little  changed  '■ 
the  revolutions  of  nearly  three  <;enturies  and  a  halt. 

Whatever    Palos  may  have   been    in    the    tin.c 
Columbus,  it  is  now  a  paltry  village  of  about  four  Ir..' 
dred  inhabitants,  who  subsist  chiefly  by  laboririK'  ' 
the  fields  and  vineyards.     The  convent  of  La  R.ili 
still  exists,  but  is  inhabited  merely  by  two  friar--,  «  : 
a  novitiate  and  a  lay  brother.     It  is  situated  on  a  1; 
surrounded  by  a  scattere<l   forest  of  pine  trees,  an: 
overlooks  the  low  sandy  country  of  the  sea-coast,  aci 
Ihe  windings  of  the  river  by  which  Columbus  sail 
forth  upon  the  ocean. 

t  Vide  Illustrations,  article  "  Martin  Alonzo  Pinzon." 


hv.is  addressed  to 

toplier  Coliiml)u? 

Land  viceroy  and  j; 

I'  fin  the  Indies  ;"  a 

).    ;  still  turlher  rew; 

;  c(iiiiplying  with  tl 

He  sent  a  mi'int 

miHiitions  retpiisi 

siiions  at  Seville 

;out  for    Harcelon; 

iilians,  and  the  \at 

'  brougiu  from  the 

The    fame    of 

throughout    the 

through  several  c 

qirovinces  of  Spain 

:  progress  of  a  sove 

country  poured   ft 

the  road  and  thro 

windows,  and   bal 

v.ith  eager  specta 

vclam.itions.     His  j 

by  the  multitude 

and  of  the   Indian 

much  astonishmen 

.'mother  planet.      1 

cr.uing  curiosity  ■ 

tenil.uits  at  eveiy 

ticiiis  ;  popular  rur 

the  truth,  and  had 

with  all  kinils  of  w( 

.•Xbfuit  tlie  midilh 

liarcelon.i,    where 

made  to  give   him 

ception.     'i'hp  beat 

in  that  genial  seas 

trihmed  to  give  sph 

mony.     As   he  drc 

youthful  courtiers  .- 

v:ist  coucourse   of 

meet  and  welcome 

■nohle  city  has  been 

umphs  u-hich  the  : 

decree  to  conquero 

Indians,  painted  act 

i"n,  ,ind  decorated  \ 

PLiTidd.     After  thesi 

live  p.irrots,  togethe 

nialsot  unknown  s[)e 

to  he  of  precious  qu 

t:it<en  to  make  a  cons 

on-jts,  bracelets,    anc 

Wiiich   might   give   ; 

ri-'.viy-disco\ered    re 

Ciianilius  on    horsel 

lam  cavalcade  of  Sp 

^ver^•  .almost  impassa 

tiult ;  the  windows 

^vith  the  fair  ;    the  \ 

ispeciators.     It  seeim 

Inot  be  .sate:l  with  g 

inaknown   world  ;    or 

>    "11  it  had  been  di: 

!■■!  "y  in  this  event  tl 

^^'^  i  the  public  joy. 

•>"'!  siL;n.i|  dispensatii 

I' '  the  piety  of  the 

f;'  !  Venerable  appea 

<•  :!  rent  from   the  yo 

it\ii<cied  from   roving 

'"}■  with     the    gra 

icnievenient. 

,  T'l  receive  him  wit! 

,:''0'i,llie  sovereigns  h, 

ipliiced  in  public  und 


LIFE   AND  VOYAGES   OF   COLUMBUS. 


71 


all  circum- 
hers,  but  lol 


NISH  COUR-, 


jpanish  ninn- 
sensation  ;r 
LS  consitlLTc; 
perou .  rci^;n 
:iuest  ot  (ir,. 
:  of  (liviiu- 1:.- 
L'  cause  (it  th- 
•es  were  tnr.. 
sy  aciiuisiiii- 
it,  and  ajipar. 
first  idea  w,.- 
nite.  Sliort;. 
)us  receixL'il  . 
jrreat  deli;,'!'.: 
iniediately  ; 
and  more  t\- 
r,  the  time  h- 
hin<i,  they  (';.■ 
s  at  .Se\ille  r 
xjiedilion,  ar; 
t  the  eiiurii-r 
t.     This  let'.-,: 

endar..s  of  t'rr 

ns  to  the  crow; 

mily,  endcavf: 

lat   but   for  !:; 

ilonzo    and  hi; 
made  his  d:' 
red  on  this  an. 

lint  and  absur; 

lis  work.f  'It; 
into  consiilcN- 
:he  first  voyai;e 

;coveries  of  th;: 
Yancz  rin/.K 
rank  and  priv, 

ly  which  cons;; 

,ht  of  pretixir: 

|:it  of  arms  wi 

services  as  a 

\s  are  carefu  .;■ . 

I  day.  \ 

Incipally  in  li;| 

■om  I'alos.  ar. 
neighborl-i'c: 
mstances.  ar,; 

|4erc  they  hit' 

.tion,  since  '.'•■ 
lublic  trust  £-: 

[id  good  w'H 
in   nearly  t 
by  CoUimh- 

Indeed  to  fin:; 
tie  changerl  '.' 
s  and  a  hall. 

In    the    time 
„bout  four  hu: 
iby   laboring  ;; 

It  of  La  K;ili'H 
,w()  friars  « 
.uatcil  on  a  '■ 
line  trees,  ; 
sea-coast, ; 
ilumbus  sai 


was  addressed  to  him  by  the  title  of  "  Don  Chris- 
topher Columhus,  our  admiral  of  the  ocean  sea, 
and  viceroy  and  ,t,roveriior  ot  the  islands  discovered 
in  the  Indies  ;"  at  the  same  time  he  was  promised 
Still  further  rewards.  Columbus  lost  no  time  in 
comiilyin^'  with  the  commands  ot  the  so\ereis,ms. 
He  sent  a  memorandum  of  the  ships,  men,  and 
nninitions  recpiisite,  .nd  havinjr  maile  such  dispo- 
s;iiiins  ;it  Seville  as  circumstances  jiermitted,  set 
out  tor  I5arcelona,  taking  with  him  the  six  Jn- 
ili;ins,  and  the  \arious  curiosities  and  productions 
bniui;!)!  trom  the  New  World. 

Tlie  fame  ot  his  discovery  had  resountled 
throu^diout  the  nation,  and  as  his  route  lay 
thrdUtjh  several  ot  the  finest  and  most  jiopulous 
provinces  of  Spain,  his  journey  appeared  like  the 
pr.i;.,n'ess  of  a  sovereign.  Wherever  he  passed  the 
country  jioured  forth  its  inhabitants,  who  lined 
the  road  and  thron^jed  the/villai^es.  The  streets, 
windows,  and  balconies  of  the  towns  were  filled 
',ith  ea;^er  spectators,  wiio  rent  the  air  with  ac- 
ci.im.itions.  1  lis  journey  was  continually  impeded 
bv  the  multitude  ])ressini;  to  ,^^iin  a  sitjht  of  him 
;uk1  ot  the  Indians,  who  were  reaj'arded  with  as 
much  astonishment  as  if  they  had  been  natives  of 
another  ])lanet.  It  was  impossible  to  satisfy  the 
cr.ivin},^  curiosity  which  assailed  him  and  his  .-it- 
tc!ul;ints  at  every  staife  with  innumerable  cpies- 
tions  ;  popular  rumor,  as  usual,  had  exa'jjijerated 
the  truth,  and  liaci  filled  the  newly-founcl  country 
witii  all  kinds  of  wonder.;. 

.■\l)oiit  the  middle  of  April  Columbus  arri\-e;l  at 
IS.ucelona,    where    every    preparation     h;ul    been 
m.i'le  tf    i^^ive   him  a  solemn  and  magnificent  re- 
ctpuon.     'I'he  beauty  and  serenity  of  the  weather 
in  that  jrenial  season  and   favorerl  climate    con- 
tniiiited  to  tjive  splendor  to  this  memorable  cere- 
monv.     As   he  drew   near  the  place,  many  of  the 
vo'.uhful  courtiers  and  hitlalgos,   together  with  a 
v.ist  coiicourse   of   the    po|iulace,   came    forth  to 
meet  and  welcome  him..      His  entrance   into  this 
■ntili'.e  city  has  been  compared  to  one  of  those  tri- 
umphs which  the   Romans  were  accustomed    to 
decree  to  con(|uerors.      First  were   paraded  the 
;lnili:ins,  painted  according  to  their  savag.'  fash- 
h'n.  ;uid  decoratetl  with  their  national  oi  r.aments 
C't  ;^'iild.     After  these  were  borne  various  kiuds  of 
live  parrots,  together  with  stuffed  birds  and  ani- 
/nilsot  unknown  species,  and  r.ire  plants  supposed 
to  he  of  precious  cpialities  ;  while  great  care  was 
t:iken  to  make  acbns])icuous  display  of  Indian  cor- 
onets, bracelets,   and   other  decorations  of  gold, 
|which   might   give    an    idea  of  the  wealth  of  the 
r,e\vly-disc()\ered    regions.      After  this,    followed 
Colunibus  on    horseback,  surrounded   by  a  brill- 
li.int  civalcade  of  Spanish  chivalry.     The    streets 
rwerc  almost  impassable  from  the  countless  multi- 
tude ;  the  windows  and  balconies  were  crowded 
.nvith  the  fair  ;    the  very  roots  were  covered  with 
;spcct;itors.     it  seeined  as  if  the  public  eye  could 
no',  he  sated  with  gazing  on  these  trophies  of  an 
vaknown   world  ;    or  on   the  remarkable  man  by 
>:  'Ml  it  had  been  discovered.     There  was  a  sub- 
l:;nity  in  this  event  that  mingled  ;i  solemn  feeling 
iWitii  the  jiublic  joy.     It  w.as  looked  upon  as  a  vast 
anil  signal  dispensation  of  Providence,  in  reward 
jiur  the  ])iety  of  the   monarchs  ;  .and  the  majestic 
'aiiil  venerable   appearance  of   the  discoverer,  so 
;<li:ti:rent  from  the  youth  and  buoyancy  generally 
e^jHcied   from   roving  enterprise,  seemed   in   har- 
'f'lny  with     the    grandeur   and    dignity    ot    his 
^aci;ievemeiU. 

To  receive  him  with  suitalile  pomp  and  distinc- 
tion, the  sovereigns  iiad  ordered  their  throne  to  be 
,K:iced  in   [jublic  under  a  rich  canojj»of  brocade 


of  gold,  in  a  vast  and  splendid  saloon.  Here  the 
king  and  (|ueen  awaited  his  arriv.il,  seated  in 
stale,  with  the  ])rince  Juan  beside  them,  and  at- 
tended by  the  dignitaries  of  their  court,  and  the 
l)rincipal  nobility  of  Castile,  \'a!enti.i,  Cat.ilonia, 
and  .XrragoM,  all  im()atient  to  behold  the  man 
who  had  conterretl  so  incalculable  a  benetit  upon 
the  nation.  At  length  Columbus  entered  the 
hall,  surrounded  liy  a  brilliant  crowd  of  ca\aliers, 
among  v'vhom,  says  La  Casas,  he  was  cons[)icuous 
for  his  stately  and  comm;indiiig  ])erson,  which 
with  his  countenance,  rendered  venerable  by  tils 
gray  hairs,  gave  him  the  august  a|)])earanct;  ul  a 
senator  (jf  Rome  ;  a  modest  smile  lighted  U|)  his 
features,  showing  that  he  enjoyed  the  state  ;iiul 
glory  in  which  be  came  ;*  and  certainly  nothing 
could  be  more  deeply  moving  to  a  mind  intlamed 
by  noble  ambition,  and  conscious  of  havin^r 
gre.itly  (leser\ed,  than  these  testimonials  of  the 
a.dmiration  and  gr.ititude  of  a  nation,  or  rather  of 
a  w(,>rl(l.  As  Columbus  approached  the  sover- 
eigns rose,  as  if  receiving  :i  pers(m  of  the  highest 
rank.  Bending  iiis  knees,  he  offeree!  to  kiss  their 
hands  ;  but  there  was  some  hesitation  on  tlieir 
part  to  permit  this  act  of  homage.  R;iising  him  in 
the  most  gracious  manner,  they  ordere(l  him  to 
seat  himself  in  their  presence  ;  .a  rare  honor  in 
this  proud  and  punctilious  court. f 

At  their  recpiest,  he  now  gave  an  account  oi 
the  most  striking  events  of  his  voyage,  and  a  de- 
scription of  the  islands  discovered.  He  displ.iyed 
specimens  of  unknown  birds  and  other  animals  ; 
ot  rare  j)lants  of  medicinal  and  aromatic  virtues  ; 
of  native  gold  in  dust,  in  crude  masses,  or  labored 
into  barbaric  ornaments  ;  and,  above  all,  the  na- 
tives of  these  countries,  who  were  objects  of  in- 
tense and  inexhaustil)le  interest.  All  these  he 
])ronounced  mere  harbingers  of  greater  discover- 
ies yet  to  be  made,  which  would  add  re  ilms  of 
incalculable  wealth  to  the  domininns  of  the  ir  maj- 
esties, and  whole  nations  of  proseutes  to  the  true 
faith. 

When  he  had  finished,  the  sovereigns  sank  on 
their  knees,  and  raising  their  clasped  hands  to 
heaven,  their  eyes  filled  with  tears  ot  joy  and  grat- 
itude, poured  forth  thanks  and  prai  'S  to  God  for 
so  great  a  providence  ;  all  present 
example  ;  a  deep  and  solemn  enthu 
that  splendid  assembly,  and  pre\  eii 
acclamations  of  triumph.  The  ai 
IdUchiinus,  chanted  by  the  choir  of ; 
with  the  accomp.iniment  of  instrum; 
full  body  of  sacred  h.-irmony  ,  ' 
were,  the  feelings  and  thoughts 
heaven,  "  so  that,"  snys  the  \ei 
"  it  seemed  as  if  in  that  hour  ti)e' 
with   '-ele.stial    delights."     Si    :i 


llowed  their 

m  pervaded 

dl  common 

•m  'If  Deuiii 

royal  cha|)el, 

■nts,  rose  in  a 

iring  up,  as  it 

:he  auditors  to 

.'lie  Las  Casas, 

communicated 

was   the  solemn 


and  pious  manner  in  which  t.  •■  lirilliant  court  of 
Spain  celebrated  this  sublime  cvtnt;  offering  up 
a  grateful  tribute  of  melody  and  [iraise,  and  giv- 
ing glory  to  (iod  lor  the  discovery  ot  anotlier 
world. 

When  Columbus  retired  from  the  royal  pres- 
ence, he  was  attended  to  his  residence  by  all  the 
court,  and  followed  by  the  shouting  popidace. 
For  many  days  he  was  tlie  object  of  universal  curi- 
osity, and  wherever  he  appearcl  \,  i.s  surrounded 
by  an  admiring  multitude. 

While  his  mind  was  teeming  with  glorious  an- 
ticipations, his  pious  scheme  fo'"  the  deliverance 
of  the  holy  sepulchre  was  not  forgotten.     Jc  has 

*  Las  Casas,  Hist.  Iml.,  lib.  i.  cap.  yS,  iMS 
f  Las  Casas,  Hist    Ind.,  lib,  i.   cap.    78.     Hist,  del 
Alniirantc,  cap.  Sr. 


ill 


n 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGES   OF   COLUMBUS. 


been  shown  that  he  suppfpstcd  it  to  the  Spanish 
soverci^^ns  at  the  time  ot  tirst  mai<i:iK'  his  jjropo- 
silions,  holcHng-  it  torlh  as  tiie  gri-at  oljject  to  hv 
elfciled  hythc  |)rotits  ot  iiis  (iiscovcrics.  Flushed 
wilh  the  idea  ot  the  vast  wealtii  now  to  accrue  to 
liiniselt,  he  made  a  sow  to  furnish  witiiin  seven 
years  an  army,  consistiii^j  of  lour  tiiousand  horse 
and  titty  tiiousand  toot,  tor  tlie  rescue  ot  the  lioly 
sepulciire,  and  ;i  similar  force  within  the  live  fol- 
lowiiijf  ye.irs.  This  vow  was  recorded  !n  one  ol 
his  letters  to  the  soscreifrns,  to  which  he  refers, 
fjLit  whicli  is  no  lonfrcr  extant  ;  nor  is  it  certain 
whether  it  was  made  at  the  end  ot  his  tirst  voy- 
aj^c  or  at  a  suhseciuent  date,  when  the  maj^nitude 
and  wealthy  result  of  his  discoveries  became  more 
lully  manifest.  He  often  alludes  to  it  vaj^uely  in 
his  writinjrs,  and  he  refers  to  it  expressly  in  a  let- 
ter to  l'o|)e  Alexander  V'l.,  written  in  1502,  in 
which  he  accounts  also  for  its  non-fulhlment.  It 
is  essenti.i!  to  a  full  com])rehension  of  the  char- 
acti'r  and  motives  ot  Colunilnis,  that  this  visionary 
])roject  should  he  borne  in  recollection.  It  will 
l)e  iound  to  have  entwined  itself  in  his  mind  with 
his  enterprise  ot  discovery,  and  that  a  holy  cru- 
sade was  to  be  the  consummation  ot  thost?  divine 
purposes,  for  which  he  considered  himself  selected 
by  Heaven  as  an  agent.  It  shows  how  much  his 
mind  was  elevated  above  selfish  and  mercenary 
views — how  it  was  tilled  with  those  (le\()ut  and 
lieroio  scliemes,  which  in  the  time  of  the  Crusades 
liad  inflamed  the  thouj^lus  and  directeil  the  enter- 
prises of  the  bravest  warriors  and  most  illustrious 
princes. 


CHArTER  vir. 

SOJOt'RX  OF  COI.UMnUS  AT  llARCIU.fJNA — ATTF.N'- 
TIOXS  PAID  HIM  BY  THE  SOVERICIGNS  AND 
COURTIERS. 

The  joy  occasioned  by  the  great  discovery  of 
Columbus  was  not  ccntined  to  .S|)ain  ;  the  tidings 
were  sjiread  far  and  wide  by  the  communications 
of  ambassadors,  the  correspondence  of  the  learn- 
ed, the  negotiations  ot  merchants,  and  the  re])orts 
of  travellers,  and  the  whole  civilized  world  was 
tilled  wilh  wonder  and  delight.  How  gratifying 
would  it  have  been,  had  the  |ire  .;  at  that  time,  as 
at  present,  poured  forth  its  daily  tide  of  specula- 
tion on  every  ]iassing  occurrence  !  With  what 
eagerness  should  we  seek  to  know  the  tirst  ideas 
and  emotions  of  the  public,  on  an  I'vent  so  un- 
looked  for  and  sublime  !  Even  the  first  .innounce- 
ni(MUs  ot  it  by  contemporary  writers,  thcnigh  brief 
and  incidental,  derive  interest  from  being  written 
at  the  time  ;  and  from  showing  the  casual  way  in 
which  such  great  tidings  were  conveyed  about 
the  world.  Allegretlf)  .Allegretti,  in  his  annals  ot 
Sienna  for  1493,  mentions  it  as  just  made  known 
there  by  the  letters  of  their  merchants  who  were 
in  Spain,  and  by  the  mouths  of  various  travellers.*' 
The  news  was  brought  to  Genoa  by  the  return  of 
her  ambassadors  rr.incisco  Marchesi  and  Gio- 
vanni .Antonio  Grimaldi,  and  was  recorded 
among  the  trium|5hant  e\ents  of  the  year;t  for 
the  republic,  though  she  m.iy  have  slighted  the 
opportunity  of  making  herself  mistress  of  the  dis- 
coxery,  has  ever  since  been  tenacious  of  the  glory 
of  h.aving  giveti  birth  to  the  discoverer.  The 
tidings  were  soon  carried  to  England,  which  as 
yet  was  but  a  maritime  power  of  inferior  iinpor- 


*  Diarj    Senesi    de   Alleg.  Allegretti.      Muratorl, 
Jial    Script.,  torn,  exiii. 

f  Foglieta,  Istoria  de  Geneva,  Jib,  ti. 


lance.  They  caused,  however,  much  wonder inl 
London,  and  gre.it  t.ilk  .and  admiration  in  ih([ 
court  of  Henry  \TI.,  where  the  discovery  was 
pronounced  "  a  thing  more  divine  than  luinian," 
\\'e  h.ive  this  on  the  authority  ot  Sebastian  Calm: 
himself,  the  future  discoverer  of  the  northern  con- 
tii'ent  of  America,  who  w.is  in  l^oiidon  at  the 
time,  and  was  ins|)ired  by  the  event  with  a  gener- 
ous spirit  of  emulation.* 

I'Aery  member  ol  civilized  society,  in  fact,  iv 
joiced  in  the  occurrence,  as  oiu;  in  which  he  \v,i. 
more  or  less  interested.  To  some  it  opened, 
new  and  unbounded  held  ot  iiupiiry  ;  to  other- 
of  enterprise  ;  ,ind  ever)' one  aw.uted  wilh  inti-n-t 
eagerness  the  further  devi-lopnieiit  of  this  un- 
known world,  still  covered  with  niystery,  the  jiiir- 
tial  glim])ses  of  which  were  so  full  ol  wonder, 
We  have  ;i  brief  testimony  of  the  emotions  of  the 
learned  in  a  letter,  written  at  the  lime,  by  I'ett: 
Martyr  to  his  friend  l'om|)onius  I. actus.  "  Yn; 
tell  me,  my  ami.ible  l'om|)onius,"  he  write-^, 
"  th;it  you  leaped  for  joy,  and  th;it  your  deli;.;!,: 
was  mingled  with  tears,  when  you  read  my  epi-- 
tie,  certifying  to  you  the  hitherto  hidden  world  n: 
the  anti|)odes.  You  ha\'e  felt  and  acted  as  becim- 
a  man  eminent  for  learning,  for  1  can  conceive 
no  aliment  more  delicious  than  such  tidings  Kj  • 
cultivated  and  ingenuous  mind.  I  feel  a  wonder- 
ful exultation  of  spirits  when  I  converse  with  iiiti!- 
ligent  men  who  have  returned  troni  these  regioiis 
It  is  like  an  accession  of  wealth  to  a  miser.  ();.: 
minds,  soiled  and  debased  by  the  comnion  enr,- 
cerns  of  life  .and  the  vices  of  society,  become  ek-- 
vated  and  anielior.Ued  by  contemplating  sui'ii  i;!u- 
rious  events."! 

Notwithstanding  this  universal  enthusiasm, 
however,  no  one  w;is  aware  of  the  real  impor- 
tance of  the  discovery.  No  one  had  an  ide.i  tha: 
this  was  a  totally  distinct  |)onion  of  the  globe 
sejiarated  by  oceans  from  the  ancient  world. 
The  opinion  of  Columl.nis  was  universally  adop:- 
ed,  that  Cuba  was  the  end  of  the  Asiatic  coii::- 
nent,  antl  that  the  adjacent  islands  were  in  the  I;- 
dian  se;is.  This  agreed  with  the  opinions  of  ih: 
ancients,  heretofore  cited,  about  the  moderate  dis- 
tance from  Spain  to  the  extrernity  of  India,  sailing 
westwardly.  The  parrots  were  also  thought  v 
resemble  those  described  by  Pliny,  as  abounding 
in  the  reniote  p:irts  of  vVsia.  The  lands,  ther  ■ 
fore,  which  Columbus  had  visited  were  called  the 
West  Indies  ;  and  as  he  seemed  to  have  enterrf 
u])on  a  vast  region  of  uncx|)lored  countries,  exi^:- 
ing  in  a  state  of  nature,  the  whole  recei\'e(l  th: 
comprehensive  appellation  of  "  The  New  World, 

Durip.g  the  whole  of  his  sojourn  at  Barcelon! 
the  sovereigns  took  every  occasion  to  bestow  e: 
Columbus  [lersoiial  marks  of  their  high  consider,- 
tion.  He  was  ,'id;iiiited  at  all  times  to  the  roy,t 
presence,  and  the  (pieen  delighted  to  conver^r 
with  him  on  the  subject  of  his  enterprises.  Th- 
king,  too,  a])peared  occasionally  on  horseljaiK 
with  Prince  Juan  on  one  side,  and  Colunilnis  e:: 
the  other.  Te  perpetuate  in  his  fan'iily  tiie  glor 
of  his  achievernent,  a  coat  of  ariiis  w 'is  assigni 
him,  in  which  the  royal  arms,  the  cast  >.  and  lii.i::, 
were  quartered  with  his  proper  bearings,  whi'' 
were  a  group  of  islands  surrounded  by  waves.  '1 
these  arms  was  afterward  anne.xed  the  motto  ; 

A  Castilla  y  d  Leon, 
Nuevo  mundo  die  Colon. 

(To  Castile  and  Leon 
Columbus  gave  a  new  \.      J.) 

''^  Hackluyt,  Collect.  Voyages,  vol.  iii.  p.  7. 
^  Letters  of  P.  Martvi',  lev  153. 


discover    land,  v 
having  first   see 
said   that   the   st 
was  so  incensed 
'  ■  /:eived  his  m 
liis  country  and 
turned    .Mtis.-iulm 
merely  on   t.'ie  a 
tremely  incorrect 
aiul  inserts  many 
ntie.s  of  the  admi 
It  in.iy  at  lirst 
with  the  acki-.ow 
I  bus,  to  have  born 
I  sailor,  hut  this  \\ 
I  amliition   was   in 
y  proud  of  the  honi 
'i  erer  of  the  land 
j  ])rise. 

I      Next   to    the   c 
?  king  ;ind  (jueen  1 
i  (ioii/alez   de    i\Iei 
I  .Sp.iiii,    and    tirst 
i  whose  elevated  ch 
i  high  prince-like  (ji 
I  fa\ors.     He  iiuite 
[  he  .issigned   him 
I  tahle,  and  had   hii 
;  wliicli  in   those   |) 

■  toward  sovereigns 
occurred  the  well-l 

,  shallow  courtier 

■  jiaid  to  Columbus 
I  a  foreigner,  abrii 
I  thought  that,  in  c 
'  Indies,  there  were 

;  would  have  been  c 
,  this  Colli  111  l)us  mad 
iiig  an  cgi^,  invited 
on  o;ie  end.  Ever) 
whereupon  he  stru 
bi'e.;k  the  f^nd,  and 
pan  ;  illu.,Lrating 
when  he  had  once 
^Vorl(l  nothing  was 
The  favor  showr 
in-iured  him  for  a 
if)  ;  for  in  a  court 
l)ur  ill  lavishing  aiti 
the  king  delighteth 
all  these  caresses  ar 
riodest)',  though  he 
f.ivtion  in  the  idea  t 
it  were,  from  the  n 
SeveraiKe.  One  ca 
dividual  thus  made  I 
the  theme  of  genei" 
s-uiie  obscure  stran 
fiM'ehad  been  a  com 
cinirt,  derided  by  s 
!''iiucd  at  by  ot'he 
1'-k1  treated  him  wi 
course  of  solicitatit 
remembrance  of   it 


P 


Oviedo,  Cronico  ( 
t  This  anecdote  res 
li'slorian  I-ienzoni  (lib 
It  has  been  condcinm 
cif  tl.e  reproof  cnnstiti 
JClerisiii;  of  ihe  practi 
'Jniversal  popularity  0 
ff.erit, 


■'-   ? 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGES   OF   COLUMBUS. 


Q'd 


1  wonder  in  I 
ilion  in  the! 
sccivery  wa?  I 
ail  human.' 
astian  Caho'.l 
Drllu-rn  cnn- 
11(1(111  at  tlif! 
vitli  a  i^vnc:- 

-,  in  fact,  I';. 

vliicli  lit-  \v,i. 

it    opened  „ 

y  ;  to  oilier- 

with  illtelbi: 

oi    this  111,. 
tcry,  the  |);ir- 

1     ol     WOlldlT. 

lotions  ot  tic 
inu',  liy  i'l-ii: 
c-tus.  '"  V.  ; 
'  he  wriii-, 
t  your  dflii;:.- 
read  my  (■p;- 
iduii  world  n; 
L'd  as  l)i.'(  -.m- 
caii  conceiv; 
li  tidinjrs  t(j,! 
(.-el  a  wonder- 
rsi;  with  iiut-;- 
tlit'st;  rt'gioiii 
1  misi-r.  ();,: 
common  cnr- 
■,  i.K:C(jnif  I'll- 
ting  such  ;-;!i)- 

enthusia-,;-!. 
c  real    inipnr- 
[d  an  idea  tl!.;:; 
ot  the  j^lotic,  I 
ent    wiiiid. 
rsally  adop;- 
sialic  con;:- 
re  in  the  In- 
iiions  ot  th; 
oilerate  di-- 
iidia,  sailir; 
thought  •. 
aboiindir,; 
uuls,  the 
re  called  ihr 
ive  eiiteri'C 
iil|-ies,  exis:- 
received  the 
ew  World.' 
U  llarcclnni 
o  Ix'Stowe:. 
h  eonsider.i- 
to  the  r(.iy,i 
to   converge 
prises.     Th; 
'lor'ieback, 
Coluinlniii!: 
ily  tne  ;,dor; 
w  IS  assigiit- 
St  '.  and  lion, 
rings,  whic 
)y  waves.  '1 
e  motto  ; 


J.) 
p.  7. 


1)1 


^r( 


The  pension  which  had  been  decreed  Iiy  the 
sovercij,'!'^  to  him  who  in  the  first  voyaj^e  should 
(lisiover  land,  was  adjiid>,'e(l  to  Coliimiius,  lor 
ha.iii},'  first  seen  the  li^ht  on  the  shore.  It  is 
said  that  tiie  seaman  who  lirst  descried  the  land 
was  so  incensed  at  beiii^^  disapiiointed  of  what  he 
'.eived  Ids  merited  reward,  that  he  reiioiinceil 
his  country  and  his  taith,  and  K<'i"}i  into  Africa 
turned  Miis.-^idman  ;  an  anecdote  which  rests 
mcrc'h-  on  l!ie  authority  of  Oviedo,*  who  is  e.\- 
treiiiely  incorrect  in  his  narration  of  this  voya^^e, 
and  inserts  many  falsehoods  told  him  by  the  ene- 
nre.s  ot  the  admiral. 

It  may  at  lirst  sij;ht  ajjpear  but  little  accordant 
with  the  ackr.owled);ed  mag-nanimity  of  Colum- 
1)11'^,  to  have  borne  away  the  prize  from  this  |)oar 
h.iilor,  but  this  was  a  subject  in  which  his  whole 
aiiihiiion  was  involved,  and  he  w.is  doubtless 
iiiiiml  of  the  honor  of  beiiijr  personally  the  tliscov- 
erer  of  the  land  as  well  as  projector  of  the  ciiter- 
pii  ■-(.'. 

.XcNt  to  the  countenance  shown  him  by  the 
kini,'  and  cpieeii  may  be  mentioned  that  of  I'ediX) 
(ion/alex  de  Mendoza,  the  tlraiid  Cardinal  of 
,S|i,iiii,  and  first  subject  of  tlie  realm  ;  a  man 
wlmse  elevated  character  for  piety,  learning',  and 
lii'4li  prince-like  cpialities,  gave  signal  v.due  to  his 
fa\ors.  lie  invited  Columbus  to  a  banquet,  where 
he  a^s'gned  him  the  most  honorable  place  at 
t,r.)le,  an:l  had  him  served  with  the  ceremonials 
which  in  those  punctilious  times  were  observLHl 
tuward  sovereigns.  At  this  repast  is  said  to  have 
occurred  the  well-know-n  anecdote  of  the  egg.  A 
sliillow  caiurtier  present,  impatient  of  the  honors 
paid  to  Columbus,  and  meanly  jealous  <jf  him  as 
a  foreigner,  abruptly  asked  him  whether  he 
thought  that,  in  case  he  had  not  discoveretl  the 
Iiulies,  there  were  not  other  men  in  S]);iin  who 
would  have  been  capable  of  the  enterprise  ?  To 
thi.-;  Columbus  made  no  iminediate  reply,  but,  tak- 
ing an  fcgg,  invited  the  comjjany  to  m.ike  it  stand 
on  one  end.  Everyone  attenii)icd  it,  but  in  vain  ; 
whereupon  he  struck  it  u|)on  the  table  so  as  to 
hreak  the  i-^nd,  and  left  it  standing  on  the  broken 
part  ;  illu.,Lratiiig  in  this  simple  manner  that 
uhen  he  h.id  once  shown  the  way  to  the  New 
World  nothing  was  easier  than  to  follow  it.f 

The  iavor  shown  C(dumbus  by  the  sovereigns 
in-iured  him  for  a  time  the  caresses  of  the  nobil- 
ity; for  in  a  court  every  one  vies  wdtli  hi.-j  neigh- 
l)or  ill  lavishing  aucntions  upon  the  .man  "  wliom 
the  king  delighteth  to  honor."  Columbus  bore 
,  all  these  caresses  and  distinctions  with  becoming 
modesty,  though  he  must  have  felt  a  proutl  satis- 
faction in  tl'.e  idea  that  they  had  been  wrested,  as 
it  Were,  from  the  nation  by  his  courage  and  per- 
severance. One  can  hardly  recognize  in  the  in- 
dividual thus  made  the  companion  of  princes,  and 
tile  theme  of  general  wonder  and  admiration,  the 
same  obscure  stranger  wdio  but  a  short  time  be- 
fiirehad  iieen  a  common  scoff  and  jest  in  this  very 
cinirt,  derided  by  some  a.s  an  adventurer,  and 
jwinted  at  by  others  as  a  madman.  Those  who 
,' nad  treated  him  with  contumely  during  his  long 
course  of  solicitation,  now  sought  to  efface  the 
I  remembrance  of   it   by  adulations.      Every    one 


*  Oviiido,  Cronico  de  las  Intlias,  lib.  ii.  cap.  2. 

+  This  anecdote  rests  on  the  authority  of  the  Italian 
ti'slnriaii  ]-ienzonr  (lib.  i.  p.  12,  ed.  Vcnetia,  1572). 
it  has  tieen  condemned  as  trivial,  but  the  simplicity 
('!  tl.e  reproof  constitutes  its  severity,  and  was  char- 
-icterisiic  of  ihe  practical  sagacity  of  Columbus.  The 
■inU'ersal  popularity  of  the  aneciiote  is  a  proof  of  its 
n'.erit, 


I  wdio  had  given  liim  a  little  cold  countcnancie,  or 
;i  few  courtly  smiles,  now  arrogated  to  liimsidt  the 
credit  of  having  been  a  patron  and  id  having  ])ro- 
nioted  the  disi'overy  of  the  New  World.  Scarce 
a  great  111, in  about  the  court  but  has  been  enroll- 
ed by  his  historian  or  biographer  among  the  bene- 
factors (d  Columbus;  though,  had  one  tenth  part 
of  this  boasted  jiatroiKige  been  really  t\erted,  he 
would  never  have  bad  to  linger  seven  ye.irs  solicit-" 
ing  for  an  armament  of  three  caravels.  Columbus 
knew  well  the  weakness  of  the  patronage  that  h.id 
been  given  him.  The  only  friends  iiuiuio'ied  by 
him  with  gratitude,  in  his  after  letters,  as  having 
been  really  zealous  and  effective  were  those  two 
worthy  friars,  Diego  de  Deza,  atterw.ird  llishopof 
Palencia  and  Seville,  and  Juan  Perez,  the  prior  of 
the  convent  of  l.a  Rabida. 

Thus  honored  by  the  sovereigns,  courted  by  the 
gre.it,  itlolized  by  the  jieople,  Columbus,  tor  a 
lime,  drank  the  honeyed  draught  of  popul.'.rity, 
belore  enmity  and  detraction  had  time  to  drug 
it  with  bitterness.  His  discov.'ry  bur  si  with  sucli 
sudden  splendor  upon  the  world  as  to  da/zie  envy 
itself,  and  to  call  forth  the  geiier.il  accl.'.mations 
of  mankind.  Wcdl  would  it  be  for  the  honor  o£ 
human  nature,  could  history,  like  romance^  close 
with  the  consummation  of  the  liero's  wishes  ;  wii 
should  then  leave  Columbus  in  the  full  fruition  of 
great  aiid  wel'-merited  pros|)erity.  iut  bis  his- 
tory is  destined  to  furnish  another  pro.  f,  it  vroof 
be  w.mting,  of  the  inconstancy  of  ]Hibli<:  f.ivor, 
even  when  won  by  distinguished  services.  .No 
greatness  was  ever  a'-  u.  ;(1  by  more  incontest,..- 
l)le,  unalloyed,  and  i  .dt.  '  jenelits  rendered  to 
mankind,  \et  none  d. ■•  -irew  on  its  possessor 
more  unremitting  jealousy  and  defamation  ;  or 
involved  him  in  more  linnierited.  distress  and  diffi- 
culty. Thus  it  is  with  illustrious  merit:  it^  very 
effulgence  draws  forth  the  rancorous  passions  of 
low  and  grovelling  minds,  which  too  otten  have  a 
tem|)orary  iiitluence  in  obscuring  it  to  the  world  ; 
as  the  sun  emerging  with  full  splendor  into  the 
heavens,  calls  up,  by  the  very  fervor  ot  its  rays,  the 
rank  and  noxious  vapors,  which,  for  a  time,  be- 
cloud its  glory. 


CHATTER   Vlir. 

PAVAI.   EUU,   OF   PARTITION-— PREPARATIONS   FOR 
A   SECOND   VOY.A.C.E   Ot''   COLUMULS. 

[I493-] 

In  the  midst  of  their  rejoicings  the  Spani.sh 
sovereigns  lost  no  time  in  taking  every  measure 
necessary  to  secure  their  new  accunsiiniris.  Al- 
though it  w;is  supposed  that  the  countries  just  dis- 
covered were  part  of  the  territories  of  the  (irand 
Khan,  and  of  otlier  Oriental  princes  considerably 
advanced  in  civilization,  yet  there  (loes  not  appear 
to  have  been  the  least  doubt  of  the  right  ot  their 
Catliolic  majesties  to  take  ])ossession  of  tin  ni. 
Duri.ig  the  Crusades  a  doctrine  had  been  <»>4ab- 
lished  among  Christian  ])rinccs  e.Ntremely  favor- 
able to  their  ambitious  designs.  According  to  this, 
they  had  the  right  to  invade,  ravage,  and  seize 
upon  the  territories  of  a'l  infidel  nations,  under 
the  ])lca  of  defeating  the  enemies  ot  Christ,  and 
extending  the  sway  of  his  church  on  earth.  In 
conformity  to  the  same  doctrine,  the  pope,  front 
his  supreme  authority  over  all  temporal  things, 
was  considored  as  empowered  to  dispose  of  all 
heathen  I.  nds  to  such  potentates  as  would  engage 
to  reduce  them  to  thedondnioa  of  t!;e  church,  and 


<^ 


vtlTr 


74 


LIFE  AND   VOYAGES  OF   COLUMBUS. 


to  prop.ipnte  the  true  faith  atnoriK  thi-ir  licnijfhtcd 
inhabitants.  It  was  in  virtue  lA  this  powtT  that 
Tope  Martin  \'.  anil  his  succi'ssors  liaci  cdnct-dt'd 
to  the  crown  of  I'orttiif.ii  ail  thf  lands  it  nii^ht  dis- 
cover trom  Cape  liojador  to  the  Indies  ;  and  the 
CathoHc  sovereiv,nis,  in  a  treaty  concluded  in  1479 
with  llie  J'ortu^aiese  monarch,  had  en^jaj^'ed  them- 
selves to  respect  the  territorial  rij^hts  thus  ac- 
t|uirecl.  It  was  to  this  treaty  that  John  II.  alluded, 
in  his  conversation  with  L'oliimhus,  wherein  he 
su^r^ested  his  title  to  the  newly-iliscovered  coun- 
tries. 

On  the  lirst  intelligence  received  from  the  ad- 
miral of  his  success,  therehire,  the  Spanish  sover- 
eij,''ns  t(U)l<  the  immediate  precaution  to  secure  the 
sanction  of  the  pojje.  Alexander  VI.  had  recently 
lieen  elevated  to  the  holy  chair  ;  a  pontiff  whom 
some  historians  have  stijjmatizod  with  every  vice 
and  criint'  th.it  could  disjjrace  humanity,  hut 
whom  all  have  rei)n.'Si!nted  as  eminently  able  and 
])olitic.  lie  was  a  native  of  Valencia,  and  being 
l)orn  a  Hid)ject  of  the  crown  of  Arrajjoti,  it  mij^lu 
be  iiderred,  was  f,i\r)rably disposed  to  Ferdinand  ; 
l)ut  in  certain  (piestions  which  had  come  before 
him,  he  had  already  shown  a  disposition  not  the 
most  cordial  toward  the  Catholic  monarch.  At 
all  events,  Ferdinand  was  well  aware  of  his 
worldly  and  perfidious  character,  and  enileavorrd 
to  m.inn).;e  him  accordinfjly.  He  dispatched  am- 
bassadors, therefore,  to  the  court  of  Rome,  an- 
nt)imcinf^  tlu;  new  discovery  as  an  extraordinary 
triumph  of  the  faith  ;  and  setting  forth  the  great 
glory  and  gain  which  must  redound  to  [hi:  church 
from  the  dissemination  of  Christianity  throughout 
th  se  vast  and  heathen  lands.  Care  was  alr.o 
1  'i!:'.n  to  state  that  '.he  present  discovery  dirl  not  in 
the  least  interfere  witi)  the  possessions  ceded  by 
the  holy  chair  to  Portugal,  all  which  had  been 
sedulously  avoided.  Ferdinand,  who  was  at  least 
as  p,olitic  as  he  was  pious,  insinuated  a  hint  at  the 
same  t'ine  by  which  the  |)ope  might  perceive  that 
he  was  determine  (1  at  all  events,  to  maintain  his 
important  accjuis^iMUS.  "is  ambassadors  were 
instructed  to  statt  hat,  ii.  the  opinion  of  many 
learned  men,  these  newly-discovered  lands  having 
been  t.iken  |)ossessi(m  of  by  the  Catholic  sover- 
eigns, their  title  to  the  same  did  not  require  the 
])a|)al  sanction  ;  still,  as  pious  princes,  obedient 
to  the  holy  chair,  they  supplicated  his  holiness  to 
issue  a  bull,  making  a  concession  of  them,  and  of 
such  others  as  might  be  discovered,  to  the  crown 
c*  Castile. 

The  tidings  of  the  discovery  were  receiveil,  in 
fact,  with  great  astonishment  and  no  less  exulta- 
tion by  the  court  of  Rome.  The  Sjianish  sover- 
eigns had  already  elevated  themselves  to  high  con- 
sefpience  in  the  eyes  of  the  c  hurch,  liy  their  war 
ag.iinst  the  Moors  of  S[)ain,  which  had  been  con- 
sidered in  the  light  of  a  pious  crusade  ;  and 
though  richly  repaid  by  the  acquisition  of  the 
kiiigcjom  of  (iranada,  it  w.is  thought  to  entitle 
them  to  the  gratitude  of  all  Christendom.  The 
]iresent  discovervwas  a  still  greater  achievement  ; 
it  was  the  fult'ilment  of  one  of  the  sublime  prom- 
ises to  tht!  (hurch  ;  it  was  giving  to  it  "  the  heathen 
for  an  inheritance,  and  the  uttermost  p.irts  of  the 
earth  for  a  possession."  No  dililiculty,  therefore, 
was  made  in  granting  what  was  considered  but  a 
modest  re(|uest  for  so  important  a  service  ;  though 
it  is  probable  that  the  acquiescence  of  the  worldly- 
minded  pontiff  was  quickened  by  the  insimiations 
of  the  po'.iiic  monarch, 

.A  bull  was  accordingly  issued,  dated  lay  2d, 
1493,  Ceding  to  the  Spanish  sovereigns  the  same 
rights,  privuogcs,  and  indultjencco,  1..  respect  to 


the  newly-discovered  regions,  as  had  been  acrord. 
ed  to  the  Portuguese  with  regard  to  their  Africa 
discoveries,  under  the  same  londition  of  |)laiiiin>j, 
and  i)ropag.iling  tin   Catholic  taitli.     To  prevtrit K^ 
any  lonilicting  claims,  however,  between   thetuo<  ' 
powers    in    the    wide   range  of  their  discoverit 
another  bull  was  issued  on  the  following  day,  con.SS 
taining  the  famous  line  ol  demarcation,  by  whiiT.f  •] 
their  territories   were   thought  to   be  clearly  am! 
permanently   defined.      This    w.is    ;m    ideal    line 
drawn  from  the  north  to  the  south  pole,  a  hmidrti; 
le.igues  to  the  west  of  the  .A/ores,  and  lheCa|)e(l^ 
\(M-de  Islands.      All  land  di.ico\-eri-d   by  the  Sp.in- 
ish  navigators  to  the  west  of  this  line,  and  \vhi(!i 
had  nut  been  taken  possession  ot  bv  any  Chri>ti,i;, 
power  before  the  preceding  Christmas,  was  to  h,. 
long  to   the  Spanish  crown  ;  all   land  discmcrt:; 
in  the  contr.iry  direction  was  to  belong  to  I'diii;. 
gal.     It  seems  never  to  have  occurred  to  the  pun. 
tiff,  that,  by  pushing  their  opposite  careers  of  dis- 
covery, they  might  some  day  or  other  come  aj^Mir. 
in  collision,  and   renew  the  (|uestion  ot  territiii!,i, 
right  at  the  antipodes. 

in  the  mean  time,  without  waiting  for  the  sanc- 
tion of  the  court  of  Rome,  the  utmost  exertion; 
were  made  bv  the  sovereigns  to  tit  out  a  secoiii; 
ex|iedition.  'fo  insure  regularity  aiul  disp.itch  ;;; 
the  affairs  relative  to  the  New  World,  they  were 
placed  under  the  superintendence  of  Juan  'Rodri- 
guez de  Fonseca,  archdeacon  of  Se\'ille,  who  was 
successi\-ely  i)romoted  to  the  sees  ot  ISajadc/, 
Palencia,  and  Burgos,  and  tiiiallv  appointed  p.iiri- 
;irch  of  the  Indies.  Me  was  a  man  of  family  ,im: 
intluence  ;  his  brothers  Alonzo  and  Antonio  wcr; 
seniors,  or  lords,  of  Coca  anil  Alaejos,  .anil  ihclai- 
ter  wiis  comptroller-general  of  Castile.  Juan  koi!. 
riguez  de  Fonseca  is  represented  by  Las  Casas  .i- 
a  worldly  man,  mor^  calculated  for  temporal  tha- 
spiritu.al  conci-rns,  and  well  adapted  to  tin;  hus- 
tling occupation  of  fitting  out  and  manning  arnii- 
(las.  Xotwithstaniling  the  high  ecclesi.istical  di^'- 
nities  to  wliich  he  rose,  his  worldly  em|)loynKii:i 
seem  never  to  have  been  considered  incompaiiMt 
with  liis  sacred  functions.  ICnjoying  the  per- 
petual, though  unmerited,  favor  of  the  sovei(iL,'ns, 
he  i.iaintained  tiie  control  of  Indian  alfaiis  Ir, 
about  thirty  years.  He  must  undoubtedly  hav; 
possessed  talents  !)r  business,  to  insure  him  siicnj 
a  perpetuity  of  office  ;  but  he  was  malignant  aii;; 
vindictive  ;  and  in  the  gratification  ot  his  |)ri\aic 
resentments  not  only  heajjed  wrongs  and  sono'.vs 
upon  the  most  illustrious  of  the  early  discoverers, 
hut  freciueiitly  impeded  the  ])rogressof  their  eiittr- 
prises,  to  the  great  detriment  of  the  crown.  'I'his 
he  was  enabletl  lo  do  privately  and  securely  by  his 
official  situation.  His  perfidious  coniluct  is  re- 
peatedl\-  alluded  to,  but  in  guarded  terms,  by  i.nn- 
tem])orary  writers  of  weight  and  credit,  such  as 
the  curate  of  Los  Palacios,  and  the  bishop  Lis 
C.isas  ;  but  they  evidently  w-ere  fearful  of  exprcsv 
ing  the  fulness  of  their  feelings.  Subse(;U''n: 
Spanish  historians,  always  more  or  less  contri/iicd 
by  ecclesiastical  supervision,  h.ive  likewise  dci.i 
too  favorably  with  this  .'lase-minded  man.  He 
deserves  to  be  held  u[)  as  a  w.irmng  example  1! 
those  perfidious  beings  in  office,  who  too  olteii  lie 
like  worms  at  the  root  of  honor.ible  enterprise, 
Idighting,  by  their  unseen  intluence,  thelruitsfl: 
glorious  action,  and  disappointing  the  hopes  nl 
nations. 

To  .assist  Fonseca  in  his '■'uties,  Francisco  Piiifio 
was  associated  with  bin.  as  treasuri;r,  and  him 
de  Syria  as  contador,  or  com|)tioller.  Their 
office,  for  the  transaction  of  Indian  affairs,  was- 
fixed  at  Seville  ;    extendinij'  its  vigil.ance   at  ih? 


Lime  time  to  the 
louse  was  estabi 
atmii.  Such  w 
|(Uise,  which  aft 
1.1(1  imii'irtance. 
'dcrcil  to  be  inst 
[(direction  of  the  a 
'■iiterch.mge  regi: 
|r.iiinitii)ii  of  each 
^(,ith  it.  All  per^ 
nils  upon  the  twc 
Imiiiisters  ol  the 
hv.ts  to  he  at  all 
jto  receive  .all  the 

'I'lie  most  minul 
'lie  exacted  of  al 
^liKist  vigil.aiit  caul 
|eni|)lo>ed  in  the 
'lands.  .No  one  w 
ho  trade  or  to  fori 
•pies?,  license  from 
or  from  Fonseca, 
1  he  ignorance 
;0f  L'dninierce,  and 
in  respect  to  their 
cited  in  excuse  of 
here  ni.uiifested  ; 
fliieiiced  the  policy 
lalicins. 

.Another  instanc 
fained  liy  the  crow 
■i;i  A  royal  order,  tli 
dalusi.i,   with   theii 
shcjulcl  be  held   in 
dition.     Columbus 
to  freight  or   |)urcl 
r.iif(!ii  think  pro])er 
retiised,  even  thoug 
otier  persons,  [)ayii 
rcasiinahle  price. 
i/ed  to  take  the   n 
ainiminition,  from 
tiiey  might  l)e  four 
owners  ;  and  they  11 
Hers,  hut  any  office 
whatever,  whom   tli 
the  service,  to  emb; 
pay  and  s.alary.     Tl 
S'jns  of  rank  and   ; 
tirnder  all   requisiti 
nieiit,  and   w.arned 
ment,  'Jiider  penalti 
•fiscation  of  est.ate. 

To  provide  for  1 
iw  royal  revenue  ;: 
'church-tithes  was 
I'nuio  ;  and  other  f 
graceful  source— fri 
hies,  the  se(|ueslrati 
J'-ws,  hinished  fron 
h';;oled  edict  of  the 
siiurces  were  still  ii 
•i^'.d  to  supply  the  d 
:tions  were  likewise 
1-iiids,  as  well  as  f( 
:mecs,  corselets,  i 
;^veapon,  notwithsta 
arms,  was  still  prefe 
jand  considered  mo 
'■i  other  ha\'ing  to 
|l'f:ri£j  so  heavy  as 
l!i::i!ary  stores  wl.ic 
P'''  Willi  the  Moors 
r-n  of  tliese  supplit 
K  .:fti-.s  were  issued 


LIFE  AND   VOYAGES   OF   COLUMBUS. 


75 


liocn  nrenn!' 
llicir  Atrir.inJ 
n  of  pl.'iiitiii^ 

To    prcMi,; 

^vucn  till-  {\u, 
r  (lisi:<)Vfin.,, 
liii^  (lay.  'III.. 
ion,  by  \\  i,i. 
u:  cliMfiS  .,;,. 
in  idral  ;;:• 
)lf,  a  luiiulri!. 
(1  the  Cape  i|- 

liy  iIkj  .Sp.ir.- 
lie,  and  wh-. 

any  Cliii-.t;,:. 
as,  was  lo  ! .. 
nd  di.sco'.t  .■• 

[)I1^    t(i    I'oi' .. 

:•(!  to  llu  |iiii;. 
careers  ot  (l>. 
L-r  come  a;.;,L'. 
1  of  terriloi;.!, 

f  for  the  sanC' 
Host  exertidn- 
I  out  a  sei'oii, 
lid   di.spatch  ;;; 
rid,  they  wiTt 
>f  Juan  Koiln. 
ville,  wlio  wiii 
i    ot    liajadii/. 
ipointfd  |Mir;- 
ot  f.imily  am: 
Antonio  were 
'>s,  and  tlielat- 
e.     Juan  Rod- 
,'  I. as  Casas  .;. 
lenijioral  thar. 
id    to  tin;   bus- 
lanniiij.^  armi- 
ijsiastical  di^'- 
jmploynu-ir.i 
inconi])ali!ili: 
incf    tin;    per- 
soverciLJiij. 
alfaii'S  !ii; 
luhtedly  hav; 
lie  him  sucn 
^■nant  ai^; 
)i  his  private 
and  sorio'.vi 
discoverer?, 
if  their  eiu-r- 
rown.     This 
eurely  by  hi) 
induct  is  re- 
.■rnis,  by  con- 
redit,  such  a; 
bishop  Las 
.il  of  express- 
Subseepicr'.! 
[^ss  contriillei! 
ikewise  dealt 
man.     He 
r  example  il 
U)0  oltrii  lit 
e  enterprise, 
the  truiiio: 
.he   hopes  u; 

ncisco  I'incio 
r.'r,  and  Unn 
.Her.  Their 
affairs,  was 
lance    at  the 


i.imc  time  to  tlip  port  of  Cadi/  where  .i  rustom- 

hnuse  was  esl.djiished  for  this  new  branch  of  n.ivi- 

Vaiiun.     Such   was  the  fjerin  ot   the    Koyal  India 

lildiise,  which  afterward  rose  to  sueii  great  power 

la  111  niip'irtance.     .'\  correspondent  otii(  c  was  or- 

'iijered  ID   be   instituted   in    Hisp.miola,  under   the 

■((liici  tiiin  of  the  admiral.     These  officers  were  to 

>'i!t(ichantfe  re^^isters  of  the  carjjoes,  crews,  .md 

liiiiiiliiin  of  each  ship,  by  accountants  who  s.iiled 

•,Mih  It.     .Ml  persons  thus  employed  weredepend- 

•anis  iipim  the  two  tomptrollers-f,a-nerai,  superior 

fniiiiisters  ol  the   royal  revenue  ;  sinci;   the  crown 

•S\.h  to   be  ;it  all   the  expenses  of  the  colony,  and 

hii  reeeive  all  the  emoluments. 

1  he  most  minute  and  rijrorous  account  was  to 
lie  exacted  of  all  exjienses  and  jiroceeds,  and  the 
imi-it  vi^'ilaiit  caution  observed  as  to  the  jiersons 
tni|ili)\ed  in  the  concerns  of  the  newly-discovered 
l.,ii  Is  No  one  was  permitted  to  ^fo  there,  either 
to  trade  or  to  form  an  estalilisii'ment,  without  ex- 
press license  from  the  soverei^fiis,  from  CoUimlius, 
or  fniiii  f'"onseca,  under  the  heaviest  pen.ilties, 
'1  he.  ifjiiiirance  of  the  aj,fe  as  to  enlar^^ed  princijiles 
of  commerce,  and  the  example  of  the  Tortu^niese 
ill  respect  to  their  African  possessions,  have  been 
citeil  in  excuse  of  the  narrow  and  jealous  s])irit 
hoe  manifested  ;  but  it  always  more  or  less  in- 
thieiKcd  the  policy  of  .Sjiain  in  her  colonial  regu- 
lations. 

.Viuilher  instance  of  the  despotic  sway  main- 
tained iiy  the  crown  over  commerce,  is  m.initesled 
ill  a  royal  order,  that  all  shi|)s  in  the  [lorts  of  .Aii- 
(lalusi.i,  with  their  cajitains,  pilots,  and  crews, 
siunilcl  be  held  in  readiness  to  serve  in  this  exjie- 
ditioii.  Columbus  and  l'"onseca  were  authorized 
to  treitfht  or  purchase  any  of  those  vessels  they 
raijjht  think  proper,  and  to  take  them  by  force,  it 
retused,  even  liiouj.jh  they  had  beer,  frepjj'hted  by 
otiicr  Jiersons,  paying-  what  they  should  conceive  a 
.  reasonable  jirice.  They  were  furthermore  author- 
ized to  take  the  requisite  provisions,  arms,  and 
aiiiiminition,  from  any  place  or  vessel  in  which 
tiiey  iiiiirlu  be  found,  payinjj-  a  fair  price  to  the 
(uviiers  ;  and  they  mi<^ht  compel,  not  merely  mari- 
rers,  hut  any  officer  holding-  any  rank  or  station 
whatever,  whom  they  should  deem  necessary  to 
the  service,  to  embark  in  the  tleet  on  a  reasonable 
pay  and  s.ilary.  The  civil  authorities,  and  all  jjer- 
s ms  of  rank  and  standing,  were  called  upon  to 
rcndeM'  all  recjuisite  aid  in  expediting  the  arma- 
ment, and  w.irned  against  creating  .my  impedi- 
ment, under  pentiltyot  privation  ot  office  and  coii- 
ti.ir.atiiin  of  estate. 

To  provide  for  the  expenses  of  the  expedition 
the  loyal  revenue  arising  from  two  thirds  of  the 
ch.urcli-tithes  was  ])laced  at  the  disposition  of 
I'liielo  ;  and  other  funds  were  drawn  from  a  (lis- 
gr.icefiil  source— fiviin  the  jewels  and  other  valua- 
bles, the  seciuestrated  jiroperty  of  the  unfortunate 
Jews,  banished  from  the  kingdom,  according  to  a 
'l)ip;ole(l  edict  of  the  jireceding  year.  As  these  re- 
smirces  were  still  inadequate,  j'inelo  was  author- 
iad  to  suppiv  the  deficiency  by  a  loan.  Kequisi- 
tions  were  likewise  made  for  jirovisions  of  all 
knuls,  as  well  as  for  artillery,  powder,  muskets, 
lances,  corselets,  and  cro.-s-bows.  'This  latter 
Weapon,  notwithstanding  th  ;  introduction  of  fire- 
arms, was  still  preferred  liy  nany  to  the  arquebus, 
and  rousidered  more  fi.rmi  lalile  and  destructive, 
it  ■•  other  having  to  be  used  with  a  match-lock,  and 
liiiif  so  heavy  as  to  require  an  iron  rest.  'I'lie 
iiaiiit.iry  stores  wl.lch  had  accumulated  during  the 
V.  I' with  the  Moors  of  Granada  furnished  a  great 
't  ot  these  supplies,  .'\lniost  all  the  preceding 
^fcis  were  issued   by  the  2jd  of  May,  while  Co- 


lunihus  was  yet  at  liarcelona.  Rarely  has  there 
been  witnessed  su(  h  a  scene  of  activity  in  the  dila- 
tory offices  of  Spain. 

As  the  conversion  of  the  heathens  was  professed 
to  be  the  grand  object  of  these  discoscries,  twtd\e 
/e.ilous  ,ind  able  ecclesiastics  were  chosen  for  the 
jiurpose,  to  accomii.iny  the  expedition,  .'\mong 
these  was  liernardo  lluyl  or  Iio\le,  a  ISenedictine 
monk,  of  talent  and  reputed  s.inctity,  but  one  ot 
those  subtle  politicians  of  the  cloister,  who  in 
those  flay-,  glided  into  all  temporal  concerns,  lie 
had  .icipiitted  himself  with  success  in  recent  nego- 
ti;it'ons  with  I'"r.ince,  relative  to  the  restitution  of 
Rousillon.  ISefore  the  sailing  (d  the  fleet,  he  was 
ajipointed  by  the  ]io|)e  his  .ipostolii  al  vicar  fur  the 
.\ew  World.  ,iiid  placed  as  superior  over  his  eccle- 
siastical brethren.  This  ])ious  mission  was  pro- 
vided with  all  things  necessary  for  the  dignified 
performance  of  its  functions  ;  tluKpieen  sup|)l\ing 
from  her  own  chapel  the  ornaments  and  vestments 
to  be  used  in  all  Sfdemn  ceremonies.  Isabella, 
from  the  tirst,  took  the  most  warm  and  compas- 
sionate interest  in  the  wadlareof  the  Indians.  Won 
liy  the  accounts  given  l.iy  Columbus  of  their  gen- 
tleness .ind  simplicity,  and  hiokiiig  upon  them  as 
committed  bylle.iven  to  her  esjieci.il  care,  her 
heart  was  filled  with  concern  al  their  destitute 
and  ignorant  condition.  She  orderetl  that  great 
care  should  be  t.ikeii  of  their  religious  instruction  ; 
that  they  should  be  treated  with  the  utmost  kind- 
ness ;  and  enjoined  C<dumlius  to  inflict  signal 
punishment  on  all  Sp.iniards  who  should  be  guilty 
of  outr.ige  or  injustice  toward  them. 

liy  way,  it  was  said,  of  offering  to  Heaven  the 
first-fruits  of  these  pagan  nations,  the  six  Indians 
whom  Columbus  h.id  brought  to  Barcelona  were 
b.iptized  with  great  state  and  ceremony  ;  the  king, 
the  (|Ueen,  and  I'rince  Ju.in  ofTiciaiing  as  s|)onsors. 
(jreat  hopes  were  entertained  that,  on  their  return 
to  their  native  country,  they  would  facilitate  the 
introduction  of  Christianity  among  their  country- 
men. One  of  them,  at  the  reipiest  of  I'rince  Juan, 
remained  in  his  household,  but  died  not  l<jng  after- 
ward ;  a  Spanish  historian  remarked  th.it,  accord- 
ing to  what  ought  to  be  our  pious  belief,  he  was 
the  tirst  of  his  nation  that  entered  heaven.* 

Before  the  departure  of  Columbus  from  Barce- 
lona, the  provisional  agreement  nunle  at  Santa  V6 
was  confirmed,  granting  him  the  titles,  emolu- 
ments, and  prerogatives  of  admiral,  viceroy,  and 
governor  of  all  the  countries  he  had  discovered,  or 
might  discover.  He  was  intrusted  also  with  the 
royal  seal,  with  authority  to  use  the  name  of  their 
majesties  in  granting  letters  jiatent  and  commis- 
sions within  the  hounds  of  his  jurisdiction  ;  with 
the  right  also,  in  case  of  absence,  to  appoint  a 
jierson  in  his  place,  and  to  invest  him,  for  the 
time,  with  the  same  powers. 

It  had  been  premised  in  the  agreement  that  for 
all  vac.int  offices  in  the  government  of  the  islands 
and  main-land,  he  should  nominate  three  candi- 
dates, out  of  which  number  the  sovereign  should 
make  a  choice  ;  but  now,  to  sa\e  time,  and  to 
show  their  confidence  in  Columbus,  they  empow- 
ered him  to  appoint  at  once  such  persons  as  he 
thought  ])roper,  who  were  to  hoM  their  offices  dur- 
ing the  royal  pleasure.  He  had  likewise  the  ti'.le 
and  command  of  captain-gener-il  of  the  armament 
about  to  sail,  with  unqualified  powers  as  to  the 
government  of  the  crews,  the  esiaf)lishments  to  be 
formed  in  the  New  World,  and  the  ulterior  dis- 
coveries to  be  undertaken. 

This  was  the  honeymoon  of  royal  favor,  during 

*  Hcrrera,  Hist.  Ind.,  decad.  i.  lib.  ii.  cap.  £. 


V 


w 


LIFE  AND   VOYAGES  OE   COLUMBUS, 


which  Cohimhiis  rnjnyrd  the  iinhoundt'd  aiul  wcll- 
ni(;ritc(|  (  untidciu't:  ol  his  .sovereigns,  helore  etni- 
ous  minds  h.ul  dared  to  insinuate  .i  d()id)t  ot  Ids 
intejrrity.  Alter  receivirtjj  every  mark  nt  piiblii: 
honor  and  private  rt'^^.ird,  lie  took  lea\f  ot  the  sov- 
erei^{ns  on  i\n-  2.Sih  ot  May.  Tiie  whole  court  ac- 
companied him  from  the  palace  to  his  dwelling, 
and  atttndetl,  also,  to  pay  him  farewell  honors  on 
his  departure  Irom  llarcelona  tor  Seville. 


CIIAl'TKR  I\. 

DIPLOMATIC        Nr.C.nTIAIloNS        IIF.TWF.KX       Tlir. 

c()i;rts  of  si'ain   ani>   I'ori  iuiai,  with  ki;- 

Sl'lCCr    to  TlIK   NKW   DlhCOVKKHiS. 

I '493. 1 

Till",  anxiety  if  the  Sp.inish  moiiarchv  for  the 
speedy  dep.irture  of  the  ex|)e(lition  was  hei);hteiied 
l)y  the  proceed i nj^rs  ot  the  court  of  I'ortuj^al.  John 
II.  had  untorlunalely  .imonf;  his  councillors  certain 
jxiliticians  ot  that  short-sij;hled  class,  who  mis- 
take craft  for  wisdom,  lly  adopting- their  perlidi- 
ous  policy  he  had  lost  the  New  Worhl  when  it  was 
anoi)ject  id  honorable  enterprise  ;  in  compliance 
with  their  advice,  he  now  souj^ht  to  retrieve  it  hy 
stratapem.  Me  had  accordinj^dy  prepared  a  lai^e 
armament,  the  avowed  idiject  of  which  was  an  ex- 
pedition to  .\lrica,  hut  its  real  destination  to  seize 
upon  the  newly-discovered  countries.  To  lull 
.suspicion,  Don  Kuy  (It;  .S.inde  was  sent  ambassa- 
dor to  tlie  Spanish  court,  reipiestintf  pernussion  to 
procure  certain  iirohibiled  .ulicles  from  Spain  lor 
'  this  African  voyage,  lie  required  also  that  the 
Spanish  sovereigns  should  forl)id  their  subjects  to 
fish  beyond  Cijie  lioj.-idor,  until  the  pcjssessions  of 
the  two  nations  should  be  properly  detlni'd.  The 
discovery  of  Columfjus,  the  real  object  of  solici- 
tude, was  triMtetl  as  an  incidental  affair.  'I'he 
manner  uf  his  arrival  ,ind  reception  in  I'ortujral 
was  mentioned  ;  the  conij;ratulations  of  Kinj;  John 
on  the  hajipy  result  of  his  voNMj^e  ;  his  salistaction 
at  t'mdin;^'  that  the  admiral  had  been  instructed  to 
Steer  wesiw.-ird  Irom  the  Canary  Islands,  and  his 
hope  that  the  Casiilian  soverei),(ns  would  continue 
to  enjoin  a  similar  tr.ick  on  their  navit,fat()rs— all 
to  the  south  of  those  islands  being-  granted  by  |)a- 
pal  l)ull  to  the  crown  of  Portugal.  He  concluded 
l)y  inlin-iaiing  the  entire  confidence  of  King  Johi-i, 
that  should  any  of  the  newly-discovered  islands 
appertain  by  right  to  Portugal,  the  matter  would 
be  adjusted  in  that  spirit  of  amity  which  existed 
between  the  two  crowns. 

Ferdinand  was  too  wary  a  ])olitician  to  be  easi- 
ly deceivc(l.  Me  had  received  early  intelligence 
of  the  ri-.d  designs  of  King  John,  and  bc^fore  the 
arrival  of  his  ambass.-alor  had  himself  dis|)atchea 
Don  Lope  de  Merrera  to  the  Portuguese  court, 
furnished  with  double  instructions,  and  with  two 
letters  of  widely  (opposite  tenor.  The  first  was 
couched  in  affc^ctionate  terms,  acknowledging  the 
hospitality  .mtl  kindness  shown  to  Colunibus,  and 
communicating  the  nature  of  his  disco\-eries  ;  re- 
questing at  the  same  lime  th;ii  the  Portuguese 
iiavig;'*ors  might  be  prohibited  from  visiting  those 
newiy-i.iscovered  landl,  in  the  sanie  nianner  that 
the  Spanisli  soveieigns  had  |)roiiibited  their  sub- 
jects from  interfering-  with  the  African  posses- 
sions of  Portugal. 

In  case,  however,  the  ambassador  should  find 
that  King  John  had  either  sent,  or  was  abcnit  to 
send,  vessels  to  the  New  World,  he  was  to  with- 
hold the  amicable  le.tler,  and  present  the  other, 


couched  in  stern  and  peremptory  terms,  and  for. 
bidding  any  enterprise  of  the  kind.*     A  koen  ili|i.  ^ 
lomatic  game  ensued  between  the  two  sovcrei^'ii,  •'j 
IHTplexing  to  any  snectator  not  ,ic(|uainted  wiii;  & 
the  secret  ot  tlieir  play.      Keseiule,  m   his  hisiorv* 
ol  King  John   II,,  iidoiin:.  us  that  the  Piulugiici: ' 
mon,ir(  h,  bv  large  presents,  or  rather  hi  ibes.  hci, 
cert.im  of  the  contidenti.il  members  ot  the  L.istii. 
ian  cabinet   in   his   interest,  who  inlormed  him  m 
the    most   se(  ret    couiuils    of    tlieir   court.      Hi 
r(jads  w-ere  thrringed   with  couriers  ;  scarce  \v,i, 
an  intention  expre.-.setl  by  j-erdm.ind  to  his  mins- 
ters, but   it   was   coiucyed   to   his   ri\al  mon.iic 
The  result  w.is  thai  the  Spanish  sovereigns  set  nu  . 
as  if   under  the   iiitlueiite  tit  some  cnchaiilnn  i. 
King  John   anticipated   ,ill  their  moMineiits,  ,ii,(; 
ap|ie,iretl  to  dive  into  their  \<'ry  llu)Ughts,     Tlu  : 
ambassatlors  wt're  crossed  on  tlur  road  by  Pmi ,. 
guese  amtiassadors,  empowered  to  stutle  the  \ir. 
points  about  which   they  were  going  to  maki-  i. 
monstrances.     i''ret|Uently,  when   |-'t:rdin.iii(l  |iii 
posed  ,-i  suiltlen  and  perplexing  (piestion  tti  tlu-i- 
voys  at  his  iiiurt,  which  ajipareiuly  would  re(|Ui; 
'esh  instructions  from  the  sovereigns,  he  win;,, 
be  astonished   by  .i  prompt    and    positive  re|ii, 
most  of   the  tpiestions   wliu  h  were  likely  to  lati,: 
having,  through  secret  inlorn-i.ilion,  been  forest i-i 
and  jirovitletl  tor.      As  a  surmise  ot  treachery  in  ll; 
cabinet    might  naturally  arise.   King  John,  \\lii,t 
he  rewarded  his  .agents  in  secret,   endeavored  ii 
divert  suspicions  from  them  upon  others,  m.ikir,, 
rich  presents  of  jewels  to  the   Mukede  Inf.uit.K, 
and  other  Spanisli  graiulees  uf  im  tirruptible  i:, 
tegritv,t 

Sutdi  is  the  intriguing  diplomatic  craft  whit" 
too  olteii  |)asses  for  relineil  policy,  and  is  exltillt 
as  the  wisdwUi  of  the  cabinet  ;  but  all  corrupt  ;ii':i, 
disingenuous  measures  are  unworlhy  of  an  i.'i,' 
lighteiietl  |)olitici.in  and  a  niagn.inimous  priiuf, 
'i'he  grand  principles  of  right  anil  wrong  m  '  r„> 
in  the  s.ime  way  between  nations  as  betwn  i  i 
ilividuals  ;  fair  and  o|>en  conduct,  and  iinioki:,: 
l.iitli,  howe\er  they  may  appear ad\-erse  to  prcM; 
purposes,  are  the  only  kind  ol  policy  that  w  ill  .;:■ 
sure  ultimate  and  honorable  success. 

King  John,  having  receixt^d  intelligence  in  li'i 
furtive  manner  th.it  has  been  mentioned,  ot  tn; 
ilouble  instructions  furnished  to  Don  Lope  i.: 
Merrera,  received  him  in  such  a  manner  as  tc 


'I' 


|dep;irUire  of  Col 
|in  li>iiK  diploiiiati 

{(IMptii.lls,  he  (lis 
).m  (i.irti.i 
liavsy  to  Portug. 
w.irii  p.iiiip  .111(1 
nmity,  but  the  ul 
i)>i>t'  III  submit  tl 
risen  hetwti'n  the 
ot  Kiinif,      This  s 
cuiniiig  slowness, 
nih.iMi  e  to  appi 
jiiii.ii  li,  in  ortlei 
tiuinii  .itions. 
King  John  uml 
|jci-t  tit   the  einb.is 
iiiiiling  him.     Tlu 
iiiid  titliveretl   the 
iiiitl  t:eremony, 
I'lice,    lie    looketl 
"This    en-ib.issy 
"  u-.ints  both  he. id 
ch,irat:ifr  both   ot 
Don  (i.irtia  de  Cai 
anil  Dun  Pedro  de 
In  the  lieiglit  ol  1 
JS.iiil  to  have  helii   t 
iiitiMUitins,  taking 


vent  any  resort  to  his  peremptory  letter.  He  hf 
already  dispatched  an  extra  einoy  to  the  Sp.iiii>" 
court  to  keep  it  in  good  humor,  and  he  nt)w;i!- 
pointed  Doctor  Pero  Diaz  and  Don  Ruy  de  I't-r. 
an-ibassadors  to  the  S|)aiiish  sovereigns,  to  adju-: 
all  quesiions  rel.itive  to  the  new  discoveries,  ;»,, 
]ironiised  that  no  vessel  should  be  permitted; 
sail  on  a  voyage  of  discoxery  within  sixty  ila;; 
alter  their  arrival  .'it  Barcelona. 

These  ambassadors  wttre  instructed  to  propft; 
as  a  mode  of  effectually  settling  all  claims,  .'  it- 
line  should  be  drawn  from  the  Canaries  due  wCii 
all  lands  and  seas  north  of  it  to  appertain  to  if: 
Castilian  court;  all  south  to  the  crow  n  of  Pont- 
gal,  excepting  any  islands  already  in  possession 
either  powers, J 

l''erdin;uid   had   now  the  vantage-ground  ;  h 
object  was  to  gain  time  for  the  preparation  ai. 


-*  Hcrrera,  Hist.  Ind.,  decad.  i.  lib.  ii.  Ziir;; 
Analcs  de  .\r.igon,  HI),  i.  cap.  2?, 

f  Kcsende,  Vitla  del  Rey  Dom  Joam  II.,  cap.  iv 
Fariu  y  Sauza,   Europa   Fortuguesa,  torn.    il.   cap.  : 

P-  3. 

;  Zurita,  lib.  i.  cap.  25.  Herrera,  decad.  i.  lib,  1 
cap.  5. 


(lisitiver  him   revie 

laiiiliiguoui  words 

bf  ciiiisi riled  into  st 

'flif  tinfi.issy  retui 

a  .'.ta!'-  iif  ])erplexit' 

n',:;;lit  |-je   his  chai. 

liiiii  fioiii  coming 

S  cue    li<i|)t:s    of    int 

]i  ipt:,  to  whom  lie  11 

in;'  ol  I  he  pretendei 

a^  mlniiging  the  tt 

by  papil    bull,  ;ind 

Here,  .IS  li,is  been  si 

bi't'ii   l)eloreh;iiiil    w 

osiiiii  to  he  foiled. 

(I'lr  ri:ct.ived,  was  a 

tion  troin   pole   to   | 

h;)liness.i)     Such   w; 

^i.icy,  where  the  par 

>;<iiscovered  world. 

fent,  and  had  craft' 

■^all  his  moves  ;    but' 

P'llicy  was  required. 


CH 

rrRTHRR  PREPARA 
VOVA(-,l-.--CHAUAC 
-lilKFI'IKE.N-CE  OK 
fO.\.,t;CA. 

:     DlSJ  RUSTFUT,    of    J 

Jji-tiif^al  to   interfere 

5ii.ini.sii  sovereigns,  i 
ti'ia.s,  wrote  repeated 
t'  'i,i,ti;!i  his  departu 
f'  il"  incitement  ;  ini 


y.isconcelos,  Don 
t  V,-iscon(;elos,  lib.  v 
t..p,  ;. 

}  V'asconcelus,  lib.  v 
S  Hcrrera,  decad.  i., 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGES   OF   COLUMBUS. 


77 


•ms,  and  (or. 

;\   kcfll  llij). 

L)  sovcri-i^'ns, 
Uiiiiiuil  wiih 

11     l\i?>    lllllOR 

(•  I'diUi^juesc 
r  Imlii's,  held 
ol  ihf  C.istJl. 
.irmrd  linn  . : 
L'durl.  I,', 
;  scaicf  w.ii 
to  his  iniiiiv 
v;il  miin.iii 

I'ij^llS  SCCIIH  . 

(.•n(.h;mlini  I, 
NfllU'llt'),  :ii  . 
.1^,'lils.     'llii: 
iiiid  by  I'dilu- 
■.(•ale  ihf  vir, 

^f    lO   lllilkc  !(■ 

'I'dliiaiul  {iri. 
liun  to  till- 1 '  ■ 
would  rvi\\\\i. 
;lis,  ht:  win;  . 
ositivc  ri|ii. 
uUfly  to  mil- 
lu'i'ii  toiciur, 
I'.K  luM'V  ill  ti- 
j;  John,  will,; 
'lulcivorfd  ' 
ilhcrs,  lu.ikni;' 
f  (li;  Inl.miai, 
■orruptiljlc  !:■ 

,ic  craft  whii^ 
and  is  cMdlli. 
dl  corrupt  ;ir,i. 
iliy  of  an  t'li- 
linious  priiue. 
wronj^  (i|  '-r:!:! 

IS    l)t:l\V(.l  :i    !■ 

and  in\iol:n^: 

rse-  to  prcw:.: 

:y  that  will  .r.' 

Illi^tnce  in  ti.; 

Honed,  ol  \k 
|l)un  Lope  t.: 
|incr  as  to  pit- 

Iter.  Ill' h,i' 
|t()  tliL-  Spam-' 

id  he  now  .1; 
liuy  dc  IVr, 

);ns,'  to  adju- 

COVlM'if-i.  ^Il' 

.^  pormitiiC. : 
Ihin  sixty  i'-; 

;'d  to  propfi:- 
aims,  .'  ii 
|-iiis  due  wcn 
li|)frtain  to  ii 
low  n  of  I'otu- 
possession' 

-ground  ;  !'' 
leparalion  ar.> 


b.   ii.     Zur:: 

II.,  cap.  p: 
|m.    ii.   cap.  ■ 

lecad.  i.  lib- 1 


Idepartiire  of  Ccdumluis,  hy  <'ntan^,diM(T  Kin;;  John 
lin  loiiK  iliploniatii:  nc^'oliations,*  In  reply  to  itis 
Iprnpo-'aN,  he  disp. Itched  Don  I'edro  di-  A).da  ,itid 
Jjj„i,  (;.ir(  ia  Lope/  de  (.'aravajal  on  a  solemn  en>- 
Iba^sv  to  l'orti:Kal,  in  whi(  li  there  was  v;re,it  mit- 
Iw.ird  pomp  and  |).ii.ide,  and  many  protessions  of 
laiiiils,  hut  the  whole  |)urport  of  which  w.is  to  pro- 
Ino-ic't"  submit  the  territori.il  (piestions  which  iiad 
friMii  liitwcin  tiiem  to  arbitration  or  to  the  c  ourt 
jot  Konu'.  This  stattdy  enib.issy  moved  with  be- 
Ic'iiniii;,'  slowness,  but  a  spi'cial  envo)-  w.is  sent  in 
:nib.uice  to  apprise  the  kill};  ot  I'ortu^.il  of  its  .ip- 
pio.i'  h,  in  order  to  keep  iiini  w.iitin;;  lor  its  com- 
liiiinir.itions. 

Kiiii;  lohn  understood  the  whoh;  n,itun;;uul  ub- 
■J!  it  (il  the  einb.issy,  .uid  felt  that  I'ddinand  w.is 
liiliiij,'  him.  The  ambass.idors  at  leii);th  arrived, 
and  delivered  their  credenli.ils  with  t;re.il  form 
■ami  lereinony.  As  they  retired  from  his  pres- 
'ini-e,  lie  looked  alter  them  coiiteniptuously  : 
"  Tills  embassy  from  our  cousin,"  said  he, 
"  w.uus  both  lie.ifl  and  feet."  He  alluded  to  tlie 
cli.iiacter  both  of  the  mission  and  the  eiuoys. 
Don  (J.ircia  de  Caravajal  was  v.iin  and  frivo'ous, 
and  U'Hi  I'edro  de  Ayala  was  lame  of  one  lej;.! 


111  the  lieijflu  of  his  vexation.  Kin;;  John  is  e\en 
,s;iid  to  have  held  out  some  v.igue  show  of  hostile 
iiitciuions,  taking;  occasion  to  let  the  ambassadors 
(lisi  liver  him  reviewing  his  eav.dry  and  dro|)ping 
ainliih'iii"! '  words  in  their  hearing,  whiidi  might 
be  (iiiistnied  into  sfunething  of  nien.uing  im|ioit.| 
'liu'  embassy  returned  to  Castile,  leaving  him  in 
asia'cit  perplexity  and  irritation  ;  but  whaiex'er 
mi;,dit  he  his  chagrin,  his  discretion  prevented 
Turn  trom  coming  to  an  open  rupture.  He  hid 
'  s  riu'  hopi'S  of  interference  on  the  jiart  oi  the 
iiipe,  t'.iwhom  lie  had  sent  an  embassy,  com|)lain- 
'li!;,M)t  tlie  pretended  discoveries  of  the  .Spani.u'ils, 
;a-.  inlniiging  the  territories  granted  to  I'ortugal 
bv  papal  bull,  and  earnestly  imploring  redress, 
liiire,  .IS  h.as  been  shown,  his  wary  ant. igonist  h.id 
li'L'ii  helorehand  with  him,  ;inii  he  was  floomeil 
asain  to  be  foilecL  The  only  reply  his  amb.i-^sa- 
(lir  received,  was  a  reference  to  the  line  of  parti- 
tion from  pole  to  pole,  so  sagely  devised  by  his 
hiiliiiess.ii  Such  was  this  royal  game  of  diplo- 
iii.icy,  where  the  parties  were  playinv.;  for  a  newly- 
tiiscovered  world.  John  H.  was  able  and  intelli- 
gent, .Old  had  crafty  councillors  to  atlvise  him  in 
all  his  moves  ;  but  whenever  deep  and  subtle 
P'ilicy  was  required,  Ferdinand  was  master  of  the 
•g:imL'. 


CHAPTER  X. 

tTRTllKR  PRF.P.\RATlONS  FOR  THK  Sl.(..0>fD 
VilV.VC.l''. — CIt.VKAClFR  .'F  .M-D.^SO  \>K  i  ijF.D.A 
-lilFKKRENCE   OF    COI.UMl'.US  Willi  .SORI.\  A.M- 

F0.\-,-5i;CA. 

[U93-]  I 

DtsiRUSTFUl,  of  some  attempt  on  the  part  of  ! 

■Kirliic^al  to   interfere   wdth   their  discoveries,    the  j 

^■Sp.inish  sovereigns,  in  the  course  of  their  negotia-  | 

-tioiis,  wrote  rejieatedly  to  Colun.'uis,  urging  him  i 
■tihii^ten  his  departure.     His  zeal,  however,  need 
fl  no  incitement  ;  immediately  on  arriving  at -Se 


*  Vasconcelos,  Don  Juan  II.,  lib.  vi. 
f  V.-isc'oicelos,  lib.  vi,    Barros,  Asia,  d. 
c.p.  2. 
}  Vnscoiicelos,  lib.  vi. 
i  Hcrrera,  dec.id.  i.,  lib.  ii.  cap.  5, 


lib. 


villc,  in  the  lieginning  of  June,  lie  prorccded  with 
all  diligence  to  lit  out  the  armanunt,  m. iking  use 
ot  the  powers  given  him  to  put  in  rii|uisition  llie 
ships  and  crews  which  were  in  the  h.irbors  of 
Aiid.ilusi.i.  lie  W.IS  joined  soon  alter  by  I'onsec.a 
and  .Sori.i,  who  had  rem. lined  lor  ,1  time  at  ILtne- 
lona  ;  and  with  their  united  exertions,  ,1  tieet  of 
Seventeen  vessels,  large  and  small,  w.is  soon  in  a 
sl.ite  ol  iirep.iration.  The  best  pilots  were  ihoseii 
for  the  service,  and  the  crews  wert:  mustered  111 
presence  of  Sori.i  the  comptroller.  A  number  of 
skillul  husb.indmeii,  miners,  c.irpenters,  .mil  other 
mechanics  were  eiig.iged  lor  the  proiicted  colony. 
1  lorses.both  lor  military  purposes  ,ind  lor  stocking 
the  country,  cattle,  and  dmiu'stic  aiiim.ds  ot  .ill 
kinds,  w  ere  likewise  provided.  ( ii  on,  seeds  ot  vari- 
ous |)l.ints,\iiies,  sug.ir-c.ines,  grafts,  and  s.ipbngs, 
were  emb.arked,  together  with  a  gre.it  i|U.inliiy  ot 
merchandise,  consisting  ot  trinkets,  be, ids,  li.iwks' 
liells,  louking-gl.isses,  and  other  showy  trilles, 
calculated  I  ir  tralficking  with  the  natives.  Nor 
was  tlieiHf  wanting  an  abundant  sui)|)ly  of  pro\i- 
sionsol  ,ill  sorts,  munitions  of  w.ir,  and  medicines 
and  refreshment-,  tor  the  sick. 
'  An  extraordin.iry  degree  of  excitement  prevailed 
respecting  this  expedition.  The  most  extrav.igaiit 
I. nicies  were  eiitert. lined  with  re.nect  to  the  New 
World.  The  .111  ouiits  given  liy  tiie  voyagers  who 
had  visited  it  were  full  ol  exaggeration  ;  tin'  in  f.ict 
they  li.id  nothing  but  vague  .uid  cijiilused  notions 
concerning  it,  like  the  recollection  of  a  dream, 
.iiul  it  has  been  shown  th.U  Coluini>us  himself  had 
behidd  everyth  |  through  the  mo.st  delusive  me- 
dium. 'i"he  MN.icity  of  his  descriptions,  and  the 
sanguine  .inticipations  of  his  ardent  sp^irit,  while 
they  roused  the  |)ublic  to  a  wi)n(li'rful  degree  of 
enthusiasm,  prepared  the  way  for  liitter  tiisap- 
pointment.  The  cupidity  ol  the  a\aricious  was 
inllamed  with  the  idea  ot  regions  of  unappropn- 
;ited  wealth,  \vliere  the  rivers  rolled  over  goldi n 
sands,  and  ilie  mountains  teemerl  with  gems  and 
precious  metals  ;  where  the  groves  prodnceij 
spices  .md  jjerfumes,  and  the  shores  ot  the  oce.in 
were  sown  with  pearl.  Others  had  coiueiv(;d  vis- 
ions of  a  loftier  kind.  It  was  a  romantic  and  stir- 
ring age,  and  the  wars  with  the  .Moors  being  o\er, 
and  hostilities  with  the  French  suspended,  the 
bold  and  restless  spirits  of  the  ii.ition,  impatient  of 
the  monot  'Mv  of  jieaceful  lite,  were  eager  for  em- 
ployment, i'o  these  the  New  World  |)reseiited  a 
vast  til  Id  for  wild  eiiterjirise  .and  e.xtr.aordinary  ad- 
venture, so  congenial  to  the  .Spani.sii  character  in 
th.it  period  of  its  nieridi.m  fervor  and  brilliancy. 
,\Liny  hidalgos  ot  high  r.tuk,  olViccrs  of  the  royal 
household,  and  Andalusi.in  cavaliers,  schooled  in 
arms,  and  inspired  with  a  |)assii)n  for  hardy 
achievements  by  the  romantic  w.irsof  Granada, 
pressed  into  the  expedition,  some  in  the  roy.al  ser- 
vice, others  ;it  their  own  cost.  'I'o  tluni  it  was  the 
Commencement  of  .1  new  series  of  crusades,  sur- 
passing in  extent  and  splendor  the  chiv.alrous  en- 
terprises lu  the  Holy  Land.  They  pictured  to 
themselves  vast  and  bc.uitifiil  i.ilandsof  the  ocean 
to  be  overrun  and  sulidued  ;  their  nteriial  won- 
ders to  be  explored,  and  the  b.iniiei  uf  the  cross 
ti)  be  planted  on  the  walls  of  the  cities  they  were 
.s:ip|)osetl  to  contain.  Thence  the  were  to  make 
their  way  to  the  shores  ot  India,  or  rather  .Asia, 
penetrate  into  Mangi  and  Cuhay,  coinert,  or  wh.it 
was  the  s.ime  thing,  concpier  the  Grand  Khan, 
ami  thus  o];en  a  glorious  career  of  arms  amoncf  the 
splendid  countries  and  semi-barbarous  nations  of 
the  East.  Thus,  no  one  had  any  dctinite  idea  of 
the  object  or  natuie  of  the  sor\ice  on  wdiich  he 
was  embarking,  or  the  situation  and  character  ot 


,.r,.. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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tii  1 2.2 

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1.8 


1  1.25   1  ..4    II  ,.6 

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Hiotographic 

Sdences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


lit 

°  r 


I  ; 


•>  ,    iS 


U 


78 


LIFE  AND   VOYAGES  OF   COLUMBUS. 


and  sinj^ular  rxploils.      He  was  of  a  ^inn\  family, 
coiisin-^'frniMii  lo  tlif  Vfiicraljle  Father  Alonso  de 


the  ropion  to  which  li(>  wn?  'lound.  Indeed,  dur- 
inj^  this  tcviT  of  tin-  iniajfin.ition,  had  sober  farts 
and  cold  reahtics  been  |)reseiited,  they  would  have 
been  rejected  with  (hsd.iin  ;  for  there  is  nothinjj 
of  which  the  iJiihlic  is  more  impatient  than  of  be- 
injj  disturbed  in  the  indulj^ence  of  any  of  its  gold- 
en dreams. 

Amonj,'  the  noted  persnnafjes  who  engaged  in 
the  e.\, (edition  was  a  voung  cavalier  of  the  name 
of  Don  Alonso  de  ( ijeda,  celebrated  for  his  ex- 
traordinary personal  endowments  and  his  daring 
spirit  :  and  who  distinguished  himself  among  the 
early  disco\erers    by   many   perilous   expeditions 

I  family 
lonso  dt 
Ojeda,  Imiuisiior  <il  Spain  ;  had  been  brought  up 
under  the  jialronage  ot  the  Duke  of  Medina  Celi, 
and  had  served  in  the  wars  against  the  Moors. 
He  was  of  small  stature,  but  vigorous  make,  well 
proportioned,  d.irk  complexioned,  of  handsome, 
animated  counten.mce,  and  incredible  strength 
and  agility.  Expert  at  all  kinds  of  weapons,  ac- 
complished in  all  manly  ;ind  warlike  exercises,  an 
admir.ible  lioisem.in,  and  a  jiartisan  soldier  of  the 
highest  order  ;  bold  of  heart,  free  of  spirit,  open 
of  hand  ;  'lerce  in  light,  (piick  in  brawl,  but 
ready  to  forgive  and  prone  to  forget  an  injury  ;  he 
was  for  a  long  time  ilu-  idol  of  the  rash  and  roving 
youth  who  engaged  ii\  the  early  expeditions  to  the 
New  World,  ;ind  has  been  made  the  hero  of  many 
wonderful  tales.  On  introducing  him  to  histori- 
cal notice,  Las  Casas  gives  an  anecdote  of  one  of 
his  exploits,  wliith  would  be  unworthy  ot  record, 
but  that  it  exhibits  the  singular  character  of  the 
man. 

Uueen  Isabella  being  in  the  tower  of  the  cathe- 
dral of  Seville,  belter  known  as  the  diralda,  ( )je- 
tl.i.  to  entertain  her  majesty,  atul  to  give  jiroofs  of 
his  courage  and  agility,  mounted  on  a  great  beain 
which  projected  in  the  air,  twenty  feet  from  the 
tower,  at  such  an  immense  height  from  the 
ground,  that  the  peo|ile  below  looked  like  thvarfs, 
and  it  was  enough  to  make  ( )jeda  himself  shud- 
der to  look  down.  Along  diis  be.im  he  walked 
briskly,  and  with  as  much  confidence  as  though 
he  had  been  payng  his  chamber.  When  arrived 
at  th  end,  he  stood  on  one  leg,  lifting  the  other 
in  the  air  ;  then  turning  nimbly  round,  he  return- 
ed in  the  same  way  to  the  tower,  unaffected  by 
the  giddy  height,  whence  the  least  false  step 
would  ha\e  |)recipitale(l  him  and  dashed  him  to 
])ieces.  He  afterward  stood  with  one  foot  on  the 
be;;m,  and  placing  the  other  against  the  w.ill  of 
the  building,  threw  an  orange  to  the  summit  of 
the  tower,  a  proof,  says  Las  Cisas,  of  immense 
muscular  strength.  Such  was  Alonso  de  Ojeda, 
who  soon  became  conspicuous  among  the  follow- 
ers of  Columbus,  and  was  always  foremost  in 
every  enterprise  of  an  .adventurous  nature  ;  who 
coi:rted  jieril  ,is  if  for  the  very  love  of  danger,  and 
seemed  to  fight  more  for  the  pleasure  of  fighting 
t'la.    tor  the  s.ike  ot  distinction.* 

The  number  of  persons  permitted  to  embark  in 
the  expedition  had  been  limited  to  one  thousand  ; 
bet  such  w.is  the  urgent  application  of  volunteers 
'o  l)e  .allowed  to  enlist  without  pay,  that  the  num- 
ber had  increased  to  twelve  hundred.  ^Lany  more 
were  refused  tor  want  of  room  in  the  ships  for 
their  accommodation,  but  some  contrived  to  get 
admitted  by  ste.Uth,  so  that  eventually  about  fif- 
teen hundred  set  sail  in  the  tleet.  As  Columbus, 
in  his  laudable  zeal  tor  the  welfare  of  the  enter- 


*  Las  Casas,  lib.  i.,  Ms.     Pizarro,  Varones  lUiisires, 
Herreru,  Hist.  Ind.,  dccad.  i.  lib.  ii.  cap.  5. 


prise,  provided  everything  that  might  be  necess.nrv 
in  v.irious   possible  emergencies,  the  exjienses  .'; 
the  outfit  exceeded   what   had    been   anticip.itti! 
This  gave  rise  to  occasional  demurs  unthe  p.irir; 
the  cominroller,  Juan  de  Soria,  who  sometimes  !■-.■ 
fused  to  sign  the  accounts  of  the  admiral,  and  r 
the  course  of  their  transactions  seemed   to  h,i\^ 
forgotten  the  deference  due  both  to  his  chanutt- 
and   station.     For  this   he  received   repeated  ,in^ 
severe  re|)rimands  from  the  sovereigns,  who  eiv.j; 
phatically  commanded  that  Columbus  should  '; 
treated  with  the  gre.itest  respect,  and  everythin' 
done  to  facilitate  his  plans  and  yield  him  satisl,,.- 
tion.      FVom   similar  injunctions   inserted    in   t  •; 
royal  letters  to  Fonseca,  the  archdeacon  of  St:\  il - 
it  is   probable   that   he   .also  had   occasionallv  ;-■ 
dulged    in    the    captious   exercise   of    his   oliu:; 
powers.     He  ajipears  ".;<  have  demurred  to  vari(i,; 
refjuisitions  of  Columbus,  particularly  one  lor  lui;. 
men  and   other  domestics  for  his  immediate  m:. 
vice,  to  form  his  household  and  retinue  as  adiiiir' 
and   viceroy  ;    a  demand   which    was  considir:- 
superfluous  l)y  the  ])relate,  as  all  who  embarkc; 
in  the  expedition  were  at  his  command.     In  rep! 
the  sovereigns  ordered  that  he  should  be  alloui 
ten   rsrudiros  dc  a  pic,  or  footmen,  and  iwcir 
])ersons  in  other  domestic  cajjacities,  and  reinir  ;■ 
ed  Fonseca  ot  their  charge  that,  both  in  the  nati::: 
and  mode  of  his  transactions  with  the  admir.il.  •. 
shoidd  stufiy  to  give  him  content  ;  observing  il,.: 
as  the  whole  armament  was  intrusted  to  his  tor.- 
m.md,  it  was  hut  reasonable  that  his  wishes  slm,; 
be   consulted,   and    no   one  embarrass   him  wr 
punctilios  and  difficulties.* 

These  trivial  differences  are  worthy  of  particu!.! 
notice,  from  the  effect  they  appear  to  have  had  '  ' 
the  mind  of  Fonseca,  for  from  them  we  must  ili  f 
the  rise  of  that  singular  hostility   which   iie  K\-\i 
afterward   m.mitested   toward  Colund)US  ;    whi. 
every  ye.ir  increased    in    rancor,    and   which  \ 
gratified  in  the  most  invidious  manner,  by  secrt 
ly  multiplying  impediments  and  vexations  in  : 
l)ath. 

While  the  ex|)edition  was  yet  lingering  in  p;  •■ 
intelligence  was  leceive  !  that  a  Portuguese  lar. 
vel  hat!  set  sail  from  Madeira  and  steered  lor  ;■ 
west.       .Suspicions    were    immediately   aw.akt:; 
th.it  slie  was  bound  for  the  lately-discovered  Ian:- 
Columbus   wrote  an   account  of  it   to  the  s(n.' 
eigns,  and  proposed  to  dispatch  a  part  of  his  lit 
in  pursuit  ot  her.     His  proposition  was  appnnt: 
but   not  carried   into  effect.      On    remonstraiiai 
being  made  to  the  court  ot  Lisbon,  King  John  i': 
dared  that  the  vessel   had  sailed  without  his  pi 
mission,  .and  that  he  would  send  three  caravels: 
bring  her  back.     This  only  served  to  increase  t:: 
jealousy  of  the  Spanish  monarchs,  who  eonsidtrr 
the  whole  a  deep-laid  stratagem,  and  that  it  w 
intenfled  the  vessels  should  join  their  forces,  ,r 
pursue  their  course  together  to  the  New  W'nr! 
Columbus  was  urged,  therefore,  to  depart  withi 
an   hour's  delay,  ami   instructed  to  steer  wide 
Cipe  St.  Vincent,  and   entirely   avoid   the   Port.' 
guese  coasts  and  islands,  for  fear  of  molestatif 
If  he  met  with  any  vessels  in  the  se.is  he  had  tij 
plored,  he  was  to  seize  them,  and  inllict  rigoro 
[)unishment  on   the  crews.     Fonseca  was  .also  1 
dered  to  he  on  the  alert,  and  in  case  any  evpt-: 
tion  sailed  from  Portugal  to  send  double  the  lor 
.'liter  it.     These  precautions,  however,  pro\edi: 
necessary.      Whether  such  caravels    actually  i 
sail,    and   whether  they  were   sent   with   siuis'-l 


*  Navarrete, 
62-66. 


Colec,   torn.  ii.      Documentos,  N'l 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGES   OF   COLUMBUS. 


79 


thatinijjhl  be  necesMrvj 
^encies.  ihc  expenses 
,  had  lifcn  anticiiiatKl  ! 
lal  (lemurs  on  the  iKiri(;J 
Sofia,  who  suimtinus  r^: 
i  (){  the  admiral,  and 
iactions  seemed  Id  ii;i',-<,| 
ue  both  to  his  iharacu- 
le  received  repeated  a:,; 
[he  siiverei^;iis,  who  (•:;:. 
lat  Columlius  shiailij  \'.  . 

respect,  and  everylhin,; 
IS  and  yield  him  satisl,,. 
imciions  inserted  in  t  •. 
the  archdeacon  ol  St\  ilr 
ilso  had   occasionally  ;-• 

exercise  of  his  ol'lii:;: 
have  demurred  to  vario.i 
,  particularly  one  tor  ti«v 
:s  for  his  immediate  >t:- 
)kl  and  retinue  as  admin 
;1  which  was  considir- 
ilc,  as  all  who  embarkc. 

his  command.     In  ri;i; 
Lhat  he  should  be  allDWc 
,  or  footmen,  and  twtr; 
ic  capacities,  and  remii:., 
ire  that,  both  in  the  nam:: 
tions  with  the  admiral,  :: 
\  content  ;  observinjr  ih,,: 
was  intrusted  to  his  c(0 
able  that  bis  wishes  sliui;- 
one  embarrass   him  w;:.: 

s.* 

es  are  worthy  of  particii'.,:: 
hey  ai)i)ear  to  have  hadd 
r  from  them  we  must  il.iM 
ir  hostility  which  lie  evtif 
oward  Columbus  ;  whi.l 
rancor,  and  which  I'.ij 
ious  manner,  by  secreJ 
nts  and  vexations  in  k| 

was  yet  liiiKerinR  in  po; 
!  that  a  I'ortuj^uese  c.J 
ideira  and  steered  lor  ; 
e    immediately   awake; 
he  latelv-discovered  Ian; 
■count  of   it   to  the  sen  • 
■lispatch  a  part  of  his  tV 
proposition  was  appmv 
ffect.      On    remonsiiaii'. 
ot  Lisbon,  Kin};  John  I'r 
lad  sailed  without  his  ]x- 
uld  send  three  caravels 
-inly  served  to  increase  tr 
iioiiarchs,  who  consider: 
tratajjem,  and  lhat  it  «i| 
uld  join  their  forces,  a 
ether  to  the  New  Wor 
ereiore,  to  depart  wilhi'. 
structed  to  steer  wide 
ntirely   avoid   the   I'on- 
tor  fear  of  molestaiif 
eis  in  the  seas  he  had  « 
:hem,  and  indict  ri;,rorp 
•s.     Konscca  was  .also ; '] 
,  and  in  case  any  v\\i(- 
d  to  send  double  the  tor 
lons,  however,  jirovcd  f' 
ich  caravels   actually  ' 
were   sent   with   sir.isy 


nntivcs  liy  Tortupal,  does  not  appear  ;  nothing 
-.1,  either  seen  or  heard  of  them  by  Columbus  in 
course  ot  his  voyajre. 

]t  may  he  as  well,  for  the  sake  of  distinctness,  to 
iiuiLipaie,  in  this  plac;,  the  regular  course  ot  iiis- 
lorv,  and  mention  the  manner  in  which  this  terri- 
lori.il  (|ue-.tion  was  finally  settled  between  the 
rival  sii'.ir>i;Mis.    It  was  impossible  for  Kinjr  John 

repr(->s  his  dis(|uiet  at  the  indetinile  enterprises 

liu:  .Spanish  munarchs  ;  he  did  not  know  how 
ar  tluv  mifrht  extend,  and  whether  they  mijjht 
hdi  fi)re.slall  him  in  all  his  anticipated  discoveries 
Jn  Iiiili.i.  I'"indin>(,  however,  all  a'templs  fruitless 
|o  train  by  strata^'em  an  advantajje  over  his  wary 
Vid  skilful  antajjonist,  and  despairinjr  of  any  fur- 
Uier  assistance  from  the  court  of  Rome,  he  had 
lecourse,  at  last,  to  fair  and  amicable  negotiations, 
liul  toun<l,  as  is  generally  the  case  with  those  who 
lurii  aside  into  the  inviting  but  crooked  jjaths  ot 
fralt,  that  had  iie  kept  to  the  line  of  frank  and  open 
policv.  he  would  have  saved  himself  a  world  ot 
heiplexitv,  and  have  arrived  sooner  at  his  object. 

■  offered  to  leave  to  the  Spanish  sovereigns  the 
Irce  picnecution  of  their  western  discovery,  and 
|o  CDntorm  to  the  jjlap  of  partition  bv  a  meridian 
line  ;  but  he  represented  that  this  line  had  not  been 
tnwn  far  enough  to  the  west  ;  that  while  it  left 
wide  ocean  free  to  the  range  of  Spanish  enter- 
bnse,  his  navigators  could  not  venture  more  than 

lundred  leagues  west  ot  his  possessions,  and 
pad  no  scope  or  sea-room  for  their  southern  voy- 

.\fter  much  difficulty  and  discussion,  this  nio- 
nciUous  dispute  was  adjusted  by  deputies  from 


the  two  crowns,  who  met  at  Tordc'sillas  in  Old 
Castile,  in  the  following  year,  and  on  the  7th  of 
June,  1494,  signed  a  treaty  by  which  the  jiapal  line 
of  partition  was  moved  to  three  hundred  and 
seventy  leagues  west  ot  the  Cajie  de  \erde  Islands. 
It  was  agreed  tliat  within  six  months  an  ecjual 
number  of  caravels  and  mariners,  on  the  part  of 
the  two  nations,  should  rendezvous  at  the  island 
ot  the  (irand  Canary,  i)rovi(led  with  men  learned 
in  astronomy  and  navigation.  They  were  to  i)ro- 
ceed  thence  to  the  Ca|)e  de  \'erde  Islands,  and 
thence  westward  three  hundred  and  seventy 
leagues,  and  determine  the  jjroposed  line  from 
pole  to  pole,  dividing  the  ocean  i)etween  the  two 
nations.*  Kach  of  the  two  jiowers  engaged  sol- 
emnly to  observe  the  bounds  thus  jirescribed, 
and  to  prosecute  no  enterprise  beyond  its  pro|)er 
limits  ;  though  it  was  agreed  that  the  Spanish 
navigators  might  traverse  freely  the  eastern  parts 
of  the  ocean  in  ])rosecuting  their  riglnttil  voyages. 
\'arious  circumstances  impeded  the  proposed  ex- 
pedition to  determine  the  line,  but  the  treaty  re- 
mained in  force,  and  prevented  all  further  dis'cus- 
sions. 

Thus,  says  Vasconcelos,  this  great  ([Uestion,  the 
greatest  ever  agitated  between  the  two  crowns,  for 
it  was  the  partition  of  a  new  world,  was  amicably 
settled  by  the  jirudeiicd  and  address  of  two  of  the 
most  politic  monarchs  ihat  ever  sw.iyed  the  scep- 
tre. It  was  arranged  to  the  satistaclion  of  both 
parties,  each  holding  himself  entitled  to  the  vast 
countries  that  might  l)e  iliscovered  within  his 
boundary,  without  any  regard  to  the  rights  of  the 
native  inhabitants. 


BOOK  VI. 


cm.  il.      Documcntos, 


CHAPTER  I. 

)F.rAUTfRF.  OF  COI.UMnCS   ON'   TILS   SF.CONT)  VOY- 

.u;k— niscuvKRY  ok  the  cariuukl  i.sl.\nds. 

['493-] 

Thf.  departure  of  Columbus  on  his  second  voy- 
i  ,f;e  of  discovery  presented  a  brilliant  contrast  to 
3  lis  S^looniy  embarkation  at  Palos.     t)n  the  25th  of 
3  ieptc-mher,  at  the  dawn  of  day,  the  Hay  of  Cadiz 
"■;  las  whitened  l)y  his  fleet.    There  were  three  large 
hips  (it  heavy  burden,*   and  fourteen  caravels, 
litering  with  Hajiping  sails,  and  awaiting  the  sig- 
lal  to  get  under  way.    The  harbor  resounded  with 
V'  weli-kn(jwn  note  of  the  sailor,  hoisting  sail  or 
;ei}jhing  anchor  ;  a  motley  crowd  were  hurrying 
in  hoard,  and  taking  leave  of  their  friends  in  the 
lontuleiice  of  a  prosperoiis  voyage  and  triumj)hant 
;turn.      There   was   the    high-s|)irited   cavalier, 
louiid  on   romantic   enterprise  ;    the  hardy  navi- 
ptor,  ambitious  of  acquiring  laurels  in  these  un- 
known   seas  ;     the    roving    adventurer,    seeking 
lovehy  and   excitement  ;    the    keen,   calculating 
jpeculator,  eager  to  profit  by  the  ignorance  of  sav- 
k't-'  tribes  ;    and   the   pale   missionary   from   the 

'  Peter  Martyr  says  they  wert  carracks  (a  large 
Ipecies  ot  merchant  vessel,  principally  used  in  coast- 
al! trade),  of  one  hundred  tons  burden,  and  that  two 
If  the  caravels  were  much  larger  than  the  rest,  and 
Vre  c.ipable  of  bea-ing  decks  from  the  size  of  their 
Basts,— Uccad.  i,  lib.  i. 


cloister,  anxious  to  extend  the  dominion  of  the 
church,  or  devoutly  zealous  tor  the  iirojiagation 
of  the  faith.  All  were  full  of  animation  and  lively 
ho|)e.  Instead  of  l)eing  regarded  by  tlie  populace 
as  devoted  men,  bound  upon  a  d.irk  and  desperate 
enterprise,  they  were  contemplated  with  envy,  as 
favored  mortals,  bound  to  golden  regions 'and 
hai)|)v  climes,  where  nothing  but  wealth  and 
wonder  and  delights  awaited  them.  Columbus, 
consjjicuous  for  his  height  and  his  commanding 
appearance,  was  attended  by  his  two  sons  Diego 
and  Fernando,  the  eldest  but  a  stripling,  who  had 
come  to  witness  his  departure, +  both  proud  of  the 
glory  of  their  father.  '  \Vhere\er  he  passed,  every 
eye  followed  him  with  admiration,  and  every 
tongue  praised  and  blessed  him.  Ilefore  sunrise 
the  whole  fleet  was  under  way  ;  the  weather  was 
serene  and  jiropitious,  and  as  tin'  popul.ice  watched 
their  parting  sails  brightening  in  the  morning 
beams,  they  looked  forward  to  their  joyful  return 
fallen  with  the  treasures  of  the  New  World. 

According  to  the  instructions  of  the  sovereigns, 
Columbus  steered  wide  of  the  coasts  of  Portugal 
and  of  its  islands,  standing  to  the  south-west  of  the 
Canaries,  where  he  arrived  on  the  ist  ot  October. 
After  touching  at  the  Grand  Canary,  he  anchored 
on  the  5th  at  (Jomera,  to  take  in  a  supply  of  wood 
.md  water.     Here  also  he  purchased  calves,  goats, 

*  Zurita,   Hist,  del  Rey  Fernand.,  lib,  i.  cap.  29. 
Vasconcelos,  lib.  vi. 
f  Hist,  del  Alcnirante,  cap.  44. 


80 


LIFE  AND  VOYAGES  OF  COLUMBUS. 


u     '1      ■' 


!  H\ 


% 


'  1 


and  sheep,  to  stock  the  island  of  Hispaniola  ;  and 
eifjht  ho^fs,  from  which,  according-  to  Las  Casas, 
the  intiiiitf  ninnhcr  of  swine  was  propagated,  with 
which  the  Sjianish  settlements  in  the  New  World 
suhse(|Uently  ahouniled.  A  numher  of  domestic 
fowls  were  likewise  jiurchased,  which  were  the 
orij^in  of  the  species  in  the  New  World  ;  and  the 
same  mijj[ht  he  said  of  the  seeds  of  oranges, 
lemons,  hcrjjamots,  melons,  and  v.irious  orchard 
fruits,*  which  were  thus  first  introduced  into  the 
islands  of  the  west,  from  the  Hesperides  or  Fortu- 
nate Islands  of  the  Old  World .f 

On  the  7th,  when  ahout  to  sail,  Columhus  gave 
to  the  comniander  of  each  vessel  a  sealed  letter  of 
instructions,  in  which  was  specified  his  route  to 
the  harhor  of  N.itivity,  the  residence  of  the  cacicjue 
(lUac.magari.  This  was  only  to  he  opened  in  case 
of  heing  separated  hy  accident,  as  he  wished  to 
make  a  mystery,  as  long  as  possilile,  of  the  exact 
route  to  the  newly-discovered  country,  lest  adven- 
turers of  other  nations,  and  particularly  the  Por- 
tuguese, should  follow  in  his  track,  and  interfere 
with  his  enterjirises.J 

After  making  sail  from  Gomera,  they  were  be- 
calmed for  a  few  days  among  the  Canaries,  until, 
on  the  13th  of  October,  a  fair  breeze  sprang  up 
from  the  east,  which  soon  carried  them  out  of 
sight  ol  the  island  of  Ferro.  Columhus  held  his 
course  to  the  south-west,  intending  to  keep  con- 
siderably more  to  the  southward  than  in  his  tirst 
voyage,  in  hopes  of  falling  in  with  the  islands  of 
the  Caribs,  of  which  he  had  received  such  vague 
and  wonderful  accounts  from  the  Indians. J  Being 
in  the  region  of  the  tnide-winds,  the  breeze  con- 
tinued fair  and  steady,  with  a  quiet  sea  and  pleas- 
ant weather,  and  by  the  24th  they  had  made  four 
hundred  and  hfty  leagues  west  of  Gomera,  without 
seeing  any  of  tiiose  fields  of  sea-weeds  encoun- 
tered within  a  much  less  distance  on  their  first 
voyage.  At  that  time  their  appearance  was  im- 
portant, and  almost  providential,  inspiring  con- 
tinual ho])e,  and  enticing  them  forward  in  their 
dubious  enterprise.  Now  they  needed  no  such 
signals,  being  full  of  confidence  and  lively  antici- 
pation, and  on  seeing  a  swallow  circling  about 
the  ships,  and  being  visited  occasionally  by  sud- 
den showers,  they  began  to  look  out  cheerily  for 
land. 

Toward  the  latter  part  of  October  they  had  in 
the  night  a  gust  of  heavy  rain,  accompanied  by 
the  severe  thunder  and  lightning  of  the  trojiics. 
It  lasted  for  four  hours,  and  they  considered  them- 
selves in  nuicii  peril,  until  they  beheld  several  of 
those  lambent  llames  jilaying  about  the  tops  of  the 
masts,  and  gliding  along  the  ringing,  which  have 
always  been  ohiectsof  superstitious  fancies  among 
sailors.  Fernando  Columiius  makes  remarks  on 
them  strongly  characteristic  of  the  age  in  wiiich 
he  lived.  "On  the  same  Saturday,  in  the  night, 
was  seen  St.  Klmo,  with  seven  lighted  tapers 
at  the  topmast  :  there  was  much  rain  and 
great  thunder  ;  I  mean  to  say,  that  those  lights 
were  seen,  which  mariners  affirm  to  be  the  body 
of  St.  Elmo,  on  beholding  which  they  chant 
litanies  and  orisons,  holding  it  for  certain,  that  in 


the  tempest  in  which  he  appears,  no  one  is  in  rl.- 
ger.  He  that  as  it  may,  I  leave  the  matter  ■ 
them  ;  but  if  we  may  believe  I'liny,  similar  li;;h 
have  sometimes  appeared  to  the  Roman  ni.iriiiri 
during  tempests  at  sea,  which  they  said  wiru  C.. 
tor  and  Pollux,  of  which  likewise  Seneca  m;uj 
mention."* 

On  the  evening  of  Saturday,  the  2d  of  Novtrl 
her,  Columbus  was  convinced,  from  the  color 
the  sea,  the  nature  of  the  waves,  and  the  varia' 
winds  and  frecpient  showers,  that  they  must  r. 
near  to  land  ;  he  gave  orders,  therefore,  to  take 
sail,  and  to  maintain  a  vigilant  watch  thr(juji;hi.| 
the  night.    He  had  jutlged  with  his  usual  sag.icr 
In  the  morning  a  lofty  island  was  descried  to  v-tji 
west,  at  the  sight  of  which  there  were  shouts 
joy  throughout  the  fleet.     Columbus  gave  to  r;3 
island  the  name  of  Dominica,  from  having  (liscy 
ered  it  on  Sunday.     As  the  ships  moved  gitr. 
onward,  other  islands  rose  to  sight,  covered  vv;: 
forests,  while  flights  of  parrots  and  other  troj 
cal  birds  passed  from  one  to  the  other. 

The  crews  were  now  assembled  on  the  decks 
the  several  shi])S,  to  return  thanks  to  God  ffir  the; 
prosperous  voyage,  and  their  hapjiy  discovery.: 
land,  chanting  the  Sa/rw  7\'i\i,^i>ta  and  oihtT  a- 
thems.  Such  was  the  solemn  manner  in  vvh;:- 
Columbus  celebrated  all  his  discoveries,  a-. 
which,  in  fact,  was  generally  observed  by  tr; 
Spanish  and  Portuguese  voyagers. 


*  Las  Casas,  Hist.  Ind,,  lib.  i.  cap.  83. 

f  Humboldt  is  of  opinion  that  there  were  wild 
oranges,  small  and  l)itter,  as  well  as  wild  lemons,  in 
the  New  World,  prior  to  the  discovery.  CaldcleuKh 
also  mentions  that  the  Krazilians  consider  the  small 
flitter  wild  orange  of  native  origin. — Humboldt,  Essai 
Politique  sur  I'lsle  de  Cuba,  lom.  i.  p.  63. 

t  Las  Casas,  hi.  Sup. 

§  Letter  of  Dr.  Chanca, 


TR.\NS/\CTION.S 


CHAPTER  II. 

AT   THF,   ISLAND 
LOUl'K. 


OF   GUADA- 


[U93-] 

Thf.  islands  among  which  Columbus  Imd  .r- 
rived  were  a  part  of  that  beautiful  cluster  ci',;- 
by  some  the  Antilles,  which  sweep  almost  in . 
semicircle  from  the  eastern  end  of  Porto  Ricd' 
the  coast  of  Paria  on  the  southern  continent,  lorr 
ing  a  kind  of  barrier  between  the  main  ocean  ar 
the  Caribbean  Sea. 

During  the  first  day  that  he  entered  this  arch- 
pelago,  Columbus  saw  no  less  than  six  islands': 
different  magnitude.  They  were  clothed  in  tni::- 
cal  vegetation,  and  the  breezes  from  them  wer: 
sweetened  by  the  fragrance  of  their  forests. 

After  seeking  in  vain  for  good  anchorage  ;: 
Dominica,  he  stood  for  another  of  tjie  group,  i; 
which  he  gave  the  name  of  his  ship,  ^Larigala:l'.e 
Here  he  landed,  displayed  the  royal  b.inner,  a:;. 
took  possession  of  the  archipelago  in  the  name  : 
his  sovereigns.  The  island  ap])eared  to  be  uni'- 
habited  ;  a  rich  and  dense  forest  overspread  1:: 
some  of  the  trees  were  in  blossom,  others  lade" 
with  unknown  fruits,  others  ])ossessing  spip 
odors^among  which  ^^■as  one  with  the  leaf  of  tr( 
laurel  and  the  fragrance  of  the  clove. 

Hence  they  made  sail  for  an  island  of  lari,'er 
size,   with  a    remarkable    mountain  ;    one   ])t; 


*  Hist,  del  Almirante,  cap.  45.  A  similar  mcnti« 
is  made  of  this  nautical  superstition  in  the  voyaK<=  ''■ 
Magellan.  "  During  these  great  storms,  they  saii 
that  St.  Elmo  appeared  at  the  topmast  with  a  lightc- 
candle,  and  sometimes  with  two,  upon  whitli  iht 
people  shed  tears  of  joy,  receiving  great  consolatior 
and  saluted  him  according  to  the  custom  of  mariners. 
He  remained  visible  for  a  quarter  of  an  hour,  ari| 
then  disappeared,  with  a  great  flash  of  lightnini 
which  blinded  the  people." — Herrer.'i,  decad.  ii.  lil^ 
iv,  cap.  10, 


LIFE  AND  VOYAGES  OF  COLUMBUS. 


81 


appears,  no  one  is  in  di: 
y,    I   leave  the  niaUer  • 
fieve  I'liny,  similar  li;;!"| 
(I  to  the  Roman  ni.iriiirj 
,\ hich  they  said  w i-ii-  C: 
h  likewise  Seneca  m,u,\ 

iturday,  the  2(1  of  Nnvi- 
ivinced,  from  the  rolor  | 
e  waves,  and  the  vari^i  • 
(uvers,  that  they  niusi  :• 
rders,  therefore,  to  take 
I'ij^ilant  watch  thrcjujjhc 
ed  with  his  usual  sa^jacr 
sland  was  ilescried  to  : 
hich  there  were  shouts 
it.     Columl)Us  j4a\e  to  i:;i 
linica,  from  havinj^  disco  ? 
s  the  ships  nio\  ed  \^m 
ose  to  sight,  covered  w 
[  parrots  and  other  trop  '1 
ne  to  the  other, 
assembled  on  the  decks 
jrn  thanks  to  Ciod  for  iht.:  5 
1   their  happy  discovery. 
vt'  Iii\i^iita  and   other  w 
solemn  manner  in  whic: 
all    his   discoveries,    ar 
generally  observed  hy  thi 
t  voyagers. 


i'TER  II. 

IHF.   ISLAND   OF  GUADA- 
)U1'K. 

493-] 

which  Columlvjs  had  x- 
lat  f)eautiful  cluster  calli"; 
which  sweep  almost  in;; 
tern  end  of  I'orto  Hico'J 
southern  continent,  lonr;! 
tween  the  main  ocean  an;* 

Ithat  he  entered  this  arch- 
no  less  than  six  islands': 
"hey  were  clothed  in  tni;;-; 

breezes  from  them  wer;, 
ince  of  their  forests. 
[n   for  good   anchorage  a:' 
|r  another  of  tjie  group,;: 

of  his  ship,  Marigala.w 
/ed  the  royal  banner,  a:; 
Jrchipelago  in  the  name: 
and  appeared  to  be  urn- 
;nse  forest  overspread  :: 

in  blossom,  others  lad ' 

others    possessing    .s]i: 
lis  one  with  the  leaf  ol  '  : 

of  the  clove, 
lil  for  an  island  of  l.av, ' 
le    mountain  ;    one    piu 

tap.  45.  A  similar  moniio' 
Iperstition  in  the  voyage  0: 
le  great  storms,  they  saii 
[the  topmast  with  a  lifihif 
Irith  two,  upon  whitli  t'- 
tcceiving  great  consola'.ior 
1  to  the  custom  of  mariners 
quarter  of  an  hour,  an; 
I  great  flash  of  lightnin;, 
■■  -Herrer.'i,  decad.  ii.  '■- 


ivhich  proved  afterward  to  l)e  the  crater  of  a  vol- 
aiio,  rose  to  a  great  height,  with  streams  of  water 
u^hing  from  it.  As  they  approached  within 
hrce  leagues  they  heheUf  a  cataract  of  such 
fight  that,  to  use  the  words  of  the  narrator,  it 
ecnied  to  be  tailing  from  the  sky.  As  it  broke  into 
0 am  in  its  descent,  many  at  first  fjelieved  it  to  be 
nirelv  a  stratum  of  white  rock.*  To  this  island, 
hich'  was  called  by  the  Indians  Turu(iueira,t  the 
(Imiral  gave  the  name  of  (luadaloupe,  having 
romised  the  monks  of  our  Lady  of  C.uadaloupe  in 
sir-jniadura  to  call  some  newly-discovered  place 
iter  their  convent. 

Landing  here  on  the  4lh,  they  visited  a  village 
ear  the  shore,  the  inhabitants  of  which  tied,  some 
ven  leaving  their  children  behind  in  their  terror 
nd  confusion.  These  the  Spaniards  soothed  with 
aresses,  binding  hawks'  bells  and  other  trinkets 
•ound  their  arms.  This  village,  like  most  of 
hose  of  the  island,  consisted  of  twenty  or  thirty 
oases,  built  round  a  public  place  or  .square.  The 
oases  were  constructed  of  trunks  and  trees  inter- 
ivoven  with  reeds  and  branches,  and  thatched 
ftiih  i).ilni-leaves.  They  were  sciuare,  not  circular 
ike  those  of  the  other  islands, J  and  each  had  its 
ortico  or  shelter  from  the  sun.  One  of  the  porti- 
os  was  decor.ated  with  images  of  serpents  tolera- 
y  carved  in  wood.  For  furniture  they  had  ham- 
ocks  of  cotton  net,  and  utensils  formed  of  cala- 
ashes  or  earthenware,  equal  to  the  best  of  those 
t  Hisjianiola.  There  were  large  (luantities  of 
otton  ;  some  in  the  wool,  some  in  yarn,  and  some 
rought  into  cloth  of  very  tolerable  texture  ;  and 
anv  bows  and  arrows,  the  latter  tipped  with 
harp  bones.  Provisions  seemed  to  abound, 
here  were  many  domesticated  geese  like  those 
f  Kurope,  and  parrots  as  targe  as  household 
lowls,  with  blue,  green,  white,  ancl  scarlet  plumage, 
leing  the  splendid  species  called  guacamayos. 
ere  also  the  Spaniards  first  met  with  the  anana, 
r  pineapple,  the  flavor  and  fragrance  of  which 
stonished  and  delighted  them.  In  one  of  the 
louses  they  were  surprised  to  find  a  pan  or  other 
teiisil  of  iron,  not  having  ever  met  with  that 
netal  in  the  New  World.  Fernando  Colon  sup- 
loses  that  it  was  formed  of  a  certain  kind  of  heavy 
itone  found  among  those  islands,  which,  when 
)urnt,  has  the  appearance  of  shining  iron  ;  or  it 
night  have  been  some  utensil  brought  by  the  In- 
lians  from  Hispaniola.  Certain  it  is,  that  no  na- 
ive iron  was  ever  found  among  tlie  people  of 
,hese  islands. 
In  another  house  was  the  stern-post  of  a  vessel. 
o\v  had  it  reached  these  shores,  which  appeared 
ever  to  have  been  visited  by  the  ships  of  civilized 
an  ?  Was  it  the  wreck  of  some  vessel  from  the 
ore  enlightened  countries  of  Asia,  which  they 
upposed  to  lie  somewhere  in  this  direction  ?  Or 
p;irt  of  the  caravel  which  Columbus  had  lost  at 
JliL-  island  of  Hispaniola  during  his  first  voyage  ? 
Or  a  fragment  of  some  European  ship  which  had 
drilled  across  the  Atlantic  ?  The  latter  was  most 
jpr ohahly  the  case.  The  constan.  current  which 
Itis  over  froin  the  coast  of  Africa,  produced  by 
^iii;  steady  prevalence  of  the  trade-winds,,  must  oc- 
casionally bring  wrecks  from  the  Old  World  to 
'le  New  ;  an.d  long  before  the  discovery  of  Colum- 
ns the  savages  of  the  islands  and  the  coasts  may 
lave  gazed  with  wonder  at  fragments  of  European 
arks  which  have  floated  to  their  shores. 


*  Letter  of  Dr.  Chanca. 

t  Letter  of  Dr.  Chanca.    Peter  Martyr  calls  it  Caru- 
ueira  or  Queraquiera,  decad.  i.  lib.  ii. 
t  Hist,  del  Almirante,  cap.  62. 


What  struck  the  Spaniards  with  horror  was 
the  sight  of  liuman  bones,  vestiges,  as  they  sup- 
posed, of  unnatural  repasts  ;  and  skulls,  ajijiar- 
ently  used  as  vases  and  other  liousehold  uten- 
sils. These  dismal  objects  convinced  them  that 
they  were  now  in  the  abodes  of  the  Cannibals, 
or  Caribs,  whose  predatory  expeditions  and  ruth- 
less character  rendered  them  the  terror  of  these 
seas. 

The  boat  having  returned  on  board,  Columbus 
proceeded  upward  of  two  leagues,  until  he  an- 
chored, late  in  the  evening,  in  a  convenient  port. 
The  island  on  this  side  extentled  for  the  distance 
of  five  and  twenty  leagues,  diversitied  with  lofty 
mountains  and  broad  ])lains.  Along  the  coast 
were  small  villages  and  hamlets,  the  inhabitants 
of  which  lied  in  affright.  On  the  following  day 
the  boats  landed,  and  succeeded  in  taking  and 
bringing  off  a  boy  and  several  wookmi.  The  in- 
formation gathered  from  them  contirmed  Colum- 
bus in  his  idea  that  this  was  one  of  the  islands  of 
the  Caribs.  He  learnt  that  the  inhabitants  were 
in  league  with  two  neighboring  islainls,  but  made 
war  upon  all  the  rest.  They  even  went  on  ]jreda- 
tory  enterprises,  in  canoes  made  from  the  hollow- 
ed trunks  01  trees,  to  the  distance  of  (jnc  hundred 
and  fifty  leagues.  Their  arms  were  bows  and 
arrows  pointed  with  the  bones  of  tishes  or  shells 
of  tortoises,  and  poisoned  with  the  juice  of  a  cer- 
tain herb.  They  made  descents  upon  the  islands, 
ravaged  the  villages,  carried  off  the  youngest  and 
handsomest  of  the  wome..,  whom  they  ri'tained  as 
servants  or  companions,  and  made  jirisoners  of 
the  men,  to  be  killed  and  eaten. 

After  hearing  such  accounts  of  the  natives  of 
this  island,  Columbus  was  extremely  uneasy  at 
finding,  in  the  evening,  that  Diego  Marque,  a 
captain  of  one  of  the  caravels,  and  eiglu  men  were 
missing.  They  had  landed  early  in  the  morning 
without  leave,  and  straying  into  the  woods,  had  not 
since  been  seen  or  heard  of.  The  night  ])asse(l 
away  without  their  return.  On  the  following  day 
parties  were  sent  in  various  directions  in  quest  of 
them,  each  with  a  trumpeter  to  sound  calls  and 
signals.  Guns  were  fired  from  the  ships,  and 
ai(|uebuses  on  shore,  but  all  to  no  jjurpose,  and 
the  iiarties  returned  in  the  evening,  \ve:iried  with 
a  fruitless  search.  In  several  hamlets  they  had 
met  with  jjroofsof  the  cannibal  ])ropeiisities  of  the 
natives.  Human  limbs  were  suspended  to  the 
beams  of  the  houses,  as  if  curing  for  ])rovisions  ; 
the  head  of  a  young  man  recently  killed  was  yet 
bleeding  ;  some  parts  of  his  body  were  roasting 
before  the  fire,  others  boiling  with  the  llesh  of 
geese  and  ])arrots.* 

Several  of  the  n.itives,  in  the  course  of  the  day, 
had  been  seen  on  the  shore,  gazing  with  wonder 
at  the  ships,  but  when  the  boats  approached,  they 
fled  to  the  woods  and  mountains.  .Se\er,d  women 
came  off  to  the  Spaniards  for  refuge,  being  cap- 
tives from  other  islands.  Columbus  ordered  that 
they  should  be  decorated  with  hawks'  bells  and 
strings  of  beads  and  bugles,  and  sent  on  shore, 
in  hopes  of  enticiwg  off  some  of  the  men.  They 
soon  returned  to  the  boats  stripped  of  their 
ornaments,  and  imploring  to  be  taken  on  board 
the  ships.  The  admiral  learnt  from  them  that 
most  of  the  men  of  the  island  were  absent, 
the  king  having  sailed  some  time  before  with 
ten  canoes  and  three  hundred  warriors,  on  a 
cruise  in  quest  of  prisoners  and  booty.  When 
the   men    went   forth   on   these    expediiions,    the 


*  P.  Martyr,  Letter  147,  to  Pomponio  La:to.     Idem, 
decad.  i,  lib.  ii. 


V/' 


1:/ 


|!':i  -0 


■i  I  ! 
i  I  ' 


i: 


.1,  . 


82 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGES   OF   COLUMBUS. 


women  remained  to  defend  their  sliores  from  in- 
vasion, 'I'licy  were  expert  arciiers,  pnrtalcin^r  of 
the  warrior  spirit  of  tlieir  husiiands,  and  almost 
t'quailin}r  them  in  force  and  intrepidity.* 

Tile  continued  al)sence  of  the  wanderers  per- 
plexed Colunil)us  extremely.  He  was  impatient 
to  arrive  at  llis|>aniola,  but  unwillinjf  to  sail  while 
there  was  a  possibility  of  their  heinjj  alive  and 
bi'in^f  recovered.  In  this  t  meryency  Alonso  de 
Ojeda,  the  same  younjr  cavalier  whose  exploit  on 
the  tower  of  the  cathedral  at  Seville  has  been 
mentioned,  volunteered  to  scour  the  island  with 
forty  men  in  (luest  of  them.  He  departed  accord- 
ingly, and  durinj^  his  absence  the  ships  took  in 
wood  and  water,  ;uul  ])art  of  the  crews  were  per- 
mitted to  land,  wash  their  clothes,  and  recreate 
themselves. 

Ojeda  and  his  followers  pushed  far  into  the  in- 
terior, firing  off  ar(|uebuses  and  sounding  trum- 
pets in  the  valleys  and  from  the  summits  of  cliffs 
and  ])recipices,  but  were  only  answered  by  their 
own  echoes.  The  tropical  luxuriance  and  density 
of  the  forests  rendered  them  almost  impenetra- 
l)le  ;  and  it  was  necessary  to  wade  a  great  many 
rivers,  or  probably  the  windings  and  doublings  of 
the  same  stream.  The  island  ani)eared  to  be  nat- 
urally fertile  in  the  extreme.  The  forests  abound- 
ed with  aromatic  trees  and  shrubs,  among  which 
Ojeda  fancied  he  jierceived  the  odor  of  precious 
gums  and  s|)ices.  There  was  honey  in  hollow 
trees  and  in  the  clefts  of  rocks  ;  abundance  of  fruit 
also  ;  for,  according  to  I'eter  Martyr,  the  Caribs, 
in  their  predatory  cruisings,  were  accustomed  to 
bring  home  the  seeds  and  roots  of  all  kinds  of 
plants  from  the  distant  islands  and  countries 
which  they  overran. 

Ojeda  returned  without  any  tidings  of  the  strag- 
glers. Several  days  had  now  elai)sed  since  their 
disappearance.  They  were  given  up  for  lost,  and 
the  lleet  was  about  sailing  when,  to  the  universal 
joy,  a  signal  was  made  by  them  from  the  shore. 
When  they  came  on  board  their  haggard  and  ex- 
hausted looks  bespoke  what  they  had  suffered. 
For  several  days  they  had  been  jjcrplexed  in  track- 
less forests,  so  dense  as  almost  to  exclude  the  light 
of  day.  They  had  clambered  rocks,  waded  riv- 
ers, and  struggled  through  briers  and  thickets. 
Some,  who  were  exjierienced  seamen  climbed  the 
trees  to  get  a  sight  of  the  stars,  by  which  to  gov- 
ern their  course  ;  but  the  spreading  branches  and 
thick  foliage  shut  out  all  view  of  the  heavens. 
They  were  harassed  with  the  fear,  that  the  ad- 
miral, thinking  them  dead,  might  set  sail  and 
leave  them  in  this  wilderness,  cut  off  forever  from 
their  homes  and  the  abodes  of  civilized  man.  At 
length,  when  almost  reduced  to  despair,  they 
had  arrived  at  the  sea-shore,  and  following  it 
for  some  time,  behekl,  to  their  great  joy,  the 
ilret  riding  (|i.iietly  at  anchor.  They  l)rouglit 
with  them  several  Indian  women  and  boys  ;  but 
in  all  their  wanderings  they  had  not  met  with 
any  man  ;  the  greater  ])art  of  the  warriors,  as 
has  been  said,  being  fortunately  absent  on  an  ex- 
pedition. 

.I'otwitlistanding  the  hardships  they  had  endur- 
ed, and  his  joy  at  their  return,  Columbus  i)Ut  the 
captain  under  arrest,  and  stop|)ed  part  of  the  ra- 
tions of  the  men,  for  having  strayed  away  without 
l)ermission,  for  in  a  service  of  such  a  critical  na- 
ture it  was  necessary  to  punish  every  breach  of 
discipline. t 


46. 


*  Peter  M.irtyr,  decad. 
t  Dr.  Chancu's  Letter. 


il.  lib.  ix. 
Hist,  del  Almirante,  cap. 


CHAPTER  III. 

CRiriSE   A.MOXG  THE  CARIIIDF.E   I.SLAXD.'J. 

['493-] 

Weighint.  anchor  on  the  loth  of  November, 
Colund)us  steered  toward  the  north-west,  .ilun? 
this  beautiful  archipelago;  giving  names  to  iht 
islands  as  they  rose  to  view  ;  such  as  Montserra; 
Santa  Maria  la  Redonda,  Santa  Maria  la  Aiui),'u,i,  • 
and  San  Martin.  \'arious  other  islands,  lul;,' 
and  well-wooded,  appeared  to  the  north,  sou;^!.  "*' 
west,  and  south-east  ;  but  he  forbore  to  vis,; 
them.  The  weather  proving  boisterous,  I; 
anchored  on  the  14th  at  an  island  called  AyayLv 
the  Indians,  but  to  which  he  gave  the  narriec: 
Santa  Cru/.  A  boat  well  manned  was  sent  0: 
shore  to  get  water  and  procure  inforniatior. 
They  found  a  village  deserted  by  the  men,  lit; 
secured  a  few  women  and  boys,  most  of  thtr.il 
captives  from  other  islands.  They  soon  had  a: 
instance  of  Carib  courage  and  ferocity.  \Vhilea; 
the  village  they  beheld  a  canoe  from  a  disiar,; 
part  of  the  island  come  round  a  point  of  land  :iri 
arrive  in  view  of  the  shijis.  The  Indians  in  th; 
canoe,  two  of  whom  were  females,  remained  ^n. 
ing  in  mute  amazement  at  the  ships,  and  wirtr>; 
entranced  that  the  boat  stole  close  U|)on  them  ir 
lore  they  ])erceived  it.  Seizing  their  paddks  iht; 
attempted  to  escape,  but  the  boat  being  betwtH 
them  and  the  land,  cut  off  their  retreat.  Tlr. 
now  caught  u|)  their  bows  and  arrows  and  iiiic. 
them  with  amazing  vigor  and  rapidity.  T:: 
Spaniards  covered  themselves  with  their  bucklcri 
but  two  of  them  were  quickly  wounded.  JtA 
women  fought  as  fiercely  as  the  men,  and  one: 
them  sent  an  arrow  with  such  force  that  it  passe: 
through  and  through  a  buckler. 

The  Spaniards  now  ran  their  boat  against  th( 
canoe  and  overturned  it  ;  some  of  the  savngs 
got  upon  sunken  rocks,  others  discharged  tlit: 
arrows  while  swimming,  as  dexterously  as  ihonf 
they  had  been  u|)on  tirm  land.  It  was  with  in 
utmost  difhculty  they  could  be  overcome  ari 
taken  ;  one  of  them,  who  had  been  transfixed  wii 
a  lance,  died  soon  after  being  brought  aboard  t:i 
shins.  One  of  the  women,  from  the  obedii-nct 
and  deference  paid  to  her,  ai)peared  to  be  ikT 
([ueen.  She  was  accompanied  by  her  son,  a  your.; 
man  strongly  made,  with  a  frowning  brow  ad 
lion's  face.  He  had  been  wounded  in  the  contlictj 
The  hair  of  these  saxages  was  long  and  coarse 
their  eyes  were  encircled  with  paint,  s'o  as  to  kiv:| 
them  a  hideous  expression  ;  and  bands  of  colic 
were  bound  firmly  above  and  below  the  musculij 
])arts  of  the  arms  and  legs,  so  as  to  cause  them 
swell  to  a  ilispro|)ortioned  size  ;  a  custom  prev 
lent  among  various  tribes  of  the  New  \Vorli| 
Though  captives  in  chains,  and  in  the  power; 
their  enemies,  they  still  retained  a  frowning  liro 
and  an  air  of  defiance.  Peter  Martyr,  who  olie: 
went  to  see  them  in  .Spain,  declares,  from  his  iwJ 
experience,  and  that  of  others  who  accompanir: 
him,  that  it  was  impossible  to  look  at  them  wiir- 
out  a  sensation  of  horror,  so  menacing  and  tcrnr 
ble  was  their  asjiect.  The  sensation  was  doufej 
less  caused  in  a  great  measure  by  the  idea  of  thei: 
t)eing  cannibals.  In  this  skirmish,  accordini;!: 
the  same  writer,  the  Indians  used  poisoned  arrows 
and  one  of  the  Sjianiards  died  within  a  tew  days 
of  a  wound  received  from  one  of  the  females.* 


de 

Ml. 


*  P.  Martyr,  decad.  i.  lib.  ii.  Hist,  del  AlmiranKl 
cap.  47.  Las  Casas,  Hist.  Ind,,  cap,  85,  Ms.  Lcucif 
of  Dr.  Chanca. 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGES  OF   COLUMBUS. 


83 


:r  hi. 

;ARn!r.F.F.  island:! 

!•] 

the  loth  of  November,! 


I  the  norlli-wesl 
)  ;    K'^'''^i?  nanu's  to  iliti 
w' ;  such  as  Montserra; 
■iaiUa  Maria  la  AiuijTu,i, 
us    other   islands,   lulu 
retl   to  the  north,  sout!-i.| 
)ut   he   forbore    to  vis; 
proving    boisterous,   h; 
in  island  called  Ayayh 
;h  he   gave  the  nanic « 
;11   manned   was  sent  o-. 
:1    procure    information, 
serted   by  the   men,  hu  ^ 
and  bovs,  most  of  thcr,^ 
nds.     They  soon  h.i(lar,  ' 
;  and  ferocity.     \Vhilea; 
a  canoe   from  a  cliitan; 
ound  a  point  of  land  .m, 
tiips.     The  Indians  in  ih; 
ti  females,  remained  ^n- 
at  the  ships,  and  wcrc-j; 
stole  close  upon  them  tier 
Seizing  their  paddles  tht;;, 
t  the  boat  being  belwcty 
off  their   retreat.      Thr. 
nws  and  arrows  and  i)litc: 
,ror    and    rapidity.     Tr.!; 
selves  with  their  buckkrU 
quickly  wounded.     Hi 
ly  as  the  men,  and  one  if 
\  such  force  that  it  passt 
buckler, 
an  their  lioat  against  t'r,t 
it  ;    some  of  the   savage 
,  others  discharged  tlit 
as  dexterously  as  {\vwf 
m  land.     It  was  witlur.i 
could   be   overcome  ani 
|)  had  been  transfi.ved  wii: 
)eing  brought  abonrdt: 
Imen,   from  the  obedicnct 
her,  appeared  to  he  tk;;| 
knied  by  her  son,  a  your.; 
ih  a  frowning   brow  anC 
n  wounded  in  the  contlial 
es  was  long  and  coarsf 
with  ])aint,  so  as  to  ffy\ 
ion  ;  and  bands  of  coitc; 
and  below  the  musculij 
|;s,  so  as  to  cause  ihcm 
ed  size  ;  a  custom  prevs 
Ibes   of  the    New  WmV 
|iins,  and  in  the  powers 
•etained  a  frowning  hrw 
I'eter  Martyr,  who  otieJ 
|n,  declares,  from  hiso«'J 
others  who  acconipanir: 
hie  to  look  at  them  wii: 
|r,  so  menacing  and  tern' 
['he  sensation  was  dmib'; 
asure  bv  the  idea  ot  the? 
is  skirm'ish,  according! 
ns  used  poisoned  arrows 
,s  died  within  a  few  day 
\\  one  ot  the  females.* 


ii      Hist,  del  Almiraniel 
ind.,  cap.  85,  MS.     Lciief 


Pursuing  his  voyage,  Columbus  soon  came  in 
iglil  ot  a  great  cluster  ot  islands,  some  verdant 
Ind  covered  with  forests,  but  the  greater  part 
[akeil  and  sterile,  rising  into  craggy  mountains  ; 
,jtl,  lock:,  ot  a  bright  a,!ure  color,  and  some  ot  a 
lli^tering  white.  These,  with  his  usual  vivacity 
f  imagination,  he  supposed  to  contain  mines  ot 
kli  metals  and  precious  stones.  'I'he  islands  ly- 
ig  ilo^e  together,  with  the  sea  lieating  roughly 
,i  the  narrow  channels  which  divided  them,  ren- 
leri'd  it  dangerous  to  enter  among  them  with  the 
rge  sliijjs.  Columbus  sent  in  a  small  caravel 
itii  latiiie  sails,  to  reconnoitre,  which  returned 
itii  the  report  that  there  were  upward  ot  tilty 
lands,  a|)parenlly  inhabi'ed.  To  the  Largest  ol 
is  gnui|)  he  gave  the  name  of  Santa  Ursula,  and 
ltd  the  others  the  Kleven  Thousand  X'irgins.* 
Cnnlinuing  his  course,  he  arrived  one  evening 
>\"\\i  1)1  a  great  island  covered  with  beautitui 
r(■^ts,  and  indented  with  fine  havens.  It  was 
1  l)v  the  nati\es  Horic|uem,  but  he  g.ive  it  the 
.me  ot  San  Juan  Hautista  ;  it  is  the  same  since 
uiDWii  by  the  name  ot  I'orto  Rico.  This  was  the 
Litive  island  ot  most  ol  the  captives  who  had  lied 
he  ships  lor  retuge  from  the  Caribs.  Accord- 
ij;  to  ihelr  accounts  it  was  lertile  and  r)0])ulous, 
1  uiuler  the  dominion  of  a  single  cacuiue.  Its 
lahilanls  were  not  given  to  rove,  and  |)ossessed 
ui  lew  canoes.  They  were  subject  to  tretjuent 
iva^il)n^  Irom  the  Caribs,  who  were  their  imjila- 
l!)le  eiu  inies.  They  had  become  w.irriors,  theri'- 
in  their  own  <lelence,  using  the  bow  and  ar- 
i\v  and  ilu-  war-club  ;  and  in  their  contests  with 
iiir  cannibal  Iocs  they  retorted  ujjon  them  their 
ivii  atrocities,   devouring  their   |)risoners   in  re- 


:iigc. 

.•\tter  running  for  a  whole  day  along  the  be.iuti- 

1  coast  ol  this   island,  they  anchored  in  bay  at 

c  west   end,  abounding    in   tish.     t)n   landing, 

tv  lounil  an  Indian  village,  constructed  as  usual 

I'and  a<'iinnion  s(|uare,  like  a  market-place,  with 

U'  iaigc'  and  well-built  house.     A  spacious  road 

d  tluiKc  to   the  seaside,  having  fences  on  each 

de,  ol  interwoven  reeds,   inclosing  fruitful  gar- 

;iis.    .\t  the  end  of  the  road  was  a  kind  ol  ler- 

iie,  or  look-out,   Cv)nstructed  ot  reeds  and  over- 

iiv^ing  the  water.     'I'he  whole  ])lace  had  an  air 

nealnes^.ind  ingenuity,  superior  to  the  ordinary 

Isidences  ol  the  natives,  and  api)eared  to   be  the 

lode  ol   some    important  chiettain.     All,    how- 

fer,  wa:,  silent  and  deserted.      Not   a  huni.in  be- 

jg  was  til  be  seen  during  the  time  they  remained, 

the  pl.ice.     The   natives   had  concealed  iheni- 

vcs  at  the  sight  ot  the  scpiadron.    Alter  remain- 

heve  two  (lavs,  Columbus  made  sail,  and  stood 

Ir  the  island    ot    Ilispaniola.     Thus   ended    his 

fuise  among  the  Caribbee  islands,  the  account  ot 

lose  tierce  and  savage  people  was  received  with 

[JLT  curiosity  by  the  learned  ot  Iuiro|)e,  and  con- 

..red  a-,  settling  one  dark  and  doubtfid  (|ues- 

'iitd  the  disadvantage  ot  human  nature.     I'eter 

aityr,   in    his    letter   to    I'omponius   I.a-tus,  an- 

uiicfs  the  tact  with  teartul  solemnity.     "  The 

ies  ol  the    l.estrigonians  and  ot  I'olyphemus, 

10  ted  (in  humati  llesh,  are  no  longer  doubttul  I 

1,   hut   beware,    lest  thy    hair    bristle    with 

That  iii.iny  of  the  i)ictures  given  us  of  this  e\- 
liiirdin.iry  race  of  p  .yple  have  been  colored  !)y 
;  tears  ot  the  Indiaii.^  and  the  i)rejudices  ot  the 
►aniards,  is  highly  ])robable.  They  were  con- 
"tly  the  terror  ot  the  former,  and  the  brave  and 
Isiiiiate  opponents  ot  the  latter.     The  evidences 

'  I'.  Martyr,  decad.  i.  lib.  ii.    Letter  of  Dr.  Chanca. 


I  adduced  of  their  cannibal  propensities  must  be 
received  with  large  allowances  for  the  careless 
.and  inaccurate  observ.itions  of  seataring  men, 
and  the  preconceived  belie!  of  the  tact,  which  eX' 
isted  in  the  minds  ot  the  Spaniards.  It  v.as  a  cus. 
toin  among  the  natives  ot  manyot  the  islands,  and 
ol  other  parts  ot  the  New  World,  to  jiresfrve  the 
lemains  ol  their  deceased  relatives  and  friends  ; 
sometimes  the  entire  body  ;  sometiMu:s  only  the 
head,  or  some  ot  the  limbs,  dried  ,it  the  lire  ; 
sonietinu'S  the  mere  bones.  These,  when  lonnd  in 
the  dw(dlings  ot  the  natives  ot  I  lisp.miola,  against 
whom  no  |)reiu(lice  ot  the  kind  existed,  were  cor- 
rectly reg.irded  as  relics  ot  the  deceased,  preserve<l 
through  affection  or  reverence  ;  but  any  remains 
ol  the  kind  found  among  the  Caribs  were  looked 
upon  with  horror  as  prools  ot  cannibalism. 

'I'he  w.irlike  and  unyielding  character  of  these 
peo])le,  so  different  from  th.it  of  the  ])usillanimous 
n.itions  around  them,  and  the  wide  scojie  ol  tneir 
enterprises  and  wanderi!>gs,  like  those  ot  the  no- 
mad tribes  ot  the  Old  World,  entitle  them  to  dis- 
tinguished .attention.  They  were  trained  to  war 
from  their  intancy.  As  soon  ;is  they  could  walk, 
their  intrepid  mothers  ])Ut  in  dieir  haiuls  the  bow 
,ind  arrow,  and  prepared  them  to  take  .an  e.uly 
part  in  the  hardy  eiitei  prises  of  their  fathers. 
Their  distant  roamings  by  sea  made  them  obser- 
v.uit  and  intelligent.  The  natives  ol  the  other 
islands  only  knew  how  to  diviile  time  bv  day  .md 
night,  by  the  sun  .md  moon  ;  wiiereas  these  had 
acquired  some  knowledge  of  the  stars,  by  which 
to  calculate  the  tinus  and  se.isons.* 

The  traditional  .iccouiUs  ot  their  origin,  though 
of  course  I'Xtreniely  vague,  are  yet  capable  ol  be- 
ing verilied  to  a  great  ilegree  by  geograjdiical 
f.icts,  and  open  one  ot  the  rich  veins  ol  curious  in- 
(|uiry  and  specul.ition  which  abound  in  the  New 
World.  Tliey  are  said  to  have  migrated  from 
the  remote  valleys  embosomed  in  the  Apalachian 
mountains.  The  earliest  accounts  we  have  of 
tlu'm  represent  them  with  wea|')(jns  in  their  hands, 
continually  engaged  in  wars,  winning  their  way 
and  shitting  thidr  aboile,  until  in  the  course  of 
lime  they  tound  themselves  at  the  extremity  of 
riorida.  Here,  ab.mdoning  the  northern  conti- 
nent, they  passed  over  to  the  Lucayos,  and  thence 
gradually,  in  the  jirocess  of  years,  from  island  to 
island  of  that  vast  and  verdant  chain,  which  links, 
as  it  were,  the  end  of  I''U)ricla  to  the  coast  of 
I'aria,  on  the  southern  continent.  The  archipela- 
go extending  from  I'orto  Rico  to  Tobago  was  their 
stronghold,  .uul  the  island  of  (kiadaloupe  in  a 
manner  their  citadel.  Hence  they  made  their  ex- 
|)ediiions,  and  s|)read  the  terror  of  their  name 
ilirough  ,ill  the  surrounding  countries.  Swarms 
ol  them  landed  upon  the  southern  continent,  and 
overran  s(jme  parts  ot  terra  tirma.  Tr.ices  of 
them  have  been  discovered  tar  in  the  interior  of 
that  v.ist  country  through  wliieh  llows  the  Oroo- 
noko.  Tin:  Dutch  touiui  colonies  ot  them  on  the 
banks  of  the  Ikoutekii,  which  empties  into  the 
Surinam  ;  along  the  Ms(|uibi,  the  Maroni,  and 
other  rivers  of  Ciuayana  ;  and  in  the  country 
watered  by  the  windings  of  the  Cayenne  ;  and  it 
would  appe.ir  that  they  extended  their  wanderings 
to  the  shores  ot  the  southern  ocean,  where,  among 
the  aboriginals  of  Brazil,  were  some  who  called 
themselves  Card)s,  distinguished  Irom  the  sur- 
rounding Indians  bv  their  superior  hardihood, 
suiitlely,  and  enterprise.! 


*  Mist,  del  Almirante,  cap.  C2. 
f  Rorhefort,  Hist.  Nat.  des  Isles  Antilles  ;  Rotter- 
dam, 1 06  5. 


r  I 


.^'..i,^ 


i  ■■  'm 


84 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGES   OF   COLUMni'S. 


To  trarc  the  footsteps  of  this  roving  tril)c 
throughout  its  wide  mij^rations  troin  the  Apal.i- 
chiaii  mountains  ot  the  northern  continent,  alonj; 
the  (lusters  of  islands  which  stud  theduit  ot  Mex- 
ico and  the  Carihhean  Sea  to  the  shores  of  I'aria, 
and  so  across  the  vast  regions  ot  (luayanaand 
Ania/onia  to  the  remote  coast  of  lira/d,  would  lu' 
one  ot  the  most  curious  researches  in  aliori^^inal 
history,  and  throw  nnich  lij^ht  upon  the  mysteri- 
ous (luestion  of  the  population  of  the  New  World. 


CHAPTKR  IV. 

ARRIVAL     AT   Till'.     IIAKIiOR     OF    I. A    NA'-'DAD— 
UISASIKR   Ol'     TlIK    lORTKESS. 

[1493- J 

On  the  22(1  of  Novemt)er  th(?  fleet  arrived  off 
what  was  soon  ascertained  to  lie  the  eastern  ex- 
tremity of  Hayti,  or,  as  the  admiral  bid  named  it, 
Ilisp.'iniola,  Tlie  greatest  excitement  |)revailed 
throufjhout  the  armada,  at  the  thoughts  ot  soon 
arrivinj,'  at  the  end  of  their  voy.ij^e.  Those  who 
had  been  here  in  the  ])recedin^j  voya(,'e  remem- 
bered the  ple.isant  (lays  they  had  jjassed  amon^,^  the 
jjroves  of  Hayti  ;  and  the  rest  loo'  -d  torward  with 
eajrerness  to  scenes  painted  to  them  with  the  cap- 
tivatinj^  illusions  of  the  ifolden  aj^e. 

As  the  Ik'Ct  swept  with  e.isysaif  alonjj  the  jjfreen 
shore,  a  i)oat  was  sent  to  land  to  bury  .i  Hisciy.in 
:;ailor,  who  had  died  ot  the  wound  of  an  arrow 
received  in  the  late  skirmish.  Two  lij;ht  caravels 
hovered  near  the  shore  to  guard  the  Ixiat's  crew, 
while  the  funer.il  ceremony  w.is  performed  on  the 
beach,  under  the  trees.  .Several  natives  came  off 
to  the  ship,  with  a  message  to  the  admir.il  from 
the  cacique  of  the  neighborhood,  inviting  him 
to  land,  and  promising  great  (pLintilies  of  gold  ; 
.anxious,  however,,  to  arrive  at  I.a  N'avidad,  Co- 
lumbus dismissed  them  with  ])resents  and  con- 
tinued his  course.  Arriving  ;it  the  gulf  of  Las 
Flechas,  or,  as  it  is  now  called,  the  gulf  of  .Se- 
mana,  the  place  where,  in  his  ])receding  voy.ige, 
a  skirmish  had  occurre(l  with  the  natives,  he  set  on 
shore  one  of  the  young  Indians  of  the  |)lace,  who 
had  accompanied  him  toS])ain,  and  had  been  con- 
verted to  Christianity.  He  dismissed  him  finely 
apparelled  and  loaded  with  trinkets,  antici|)ating 
favorable  effects  fnjm  his  accounts  to  his  country- 
men of  the  wonders  he  had  seen,  and  the  kind 
treatment  he  had  ex|)erienced.  The  young  Indian 
made  many  fair  promises,  but  either  forgot  them 
all,  on  regaining  his  liberty  and  his  native  moun- 
tains, or  fell  a  victim  to  envy  caused  l)y  his  wealth 
and  finery.  Nothing  was  seen  or  heard  ot  him 
more.*  Only  one  Indian  of  those  who  hacl  been 
to  Spain  now  remained  in  the  lleet  ;  a  young  Lu- 
cay.in,  native  of  the  island  of  (".uanahani,  who  had 
been  baptized  at  Harcelona,  and  had  been  named 
after  the  admiral's  brother,  Diego  Colon.  He 
continued  always  faithful  and  devoted  to  the  .Span- 
iards. 

On  the  25th  Columbus  anchored  in  the  harbor 
of  Monte  Christi  ;  anxious  to  tix  upon  a  pl.ice 
for  a  settlement  in  the  neighborhood  of  the 
stream  to  which,  in  his  hrst  voyage,  he  had  given 
the  name  of  the  Rio  del  Oro,  or  the  Oolden 
River.  As  sevend  of  the  mariners  were  ranging 
the  coast,  they  found,  on  the  green  and  moist 
banks  of  a  rivulet,  the  bodies  ot  a  man  and  boy  ; 
the  former  with  a  cord  of  Spanish  grass  about  his 


Ilerrera,  Hist.  Ind.,  decad.  i.  lib.  ii.  cap.  9. 


neck,   and    his   arms   extended    an. I   tied   hv  : 
wrists  to  a  slake  in  the  form  ol  a  cross.     Tin'!, 
ies  were  in  such  a  state  ot  dec.iy  that  it  w,l^; 
possible  to  ascertain  whether  they  were  lndi,•ln^l 
l!uropeans.     Sinister  (loid)ts,  however,  weretnirl 
t.iined,    whidi   were   contirmed   on   the  lollou;' 
day  ;    tor  on    revisiting  the  shore,  they  lounil 
some  distance  from  the  tormer,  two  other  Ikh!;. 
one  ot  which,  having  a  beard,  was  e\  identK  1 
corpse  ot  a  white  m.iii. 

'1  he  pleasant  anticip.itions  of  Columbus  on  f| 
a|ipro.ich  to  I.a   Navidad  were  now  overcast  w: 
gloomy    forebodings.       The    experience    rerin! 
had   ot  the   ferocity  of  some  ot   the  inliabit.iii: 
these   islands,  made  him  doubllul  of   the  amii, 
others,  and  he  beg.in  to  fe.ir  that  somemistcni 
might  have  betallen  Ar.ma  and  his  g.irrisoii. 

The  trank  ;ind  le.irless  manner,  however 
which  a  number  of  the  natives  came  oM  in 
ships,  and  their  unembarrassed  demeainir. 
some  measure  .allayed  his  suspicions;  tor  ii 
not  appear  probable  th.it  they  would  venture:' 
conhdenlly  among  the  white  men,  with  lln' 
sciousness  of  h.iving  recently  shed  the  blm.; 
their  comi)anions. 

On  the  evening  of  the  27th,  he  arrived  (i|ipii. 
the  h.irbor  ot  La  Navidad,  and  cast  anchor. i' 
;i  league  from  the  l.ind,  not  d.iring  to  ei.tci-  i: 
dark  on  .account  ot  the  dangerous  reels.     Ii    }; 
too  late  to  distinguish  objects.   Impatient  to  s;ii  |j 
his  doubts,  therelore,  he  ordered  two  cannon  t   ^( 
fired.     The   report  echoed   .along  the  shore,  'h 
there  was  no  reply  from  the  f  irt.     Lvery  lyfj' 
now  directed    to  catch  the  gleam  ot  some  sil;J 
light  ;    every   ear  listened   to  he.ir  some  trie  t  ' 
shout  ;  but  there  w.is  neither  light  nor  shout,   { 
(  any  other  sign  of  life  ;  all  was  darkness  and  d 
like  silence.* 

Several  hours  were  passed  in  disni.il  suspi' 
and  everyone  longed  f<jr  the  morning  light,  in 
an  end  to  his  uncertainty.     About  midnight  .1 
noe  approached  the  fleet  ;  when  within  a  cii;  I 
I  distance,  it  jiaused,  and  the  Indians  who  vircl 
I  it,  hailing  one   of  the   vessels,   asked  for  thir, 
j  miral.     \Vhen  directed  to  his  si  ipthey  drew  m| 
'.  but  would  not  venture  on  board  until  they  sawi 
lumtius.     He   showed   liimself  at  the  side  0! 
vessel,  and  a  light  tieing  held  up,  his  ..ouiULnij 
and  commanding  |)erson  were  not  to  be  mist:!K- 
They  now  entered  the  ship  without  hesitation.  1 
of  them  w.is  .1  cousin  of  the  c,ici(iue  Ouaciiin;] 
;ind  brought  a  jjresent  from  him  of  tw(.  mask 
namented   with  gold.     Columbus  iiKpiiied  :i 
the  .Spaniards  who  had   rem.iined   on  the  isi,!l 
The  information  which  the  native  gave  was  sii:| 
wh.'it  contused,  or  i)erha|)s  was  im|ierleclly  um  ] 
stooci,  as  the  only  Indian  interpreter  on  board 
the   young   Lucayan,  Diego  Colon,    whose  ita:j 
language   was  different   from   that  ot  ll.iyti. 
told   Columbus   that  several  of  the  Spaniards' 
died   of  sickness  ;  oth  !rs  had   fallen   in   a  ([i.' 
among  themselves,  and  others  had  removi'il: 
different  jiart  of  the  island,  where  they  had  i.i- 
to   themselves   Indian   wives.     That  Ciuacanai'l 
had  l)een  ass.iiled  tiy  Caonabo,  the  fierce  cacicl 
ot  the  golden  mountains  of  ("ibao,  who  had  wotf 
ed  him  in  battle,  and  burnt  his  village  ;  and 
he    remained    ill    of    his  wound   in  .1  neighl'i''] 
h.imlet,  or  he  would   have  hastened  in  jiers 
welcome  the  admiral. f 

*  Lett'-T  of    Dr.    Chanca.      Navarretc,  Coltc  j 
Vlage,  torn.  i. 

f  Dr.  Chaiica's  Letter,   Hist,   del    Almirante. 
43.     Herrera,  Hist.  Ind.,  decad.  i.  lib.  i.  cap.  i> 


LIFI'    AND    VOYAGES   OF   COLUMBL'S. 


!S5 


•ndfd  and  tied  by  ■ 
111  ol  a  (TOSS.  'I'lic  1) 
(it  di'iay  lli:>l  it  \v,i> : 
licrthcy  vviTc  lluli;l^^ 

t)lS,  lloWf VtT,  Wflf  lll'.t 

irmt'd   oi)   ll""  IdIIdw" 
he   siiorr.  lllfV  lolinil 
,)rnn-r,  two  utini'  linii- 
heard,  was  cvidciitK  : 

ions  of  {.'oUimlnis  on' 
were  now  oViMxasl  w 
riif    fxi)ericii(i"    reccr 
imc  ot  thf  inli;d)il,in!- 
douhtlul  of  liif  aiiiii;. 
[car  that  sonic  niisloit 
iia  and  liis  ^jarrisoii. 
ss  manner,   liowtvir 
•   natives  came  o't  in 
liarrassed    demeanor, 
his  suspicions  ;  fur  it 
they  would  ventunv 
white  men,  witli  tin' 
•cenlly  siied  the    hlui.'; 

27th,  he  arrived  oppi- 
d,  and  cast  anehii'.'  ai 
not  daring;  to  eiiler  iir 

(hm^^erous  reefs.  U 
ijects.   !ni|)atient  to  sa; 

ordered  two  cannon  1 
)e(i  aionj^  liie  siiore,    [ 
1  the  f  )rt.     I'.very  eye  v 
the  jrleam  of  some  m;'' 
led   to  hear  some  Irii' 
-ither  li^jht  nor  sliovit. 
ill  was  darkness  and  dc. 

lassed  in  dismal  suspt: 
r  the  morning;  li^ht.  to: 
ty.     About  niidni},du  .1 
el  :  when  within  a  cci: 
the  Indians  wiio  wirt 
.essels,   asked  for  tlir , 
[in  his  st  ipthey  drew  m 
]n  board  until  they  saw  I 
liimself   at  the  side  (•: 
lield  up,  his  counleiir 
1  were  not  to  be  mist.'.s: 
ip  without  hesitation.  1 
the  caci(|ue  (Uiacana; 
om  him  ot  iw(.  ni.isk- 
lolumbus  in(|uired  a' 
remained   on  l!ie  i^i^ 
Ithe  native  j^ave  w  .is  v ' 
jis  was  ini|)erleclly  iH'' 
|i  interpreter  on  boarci 
ej^o  Colon,    whose  na 

from  that  of  ll.iyti. 
■cral  of  the  Spaniards 
■s  had  fallen   in   a  qi..- 
others  had  removed 
d,  where  they  had  t,- 
ives.     That  C.uacaiia: 
.onabo,  the  tune  cai'. 
of  Cibao,  who  li.ul  w"":' 
lUrnt  his  village  ;  and: 
wound  in  a  neighbor 
,ve  hastened  in  perso: 


ca.      Navarrctc,  Coltc 

Hist,   del   Almirante, 
Idecail.  i.  lib.  i.  cap.  ')■ 


Melancholy  ns  were  these  tidings,  they  reliever] 
Odmnbus  li-om  a  dark  and  dismal  surmise. 
\\liate\cr  dis.istersh.id  oxcrwlielmed  his  j^.irrison, 
it  had  not  t.illen  .1  sacrifice  to  the  pertidy  oi  the 
ii.ilives  ;  bis  ),'ood  opinion  oi  the  j;entleness  and 
kindness  ol  these  people  h.id  not  been  misplaced  ; 
nor  liad  llieir  cicicpiif  torleited  the  admir.ition  in- 
),|)ired  by  bis  benevolent  hospitality.  Thus  the 
most  cdirodin^;  c.ire  was  dismisseil  from  bis 
niind  ;  lor,  to  a  j(enerous  spirit,  there  is  notbin}r 
.so  (li^iiearteiiinK  .is  to  discover  treachery  wIkmc  it 
has  reposed  contidence  and  friendship.  It  would 
seem  also  that  some  of  the  |,Mrrison  were  yet 
alive,  tbouK^h  scattered  .about  the  isl.md  ;  they 
would  doubtless  soon  he.ir  of  his  arrival,  and 
would  li.islen  to  rejoin  him,  w<-ll  (pialilied  to  fjive 
intorniation  of  the  interior. 

.Satislied  ot  the  friendly  disposition  of  the  n.i- 
tives,  the  cheerfulness  ot  the  crews  was  in  a  j^reat 
incisure  restored.  The  iiidi.ms  who  h.id  come 
on  liDard  were  well  entertained,  .md  departed  in 
tile  iiiKlit  gratitied  with  various  pri'sents,  proniis- 
iiii;  to  return  in  the  morning'  with  the  caci(|ue 
Ciii.uan.ijfari.  'I'be  mariners  now  .awaited  the 
(l.iwn  ot  d.iv  with  reassured  sjiirits,  expectinj.;  that 
the  cordial  intercourse  and  pleasant  scenes  ot  the 
lirst  vova;;e  would  be  renewed. 

'I'lie  inorninj;  dawned  .and  |i.issed  away,  and  the 
(lay  .Kbanced  and  bej^.m  to  decline,  without  the 
promised  visit  from  the  cacicpie.  Some  a()preben- 
Miins  were  now  enterl.iined  tb.it  the  Indians  who 
had  visited  them  the  precedinj.^  ni^jbt  mij,dit  be 
drowned,  ,is  they  had  p.irtaken  treely  of  wine,  .and 
their  sni.ill  canoe  was  e.isy  to  be  overset.  'I'here 
w.is  a  silence  and  .in  air  ot  desertion  .about  the 
whole  nei;rhborhood  extremelv  suspicious.  On 
their  precedinjr  visit  the  harbor  bad  been  a  scene 
ol  coiuinua!  anini.ition  ;  canoes  jjlidinj,'  over  the 
clear  waters,  Indians  in  ^^roups  on  the  shores,  or 
under  the  trees,  or  swimminjf  off  to  the  caravel. 
Now.  not  .1  canoe  was  to  be  seen,  not  an  Indian 
hailed  them  from  ti  e  land  ;  nor  was  there  any 
smoke  risinjj  from  am  )n>^the  j,rroves  to  give  a  sij^n 
ot  habit.iiion. 

.Alter  waitin<.(  for  a  lonj^  time  in  vain,  Columbus 
sent  ,1  bo.it  to  the  shore  to  reconnoitre.  On  laiid- 
ini;,  the  crew  hastened  .and  sou^jlit  the  fortress.  It 
was  a  ruin  ;  the  palis.idoes  were  beaten  down,  and 
the  whole  presented  the  .ip|)earance  of  havinfj  been 
isacked,  burnt,  and  destroyed.  Here  and  there 
Were  broken  chests,  s|)oile(l  provisions,  and  the 
rajTfjed  remains  of  European  j^arments.  Not  an 
liuiian  ajiproacbed  them.  They  cauo-bt  sight  ot 
two  or  three  lurking  .at  a  distance  among  the 
|trt-ts.  and  ajiparently  watching  them  ;  but  tlie\- 
vanished  into  the  woods  on  finding  themselves 
observed.  .Meeting  no  one  to  explain  the  melan- 
kholy  scene  before  them,  they  returned  with  de- 
cited  hearts  to  the  shijis,  aiid  related  to  the  ad- 
mir.il  what  they  had  seen. 

Columbus  was  greatly  troubled  in  mind  at  this 

jinii'lliijjence,  and  the  tleet  having  now  anchored  in 

the  harbor,  he  went  himself  to  shore  on  the  fol- 

llinving  morning.      Rejiairing   to   the  ruins  of  the 

rtress,   he  found   everything   as   had   been    de- 

irih'jd,  and   searched  in  vain    for  the  remains  ot 

cad  bodies.     No   tr.ices  ot   the  garrison  were  to 

lliesten,  but  broken   utensils,  and  torn  vestments, 

^altered  here  and  there  among  the  grass.     Tliere 

|Vfreniany  surmises  and  conjectures.     If  the  tort- 

Ttss  had  been  sacked,  some  of  the  garrison  might 

"ct  survive,  and   might  either  have  tied  from  the 

[[!^c>t,dd)()rhood,   or    tieen    carried    into    captivity. 

annon    and    arquebuses   were     discharged,     in 

opes,  if  any  of    the   survivors  were  hid  among 


rocks  and  thickets,  they  might  he.ir  them  .ind 
come  forth  ;  but  no  one  made  liis  .ippear.mce.  A 
niournlul  .and  lifeless  silence  reigned  over  tlie 
|)lace.  The  suspicion  ot  ireacliery  on  the  part  cd 
(iuacanagari  was  again  revived,  but  Columbus 
was  unwilling  to  indulge  it.  ( »n  looking  turtlier 
the  village  ot  that  caciijue  was  tound  .1  mere  be.ip 
ot  burnt  ruins,  which  showed  tb.tt  be  had  been 
involved  in  the  dis.ister  ol  the  garrison. 

C(dumbus  had  left  orders  with  Aran.i  .and  the 
other  olVicers  to  bury  all  the  treasure  they  migbl 
iirocure,  or,  in  case  of  sudden  danger,  to  throw 
It  into  the  well  ot  the  fortress.  He  ordered  e\c:i- 
N.itions  to  be  made,  therefore,  among  the  ruins, 
and  the  well  to  be  cleared  out.  While  this  search 
w.as  making,  be  proceeded  with  the  boats  to  ex- 
plore the  neighborhood,  partly  in  hopes  ot  g, lining 
intelligence  ot  any  scattered  survivors  (d  the  gar- 
rison, and  partly  to  look  out  lor  a  better  situation 
tor  ;i  fortress.  After  proceeding  about  a.  league 
he  came  to  a  hamlet,  the  inhabitants  ot  whicli  b.id 
lied,  taking  whatever  they  could  with  them  and 
hiding  the  rest  in  the  grass.  In  the  bouses  were 
I'.uro|)e.in  articles,  which  evidently  bad  not  been 
procured  by  t)arter,  such  .as  stockings,  pieces  of 
cloth,  .m  anchor  of  the  caravtd  which  bad  been 
wrecked,  and  a  beautitui  Moorish  robe,  tidded  in 
the  form  in  which  it  had  been  brought  from 
Spain.* 

Il.iving  passed  some  time  in  eontempl.iting 
these  scattered  documents  of  a  disastrous  story, 
Columbus  returned  to  the  ruins  of  the  fortress, 
'ihe  excavations  and  search  in  the  well  bad  jiroved 
fruitless  ;  no  treasure  was  to  be  tound.  Not  tar 
from  the  tort,  however,  they  bad  discovered  the 
bodies  of  eleven  men,  buried  in  different  places, 
;ind  which  were  known  by  their  clotbing  to  be 
Ku'-  ,pe.ins.  They  had  evidently  been  for  some 
time  in  the  ground,  the  grass  having  grown  upon 
their  graves. 

In  the  course  of  the  day  a  number  of  the  Indians 
m.ide  their  ap|)earance,  hovering  timidly  at  .1  dis- 
tance. Their  apprehensions  were  gr.idu.illy  dis- 
pelled until  they  became  iierfectly  communicative. 
.Some  ot  them  could  spe.ik  a  few  words  ot  .Spanish, 
and  knew  the  names  ot  all  the  men  who  bad  re- 
mained with  Arana.  Hy  this  means,  and  by  the 
aid  of  the  interjireter,  the  story  of  the  garrison 
was  in  some  measure  ascertained. 

It  is  curious  to  note  this  first  footprint  of  civiliza- 
tion in  the  New  World.  Those  whom  C'llumbus 
had  left  behind,  s.iys  Oviedo,  w  ilb  the  exception 
ot  the  commander,  Don  Diego  .\ran.i,  and  oiu-  or 
two  others,  were  but  little  calculated  to  tollow  the 
precepts  of  so  prudent  a  jierson,  or  to  discbarge 
the  critical  duties  enjoined  u|)on  them.  They 
were  principally  men  of  the  lowest  order,  or  mar- 
iners who  knew  not  bow  to  conduct  themselves 
with  restraint  or  sobriety  on  shore. t  No  sooner 
bad  the  .admiral  departed,  than  all  his  counsels 
and  Cvjmmands  died  away  from  their  minds. 
Though  a  mere  handful  of  men,  surrouni  I  'ly 
savage  tribes  and  dependent  upon  their  own  pru- 
dence .and  good  conduct,  and  upon  the  good-will 
of  the  natives,  for  very  existence,  yet  they  soon 
began  to  indulge  in  the  most  wanton  abuses. 
Some  were  jirompted  by  rapacious  av.irice,  and 
sought  to  |)ossess  themselves,  by  all  kinds  of  wrong- 
ful means,  of  the  golden  ornaments  and  other  val- 
uable jjroperty  of  the  natives.  Others  were  grossly 
sensual,  and   not  content  with  two  or  three  wives 


*  Letter  of  Dr.  Chanca.     Cura  debs  Palacios,  cap, 

I20. 

f  Oviedo,  Hist.  Ind.,  lib.  ii.  cap.  12. 


80 


i.iii'.  AND  V()V.\(;i;s  oi"  (.outmiius. 


.\l  III  well  1(1  (Ml  li  |tv(".ii.ii'.m.ij;.il  i,  set  1 1 II  I'd  llu-  \vi\  cs 

.IMil   cl.Ul^hll'l'^   ol    till'    lllcll.lll->. 

Iiiiii-  1)1  ,u\  U  ensiled  .iiiiDM^;  then)  .ilniiil  llieii 
ill  i;(illiil  spiilK  .mil  llie  I. mils  iil  llie  liiili.in 
wmuen  :  .mil  the  li.itnes  hehelil  uilli  .isIdiusIi 
meiit  till'  beings  \\luimtlle\  ll.iil  \Mii  slii|i|)ei|,  ,is 
ile>i  eiuleil  lioni  the  skies,  .ili.imliineil  In  llii'  K'"'''' 
est  lit  e.irtliU  )i.issi(iiis.  ,iiul  r.i^;mj;  .i^;.imsl  e.u  li 
ntlief  Willi  wnise  th.iii  luiit.il  Irim  il\. 

Mill  these  ilisseitsiniis  mi^hl  iinl  li,i\e  lieeii  ver\ 
1 1,  mi;  ell  Ills  ii.id  the\  olisel  \ed  one  nl  the  miimetiniis 
lit  (  iiliimlnis,  .md  kept  t(i(;eliu'i  in  the  Inrtress, 
in.imi.inuii^  milit.UA  M);il,iiHe  ;  Inil  ,ill  pree.iiitiuii 
111  the  kind  w.is  sunn  lui^ntten.  In  v.iin  did  |)iiii 
I'iei^o  lie  .\r.in.i  mterpuse  his  iiiuhiu  ity  ;  iiiN.iin 
did  e\t'iy  indiieement  present  itsell  \\  hiih  euiilil 
Imid  in. in  ,mil  in, in  tnmther  in  ,i  tnieiijn  kind. 
.MI  nidei',  .ill  siilinidin.itiiin,  .ill  lin.miniity  w.is  .it 
.in  end.  M.iiu  .ili.indnned  the  liHticss.  .mil  lived 
e.ileli'ssly  .mil  .it  I'.mdoni  .iIkhU  (he  neijjhlior- 
hund  ;  e\er\  one  w.is  tnr  hiniselt,  or  .issiui.itetl 
with  snme  little  knot  ol  innleder.ites  tii  injure  ,md 
desiiiiil  (he  rest.  I'hus  t.iitinns  hrnke  mil  amonj; 
them,  until  .imhitinn  .nose  ti)  lomplete  tlu'  di- 
sti  111  thin  (it  their  miinii'  empire.  I'eilru  ( 'lUtierre/ 
.md  l\iiiliii;(i  lie  I'-senliedn,  w  hum  rdhmiluis  h.id 
let;  .Is  lii'Uteli.mts  to  the  eDliiin.mdei ,  to  siu ceed 
til  him  in  e.lse  nt  .leeident,  lunk  .idv.mt.i>;e  nl  these 
dwnrders  .md  .ispiied  tn  .m  ei|ii.il  sh.ire  m  the  ,iii- 
thdiity,  it  luit  to  the  supreme  (•ontrol.  ^  \iiileiit 
atlr.iys  suieeedni,  in  whiih  .i  .Sp.ini.iri!  n. lined 
I.u'omo  w.ts  kilU'd.  1  Living  l.iiled  in  their  ohjeel, 
liillierre/  ,md  I-.seohedo  w  ithdiew  trom  the  tort- 
ie-.s  with  nine  ot  their  .ulherents  .md  .i  number  ol 
their  W(imen,  .mil  turned  their  th(iiij;hts  on  dis- 
t.int  enterprise,  ll.iviiii;-  he.ird  m.irvellnus  ae- 
eounts  (it  llie  mines  ol  C'ib.io,  .md  thei;olden  s.inils 
(i!  its  nuumt.iin  rivers,  they  set  oil  tor  ih.it  distriet, 
tlu^he.l  with  the  thoughts  ol  am.issinn  immense 
IiiMsiue.  riuis  they  ilisiej;.iiile(l  .mother  stronj; 
iniuiution  ot  (."olumbus,  which  w.is  to  keep  within 
the  Iriendly  territories  ol  1 'lUae.inajj.iri.  The  re- 
giiiii  to  whieh  thev  rep.iired  w.is  in  the  interior  ot 
ti'.;'  isl.ind,  within  the  provinee  of  M.i^juana,  ruled 
by  llie  t.imous  C'.ion.ibo,  ealled  by  the  Spani.irds 
tiie  Lord  ot  the  (."lolden  House.  This  renowned 
el'.ieti.un  w.is  a  Cirib  by  birth,  and  possessed  the 
liereeiu'ss  .iiul  enter]irise  ot  his  nation.  lie  h. id 
eonic  an  aiUeiUurer  to  His|i.iniola,  and  by  his 
courai;e  .md  address,  and  his  warlike  exploits, 
h.ul  m.ide  himselt  the  most  potent  ot  its  eaeiqlles. 
rh.e  inhabitants  imivers.illy  stood  in  awe  ot  him 
t'.iim  his  C.irib  orii;in,  and  he  was  the  hero  ol  the 
is'..iiul,  when  the  shijis  ot  the  white  men  suddenly 
.i|-|HMred  U]ion  its  shores.  'The  wnmlertul  .le- 
I'ounts  Ol  tlieir  power  .md  prowess  had  re.ielu'd 
limi  .inioni;  his  mountains,  and  he  h.ul  the  shrewd- 
ness to  pereeive  that  his  i-onsei|uenee  nuist  deelino 
Intore  sui'li  tormid.ible  intruders.  The  dep.irture 
o:  Columbus  ij.ue  him  hopes  that  their  intrusion 
would  be  but  tempor.iry.  The  diseorc's  and  ex- 
cesses ot  those  who  remained,  while  they  moved 
his  detestation,  inspired  him  with  increasing  con- 
t'ulence.  No  sooner  did  CiUtierrez  and  I'scobedo, 
with  tlieir  companions,  take  refuse  in  his  domin- 
ions, t,han  he  put  them  to  death.  He  then  formed 
.-.  ■.•.M.LTiie  with  the  c.icique  of  Marien,  whose  terri- 
t(.iries  adjoined  those  of  Ciuacanaijari  on  the  west, 
and  concerteil  a  sudden  att.ick  ujion  the  fortress. 
I'nierj;in;4  with  his  warriors  from  amon,ij  the 
ir. ouiuains,  and  traversiiiij  threat  tracts  ot  forest 
w.iii  proiound  secrecy,  he  arrived  in  the  vicinity 
ot   t.'ie  villatjc  without    beini;  discovered.      The 


.Sp.ini.irds.  niiilidin^  in    the  gentle  .md  p.ieilic  n 
line  ol  the  Indi.ins,  li,id  ne^le(  led  .ill  milit.iiA  pir 
(  unions.      Iliii   ten   men    lem.iiiied    in  the  tiiiin,, 
W'    I    .Ai.m.i,    ,iiid    these    do    nol    ,ippe.ii    In  luti- 
m.linl, lined  .my    Jjll.lld,         The  test  wele  (pi.irlcr.i 
in  liiiiises   in    llie    nii^liboi  hood.      In    the   de.iil  i,' 
the  ni>.;hl,    wliell    .ill    were    wr.ipjied  in  sleep,  (  ,i„. 
n.iliii   .md   Ins   w.iiiiois  burst  upon  llie  pl.newni 
lrij;lllllll    \ells,  j;ot    possession    nl    the    lorlK  ~,s  lie 
lore  Its  inin.iles   eiillld  pill    lhem'.el\i's  upon   thru 
delence,  .mil  surrounded  .mil  set  lire  to  the  hi>iis.'> 
111  whiill  llie  rest  ot  the  while   ineli  were  slei|iiii- 
l!ij;lll  ot  the  .Sp.ini.irds  lied  to  the  se.iside  piiiMi, 
by  the  s,u,i);i's,  ,inil,  nisliinj;  into  the  w.ixes,  nn 
diouiied  ;  the  lest  wi're  m.iss.nred.    <  "lll.ll■.lll.l^." 
anll    his   silbjeiis    loii^ht    l.lithllllU     in    deleiK  ( 
their  ;;uesls,  but  nol  iieinj;  ot  .i  w.ii  like  cli.iiu  in 
wi're    e.isily  routed.;   the  e.iiiipie  vs. is  vvounilcill 
the  h.ind  ot  t'.ioii.ibo,  and  his  m1I.ij;c  vv.is  luiriitiij 
the  ^•roiind.* 

Such  w.is  the  liislorv  nt  the  lirsl  IliiKipe.m  est.ili- 
i   lishmeiit    in    the    New    World.      It    pn  siiits   in  ,i 
i   diininiitive  cnmp.iss  ,m  epitome  ot   the  |;i(iss  viiY( 
I   which  degrade  civ  ill/. ilioii.  and  thef^i.md  pnlilici 
I  errors  which  sometimes  subvert  the  mi^htiesi  ii' 
pires.      .Ml    l.ivv    .md    nrder   bem;;    rel.ixed  bv  i   ■ 
luption  .md  liceiilioilsiiess.  piibin   ^ooil  w.is  s.h 
i   liceil  1(1  priv.ile  interest   and    p.issioii.  the  ((Hiiiii 
j   nity  was  convulsed  bv  divers  l.iclions  and   iIismii- 
sinns,  until  the  vvlmle  vv.is  sh.ikeii  .isimder  In  \\y 
•ispirini;'  ileiii.ij;-oj;iies.  ambilious  ol   the  cninm.i!' 
nt    .1    petty  tnitress  in    a    vvilderness,  and   the  sj 
pre, lie  control  ol  eij^ht-.md-thirly  men. 


Ovicdo,  Hist,  Ind.,  lib.  ii.  cap.  12 


CH.M'IKR    V. 

TK.\N.~i.\rriiiNs  Willi  niK   .-.Mivi'.r^  -  sfsiMcini^ 

(.ONDIt  r    Ol'    lilAC.\N.\i;.\Kl. 


tlie  ll.illlr     -     .  , 
\.Mi  "'tii'v 
he 


l>  )1 


i 


TlIK  tra).jical  story  of  the  fortress,  as  jj.itliin 
from  the  Indi.ins  at  the  h.ii  bor.  received  conliniij 
lion  trom  .mother  (pLirler.  ( )ne  of  the  eapi;iin> 
Melehor  Maldonadn,  cnastinj;  In  ihe  east  Willi  h> 
c. navel  in  search  nt  some  more  favorable  silu.ili'' 
tor  a  settlement,  was  bo.irded  by  a  canoe  in  vvhu" 
were  two  Indians.  One  of  them  was  the  biollu- 
ot  ("lUacaii.iijari,  .ind  entre.ited  him,  in 
of  the  caciipie,  to  visit  him  at  the  villa<;e  wliei 
l.iv  ill  of  his  wound.  Maldonadn  immedi.iti' 
went  to  shnre  with  two  or  three  of  his  cnnip.i;'. 
inns.  They  tnuiiil  Ciuacana.ijari  cnnlined  by  l.iiri 
ness  to  his  h.immnck,  surrniinded  by  seven  o!  h 
wives.  The  caci([ue  expressed  j^reat  rei^ret  at  :: 
beinj;  able  to  visit  the  admiral.  He  related  v;ir 
ous  iiarticulars  cnncerninj;'  the  disasters  nt  ti' 
garrison,  and  the  p.irt  which  he  and  his  suhji'i'-i 
had  taken  in  its  delence,  showing  his  wiuinila 
leg  tiound  up.  His  story  agreed  with  that  alre;v: 
related,  .-\tter  treating  the  Sjianiards  with  his  a. 
customed  hos]iitality,  he  jiresented  to  each  of  tliir| 
at  ]iarting  a  golden  ornanient. 

On  the  following  morning,  Columbus  repairf. 
in  ]ierson  to  visit  the  caci(|ue.  To  impress  h;: 
with  an  ide.i  of  his  present  ])ovverand  iiii])nrt,'.:.i; 
he  a|)]ieared  with  a  numerous  train  of  otlicers,  :■■ 
richlv  dressed  or  in  glittering  armor.  They  tour .| 
(iuacanagari   reclining  in   a  hammock  ot  coti 

*  Herrcra,   Hist.    Ind..   decad.     I.   lib.    li.  cap. 
Letter  of  Dr.   Chanca.     Peter  Martyr,  decad.  i.  1 
ii.     Hist,  del  Almirante,  cap.  \q.     Cura  de  los  Pai'| 
cios,  cap.  120,  MS.     Munoz,  Hist.  N.  Mundo,  lib. 


tic    .1 
tiMlll 

tM  (I 

Iil  I  IK 

UK  r 
|uli|i'( 

tiillle 

Viiiiai 
Cih 
Ifliu. 
briMi 
il 
|(ii  I 

lib. 

'hr 
ll'll.llll 

ki,i;l'lv 
rulili  II 
('ith 

niiiiiih 

l,l,s 

Ini.ill 

rl.il  l> 

(ill. 11. 
P\   ,1  s|i' 

hiiiiiil  I 
bn'M'iii. 

KdUIld 

Klin  vvli 
linn-  h.t 

priiisc  11 
ti'iii.iiiie 

Vlh.  h.K 
vitllc..sc 
|ai'ii|m', 
|hi'  vvlin 
iiiiii'cal  1 
vv:i; 
ninil  In 
am.  Ci 
ilill'i'rei 
tii;.;lil  li.i 

■I'tllM'd    ll 
nils     III 

e.ircil  till 
'\.i,;',i;erai 

VlUllllls  II 

mil  the 
iroiils  to 
is 
ri.ir, 
mil,  he  (I 

I'  CHullI 

iiilt  was 
■  iri'i.'  at 

iii^tilitV, 

1  tlu'ir  in 
;<eneiMl 
"  the  isl 
IS  o|iinii 
ni;  the  ii 
ake Ihe  s 
10  cum i nil 
.■\l  the 
ih'iUijh  sti 
'i'":i)|i.in 
elKiil  vv 
ihe  white 
lith  two  s 


*  Letter 

*  Letter 

;2o. 

{  Hist,  d 


Mil'    AND    V()YA(;i:S   OF   COI-l'MMlS. 


■sr 


IC  )^flltlc  .Hill  |i,irilh   ' 

•^lii  iiil  .ill  n\ilii.ii\  |ii. 
irm.imrd  in  llif  lorlii-, 
(III  iioi  .iiUH'.ir  111  lm\. 
I  he  U'sl  \\v\r  (|U,irln'. 
il'liiMiil.  Id  the  dr. III. 
\MM|t|iril  ill  sl(r|i.  (  .i.. 
lirst  upiiM  llic  pl.ii  (■  Wi'' 

.Slllll     111     lilt'     lllllll  s~.  Ill 

I  llirlilM'lM-i  Upiin  llii  • 
111(1  M-t  lilr  111  llif  liiiiiM. 
Illtf    illtll  will-   --Iriliili;; 

II  111    lIlC   M'.lsifll'    |llllMlli 

ilij;  mill  llic  W.IM'S,  ui  r. 

ii.lss.Hicil.    « 'ill.ir.iii.|i;,ir 

t.iilliliilK    ill    tliliiiii 

g  III  .1  w.ii  liki'  ell. II, II  ll- 

lM(l(|IU'   vs. IS   Wllllllllcil  1 

1  his  vilLi^f  w.is  liiirm  \ 

llii'  lust  I'.iiiiipi-.ni  imV 
^iiild.      ll    piisciils   111 
liliMiic  (it   the  HlKss  Ml" 
I,  and  llic  );iMiid  pnlilu. 
iiilncri  llic  iiiivjhlicsi  in 
Icr  liciiijf  relaxed  In  in- 
,s,  public  uddd  w.is  s.ii  I 
Hid   passidii,  the  ciHiinii 
\crs  i.iclidiis  and  iIism" 
IS  sli.iken  .iMilidei-  In  in 
nhilidiis  (it   the  Cdiiiin.i:' 
wilderness,  and   the  ^" 
ul-lhiitv  men. 


IKK    V. 

111--.   .s.\Tivr. 

;i'.\C',\N.vl-.\KI. 


-sfsi'kiiu 


ic  fortress,  as  jj.iiIuti 
rlior,  received  Cdiiliriii 
IT.     One  (it   the  capl.iir. 
.tini;-  to  the  east  with  h 
more  tavorahle  sitii.iii' 
(led  hyacaiKie  in  \\h'' 
t  theni  was   the   hroihi- 
rc.Ued  him,  in   the  iim': 
m  at  the  villaj;e  wluic!; 
Maldonado   immeili.itf 
or  three  of  his  i;(ini|u;; 
naijari  cdiitined  by  l.iii'i 
•niimded  by  seven   nl  !'■ 
•ssed  j;real  rei^ret  :il  iv 
ndral.     He  related  v;ir I 
n^   the   disasters   of  ih 
hich  he  and  his  suhja'.i 
showinj;-   his   woumln 
ij^reed  with  that  ahe.i 
heSjiamards  with  his  a.- 
iresented  to  each  ot  tin: 
nent. 

ling,  Colunibiis  repairt 
.-icpie.  To  impress  h;: 
t  power  and  imiioni'.iiie 
rous  train  of  otliceis,  a 
ring  armor.  'I'hey  lnu; 
1   a  hammock  ot  coti ' 


lie  exhibited  grcil  emotion  on  beholding 
iiliiiii.il,  .ind  iiiiliK  di.ilely  .idvciled  to  llie 
ii'.illi  III  llic  .Sp.ini.irds.  .As  he  nl.ited  the  dis.is 
■  i\  111  die  g.irnson  he  shed  ni.iiiv  te.ils,  bill  dwell 
ililK  lll.ulv  on  llif  I'll't  Ix'  ll'id  t.ikell  III  the  de 
'll,,-  lit  Ins  guests,  pointing;  mil  sevcr.d  ol  Ins 
[iili|c(  ts  present  who  li.id  km  iived  wounds  in  the 
i.iUlc  ll  ^^■'''  ••videllt  llom  the  si. us  ih.il  llic 
'(lllllll  <  li.ld  been  rei  eived  tiolll    Indi.in    we.ipolis. 

Cihiinbus  w.is  re.idilv  s.ilislied  ol  the  good  I. nth 
I  (ai. II  .111. IK"'-  ^^'ll<•n  he  rellci  li-d  on  llie  iii.iiiy 
iiiMits  111  .III  open  .iH|l  geiicidiis  n.iliire,  wlin  h  he 
ijkI  eucn  .It  the  linic  ot  his  sliipw  r(-(  k,  he  could 
,iit  hilieve  linn  c.ipable  ol  so  d.irk  .in  .k  I  ol  per 
i(|\.  .\n  i'X(-|i.iiige  ol  preseiils  now  look  pl.ice. 
'Ill- ( .11  iipic  gave  him  eight  hiindreil  be. ids  ol  ,i 
t-il.iiii   stone   e.illed   cib.i,  wliii  h   llii-y  (  oiisidered 

i|ih'    preiioiis,    .ind    one     hundred     ol     gold,    .i 

ilil,  II  I'liiiiiK-l,  and  tliri-e  sm.dl  c.ilab.ishes  Idled 
kith  i.^ild  (lust,  and  thoiight  himsell  outdone  in 
miiiilii  eiii-c  wlit-ii    presented   with   a   iiumlu-r    ol 

.i,s  be. ids,  li.nvks'  bills,  knives,  pins,  needles, 
111. ill  mirrors,  and  orii.uiients  of  copper,  which 
nil.il  he  sceineil  to  preler  to  gold.* 

till. ic. Ill, ig.iri's  Itg  had  been  violently  bruised 
IV  ,1  siiiiie.  At  the  reipiest  ot  (■(ilumlnis,  he  pcr- 
liiiltil  it  to  be  examiiK-d  bv  a  surgt-on  who  was 
Mi-M-iil.  On  removing  the  ii.indage  no  signs  of  ,i 
liHiiiil  were  to  be  seen,  alllidugh  he  shrunk  with 
laiii  uliciiever  tlur  limb  was  handled. I  .As  some 
iiiii-  li.iil  i-hilised  since  the  battle,  the  exlerii.d 
iriiisi-  iniKhl  li.ive  (lisapjiearcd,  while  a  U-iiderncss 
i-iii.iiiii-il  111  the  part.  .Si'veral  present,  however, 
vIm  h.id  not  been  in  the  first  voyage,  and  had 
vitiic-ised  iiiilliiiig  ol  the  generous  conduct  ot  tli<! 
;iii  iqiu-,  liiiiki-il  u])on  his  l.uiK-ni-ss  as  leigned,  and 
111-  whole  story  ol  the  battle  a  fabrication,  to 
Idiiicil  liis  real  iierlidy.  Kather  lioyle  espcci.dly, 
villi  W.IS  ol  a   vindiclive   spirit,  advised   tiie   ad- 

■  nir.il  III  make  ;in  immediate  example  ol  the  chiel- 
'  xiiii.  (.■iiluiiibiis,  however,  \iewe(l  the  matter  in 
'  I  (lilfc  rent  light.      Whatever    prepossessions    he 

■  nii;hi  li.ive  wi-re  in  favor  of  lhecaci(|ue  ;  his  heart 
'(.-liiM-il  to  believe  in  his  criminality.  'I'hough  eoii- 

:  lions   III    innocence,    ("lUacaiiagari    might     have 

eared  the  suspiiioiis  of  the  white  men,  and  have 

ixaij^jcr.ited   the  elfecls  of    his    wound  ;    but  the 

viiiiiiiis  ot  his  subjects  made  by  Indian  weapons, 

'.  iiiil  the  destruction   of  his    village,  were   strong 

iroiils  111  Columbus  of  the  truth  of  his  story.     To 

;    laiislvliis  more  sus])icious  followers,  and  to  pacify 

:    111' tri.ir,  without  gratifying  his  love  tor  persecu- 

!^  inn,  111-  observed  that  true  policy  dict.ited  amica- 

ili- cimhict  toward  Ciuacanagari,  at  least  until  his 

[uill  was  fully  ascert.-iined.     They  had  too  great 

nil'  at  present  to  apprehend  anything  from  his 

ililily,  but  violent  measures  in  this  early  stage 

it  llii'ir  intercourse  with  the  natives  niiglu  spread 

^'I'ner.d   panic,  and  impede  all   their  oiieralions 

III  the  island.     Most  of  his  officers  concurred  in 

[his  opinion  ;  so  it  was  determined,  notwilhstand- 

IPl;  till,'  iiu|uisitorial   suggestions  of  the  friar,  to 

pki'  thi,'  story  of  the  Indians  for  current  truth,  and 

(0  continue  to  treat  them  with  friendship. 

.\t  the    invitation    of   Columbus,    the   caci(|ue, 

h'iUL;h  still  apiiarently  in   pain  from  his  wound, + 

■'liiip.iiiied   him  to  the  ships  that  very  evening. 

Iiail  wondered   at   the  power  and  grandeur  of 

Ihc  white   men   when   the\- first  visited  his  shores 

itii  two  small  caravels  ;  his  wonder  was  intinitely 


decad.     i.   lib.   ii.  cap.  J 
■ter  Martyr,  decad.  i. 
p.   to.     Cura  de   los  ?i'M 
Hist.  N.  Mundo,  liu. 


*  Letter  of  Dr.  Chanca. 

♦  Letter  ot  Dr.  Chanca, 

|:o. 

i  Hist,  del  Almirante,  cap.  89. 


Navarrete,  Colec. ,  torn.  i. 
Cura  de  los  Palacios,  cap. 


increiseil  on  beholding  .1  lleei  riding  .it  .ini  hor  in 
the  h.ii  bill ,  .1  lid  on  lulling  on  In  1,11 1 1  nl  llic  .idiiiii  ,d  s 
ship,  wliii  ll  W.IS  . I  M'sscI  III  lii-.ivy  burden.  Ilcri- 
lii-  bchchi  llii-  (■.illb  plisoliers.  So  gli-.il  w. is  the 
lb'-. Ill  111  lli(-ni  .inioiig  llie  iimid  iiili.ibilints  nl 
ll.nll,  lll.ll  llicy  I  iililrllipl.ili'd  lllllll  uilli  ll  .11  .iiid 
shiiddci  111)^',  i-vi-il  though  in  ih.iliis.'  I  b.il  the 
.idmir.d  li.id  daicd  lo  iiu.idi-  ihesc  Icnibh-  li(-iiig  • 
III  their  vcrv  isl.ind,  .ind  b.nl  dl.iggcd  lliiiii  .is 
It  were  Iriiin  tlii-ir  siiiiiigholds,  w.is,  pi-ih.ips, 
OIK-  III  till-  ^ie,ili-st  pliiiils  to  llie  Inill.llis  nl  llie 
ii  lesisiible  prowcs'.  iit  llii-  uliili-  men. 

('iibinibus  Innk  till-  I  .11  iipic  ihinii^h  liu-  ship. 
The  \,iiiiius  \Mirks  nl  .111  ,  llie  pl.iiits  .mil  Iriiils  nl 
lli(-()ld  W'oild  ,  dniiii-slii  Inwlsnl  dillcleiit  kind., 
(.iltle,  slii-(-p,  swine,  .mil  ollii-i  aiiim.ils,  binii^lit 
lo  sloi  k  llie  island,  .ill  were  wonders  In  him  ;  but 
wli.it  most  siriK  k  him  with  ama/e'iieiil  w.is  the 
lidises.  He  had  never  seen  any  but  llie  most 
diminutive  ipiadrupeds,  .iiid  w.is  aslonished  at 
their  si/e,  their  great  streiiglli,  Icrnrh  .ippe.ii.iin  e, 
set  peril!  I  dd(ilily.|  lb;  looked  upon  .ill  these 
eNlr.iordiii.iry  objecis  as  so  m.iny  wonders  bmiiglil 
Irom  he.iveii,  which  he  still  beb(-V(-d  to  be  llie 
liati\'e  home  ol  the  white  men. 

(In  board  of  the  ship  wire  ten  nl  lln-  wniiu'ii 
delivered  Irom  (.'.irib  i  .ipliMly.  They  wen-  1  hull) 
natives  (it  llie  island  ol  llnriipicn,  or  I'orin  Kii  n. 
TIk-si-  soon  altracl(-(l  llie  imtii  e  ol  the  (  .11  npie, 
who  is  ri-pn-si-nted  to  have  been  ol  an  amorous 
< omplexinii.  He  eiili-red  into  1  onversation  willi 
them  ;  lor  though  the  isl.inders  spoki-  dillcK  lit 
l.iligii,ig(-s,  or  rather,  .is  is  more  prob.ible,  dilh  1 
('III  dialects  of  the  s.inie  l.iiigilage,  they  were  .ib!e, 
in  g(-lu-r.il,  to  undersl.iiid  e.u  h  olher.  .Ammig 
these  wdineii  w.is  one  distinguished  .iboM-  hi  r 
comp.'inions  by  a  cert.iin  loltmess  nl  air  .ind  m. in- 
ner ;  she  had  been  mm  h  nnliied  and  .idmui'd  by 
the  .S|).iiiiar(ls,  who  li.id  given  lit-r  tin-  ii.iiik-  ol 
C.il.dina.  The  ( .n  icpjc  spoke  to  her  ri-pciledly 
with  great  g(-iitleness  ol  tmie  .mil  manner,  jiiiy  in 
.'ill  probability  being  mingh.-d  with  his  .idmir.i- 
tion  ;  tor  though  rescued  from  the  hands  nl  the 
Caribs,  she  and  her  compaiiii  lis  were  in  .1  111, inner 
captives  on  board  ol  the  ship. 

A  collation  V  IS  now  spread  before  the  chitdtain, 
and  Columbus  ende.isored  in  every  w.iy  to  re\ive 
their  lornnir  cordial  inlercinirse.  He  tre.iled  his 
guest  with  every  m.inifest.ition  ot  iiertcct  coiili- 
dence,  and  talked  ot  coming  to  live  with  him  in 
his  present  residence,  ;ind  ol  building  houses  in 
the  vicinity.  The  caciijue  expressi-d  much  satis- 
f.iction  at  the  idea,  but  observed  th.it  tlu;  situ.iiion 
ot  the  pl.ice  was  unhe.iltliy,  which  w.is  indeed  ilie 
c.ise.  Notw'ithst.inding  every  demonstr.itinn  ot 
friendship,  however,  the  c.ici(|ue  w.is  I'videiitly  ill 
at  e.ise.  The  charm  of  mutual  r-niilidem c  w.is 
broken.  It  was  evident  th.it  the  gross  liceiitiou-.- 
ness  ot  the  garrison  h.id  greatly  imp.iired  the  \>';i- 
eration  of  tlie  Indi.ins  for  their  licavcn-boiii  vis- 
itors. Kven  the  reverence  tor  the  symbols  ot  the 
Christi.m  faith,  which  Columbus  ende.ivorerl  to 
inculcate,  was  frustr.ited  by  the  prollig.icy  ot  it  . 
votaries.  Though  fond  ol  ornaments,  it  w.is  with 
the  greatest  ditticultv  the  caci(|ue  could  be  pre- 
v.iiled  upon  by  the  admir.d  to  suspend  an  im.ige 
of  the  Virgin  about  his  neck,  when  he  understooj 
it  to  be  an  object  of  Christi.m  adoration.  J 

The  suspicions  of  the  chieftain's  guilt  g.iiiu-d 
ground    with    many   ot   the   Spaniards.      Father 


*  Peter  Martyr,  Letter  153  to  Pomponius  L;eius, 
t  Hist,   del  Almirante,   ubi  sup.       Letter  of    Dr. 
Chanca. 

^  Hist,  del  Almirante,  cap.  49. 


HS 


LIFE   AM)   VOYAGES  OF  COH'MHUS. 


1  '■ 


I  .  '  1 


i   > 


llDylo,  in  parlirular,  n'^^ardfcl  liim  with  an  vv\\ 
eyv,  and  |)iivatfly  advised  the  admiral,  ni)W  thai 
he  had  him  on  hiiard,  to  <ictaiii  liim  prisiint-r  ;  hut 
Ci)liimhii->  rcji'dcd  the  loiinsri  nt  the  cratty  triar, 
a:^  I  iiiitiary  to  snund  pnliry  and  hi)niirahlf  laith. 
Il  i-i  ihtlii  idt,  hnwfvtT.  ti)  (((iicfal  hirl<in^{  ill-will. 
Till'  ra(i(|iu',  acciistiinu'd,  in  his  lormcr  ii\tLT- 
tiMiisc  with  the  Spanianls,  to  meet  with  laces 
helming  with  (gratitude  and  Iricndship,  could  not 
hut  pcicciM'  their .dtcrcd  looks.  Notwithstanding,' 
the  Irank  and  cordial  hospitality  ot  the  admiral, 
lIuTcloiv,  he  suoii  bejf^fd  perinis!>iun  to  returi)  to 
l.md.* 

The  nc\t  morning  there  was  a  mysterious  move- 
miMit  .imoii'T  the  n.ilives  on  shore.  A  messen^'er 
troin  the  c.ii  iipie  iiKpiired  ol  tlie  admiral  how  ioiij; 
111-  intended  to  remain  at  the  harbor,  .ind  was  in- 
lormed  that  he  should  s.iil  on  the  tolloumn  day. 
In  the  evening,'  the  brother  ot  ( luacan,a>,Mri  came 
on  board,  uiuier  pretext  ot  barterinjf  a  (pi.intity  ot 
jfold  ;  he  was  oi)served  to  converse  in  private  with 
the  hidi.ii)  women,  and  particularly  with  (."atalin.i, 
the  one  whose  distinj^uished  appear.mce  had  at- 
tracted the  .ittentioii  ot  Ciuacanaj^ari.  Atter  re- 
maining' some  time  on  board,  he  returne<l  to  the 
shore,  it  would  seem,  trom  subse(pient  events, 
th.it  the  (acicjue  had  been  touched  by  the  situation 
ot  this  indi.'in  be.iuty,  or  captivated  by  her  charms, 
and  had  undertaken  to  deliver  her  from  bonda^a-. 

.\t  midnij;ht,  wlien  the  crew  were  buried  in 
their  tirst  slee|),  Citalina  aw,ikene<l  her  compan- 
ions. The  ship  was  anchored  tull  three  miles 
tniin  the  shore,  .ind  the  sea  was  rou;.jh  ;  but  they 
let  themselves  down  trom  the  sid-;  ot  the  vessel, 
and  swam  bravely  for  the  shore.  With  all  their 
precautions  they  were  overheard  by  the  watch, 
ami  the  .d.irm  w.is  ),'iven.  The  boats  were  liastily 
m.inned,  and  ^ave  chase  in  the  direction  ot  a  lif^dit 
bla/int;-  on  the  shore,  an  evident  l)eacon  tor  the 
tu,i;iti\es.  .Such  was  the  vij^orot  these  sea-nymphs 
that  they  reached  the  land  in  satety  ;  tour  were 
retaken  on  the  beach,  but  the  heroic  L'atalina  with 
the  rest  ot  her  companions  made  jjood  their  es- 
cajjc  into  the  forest. 

When  the  day  dawned,  Coluint)us  sent  to  Gua- 
canaj,'-ari  to  demand  the  fujjitives  ;  or  if  they  were 
not  in  his  possession,  that  he  would  have  search 
made  for  them.  The  residence  ot  the  caciiiue, 
however,  was  silent  and  deserted  ;  not  ,'n  bi(lian 
was  to  be  seen.  Mither  conscious  of  the  suspi- 
cions of  the  Spaniards,  and  apjjrehensive  of  their 
hostility,  or  desirous  to  enjoy  his  prize  unmolest- 
ed, the  caci(|ue  had  removed  with  all  his  effects, 
his  household,  and  his  followers,  and  had  taken 
relujfe  with  his  islaiui  beauty  in  the  interior.  This 
sudden  and  mysterious  desertion  jjave  redoubled 
force  to  the  doubts  heretofore  entertained,  and 
(iuacanaij^^ari  wasf,a'nerally  stij^mati/ed  as  a  traitor 
to  the  w  hite  men,  and  the  perfidious  destroyer  of 
ihe  garrison. f 


FOUNDING 


CHAPTER    \T. 

OF    TUF.    CITV    OF   ISABELLA- 
DIES   OF  THF.  SPANIARDS. 


MALA- 


['493.] 

Thf.  misfortunes  of  the  Spaniards  both  by  sea 
and  land,  in  the  vicinity  of  this  harlior,  threw  a 
gloom  rountl  the  neighborhood.     The  ruins  of  the 


*  Peter  Martyr,  decad    i.  lib.  ii. 
■f   Peter    Martyr,  decad.    1.   lib.    ii.      Letter  of  Dr. 
Chanca.     Cura  de  los  Palacios,  cap.  120,  Ms. 


foriri'ss,  ,inil  the  graves  of  their  niiirdcrcd  mm. 
tryinen,   were  conlinu.illy   before   ihi'ir  eyes,  .iri 
the  forests  no   longer  looked  luiuidiil  '.vhile  tlicr- 
was  an   idea  that   treachery   might    be  lurkiii- 
tlieir  shades.     The  silence  and  dre.innes-,,   .u, 
caused    by    the   desertion   ot    the   n.ili\es,    ga\i  , 
sinister  appearaiK  e  to  the  pi. ice.      Il    beg, in  tn  ', 
considered    by   the  credulous   m.trineis    as  uiidt 
some   baneful  iiilluemc  or  malignant  »l,ir,      i'hi.. 
were     sufficient    objections     to     disiouragc    i; 
founding  of   a  settlement,  but  there  were  otlier^  • 
a    more   so!i<l   nature.     The  ^ind   in   the  \iciii,; 
was   low,   moist,    and   unhealthy,   and    there  \\.\. 
no  stone  lor    buihling  ;     Columbus    detenniin'. 
therefore,    to  abandon    the  |)lace  altogether,  ai, 
tiumd  his  projected  colony  in  some  more  tavor.ili. 
situation.      No  time  w.is   to   be  lost  ;  the  aninii, 
on  board  the   ships  were  suffering  trom  loiigin- 
lineinent  ;    and   the   multitude  ot    persons,   iin.i 
(  ustoined    to   the   sea,    and    jient    up  in    the     titr 
l.inguished  tor  the   relreshmeiit  ot  the  land.     1' 
liglVler  c.iravels,   therdnre,   scoured   the  co.isi 
each  direition,   entering  the  rivers  and   harhon 
in   se.irch   ot   an   advantageous  site.     They  wcrt 
instructed  also  .to  m.ike  iiKpiiries  atter  (ai.itan* 
gari,  ot  whom  Columbus,   notwithstanding  even 
suspicious  ap|)earance,    still   retained  a  tavorali- 
opinion.      'I'he  expeditions  returned  atter  raiij;i!; 
:\  considerable    extent  ot    <'oast  without  sMrn>. 
Tliere  were  hue  rivers  .ind  secure  poi-ts,  but' 
co.Lst  was  low  and  marshy,  ami  del'icieiit  in  stn: 
The  country  was  gi'iierally  des'^rted,  or  it  .my  i 
tives   were    seen,   they    tied    immediately     tu  i 
woods.     Melchor    Maldonado    had    procecdtil  ■ 
the  eastward,  until  tie  came  to  the  dominiiiii>  ^  ■ 
cacitiue,  who  at  tirst  issued  forth  at  the  head  d  ; 
warriors,   with   menacing  aspect,  but  was  re, 1 : 
conciliated.      From    him    he    learned  that  (iu.ii 
nagari   iiad    retired    to    the  mountains.     Anmh'- 
party  discovered  an  Indian  concealed  near  a  h;r 
let,    having   fieen   disabled    by  a  wound   rmi.' 
from  a  lance  when  hghting  against  Caonabo.    II 
account  of  the  destruction  ot   the  fortress  a;;ii 
with  that  of  the   Indians  at  the  harbor,  and  1  ■ 
curreil  to  vindicate  the  caci((ue  from  the  cluir>;i 
treachery.     Thus  the  Sjjaniards  continued  i.iir.- 
tain  as  to   the   real   i)er|)etrators  ot  this  dark  .i' 
dismal  tragedy. 

I5eing  convinced  that  there  was  no  place  in  1 
part  of   the   island   f.ivorable  for  a  settlement.  { 
lumbus  weighed  anchor  on   the  7th  ot    Deceiiilrl 
with  the  intention  ot  seeking  the  port  of  La  I'Li;  • 
In  conseiiuence  of  adverse  weatlier,  howevci,  ,1 
was  obliged  to  put  into  a  harbor  about  ten  le.ii;:  I 
east  of   Monte  Chrisli  ;    and   on   consideriiiij  ; 
])lace,  was  struck  with  its  advantages. 

The  harbor  was  spacious,  .and  commanded  b 
point  of  land  ])rotecte(l  on  one  side  by  ;i  n.itir 
rampart  of  rocks,  an<l  on  another  by  an  inipc; 
ous  forest,  presenting  a  strong  jiosition  tor  ,1 1 ' 
ress.  There  were  two  rivers,  one  large  ami  1 
other  small,  watering  a  green  and  beautiful  p!'. 
and  offering  advantageous  situations  for  m;: 
About  a  t)ow-shot  from  the  sea,  on  the  b. ink- 
one  ot  the  rivers,  was  an  Indian  village.  The - 
apjieared  to  be  fertile,  the  waters  to  jibouiu- 
e.xcellent  h'^h,  and  the  climate  to  be  temperair  , 
genial  ;  for  the  trees  were  in  leaf,  the  shiuli- 
flower,  and  the  birds  in  song,  though  it  \\as  : 
middle  ot  December.  They  had  not  vet  btin- 
familiarized  with  the  temperature  of  this  l.ivtJi 
island,  where  the  rigors  ot  winter  are  unkiimv 
where  there  is  a  perjietual  succession,  and  iv 
intermixture  ot  fruit  and  flower,  and  where  sir 
iiig  verdure  reigns  throughout  the  year. 


1 

■  .Ann 

^■rni  1' 

^Kini 

^BkUIII. 

wtn 

^Bre, 

^Kvnr.il 

^BuDjIS 

^Krvicc 

^■e  tiiip 

^Vovi^ii' 

^■011  li)i 

^■ere  III 

Hvi' 

fteuel' 

HlU'MH'll 

jHriii 

^■t'lds. 

Jill  ol  III 

Bid 

^Ktivity. 

Hty  lit'  t 

He  nan. 

1 

BIU'S.-.. 
lA  plan 

|i  ted. 
1  crci  til 

!>idcii(  I 

lllllC,      ll 

Mii;l,    pi 

KI-VllCV 

lllr   v\i 

Ml. 

.M.iI.kIk 

CilMiilll 
DIllilU-llH 
)r  ,i  leiig 

[{(.l,    ,IIU 
Kpii-.lire 

|e  Iniili  f( 

iuit  .'Hid 

uniid  \j 
.  Iini'    tun 

Ewre   iri 

nd  highl 

f  litiildii 

IMi.irds, 

(iiif  with 

,  ItiT  tossi 

f  ivl.ixaii 

Tile  m.i 

f  the  bml 

iirkc-d   ill 

laiilic  ex 

oldi-ii  rc'.^ 

'CIC  to    ,1 

IIhts  ;i  re 
elij^hts  : 
,  )ri,Mllaiit 

Hiai  then 

i 
1 

1 

t.Vl■^  imil 
C,i^.|;■,|    1 
tr:;:^lev. 
^i.iiMllU    {1, 

(iinlort'by 
'a^  hnuig 

n  sni.dj  (|i 

lire  1  nniv 

lt'>e  dis;ip 
ifir  ^pirit^ 
"■iy,  ,ind 

LIFE   AND   VOYAGES   OF   COLl'MULS. 


s'J 


)f  thfir  miinlprrd  murJ 
hctiirr   llii'ii'  <'\fs,  .ir,:' 

;c(l  li.MUtllul  '.vlulf  lluT- 

c  ai\il  (Irciriiu'S!,,  uU 
()(   ihf   natiM'S,    n.i\f  , 
'  lihuc.      It   Ix-^.m  Id  ', 
Ions   in;iriii('is    ai  undt  ^ 
•  iiialiKi>'>"'  *<•*''.     'rhi--I 
us     III     (liMi)uranr    i' 

l)Ul  llu'lc  WtTc  nlliii  , 

he  i;in(l   ill   tln'  m(ii, 
hc.illliy,   ami    ihcrr  v, 

Cdluinlius  (IrtiTmiii- 
II-  Jjiaci'  ailn^jclllrr,  ,i' 
y  ill  siniif  miiif  laMir.i' 
1(1  III'  lust  ;  ihf  aiiinii 
sultcrinn'  Inim  limn  i  .■ 
iliidi'  III  pfrsoiis,  mil 
111  |ifiit  vi|)  ill  till'  111- 
hini'iit  lit  the  laiiil.  I 
ri',   sriiuii'il  till'  III. Ill 

tin-  liviTs  and  liarli'ir, 
\^;i'i)Us  siti'.  'I'liiy  «i  • 
iii(|uirii's  attrr  <'iu,ii  ,i: 
s,  iiiitwitlistaiuliii^  iw 
ilill  ri'laiiu'il  a  la\iir.i!i 
is  reUirncil  atti-r  iMM;;r, 
t  riiasl  wilhiiul  s^lln^. 
mil  SL'iurf  |iii'-ls,  lull  v 
ly,  and  lU't'icicnl  in  sin;; 
lly  di'S'Tlfd,  iir  it  .my  i., 
li'd  ininifdiatuly  to  i: 
mado  had  prorfi  iliil  ' 
imi-  til  till'  iliiniinion-i  i: 
L'd  lortli  at  tliL'  huail  iil  lb 
^  aspect,  but  was  ri'adi 
liL'  k'arni'd  that  (iu.i^ 
^hc  niountains.     Aimti- 

m  conccalfd  lu'ar  a  h.v 
I  liy  a  wiiuiid  in  li'.' 
tj  aj,'ainst  Caonalm.  li 
lit   the  lortri'ss  aijn 

.    It  llu'  harbor,  ami  > 

aciiiue  imm  the  ihai>;i 

iniards  cdiUinuL'd  i.iii  • 
irators  ot  this  dark  .i: 

ere  was  no  plai'f  i"  !■  ; 
L-  for  a  SL'ttlfnu'ni,  ( 
llu-  7lh  lit   Di'i-iMil 
n>r  the  port  ot  l.a  I'L 
se  weatlier,  howeviT, 
harbor  about  ten  li'.i,i;ut  t 
ind  on  consideriii;;  ;  ! 
advantages, 
us,  and  coinmandfil  b 
on  one  side  by  a  n.iui' 
n  another  by  an  iiuper. 
trong  jiosition  tor  a  t'' 
ivers,  one  larjje  ami  f 
reen  and  beautiful  pli' 
us  situations    tor   nii'.^ 
the  sea,  on  the  banks 
Indian  village.     'I'lu' >■ 
he  waters  to  abouii*' 
nate  to  be  teinperalf  a' 
re  in  leaf,  the  shrubs 
song,  though  it  was  f; 
lev  had  not  vet  bfcop 
leVature  ot  this  favord 
)t  winter  are  unknow 
al   succession,  and  fw 
flower,  and  where  sii' 
;hout  the  year. 


.\iuithcr  gmnd  inducfnient  to  lorm  liieir  stltle- 
lelil  Ml  tlii->  plai  e  was  the  iiiloi  iiialion  liielM'd 
oni  till'  inihiif<  "I  tl"'  adi.irt'Ht  village,  th.il  the 
loiiiii.iiiii  "' *-i'''"''  vsliire  the   gold   niims   were 


joiiiii.iii'"' '"  "• ' ■•-  M ;   ', 

ItU.itrd,    lay   at    no   gre.il   dist.inri',   and    almost 

illil  to  till'  harbor,      it  w.is  detirniineil,  tliire- 

iri',  ill. It    tliere   muld    not    be    a    silu.ituin   more 

[Vi)r,ilili'  I'lr  their  i  olony 

An 


iiiiin.itid  SI  em'  now  coninieiu  ed.  'I"he 
^tiiiiis  and  v.iriiHis  persoiu  belnngiiig  to  the  l.uid- 
Brviii',  .iml  the  \.irioiis  hilmrers  .mil  .iitilicers  lo 
rllipliived  ill  building,  were  disi'inb.ii  ked.  Thi' 
iviiiiiii-",  iriiiles  1)1  trallii',  guns  and  aninuiiii- 
loii  liir  tli'leiue,  and  implements  ot  every  kind, 
k'le  liriiiiglil  to  shore,  as  were  also  the  tattle  ,ind 
vr  still  k,  which  had  suffered  excessively  from 
^iig  re-.tr. lint,  especi.illy  the  horses,  'riiere  was 
griural  jiiv  ill  escaping  troiu  the  irksome  con- 
ImiiHiit  III  tlie  'iliiiis,  .mil  once  more  treading  the 
rill  t.irth,  and  breathing  the  sweetness  ol  the 
•Ids.  An  eiicampnu'iit  was  tormed  on  the  m.ir- 
ihi'  |il.iiii,  .iri.und  a  basin  o  •  sheet  ot  water, 
11  ,1  little  while  the  whole  pl.ue  was  in 
.tuiiy.  i'luis  w.is  founded  the  first  Christian 
l\  ot  tlie  New  World,  to  wiiicli  Columbus  g.ivc 
ir  iiaiivj  lit  l.iabella,  in  honor  ot  Ins  royal  p.it- 
DlU'S.i. 
A  pl.iii  w, IS  formed,  .mil  streets  ;inil  siiuares  pro- 
liteil.  i'lii'  greatest  diligence  w.is  then  exerted 
1  erecting  .i  church,  a  jiublic  storeiiouse,  .mil  a 
isiileiue  lor  the  admiral.  'I'lu'se  were  built  of 
;iiiu',  the  priv.ite  houses  were  constructed  ot 
fdiid,  |i|,isier,  reeds,  or  such  inateri.ils  as  the 
Ki^jeiicy  III  the  case  permitted,  anil  lor  a  short 
nic  every  one  exerted  himself  with  the  utmost 
Ml. 

.Maladies,  however,  soon  broke  out.     Many,  un- 

CiiMiiiiud  to  the  sea,  had  sulfered  gre.illy  troin 

Dnliiicniriii  and  sea-sickness,  and  Irom  subsisting 

1  )i  a  Icnglli  III  lime  on  salt  provisions  much  dam- 

■  Kc.l.  .iiul  mouldy  biscuit.  They  suffered  great 
Kjiu-iurr  on  ihe  land,  also,  helore  houses  could 
t  liiiilt  tor  their  rception  ;  lor  the  exh.dations  of 
hill  ,iml  moist  climate,  and  a  new,  rank  soil,  the 
umid  vapors  from  rivers,  and  the  stagnant  air  ot 

■  line  toresls,    render  the    \wlilerness   a    nlace  ot 

■  :\tre  iri.d  to  constitutions  accustomed  to  old 
nil  highly-cultivated  countries.  The  labor  also 
[  huililiiig  houses,  clearing  fields,  setting  out 
rcharils,  and  planting  gardens,  ha\ing  all  to  be 
one  with  gr  .it  haste,  bore  hard  upon  men  who, 
IliT  tlls^ing  so  long  ujion  the  ocean,  stood  in  need 
f  relax, ilioii  ,ind  repose. 

The  Ml, il, lilies  of  the  mind  mingled  with  those 
i  ihe  l)od\'.  .Many,  as  has  been  shown,  had  ei.i- 
arkd  ill  die  expedition  with  visionary  and  ro- 
•  liiiuic  lApi'ct.iliiins.  Some  had  anticip.ited  the 
]oliltn  ie'.,diinsot  Cipangoand  Cathay,  wht're  they 
fcrc  III   .iin.iss    wealth    without    toil   or  trouble  ; 

lers  .1  region  of  .\siatic  luxury,   ibounding  with 

i},du-.  ;  .iiiil  others  a  splendid  and  open  career 

irij.dlaiii  .idventures  and  chivalrous  enterprises. 

i'liai  then  W.IS  their  disa|)|)i)intment  to  tind  them- 

Ives  inntined   to  the  margin  of  an  island  ;  sur- 

mnilid  by  impr.iclicible  forests  ;  doomed  to 
TUjj^dc  Willi  the  rudeness  ot  .i  wilderness  ;  to  toil 
laiiiiiilly  lor  mere  subsistence,  and  to  att.iin  every 

inliirt  liy  the  severest  e.xcrtion.     As  to  golil,  it 

Ni->  hrmight  to  them  from  various  (juarters,  but 

im.ill  i|ii,iiitities,  and  it  was  evidently  to  be  pro- 

ri'il  only  by  patient  and  i)ersevering  labor.     All 

icse  ilisappoiiUmeiUs  sank  deep  into  their  hearts  ; 

nil' spirits  flagged  as  their  golden  dreams  melteil 
Iw.ty.  ,iiid  the  gloom  of  desj)oiulcncy  aided  the 
■'oi.'s  ul  disease. 


Columbus  himself  did  not  iscipc  llie  prevalent 
inal.idii'^.  rile  ,irdiiou-i  n.itiue  ol  Ins  iiilcrprise, 
the  rcspoiisibiliis  uiidir  winch  he  lound  Iiiiii'm  It, 
not  merely  to  his  lollowers  .ind  Ins  soMieigiis.  but 
to  the  World  .it  l.irge,  h.id  kept  Ins  mind  in  con- 
tinu.d  .igit.itioii.  i  he  cire-.  ot  so  l.irge  .i  si|U.id- 
roll  ;  the  incessant  vigil. nice  reipiircil,  not  only 
.ig.iiiist  the  lurking  d.iiigi'i->  ot  these  imkiioAii 
sets,  but  .against  the  p.issions  .md  lolliei  ul  Ins 
liillowiTs  ;  ihe  disiress  he  h.iil  sullered  Irom  the 
Lite  III  his  mill. lend  g.irriMUi,  and  his  tiiu  iMLiiiity 
.IS  to  till'  coiidui  I  ol  the  b.irb, irons  tribes  by  whii  h 
he  W.IS  surriiu..i|id  ;  .ill  these  h.id  h.ii.issed  his 
mind  and  broken  his  rest  while  on  bo.ird  the  ship  ; 
since  1. Hiding  new  c.ires  and  toils  h.id  crowded 
upon  him,  wiiicli,  added  to  the  exposures  im  ideiit 
to  his  situation  in  this  new  climate,  i  omplelely 
overpowered  his  strength.  .Still,  though  conrmed 
tor  sever. d  weeks  to  Ills  bed  by  si'\ere  illness,  nis 
energetic  mind  rose  superior  lo  die  sulleriiigs  ot 
the  body,  ,iiid  he  loniinued  to  giM'  direi  lions 
.ibout  the  budding  ol  the  city,  .iiid  to  superiiUeiid 
the  geiier.d  concerns  ol  the  expi  ilitiun.* 


CIl.M'ri'.R    VII. 

KXI'KIUTION   or   AI.ONSli    HI'.   OJKHA   TO     KXPI.OKK. 

iiii.;  iNrK.Kiou  (11-  nil.   isl.wh    nisi'Miii  ok 

TIIK  SUM'S   m   SI'.MN. 

l'+>3'l 

Till-;  ships  having  disi  h.irged  their  cargoes,  it 
was  necess.iry  to  send  the  gre.iler  p.irt  ol  them 
b.ick  to  Sp.iin.  Here  new  anxielns  pres.ieil 
upon  the  mind  id  Columbus.  He  h.id  hoped  lo 
liiid  tre.isures  ol  gold  and  precious  men  li.mdise 
.iccumulated  liv  liie  men  lell  beliind  on  the  lirst 
voy.ige  ;  or  al  least  the  sources  ot  we.iltliy  Iratlic 
ascertained,  by  which  speedily  to  fi eight  his  ves- 
sels. The  destruction  ol  the  g.irrison  had  deleal- 
eil  all  those  hopes.  He  was  aw. ire  ot  l!u'  extrava- 
gant expectations  entertained  by  the  .sivereigii'i 
and  the  nation.  W'h.it  would  be  their  dis.i|ipiiiiit- 
nieiit  when  the  returning  ships  brought  nothing 
but  a  tale  of  disaster  !  Something  must  be  done, 
betore  the  vessels  s.iiled,  to  keep  up  the  fame  of 
his  discoveries,  and  juslily  his  own  magnilicent 
represenl.uioiis. 

As  yet  he  knew  nothing  of  the  interior  of  the 
island.  If  it  were  re.illy  the  isl.md  of  Cipango,  it 
must  contain  populous  cities,  existing  prob.ibly  in 
some  more  cultivali'd  region,  beyond  ihe  lolly 
miiuntailis  with  which  it  w.is  intersected.  .Ml  the 
Indians  concurred  in  menlioning  Cibao  .as  the 
tract  of  country  whence  they  derived  their  gold. 
The  very  name  of  its  cacique,  Caonabii,  signitying 
"  The  Lord  of  the  (iolden  House,"  seemed  to  in- 
dicate the  wealth  of  his  dominions.  The  tracts 
where  the  mines  were  said  to  .ibiiund  lay  at  a 
distance  of  but  three  or  four  il.iys'  journey,  di- 
rectly ill  the  interior  ;  Columbus  determined, 
therefore,  to  send  .in  expedition  to  explore  it,  pre- 
vious to  the  s.iiling  ol  the  ships.  It  the  result 
should  confirm  his  hopes,  he  would  then  be  able 
to  send  home  the  lleet  with  confidence,  bearing- 
tidings  of  the  iliscovery  of  the  golden  mountains 
of  Cibao. t 

The    person   he   chose  for  this  enterprise  was 


*  Hist,  del  Almirante,  rap.  50.  Hcrrera,  Hist. 
Ind.,  ilerad.  i.  lib.  ii.  cap.  10.  Pcler  Martyr,  dccatl 
i.  lib.  ii.     Letter  of  Dr.  Chanca,  etc. 

f  Hcrrera,  Hist.  Ind.,  dec.  i.  lib.  ii.  cap.  10. 


m 


|i'::i 


;5  ->  -i. 


m 


00 


iii'i-;  AND  vovAdi'S  or  c'oi.UAinrs. 


Aldiisd  <lc  ()|!il,i.  till"  s.imc  iMv.ihcr  who  li.\s  lufii 
aliciilv   iiiitiK'il    III!    Ins    (I. II 111^    spiiii    .mil    ),m('.i( 


liiuliK  I 


(Hi  I'  .lilil  ,i^;llilv. 


I  Ji'liphliiu;  III  .il 


III  .1  h.i/.iriliiii'.  .111(1  .iilM'iiliiriiiis  ii.itiiic,  t  i{('il,i  w.is 
the    IDiHC    stiliuil.ilcil    til    tlll'<    ('\|i('i|it.(ili  ll'oni  llir 

liiriniiLihh'  i  li.ii.u  in  ni  iln'  niniiiii.iiM  i  .k  ii|iii', 
I'.iiHi.iliii,  whose  (liiiniiiKiii^  he  w.is  In  iiincU.ilc. 
Ill-  scl  (Mil  lioin  ihi'  li.iiliiH,  r.iilv  M  linil.iiy. 
I.|ii|,  .i('((iin|i. nurd  li\  .i  sin. ill  liircc  oi  well  .iiincil 
ami  (|<  III  iniiu'il  incn  si'vci.il  ol  them  \iinn^  .mil 
spirilcd  (,u,ilu'is  like  hiinscll.      Ilcstiiuk  iliicillv 


sdiithw.iid 
Ihc 


III)    ll 


ic    miciiiii. 


!■■ 


-I.iv 


III. Ill  h     w.is     liiilsiiiiii' 


llif    two  liisl 
,mil    il'llicult, 


Ihruii^li  .1  riiiiiitrv   .ili.miliincil    liy  its  mh.iliit.mts 


liir  li-i 11 


•I  llir 


Sii.mi.inls  rvli  iiilci 


o.isl .    I  'n  llir  si' 
l.mj;i'  111    inniinl, 


iiiu 


llir  SIM 


1  mill  cv  ciiiii 


\\ 


hull   ll 


ll 


i('\   (  .line  III  .1 


|i>ll\ 


nv   .isi  (111 


li'il 


I>V 


hull. Ill  ii.ith.  u  II 


up  .1  siccti  .mil  11.11 1 iiw  di'lili' 


.nil 


1 1 


i(\ 


■|,tl 


iir  llic  Miulil  ,il  ihc  sinimnl.    !  In 


Ihc  iicM    mm  intii',  lh(\    licliih 


ll 


lie, 
IC  sun   use  Willi 


j^ic.il  );li)l\   (ivci    .1    \.isl    .mil    dclii  imis 
eicd  wilh  niiblc  Vnc.ls,  sluddcd  willi  '.  il 


il.iin, 


I  iinlcl' 


.mil   iiili\cncil 


Ih 


w.ilds  111 


(In 


Dc 


SI  (  iidiiif;  iiilii  ihis  |ihiiii,  •  >icil.i   ,mil  his  i  om 


i.nnons  linldU    riilcicd  ihc    Inili.m   vill.u 


|- 


mh.iliil.mls,  1.11  limn  Ikihi;  hosidc,  m  ii  w  helmed 
ihem  Willi  hn.pil.iliU  ,  .md,  m  t.nl,  im|iedeil  iheir 
iiiuini\  |i\  iheii  kliiiliiess.  'Thev  h.id  ,ils(i  In  Imd 
in.iin  iiMis  111  n.ivcism:;  tins  iil.iiii,  so  ih.il  thev 
III  I  I'.ii'iiiiit;  ihr  I  h.im  <>l 
weie.      the 


\\  1 '  I  C      1 1  \  I  • 

inmml.im'' 


ihi,  h    h 


ip 


gulden  leL;imi  nl  I'lliiii.  I'licN  |ii  ni  1 1  .ileil  illli)  this 
dlsluil.  wilhuul  ineelm^  Willi  .mv  ullu  r  nhsl.nlcs 
th.in  tliiise  |iresenle(l  by  ihe  rude  ii.ilure  ot  llie 
emmlr\.    (".imi.ilu),  so  icdoulil.ililc  tor  Ins 

1  h 
ot  his 
then 


1111,11 


■im 


loi'iu  ,  must  h.ivc  liecn    m  smnc  di   l.i  U  p.iil 
lev  er  .i|i|ie.iied  lo  (li;-.|uile 


liimmiiins. 


i|' 


I'll 


e    li.iliN  es  reeeued 


ll 


icm    Willi 


llie\    were    n.ikei 


nut    uiu  i\  ili.'cil 


the  olhei   inh.iliil.mis  ot  ll 


le  IS 


l.ini 


nor  were  llicre 


.in\  tl.iees  o 


t    Ih 


e   impoil.ml  eilics  which  ill 


a.niii.itioiis  h.id  once  picuired  toiih.  Thev  s.iw, 
liowevcr.  .iiiiple  si^iis  ol  n.iliir.il  wc.illh.  I'lu 
s.inds  ot  the  mount. mi  sire. mis  L;litteied    with  p.ii- 


tu  1( 


ol 


itives  would  skiltiilU 


ep.n.iic,  .md   ^U'"   to   the   .Sp.ini.irds,  wilhoni  e\- 


pcitniL;  .1  reconipcnsc. 


In  some  pi. tecs  lluv  iiu 


■iincns  ot  xiriiin  ore  Iroin  ilu 


kc.l 
it 


promise  ot  these  nuumt.iins. 


th 


e  n.ime  ot  r.orv.il.m,  who  had  lie 


en  (lisii.i 


teh 


ed 


at  ih 
had 


e  s.mie  time  on  .i  similar  expedition,  and  who 
ex'ilored  .i  diftercnt  tr.ut  ()(  countrv,  returned 


with   -simil.ir   reports 


T 


lese 


ll.itti 


rmy;  .iccounts 


ser\ed  lor  .i  time  to  re.imm.ite   ttie   droopiiiL 


and 


4les|Hindins;-  colonists,  .mil  iiuluced  (."olumlnis  to 
believe  th.it  it  was  only  nccess.irv  to  explore  the 
it  Cih.io.  to  open  inexhaustible  sources  ot 
.IS    soon   as   his   health 


II 


e   determined 


WiUild    permit,  to   repair   in    pt:rson   to  the  moun- 
'•'  Pcicr  Martyr,  liccad.  i.  lib.  ii. 


tains,  ;inil    seek    :i    1,'iviiralile  site   (or  ,i  miiiiii(>rJ 
l.ililishinenl.  '* 

riie  se.ison  was  now  propitious  lor  the  reliim 
I  he  lleet,  and  (oliimlius  lost  no  lime  m  disp.iii  hj 
twelve  ot  the  ships  under  the  i  iimm.ind  ot  /Niiiim 
dc  I'lil  res,  rc(.iinin>;  only  live  Im  ihe  sei  \  ice  ul  i' 
1  iiliiny. 

It\  this  opporlimily  h<'  sent  limiie  '.pei  linens 
the  ^old  loiinil  ainmi^r  the  mounl.im  .  .md  im 
ol  (  iliaii,  and  all  such  liiiits  ,mi|  pi, mis  .e,  an 
ciirimis,  or  apjieati'd  lo  be  v,du. ible.  lie  \vh>!. 
in  ihe  iniisl  s.'m),;iline  terms  ol  the  evpedilinii,,:; 
t  tjeil.i  and  ( lorval.in,  the  l.ist  ol  w  lioin  reliiiin 
lo  .Sp.iiii  in   llie  lleet,      lie   reiiciled  his  eoiiluli: 


the  loirenls.  .md  stones  strc.ikcd  .md  riclilv  iin- 
prej;nated  with  it.  Peter  M.irtyr  altirms  th.it  he 
saw  .1  m.iss  ot  rude  j;old  weivjiiinij  nine  ounces, 
whiih  Cjed.i  hiniselt  li.ul  lound  in  one  ot  the 
brooks. '^ 

All  these  were  considered  as  mere  supertu'i.il 
w.ishmi^s  of  the  soil,  belr,iyini;^  the  hidden  tre.is- 
ures  luikini;  in  the  deep  veins  .md  rockv  bosoms 
(it  the  nuumt.iins.  and  only  reiiuirini;-  the  h.iiid  of 
i.ibor  to  brini;;  tlieiii  to  light.  ,\s  the  object  of  his 
expedition  w.is  meielv  to  ascert.iin  the  ii.iture  of 
tile  (duniry.  t'jed.i  led  b.uk  his  little  b.iiui  to  the 
harbor,  full  of  eniluisi.istic  .iccounts  of  the  iroklen 


voiiiiir  c.iv.ilier  of 


inlii  Mi.ilioiis  ol  soon 


beii 


1^;'  .iiii 


to  in, ike  .iliiiiii 


shipments  ol  );olil,  ol    prei  imis  diii^js,  ,iiii|  spu 
the  ■.eaieli  lor  ihein   bem^;  dcl.iyed  lor  the  pn 


by    Ihf  sickness  ol 


and 


c.ires   and    l.ibors   leiiuiied    in    bmldiii);  the  iiil.ir 
city.      Ill"  (lesclil)e(l  the  lie.iuty  .iiid  leililily  nl  n. 


slam! 


Its    i.ilif^e 


iiolile  mount. mis  ,   ii'. 


,ibuii(|,int  pi, nils,  waHied  by  be.mtitul  livers 
ipiii  k  lei  imdily  ol  the  soil,  evinced  inllielu\ii 
j^iowth  ol  the  sugar  cine,  and  ol  y,iiioir-i); 
,md  vegi'l. lilies  bronghl  liom  liirope, 


\s  It  woiili 


l.ik 


Mime  lime 


llOVVCVll  ,     lo   lllll 


piovisions  lidin  llieir  lields  .mil  g.ildrii  .,  .iinh 
produce  ol  their  live  stock,  adeipi. lie  to  the  .i 
sislcnce  ol  the  (oloiiy,  which   (diisisled  ot  aliniil 


tlions,inil  sonis 


md 


III 


ey    (  (lUld    not  ,11  (  iWi 


M 


ihems'lves  III   the    tood    ot    the  natives,  (  oliini'' 


KMpiesled  |ilesenl  supplies  lloin  .Sp.im. 
provisions  were  .ilreidy  growi  ig  scmiv. 
ot  their  wine    had    been    lost,  lr(  in  the  b.idi 


11. 


till 


.md  Ihe  1 1 


ilonists,  in  their  inlirin  si.ii 


it  he. lllll,    sulleled    gre.illy  Irom    the  vv.iiil  ot  llir|| 


icciislomed  diet 


■I'll 


W.IS  an   Miimcili.ile  iir  }? 


ssily  ol    medicines,  clothing,  and  ,iiins.      Ilnrv 


were   rt'ciiiiied 


lor  nil 


lit, 


ir   llie  I 


iiililic  worl 


,11: 


iry   s(  rvice 


beliu 


■le.ll  llir' 


111    awing    the  n.ilives,    who   had  Itic  iitmos 


lliose  ,iniin,ils. 


lie  r 


(•(inesled 


ai   immDer  o 


I    workmen  and  mei 


li.in 


I     ill! 
lllllll' 


lUlltv: 


rder  ol  St.   j.igo,  who  li.id  .i  wile  and  cliiliirt 
provided  tor,  .md  who,  tor  his  j^ood  seivur 


skilled    in    mining   ,ind    m  smelting  .md  | 
ore.       lie  recommended    various    persons    li 
notice  and  l.iyor  ot    {]w   soverei^^ns.  among  v\ 
W.IS    I'edro    M.irgerile,  an    .\rr.i};om.m  i  , 
the  o 
lo  1 

I  olumbus    begged    might    be  appointed  lo  ,i  '  ■ 
m.md  in  the  order  to  which  he   belonj^ed.      In    ■ 
m. inner  he  entreated   patron. ige  tor  Ju.m  .\giM 
who  was  .iboiit  lo  return  in  the  lleel.  inakii.^,  | 
licul  ir  mention  ot  his  merits,      hrom  both  ol  ilu-; 
men   he  was  destined  to  expcrieiut'  the  mosl  v; 
nal  ingratitude. 

In   these  ships   he   sent   also   the  nun,  wnnu 
and   children    taken    in   the  C"aribbee  IskindN,  if 
ommending  th.it  they  should  be  eareliilly  insliik 
ed    in    the    Spanish    langii.ige    and    the  (hiistu:  ■ 
taith.      From   the   roving   and  adyenliirous  ii.iii  ■ 
ot   these   luople,    and   tiieir  gcneial  ;u(|uaini.i 


ith  thi 


|uople, 
various  languages  ol  this  great  arcliii" 


reli.i;!- 
liw 
th;i 
iht  be  rendered  eminently  service.ible  .is  inlcrl 


go.  he  thought  that,  when  the  prei  epts  o 
aiul   the  usages  ol   eivili/.ition  had  retormei 
sav.ige  manners  and   c.mnibal   propi  nsiti"s 


preters,    and   as   means  ot 
trines  of  C'hristi.mitv. 


ipag.ilmg    itie 


iloci 


.Among   the   many  sound    and   salutary  siiij^'ei- 

a  most  pi'mi'l 
sl.ikeu  view  I 


tions  in  this  letter,  there  is  one 
cious  tendencv,  written  in  that 
n.itiir 


al  rights  prevalent  at   the  day,  but  Iruittul 
Hist,  del  Aliniranic,  cap.  50. 


T.iFF.  AND  V()YAr,i:s  OF  c:()i-i'Muns. 


01 


r;il)lf  site  (or  ,i  ininii\i;<i, 


„iiili  wnni;;  .mil  misciy  in  tin'  wmld.  (  oir.iilfr 
'li;;  ill. It  llicCn  .il^T  till'  muihIht  mI  llicsc  r.iiinilKil 
),i)',iMs  11.111. Ill  rcil  Id  till'  C.iiIkiIm  soil  1(1  S|i,im, 
i'ic'l'IciIi-i  WMiililbc  iIic  lllimlirr  III  siillls  |iut  111 
111'  u.iy  i>l  •..ilv.illnli,  he  |)li)|Mtsc(l  l<i  rsl.ihli'.li  .ill 
Mil, 111^1'  "I  'I"  '"  •''  ""l''^'"'.  ••»;■""■''  ''^'''  '•'"'  l<.  I" 
„  jinillslli'l  I'V  llirli  ll.llll'.  Ill  llir  ((ildliy.  'I'll'- 
hill-.  In  111  im;  .Mill  Sim  k  wi'iT  111  I. mil  iiiiwlirrr  liiil 
I  ill,'  I'.'  mil  ill  I'.iilii'll.i.  wlinr  llir  <  mi  ili  i  .i|ilivi"> 
,,iiil,|  lie  iciily  till'  ili'livny.  A  iliily  w.is  in  In- 
II  hr  v.iln.ilili'.  Ill-  "I"' [^KcMcd  mi  imi  li  sl.ivr  Inr  lln'  lii'lirlil  iit  llir  my.il 
Clins   <il    llir  r\|ii'ililinii,    .jj^,,,  ..mir       In    ilu',    w.iv    ill''    inlmiv  wmilil   lif    liir- 

.isliid  Willi  .ill  l<mil  .  m  li\<'  '•l<»<'l<  III'"'  "I  I'sprilM'  ; 
jw  Mc.ii  I'liil  I'.l.iii'ii'i'.  wmilil  111-  iicnl  Inim  w.ir 
ike  .mil  iiilmiii.iii  ihm^IiIiiiis  ;  llir  my;il  liiMsiiiy 
.mild  111'  i^ii  iilv  rmii  linl  ;  ;mil  :i  v.i'.i  iiiimlii-r  nl 
mills  wniilil  111-  sii.ililic'd  liiiin  |iciililii)ii,  .mil  i  .ii- 
ifil,  ,is  ll  \M  ic,  liV  111,1111  lull  (•  In  hi'.IVi'll.       Sill  h  IS 

,lu' ■i.li.mK"'  •i'l''"''"y  ''V  ^^I'l' I'  iijiiik'i'  ""'"  '"''V 
imclllilis  (In  I'lVi'  llli'insclvr  ..  (  nlilliilills  li'.ilrd 
IC  ills.i|i|inllllini'lll  1)1  lllf  siivi'll'i)nt'.  Ill  icspi'il  In 
he  iiiiiillirl  111  Ins  riili'i  |il  isr  ,,  ;iiii|  w.is  ,ili\l(ills  In 
('Vise  smni'  ninilc  ol  li^jlitcniM^  llicir  ('\|H'iisi", 
Mill  III'  rniilil  iipi'ii  siiinc  ;illl|)lc  snlliTc  nl  lii'nlil. 
Ill-  1  (iiivcisinii  III  iiiliilrls,  liy  hiir  mi-.-i)'i  nr  Iniil, 
)V  iii-lsiLisiiiii  111  lunr,  \v:i'.  nlic  nl  I  lir  |in|iiil,i|- 
^iii'is  III  llii'  <l.i\  :  .mil  m  ri-i-niiiininiiiii^  tin-  i-ii 
Living  III  llii-  <  .iiilis,  ('i)liiiiil>iis  lliiiii(,;lil  lli.il  lii- 
.v.i-,  iibi  \  111).;  llir  (III  I, lies  III  his  rnlisi  ii-liic,  wlirii 
u.is  III  ir.ilily  lislrniii^;  In  llic  ilKilcliiciil'.  nl 
lis  lillrir^l.  ll  IS  1)111  just  111  .iilil,  lll.il  the  '.nvc- 
'i'il^iis  (IhI  iinl  .11  (Old  willi  his  idc.is,  ln|i  (irdcrril 
;|l, It  llir  (  .11  ills  should  hr  (diurilid  like  llir  H",l 
11  Inst,  III  111  llir  li.uliir^^  '  3I  llu-  isl.iiiili-i-,  ;  ,1  (-oiiim.iiiil  wliiili  (-lii.ilMird 
onisls.  ill  llirir  iiiliriii -'tis,  :  iniii  llir  mrnilul  lii'.iit  ot  Is.ilirll.i,  wlin  I'vcr 
I'.itly  lidlil  till-  \v;iiil  ol  llu-? '^  iliinvril  lirrsrll  thr  ht'lUKii  lUDlcrtir  ,s  nl  the  lli- 
rr   W.IS  an  '.iiiiiKili.ili-  m-    :Sii.iii'>. 

■j'lir  llicl  |uit  In  sea  on  till!  :;d  ol  l''rl)ril.iry,  I.(ij4. 

riiiiiiKdi   ll   hiiMifjIi!    h.iik   no  wr.illh  lo  S|i,iin,  \('l 

\|H'i|,ilinii   w.is   ki'|)l    alive  hy  till-  s,in;^illiir  Ictlrl- 

hn   had  the  iitiiiosi  ilii       ^  Dt  I 'nliiiiiliiis,  .iiiil  tlir  spci  imrns  ol  f;old  which  hr 

liirslrd  also  an.idihii-         triiisinillrd  ;   Ins  i.ivoi-.ihlr  .-i(-(  ..tnits  were  (orroli- 

iiid  mt'i  li.iiiiis,  .iiiil  11  Diiiid  I IV  let  t  CIS  liom  I'  riir  IJoylr,  Dm  lo|-(  'h.iiii  a, 

ill  smelting;  .iiid  |)iiiil\;  ,'    '  [tinl  ntlirr  pri'-.oiis  ol  ci-cililiility,  .iiid    liy   the  prr- 

iiMi.il  icporls  ol  (Inrv.il.in.  'liic  sordid  1  .ili  nl.i- 
li.ms  ol  pi'ttv  spirits  were  as  yi-l  overruled  liy  thr 
En'husiasin  ol  i;('iirroiis  minds,  (-a|)tiv.-il('d  liy  \hf 
oliv  ii;ilii|-cnl  these  enterprises.  There  w.is  sniiie- 
;lniij,f  wniiderlully  j,fraiid  in  the  ide.-i  ot   thus  iiilrn- 


propitiolis  Inr  the  letiini 
lost  no  lime  in  dispali  Im 
r  the  (  iiiimi.md  ol  Aiilnii 

ly  live  Inr  ihc  sci  \  K  e  nl  t 

le   sent   linllie  '.pci  mirii, 

the   niniiiil.iiiis  .iiid  nvi 

I    Iriiits   .111(1  pi, lilts  .1',  ac 


le  l.ist  III  w  hum  leliiin.  ^ 
I  le  repelled  111'-  riiiilnl' 
111^  .iliir  to  ni.ikr  .iliiiinl 
irei  lolls  drills,  ,iiiil  spill 
II1J4  drl.iyrd  Inr  the  plcr'.-i 
iiisell  and  propir,  .iml  li.,,' 
iird  in  liiiildii^;  the  inl.r:; 
'  lic.iiitv  and  lei  iihly  "I  11'*] 
inlile  lli(Hllll,ims  ,  Its  uiikH 
I'd  liy  lie.iiitilnl  I  ucrs  ;  ih 
oil,  evinced  in  the  liixiin.i: 
•,iiie,  and  nl  \  ,11  mn  -  ];r,ii; 
I  lidin  |-,iiiiipe. 
lie  liiiie,  liowcMi,  111  iilil- 
tii'lds  .111(1  j;.ilili'n  .,  ,iiul  \ 
stnik,  adeipMle  to  tin-  .1  ' 
whlili  (-(insisted  nl  ahm;'  < 
s  they  (  nllld  nnl  ,11  1  ii^l  • 
I  nl  the  natives,  (  nlllin'.  : 
iplies  liiiiii  Spam.  Hi 
ilv    K'"^^ '  'K  ''i''mi\'-      ^1" ' 


illiiii^;,  and  .11  ins.      I  ims- 
lor    llie  pnliln-  works,  ,ii;,'j; 
m^    Iniiiid  (ll    j;ie.it  illi-'^t 


,1 


various   persons    In  ; 
sovcreij^ns,  .11110111;  wli  "' 
111    .\rr.i^;oiii.m  1  .iv.ilin 
(1  h.id  .1  w  ilr  ,mil  (  liilii' 

who,  lor  his  ^ond  s(-l Mu- 
ll   he  appiiinlrd  In  .1  1 "' 
leh  hr   lu'loiii^nl.      In  Iv. 
lidiia};!'  Inr  Juan  .\y,\iv 

n  in  the  Heel,  niakn.,..,  |k!' 
erits.     Kroni  both  ot  ilu-, 

lo  experieiue  tlie  moi '-; 


,-iU   also   the  men,  wiinii--^ 

the  t'arilitiee  Iskinds,  if 

iiild  be  careliillv  iiisliiu. 

i,i;-iiaj;r    and    the  Clinsti: 

i>;    and  adveiilindus  11, m; 


Sjiiriiiir  iirw  i.ii-rs  (it  /mim.ils  .iiid  |)Iants,  ol  liiiild- 
.lii^  rilirs,  (  xtriidinj;  Colonies,  ,'md  sowinij  the 
i  iiriU  (ll  1  i\ili/.,iiioii  and  ol  ei-ihijhtened  empire  in 
;lll^   hriiiiilul    liiil   sav.iije  woild.      ll   struck   the 


Diimls  111  |r  ii'iirij  .iihI  cl.issic.il  inen  wilh  a(h)-iir;i 

linii,  lillin:;   iliriii  wilh   pl(':is.-int  (lre;in-is  and  reve- 

rn->,  and  st-riiiiiij,;   to   rcili/r  the  porlic.il  piiturcs 

Dl  the  (ildrii  tinir.      "  ('olumbiis,  '    s,iys  old  I'rirr 

l.irtyr,   "  has   lir;;im    to   Iniild    ,1   (ily,  ;is    hr  li;is 

Ui'ly  vvritirn    to    iiir,  and    to  so-\V   our   set-ds  ;iiid 

i-ii|i.ij;,iir  our   ,-inim,-ils  I      Who   of   \'^   sh,-ill  ikhv 

|".ik  Willi  wonder  nf  S;itiirn,  Ceres,  and  'I'riiitol- 

irir   ^;(ric.al  aci|iiaiiilai;i:t,ftimis,   iravellin^-   about    the   e.-irth   to  sprcid  new 

rs  ol  this  i;real  all  liipi  -^Miucntioiis   ,imiiii};-   m.mkind  ?     Or   nf   the   I'liu'iii- 

eii  liie  prei  epls  ol  rrli,;;'  ■Bftiiiiis  wlin  hiiili  'I'yre  or  Sidon  ?  Or  of  ihe  'i'yrians 

i/,itioii  h,id  relornii-d  liic'^Blu'ii-iscKi',.    who-ie    rovinjr    desires    led    them    to 

mnibal    pr(ipi-nsiti"s,  tho^Biiiirnie  into   lorei;;!!    I.inds,    lo   build   new  cities, 

rntiv  si'i-\  icr.iblr  as  intc'-^fciiil  t.'st,-iblish  new  (dn-\nuinilies  ?"* 

ot    (lidiia^.iliie^    llu'  iloC'HB  Such   were   th.e   comments   of   eilli^^^l-itened    and 

I'lii'viilciit  men,  who   hailed   with  entluisi.ism  the 

imd   and  salutary  siii,'j,''*-|Wi''i'"^(-i'y  "I  the  New  World,  not  for  th('  wcdth  it 

e  is  one  ol  a  most  pt-ri-.-Mfcoulil  hmv^  to    I-airope,  but  for  the  held  il  would 

in   ihal   mist.iken  view  ■^Pjicn  fur  |,dorious  ,-iiid  beiievolenl  enterprise,  and 

It  the  day,  lull  IruiituuBBlu'  lilcssiiv^i's  and   impruveiiK'tus  ut  civilised  lite, 


whi(  h  il  would  widely  dispense  lli|-iiii(',li  b  irli.irolis 
and  iin(-iilliv,iled  rej^ioii',. 

NO!  I-. 
tsaliclla  at  llir  presnil  d.iv  i'l  i|iiile  ovrrijrown  vvilli 
fnri'sl,  III  llic  iiiidsl  nf  wIikIi  ,irc  slill  I"  In'  si  rii.  parlly 
sl.iiiilliit;,  llie  pilliiis  nf  ilif  I  liiin  ll,  •iniiic  irtnaini  nf 
III!'  kiiii;'s  slnielKiiiscs,  and  p,irl  nf  the  i(',iil('iii  c  id 
('nlllilllilis,  all  limit  (if  lii'VVii  stniic.  I  lie  small  fnrlK  'S 
is  alsn  a  priiiiiiiiciit  rum  ;  and  a  lllllr  icilli  nl  il  Is  ,1 
(  IK  iilar  pill.ir  almiil  icii  feel  lii^li  .iiid  .1.  iiiiii  li  in 
ili:iiii('|i-r,  (d  sniiil  iii.isiiniy,  niaily  ciiiiir  ,  wIik  li  :\\i 
pears  In  li,ivr  had  a  wnndcii  t;alli-ry  nr  li.iltli'iixiil 
roilild  till'  tup  lor  till'  (  niivi  iiiciii  e  nl  riniii.  ,iiid  in  llic 
iTiilre  of  wliii  ti  was  pl.iiitid  llic  (l.it;  l,ilf  Having 
discovered  ilic  reinaiiis  ol  an  iron  cl.inip  iiii'i<-ddi'il  in 
the  stone,  wliii  ll  served  In  seiure  llic  llu;. I. ill  ilHcIf, 
I  Inrc  it  mil,  and  now  '(insi)',ii  lo  ynii  this  iiirioim 
relii  (if  llic  llihl  fnnliinld  id  1  ivdi/.ilinii  in  llii-  New 
Wnrld,  alter  il  liai  licii  c,\pi)srd  lo  the  >  I' iin  ills  iiraily 
three  liiindred  and  Idly  ycirs.  /■/('///  ///■■  I  rlla  r/  /'. 
.v.  //iiiikiii,  i'.ii/. 


(.•IIAI'I'.K    \lll. 

DISCliN'TKNTS  A|-    IsAllMI   \       MlllWur    ril.KNAI. 
DIAZ    hi.    I'l  .,\. 

iM-nl 

'rni',  einhryo  city  ol  I  .aln-ll  1  w.i .  r.ipidly  .-is-,iim- 
in;j  a  form.  A  dry  '.tniir  w.dl  .111  loiiinh-d  11,  in 
prolci  1  It  lldlil  ,iliv  sudden  ,ill,i(  k  ol  llu  iliIiv  ., 
alllinii^^h  the  must  tiicndly  deposit  1011  w.i  ,  i'\-ini  'd 
bv  ihc  Indians  of  llie  vicinity,  who  liri>ii;;hl  ',iip- 
plies  of  iheir  simple  arliilis  nl  lood,  iiid  ;;aV(; 
iheni  in  e\cli.iii);r  lor  l-.iiidjir.iii  liilh-,.  On  th«; 
d.iy  of  the  |''.pipli,iny,  tin-  ^th  nl  I  ibriiary,  the 
(  liiiri  h  bciii).;  siiltii  inilly  roinpleti-d,  hi;;li  mass  w.is 
crlebr.itcd  with  ^^re.it  pninp  and  1  1  irnmiiv,  by  l'"ri,-ir 
IJovIr  and  the  twcKc  e(  (  le-,ia-,l  n  ,,  'Ihc  .iff.-iirs 
ol  tile  sellleineiit  bem^  thus  ,ip|),ir(-litly  in  .1  I'l'^n- 
l,-ir  tr,iili,  (oliiinbiis,  Ihon^li  '>lill  (  onrmi-d  by  iiulis- 
position,  lie^',-in  lo  m,ike  .irran  •rmnil-i  lor  hi-.  '  nii- 
lemplaled  expedilioil  to  the  nioiinl.im -,  nl  f  ibio, 
when  .111  imi-<|)e(-ted  distiirb.iiK c  in  \\\\  liltlr  i  om- 
munity  lor  .1  lime  eiifjrossed  his  allenlion, 

'llic  s.iilin^  ot  llic  lleel  I'll  S|i.illl  li.id  been  ,-i 
mel.-meholy  sijjht  In  m.iny  '.'.  Im  .r  irriii  .  ol  rnli'-l- 
nienl  ((impelled  ihrm  I'l  ri-maiii  on  thr  isl.-iiul. 
I  )is,ipp(iintcd  in  llieir  c-<pci  t,iti',n  ,  nl  immedi.ite 
wealth,  dis;^iislcd  with  ihr  j.ibni  .  iinpo.rd  on 
them,  .-iii'l  ,-ipp,-illef|  by  the  rii.il.idic ,  prr',.i|i.nt 
throuj^dioiit  the  (ommunlty,  ihiy  b'-;;  iii  to  look 
with  horror  upon  the  siirroiiii'lin;;  -a  lideriicss,  ,is 
destinc'd    to    lie   the   ;;r,-ive   ot    tlii  :r    Impi",  .inij  of 


ihemsrlvrs.      When  tl 


,isl  sail  (|l'..-||i|ie  ireil 


Ihi 


cap.  50. 


Letter  153  10  I'dinponius  Lxtus. 


fell  ;is  it  (dinplctely  severed  from  iheir  (  oimlry  ; 
and  the  tender  rcrollei  ti..i. ,  ot  home,  whiih  liail 
been  (  hc(  ked  tor  ,1  lime  bv  the  iin'  'I'y  .•iiid  bustle 
.•irou'MJ  tlieni,  rushed  wilh  sudden  lone  Ujion  tfieir 
minds.  To  return  in  Spam  b'-(  .itne  their  riilm;{ 
ide.i,  and  the  s.ime  w,int  nl  relin  tinii  which  had 
hurried  them  into  thr  enterprisr,  witliout  in'|iiir- 
in^  into  ils  re;il  n.ilure,  now  prnmptrd  them  to 
exlricilc  themseU-'-s  from  it,  liy  .iiiy  m'-uis  how- 
ever desper.ite. 

Where  |)opul;ir  disronteiUs  |)ri-vail  tl-'.-re  is  sel- 
dom w.-mtin;,'  some  d.ii-m^'-  spirit  to  j,'ive  them  y 
'.Ulcerous  dire(-tion.  One  liernard  Die/ de  I'isa,  a 
.,-i,in  ot  some  inip,ortan(  e,  who  h;i(|  held  a  i  isil 
ollice  about  the  (ourt,  ha'l  come  out  with  the  ex- 
])e(lition  as  com|)troller  ;  he  s(;ems  to  have  pre- 
sumed upon  his  nllici.1l  (lowers,  and  to  have  ha'l 
early  differences  with  the  admir.il.  Disgusted 
with  liis  employment  in  llic  colony,  he  b'jon  made 


*■, 


Wii 


02 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGCS   OF   COLUMBUS. 


a  f.Ktion  aniniif^f  the  discontcnled,  and  proposud 
thai  they  should  take  advaiilaj^e  of  the  iiidis])()si- 
tion  ot  L'()liiinl)us,  to  sci/e  upon  soint;  or  all  ol  the 
the  ships  in  the  harbor,  and  return  in  tht'ni  to 
Si)ain.  It  would  he  easy  to  justify  their  clandes- 
tine return,  hy  jirelerrinj;  a  conijjlaint  ajjainst  the 
admiral,  re|)resentinj(  the  tallacy  ot  iiis  enler- 
])rises,  and  a'Ciisint^  him  of  jjross  dece|)tions  and 
exaj^i^erations  in  his  accounts  of  tiie  countries  he 
had  discoxered.  It  is  probable  that  some  ol  these 
Ijcojile  really  considered  him  cul])al)le  of  the 
charj^es  thus  fabricated  aj;ainst  iiim  ;  for  in  the 
disappointment  ol  their  a\aricious  hopes,  they 
overlooked  the  real  value  ol  those  fertile  islands, 
which  were  to  enrich  nations  by  the  i)roduce  ot 
their  soil.  livery  country  was  sterile  and  unprofit- 
able in  their  eyes  that  did  not  immediaiely  teem 
with  f^old.  Thoui^h  they  hatl  continual  proofs  in 
the  specimens  l)rouj,dn  liy  the  natives  to  the  set- 
tlement, or  furnished  'o  tijeda  and  (iorvalan,  that 
the  rivers  and  mountains  in  the  interior  abounded 
with  ore,  yet  even  these  daily  proofs  were  talsitied 
in  their  eyes.  ( )ne  I'ermin  C'eclo,  a  wronj^-heacletl 
and  obstinate  man,  who  had  come  out  as  assayer 
and  purifier  of  metals,  had  imbibed  the  same  pre- 
jutlice  a^rainst  the  exjiedilion  with  liernal  Diaz. 
Me  |)ertinaciously  insisted  that  there  was  no  j.jokl 
in  the  island  ;  or  at  least  that  it  was  found  in  such 
inconsiderable  (piantilies  as  not  to  repay  the 
searcli.  He  declared  that  the  larjje  grains  of  vir- 
gin ore  brought  by  the  natives  liad  l)een  melted  ; 
that  they  h.id  been  tlieslow  accumulation  of  many 
years,  having  remained  a  long  time  in  the  families 
ot  the  India'is,  and  hantled  down  from  generation 
to  generation  ;  which  in  many  instances  was  prol)- 
ably  the  case.  Other  s|)ecimens  of  a  large  size  he 
pronounced  of  a  very  inlerior  (piality,  and  debased 
with  brass  by  the  natives.  The  words  of  this 
man  outweighed  the  evidence  of  facts,  and  many 
joined  him  in  the  belief  that  the  island  was  really 
destitute  of  gold.  It  was  not  until  some  time 
afterward  that  the  leal  character  of  Fermin  Cedo 
was  ascertained,  and  the  discovery  made  that  his 
ignorance  was  at  least  ecpial  to  his  obsiinacy  and 
l)resum])tion  ;  (pialiiies  ajjt  to  enter  largely  into 
the  compound  oi  a  medtllesome  and  mischievous 
man.* 

lincou raged  by  such  substantial  co-o|)eration,  a 
numl)er  of  turbulent  spirits  concerted  to  take  im- 
mediate possession  of  the  shi])s  and  make  sail  for 
Euro[)e.  The  influence  of  liernal  Diaz  de  Pisa  at 
court  would  obtain  for  them  a  favorable  hearing, 
and  they  trusted  to  their  unanimous  representa- 
tions, to  prejudice  Columbus  in  the  opinion  of  the 
public,  ever  tickle  in  its  smiles,  and  most  ready  to 
turn  suddenly  and  capriciously  from  the  favorites 
it  has  most  idolized. 

Fortunately  this  mutiny  was  discovered  before 
it  proceeded  to  action.  Columbus  immediately 
onlered  the  ringleaders  to  be  arrested.  On  mak- 
ing investigations,  a  memorial  or  information 
against  himself,  full  of  slanders  and  misrepresent- 
ations, was  found  conceak'd  in  the  buoy  of  one  of 
the  slii|)s.  It  was  in  the  handwriting  of  Hernal 
Diaz.  The  admiral  condiicte<l  himself  with  great 
moderation.  Out  of  respect  to  the  rank  and  sta- 
tion of  Diaz,  he  forbore  to  inflict  anv  ;)unishmeiU  ; 
but  confined  him  on  board  one  of  the  shi])s,  to  be 
sent  to  Spain  lor  trial,  together  with  the  process 
or  investigation  ot  his  oltence,  and  the  seditious 
memorial  which  had  been  discovered.  Several  of 
the  inferior  muiineers  were  punishetl  a..cording  to 
the  degree  of  their  cul|)al)ility,  but  not  with  the 

*  Cura  de  los  I'alacios,  cap.  120,  122,  MS. 


severity  which  their  offence  deserved.  To  guar: 
against  any  recurrence  of  a  similar  attein))!,  Cj- 
lumbus  ordered  that  all  the  guns  and  naval  nui!;,. 
tions  should  be  taken  out  ot  four  ot  the  vessii-  Jfi 
and  ])ul  into  the  principal  ship,  which  was  givt: 
in  charge  to  persons  in  whom  he  could  |)lace  m;. 
plicit  conlidence.* 

This  was  the  first  time  Columbus  exercised  ti;r 
right  of  jiunishing  delin(|Uents  in  his  lu  .v  goven.. 
ment,  and  it  immediately  awakened  the  most  vio- 
lent animadversions.  FJis  measures,  though  iici. 
essary  for  the  general  salety,  anil  characteri/t. 
by  the  greatest  lenity,  were  censured  as  arl)itr;ir, 
and  vindictive.  Already  the  disadvantage  of  Ijt. 
ing  a  foreigner  among  the  |)eo|)le  he  was  to  ^'d,. 
ern  was  clearly  manifested.  He  had  national  pit. 
udices  to  encounter,  cf  all  others  the  most  gem;i,i. 
and  illiberal.  He  had  no  natural  friends  to  rai!, 
round  him  ;  whereas  the  mutineers  had  coniitrc. 
lions  in  Spain,  friends  in  the  colony,  and  mei  vvii- 
sympathy  in  every  discontented  mind.  An  earr, 
hostility  w;is  thus  engendered  against  Colunibui. 
which  continued  to  increase  throughout  his  Hit 
and  the  seeds  were  sown  of  a  series  of  factior,i 
and  mutinies  which  afterward  distracted  i:.; 
island. 


CHAPTER  IX. 

EXPEDITION   OF  COLf.MliU.S   TO 
OF   ClliAO. 


THE    -MOUNTAIN!     1 


rqii 

iaii' 
rra; 
ml 
crij> 

IIIN 

ir ; 

Vt'MI 

fa 

Th. 
imlal 
s  it 
'hell 

IK' 

rake 
on  I 

ser 
le^'cs 

troi 
hi-  111 
n  adv. 
tiimiL 
if  IIIk 
oail  t 
;alle(l 
nt-n's 
ittfi'tfi 

1)11 


V( 


tin 


[1494- 1 

Having  at  length  recovered  froin  his  long  ill- 
ness, and  the  mutiny  at  the  settlement  being  etftc;- 
ually  checked,  Columbus  prepared  for  his  inMv.t- 
diate  departure  for  Cibao.  He  intrusted  the  con;- 
maiul  of  the  city  and  the  ships,  during  his  aS 
sence,  to  his  l)rother  Don  Diego,  appointing  ah.: 
persons  to  counsel  and  assist  him.  l)on  Diego ;:; 
represenletl  by  Las  Casas,  who  knew  him  per-; 
sonally,  as  a  nian  of  great  merit  and  discreiio:: 
of  a  gentle  and  ))acitic  dis])osition,  and  iiior; 
characterized  by  simplicity  th.ui  shrewdness,  li: 
was  sober  in  his  attire,  wearing  almost  the  drtv 
of  an  ecclesiastic,  and  Las  Casas  thinks  he  h... 
secret  hopes  of  preferment  in  the  church  ;t  inikt. 
Columbus  intimates  as  much  when  he  mcntiu:.: 
him  in  Ids  will. 

As  the  admiral  intended  to  build  a  fortress  ■ 
the  niountains,  and  to  form  an  establishment  li: 
working  the  mines,  he  took  with  him  the  ncri- 
sary  artificers,  workmen,  miners,  muiutions,  a:.. 
imiilements.  He  was  also  about  to  enter  the  tcr 
ritoriesof  the  redoutable  Caonabo  ;  it  was  inipn'- 
tant,  therefore,  to  take  with  him  a  lorcethat  slmu!- 
not  only  secure  him  against  any  warlike  oi)|)o>:' 
lion,  but  should  spread  through  the  country  a  in: 
midable  idea  of  the  jiower  ot  the  white  men,  a:; 
deter  the  Indians  from  any  luiure  violence,  eiihc: 
toward  communities  or  wandering  individuais.r 
I'.very  healthy  person,  therefore,  who  could  tx 
spared  from  the  settlement,  was  put  in  reqinsilior. 
together  with  all  the  cavalry  that  could  be  imi-- 
tered  ;  and  every  arrangement  w. is  made  to  strikri 
the  savages  with  the  disi)lay  of  military  spleiulu: 

On  the  12th  of  .March  Ccilumbus  set  out  at  iht 
head  of  about  four  hundred  men  wt-ll  armed  an: 
equipped,  with  shining  helmets  and  corselets  ;  vv;;.' 


*  Herrera,   Hist.    Ind.,  decad.   i.   lib.   ii.   cap-  nj 
Hist,  del  Almirante,  cap.  50. 
f  Las  Casas,  Hist.  Ind,,  lib,  i.  cap.  S2,  MS. 


tcep 

llllUllt.' 

at  proii 
^  he  .s.ii 

tiifda  . 
i-licioil 
i-ith  al' 
rile  m, 
leaiity 
nly  to 
ijjioiis 
owcreJ 
iatje. 
ly  miiii 
n'^Lj  tlin 
viiile  v 
miungt 
it  the  n 

Ills  p(l|l 

:;  1(1  a.  t,i 

:  0  nu-lt 
,.  ipaniari 

,  UptllDtl: 

,  dcas  (I 
;  tack  V 

i  *  Hist 

It  .\lgo, 

listinciic 

lobody- 

t  Las 

'.xliwf  i 
Sam 
^  The  ro 
|rom  I  sal 
|ts  priiiiii 
still  tf 
ui'k?  aiK 
iWe  il. 
Y  "loant 
rass  nl  J 
^f  this  lii 
the  .\i 


A^ 


LIFE  AND   VOYAGES   OF   COLUMBUS. 


93 


;nce  deserved.  To^u.irdj 
of  ;i  similar  atlernpi,  Cjf 
liif  ^uns  and  naval  iiuiiii. 
)Ut  ot  tour  i)t  ihe  vessii- I 
)al  slii|),  which  was  j,fi\i:, 
whom  he  could  place  in;. 

le  Columbus  exercised  ii> 
[|ueiits  in  his  n<  ,v  j^ovi-n;- 
V  awakehed  the  must  viu- 
lis  measures,  though  lui- 
salely,   anil   characteri/c. 
ere   censured  .'is  arhiuar; 
y  the  dinadvantaj^e  of  be-l 
the  peo|)le   he  was  to  ^ov-l 
ed.    lie  had  national  \)\r- 
\\\  others  the  most  ^HMicri.' 
no  natural  friends  to  ral';,' 
he   mutineers  i>ad  coniicc- 
II  the  colony,  and  niei  wiir,'^ 
ontented  mind.     An  early 
ntlered  .'itjainst  Columbus, 
crease  thruuj(hout  his  lite, 
)wn  of  a  series  of  factioiii 
afterward    distracted    li,: 


TER  IX. 

liUS   TO 
CIHAO. 


THE    .MOUNTAINS 


494.  I 

ecovered  from  his  long  i'.!. 

the  settlement  heinj;'  etfec. 

.IS  prepared   lor  his  mvvx- 

10.     He  intrusted  the  con.. 

the  ships,  durin<f  his  aS 
n  Diej^o,  ;ij)pointini(  all!: 
issist  him.  Don  l)ie^"i:! 
IS,  who  knew  him  |>rr 
eat  merit  and  discreii^' 

ic  disposition,  and  m  r: 
ty  th.in  shrewdness.  !;: 
earing  almost  the  (In-: 
I, as  Casas  thinks  he  h.;^ 
t  in  the  church  ;  t  iinKc. 
much  when  he  mcntiu;.; 


mil 
U 


Is 


ed  to  build  a  fortress 
jrm  an  establishment  li 
look  with   him  the  ncu 

miners,   mimitions,  a; 
so  aliout  to  enter  thi'  ir 

Caonabo  ;  it  was  ini]' 
th  him  a  force  that  sIkh: 
ainsl  any  warlike  o|)i)o>:- 
through  the  country  a  io'- 
wer  ot  the  white  men,  a: : 
ny  future  violence,  eitl.'.: 

wandering  individu.i.; 
therefore,  who  coulil  ''■ 
nt,  was  put  ill  requisiliur 
valry  that  could  be  nv.:- 
ement  w,is  made  to  sii> 
)lav  of  military  spleiulu: 
C(')lumhus   set  out  at  l!c 

red  men  well  arme<l  an. 

Imets  and  corselets  ;  w.'.' 


decad.   i.    lib.    ii.   c.ip.  H 
50. 
lib.  i.  cap.  Ss,  MS. 


Iik: 


rquehuses,  lances,  swords,  and  cross-bows,  and 
owed   by  a   multitude  of  the   neighboring  In- 
ians.      They    sallied    from   the   city  in    martial 
rrav,   with  banners  flying,   and  sound  of  drum 
^nd'triimpet.     Their  march  for  the  lirst  day  \vas 
,cross  the   plain   between  the  sea  and  the  nioun- 
'  ins,  fording  two  rivers,   and  jjassing  through  a 
ir  and  verdant  country.     They  encamped  in  the 
ivcning,  in  the  midst  of  pleasant  fields,  at  the  foot 
,(  a  wild  and  rocky  pass  of  the  mountains. 
The  ascent  of  this  rugged  defile  presented  for- 
ihle  dlHii  ulties  to  the  little  army,  incumbered 
it  was  with  various  im|)lements  and  munitions, 
'here  was  nothing  but  an   Indian  footpath,  wind- 
ing among    rot  ks   and     ])recipices,    or    through 
rakes  and  thiikets,  entangled  by  the  rich  vegeta- 
011  ot  a  tropical  forest.     A  number  of  high-spir- 
ed voung  cav.iliers  volunteered  to  open  a  route 
r  the  army.    They  h.id  probably  learnt  this  kind 
if  service  iii  the  Moorish  wars,  where  it  was  often 
ecessary  oil  a  sudden  too|)en  roads  for  the  march 
f  tri)o|)s,  and  the  conveyance  of  artillery  across 
-  inoiiiilainsof  (iranada.     Throwing  themselves 
advaiu  e  v.ith  laborers  and  jjioneers,  whom  they 
tiimilatt  ;l  by  their  e.\ample,  as  well  as  by  promises 
ilieral  reward,  they  soon  constructed  the  Hrst 
id  formed   in   the   New  World,  and  which  was 
ailed  I'.l   Puerto  de  los  Hidalgos,  or  The  Cieiitle- 
cii's  I'ass,  in  honor  of  the  gallant  cavaliers  who 
ifttrled  it.* 

On  the  following  day  the  army  toiled  U])  this 
itccp  detile,  and   arrived   where  the  gore  of  the 
iiuiit.iin  opened  into  the  interior.      Here  a  land 
promise  suddenly  burst  upon  their  view.   It  w.is 
L'  same  glorious  |)rospect  which  had  delightetl 
cda  and  his  comjianions.     Below  lay  a  vast  and 
litious  plain,  p.iinted  and  enamelled,  as  it  were, 
til  ,dl  the  rich   variety  of  tropical   vegetation. 
le  magiiiticent  forests   jiresented  that  mingled 
lautv  an('    majesty   of   vegetable  forms    known 
mlv  io  these  generous  climates.     I'alms  of  i)ro- 
i;;ious  height,    ;ind   spreading  mahogany  trees, 
towered  trom  amid  a  wilderness  of  variegated  lo- 
liai;e.     Freshness   and  verdure  were  maintained 
by  numerous  stre.ims,   which   meaiulered  gleani- 
iii:;  througii  the  deep  bosom  of  the   woodland  ; 
iile  v.irious  villages  and  hamlets,  ])eei)iiig  trom 
iiiim;,'  the  trees,  and  the  smoke  ot  others  rising  out 
t  the  midst  ot  the  forests,  gave  signs  of  a  Humer- 
us population.     The  lu.xuriaiU  landscape  exteiul- 
td  as  lar  as  the  eye  could  reach,  until  it  appeared 
iiK-lt  aw.iy  and  mingle  with  the  horizon.     The 
paiiiards  gazed   with  ra])ture  upon  this  soft,  vo- 
Jupuious  country,    which   seemed   to  realize  their 
tkas  of  a  terrestrial   paradise  ;    ,ind  Columbus, 
It  ak  with  its  vast  e.xtent,  gave  it  the  name  of  the 
W-a  Real,  or  Royal  I'lain.f 

k 

j 

^'  *  Hist,  del  Almirante,  cap.  50.     Hidalgo,  i.t..  Hijo 
|e  .\Igo,  literally,   "  a  son  of  somebody,"  in  contra- 
iisiinciion  to  an  obscure  and  low-born  man,  a  son  of 
imliodv. 
t  Las  Casas,  Hist.  Ind.,  lib.  i.  cap.  90,  Ms. 

(■x'.rttci  of  a  I.clter  from  T.  S.  Ihuckoi,  Es,;.,  lUiUd 
Santia-^oi^Sl.  Doiniir^c),  201  h  Scftemhe>\  1 847. 

The  route  over  which  Columbus  traced  his  course 
Irom  Isatiflla  to  the  mountains  of  Cibao  exists  in  all 
:s  priiiiitive  rudeness.     The  Puerto  de  los   Hidalgos 

still  the  narrow   rugged   footpath  winding  among 

iks  AwA  precipices,  leading  through  the  only  prac- 
liialile  ilftfde  which  traverses  the  Monte  Christi  range 
if  iiioiintains  in  this  vicinity,  at  present  called  the 
^ass  of  Niamey  ;  and  it  is  somewhat  surprising  that, 
if  this  first  ami  remarkable  foctprint  of  the  white  man 

the  New  World,  there  docs  not  at  the  present  day 


Having  descended  the  rugged  jiass,  the  army 
issued  ui)on  the  plain,  in  marii.il  st\le,  with  great 
ilangor  ot  warlike  instruments.  \\  hen  the  In- 
dians beheld  this  shining  band  ol  warriors,  glitter- 
ing in  steel,  emerging  trom  the  motiiil.iins  with 
lirancing  steeds  aiui  Haunting  banners,  and 
heard,  tor  the  tirst  time,  their  rocks  ,ind  lorests 
echoing  to  the  din  of  drum  and  triini|)et,  they 
might  well  have  taken  such  a  wonderliil  pageant 
for  a  su|)ernatural  vision. 

In  this  way  Columbus  disposed  ol  his  forces 
whenever  he  approached  a  populous  \  iU.ige,  plac- 
ing the  cavalry  in  front,  for  the  horses  inspired  a 
mingled  terror  and  admiration  among  the  nati\es. 
Las  Casas  observes  that  at  lirst  they  Mipjiosed  the 
rider  and  his  horse  to  be  one  animal,  and  nothing 
could  exceed  their  astonishment  at  seeing  the 
horsemen  dismount,  .i  circumstance  which  shows 
that  the  alleged  origin  ot  the  ancient  l.ible  ot  the 
centaurs  is  at  least  fount'ed  in  nature.  On  the 
approach  of  the  army  the  Indians  generally  lleil 
with  terror,  and  took  refuge  in  their  houses.  Such 
was  their  simplicity,  that,  they  meiely  put  up  a 
slight  barrier  of  reeds  at  the  pmlal,  and  seemed  to 
consider  themselves  pertectly  secure.  Columbus, 
jileaseil  to  meet  with  such  artlessness,  ordered 
that  these  frail  barriers  should  be  scrupulously  re- 
spected, and  the  inhabitants  allowed  to  remain  in 
their  fancied  security.*  liy  degrees  their  tears 
were  allayed  through  the  mediation  ol  inter|)ret- 
ers  and  the  distribution  ot  trilling  presents. 
Their  kindness  and  gratitude  could  not  then  be 
exceeded,  and  the  march  of  the  armv  was  contin- 
ually retarded  by  the  hospitality  ot  the  numerous 
villages  through  which  it  passed.  Such  was  the 
frank  communion  among  these  ])eii|)le  that  the 
Indians  who  accompanied  the  army  entered  with- 
out ceremony  into  the  houses,  liel|)ing  themseUes 
to  .inything  of  which  they  stood  in  luid,  without 
exciting  sur|)rise  or  anger  in  the  inhabitants  ;  the 
latter  offered  to  do  the  same  with  respect  to  the 
Spaniards,  and  seemed  astonished  when  they  met  a 
repulse.  This,  it  is  prob.ible,  was  the  case  merely 
with  resjiect  to  articles  of  food  ;  for  we  are  told 
that  the  Indians  were  not  careless  in  their  notions 
of  property,  and  the  crime  of  ihelt  was  one  ot  the 
few  which  were  punished  among  them  with  great 
severity.  Food,  however,  is  gener.illy  open  to 
free  partici])ation  in  savage  lile,  and  is  rarely 
made    an   object  of  barter,  unti 


and    IS 
labils  ot   trade 


exist  the  least  tradition  of  its  former  name  or  impor- 
tance. 

The  spring  of  cool  and  delightful  water  met  with  in 
the  gorge,  in  a  deep  dark  glen  overshadowed  by  palm 
and  mahogany  trees,  near  the  outlet  where  the  mag- 
nificent Vega  breaks  upon  the  view,  still  cniuinues  to 
quench  the  thirst  of  the  weary  traveller.  When  1  drank 
from  this  lonely  little  fountain.  1  could  lia-'dly  realize 
the  fact  that  Columl)us  must  likewise  have  partaken 
of  its  sparkling  waters,  when  at  the  heiglitof  his  glory, 
surroun<led  by  cavaliers  attired  in  the  gorgeous  cos- 
tumes of  the  age,  and  warriors  recently  from  the 
Moorish  wars. 

Judging  by  the  distance  stated  to  have  been  travelled 
over  the  plain,  Columbus  must  have  crossed  the  Yaqui 
near  or  at  I'onlon  ;  which  very  likely  received  its 
name  from  the  rafts  or  pontoons  cmpioyeii  to  cross 
the  river.  Atmndance  of  reeds  grow  along  its  banks, 
and  the  remains  of  an  Indian  village  arc  still  very  dis- 
tinctly to  be  ir.iced  in  the  vicinity,  liy  this  route  he 
avoided  two  large  rivers,  the  Amina  .and  the  Mar, 
which  discharge  their  waters  into  the  Yaipii  opposite 
Espcranza. 

The  toad  from  Ponton  to  the  River  Ilanique  passes 
through  the  defiles  of  La  Cuesta  and  Nicayagua, 

*  Las  Casas,  lib.  sup.  li,  cap.  00. 


94 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGES   OF   COLUMBUS. 


have  been  introduced  by  the  wliite  niei).  The  un- 
tutored sa\;i};e  in  ahiiost  every  part  of  the  world 
scorns  t(j  make  a  tiallic  ot  hospitality. 

Alter  a  march  of  live  leaj^ues  across  the  plain, 
they  arrived  at  the  banks  ot  a  larj;e  and  beautiful 
stream,  called  by  the  natives  ^'a^ui,but  to  which 
the  admiral  ^^ave  the  name  ot  the  River  ot  Reeds, 
lie  was  nut  aware  that  it  was  the  same  stream, 
which,  .liter  windinjr  throuj^h  the  \'ej{a,  tails  into 
the  sea  near  .Monte  Chrisli,  and  which,  in  his  first 
voyajfe,  he  had  named  the  River  ot  (iold.  On  its 
fjreen  banks  the  army  encamped  for  the  ni^ht, 
animated  and  delij^hted  with  the  beautiful  scenes 
through  which  they  had  i)assed.  They  bathed 
and  sijorted  in  the  waters  ot  the  Yagui,  enjt)yinjr 
the  amenity  of  the  surroundinjr  landscape,  and 
the  (lelij^htlul  bree/es  which  jjrevail  in  that  j^enial 
sea-ion.  "  For  though  there  is  but  little  differ- 
ence," observes  Las  Casas,  "  from  one  month  to 
an(jther  in  all  the  year  in  this  island,  and  in  most 
])arts  ot  these  Indias,  yet  in  the  jieriod  from  Sep- 
tember to  May,  it  is  like  living  in  parailise."* 

t)n  the  tollowing  morning  they  crossed  this 
stream  by  the  aid  of  canoes  and  rafts,  swimming 
the  horses  over.  l'"or  two  days  they  continued 
their  maich  through  the  same  kind  ot  rich  level 
country,  diversified  by  noble  forests  and  watered 
by  abundant  streams,  several  of  which  descended 
from  the  mountains  of  Cibao,  and  were  said  to 
bring  down  gold  dust  mingled  with  their  sand  .. 
To  one  ui  these,  the  limpici  waters  ot  which  ran 
over  a  bed  of  smooth  round  pebbles,  Columbus 
gave  the  nameot  Rio  \erde,  orCireen  River,  from 
the  verdure  and  freshness  of  its  banks.  Its  Indian 
name  was  Xicayagua,  which  it  still  retains. t  In 
the  course  of  this  march  they  passefl  through  nu- 
merous villages,  where  they  experienced  generally 
the  same  reception.  The  inhabitants  fled  at  their 
approach,  putting  u|)  their  slight  barricadoes  of 
reeds,  but,  as  belore,  they  were  easily  wt)n  to 
familiarity,  and  tasked  their  limited  means  to  en- 
tertain the  strangers. 

Thus  penetrating  into  the  midst  of  this  great 
island,  where  every  scene  presented  the  wild  lu.v- 
uriance  ot  beautiful  but  uncivilized  nature,  they 
arrived  on  the  evening  of  the  second  day  at  a 
chain  of  lotiy  and  rugged  mountains,  forming  a 
kind  of  b.irrier  to  the  \'ega.  These  Colun^.bus  was 
told  were  the  golden  mountains  ot  Cibao,  whose 
region  commenced  at  their  rocky  summits.  The 
country  now  beginning  to  grow  rough  and  dilli- 
cult,  and  the  people  being  wayworn,  they  en- 
camped tor  the  night  at  the  foot  of  a  sleep  defile, 
which  led  up  into  the  mountains,  and  jjicjneers 
were  sent  in  advance  to  open  a  road  tor  the  army. 
From  this  place  they  sent  back  mules  for  a  sup|)ly 
ot  bread  and  wine,  their  provisions  beginning  to 
grow  scanty,  for  they  had  not  as  yet  accustomed 
themselvi'S  to  the  food  of  the  natives,  which  was 
afterward  found  to  be  of  that  light  digestible  kintl 
suitable  to  the  climate. 

On  the  next  morning  they  resumed  their  march 
up  a  narrow  and  steep  glen,  winding  among 
craggy  rocks,  where  they  were  obliged  to  lead  the 
horses.  Arrived  ;U  the  summit,  they  once  more 
enjoyed  a  pros|)ect  ot  the  delicious  \'ega,  which 
here  presented  a  still  grander  apjiearance,  stretch- 
ing tar  and  wide  on  either  hand,  like  a  vast  ver- 
d.int  lake.  This  noble  plain,  according  to  Las 
Casas,    is   eigliiy   leagues    in    length,    and    from 


*  Las  Casas,  Hist.  Ind.,  lib.  i.  cap.  go.  MS. 

f  The  name  of  Rio  Verde  was  afterward  given  to  a 
small  stream  which  crosses  the  road  from  Santiago  to 
La  V'gga,  a  branch  of  the  River  Yuna. 


twenty  to  thirty  in  breadth,  and  of  incomparab:! 
beauty. 

They  now  entered  Cibao,  the  famous  region  < 
gold,  which,  as  it  nature  delighted  in  conirar;^ 
ties,  displayed  a  miser-like  jioverty  of  exterior, 
projjortion  to  its  hidden  treasures.  Instead  ot  th 
soft  luxuriant  landscape  of  the  \'eg,i,  they  hulu;, 
chains  of  rocky  and  sterile  mountains,  scanti 
clothed  with  lofty  jjines.  The  trees  in  the  v.ill,-; 
also,  instead  of  jiossessing  the  rich  tulted  tolia;. 
coniinon  to  other  ])arts  ot  the  island,  were  nua;;., 
and  dwartish,  excepting  such  ;is  grew  on  i:. 
banks  ot  streams.  The  very  name  of  the  i oiiiiir 
bespoke  the  nature  ot  the  soil — Cibao,  in  the  la', 
guage  of  the  natives,  signifying  a  sione.  .Sti 
however,  there  w ere  deep  glens  and  sh.idy  lavii.t 
.imong  the  mountains,  watered  by  limpid  riviili;. 
where  the  green  herbage  and  strips  of  wondhr 
were  the  more  delightful  1  )  the  eye  Ironi  I: 
neighboring  sterility.  iJut  what  consoled  u- 
Spaniards  lor  the  asjierity  of  the  soil,  was  lo  (> 
serve  among  the  sands  of  those  crystal  strenir 
glittering  particles  of  gold,  which,  though  scai- 
in  c|uantity,  were  regarded  as  earnests  nl  H; 
wealth  locked  up  withm  the  mountains. 

The  natives  having  been  jireviolisly  visiteil  hyt^: 
exploring  jiartv  uncler  Ojeda,  came  forth  to  nii- 
them  with  griat  alacrity,  bringing  lood,  ai" 
above  all,  grains  and  particles  ol  gold  colli  i  led  • 
the  brooks  and  torrents.  From  the  (|uaiUitHM 
gold  dust  in  ever\- stream,  Columbus  was  coiiviiv 
ed  there  must  be  several  mines  in  the  vicinity.  H: 
had  met  with  s|)ecimensof  amber  and  la|)i;>  ia/ii; 
though  in  very  small  quantities,  and  thought  thv 
he  had  discovered  a  mine  of  co])|)cr.  He  was  m 
about  eighteen  leagues  from  the  settlemeni  ;  tf- 
rugged  nature  of  the  mountains  maile  a  coiiiiir. 
niiation,  even  from  this  distance,  laborious.  11: 
gave  uj)  the  idea,  therefore,  ol  penetrating  larilr 
into  the  countr\-,  anti  determined  to  establish. 
fortified  jiost  in  this  neighborhood,  with  a  lar- 
number  of  men,  as  well  to  work  the  mines  as:; 
explore  the  rest  of  the  ])rovince.  He  accoidin;; 
selected  a  ])leasant  situation  on  an  emiiuiKe,.- 
most  entirely  surrountled  by  a  small  river  call-, 
the  Yani(iue,'  the  waters  of  which  were  as  |)urttf 
if  distilled,  and  the  sound  ot  its  current  mu^icaly 
the  ear.  In  its  bed  were  found  curious  stenesi 
various  colors,  large  masses  of  beautiful  niarl)> 
and  pieces  ot  pure  jasper.  From  the  hiot  iit  ir: 
height  extended  one  of  those  graceful  and  venl.i': 
plains,  called  savannas,  which  was  freshened  a;: 
iertili/ed  by  the  river.* 

On  this  eminence  Columbus  ordered  a  stiw; 
fortress  of  wood  to  be  erected,  capable  ol  (ltfi':K: 
against  any  attack  of  the  natives,  and  protected! 
,1  deep  ditch  on  the  side  which  the  river  <l](l  ii' 
secure.  To  this  fortress  he  gave  the  name  of  y 
Thomas,  intended  as  a  pleasant,  though  jiinus,  •: 
proof  of  the  incredulity  of  Firmin  Cedo  and  ■ 
doubting  adherents,  who  obstinately  refused: 
believe  that  the  island  produced  gold,  until  ihr 
beheld  it  with  their  eyes  and  touched  it  w  ilh  the' 
hands. t 


*  Las  Casas,  Hist.  Ind.,  lib.  i.  cap.  ()0,  MS. 

t  Ibid. 

/>•<>/«  //if  I.i-//i-y  of  T.  S.  HciicK\n.  Esq..  \^\;. 

Traces  of  the  old  fortress  of  St.  Thomas  slill  exis: 
though,  as  has  happened  to  the  I'uerta  de  los  Hidi 
gos,  all  tradition  concerning  it  has  long  been  lost. 

ilaving  visited  a  small  Spanish  village  known  H| 
the  name  of  Hanique,  situated  on  the  banks  of  tbf 
stream,  I  heard  bv  accident  the  name  of  a  farm  atcj 
great  distance,  called  La  Fortaleza.     This  e.xcitcd  ir' 


Idi; 


LIFE  AND   VOYAGES   OF   COLUMBUS. 


05 


dth,  and  of  incomparah!;| 

lao,  the  famous  rcj^'ion 
e  (Iflifjlilfd   in  coiurar 
ike  ])()vcrly  ot  cxlfiior,  • 
trt-asurt's.     liisicad  ot  ir,i 
of  the  \'i'Ka,  thty  liclv 
criie   moimtaiiis,   s(  aiv.i 
The  trees  ill  tin-  vallc 
ing  the  rich  lulled  ti)lKi,-:5^ 
if  the  ishinci,  were  nu-air..i' 
g   such    as   '^vvw   on  iS 
:  very  name  ot  liie  iiiiimr 
lie  sliil— Ciiiao,  in  the  hr, 
ii(;nityin}j   a  sione.     Stil 
■))  jrje'ns  and  siiady  raviiiK 
watered  by  linijiid  riviiK-;^ 
e  and  strips  ot  wondia--  ^ 
dul    t  )   the    eye    ironi  liiai 

liut  what  consoled  ih( 
ritv  of  the  soil,  was  to  nK 
s  of  lliose  crystal  strean-. 
old,  which,  thoUKh  scar, 
rded  as  earnests  ot  i;: 
1  the  mountains, 
en  |)reviously  visited  liy'.-t 
Ojeda,  came  forth  to  inir: 
rity,  l)rinj;inj(  food,  am: 
irticles  ot  j^old  codec  id  : , 
s.  From  the  (|uaiU:tHM; 
m,  Colund)us  was  coinin: 
1  mines  in  the  vicinity.  H- 
sof  amber  ami  lapis  ia/ii 
uantilies,  and  thuii.i;ht  ihv 
ne  ot  copper,  lie  was  iii 
s  from  the  selllemeiii  ;  !r 
mountains  made  a  coninv. 
s  distance,  laborious.  H: 
tore,  ot  penetralinn'  l.irtb- 
determined  to  esl,\l)lish. 
|iei>;hborhood,  with  a  lar;,t 
U)  work  tile  mines  as;} 


Province. 


He  according; 


nation   on  an  emineiKc, 

lied   1)V  a  small  river  cal. 
of  which  were  as  juirc, 

id  of  its  current  niusica!': 
e  found  curious  stcMicsij 
asses  ot  beautiful  iiiadi.-j 
ler.     I'"roni  the  hiol  otir: 

[those  jjraceful  ami  \enlj': 
which  was  freshened  :c: 

Llumbus  ord(!red  a  stmr; 

Irected,  capable  ot  dcfwc 
natives,  and  protected  ■ 
which  the   ri\er  did  iv 

IS  he  !j;ave  the  name  of  ^' 

Ipleasant,  thouj;h  pious,:;' 
of   Kirmin   Cedo  and    ■ 

|h()  obslinatelv  refused  : 
produced  ;4oid,  until  it 
and  touched  it  with  the 


.,  lib.  i.  cap.  ()0,  MS. 

.V.  //nu-k.-n.  Esq.,  I?47 
is  of  St.  Thomas  still  ex!' 
fo  the  I'uerta  de  los  11 1:- 
Ing  it  has  lonjj;  been  lo?l. 
1  Spanish  vilUiRC  known: 
^ated  on  the  lianks  of  i.. 
It  the  name  of  a  farm  atr= 
rortaleza.     This  excited c 


I  The  n.itives,  h.ivinR  heard  nf  the  arrival  of  the 
banianls  in  their  vicinity,  came  tlockinj.j  from 
irious  parts,  anxious  to  obtain  Kuropean  trink- 
5  The  admiral  sijrnitied  to  them  that  anythiufr 
Buld  be  K'\L'ii  in  exchange  for  jjold  ;  upon  hear- 
|g  this  some  of  them  ran  to  a  nei^jhborinjif  river, 
>il  ir.iiheriii^r  and  siftinjr  its  sands,  returned  in  a 
[lie  while  with  considerable  quantities  of  gold 
ust.  One  old  man  brought  two  pieces  of  virgin 
re     weit^hing    an    ounce,  and    thought  himself 

ilv  rep7iid  when  he  received  a  hawk's  bell.    On 

Hiia'rkiiig  that   the  admiral  was  struck  with  the 

zc  ot  ile.'se  specimens,  he  affected   to  treat  them 

lith   ciiitcnipt,   as    insignificant,    intimating     by 

Igns  that  in  his  country,  which  lay  within  h.df  a 

jv's  jiiurney,  they  lound  pieces  of  g(dd  as  big  as 

Orange.  Other  Indians  brought  grains  of  gold 
|ei"-hing  ten  and  twelve  drachms,  and  declared 
Vit"in  the  country  whence  they  got  them,  there 
(ere  masses  of  ore  as  large  as  the  head  of  a 
Jiilcl.*  .As  usual,  however,  these  golden  tracts 
|ere  .iKvays  in  some  remote  valley,  or  along  some 
V'jrcd  ,111(1  secjuestered  stream  ;  and  the  wealthi- 
tt  spot  was  sure  to  be  at  the  greatest  distance — 
Ir  the  land  ot  promise  is  ever  beyond  the  moun- 
kiii. 


CHAPTER   X. 

KCIRSION  ol'  JUAN  DE  I.UX.W  AMONT,  THK 
MDrM'AINS— CUSTO.MS  AN!>  CHARACTKRISTICS 
OF  THK  N.VnVES— COI.U.MHLS  KliTUKXS  T(J 
IS.Mltl.l.A. 

[•494-] 

Wmi  F,  the  admiral  remained  among  the  nioun- 
ins,  suiierintending  the  building  of  the  fortress, 
;iiispauhed  a  young  cavalier  of  Madrid,  named 

iriosity,  "nd  I  proceeded  to  the  spot,  a  short  dis- 
nee  up  the  river  ;  yet  nothing  could  be  learned  from 
le  intiabitants  ;  it  was  only  by  ranging  the  river's 
knits,  itirouKh  a  dense  and  lu.\uriant  forest,  that  I  by 
icidcnt  stum!)le(l  upon  the  site  of  the  fortress. 
The  rtiiKukable  turn  in  the  river  ;  the  ditch,  still 
ry  perfci  t  ;  ttie  entrance  and  the  covert  ways  on 
icii  side  tor  descending  to  the  river,  with  a  fine 
iplanadc  of  beautiful  short  grass  in  front,  complete 
le  picuirc  described  t)y  Las  Casas. 
The  s(|iiare  occupied  by  the  fort  is  now  completely 
ivered  witli  forest  trees,  undistinguishable  Irom 
lose  of  tlie  surrounding  country  ;  wliich  corresponds 
this  day  exactly  with  the  description  given  almve, 
ree  centuries  since,  by  Columbus,  Ojeda,  and  Juan 
I  Luxan. 

The  only  change  to  notice  is,   that  the  neat  little 

idian  villages,  swarming  with  an  innocent  and  happy 

)pulation,  have  totally  disappeared  ;  there  being  at 

resent  only  .i  few  scattered  huts  of  indigent  Spaniards 

I  be  met  with    buried  in  the  gloom  of  the  mountains. 

The  tr.iccs  of  those  villages  are  rarely  to  be  discov- 

«d  at  the  present  day.     The  situation  of  one  near 

onton  w.is  well  chosen  for  defence,  being  built  on  a 

gh  hank  between  deep  and  precipitous   ravines.     A 

ri;e  square  occupied  the  centre  ;  in  the  rear  of  each 

■iwellini;  were  thrown  the  sweepings  of  the  apartments 

«i'l  the  ashes  from   the   fires,    which  form   a   line  of 

•ound>,  mixed  up  with   broken  Indian  utensils.     As 

glays  in  the  direct  road  from  Isabella,  Cibao,  and  La 

feija.  and  commands   the   best  fording  place   in   the 

jjeiiihljorhood  for  crossing  the  River  Yaqui  in  dry  sea- 

^ns,  it  must,  no  doubt,  have  been  a  place  of  consid- 

Italile  resort  at  the  time  of  the  d'scovery — most  likely 

^  pontoon  or  large  canoe  was  stationed  here  for  the 

ility  of  communication  between  St.  Thomas  and 

bella,  whence  it  derived  its  name. 

?i*  Peter  .Martyr,  decad.  i.  lib,  iii. 


Juan  de  Luxan,  with  a  small  band  of  armed  men, 
to  range  about  the  country,  and  explore  the  whole 
of  the  province,  which,  from  the  reports  of  the 
Indiaiis,  a|)peared  to  be  equal  in  extent  to  the 
kingdom  of  I'ortugal.  •  Luxan  returned,  after  a 
few  days'  absence,  with  the  most  satisfactory  ac- 
counts. He  had  traversed  a  great  part  of  Cibao, 
which  he  found  more  capable  of  cultivation  than 
had  at  first  been  imagined.  It  was  generally 
mountainous,  and  the  soil  covered  with  large 
round  jiebbles  of  a  blue  color,  yet  there  was  good 
pasturage  in  many  of  the  valleys.  The  mountains, 
also,  being  watered  by  frequent  showers,  produced 
grass  ot  surprisingly  (|uick  and  luxuriant  growth, 
often  reaching  to  the  saddles  of  the  horses.  The 
forests  seemed  to  Luxan  to  be  full  of  valuable 
spices;  he  being  deceived  by  the  odors  emitted  by 
those  aromatic  ])laiits  aiul  herbs  which  abound  in 
the  woodlands  ot  the  tropics.  There  were  great 
vines  also,  climbing  to  the  very  summits  of  the 
trees,  and  bearing  clusters  of  grapes  entirely  ripe, 
full  of  juice,  .111(1  ot  a  pleasant  llavor.  Every  val- 
ley aiicl  glen  ])ossessed  its  stream,  large  or  small, 
.according  to  thesi/eof  the  neighboring  mountain, 
and  all  yielding  more  or  less  gold,  in  small  ])ar- 
ticles.  Luxan  was  sup|)osed,  likewise,  to  have 
learned  from  the  Indians  many  of  the  secrets  of 
their  mountains  ;  to  li.ive  been  shown  the  parts 
where  the  greatest  (piantity  of  ore  was  found,  and 
to  have  been  taken  to  the  richest  stre.inis.  ()\\  all 
these  points,  however,  he  obser\ed  a  discreet 
mystery,  communicating  the  [larticulars  to  no  one 
but  the  admiral.* 

The  fortress  of  .St.  Thomas  being  nearly  com- 
l)leted,  Cidumbus  gave  it  in  command  to  I'edro 
.Margarile,  the  same  cavalier  whom  he  had  recom- 
mended to  the  favor  of  the  sovereigns  ;  and  lie 
lett  with  him  a  g.irrison  of  hfty-six  men.  He  then 
set  out  on  his  return  to  Isabella.  ( )n  arriving  at 
the  banks  of  the  ]<io  \'erde,  or  Nicayagua,  in  the 
Koy.d  X'ega,  he  found  a  number  of  S|)aniards  on 
their  way  to  the  fortress  with  supplies.  He  re- 
mained, therehire,  a  few  days  in  the  neighbor- 
hood, searching  for  the  best  fording  ])lace  ot  the 
river,  and  esi.iblishing  a  route  between  the  for- 
tress and  the  harbor.  During  this  time  he  resided 
in  the  Indian  villages,  ende.ivoring  to  accustom 
his  people  to  the  food  of  the  nalivi'S,  as  well  as  to 
inspire  the  latter  with  a  mingled  feeling  of  good 
will  ami  reverence  for  the  white  men. 

From  the  rejiort  of  Luxan,  ColumbiLi  had  de- 
rived some  information  concerning  the  character 
and  customs  ot  the  natives,  and  he  :'C(|uired  still 
more  from  his  own  observations,  in  th.e  course  of 
his  sojourn  among  the  tribes  ot  the  mouiit;ans  and 
the  plains.  .\nd  here  a  brief  notice  of  a  few  of 
the  characteristics  and  customs  of  these  peo])le 
may  be  interesting.  They  are  given,  not  merely 
as  (d)served  by  the  admiral  and  hisollicers  during 
this  expedition,  but  as  recorded  some  lime  after- 
ward, in  a  crude  disserlati(m,  by  a  friar  of  the 
name  (d  Koniaii  ;  a  poor  hermit,  as  he  styled  him- 
self, of  the  order  of  the  leronimiles,  who  w.is  one 
of  the  colleagues  of  Father  Boyle,  and  resided  for 
some  time  in  the  X'ega  as  a  missionary. 

Columbus  had  already  discovered  the  error  of 
one  of  his  opinions  concerning  these  islanders, 
hirnied  during  his  first  \oyage.  They  were  not 
so  entirely  pacific,  nor  so  ignorant  of  w.irlike  arts 
as  he  had  imagined.  He  had  been  deceived  by 
the  enthusiasm  of  his  own  feelings,  and  by  the 
.gentleness  ot  (luacanagari  and  his  subjects.  The 
casual  descents  ot  the  Caribs  had  compelled  the 


*  Peter  Martyr,  decad.  i.  lib.  iii. 


h,i' 


90 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGES   OF   COLUMBUS. 


inhabitants  of  tlic  sea-shore  to  acquaint  thfin- 
SL-ivfS  willi  the  use  ot  arms.  .Soiiu'  ot  liie  moun- 
tain triliL's  ncir  thu  coast,  narticuiarly  thost'  on  llie 
side  which  looked  toward  the  Carihhee  Islands, 
were  ot  a  more  h.irdy  and  warlike  cliaracter  liian 
those  of  the  pl.ains.  Caonalio,  ;dso,  tile  Carl!) 
chieftain,  liad  introduced  somethin)^  of  liis  own 
warrior  spiiit  into  tli<.'  centre  of  tlie  island.  Yet, 
jrenerally  speakinjr,  the  habits  ot  the  |)eople  were 
mild  and  j,rcntlc.  if  wars  sometimes  occurred 
anionjr  tiicni,  they  were  of  short  dur.ition,  .md  un- 
accomi)ani(;(l  by  any  jfreat  effusion  ot  blood  ;  and, 
in  jjeneral,  they  minyled  amicably  and  hos|)ital)ly 
with  each  otlier. 

Columbus  had  also  at  first  indulijed  in  the  error 
that  the  natives  ot  llayli  were  destitute  of  .ill  no- 
tions of  reli},'ion,  ;ind  he  had  conse(|uently  llattered 
himself  that  it  would  be  the  easier  to  introduce 
into  their  minds  the  doctrines  of  Christi.uiily  ;  not 
aw.ire  that  it  is  more  dillicult  to  li^fht  u|)  the  tire 
of  devotion  in  tlie  cold  he.irt  of  an  allieist,  ih.in  to 
direct  the  tlanie  to  anewoi)ject,  when  il  is  alre.idy 
enkindled,  'lliere  are  few  beinj^s,  however,  so 
destitute  of  rcllcction  as  not  to  be  impressed  with 
the  conviction  ot  ;ui  overrulinj^  deity.  A  nation 
of  atheists  never  existed.  It  was  soon  discovered 
that  these  islanilers  Ji.id  their  creed,  though  of  a 
vaj,rue  and  simple  nature.  They  believed  in  one 
supreme  beintr,  inhabitin>j  the  sky,  who  was  im- 
mortal, ()mni|)otent,  and  invisible  ;  to  whon:  they 
ascribed  an  origin,  who  had  a  mother,  but  no 
father.*  'I'hey  never  addressed  their  worship  di- 
rectly to  him,  but  employed  inferior  deities,  called 
Zemes,  as  messengers  and  mediators.  Kach 
caciijue  h.id  his  tutel.ir  deity  of  this  order,  whoni 
he  invoked  .and  pretended  to  consult  in  .ill  his 
]niblic  undertakings,  and  who  was  reverenced  by 
his  ])eople.  lie  had  a  house  aji.irt,  as  a  temple  to 
this  deity,  in  which  was  an  imai^e  of  his  Zemi, 
carved  of  wood  or  stone,  or  shaped  of  clav  or 
cotton,  and  j^enerally  of  some  monstrous  and 
hideous  form.  Kach  family  .and  each  individu.il 
had  likewise  a  particular  Zemi,  or  ])rotectin}j 
yenius,  like  the  I, ares  and  Pen.ites  of  the  an- 
cients. They  were  placed  in  every  part  of  their 
houses,  or  ca.ved  on  their  furniture;  some  had 
them  of  a  si.iall  size,  and  bound  them  about 
their  forehe.ids  when  they  went  to  battle.  They 
believed  their  Zemes  to  be  transferable,  with  .ill 
their  powers,  ;ind  often  stole  them  from  each  other. 
When  the  Sp.ini.irds  came  amoni^  them,  they  often 
hid  their  idols,  Itfst  they  should  be  taken  aw.iy. 
They  believed  that  these  Zemes  jjresided  over  every 
object  in  nature,  each  having  a  p.articular  chari^^e 
or  ^'overnment.  They  intluenced  the  s-jasons  and 
the  elements,  causing  sterile  or  abundant  years  ; 
excilir.jr  hurricanes  and  whirlwinds,  and  tem])ests 
of  rain  and  thunder,  orsendinjj  sweet  and  tem])er- 
ale  bree/es  ,ind  fruitful  showers.  They  froxerned 
the  se.is  and  forests,  the  sprinj^s  and  fountains  ; 
like  the  Nereids,  the  Drvads,  and  Satyrs  of  .in- 
ti(|uity.  They  gave  success  in  hinting  and  tish- 
Uv'  ;  ihi'y  guided  the  waters  of  the  mountains  into 
safe  channels,  and  led  them  down  to  wander 
through  the  plains,  in  gentle  brooks  and  peaceful 
rivers  ;  or,  it  incensed,  they  caused  them  to  burst 
forth  into  rushing  torrents  and  overwhelming 
floods,  inundating  and  laying  waste  the  valleys. 

The  n.iti\es  had  their  Hutios,  or  jiriests,  who 
pretended  to  hold  communion  with  these  Zemes. 
They  ])r,ictise(l  rigorous  fasts  and  ablutions,  and 
inhaled  the  ])owder,  or  drank  the  infusion  ot  a  cer- 
tain herb,  which  produced  a  temporary  intoxica- 


tion or  delirium.     In  the  course  of  this  proct<;j 
they   professed   to   h.ive  trances  and    visions,  ;ir  ] 
that  the  Zemes  revealed  to  them  future  events, 
instructed    them    in    the    treatment   of    m.-ikidit  j 
They  were,  in  general,  great  herbalists,  and  w. 
aciiuainted  with  the  meilicinal  ])roperties  ol  it^. 
and    vegetables.       They    cured    iliseases  ihrou,?..] 
their  knowledge  of  sim|)les,  but  always  with  nii  i 
mysterious   rites  and    ceremonies,    and   su|)|yii<': ' 
charms  ;  chanting  and  burning  a  light  in  the  i  h.i: 
ber  of  the  |).itient,  and  pretending  to  exorcist- 1 
malady,  to  expel  it  from  the  mansion,  and  to  sr 
it  to  the  sea  or  to  the  mountain.* 

Their  bodies  were  |)ainted  or  tattooed  with  r, 
ures  of  the  Zemes,  which  were  regarded  witli  hi 
ror  by  the  .Si)aniai(ls,  as  so  many  rc|)res(nt,u;i 
ot  the  devil  ;  and  the  lUitios,  esteemed  .iss.iiiit!, 
the  natives,  were  abhorred  i)y  the  former  as  iilh- 
mancers.    These  liutios  otten  assisted  the  caci(|i,: 
in  practising  deceptions  upon  their  subjects,  spi,; 
ing  oracularly  through  the  Zemes,  by  means  oiL 
low  tubes  ;  ins[)iriting  the  Indi.ins  to  battle  l]V|- 
dieting  success,  or  dealing  forth  such  proniisii  » 
men.aces  as  might  suit  the  purposes  ot  the  i  hicli.i 

There  is  but  one  of  their  solenui   religious  i.- 
monies  of  which  any  record  exists.     'l"lu:  ck  ii .: 
])rocl;iimed  ;i  day  when   a  kind  ol  testiv.d  \\;i, 
be  held  in  honor  ot  his  Zemes.     His  subji'rt>  [ 
sembled  from  all  ]);irts,  and  formed  a  solciiiii  |:j' 
cession  ;  the  married  men  and  women  deion;;:| 
with   their  most    precious  ornaments,   the  yni;:| 
females  i-ntirely  naked.     The  caci(|ue,  or  the  prf 
ci])al  |)erson;ige,  marched  at  their  he.id,  beatiii^ 
kind  of  drum.     In  this  way  they  proceeded  lu; 
consecrated  house  or  temple,  in  which  were  set 
the  im.iges  ot  the  Zemes.    .Arrived  at  the  door,; 
cacitpie  seated  himself  on  the  outside,  conlinu- 
to  beat  his  drum  while  the  ])rocession  enteicd,: 
females  carrying  b.isketsof  cakes  orn.iniented  u 
tlowers,   and    singing  as    they  advanced.     The 
offerings   were   received   by  the   IJulios  with  Ifi. 
cries,  or  rather  bowlings.     They  broke  the  cake 
after  they  had  been  offered  to  the  Zemes,  aiuh. 
tributed  the  jiortions  to  the  heads  of  families,  v, 
jireserved  them  carefully  throughout  the  vtar, 
jireveniive  ot  all   adverse  accidents.     This  di' 
the  females  danced,   at  a  given    signal,   siii);; 
songs  in  honor  of   the  Zemes,  or  in   praise  tit; 
heroic    actions    of   their   ancient   cacitpies.     1 
whole  ceremony  finished  by  invoking  the  Zemes 
watch  over  and  protect  the  nation. t 

Hesides  the  Zemes,  each  caci([ue  had  thiveiii 
or  talismans,  which  were  mere  stones,  but  \vh 
were  held  in  great  reverence  liy  themselves.! 
their  subjects.  One  they  sujiposed  had  the  poi 
to  produce  abundant  harvests,  another  to  iliVi 
all  ])ain  from  women  in  travail,  and  the  thin; 
call  forth  rain  or  sunshine.  Three  of  these  uc 
sent  home  by  Columbus  to  the  sovereigns.* 

The  ideas  of  the  natives  with  respect  to  ilif  o: 
tion  were  v.igue  and  undefined.  Thev  ga\L'i; 
own  island  of  Hayti  priority  of  existence  over 
others,  and  believed  that  the  sun  and  moon  nr 
nally  issued  out  ot  a  cavern  in  the  island  lo, 
light  to  the  world.  This  cavern  still  exists,  ah' 
seven  or  eight  leagues  from  Ca]H'  Francois,  r 
C.ipe  Haytien,  and  is  known  by  the  name  nt 
\'oute  ii  Minguet.  Il  is  about  one  hundndi 
fifty  feet  in  depth,  and  nearly  the  s.ime  in  hi:!; 
but  very  narrow.  It  receives  no  light  but  In 
the  entrance,  and  from  a  round  hole  in  there 


*  Escritura  de  Fr.  Roman.     Hist,  del  Almirante. 


*  Oviedo,  Cronic,  lib.  v.  cap.  i. 

J  Charlevoix,  Hist.  St.  Domingo,  lib.  i.  p  56. 
Hist,  del  Almirante,  cap.  61. 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGES   OF   COLUMBrS. 


97 


course  of  this  procts; 
ances  antl  visions,  ,i- 
I  ihem  tiiturt;  uvints, 
treatmciU  ot  ni.iladic 
eat  hLTl)alists,  and  \v 
:inai  i)r()]>fitiL's  oi  irc 
cured  diseases  thrut, 
s,  l)Ut  always  will)  nn 
eiiionies,  and  su|i|.(i> 
riling  i'li^'it  in  the  i  h.i; 
etendinj,^  to  exon  isl-  ; 
he  mansion,  and  lo  m- 
nitain.* 

ted  or  tattooed  w  iih  r, 
were  regarded  with  h. 
so  many  rcpresciu.u;! 
ios,  esteenu-d  as  s.iiiih 
d  by  tlie  former  as  mr 
itten  assisted  the  t;ii u,,. 
pon  their  sul)iects,  hpt,, 
e  Zemes,  hy  means  nl!, 
i  Indians  to  battle  In  |- 
ijr  forth  sueh  pronll^^.■^ 
ipurjiosesof  the  chiclla- 
Mr  solemn   reli^^'imis  a-: 
ord  exists.     The  ciin.. 
a  kind  ot   festival  u:b 
Zemes.     His  sul)jfcis. 
ind  formed  a  solemn  ]: 
:n  and  women  deionr. 
lis  ornaments,   the  you: 
The  caei(|ue,  or  the  pr 
:d  at  their  head,  t)e:uiii^ 
vav  thev  ])roeeede(l  tul 
nple,  in  which  were  sit 
,,    Arrived  at  the  door,; 
jn   the  outside,  continu;: 
he  jM'ocession  entered,!: 
;of  cakes  ornamented  w 
s    they  advanced.     Tic 
by  the   Hutio.s  withh' 
Is.     They  broke  the  c:iiv: 
etl  to  the  Zemes,  audi. 
Ithe  heads  of  families,  v. 
V  throuj.diout  the  year, 
|se  accidents.     Thisdu 
a  given   signal,   siiij;: 
ernes,  or  in  praise  of;- 
ancient   cacicjues.    T: 
by  invoking  the  Zemes 
he  nation.! 
,:h  caci(|ue  had  three  id 
|e  mere  stones,  but  wh 
rence  by  themselves,! 
/  sujiposed  had  the  po'- 
rvests,  another  to  renv. 
\^  travail,  and  the  thin; 
ne.     Three  ot  theses; 
to  the  sovereigns.! 
s  with  resjject  to  the  or: 
;lefined.     They  gaveti- 
irity  of  existence  over 
the  sun  and  moon  n'. 
rn   in  the  island  Mi. 
cavern  still  exists,  ill" 
|rom  Cajie  Francois,  r 
own   by  the   name  ot 
about  one  hundred', 
[early  the  same  in  huii;: 
ceives   no  light  hm  1'- 
i  round  hole  in  the  r. 


.  cap.  I. 

)omingo,  lib.  i.  p  5^' 

ap.  6i. 


ivhcncc  it  was  said  the  sun  and  moon  issued  forth 

take  their  pl.ict;s  in  the  sky.     The  vault  was  so 

[air  and  regul.ir,   that  it  appeared   a  work  ot  art 

'  iher  than  of  nature,      in  the  time  of  Charlevoix 

he  ligLires  of  various  Zemes  were  still  to  be  seen 

ut  in  the   rocks,  and  there  were  the   remains  of 

iihes.  as  il  to  receive  statues.     This  cavern  was 

elil  in  great  \eneration.       It   was   jijiinted,    and 

(lorned  widi  green   branches,  and   other  simple 

ecoralions.     'I'here    were    in    it   two    images    or 

ernes.     When    there   was   a   want   of   rain,    the 

atives  madi;   pilgrimages  and    i)rocessions  to  it, 

ivilh  songs  and  dances,  bearing  offerings  of  fruits 

nd  flowers.* 

Thev  believed  that  mankind  issued  from  another 
avern,  the  large  men  from  a  great  aperture,  the 
mall  men  from  a  little  cri'.nny.  Tliey  were  tor  a 
on"  time  destitute  of  women,  but  wandering  on 
oncMiccasion  near  a  'mall  lake,  they  saw  certain 
animals  among  the  branches  of  the  trees,  w  hich 
proved  to  bti  women.  On  attem|)ting  to  catch 
thein,  however,  they  were  found  to  be  as  slip])ery 
s  eels,  so  that  it  was  impossible  to  hold  them. 
At  length  they  employed  certain  men,  whose  hands 
were  rendered  rough  by  a  kind  of  leprosy.  These 
ucceidcd  in  securing  four  of  these  slip]K'ry  fe- 
males, from   whom   the  world   was    jieopled. 

While  the  men  inhabited  this  cavern,  they  dared 
onlv  venture  forth  at  night,  for  the  sight  of  the  sun 
ivas  fatal  to  them,  turning  them  into  trees  and 
tones.  A  cacicpie,  named  \'agoniona,  sent  one 
of  his  men  forth  from  the  cave  to  fish,  who  lingc.'r- 
nff  at  his  sport  until  the  sun  had  risen,  was  turn- 
id  into  a  bird  of  melodious  note,  the  same  which 
[Tolumbiis  mistook  for  the  nightingale.  T'hey  add- 
ed, thatvearly  about  the  time  he  had  suffered  this 
r.ansformation,  he  came  in  the  night  with  a 
mournful  song,  liewailing  his  misfortune  ;  which 
ivas  the  cause  why  that  bird  always  sang  in  the 
lii},dn  season.! 

Like  most  savage  nations,  they  had  a  tradition 
;oncerning  the  universal  deluge,  e(|ually  fanciful 
R'ith  most  of  the  jireceding  ;  for  it  is  singular  how 
the  human  mind,  in  its  natural  state,  is  apt  to  ac- 
count, by  trivial  and  familiar  causes,  for  great 
vents.  They  said  that  there  once  lived  in  the 
island  a  mighty  caci(|ue,  who  slew  his  only  son 
:or  conspiring  against  him.  He  afterward  collect- 
d  and  picked  his  bones,  and  preserved  them  in  a 
ourd,  as  was  the  custom  of  the  natives  with  the 
elics  of  their  friends.  On  a  subsequent  day,  the 
acique  and  his  wife  o|)ened  the  gourd  to  contem- 
iLite  the  bones  of  their  son,  when,  to  their  aston- 
ishment, sever.d  fish,  great  and  small,  leajied  out. 
pon  this  the  caci(|ue  closed  the  gourtl,  and 
ilaced  it  on  the  to|)  of  his  house,  l)oasting  that  he 
ad  the  sea  shut  up  within  it,  and  could  liave  fish 
whenever  he  pleased.  Four  fjrothers,  however, 
ivho  had  been  b^rn  at  the  same  birth,  and  were 
urious  intermeddlers,  hearing  of  this  gourd, 
ame  during  the  absence  of  the  cacicpie  to  peep 
nto  it.  In  their  carelessness  they  suffered  it  to 
all  upon  the  ground,  where  it  was  dashed  to 
ieces  ;  when,  lo  1  to  their  astonishment  and  dis- 
ay,  there  issued  forth  a  mighty  flood,  with  dol- 
hins,  and  sharks,  and  tumbling  |)orpoises,  and 
reat  spouting  whales  ;  and  the  water  spread,  un- 
:il  it  overflowed  the  earth,  and  formed  the  ocean, 
caving  only  the  tops  of  i  le  mountains  uncovered, 
hich  are  the  present  islands. J 


*  Churlevoi.x,  Hist,  dc  St.  Domingo,  lib.  i 
+  Fray  Roman.     Hist,  del  Almirante.     P 
Pecad.  i!  lib.  ix. 
t  Escritura  de  Fray  Roman,  pobre  Heremito 


p.  6o. 
Martyr, 


They  had  singular  modes  of  treating  the  dying 
aiul  the  dead.  When  the  life  of  ;i  caci(|ue  was  dt- 
spaired  of,  they  strangled  him  out  of  a  |)rinciple 
of  respect,  rather  th.in  sutbr  him  to  die  like  the 
vulgar.  Common  peojile  were  extendeil  in  their 
hammocks,  l)read  and  water  placed  ;it  their  he.ul, 
and  they  were  then  ab.indoned  to  die  in  solitude. 
.Sometimes  they  were  carried  to  the  i  .uiciue,  .md 
if  he  jiermitted  them  the  distinction,  they  were 
strangled.  After  death  the  body  of  a  c:ici(|ue  w.is 
opened,  dried  at  a  tire,  aiul  presiTved  ;  of  others 
the  head  only  was  treasured  up  as  a  memori.d,  or 
occasionally  a  limb.  .Sometimes  the  whole  bodv 
was  interred  in  a  cave,  with  a  calab.ish  of  water 
and  a  loaf  of  t)read  ;  sometimes  it  was  consumed 
with  tire  in  the  house  of  the  deceased. 

TTiey  had  confused  and  uncertain  notions  of  the 
existence  of  the  soul  when  separ.itnl  from  the 
body.  They  believed  in  the-  .apparitions  ot  the 
departed  at  night,  or  by  daylight  in  solitary 
])laces,  to  lonely  individuals  ;  sometimes  advanc- 
ing as  it  to  attack  then),  but  upon  the  traveller's 
striking  at  them  they  vanished,  and  he  struck 
mercdy  against  trees  or  rocks.  Sometimes  thev 
mingled  among  the  living,  and  were  oidy  to  be 
known  by  having  no  n.avels.  TTie  Indi.uis,  fe.irful 
of  meeting  with  these  apparitions,  disliked  to  go 
about  alone,  and  in  the  d.irk. 

They  had  an  idea  of  a  j)laceof  rt;ward,  to  which 
the  spirits  of  good  men  repaired  after  death, 
where  they  were  reunited  to  the  sjiirits  of  those 
they  had  most  loved  during  life,  and  to  all  their 
ancestors.  Here  they  enjoyed  uninterru|)tedlv, 
and  in  perfection,  those  ple.isures  which  consii- 
tuteil  their  felicity  on  earth.  They  li\-ed  in  shadv 
and  blooming  bowers,  with  beautiful  women,  and 
b;uu|Ueted  on  delicious  fruits.  The  paradise  ot 
these  happy  spirits  w.is  variously  placed,  almost 
every  tribe  assigning  some  favorite  sjiot  in  their 
native  province.  ^iany,  however,  concurred  in 
describing  this  region  as  being  ne.ir  ;i  lake  in  the 
western  part  of  the  island,  in  the  be.uititul  ])rov- 
ince  of  Xaragua.  Here  there  were  delightful  val- 
leys, covereti  with  a  delicate  fruit  c.dled  the  m:i- 
mey,  .about  the  size  of  an  ai)ricot.  Thev  imaginecl 
that  the  souls  of  the  deceased  remained  concealed 
among  the  .dry  and  in.accessible  cliffs  of  the  moun- 
tains (luring  the  day,  but  descended  at  night  into 
these  ha|)py  valleys,  to  reg.ile  on  this  consecrated 
fruit.  The  living  were  si)aring,  tlurifore,  in  cit- 
ing it,  lest  the  souls  of  their  friends  should  suffer 
from  want  of  their  favorite  nourishment.*' 

The  dances  to  which  the  n.itives  seeme.l  so  im- 
moderately addicted,  and  which  had  been  at  first 
considered  by  the  Spaniards,  mcri'  idle  p.istimes, 
were  found  to  be  often  ceremoni.als  ot  a  serious 
and  mystic  character.  They  form  indeed  a  singu- 
lar and  important  feature  throughout  the  customs 
ot  the  aboriginals  of  the  New  World.  In  these 
are  typehed,  t)y  signs  well  underst'vid  by  the  initi- 
ated, and,  as  it  were,  by  hieroglyphic  action,  their 
historical  events,  their  projected  enter|)rises,  their 
hunting,  their  ambuscades,  .-md  their  b.utles,  re- 
sembling in  some  res])ects  the  I'yrrhic  d.mces  of 
the  ancients.  Si)eaking  of  the  prevalence-  of  these 
dances  among  the  natives  of  Ilayti,  I'eter  Martyr 
observes  th.at  they  jierformed  them  to  the  chant  of 
certain  metres  and  ball.ads,  handerl  down  from 
generation  to  generation,  in  which  were  rehearsed 
the  deeds  ot  their  ancestors.  "  These  rhymes  or 
ballads,"  he  adtis,  "they  c.ill  areytos  ;  and  as 
our  minstrels  are  accustometl  to  sing  to  the  harp 


*  Hist,  del  Almirante,  cap.  6i.     Peter  Martyr,  de- 
cad,  i.  lib.  i.x.     Charlevoix,  Hist.  St.  Uomingo   lib.  i. 


ys 


LIl'K    AND    VOYAGES   OF   COLUMHUS. 


It' 


i:1 


and  lute,  so  do  tlipy  in  like  manner  sinfj  these 
son^js,  aiul  danci'  to  llif  same,  playing;  on  timbrels 
made  (it  sliills  ot  cirtain  lislies.  These  timbrels 
they  call  iiiamiev.  Tlu'y  have  also  soiij^s  ami  bal- 
lads of  love,  and  others  of  laiiUMU.itioii  or  iiiourii- 
iii^  ;  some  .also  to  eiiioiira(,^e  them  to  the  wars, 
all  siinj,'  to  tunes  'i),'reeable  to  the  matter."  it 
was  lor  these  daiuis,  ;ts  has  been  already  observ- 
ed, that  till  y  were  so  eaj,'er  to  procure  hawks' 
bells,  suspending;  tiiem  .ibout  their  persons,  and 
keepiii},'  time  with  their  sound  to  the  cadence  ot 
the  siii^,'ers.  This  mode  of  danciiiff  to  a  ballad 
h;is  iieen  ( iimp.ired  to  the  dances  ot  the  peasants 
in  Flanders  durin^Mhe  sumnur,  and  to  those  prev- 
alent throujrhout  Sjiain  to  the  sound  of  the  casti- 
nets,  ;iiul  the  wild  |)ii|nilar  (ii.iiUs  said  to  be  de- 
rived from  the  Moors  ;  but  which,  in  l.ict,  existeil 
before  their  invasion,  amoiij^'  tlie  (loths  v.Ikj  o\er- 
r.ill  the  peninsula.* 

The  earliest  history  of  .almost  all  n.itioiis  has 
^ener.illy  bein  ])rescrved  by  rude  heroic  rhymes 
and  ballads,  and  by  the  l.iys  ot  the  minstrels  ;  and 
such  was  the  case  with  the  areylos  of  the  Indians. 
"When  .1  caci(|uc  died,"  says  Oviedo,  "they 
sanjr  ill  dirj^es  Ins  liti-  and  actions,  and  all  the 
fjood  that  he  had  done  w.is  recollected.  Thus 
they  formed  the  ball.ids  or  areylos  which  consti- 
tuted their  liisiory."t  Some  of  these  ballads  were 
ot  a  sacred  char.uter,  containim,'  their  traditional 
notions  of  theolo;(y,  and  tlie  su|)erstitions  and  fa- 
l)le.=  which  comprised  their  relijrious  creeds. 
None  were  permitted  to  sinj^  these  but  th-  sons 
of  caci(|ues,  who  were  instructed  in  them  b  their 
liuiios.  They  were  chanted  behire  the  peojile  on 
solemn  festivals,  like  those  already  described,  ac- 
comjianied  by  the  sound  of  a  kind  of  drum,  made 
from  a  hollow  tree. J 

.S,.ch  .1  are  few  ot  the  characteristics  remainin;,'^ 
on  ri  cord  of  these  simjile  people,  who  perished 
from  the  [.ice  of  the  e.irth  before  their  customs 
and  creeds  were  thouj^ht  of  sulhcient  importance 
to  be  invesliLjated.  'I'he  present  work  does  not 
])rofess  to  enter  into  detailed  accounts  of  the  coun- 
tries and  people  discovered  by  Columbus,  other- 
wise than  as  they  may  be  useful  for  the  illustration 
of  his  history  ;  .ind  perhaps  the  toref^oinjr  are  car- 
ried to  ;ui  uniiec-ssary  leiij^th,  but  they  may  serve 
to  j'i\e  greater  interest  to  the  sul)se(iuent  transac- 
tions of  the  island. 

Many  of  these  particulars,  as  has  been  observed, 
were  collected  by  the  admiral  and  hisoflkers,  dur- 
inj^  their  excursion  .iinon^' the  mountains  and  their 
sojourn  in  the  ])l;'.in.  The  natives  ajipe.ired  to 
them  :i  siii;j;ularly  idle  and  improvident  race,  in- 
diffeieiit  to  most  of  the  olijects  of  human  anxiety 
and  toil.  They  were  imp.itient  of  all  kinds  of  la- 
bor, scarcely  f^ivin^- themselves  the  trouble  to  cul- 
tivate the  yuca  root,  the  maize,  and  the  |)otato, 
which  hirmed  the  main  articles  of  subsistence. 
Tor  the  rest,  tiieir  streams  abounded  with  fish  ; 
they  cauffht  the  uiia  or  coney,  the  jfuana,  and  va- 
rious birds  ;  anil  they  had  a  perpetual  baiu|uet 
from  the  fruits  spontaneously  produced  by  their 
proves.  'I'hou^ii  the  air  was  sometimes  cold 
iimontj  the  mountains,  yet  they  jireferred  submit- 
ting to  a  little  temjiorary  suffering  rather  than 
take  the  trouble  to  weave  g.irments  from  the  gos- 
sampine  cotton  which  abounded  in  their  forests. 
Thus  they  loitered  away  existence  in  vacant  in- 


■"   Mariana.  Hist.  Esp.,  lil).  v.  cap.  i. 

f  Oviedo,  Cron.  tie  las  Indlas,  lib.  v.  cap.  3. 

i  Fray  Roman.  Hist,  del  Almirante,  cap.  61.  P. 
Martyr,  decad.  ",  Hb.  ix.  Herrera,  Hist.  Ind.,  decad. 
i.  lib.  iii.  cap.  4.     Oviedo,  lib.  v.  cap.  i. 


activity,  under  the  sliade  of  their  trees,  or  amiii.l 
iiig  tliemstdves  occasionally  with  v.irious  gamcil 
and  <laiices. 

In  tact,  they  were  destitute  of  powerful  nioiivtj 
to  toil,  being  Iree  trom  most  ot  tlioic  wants  whu 
doom   mankind  in  civili/ed   liie,  or  in  less  geiia 
climes,  to  incessant  labor.     'I'hev    had   no  sii-rii; 
winter  to  jirovide  against,   particularly  in  tlu-vi' 
leys  and  the   pl.iins,   where,   according    U>    !'i;.- 
Martyr,  "  the  island  enjoyed  perpetu.il  spring  iim 
and  w;.'S  blessed  with  coiUinu.d  summer  and  l.,!:. 
vest.     The  trees  preserved   tlu'ir  le.ives  throti);  . 
out  the  year,  and  the  meadows  cuiilinued  aUv.i  , 

gri'en. I'lu're    is    no    ])rovinci',    luir   any  P:-] 

gion,"  he  ag.iin  observes,    "  which  is  not  reiimr 
able  for  the  majesty  of  its  mount.iins,  the  Iriiitli;. 
ness  of  its  vales,  the   pleasantness  ot  its  hills,  ,ii;, 
delightful    plains,   wiiii  abundance'  of  fair  rivr; 
running   through  them.     There    never    was    ,111. 
noisome  animal  found  in  it,  nor  yet  any  r.iveiiin;,' 
four-footed   beast  ;    no  lion,  nor  bear  ;    no  tirr 
tigers,  nor  crafty  foxes,  nor  devouring  wolves,  ii^ 
all  things  blessed  and  fortunate."* 

In  the  soft  region  of  the  \'ega,  the  circling  s.-,. 
sons   brought  »-ach   its  store  ot    fruits  ;  and  wh;-. 
some  were  g.itliered  in  full  maturity,  others  \\cr:j;_ 
ripening  on   the  boughs,  and  buds  and  blossun;.} 
gave   jiromise  of  still   future    abundance.      ^VlJ 
need  was  there  of  garnering    up   and    anxiniiv.j 
providing  for  coming  days,  to  men  who  lived  im 
perjietual   h.irvest  ?     W'h.it  need,   too,  of  toiltui!, 
spinning  or  laboring  ;il  the  loom,  where  a  gen:j 
temperature   prevailed   throughout  the  ye.ir,  ,11,. 
neitiier  nature  nor  custom  jirescribed  the  neces^i',; 
of  clothing  ? 

The  hospitality  which  characterizes  men  in  .sue, 
a  simple  and  e.isy  mode  ot  existence,  was  eviiu;: 
toward  Columbus  and  his  followers  during  tlui; 
sojourn  in  the  .'ega.  W'tierever  they  went  it  \v;b; 
continu.d  scene  of  festivity  and  ri'joicing.  The 
natives  hastened  trom  all  parts,  bearing  iireseii'.- 
and  laying  the  treasures  of  their  groves,  ;ir.. 
streams,  and  mountains,  at  the  feet  of  beings  whu:: 
they  still  considereil  as  descended  from  the  sk;ti 
to  bring  blessings  to  their  island. 

Having  .accomplished  the  |)urposes  of  his  rtv 
dence  in  the  \'ega,  Columbus,  at  the  end  of  a  tc  1 
days,  took  leave  of  its  hos])itable  inliabitants,  :ir; 
resumed  his  march  for  the  harbor,  returning  wr; 
his  little  army  through  the  lofty  and  rugged  '^in;-i 
of  the  mountains  calU^d  the  I'ass  (d  the  liidali^io 
.\s  we  accom])any  him  in  imagination  over  iht 
rocky  height,  whence  the  \'ega  first  broke  upo: 
the  eye  of  the  I'^uropeans,  we  cannot  hel|)  paiisir,; 
to  cast  back  a  look  of  mingled  pity  and  ad  mi  rati  : 
over  this  beautiful  but  devoted  region.  Thedrcc. 
of  natural  liberty,  of  ignorant  content,  and  loite;l 
ing  idleness,  was  as  yet  unbroken,  but  the  llat  h: 
gone  forth  ;  the  white  man  had  jienetrated  in;| 
the  land  ;  avarice,  and  pride,  and  ambition,  a; 
pining  care,  and  sordid  labor,  and  withering  |Hr.. 
erty,  were  soon  to  follow,  and  tlie  indolent  par-l 
disc  of  the  Indian  was  about  to  disappear  forcvc:' 


CHAPTER  XI. 

.\RKIVAI,   DF   COI.UMIil'.S    AT    TSAIlI.t.I.A— SICKNi --I 
Ot'    TIIIC   COI.DNV. 

[1 494-] 

Ox   the  29th    of    March  Columbis    arrived  : 
Isabella,   highly  satislied  with  his  expedition  in:: 

*  Peter  Martyr,  decad.  iii.  lib.  ix.,  translated  bvRl 
Eden.     London,  1555. 


'M  I,, 


LIFE  AND  VOYAGES  OF  COLUMBUS. 


W 


■)l  ihcir  trees,  or  amm. 
ly  wilh    various  j;amcii 

lie  of   powcrlul  nioUvf. ^.^ 
.it  ol  ihii.ic  \Nai>l.s  wliii.  !s( 
(1  lilo,  or  ill  less  j;cii;a 
.     'I'lu'S    luiil  IK)  stcrit 
parlii  ularly   in  llii;  va,. 

rt',   acitirdinj^    *''    i'f't' 
(1  perpetual  sprin^'-lim 
liiuial  Slimmer  and  lia:- 
(I   llieir   liMves  throng; 
idows  toiiliiiued  alw.i  ; 
proviiiie,    nor   any  r-|;'' 
"  whieli  is  not  reniar,: 
mountains,  the  fruiilu- 
salilness  ot  its  liills,  an:. 
hundaiUL'  of  lair  rivci 
Tliere    never    was    an,  _^ 
it,  nor  yet  any  ravtMiin^fi; 
in,  nor  bear  ;    no  tur.: 
ir  devourinj;  wolves,  li^ 
lunate."*  ; 

e  \'eK'>.  tlie  circling  s«- 
lore  (it  Iruils  ;  and  v.\\i:  . 
.ill  maturity,  others  were  :J| 
,  and  buds  and  blossoir  '  - 
lure  abundance.  \Vh 
erini^  up  and  anxii)ii> 
vs,  to  men  who  lived  iiii 
\ai  need,  too,  of  toiitui,;, 
ihe  loom,  where  a  j;en,i, 
hrouH:h()Ut  the  year,  ar., 
n  prescribed  the  iiecesa;;, 


characterizes  men  in  sue 
ot  existence,  was  eviiic:-: 
[lis  followers  during  tlu;:  ' 
creverlhey  went  it  wasa 
,ily   and  i'ei"icinK.    'I'h; 
'  parts,  bearing  prescii;; 
,s    of   their   groves,  as. 
;U  the  feet  of  beings  whu:: 
■  seended    from  the  sk;:i 
Li  island, 
the  purjioses  of  his  rev 
iibus,  at  tlie  end  of  a  k , 
.pitable  inhabitants,  ar; 
le  harbor,  returning  vr: 
le  loftv  and  rugged  gur;; 
,ie  I'a'ss  of  the  llidal^.: 
in  imagination   over  ire 
ic  \'ega  first  broke  upo" 
we  cannot  help  paii.si:,; 
igled  pitvand  adminiU.:^ 
,oted  re,i;ion.  The  drcc 
irant  content,  and  loiie:- 
.nbroUen,  but  the  fiat  h:.;| 
irian  had   penetrated  iiiv 
iride,   and  ambition,  a' 
abor,  and  withering  ^V' 
\-,  and  the  indolent  par: 
lOUt  to  disappear  forcvc 


i:r  XL 
Iat  is.\r.Ki.i..\— sicknf-'I 

IcclI.ONY. 

ph  Columbis    arrived 
with  his  expedition  m 

\\.  lib.  ix.,  translated  by  R 


111'  interior.     The  appearance  of  everything  in  the 

Iciiiiiv  I't  itie  harbor  was  calculated  to  increase 

aiiiicip.itions  of  prosjierity.      The  jilants  and 

tiiis  (it  the  Old  World,  which  he  was  endeavor- 

ktr  to  introduce  into  the  island,  gave  promise  of 

njil  imrease.      The  orchards,  tields,  and  gardens 

Jere  in  a  gre.it  state  ot  forwardness      The  seeds 

various  truits  had  produce  '  young  plants  ;   the 

il,r,ir-(  aiie  liad  prospered   ■  .ceedingly  ;  a  native 

liie,  triiiimed  and  dressed  with  care,  had  yielded 

|)'cs  (It   t()leral)le    llavor,    and    cuttings    from 

luw|it'an  vines  alre.idy  l)egan  to  form  their  clus- 

|rs.  On  tliejotjjof  March  a  husbaiiiiman  brought 

Cdhinilius  ears  ot  wheat  which  had  been  sown 

the  latter  part  ot  January.     Tlie  smaller  kind 

jr.irileii  herbs  c.ime  to  maturity  in  sixteen  days, 

1(1   tlie   larger   kind,    such   as   melons,   gourds, 

»ni|)ii)iis,  and   cucumbers,   were  fit  for  the  table 

itiiiii  a  month  after  the  seed  had  tieen  put  into 

le  jjrduii'i.     The  soil,  moistened  by  brooks  and 

,-cis  and   tre(|Uent  showers,  and  stimulated  by 

arilciit  sun,  possessed  those  principles  of  «|uick 

1(1  proilig.il  fecundity  which  surpri.se  the  slran- 

ir,  accusidined  to  less  vigorous  climates. 

|The  adiniril   had  scarcely  returned   to  Isabella 

leii  a  iiuiseiiger  arrived  from  I'edro  Margarite,. 

comni, Inderal  fort  .St.  Thomas,  informing  him 

It  iIk;  indi.ins  of  the  vicinity  had  manifested  un- 

lenilly  feelings,   abandoning  their  villages  and 

luniiiiig  all  intercourse  with  the  white  men  ;  and 

u  C.ion.ibo  was  a'sembling  his  warriors,  and 

sparing  to  attack  the  fortress.     The  fact  was, 

It  the  iiiomeiit  the  admiral   had  departed,  the 

laniards,  no  longer  awed  liy  his  presence,  had, 

Uiual,  listened  only  to  their  pass'ons,  and  exas- 

lv,!te;l  the  natives   bv  wresting  from  them  their 

jid,  and  wronging  them   with   respect  to  their 

mien.     Caoiiabo  also  had  seen  with  impatience 

(if  detested  intruders,  planting  their  standard 

|the  very  midst  of  his  mountains,  and  he  knew 

tl  he  had  nothing  to  expect  from  them  but  ven- 

ince. 

he  tidings  from   Margarite,  however,   caused 
It  little  solicitude   in    the   mind    of    Columbus. 
im  wh.Ll  he  had  seen  of  the  Indians  in  the  in- 
[ior,  he  had  no  .apprehensions  from  their  hostil- 
lle  knew  their  weakness  and  their  awe  ot 
|ile  men,  and  al)ove  all,  he  confided  in  their  ter- 
of  the  horses,  which   they   regarded   as  fero- 
ius  beasts  of  prey,  obedient  to  the  .Spaniards, 
ready  to  devour  their  enemies.     He  contented 
iselt,  therefore,  with  sending  Margarite  a  re- 
ircement  of  twenty  men,  with  a  supply  of  pro- 
ions  and    ammunition,   and    detacning   thirty 
jn  t(j  open  a  road  between  the  fortress  and  the 
ri, 

i'hat  gave  Columbus  real  and  deep  anxiety  was 
sickness,  the  discontent,  and  dejection  which 
itinued  to  increase  in  the  settlement.     The  same 
iciples  of  heat  and  humidity  which  gave  such 
indity  to  the    tields  were  fatal  to  the  people. 
exhalations  from  undrained  marshes, and  a  vast 
itinuity  of  forest,  and  the  action  of  a  tiurning 
upon  a  reeking  vegetable  soil,  produced  inter- 
Itfiit  fevers,  and  various  other  of  the  maladies 
trying  to  European  constitutions  in  the  unculti- 
:(1  couiuries  of  the  tropics.     Many  of  the  Span- 
suffered  also  under  the  torments  of  a  disease 
icrtu  unknown  to  them,  the   scourge,   as  was 
Iposed,  of  their  licentious  intercourse  wilh  the 
pan  females  ;  but  the  origin  of  v.hich,  whether 
]erican  or  European,   has  been  a    subject  of 
It  dispute.      Thus  the  greater  part  of  the  colo- 
were  either  continecl  by  positive  illness  or 
iced  to  great  debility.      The  stock  of  medi- 


cines was  soon  exhausted  ;  there  was  a  l.irk  of 
medical  aid,  and  of  the  watchful  attend. mce  which 
is  even  more  important  than  medicine  to  the  sick. 
Every  one  who  was  well,  was  either  engrossed  by 
the  public  labors,  or  by  his  own  wants  or  cares  ; 
having  to  pertorm  all  menial  offices  tor  himself, 
even  to  the  co(jkingof  his  |)rovisioiis.  The  pulilic 
works,  theretore,  languished,  and  it  was  impossi- 
l>le  to  cultivate  the  soil  in  .i  sulficienl  ilegree  to 
produce  a  sjpply  of  the  fruits  ot  the  earth.  Pro- 
visions began  to  fail,  much  of  the  stores  brought 
from  Europe  had  been  wasted  on  board  shij),  or 
suffered  to  siioil  through  carelessness,  and  much 
had  perished  on  shore  from  the  warmth  and  hu- 
midity of  the  climate.  It  seemed  impossible  tor 
the  colonists  to  accommodate  themselves  to  the 
food  of  the  natives  ;  and  their  inlirm  condition  re- 
tjuired  the  aliments  to  which  they  had  been  accus- 
tomed. To  avert  an  absolute f.imiiie,  therefore,  it 
was  r  essary  to  jiut  the  peojile  on  a  short  allow- 
ance, even  of  the  damaged  and  unhe.iltiiy  jirovi- 
sions  which  remained.  This  immediately  caused 
loud  and  factious  murmurs,  in  wliicli  many  of 
those  in  office,  who  ought  to  have  supported  Colum- 
bus in  his  measures  tor  the  common  s.ifety,  took 
a  leading  part  ;  among  those  was  I''alher  iiovle, 
a  jiriest  as  lurtiulent  as  he  was  crafty.  He  had 
been  irritated,  it  is  said,  by  the  rigid  iniparlial- 
ity  of  Columbus,  who,  in  enforcing  his  s.iluiary 
measures,  made  no  distinction  of  rank  or  jicr- 
sons,  and  ])Ut  the  fri.ir  and  his  house-hold  on  a 
short  allowance  as  well  as  the  rest  of  the  com- 
munity. 

In  the  midst  of  this  general  discontent,  the 
bread  began  to  grow  scarce.  The  stock  ol  tlour 
was  exhausted,  a. id  there  was  no  mode  ot  grinding 
corn  but  by  tlie  tedious  and  toilsome  process  of 
the  hand-mill.  It  became  necessary,  therefore,  to 
erect  a  mill  immediately,  and  other  works  were 
required  equally  imiiortant  to  the  welfare  of  the 
settlement.  Many  ot  the  workmen,  however, 
were  ill,  some  feigning  greater  sickness  than  they 
really  suffered  ;  fijr  there  was  a  general  disincli- 
nation to  all  kind  of  labor  which  was  not  to  jiroduce 
immediate  wealth.  In  this  emergency,  Columbus 
put  every  healthy  ])erson  in  re(|uisition  ;  and  ;ls 
the  cavaliers  and  gentlemen  of  rank  re(|uired  food 
as  well  as  the  lower  orders,  they  were  called  upon 
to  take  their  share  in  the  common  labor.  This 
was  considered  a  cruel  degradation  by  many 
youthful  hidalgos  of  high  blood  and  haughty  spirit, 
and  they  refused  to  obey  the  summons.  Colum- 
bus, however,  was  a  strict  disciplinarian,  and  felt 
the  im|)ortance  of  making  his  authority  respected. 
He  resorted,  therefore,  to  strong  and  compulsory 
measures,  and  enforced  their  obedience.  This 
was  another  cause  of  the  deep  and  lasting  hostili- 
ties that  sprang  up  against  him.  It  aroused  the 
immediate  indignation  of  every  ^lerson  of  birth 
and  rank  in  the  colony,  and  drew  upon  him  the 
resentment  of  several  of  the  proud  families  of 
S[)ain.  He  was  inveighed  against  as  an  arrogant 
and  upstart  foreigner,  who,  inflated  with  a  sudden 
acquisition  of  power,  and  consulting  only  his  own 
wealth  and  aggrandizement,  was  trampling  upon 
the  rights  anddignitiesof  Spanish  gentlemen,  and 
insulting  the  honor  of  the  nation. 

Columbus  may  have  been  too  strict  and  indis- 
criminate in  his  regulations.  There  are  cases  in 
which  even  justice  may  become  opjiressive,  and 
where  the  severity  of  the  law  should  be  temjiered 
with  indulgence.  What  was  mere  toilsome  labor 
to  a  common  man,  became  humiliation  and  dis- 
grace when  forced  upon  a. Spanish  cavalier.  Many 
of  these  young  men  had  come  out,  not  in  the  pur- 


I         I 


>■  ii  ^ 


In  ill! 


\1   14: 


■I    ■ 


100 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGES   OF  COLUMBUS. 


suit  of  wcnltli,  but  with  romantir  dreams  inspirt'fl 
bv  liis  own  rcprfscntations  ;  hopiii^j,  no  tloulit,  to 
clistinjjuish  thcmsclvt's  hy  heroic  achifvemunts 
and  (■hivalroiis  adventure,  and  to  eontinue  in  the 
Indies  the  career  ot  arms  which  they  had  com- 
menceii  in  the  retcnt  wars  of  (iranr.da.  Others 
had  been  hr  lujjht  U|)  in  soft,  luxurious  indulj{ence, 
in  the  midst  ot  opulent  families,  and  were  little 
calculated  tor  the  rude  perils  of  the;  seas,  the 
fatijfues  of  the  land,  and  the  hardships,  the  ex- 
posures, and  dejiriv-.-itioiis  which  attend  a  new  set- 
tlement in  tin-  wilderness.  When  tbey  fell  ill, 
their  case  soon  became  incurable.  The  ailments 
of  the  body  were  increased  by  sickness  of  the 
heart.  Thev  suffered  under  the  irritation  of 
wounded  pride,  and  the  morbid  melancholy  of 
disappointed  hope  ;  their  sick-bed  was  destitute 
of  all  the  tender  ca^-e  and  soothinjf  attention  to 
which  they  had  been  accustomed  ;  and  they 
sank  into  the  jjrave  in  all  the  suUenness  of  de- 
spair, cursinjr  the  day  of  their  departure  from 
their  country. 

The  venerable  Las  Casas,  and  Herrcra  after 
him,  record,  with  much  solemnity,  a  popular  be- 
lief current  in  the  island  at  the  time  of  his  resi- 
dence there,  and  conneclecl  with  the  untimely 
fate  of  these  cav.iliers. 

In  after  years,  when  the  scat  of  the  colony  was 
removed  from  Isabella  on  account  of  its  unhealthy 
situation,  the  city  fell  to  ruin,  and  was  abandoned. 
Like  all  decayed  and  deserted  places,  it  soon  be- 
came an  object  of  awe  and  superstition  to  the  com- 
mon people,  and  no  one  ventured  to  enter  its 
gates.  Those  who  passed  near  it,  or  hunted  the 
wild  swine  which  abounded  in  the  neighborhood, 
declared  they  heard  aijpallinj,'-  voices  issue  from 
within  its  walls  by  nij^ht  and  d.iy.  The  laborers 
became  fearful,  therefore,  of  cultivatin(j  the  adja- 
cent tields.  The  story  went,  adds  Las  Casas,  that 
two  Spaniards  hap|)ened  one  day  to  wander  amonjj 
the  ruined  edifices  ot  the  jjlace.  f)n  enterinj.f  one 
of  the  solitary  streets,  they  beheld  two  rows  ot 
men,  evidently  from  their  stately  demeanor,  hidal- 
gos of  noble  blood,  and  cavaliers  of  the  court. 
They  were  richly  attired  in  the  old  Castilian  mode, 
with  rapiers  by  their  sides,  and  broad  travelling 
hats,  such  as  were  worn  at  the  time.  The  two 
men  were  astonished  to  behold  persons  of  their 
rank  and  apjiearance  ajiparently  inhabiting  that 
desolate  place,  unknown  to  the  people  of  the 
island.  They  saluted  them,  and  int(uired  whence 
they  came  and  when  they  had  arrived.  The  cava- 
liers maintained  a  gloomy  silence,  but  courteously 
returned  the  salutation  by  raising  their  hands  to 
their  sombreros  or  hats,  in  taking  off  which  their 
heads  came  off  also,  and  their  bodies  stood  de- 
capitated. The  whole  phantom  assemblage  then 
vanished.  So  great  was  the  astonishment  and 
horror  of  the  beholders,  that  they  had  nearly 
fallen  dead,  and  remained  stupefied  for  several 
days.* 

The  foregoing  legend  is  curious,  as  illustrating 
the  superstitious  character  of  the  age,  and  espe- 
cially of  the  people  with  whom  Columbus  had  to 
act.  It  shows,  also,  the  deep  and  gloomy  impres- 
sion made  u|)on  the  minds  of  the  common  people 
by  the  death  of  these  cavaliers,  which  operated 
materially  to  increase  the  unpopularity  of  Colum- 
bus ;  as  it  was  mischievously  represented,  that 
they  had  been  seduced  from  their  homes  by  his 
delusive  promises,  and  sacrificed  to  his  private 
interests. 


*  Las   Casas,    Hist.    Ind.,    lib.    i.    cap.    g2, 
Herrcra,  Hist,  Ind.,  decad.  i.  lib.  ii.  cap.  12. 


MS. 


CHAPTER   ,\Tr. 

DISTKIIIUTKIN  OK  THK  SI'ANISlt  lOKCK.S  IN  Ti-' 
I.NIKKIOK— I'RKI'AkAllD.NS  K)K  AV()YA(Jt:'l 
CLIIA. 

['494] 

Tui".  increasing  discontents  of  the  mf)tl(  y  pi, 
lation   of   Isabella  and   the  rapid   consuiiipiim 
the  scanty  stores  which   remained,  were  cuim^ 
great  anxiety  to  Columbus.     He  w.is  (Ici^iriiii. 
proceeding  on  another  voyag('  of  discoveiv,  |i 
was  indisi)ensal)le,    before    sailing,    to   pl.ni 
affairs  of  the   island    in  such   a  stati:  as  u>  m-. 
tran<|uillity.      He  determined,  there'  .re,    in  <•• 
all  the  men   that  could   be  sp.ired   from  N.iln 
into  the    interior  ;  with    orders   to   visit  tlic  ir 
tories  ot  the  different   caci(|Ues,  and  e\pl(ir( 
island,     liy  this  means  they  would  be  roiiMi! 
animated  ;  they  would  become  accustomeil  [n 
climate  and  to  the  diet  ot  the  natives,  an<l  m) 
force  would  be  displayed  as  to  over.iwe  tin  111,1, 
nations  of  Caonabo  or  any  other  hostile  c  ui 
In  pursuance  ot  this  plan,  every  healthy  ijcrsnp, 
absolutely  necessary  to  the  concerns  ot  the  m, 
the  care  of  the  sick,  was  put  under  arms,  aii 
little  army  mustered,  consisting  of  two  luim!' 
and  fifty  cross-bow  men,  one  hunrlred  and  ten 
(piebusiers,  sixteen  horsemen,  and  twenty  ntii,-- 
The  general  command  ot  the  forces  was  iiurii,- 
to  I'edro  Margarite,  in  whom  Columbus  had)," 
confidence  as  a  noble  Catalonian,  and  a  knij;i: 
the  order  of  Santiago.     Alonso  tie  Ojeila  u  r 
conduct  the  army  to  the  fortress  of  St.  Thciii 
where  he  was  to  succee<l  Margarite  in  the  r? 
mand  ;  and  the  latter  was  to  proceed  with  tliin.  «| 
body  of  the  troops  on  a  military  tour,  in  wli:r 
was  jiarticularly  to  ex|)lore  the  province  (it  (.V: 
anfl  sul)se<|Uently  the  other  parts  of  the  island 

Columbus  wrote  a  long  and  earnest  Ictti n 
struclions  to  Margarite,  by  which  to  govern  1 
in  a  service  recpiiring  such  great  circunisp, 
He  charged   him  above  all  tilings  to  olis(i\i 
greatest  justice  and  discretion  in  respect  tn  r 
(bans,  ])rotecting  them  from  all  wrong  and 
and  treating  them  in  such  a  manner  as  tn  - 
their  confidence  and  friendship.    Atthes,ni,i 
they  were  to   be  made  to  resjiect  the  i)r()|)ir;j 
the  white  men,  and  all  thefts  were  to  Ije  surj 
punished.      Whatever    provisions    were   m\:\ 
from  them  for  the  subsistence  of  the  army, 
to  be  fairly  ])urchased   by  persons  whom  tht 
miral  .appointed  for  that  purpose  ;  the  purcr.| 
were  to  be  made  in  the  presence  of   the  aj,v| 
the  comptroller.     If  the  Indians  refused  to  sfi:| 
necessary  provisions,  then  Margarite  was  tniri 
fere  and  comjiel  them  to  do  so,  acting,  liourj 
with  all   possible  gentleness,  and  sooihini,^  rj 
by  kindness  and   caresses.     No  trafiic  was ; 
allowed   between   individuals   and    the  nainfil 
being  displeasing  to  the  sovereigns  and  in;i;rl 
to  the  service  ;  and   it  was  always  to  he  keri 
mind  that  their  majesties  were   more  dcsinvd 
the  conversion  of  the  natives  than  of  any  ric^ 
be  derived  from  them. 

A  strict  discipline  was  to  be  maintained  irj 
army,  all  breach  of  orders  to  be  severely  pimij 
the  men  to  be  kept  together  and  not  siifltrf| 
wander  from  the  main   body,  either  sinjjiy 
small  parties,  lest  they  should   be  cut  olf  Ij 
natives  ;  for  though  these  |)eople  were  pus' 
mous,  there  were  no  people  so  apt  to  be  pcrncj 
and  cruel  as  cowards.* 


*  Letter  of  Columbus. 
Document  No.  72. 


Navarrete,  Colec,  i^'A 


LIFE  AND  VOYAGES   OF   COlJJMBUS. 


101 


?:r  XII. 

il'ANISlI    rOKCKS   IN  Ti'^ 
i)Ni    H)R    A   VtlVA(.L  ; 


94-1 

tents  of  the  motlfv  po 
he  rapid  coiisumiitior 
remaliu'd,  witc  raiisi 
(US.  Ik'  was  (Ic^lidii 
;)ya^;(!  of  discovci  y,  In 

ir'c    sailing.    '"  I'''"' " 
such  a  stall!  as  to  sir.- 
iiini'd,  ihi-rf  .ri-,    lo  ^-  • 
l)c  spared  troin  Is.ihr. 
orders   to   visit  the  If 
rai:i(iues,  ami  eNpiorc  . 
they  would  he  nmsciK^- 
)ecome  accuslomed  [»■■ 
[)t  the  native^.  and  mi 
d  as  to  over.iwe  tin  iin 
any  other  hostile  i  u.i 
1,  every  healthy  inisui/ 
the  concerns  ot  the  iii, 
as  put  under  arms,  ai 
■onsistin^  "*  two  hum!- 
1,  one  hundred  anil  ten. 
semen,  and  twenty  ntii:-- 
of  the  forci!S  was  iiitrii-- 
whomColumlius  had  );■ 
:atalonian,  and  a  kni^;l:  • 
Alonso  de  Ojeda  w,.- 
he  fortress  of  St.  'IIk'hv 
■ed  Mar^jarite  in  the  vr. 
as  to  proceed  with  tlun!.»< 
a  militarv  tour,  in  \vh;c' 
ilnre  the 'province  ot  (J'i 
kher  parts  ot  the  inland 
Injf  and  earnest  letter  i>: 
liy  which  to  j;overn  lim- 
such  Rreat  circunis|Hri. 
all  ihiiiKS  to  oliM-rvc 
retion  in  respect  tmlt 
from  all  wront;  and  i"| 
ch  a  manner  as  tosi' 
ndship.    At  the  same: 
to  resjiect  the  pro|ier 
thefts  were  to  be  sorj 


iThfse  judicious  instructions,  which,  if  followed 
/ht  have  preserved  an  aniicahle  intercourse 
h  tlie  n.itives,  are  more  es|)ecially  deservinj,' 
niilicc,  because  Marj{arite  disrc^jarded  them 
.111(1  by  his  disubcdiencc  broujjhl  trouble  on 
colony,  oblo(|uy  on  the  naticjn,  destruction 
tl.c  inilians,  and  unmerited  censure  on  Colum- 

is. 

In  aihlilion  to  the  foregoing  orders,  there  were 
riK  III, ir  directions  for  the  suprising  and  .sccur- 
tlie  persons  of  Caon.ibo  and  his  brothers, 
c  warlike  character  of  that  chieftain,  his  artful 
n  V,  extensi\e  power,  and  impl.icable  hostility, 
dtifd  him  a  danj^erous  enemy.    The  measures 

idsed  were  not  the  most  open  and  chivalrous, 
It  L(duinl)us  thought  himself  justitiet!  in  oppos- 

htr.itagein  lo  stratagem  with  a  subtle  and  san- 
iiiary  loe. 

Tin-  (^th  of  April,  Alonso  de  Ojeda  sallied  forth 
in  N.ibill.i  at  the  head  of  tlie  forces,  amounting 
lu'.irly  lour  hundred  men.  (.)n  arriving  .il  the 
o  del  ( iro  ill  the  Koyal  \'ega,  he  le.irnt  that 
|rcf  .Spaniards  coming  from  the  fortress  of  .St. 
loinas  h.ul  been   robbed  of  their  effects  by  live 

•ins,  whom  a  neighboring  caciijue  had  sent  to 
ist  them  in  fording  the  river  ;  and  that  the 
:i(jiie,  instead  of  jjunishing  the  thieves,  had 
unii'iianci'd  them  and  shared  their  booty.  Ojeda 
IS  a  (juick,  impetuous  soldier,  whose   ideas  of 

M[islaliiMi   were  all  of  a  military  kind.     Having 
ujjiu  one  of  the  thieves,  he  caused   his  ears  to 

cut  off  in  the  |)ublic  square  of  the  village  ;  he 

n  seized  the  cacitjue,  his  son,  and  nephew,  and 
nt  them  in  chains  to  the  admiral,  after  which  he 
rsued  his  inarch  to  the  fortress. 
Ill  the  mean  time  the  prisoners  arrived  at  Isa- 
lla  ill  deep  dejection.     They  were  accompanied 

1  neighboring  cacique,  who,  relying  ujjon  the 
Erit  ot  various  acts  of  kindness  which  he  had 
own  lo  the  S|)aniards,  came  to  plead  for  their 
•giveness.     His  intercessions  ajipeared  to  be  of 

avail.    Columbus  felt  tht:  importance  of  strik- 


ing awe  into  the  minds  ot  tlie  natives  with  respect 
to  the  property  ot  the  while  men.  He  urderid, 
therefore,  th.it  the  prisoners  sliould  bel.ikea  to  the 
public  s(|uare  with  their  hands  lied  behind  thcni, 
their  crime  and  punishment  jirocl. timed  by  the 
cier,  and  their  heads  slruik  olf.  Nor  w.is  this  a 
|iunisliiiieiil  disproportioneil  to  their  own  idi-.i^  of 
lustice,  for  We  are  told  th.ii  the  crime  ot  ilutt  w.is 
held  in  such  abhorrence  .imoiig  them,  lh.it,  ihougli 
not  otherwise  sanguinary  in  their  l.iws,  they  pun- 
ished it  with  inipalemei'il.*  I',  is  not  probable, 
however,  th.it  Cidumbus  really  me.iiit  t"  <  .ury  the 
sentence  into  effect.  At  the  place  (;f  eMcutioii  the 
pr.iyers  and  tear.-,  of  the  irieiidly  c.icii|Ue  wi  re  re- 
doubled, pledging  himsi'lt  that  there  should  be  no 
repetition  ol  the  offence.  The  ailniiral  at  length 
made  a  merit  ot  yielding  lo  his  eiiire.ilies,  and 
released  the  prisoners.  Ju-.t  at  this  juiu  ture  a 
horseman  arrived  from  the  fortress,  who,  in  pass- 
ing by  the  village  of  the  captive  lacique,  had  lound 
live  Sp.iiiiards  in  the  power  ot  the  Indians.  The 
sight  of  his  horse  h.ul  put  the  multitude  to  lliglit, 
though  iipw.ird  of  tour  luiiidred  in  number.  He 
had  pursued  th.e  fugitives,  wounding  se\er.il  with 
his  lance,  and  had  brought  otf  his  countrymen  ia 
triumph. 

Convinced  tiy  this  circumstance  that  nothing 
was  to  beaoprehended  Irom  ihe  hostilities  ot  these 
timid  people  as  long  as  his  orders  were  obeved, 
and  conl'idiiig  in  the  distribution  he  li.id  ni.iJe  of 
his  forces,  both  for  the  tranquillity  ot  the  colony 
and  the  island,  Columbus  prep.ired  to  dei)ari  on  the 
prosecution  of  his  discoveries.  To  direct  the 
affairs  ot  the  isl.md  during  his  absence,  he  formed 
a  junta,  of  which  his  brother  IJoii  Diego  was  presi- 
dent, and  Father  Hoylu,  I'edro  I'ernaiulez  Coronet, 
Alon/.o  Saiiche/!  Caravajal,  and  Juan  de  Luxan, 
were  councillors.  He  left  his  two  largest  ships  in 
the  harbor,  being  of  too  great  a  size  and  draught 
of  water  to  explore  unknown  roasts  and  rivers, 
and  he  look  with  him  three  caravels,  the  Niila  or 
Santa  Clara,  the  San  Juan,  and  the  Cordcra. 


wen;  rci; 


provisions     weie    ii'i-l 

isistence  of   the  army,» 
I   by  persons  whom  tht 
It  purpose  ;  the  \wra:i 
presence  of   the  aj;c' 
Indians  refused  to  sc; 
en  Margarite  w.-istoi'l 
to  do  so,  .acting,  howel 
eness,  and  soothini;  I'l 
ses.     No  trafiic  was ;:] 
duals   and    the  nativs| 
sovereigns  and  inj'i^ 
was  always  to  be  kfi 
.ies  were   more  desirojj 
atives  than  of  any  ric'M 


BOOK  VII. 


ti 


le 


k-.is  to  be  m.-iintaincdirj 
fers  to  be  severely  pu'^'T 
rether  and  not  sutterel 
in  bodv,  either  sin^'ly' 
;y  should  be  cut  oil  I' 
hese  iieople  were  l)ii*'^ 
leople  so  apt  lo  be  pcrr.'-l 


Navarrete,  Colec,  t35| 


CHAPTER  I. 
VOYAGE  TO  THE  EAST    END  OF  CUBA. 

"         t'494.] 

Thf.  expedition  of  Columbus,  which  we  are  now 

out  to  record,  mav  appear  of  minor  importance 

Ithe  present  day,  leading  as  it  did  to  no  grand 

Koverv,  and  merely  extending  along  the  coasts 

'islands  with  which  the   reader  is  sufficiently 

liar.   Some  may  feel  imp.atient  at  the  develop- 

knt  of  opinions  and  conjectures  which  have  long 

kce  been  proved  to  he  fallacious,  and  the  detail 

lexploring  enterprises,  undertaken  in  error,  and 

Tiich  they  know   must  end    in  disappointment. 

pt  lo  feel  these  voyages  properly,  we  must,   in  a 

pnner,  divest  ourselves  occasionally  of  the  infor- 

Blion  we  possess,  relative  to  the  countries  visit- 

I;  we  must  transport  ourselves  to  the  time,  and 

ptify  ourselves  with  Columbus,  thus  fearlessly 

linching  into  seas,  where  as  yet  a  civilized  sail 

Id  never  been  unfurled.     We  must  accompany 

.  step  by  step,   in   his  cautious  but  bold  ad- 

ticcs  along  the  bays  and  channels  of  an  un- 


known coast,  ignorant  of  the  dangers  which  might 
lurk  around  or  which  might  await  him  in  the  iix- 
terminable  region  ot  mystery  that  still  kejit  break- 
ing ujion  his  view.  We  must,  as  it  were,  consult 
with  him  as  to  each  new  reach  of  shadowy  land, 
and  long  line  of  promontorv,  that  we  see  faintly 
emerging  from  the  ocean  an([  stretching  along  the 
distant  horizon.  We  must  watch  with  him  each 
light  canoe  that  comes  skimming  the  billows,  to 
gather  from  the  looks,  the  ornaments,  and  the  im- 
perfect communications  of  its  wandering  crew, 
whether  those  unkno.vn  lands  are  also  savage  and 
uncultivated,  whether  they  are  islands  in  the 
ocean,  untrodden  as  yet  by  civilized  man,  or  tracts 
of  the  old  continent  of  Asia,  and  wild  frontiers  of 
its  populous  and  splendid  emjiires.  We  must  enter 
into  his  very  thoughts  and  fancies,  find  out  the 
data  that  assisted  his  judgment,  and  the  hints  that 
e.xcited  his  conjectures,  and  for  ,i  time  clothe  the 
regions  through  which  we  are  accompanying  him 
with  the  gorgeous  coloring  of  his  own  imagina- 
tion.    In  this  way  we  may  delude  ourselves  into 


*  Oviedo,  Hist.  Ind.,  lib.  v.  cap.  3. 


I 


1M 


LIFE   AND    VOVAGKS  OF   CUIX'MHL'S. 


• 


i  :. 


!   . 


p.'irliripalion  nf  the  dcli^'lit  of  cxplorin;^  iinkiinwn 
aiwl  m;i^;niti(i'nl  l.itwls,  svlirrc  ni'W  ssiindcrs  and 
111', mill's  liri'.ilv  iipciii  us  at  every  sli'|),  and  \vr  may 
ultinialily  lie  .ilile,  as  it  were,  trom  mir  own  tanuli.ir 
ai  (jiiaintani  e,  to  tnrm  an  (i|iiniiin  iil  tlie  eharailer 
(it  tills  e\iraiirdinary  man,  and  ol  liie  nature  ul  his 
enterprises, 

'I'he  |il,in  (it  the  present  cxntditinn  of  Columlms 
\v;(s  til  revisit  liieiiiast  ol  CJilia  at  the  point  where 
he  h.id  .'ili.indiined  it  on  his  tirst  \iiyaj;e,  .md 
thence  In  explire  it  en  the  southern  side.  As  has 
alre:i(ly  lieen  oliserved,  he  supposed  it  to  lit:  a 
rontineni,  and  the  extreme  end  ol  Asi.i,  ,ind  it  so, 
liy  liiljiiwiii^;  its  shores  in  the  proposed  direition 
lie  must  CM'ntually  arri\e  at  Catli.iy  and  those 
other  ri(  h  and  eommercial  thoU),;h  seiiiidiarliarous 
countries  duscrilied  liy  Mandeville  and  M.irco 
I'oh).* 

He  set  sail  with  his  little  sciuadron  from  the 
harlior  of  Isabella  on  the  24th  of  April,  and  steer- 
ed to  the  westw.ird.  After  toiH'hin>{  at  Monte 
Christi,  he  .inihorcd  on  the  s.ime  d.iv  .it  the  dis.is- 
trous  li,irlior  lit  I.;i  N.ividad,  His  olijeet  in  re\is- 
itinj.j  this  mel.iiichiily  siene  was  to  ulit.iin  an  in- 
terview with  CiU.ie.ina^j.iri,  who,  he  understood, 
had  returned  to  liis  tnrnier  ritsideiice.  He  could 
not  lie  persuaded  ot  the  perlidv  of  that  raciipie,  so 
deep  w.is  the  impression  m.ule  upon  his  heait  liy 
p.ist  kindness  ;  he  trusted,  theretore,  that  a  frank 
c\pl,'in.itiiin  would  remove  .ill  |)aintul  doiilits,  .ind 
restore  a  friendly  intercourse,  whiili  would  lie 
hijrjily  adv.intaj^eiius  t.i  the  Spani.irds,  in  their 
jireseiit  time  ot  scircity  and  sufferin^^  I'lUacana- 
eari,  howe\er,  still  maint.iined  his  e(pii\(nMl  con- 
duct, ;ili  iciindinj4'  ;it  the  si^;ht  of  the  shi|is  ;  .iiul 
thoujrh  sever.il  of  liis  subjects  assured  Columbus 
that  the  c.icirpie  would  soon  make  him  .1  \isit,  he 
tlid  not  think  it  advis.ible  to  delay  his  \oyayi;  on 
such  an  uncertainty. 

I'lirsuin^'^  his  course,  imjieded  occasionally  by 
contrary  winds,  he  arrived  on  the  3(ith  at  the  [lort 
(if  .St.  Nicholas,  whence  lie  lieheUI  the  extreme 
jioiiU  ol  Cuba,  to  which  in  his  iirecediii};  voya^je 
lie  had  ^riven  the  name  uf  Alpha  and  ( )me^fa,  but 
which  was  called  by  the  natives  riayati(piiri,  and 
is  now  known  as  I'oiiit  Maysi.  Having  crossed 
the  ch.'innel,  which  is  about  ei^fliteen  leaj^^ues 
wide,  he  sailed  alon},j  the  southern  coast  of  Cuba, 
lor  the  distance  of  twenty  leajjues,  when  he 
anchored  in  a  harbor,  to  which,  from  its  size,  he 
jjave  the  name  ot  I'lierto  C.rande,  at  present  called 
tluantanamo.  The  entr.ince  was  narrow  and 
vindini^,  though  deep  ;  the  harbor  expanded  with- 
in like  a  be.iulitul  lake,  in  the  bosom  of  a  wild 
and  mountainous  country,  covered  with  trees, 
some  of  them  in  blossom,  others  bearing;  fruit. 
Not  far  from  the  shore  were  two  cottaj^es  built  ot 
reeds,  and  several  fires  blazinfj  in  various  parts  ot 
the  beach  gave  signs  ot  inhaliitants.  Columbus 
landed,  therefore,  attended  tiy  se\eral  men  well 
armed,  and  by  the  young  Indi.m  interpreter  Diego 
Colon,  the  native  of  the  island  of  (luan.ihani  who 
had  been  baptized  in  S])ain.  On  arriving  at  the 
cott.iges,  he  found  them  deserted  ;  the  tires  also 
were  abandoned,  and  there  was  not  a  human  be- 
ing to  be  seen.  'I'he  Indians  had  all  tied  to  the 
woods  ;ind  mountains.  The  sudden  arri\al  of  the 
ships  liad  spread  a  panic  throughout  the  neighbor- 
hood, and  ajiparently  interrupted  the  pre|)arations 
for  a  rude  but  plentiful  banipiet.  There  were 
gre.it  ipiantilies  ot  fish,  ulias,  and  guanas  ;  some 
suspended  to  the  branches  of  the  trees,  others 
roasting  on  wooden  spits  before  the  tires. 

*  Cura  de  los  Palacios,  cap.  123,  ms. 


The  .Sii.ini.irds,  accustomed  of  Lite  to  slrn 
fare,    tell    wittmut    (cremony   on    this    boiiiU' 
liMsi,  tluis  sore. id  for  them,  as  it  were,  in  tin-  , 
derness.       'I  hey    alist, lined,    however,     Irniii 
gu.in.is,  whii  li  itiey  still  reg.irded  w  ith  (lisgii>i  ; 
species  ot  serpent,  though  they  were  coiisnlin 
delic.ite  .1  loud  by  the  s.iv.iges,  th.it,   accoiiliii, 
I'eter  .M.irt)!,  it  w.is  no  more  l.iwlul   tor  tin  . 
nmn   people  to  e.it  ol  them,  than  ol  peacock) ,1 
|ilie. IS. lilts  in  Spain.* 

Atler  their  repast,  as  the  Spani.irds  were  in, 
.ibout    the   vicinity,  they    beheld   alinut   sivini, 
the   natives  i  oIUm  ted   on   the   top  ol   .1  liili\  1 
,'iiid  looking  down  upon  them  with   gre.it  ,iui 
amazement.      On    attcinpling    to  ap|ii'ii.ii  li  i' 
they  iiist.intly  disappeared  among  the  wninl, 
cletts  ot  the  mount. lin.     One,  however,  imni' h 
or   more   curious   th.m    the  rest,  lingeiiil  m 
brow  ot  the  precipice,  g.i/ing  woh  timid  un 
at    the    Sp.uii.irds.    p.irtly    eiuour.iged    by   ; 
friendly  signs,  but   ready   in  an  instant  to  li". 
away  .ifter  liis  companions. 

liy  order  ol  Columbus  the  young  Lucayan  i",' 
preler  adv.mced  and  accosted  him.     'I'he  i\; 
sions  of  trieiidship,  in  his  own  language,  snon 
pelted  liis  ,ip|irehensions.      He  c.ime  to  nui; 
interpreter,  ;uid  being  inlormed  liy  him  ot  llir  t 
intentions  of  the  Sp.miards,  hastened  to  luir 
nicate  the  intelligence  to  his  comrades.    In  :i  r 
while  they  were  seen  descending  trom  theiriM 
and   issuing  trom   their  forests,  appio.iclun,' 
str.mgers  with   great  gentleness  and  venciMi 
'through  the  means  of  the  interpreter,  Cnliin 
le.irntthat  they  had  been  sent  to  the  coast  by; 
caciipie,  to    procure   lish    tor   a  solemn  b.im, 
which    he    was    about   to  give  to  a   neiglih,: 
chieftain,  and  ih.it  they  roasted  the  tish  to  pn 
it  trom  spoiling  in  the  tr.insportation.  Tlu  y  m 
ed  to  be  of  the  s.ime  gentle  and  p.icilic  ch.iii 
with   the  n.itives  ot   Ilayti.     The  ravages  tli.it 
been  m.ule  among  t'eir  jirovisions  by  the  liii:, 
Spaniards  g.ive  them  no  concern,  for  they  ihim; 
that  one  night's  tishing  would  replace  all  tin 
Columbus,  however,  in  his  usual  spirit  ol  jii-' 
ordered  that.tmiile  com|)ensation  should  he  11 
ti:em,  ;iiul,  shaking  hands,  they  parted   niuii.. 
well-ple.ised.t 

Leaving  this  harbor  on  the  1st  of  May,  tin. 
iniral  continued   to  the  westward,  along  a  iiii. 
tainous  coast,  adorned  by  beautiful  rivers,  am; 
dented  by  those  commodious  harbors    fur  w 
this  island  is  so  remarkable.     As  he  advancciL 
country  grew  more  fertile  and  |)opulous.    'I'l.c 
tives  crowded   to  the  shores,   man,  woman 
child,    gazing   with   astonishment  at    the   s 
whicii   glided  gently  along  ;it  no  great   disM 
They  held   up  fruits  and  provisions,   inviiiii;,' 
Spaniards  to  land  ;    others  came  off  in  c.ii; 
bringing  cassava  bread,  lish,   and  calahaslui 
water,  not  tor  sale,  but  as  offerings  to  the  si:: 
gers,  whom,  as  usual,  they  considered  celesli:ii 
ings  descended  trom  the  skies.    ColumbusdiN 
uted  the  customary  presents  among  them,  « 
were  received  with  trans|)ortsof  joy  and  grain. 
After  continuing  some  distance  along  the  f 
he  came  to  another  gulf  or  deep  bay,  n:irro 
the  entrance  and  expanding  within,  surrou;: 
by  a  rich  and  beautiful  country.     There  were, 
mountains   sweeping   up   trom   the   sea,  bui 
shores  were  enlivened  by  numerous  villa,i,as, 
cultivated  to  such  a  degiee  as  to  resenililt:' 
dens  and  orchards.     In  this  harbor,  which 


■1 


*  P.  Martyr,  decad.  i.  lib.  iii. 
f  Peter  Martyr,  ubi  sup. 


LIFK   AND   VOVAfJKS   OT   COr.l'MHrS. 


m 


e 


lomeil  of  late  to  s\n\ 
nciny  on  tl"'*  buiiiUi , 
•in,  as  it  wiTf,  in  llit  ,\ 

ICll,     llDWCVlT,      tinlll 

rt^j.irili'd  \villuli'»^;uM  , 
;1)  tln'yNviTi"i:i)iisi(li  II 
ivani'v  »I>.»1.  ati'iiriliii, 
mull-  lasvtul   Idt  lln  . 
icin,  ll>an  ot  |UM' m  k>  , 

tho  Spani.inls  witc  m. 
•  lu'hild  alxiul  !if\(iu, 
I)  tlu'  U)i)  1)1  a  li>ti\  r 
tlitiu  Willi  K""''-''  •'^^' 
uiiliiiK  ti)  a|)i)ni.ul\  r 
ihmI  amonn  llu'  wniuU 

( )iu'.  liowivt'f,  inciii  ; 

ihf   ii"il,  1mm  Ti'l  "1, 

j;a/inK  \^i'l>  liniiil  un 

rily    flic  miiM>;i'(l    li>    ; 

.(ly   ill  an  in^iiaiit  i"  I' 

ons. 

IS  till-  youiiK'  l.ucayaii  i:; 
Liidstt'il  liiin.      riif  fv'i  •■ 
lis  own  laiiK";>K<'c  ^""" 
ns.      lit"  t  anil'  to  imi' 
niormcti  liy  liiniol  ihc  t 
liards,  liastiiu'd  ti)  i  mii 
ti)  liis  ((iniradts.    In  a  i 
IcscfndiiiKti'oin  tlifirrn> 
ir  tort'sls,  aitproailiin^ 
^rfiillcncss  and  vinci.ii 
it  the  inliTiirutcr,  Ccluii 
L-n  si-nt  to  the  coast  In; 
lish   lor   a  solemn  ham,. 
[   lo  ^rive  to  a   lU'iK'liI"' 
■y  roastt'd  tlu-  t'ish  to  pn 
'transportation .  Tluy     ^^ 

cntlu  and  pacific  cliar.i.-  | 
iiyli.     The  ravages  lliaf 

ir  provisiiins  by  the  lui- 
concern,  (or  they  uii'-i' 
would  replace  all  tin 
his  usual  spirit  ol  ji^' 
iiipeiisatioii  should  be  n 

,nds,  they  parted   nun.. 

on  the  1st  of  May,  tin 
westward,  alonK  '^  "' ■ 
,  by  beautitul  rivers,  and 
aodious  harbors   tor  \v^| 
.able.     As  he  advanail, 
•tile  and  populous.    The 
shores,  man,  woman 
slonishment   at    the   ^ 
■ong  at  no  j;reat  dbU 
md  provisions,  inviiin;,' 
ithers  came  off  in  en 
ad,  lish,   and  calaba>h" 
t  as  offerinj^s  to  tlu'M'j 
they  considered  celeslui  | 
he  skies.    Columbus  div! 
esenls  amonjf  them,  «■ 
nsjiorts  of  joy  and  ^ralii- 
e  distance  along  ihei 
rulf  or  deep  bay,  narro»l 
^ndinjr  within,  surrour. 
llcountrv.     There  were 
up   from   the   sea,  Inn 
by  numerous  vilUii;c>.- 
Llej^iee  as  to  resemble  ;j 
In  this  harbor,  which. 

.  lib.  iii. 
up. 


mli.iMe  w.is  the  samr  .it  present  c.illcd  St.  Jaj;o 
fCuh.i,  Colunilius  anihored  ;iiid  ^)asM•d  ;i  iiij,'ht, 
L,.rwhfliiied,  as  usual,  with  the  simple  hospital- 
fc, , I  the  natives.*  ,        ,     , 

Mill  in(|Uiriii>{  ol  the  proiile  ot  tins  diast  aller 
1)1(1,  tbiy  UMitormly  pointed  to  the  south,  and,  as 
Ir  as  tliev  could  be  utuliTstood,  intim.ited  tli,it  it 

iiunded'  in  a  jjreat  isl.ind  which  lay  in  that  di- 
Idiiiii,  The  .idniiral,  in  the  course  of  his  tirst 
h\,i^;r,  h,id  recei\-ed  information  of  sudi  ;in 
Uaiiil,  whidi  some  ot  his  followers  had  thoujjht 
Ij^.'hl  be  M,il»'(iue,  the  object  of  so  much  anxious 
irrrli  and  chimerical  expectation.  lie  had  felt  a 
■r.iii','  iiuliiialion  to  (li\erge  from  his  course  and 
l  111"  (piest  of  it,  and  this  desire  increased  with 
T-rv  new  report.  On  the  followiiij;  d.iy,  there- 
in' the  vl  ot  .May,  alter  st.indinj;  westward  to  ,i 
|j;li  iipe,  he  turned  his  prow  directly  south,  and 

iiiiilimin;,'  lor  a  time  the  co.isl  of  Cuba,  steereij 
iivo  the   broad   sea,  in  <iuest  of  this  reported 

mill. 


s 


CHAPTER  II. 
DISCOVERY    OK  JAMAICA. 

['494.] 

Cm  I'Mlifs  had  not  sailed  many  lpa(,jues  liefore 

'  Uic  summits  of  a  vast  and  lofty  isl.ind  at  a 

re.U  distance,  be^f.m  to  rise  like  clouds  above  the 

iri/on.     It   was  two   days  ;ind   nij,dits,  however, 

— 'din,  he  re.iched   its  shores,  filled  with  admir.i- 

111,  as  lie  j^radually  drew  near,  at  the  beauty  of 

moimlains,  the  majesty  of  its  forests,  the  tertil- 

•dt  its  v.illeys,  ,ind  the  great  number  of  villages 

th  which  the  whole  face  of  the  country  was  ani- 


m 

es 


1  approaching  the  land,  at  least  seventy  ca- 

,,  lilled  with  savages  gayly  p.-iinted   and   deco- 

(1  with    fe.ithers,    sallied  forth    more    than    a 

i;,'Uc  f;iim  the  shore.     They  .idvanced   in  war- 

arriv,    uttering   loud    yells,    ;ind    brandish- 

laiices  of   pointed  wood.     The   mediatiun   of 

c  interpreter,  and  a  fi'W   presents  to  tlu:  crew  of 

\v  III  the  cinoes,   which  ventured   nearer  ih.iii 

je  rest,   soothed    this    angry    armad.i,    ;ind    the 

tiadrun  ])ursued  its  course  unmilesled.     Colum- 

is  .inchored   in  ;i  harbor  .■.bout  the  centre  of  the 

and,  to  which,  from  the  great  beauty  of  the  siir- 

indini;  country,  he   gave    the    name   of   Santa 

joria.t 

fin  the  following  morning  he  weighed  anchor 

d.iyhrcik,  and  co.isted  westward  in  search  of  a 

elUTod  harbor,  where  his  ship  could  be  carei-n- 

and  lalktd,  ;is  it  leaked  consideraf)ly.     After 

iec(lin;.f  ,i  few  leagues,  he  found  one  apnarent- 

[suit.dilf  tor  the  purpose.     On  sending  a  l)oat  to 

nd  tlif  entrance,  two  large  canoes,  lilled  with 

jan?,   issued  forth,  hurling    their  lances,    but 

im  such  distance  as   to  fall  short  of  the  .Span- 

ds.    Wishing  to  avoid  any  act  of  hostility  that 

IkIu  pri've  !t     future      intercourse,     Columbus 

itri'd  the  boat  to  return  on  board,  and   finding 

;ri'  was  sulticient  depth  of  water  for  his  shin, 

ttred  and  anchored  in  the  harbor.    Immediately 

whole  !)•.•. ich  was  covered  with  Indians  painted 

ii  a  variety  ot  colors,  but  chielly  black,  some 

Inly  clotheil  with  palm-leaves,  and  all  wearing 

is  ami  coronets  of  feathers.     Unlike  the  hosjji- 

ile  islanders  of  Cuba  and  Hayti,  they  appeared 


Curade  los  Palacios,  cap.  124,  MS, 

K  ■  I  


[  IbiJ, 


cap.  125. 


to  p.irl.ike  of  the  warlike  char.irtrr  nf  thr  Taribs, 
hurling  their  j.iM'lins  at  the  shijis,  .ind  m,ikin({ 
the  shores  resound  with  tlair  sells  .md  wur« 
whoops. 

The  admir.il  rellected  th.it  further  forbe.ir.ince 
might  be  mist.ikeii  lor  cow.irdice.  It  v,,is  iii'ces- 
sary  to  c.ireeii  his  shiji,  and  to  send  men  on  shore 
lor  ,1  supply  ot  u.iter,  but  pre\ioUsly  it  w.is  advis- 
able to  strike  an  awt-  Into  the  s.u.igis,  tli.it  might 
|irevent  any  molest. ition  Irom  them.  ,\s  the  c.ir.i- 
vehi  could  not  aiiiiro.u  h  sullicieiilly  iie.ir  to  the 
beach  where  the  Indi.ms  were  collected,  he  dis- 
n.ilchid  the  boats  well  m.inned  and  armed, 
I'hrse,  row  ill;;  close  to  the  shore,  let  llv  a  \ollcy 
of  .irrows  from  their  cross-bous,  by  which  several 
liidi.ins  were  wounded,  and  the  rest  thrown  iiiti) 
conhision.  The  Sp.iriiards  then  sprang  on  shore, 
.iiiil  put  'he  wholr  multitude  to  lliglit  ;  ;;i\ing 
another  (list  h.irge  with  their  cross-bows,  .md  Ki- 
ting loose  upon  them  a  dog,  who  pursued  iliem 
with  sanguinary  fury.»  This  is  the  first  iiistami? 
of  the  use  of  dogs  .igaiiist  the  nati\es,  which  were 
aflerw,ird  employed  v'.itli  sui  b  cruel  elfect  by  tlu: 
Spaniards  in  their  Indi.ui  w.irs.  Columbus  now 
l.mded  .and  took  form.il  possession  ol  the  islnul, 
to  which  he  g.i\e  the  11. line  ol  S.iiiti.igo  ;  but  it 
has  retained  its  luiginal  Indian  name  ot  I.im.iir.i, 
The  harbor,  from  its  commodiousiifss,  he  called 
Puerto  Ikieiio  ;  it  was  in  the  form  ot  a  horseshoe, 
and  a  river  eiitercil  die  se.i  in  its  \ii  inity  .-f 

During  the  rest  ol  the  day  the  neighborhood  re- 
mained silent  iuid  deserted.  <  Mi  the  lollowing 
morning,  however,  before  sunrise,  si.'*  Indians 
were  seen  on  the  shore,  making  signs  of  amity. 
They  proved  to  be  envoys  sent  by  the  caiitples 
with  proffers  of  peace  and  friendship.  These  were 
cordially  returned  by  the  admiral  ;  ])reseiits  of 
trinkets  were  sent  to  the  chieltains  ;  ;inil  in  a  little 
while  the  harbor  again  sw.irmed  with  the  naked 
and  painted  multitude,  bringing  .ibuiidaiice  of 
provisions,  similar  in  kind,  but  sui)erior  in  i|U.d- 
iiy,  to  those  of  the  other  islands. 

During  three  days  that  the  ships  rem.iined  in 
this  harbor,  the  most  amicable  intercourse  w.is 
kept  up  with  the  natives.  They  ap|ie,ired  lo  be 
more  ingenious,  as  well  as  more  warlike,  ihaii 
their  neighbors  of  Cuba  and  llayti.  Their  canoes 
were  belter  constructed,  being  ornamented  with 
c.irving  and  painting  .it  the  bow  and  stern.  M.iiiy 
were  ot  great  si/e,  though  fiuMued  ot  the  trunks  ot 
singletrees,  often  froiii  a  species  of  the  ni.ihogany. 
Columbus  nu'.isured  one,  which  was  ninety-six 
f'-et  long,  and  eight  broad,  J  hollowed  out  ot  one 
of  those  m.ignitiient  trees  which  rise  like  verdant 
towers  amidst  t!ie  rich  forests  of  the  tropics. 
Kvery  caciijue  jirided  himself  on  possessing  a 
l.irge  c.moe  of  the  kind,  which  he  seemed  to  re- 
.rard  as  his  ship  of  stale.  It  is  curious  lo  remark 
the  apparently  innate  difference  ln'twien  these 
island  tribes.  The  n.itives  of  Porto  Rico,  though 
surrounded  by  ;idi.icenl  islands,  and  subbed  to  Ire- 
quent  incursions  of  the  Caribs,  were  of  a  p.icilic 
character,  and  possessed  very  few  canoes  ;  while 
Jamaica,  sei)ar.ited  by  distance  from  intercourse 
with  other  islands,  protected  in  the  same  way 
from  the  dangers  of  invasion,  ;ind  embosomed,  as 
it  were,  in  a  pe.iceful  Mediterranean  .Sea,  was  in- 
habitecl  by  a  warlike  r.ice,  and  surpassed  all  the 
other  islands  in  its  m.iritime  .'irm.iments. 

His  ship  being  repaired,  and  .1  suppiv  of  water 
taken    in,    Columbus    made   sail,    and    coiilinued 

*  Cura  de  los  Palacios,  cap.  125, 
+  Hist,  del  Almirante,  ubi  sup. 
I  Curade  los  Palacios,  cap.  124. 


104 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGES   OF   COLUMBUS. 


along  the  coast  to  the  westward,  so  close  to  the 
short;  that  the  little  squad  run  was  continually 
surrounded  by  the  canoes  ot  the  nati\es,  who 
came  off  from  c\ery  hay,  and  river,  and  headland, 
no  lon<^er  manifestinjj  hostility,  hut  anxious  to  ex- 
chanj^e  anytiiinj;  they  possessed  for  Kuropean  tri- 
fles. After  |)roceedinjj  about  twenty-lour  leaj^ues, 
they  approached  the  western  extremity  ot  the 
islantl,  where  the  coast  bending  to  the  south,  the 
wind  became  unfavorable  for  tlieir  further  jiroj;;- 
ress  alonj;  the  shore.  Heinj;  disappointed  in  his 
hopes  of  lindinjr  jrold  in  Jamaica,  and  the  breeze 
bein;j  fair  for  Cuba,  Columbus  determined  to  re- 
turn liiither,  and  not  to  leave  it  until  he  had  ex- 
plored its  coast  to  a  sulTicient  distance  to  deter- 
mine the  question  whether  it  were  terra  tirma  or 
an  island.*  Totiie  last  jilace  at  which  lie  touciuil 
in  Jamaica,  he  ;;ave  the  name  of  the  (iulf  of  Ikieii- 
tiemjio  «or  Fair  Weatlier),  on  account  of  the  pre 
])itious  wind  whiiji  blew  for  Cuba.  Just  as  h 
was  about  to  sail,  a  youni;-  Indian  came  off  to  the 
ship,  and  bejjfged  the  Spaniards  would  take  him  to 
their  country.  He  was  fol'owed  by  his  relatives 
and  iriends,  who  endeavoretl  by  the  nKjst  affect- 
inrf  sup])lications  to  dissu.'de  him  from  his  pur- 
pose. For  some  time  lie  was  ilistraeu;'  bei'veen 
concern  for  the  distress  of  iiis  famil\-,  anil  an  ardent 
desire  to  see  tiie  home  of  tlic!;e  wonilerful  stran- 
};ers.  Curiosity,  and  the  youtliful  jiropensity  to 
rove,  ])revaiied  ;  he  tore  himself  from  tile  embraces 
of  his  friends,  and,  tiiat  he  miijht  not  iiehold  the 
tears  ot  his  sisters,  hid  himself  in  .i  secret  part  of 
the  siiip.  Touched  hytiiis  scene  of  natural  affec- 
tion, and  ])leased  witii  tiie  enterprisin>j  and  con- 
fi(linj.r  spirit  of  tlie  youth,  Columbus  ^ave  orders 
that  he  should  be  treateil  with  esjiecial  kinilness.f 
It  would  have  been  interestinj;  to  have  known 
somethinjjf  more  of  the  fortunes  of  this  curious 
sava^'e,  and  of  tiie  impressions  made  upon  so  live- 
ly a  mind  by  a  first  sijjlit  ot  tlie  wonders  of  civili- 
z..tion  —  whether  the  land  of  the  white  men 
e(|ualled  his  hojies  ;  whether,  as  is  usual  with 
savaj^es,  lie  pined  amid  the  splendors  of  cities  for 
his  native  forests,  and  whether  he  e\er  returned 
to  tile  arms  of  his  family.  The  early  Sjianish  his- 
torians seem  never  to  lia\e  interested  themselves 
in  the  feelings  or  fortunes  of  tiiese  first  visitors 
from  the  New  to  the  Old  World.  No  further  men- 
tion is  made  of  this  youthful  adventurer. 


CHAPTER   in. 

RETt'RN      TO      Cfli.X — XAVIC.MlnN-      AMnNT,     THE 
ISI..\NDS   CAI.I.l-.D   THE    (JTEKN's    (lARDF.NS. 

['494j 

Sfttint,  sail  from  the  Gulf  of  Buentiempo,  the 
squadron  once  more  steered  for  the  ishuid  of 
Cuba,  and  on  the  iSth  of  May  arrived  at  a  g-reat 
cape,  to  which  Columbus  jjave  the  name  of  Cabo 
de  la  Cruz,  which  it  still  retains.  Here,  landing 
at  a  larji[e  village,  he  was  well  received  and  enter- 
tained by  the  cacitiue  and  his  subjects,  who  had 
long  since  heard  of  him  and  his  ships.  In  fact. 
Columiuis  found,  from  the  report  of  this  chieftain, 
that  tlie  numerous  Indian'-,  wiio  had  \isited  his 
ships  during  his  cruise  along  the  northern  coast 
in  his  first  voyage,  had  sjiread  the  story  far  and 
near  of  these  wonderful  visitors  who  had  descend- 
ed from  the  sky,  and  had  tilled  the  whole  island 


Hist,  del  Almirante,  cap.  54. 


t  Ibid. 


with  rumors  and  astonishment.*    The  admiral  e- 
deavored  to  ascertain  from  this  cacicjue  and  1- 
jieople,  whether  Cuba  was  an   island  or  a  cos; 
nent.     They  all  replied  'hat  it  was  an  island,  1, 
of  infinite  extent;  for  they  declared   that  no, 
had  ever  seen  the  end  ot  it.     This  rejily,  win' 
manifested  their  ignorance  of  the  nature  of  ac 
tinent,  left  the  (piestion  still  in  doubt  and  olisc.- 
ty.     The   Indian   name  of  this   jirovince  ol  Ci 
was  Macaca. 

Resuming  his  course  to  the  west  on  the  fo!' 
ing  day,  Columbus  came  to  where  the  coasi  >;. 
denly   swept   away   to   the    north-east    tor  n\,- 
leagues,  and    then    curved    around    again   to 
west,  forming   an    immense    bay,  or   rather  ^', 
Here  he  was  assailec'  by  a  violent  storm,  ;u\,- 
paiiied   by  awful  thunder  and  lightning,  wlii(h 
these    latitudes   seem    to   rend  the  very  lieavr 
Fortuiuitely  the  storm  was  not  of  long  diirai; 
or  his  situation   would   nave   been   perilous  in;- 
extreme  ;    for  he   tound   the  navigation   reiidi'- 
difticult    by    numerous  f    keys    and    saiid-li.i; 
These  increased    as   he  advanced,  until   their. 
ncr  stationed  at  the  masthead  beheld   the  si  1 
far   as   the   eye   could    reach,   co:.ipletely  suid 
with   small   islands  ;  some  were  low,  iiaki d,  .■ 
sandy,  others  covered   witii  verdure,   and   uiS 
tufted  with  lofty  and  beautiful  forests.    Tluy  w: 
ot   v;irious    sizes,  from    one   to    four  leagues, ,. 
were  generally  the  more  fertile  and  elevatid, ; 
nearer  they  were  to  Cuba.     Finding  them  1  ■ 
cre.ise  in  number,  so  as  to  render  it  imiiossil,!. 
give  names   to  each,  the  admiral  gave  the  «' 
labyrinth  of  islands,  which  in  a  manner  enaiiii! 
the  face  of  the  ocean  with  variegated  verdiirt,  ■ 
name  of  the  (Queen's  (lardens.     He  thouffh; 
tirst  of  lea\ing  this  archipelago  on  his  right.. 
standing  farther  out  to  sea  ;  but  he  called  to  :i; 
th;;'.  Sir    'olin    .Mandeville    and    Marco    I'oId  : 
mentioned  that  the  coast  of  Asia  w;is  fringed  v 
islands   t<'       '    amount  of  several  thousand. 
])ersuaded  himself  that  he  was  among  that  cliiy- 
and  resohed  not  to  lose  sight  of  the  main-'..;' 
by  following   which,   if   it  were   really  Asi.i. 
must  soon  arrive  at  the  dominions  of  the  Cts 
Khan. 

Faltering  among  these   islands,   therefore,  '' 
lumbus  soon  became  entangled  in   the  most; 
plexed  navigation,   in  which   he  was  expusti; 
continual  perils  and  difficulties  from  sand-l),ii;> 
counter  currents,  and   sunken  rocks.     The  A 
were  compelled,  in  a  man  ler,  to  grope  their  v 
with  men  stationed  at  the   masthead,  and  tliu  ir 
continually  going.     Sometimes  they  were  oh!,' 
to  shift  their  course,  within  the  hour,  to  .ill  p' 
of  the  compass  ;  sometimes  they  were  straiten;! 
a  narrow  channel,  where  it  was  necessary  tol'ii 
all  sail,  and  tow  the  vessels  out,  lest  tiiey  sh 
run  aground  ;    notwithstanding  all  which  |)rt\ 
tions  they  freciuently  touched    ujion  saiiii-lnr 
and  were  extricated    with   great   difficulty.    T' 
variableness  of  the  weather  added  to  the  cm'-j 
rassment  of  the  n.ivigation  ;  though  after  a  1 
while  it  began  to  assume  some  method  in  itsu 
caprices.      In   the  morning   the  wind   rose  in'l 
east  with  the  sun,  and  following  hi   course  tlini'; 
the  day,  died  away  at  sunset  in  the  west.     Hi- 
cloiids  gatherc'i   with  the   aiijiroach   of   cvci.i' 
sending  hirtli  sneetsof  lightning,  and  ilistaiit|t 
of  tliuiider,  and  menacing  a  furious  temijcsl : ' 
as  the  moon   rose,  the  whole  mass  broke  a.^.i 


rt  ni 

iirec. 

Tlui 
^ouii'li 

il  lie 
ihijis  ^ 
vhich 
lilii'en 
roiii  11 

.lltl  tlu 

•atlier 

lus 

inimg 

)rii-ni, 

liiiiilia 

lOUfVl 

'    111  t  In- 
ly the  I 
iriiiiip 
Hi.inl 


:ii 


!!' 


*  Cura  de  los  P.alacios,  cap.  126. 
f  Keys,  from  Cayos.  rocks  which  occasionally  fj' 
small  islands  on  the  coast  of  America. 


iiid  llu 
if  tiirtd 
•ots,  ai; 
Ici.ijs,  w 
IS  ,111  .ir 
[a\c  the 
111  the 

11  a  ctiiK 

ids,  (K'C 

5ht  siiigi 

mall  tis 

ith  nun 

iu  tiriiil) 

•athcr   tl 

[real  lei 

i('riiiiUf( 

f.ir  the 

iri-y,  uhi 

ly  the  sii 

liidiT  shi 

trey  until 

ind  taken 

,  ards  wit 

;  iiiiise  sizi 

■  K  himsel 

\  UT  nil  tht 

XHTiihor.i 

tors  ;  and 

,'ni|)l(iyeil 

fanihii|ue, 

ICtll    (ll)S( 

avc  iH-ve 

iffer  the  11 

IXlTcisillg 

licii  came 
icr.    The 
)f  fish,  ai 
ivcrylhiiij; 
|uiries  cm 
ica  was  til 
ivcst,  Init  ; 
iVL'stward 
Having, 
'luinhus 
island  nf 
ft h fro  he 
unc.    He 
ind  amity 
'ulia,  wh'o 
Ts  for  the 
cry  anim 

Humbc 

jloni.  i.  J),  y 


LIFE  AND   VOYAGES  OF  COLUMBUS. 


105 


iment.*    Tlie  admiral  .;• 
-oni  this  caciciuc  ami  ■ 
^as  an  island  or  a  t( - 
liat  it  was  an  island,  \ 
icy  declared   tlial  nn 
t  It.     This  reply,  whi'v 
ce  of  the  nature  of  a  i 
still  in  doulit  and  obsc.-. 
of  this   province  ut  Ci ; 

to  thr  west  on  the  fn!' 
e  to  where  the  coast  >. 
the  north-east  tor  m,i' 
ed  aroinul  a^ain  to  ; 
L-nse  bay,  or  rather  ^'. 
ly  a  violent  storm,  an  - 
.■r  and  ligiUninjf,  whii: 

0  rend  the  \ery  iieav  ■ 
was  not  of  lon^-  durai; 
liave   been   perilous  in  ■ 

1  the   naviijation  ri-ndr- 
t    keys    and     saml-li,;; 
advanced,  until  the  n. 

isthead  beheld   the  sii 
reach,  completely  siml. 
ime  were  low,  naked, ,. 
with  verdure,   anil   oiN 
autiful  tiirests.    They  u; 

one  to  four  leaj;;uts, .. 
ire  fertile  and  elevated,  ■ 
uba.  Finding;  tlieni  t 
i  to  render  it  impossil,'. 
le  admiral  gave  the  w' 
Hch  in  a  manner  enaiiic 
ith  variegated  venkirc, 

(-.ardens.  He  thou<;h; 
:hipelago  on  his  rij. 


I  sea  ;  but  he  called  to  :r 
ille   and    Marco    I'olo  : 

St 

of  several  thousaii 
le  was  among  that  iliiv 
sight  of  the  main-l; 
f   it  were   really  Asi.i 
tlominions  of  the  tlr 


►art  melting  in  a  shower,  and  part  dispersing  by 
I'lirci/e  which  spranjj  up  from  the  land. 

Tin  re  was  much  in  the  character  of  the  sur- 
oimding  scenery  to  favor  the  idea  of  Columbus, 
h.it  lie  was  in  the  Asiatic  archipelago.  As  the 
hips  glided  along  the  smooth  and  glassy  canals 
diicirseparated  these  verdant  islands,  the  mag- 
ilueiue  of  their  vegetation,  the  soft  odors  wafted 
nim  lldwers,  and  blossoms,  and  aromatic  shrubs, 
iiid  the  sjileiulid  plumage  of  the  scarlet  cranes,  or 
.ntlur  llamingoes,  which  abounded  in  the  mead- 
iws,  and  ot  other  trojiical  birds  which  fluttered 
iniiing  the  groves,  resembled  what  is  described  ot 
)ritiu.il  climes.  These  islands  were  generally 
iiiinhahiled.  Thev  found  a  considerable  village, 
lowever,  on  one  f)f  the  largest,  where  they  landed 
111  the  ::d  of  May.  The  houses  were  abandoned 
)v  their  inhabitants,  who  appeared  to  d<?pend 
)ri:uipally  on  the  sea  for  their  subsistence.  Large 
luaiitiiies  iif  fish  were  found  in  their  dwellings, 
md  the  .idj.icent  shore  was  covered  with  the  shells 
)[  tiirtoises.  There  were  also  domesticated  par- 
■ots,  and  scarlet  cranes,  and  a  number  ot  dumb 
loj^'s,  which  it  was  afterward  found  they  fattened 
is  an  article  ot  fooil.  To  this  island  the  admiral 
rave  the  name  ot  .Santa  Marta. 

ill  the  course  of  his  \oyage  among  these  islands, 

riihimiius  beheld  one  day  a  number  of  the  natives 

n  a  ratine  on   the  still  surface  of  one  of  the  chan- 

u!s,  (iti'iipied   in   tisliing,    and   was   struck    with 

he  singular  means  they  employed.     They  had  a 

I  '  nii.ill  tish,  the   Hat   head  of  which   was  furnished 

vilh  niuiierous  suckers,  by  which  it  attached  itself 

ki  tninly  to  any  object,  as  to   be   torn   in   pieces 

^    ailier  than    aiiandon    its  hold.     Tying  a  line  of 

1  [rtat  IcMigth   to   the   tail  of  this  fish,  the  Indians 

jcrinitted   it  to  swim  at  large  ;  it  generally  kept 

-    UMr  the  suiface  of  the  water  until  it  jierceived  its 

;   )rcy,  when,  darling  down  swiftly,  it  attached  itself 

;♦   )y  the  suckers  to   the   throat  of  a  tish  or  to  the 

ijiiuhr  shell  of  a  tortoise,  nor  did   it  relinquish  its 

ircy  until    both   were  drawn  up  by  the  fisherman 

iiul  taken  out  of  the  water.     In  this  way  the  Spaii- 

"■■■'s  witnessed    the    taking   of   a  tortoise  of   im 


^\ 


h 


se   islands,   therefore, 
ntangled  in   the  most ; 
ivhich  he  was  exposed  i 
liculties  from  sand-lix| 
unken  rocks.     The  -^' 
IP  ler,  to  grope  tliein'. 
masthead,  and  their. 
netimes  they  were  M:\ 
thin  the  hour,  to  all  li- 
mes they  were  straiten; : 
e  it  was  necessary  tol" 
ssels  out,  lest  they  sh  .| 
aniling  all  which  prif 
uclied    upon  saiKl-h:i'i 
th   great   difficulty.   Tl 
.ther  added  to  the  em' 
tion  ;  though  after  a  1;; 
•  some  method  in  itsv; 
ng   the  wind   rose  i:i 
lowing  hi   course  thiot| 
unset  in  the  west.     Hi 
_ie   ajjiiroach   of   cvcni 
ightning,  and  distant] 
ig  a  furious  tempest : 
whole  mass  broke  a«-I 


cap.  126. 

cks  which  occasionally  U 

1  of  America. 


W' — h    - 

mnse  si/e,  and  Fernando  Columbus  atfinns  that 

ic  himself  saw  a  shark  caught  in  the  same  man- 
..r  on  the  coast  of  \'eragua.     The  fact  has  been 
xirrohorated  by  the  accounts  of  various   naviga- 
;ors ;  and   the  same  mode  of  fishing  is  n.iid  to  be 
mployed  on  the  eastern   coast  ot   Africa,  at  Mo- 
!amhi(|iie,  and   at   Madagascar.      "  Thus,"  it   has 
lecn  observed,    "  savage    people,   who   probably 
ave  never  liehl  communication  with  each  other, 
iffcr  the  most  striking  analogi  ;s  in  their  modes  of  1 
.xi-rcising  empire  over  animals."  *     These  fislier- 
iiiii  came  on  board  of  the  ships  in  a  fearless  mau- 
ler.   They  furnished  the  .Spaniards  with  a  sujjply 
if  fish,  and   would   cheerfully  have   given    them 
Jveryihing  they  possessed.     To  the  admiral's  in- 
juirii-s  cdiicerning  those  ])arts,  they  said  that  the 
ica  was  tuU    of   islands    to   the   south   and   to  the 
West,  hut  as  to  Cuba,  it  continued   running  to  the 
ivestward  without  any  termination. 
Having  extricated  himself  from  this  archipelago, 
dunihus  steered  for  a  mountainous  part  ot  the 
Island  of  Cuba  about    fourteen   leagues  distant, 
where  he  landed  at   a  large  village  on  the  3d  of 
luiie.    Here  he  was   received   with  that  kindness 
ml  amity  which  distinguished  the  inhabitants  of 
•uha,  whom  he  extolled  above  all  the  other  island- 
» fur  their  mild   and    pacific  character.     Their 
cry  animals,  he   said,    were   tamer,    ;is   well  as 

MiKiiboldt,   Essal    Politique  sur  I'lle   de  Cuba, 

Horn.  i.  I).  3C4. 


larger  and  better,  than  those  of  the  other  islands. 
Among  the  various  articles  of  food  which  the  na- 
tives  brought  with  joyful  alacrity  from  all  ])arts, 
were  stock-doves  of  uncommon  size  and  llavor  ; 
perceiving  something  peculiar  in  their  taste,  Co- 
lumbus ordered  the  crops  of  several  newly  killed 
to  be  opened,  in  which  were  found  sweet  spices. 

While  the  crews  of  the  boats  were  procuring 
water  and  jiiovisions,  Columbus  sought  to  gather 
information  .fom  the  venerable  caciiiue,  and  sev- 
eral of  the  old  men  of  the  village.  They  told  hini 
that  the  name  ot  their  province  was  Ornotay  ;  that 
farther  to  the  westward  the  se.i  was  again  covered 
with  innumerable  islands,  and  had  but  little  depth. 
As  to  Cuba,  none  of  them  had  ever  heard  that  it 
had  an  er,il  to  the  westward  ;  forty  moons  would 
not  suffice  to  reach  to  its  extremity  ;  in  fact,  they 
considered  it  interminr>'!ie.  They  observed,  how- 
ever, that  the  admiral  would  receive  more  ample 
information  from  the  inhabitants  o*'  Mangon,  an 
adjacent  province,  which  lay  toward  the  west. 
The  (|uick  ajipreliension  (>f  Columbus  was  struck 
with  the  sound  of  this  name  ;  it  ri'sembled  that  of 
Mangi,  the  richest  province  ot  the  Cirand  Khan, 
bordering  on  the  ocean.  He  made  further  in(|ui- 
ries  concerning  the  region  of  Mangon,  and  under- 
stood the  Indians  to  say  that  it  was  inhabited  by 
people  who  had  tails  like  animals,  and  wore  gar- 
ments to  conceal  them.  Me  recollected  that  Sir 
John  Mandeville,  in  his  account  of  the  remote 
|)arts  of  the  East,  had  recorded  a  story  ot  the  same 
Kind  as  current  among  certain  naked  tribes  of 
Asia,  ami  told  by  them  in  ridicule  of  the  garments 
of  their  ^ivili/.ed  neiglibors,  which  they  could  only 
conceive  useful  as  concealing  some  bodily  defect.* 
He  became,  therefore,  more  contideiit  than  ever 
that,  by  keeping  along  the  coast  to  the  westw.ird, 
lie  should  eventually  arrive  at  the  civili/ed  realms 
of  Asia.  He  flattered  himself  with  the  hojies  of 
finding  this  region  of  Mangon  to  be  the  rich  prov- 
ince ot  Mangi,  and  its  jieople  with  tails  and  gar- 
ments, the  long-robed  inhabitants  ot  the  empire  of 
Tartary. 


CHAPTER    IV. 

CO.VSTING   OF  THE   SOrTHKR>f   SIDK   OF   CUli.V. 

['494] 

Anim.VTKI)  by  one  of  the  ])leasing  illusions  of 
his  anient  ini.igination,  Columbus  |>ursued  his 
voyage,  with  .1  jirosperous  bree/e,  along  the  sup- 
posed continent  of  Asia.  He  was  now  o|)|io.sile 
that  part  of  the  southern  side  of  Cuba,  where,  tor 
nearly  thirty-fi\e  leagues,  the  navigation  is  unem- 
barrassed bv  banks  and  islands.  To  his  Kit  w.is 
the  broad  and  ojien  sea,  the  dark  blue  color  of 
which  ga\e  token  i)f  amph'  depth  ,  to  his  right 
extended  the  richly-wooded  province  of  Ornotay, 
gradually  sweeping  up  into  a  range  of  interior 
mountains  ;  the  verdant  coast  watered  by  imui- 
meribie  streams,  and  studded  with  Indian  vil- 
lages. The  appearance  of  the  ships  spread  won- 
der and  joy  along  the  sea-coast.  The  natives 
h.uled  with  acclamations  the  arrival  of  these  won- 
derful beings  whose  fame  had  circul.ited  more  or 
less  throughout  the  island,  ;ind  who  brought  with 
them  the  blessings  of  heaven.  They  ( ame  off 
swimming,  or  in  their  canoes,  to  offer  the  fruits 
and  jiroductions  of  the  land,  and  regarded  the 
white  men  almost  with  adoration.    .After  the  usual 

*  Cura  dc  los  Palacios,  cap.  137. 


IOC 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGES   OF   COLUMBUS. 


i 


■\\i 


it  ■ ' 


I' 


evening  shower,  when  the  breeze  lilew  from  the 
shore  and  l)r()iij,'ht  off  the  sweetness  of  the  land, 
it  bore  with  it  also  the  distant  sonjji  of  the  natives 
and  the  sound  of  their  rude  nuisu. ,  as  they  were 
])rol>ably  eelebratinf^,  with  their  national  chants 
and  dances,  the  arrival  of  the  white  men.  So  fle- 
lij^htful  were  these  spicy  odors  and  cheerful  sounds 
to  ("oluniluis,  who  was  at  present  open  to  all  pleas- 
uranle  influences,  that  he  declared  the  night 
l)assed  away  as  a  single  hour.* 

It  is  imjiossible  to  resist  noticing  the  striking 
contrasts  which  are  sometimes  presented  by  the 
lapse  of  time.  The  coast  here  described,  so  po])U- 
lous  and  animated,  rejoicing  in  the  visit  of  the 
discoverers,  is  the  same  that  extends  westward  of 
the  city  of  Trinidad,  along  the  Ciulf  of  Xagua. 
All  is  now  silent  and  deserted  :  civilization,  which 
has  co\ered  some  parts  of  Cuba  with  glittering 
cities,  has  rendered  this  a  solitude.  The  whole 
race  of  Indians  has  long  since  passed  away,  pining 
and  perishing  beneath  the  domination  of  the  stran- 
gers whom  they  welcomed  so  joyfully  to  their 
shores.  IJefore  me  lies  the  account  of  a  night  re- 
cently passed  on  this  very  coast,  by  a  celebrated 
traveller  ;  but  with  what  different  feelings  from 
those  of  Columbus  !  "  I  passed,"  says  he,  "  a 
great  part  of  the  night  upon  the  deck.  What  de- 
serted coasts  I  not  a  light  to  announce  the  cabin 
of  a  tisherman.  From  Hatabano  to  Trinidad,  a 
distance  of  fifty  leagues,  there  does  not  exist  a  vil- 
lage. Yet  in  the  time  of  Columbus  this  land  was 
inhal)ited  even  along  the  margin  of  the  sea.  When 
pits  are  digged  in  the  soil,  or  the  torrents  plough 
open  the  surface  of  the  earth,  there  are  often  found 
hatchets  of  stone  and  vessels  of  cojiper,  relics  of 
the  ancient  inhabitants  of  the  island."  t 

For  the  greater  part  of  two  days  the  ships  swept 
along  this  open  part  of  the  coast,  traversing  the 
wide  (iulf  of  Xagua.  At  length  they  came  to 
where  the  sea  became  suddenly  as  white  as  milk, 
and  perfectly  turbid,  as  though  flour  had  been 
mingled  with  it.  This  is  caused  by  tine  sand,  or 
calcareous  ])articles,  raised  from  the  bottom  at 
certain  depths  by  the  agitation  of  the  wa\es  and 
currents.  It  spread  great  alarm  through  the 
shi|)s,  which  was  heightened  by  their  soon  tinding 
themselves  surrounded  by  banks  and  keys,  and  in 
shallow  water.  The  farther  they  jiroceeded,  the 
more  jierilous  became  their  situation.  They  were 
in  a  narrow  channel,  where  they  had  no  room  to 
turn,  and  to  beat  out  ;  where  there  was  no  hold 
for  their  atichors,  and  v>herc  they  were  violently 
tossed  about  by  the  winds,  and  in  danger  of  being 
stranrled.  At  length  they  came  to  a  small  island, 
where  they  found  tolerai)le  anchorage.  Here  they 
remained  for  the  night  in  great  anxiety  ;  many 
were  for  abandoning  all  further  prosecution  of  the 
enterprise,  thinking  that  they  might  esteem  them- 
selves fortunate  should  they  lie  able  to  return  from 
whence  they  came.  Columbus,  however,  could 
not  consent  to  relincpiish  his  voyage,  now  th,U  he 
thought  himself  in  the  route  for  a  brilliant  dis- 
covery. The  next  morning  he  dispatched  the 
smallest  caravel  to  explore  this  new  labyrinth  of 
islands,  and  to  penetrate  to  the  main-land  in  quest 
of  fresh  water,  of  which  the  ships  were  in  great 
reed.  The  caravel  returned  with  a  report  that 
the  canals  and  keys  of  this  group  were  as  numer- 
ous and  intricate  as  those  of  the  ("lardens  of  the 
Queen  ;  that  the  main-land  was  bordered  by  deep 
marshes  and  a  muddy  coast,  where  the  mangrove 
trees  grew  within  the  water,  and  so  close  together 

*  Cura  de  los  Palacios. 

t  Humboldt,  Essal  Pol.  sur  Cuba,  torn.  ii.  p.  25. 


that  they  formed,  as  it  were,  an  impenetrable  wa" 
that  witliin,  the  land  appearefl   fertile  and  niof 
tainous  ;  and  columns  of  smoke,  rising  Irom  vy 
ous  parts,  gave  signs  of  numerous  iidiabiiaiii-'l 
Underthe  guidance  of  this  caravel,  C(iluni!)iis  r,f,[ 
ventured    to    penetrate   this    littlr    archii)el;ii;  | 
working   his    way   with    great    caution,   toil,  ,1,  2 
peril,  among  the  narrow  channels  which  sepanii.  f- 
the  sand-banks  ,ind  islands,  and  tre(|uently gi|!:'  [ 
aground.      At   length  he  reached   a   low  pom; 
Cuba,  to  which  he  gave  the  name  ol  I'oini  Sir.. 
fm  ;  within  which  the  coast  swejit  olf  to  tlv  i 
forming  so  deep  a  bay  that  hf;  could  nots^ci:; 
land  at  the  bottom.     To  the  north,  I'  )wever,  tlu-: 
were   mountains   afar  off,  an(i    the    internudi.v: 
space  was   clear  and   o|ien  ;  the   islands  in  .si;'-, 
lying  to  the  south  and  west  ;  a  description  wli: ; 
agrees  with   that  of  the  great  H,iy  ot   llMt.il),i;, 
Columbus  now  steered  for  these  mountains,  w;; 
a  fair  wind  and  three  fathoms  of  water  and  on  ;: 
following  d;iy  anchored  on  the  coast  near  a  l)e;iii;i 
ful  grove  of  jjalm-trees. 

^^ere  a  party  was  sent  on  shore  for  wood  :•:, 
water;  and   they  found   two  living  springs  i:i  ;■• 
midst  of  the  grove.     While  they  w  ere  eniplo\ii| 
cutting  wood   and    fdling   their   waler-cisks, 
archer  strayed  into  the  forest  with  his  <;ross-lv 
in  search  of  game,  but  soon  returned,  flying  w: 
great  terror,  and  calling  loudly  upon  his  coinp,] 
ions  for  aid.     He  declared   that   he  had  nut  \v. 
ceeded  far,  when  he  suddenly  es|iied,  throuj;h 
opening  glade,  a  man  in  a  long  white  dress,  so  like; 
friar  of  the  order  of  St    '  lary  of  Mercy,  that  at  tir> 
sight  he  took  him  for  llu:  cha])lani  of  the  adniiri 
Two  others  followed  in   white  tunics  reachiiij,' • 
their  knees,    and   the   three  were   of  as  fair  ro? 
plexions  as   Europeans.     Behind   these  a])|R';ire 
many  more,  to  the  number  of  thirty,  armed  wi;; 
clubs  and  lances.  They  made  no  signs  of  hostilitv 
but   remained   quiet,  the  man   in   the  long   wh; 
dress  alone  advancing  to  accost  him  ;  but  hew. 
so  alarmed   at  their  number   that   he  had  lied '■ 
stantly  to  seek   the  aid  of  his  companioi-.s.     I! 
latter,  howe\er,  were  so  daunted  by  the  rLpoi-.t:! 
number  of  armed  natives,  that  they  had  not  cour- 
age to   seek   them  nor  to  wait  their  coming,  1;;; 
hurried  with  all  speed  to  the  shijis. 

When  Columbus  heard  this  story  he  was  gre,r,..| 
rejoiced,  for  he  concluded  that  these  must  he  ih; 
clothed  inhabitants  of   Mangon,  of  whom  he  h.'l 
recently  hear<l,  and  that  he  had  at  length  arrivtll 
at  the  confines  of  a  civilized  country,  it  not  wilhi".! 
the  very   borders  of  the   rich  pro\'ince  of  Mani;:[ 
On   the  following  day  he  dispatched   a  ])aity  : 
armed  men  in  ipiest  of  these  peo|)le  clad  in  whi'.e. 
with  orders  to  i)enetrate,  if  necessary,  torty  niilfil 
into  the  interior,  until  they  met  with  some  (if  t"' 
inhabitants  ;  for  he  thought  the  i)opulous  and  n'-.- 
ti\ated  parts  might  he  distant  from   the  sea,  .mi 
that  there   might   be  towns  and   cities  beyond  tl;e| 
woods   and    mountains  of   the   co.ist.     The  ivirrf 
])enetrated   through  a  l)elt  of  thick  forests  whiij 
girdled  the  shore,  and  then  entered  upon  a  giv.J 
plain  or  sa\anna,  covered   with   rank  grass  ar.^T 
herbage  as  tall   as  ripe  corn,  and  destiiule  of  .i:v| 
ro.ul   or  footjiath.     Here   they  were  so  enlan^'lcil 
and    fettered,   as    it    were,  by    matted    grass  a:-| 
creeping  vegetation,  that   it   was  with  the  uum- 
ditficultv  they  could  penetrate  the  distanrc  ot  it 
mile,  when  they  had  to  abandon  the  altenipi,  ar.l| 
return  weary  and  exhausted  to  the  shijis. 

Another  |)arty  w;is  sent  on  the  succeeding  il.r  I 
to  penetrate   in   a  different  direction.     They  lu*| 


il 


*  Cura  de  los  Palacios,  cap.  128. 


:4.>: 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGES   OF   COLUMBUS. 


lor 


!re,  tin  im|icnetra!)Ie  wai' 
pcarcfl  Icrlile  and  niof 
i  smoke,  risiiifT  Irom  v;' 
f  niimerous  inlial)ii;ini' 
is  caravel,  Coliimliii^  r.t,.- 

this     little     archipchii; 

(Treat  caution,  toil,  ;i. 
channels  which  sep.ira'. 
ids,  and  tre(|ucntly  j;'t'.::, 
;  reached   a   low  pom; 

the  nanuf  ot  I'oint  .Str,i 

laSt  Swejlt    oil    to    tlv  i-;;.; 

that  he  could  not  s,i- 1  ; 
the  north,  •'  iwever,  ili>-: 
iff,  and  the  intermedia'; 
pen  ;  the  islands  in  si';-' 
est  ;  a  description  \vl,  ■ 
■  (jreat  Hay  ot  llat.ili.'i;. 
or  these  mountains,  wi;- 
horns  of  water  and  on  t^: 
jn  the  coast  near  a  beau;;. 


Ot  proceeded  far  from  the  coast,  when  they  be- 
1(1  the  foot-prints  of  some  larj^e  animal  with 
j^^aws,  which  some  supposed  the  tracks  of  a  lion, 
\  thers  of  a  griffon,*  but  which  were  probably 
ade  !)>'  tlit^  alligators  which  abound  in  that 
icinity.  Dismayed  at  the  sight,  they^hastened 
ack  toward  the  sea-side.  In  their  way  they 
assfd  through  a  forest,  with  lawns  and  meadows 
pciiing  in  various  ])arts  of  it,  in  which  were 
ocks  of  cranes,  twice  the  size  ot  those  of  Kuro|)e. 
laiiv  of  the  trees  and  shrubs  sent  forth  those  aro- 
lalic  odors  which  were  continually  deceiving 
lein  with  the  hope  of  linding  Oriental  sjiices. 
hc'V  saw  also  abundance  of  grape-vines,  that 
eaiitiful  feature  in  the  vegetation  of  the  New 
^'orld.  Many  of  these  crept  to  the  summits  of 
le  highest  trees,  overwhelming  them  with  ft)li- 
twisting  themselves  from  branch  to  branch, 


ge, 


it  on  shore  for  wood  ,ir.: 

two  li\ing  s|)rings  i:i ;!': 

lilelhey  were  employeil - 

ig   their   water-casks,  r.i 

forest  with  his  cross-li\ 

soon  returned,  flying  wx: 

■  loudly  upon  Iiis  conipr. 

ircd   that   he  had  not  prc- 

Idenly  espied,  through:: 

■I  long  whiti:  dress,  so  like; 

!ary  of  .Mercy,  that  at  iwi 

c  chajjlain  of  the  adniiii! 

white  tunics  reachiii;; : 

liree  were   of  as  fair  curi 

liehind   these  appcare 

her  of  thirty,  armed  \vi:', 

made  no  sigiis  of  hosiilitv, 

;  man   in   the  long   \vh;;: 

)  accost  him  ;  hut  he  w.i 

ber   that   he  had  lied  '-• 

|of  his  companior.s.     T:-. 

daunted   by  the  rei)or'.t: 

,,  that  they  had  not  cou:- 

to  wait  their  coming,  bt! 

the  ships. 

1  this  story  he  was  grc,i::;i 

'd  that  these  must  he  \\'\ 

aiigon,  ot  whom  he  h,.^ 

he  had  at  length  arrivei 

|zed  country,  it  not  withi". 

rich  ])rovince  of  Manc'. 

e  disijatched  a  jiarty  : 

ese  ))eo|)le  clad  in  whi'e. 

if  necessary,  forty  nwV^ 

ey  met  with  some  of  tl"^ 

ht  the  populous  and  ii:.- 

stant  from   the  sea,  anJ 

is  and   cities  beyond  tlif 

f   the   coast,     'file  iKirv.' 

It  of  thick  forests  wlikh 

en  entered  upon  a  grc.;: 

d   with   rank  grass  ar; 

jrn,  and  destitute  of  .rv 

they  were  so  entaiig.c'-! 

by    matted    grass  a;.. 

it   was  with  the  uim(« 

tr.ite   the   distance  ot  i 

landon  the  attem|)t,  ar-l 

led  to  the  shi|)S. 

lit  on  the  succeeding  il.i; 

It  direction.     They  lu* 


jndt 


nd  nearing  ponderous  clusters  ot  juicy  grapes. 
'1r-  party  returned  to  the  ships  equally  unsuccess- 
il  with  their  jiredecessors,  and  |)ronouncecl  the 
ountrywild  and  imjienetrable,  though  exceeding- 
,'  fertile.  As  a  proof  of  its  abundance,  they 
rought  great  clusters  of  the  wild  gra|)es,  which 
[olumhus  afterward  transmitted  to  the  sovereigns, 
[)iji'lherwithas])ecimen  of  the  water  of  the  White 
ea  through  which  he  had  passed. 

.•\s  no  tribe  of  Indians  was  ever  discovered  in 
luba  wearing  clothing,  it  is  |)robal)le  that  the 
toryof  the  men  in  white  originated  in  some  error 
i  the  archer,  who,  full  of  the  idea  ot  the  myste- 
ioiis  inhabitants  of  Mangon,  may  have  been 
tartled  in  the  course  of  his  lonely  wandering  in 
le  forest,  by  one  of  those  llocks  of  cranes  which 

seems  abounded  in  the  neighborhood.  These 
s  irds,  like  the  iL'imingoes,  feed  in  company,  with 
ne  stationed   at   a  disiance   as  sentinel.     When 

en  through  the  openings  of  the  woodlands, 
anding  in  rows  along  a  smooth  savanna,  or  in  a 

assy  pool   ot  water,  their  height  and  erectness 

ive  them,  at  the   first  glance,  the  semblance  of 

umaii  figures.     Whether  the  story  originated  in 

trrororin  falsehood,  it  made  a  deep  impression  on 

jiL'iiiindof  Columbus,  who  was  predisposed  to  be 

"ecfived,  and  to  believe  everything  that  favored 

e  illusion  of  his  Ljing  in  the  vicinity  of  a  civil- 
:cd  country. 

.Vlter  he  had  explored  the  deep  bay  to  the  cast, 
ind  ascertained  that  it  was  not  an  arniof  the  sea, 
le continued  westward,  and  i)roceeding  about  nine 

affiles  came  to  an  inhabited  shore,  where  he  had 

mnninications    with    several    of     the    natives. 

hey  were  naked  as  usual  ;  but  that  he  attributed 

their  being  mere  fishermen  inhabiting  a  savage 

iist ;  he  presumed  the  civilized  regions  to  lie  in 

.'interior.  As  his  Lucayan  interi)reter  did  not 
inderstand  the  language,  or  rather  dialect,  of  this 

ri  of  Cuba,  all  the  information  which  he  could 
ibiain  from  the  natives  was  necessarily  received 

rough  the  erroneous  medium  of  signs  and  ges- 

iculations.    Deluded  by  his  own  favorite  hypothe- 

he  understood  from  them  that,  among  certain 


jiuuntains  which  he  saw  far  off  to  the  west,  there 
|(as a  powerful  king,  who  reigned  in  greiLi  state 


lap. 


laS. 


I  *  Cardinal  Pierre  de  Aliaco.  a  favorite  author  with 
jolumbus,  speaks  repeatedly,  in   his   Imago  Mundi, 

fihe  existence  of  grilTons  in  India;  and  Glanvillc, 
|hnse  work,  De  Proprictatibus   Kerum,  was  familiar 

» Columbus,  describes  them  as  having  the  body  and 
pivs  of  a  lion,  and  the  head  and  wing?  of  an  eagle, 
Vi!l  as  infesting  the  mountains  which  abounded  with 

pit]  and  precious  stones,  so  as  to  render  the  access 
lliem  extremely  perilous, — JDe  Propnetat,  Kcyum, 
llixviii.  cap.  150. 


over  many  populous  jirovinces  ;  that  he  wore  \ 
white  garment  which  swept  the  ground  ;  that  he 
w.as  called  a  saint  ;*  that  he  never  spoke,  but  com- 
nninicatetl  his  orders  to  his  subjects  by  signs, 
which  were  implicitly  obe\ed.t  In  all  this  we  see 
the  busy  imagination  of  the  admir;d  interpreting 
everything  into  unison  with  his  ])reconceivea 
ideas.  Las  Casas  assures  us  that  there  was  no 
caci(|ue  ever  known  in  the  island  who  wore  gar- 
ments, or  answered  in  other  respects  to  this  de- 
scription. This  king,  with  a  s;iinily  title,  was  [)rob- 
ably  nothing  more  than  a  rillected  ini.ige  haunting, 
the  mind  of  Columbus,  of  that  mysterious  poten- 
tate, I'rester  John,  who  h.id  long  figured  in  the 
narrations  of  all  eastern  tra\ellers,  sometimes  as 
a  monarch,  sometimes  as  a  priest,  the  situation  ot 
whose  empire  and  court  was  alwa\s  a  matter  of 
doubt  ami  contradiction,  and  h.id  rei  ently  become 
again  an  object  of  curious  inipiiry. 

The  information  derived  f''om  these  people  con- 
cerning the  coast  to  the  westward  w;is  entirely  va- 
gue. They  said  that  it  continued  lor  at  least  twenty 
(lays'  journey,  but  whether  it  terminated  there  they 
did  not  know.  They  appe.ired  but  little  informed  of 
anything  out  of  their  imnu'diate  neighborhood. 
Taking  an  Indian  from  this  place  as  ;i  guide,  Co- 
lumbus steered  for  the  distant  mountains  said  to 
be  inhabited  by  this  cacicjue  in  white  ra'ment, 
ho])ing  they  might  jirove  the  confines  of  a  more 
civilized  country.  He  h.id  not  gone  far  before  he 
was  involved  in  the  usual  per|)Iexities  ot  keys, 
shelves,  and  sand-banks.  The  vessels  tre([uently 
stirred  up  the  sand  and  slime  from  the  bottom  of 
the  sea  ;  at  other  times  they  were  almost  imbed- 
ded in  narrow  channels,  where  there  was  no  room 
to  tack,  and  it  was  necessary  to  haul  them  for- 
ward by  means  of  the  capstan,  to  their  great  in- 
jury. At  one  time  ti-,''v  came  to  where  the  sea 
was  almost  covered  with  tortoises  ;  at  another 
time  flights  of  cormorants  and  wood-|)igeons  dark- 
ened the  sun,  and  one  d.iy  the  whole  ,iir  was  filled 
with  clouds  of  g.iudy  butterflies,  until  dis[)elled  by 
the  evening  shower. 

When  they  approached  the  mount.iinous  regions, 
they  found  the  coast  bordered  by  drowntd  lands  or 
morasses,  and  beset  by  such  thick  forests  that  it 
was  impossible  to  penetr.ite  to  the  interior.  They 
were  several  days  seeking  iresh  water,  of  which 
they  were  in  great  w.mt.  At  length  they  found  a 
s|M-ing  in  a  grove  of  ])alm-trees,  and  near  it  shells 
of  the  ])earl  oyster,  from  which  Cokimbus  thought 
there  might  be  a  valuable  pearl-tishery  in  the 
neighborhood. 

While  thus  cut  off  from  all  intercourse  with  the 
interitir  by  a  belt  of  swamp  and  forests,  the  coun- 
try appeared  to  be  well  peopled.  Columns  of 
smoke  ascended  from  v.irious  parts,  which  grew 
more  fre(|uent  as  the  vessels  advanced,  until  they 
rose  from  every  rock  and  woody  height.  The 
.Spaniards  were  at  a  loss  to  determine  whether 
these  arose  from  villages  and  towns,  or  whether 
from  signal  fires,  to  give  notice  of  the  approach 
of  the  shijis,  and  to  alarm  the  country,  such  as 
were  usu.il  on  I-".uropean  sea-shores,  when  an  en- 
emy was  descried  hovering  in  the  vicinity. 

For  several  days  Colunibus  continuetl  exploring 
this  per|)lexed  and  lonelv  coast,  whose  intricate 
channels  are  seldom  \isiie(t,  e\en  at  the  present 
day,  excepting  by  the  solitary  and  lurking  bark  of 
the  smuggler.      As    he    proceedetl,    however,    he 


*  Que  Ic  Llamaban  santo  e  que  traia  tunica  blanca 
que  le  arastra  per  el  suelo. — Cttra  de  los  /'•T.'atins,  cap. 
12S. 

f  Herrcra,  Hist.  Ind.,  dec.  i.  lib.  ii.  cap.  14. 


lt)8 


LIFE  AND  VOYAGES  OF   COLUMBUS. 


I  I  '  '■'. 


found  that  the  coast  took  a  general  bend  to  tlie 
south-west.  This  accorded  precisely  with  the  de- 
scri|)tioiis  jfjven  hy  Marco  I'oh)  of  the  remote  coast 
of  Asia,  lie  now  hecame  fully  assured  that  he 
was  on  that  part  of  the  Asiatic  co'UineiU  which  is 
beyond  the  bound.iries  of  the  C)U1  World  as  laid 
down  by  I'loleniy.  Let  him  but  continue  this  coast, 
he  ihoujrhl,  and  he  must  surely  arrive  to  the  |)oint 
where  this  ranj^e  of  coast  terminated  in  the  Au- 
rea  Chersonesus  of  the  ancients.* 

The  ardent  imajjination  of  Columbus  was  al- 
ways sallyinj^  in  the  advance,  and  suj^gestinjj 
some  splendiil  track  of  enterprise.  Combininjr 
his  present  conjectures  as  to  his  situation  with  the 
imperfect  lij^hts  of  j^eojijraphy,  he  conceived  a  tri- 
umph.int  route  for  his  return  to  Spain.  Doubling 
the  Aurea  Chersonesus,  he  should  emerj^e  into  the 
seas  fre(|uenle(l  by  the  ancients,  anil  bordered  by 
liie  luxurious  nations  of  the  East.  Stretchin^r 
across  tlie  (iulf  of  the  (lanj^es,  he  might  pass  by 
Taprobana,  and  continuing  on  to  the  straits  of 
Labelmandel,  arrive  on  the  shores  of  the  Red  Sea. 
Thence  he  might  make  his  way  by  land  to  Jerusa- 
lem, take  shi|)])ing  at  Joppa,  and  traverse  the 
Mediterranean  lo  .Spain.  Or  should  the  route  from 
Ethiopia  to  Jerusalem  be  deemed  too  perilous 
Irom  savage  and  warlike  tribes,  or  should  he  not 
clioose  lo  separ.ite  from  his  vessels,  he  might  sail 
round  the  whole  coast  of  Africa,  pass  triumphantly 
by  the  I'orluguese,  in  their  midway  groping  along 
the  shores  of  (uiinea,  and  after  having  thus  cir- 
cumnavigated the  globe,  furl  his  adventurous  sails 
at  the  Pillars  of  Hercules,  the  nc  plus  ultra  of  the 
ancient  world  !  Such  was  the  soaring  meditation 
of  Columbus,  as  recorded  by  one  of  his  intimate 
associates;!  nor  is  there  anything  surprising  in 
his  ignorance  of  the  real  magnitude  of  our  glol)e. 
The  mechanical  admeasurement  of  a  known  jjart 
of  its  circle  has  rendered  its  circumference  a  fa- 
miliar fact  in  our  day  ;  but  in  his  time  it  still  re- 
mained a  problem  with  the  most  profound  philos- 
ophers. 


CMAI'IIiR  V. 

RETURN    OF    COI.fMRl^S     AI-ONO    THE  SOUTHERN 
COAST   OK   CUIJA. 

['494.] 

The  opinion  of  Columbus,  that  he  was  coasting 
the  continent  of  .Asia,  and  approaching  the  con- 
fines of  eastern  civilization,  was  shared  i)y  all  his 
fellow-voyagers,  among  whom  were  several  able 
and  ex])erienced  n.ivigators.  They  were  far,  ho\v- 
ever,  from  sharing  his  enthusiasm.  They  were  to 
derive  no  glory  from  the  success  of  the  enterprise, 
and  they  shrunk  from  its  increasing  dil'ticulties  anil 
perils.  The  shi|)s  were  strained  anil  crazed  by  the 
various  iniuries  they  had  received,  in  running  fre- 
quently aground.  Their  cables  and  rigging  were 
worn,  their  provisions  were  growing  scanty,  a 
great  part  of  the  biscuit  was  spoiled  by  the  sea- 
water,  which  oozed  in  through  innumerable  leaks. 
The  crews  were  worn  out  by  incessant  labor,  and 
dishearteneil  at  the  apjjearance  of  the  sea  before 
them,  which  continued  to  exhibit  a  mere  wilder- 
ness of  isl.mds.  They  remonstrated,  therefore, 
against  jiersisting  any  longer  in  this  voyage. 
They  had  alread\-  followed  the  coast  far  enough  to 
satisfy  their  minds  tha     it  was  a  continent,  and 

*  The  present  peninsula  of  Malacca, 
f  Cura  de  los  I^alacios,  cap.  123,  Ms. 


though  they  doubted  not  that  civilized  regions laJ 
in  the  route  they  were  pursuing,  yet  their  pro;,! 
sions  might  be  exhausted,  and  their  vessels (1:>| 
ableil,  before  they  could  arrive  at  them. 

Columbus,  as  his  imagination  cooled,  w,is  hi: 
self  aware  of  the  inadequacy  of  his  vessels  to  t;J 
contemi)lated  voyage  ;  but  felt  it  of  importanct.: 
his  fame  and  to  the  popularity  of  his  entcTpribfl 
to  furnish  satisfactory  ])root3  that  the  land  he  I 
discovered  was  a  continent.      He  therefore  |)ur!>;-;J 
ed  four  days  longer  in  exploring  the  coast,  ail 
bent   to  the  south-west,  until  every  one  (licLirr,! 
there  could  no  longer  be  a  doubt  on  the  siihjtrT 
for  it  was  impossible  so  vast  a  continuity  of  Ja:;| 
should   belong  to  a  mere   island.      The  .idnii: 
was  determined,  however,  that  the  f.ict  should  r/j 
rest  on  his  own  assertion    merely,  lia\  ing  had  ij 
cent  proofs  of  a  ilisjiosilion   to  gainsay  his  st,i;J 
menis,   and   depreciate  his  discoveries.      He  scj 
round,  therefore,  a  |)ublic  notary,  Fernand  I'erw  ■ 
Luna,  to  each  of  the  vessels,  accompanied  by  lu:J 
witnesses,  who  demanded  formally  of  every  pirs 
on  board,  from  the  captain  to  the  ship-boy,  whttrti 
he  had  any  doubt  that  the  land  before  him  \\A 
continent,  the  beginning  and  end  of  the  Indies, :| 
which   any  one   might   return  overland  to  Sp,i;  I 
and    by   pursuing   the  coast  of  which,  they  cui 
soon  arrive  among  civilized   j)eople.     If  anycj 
entertained  a  doubt,   he  was  called   upon  to  ( 
press  it,  that  it  might  be  removed.     (Jn  boar(i;| 
the  vessels,   as   has   been  observed,  were  sevr. 
experienced  navigators  and  men  well  versed  ind 
geographical  knowledge  of  the  limes.     Tlifyt:| 
amined  their  maps  and  charts,  and  the  reckoninj| 
and  journals  of  the  voyage,  and  after  deliberai;; 
maturely,  declared,  under  oath,  that  they  liadr.l 
doubt  upon    the  subject.      They  grounded  tht| 
lielief  principally   upon   their  having  coasted 
three  hundred  and  thirty-five  leagues,*  an  exttJ 
unheard  of  as  appertaining  to    an  island,  \vh;J 
the  land  continued   to  stretch  forward  inttrmirJ 
bly,  bendingtoward  the  south,  conformably  to  "I 
description  of  the  remote  coasts  of  India. 

Lest  they  should  subsequently,  out  of  malice  :i 
caprice,  contradict  the  opinion  thus  solemnly  avoif 
ed,  it  was  proclaimeii  by  the  notary,  that  whocv;! 
should  offend  in  such  manner,  if  an  oHicer,  siiouJ 
pay  a  penalty  of  ten  thousand  maravedies  ;  ifash;:f 
boyor  i)erson  of  like  rank,  he  should  rcceiveahcf 
dred    lashes,  and    have  his  tongue  cut  out. 
formal  statement  was  afterward  drawn  upbyl.'il 
notary,    including   the  depositions  and  names 
every  individual  ;    which  document   still   exisb 
This  singular  i)rocess  took  place  near  that  dtti 
bay  called  by  some  the  Hay  of  I'hilipina,  by  (illif 
of  Cortes.     At  this  very  time,  as  has  been  reniarJ 
ed,   a  ship-boy  from   the   masthe.id   might   haj 
overlooked  the  group  of  islands  lo  the  south,  .1 
beheltl  the  open  sea  beyond.]:     Two  (jr  thne  da] 
further  sail  would   h.ive  carried  Columbus  rou:] 
the  extremity  of  Cuba  ;    would   have  dispelkd.i 
illusion,  and  might  have  given  an  entirely  iliK-'l 
ent  course  to  his  subsequent  discoveries.     In: 
present  conviction  he  lived  and  died  ;  believiri| 
lo  his  last  hour,  that  Cuba  was  the  extremity  0:; 
Asiatic  continent. 

Relinquishing    all   further  investigation  of  ;;| 

*  This  calcnl^tion  evidently  includes  all  the  conrs 
of  the  ships  in   their  various  tacks   alonf?  the  coi'l 
Columlius  could  hardly  have  made  such  an  error  f 
to  have  given  this  extent  to  the  southern   side  of  1:^ 
island,  even  including  the  intfections  of  the  coast. 

f  Navarrete,  Colec,  torn.  ii. 

j  Mufloz,  Hist.  N.  Mundo,  lib.  v.  p.  217. 


c 


io.ist,  he  stood  to 
iuiie,  and  soon  cat 
,,iih  mountains  ris 
lalivrinth  of  little  ke 
)f  Kvaii^'clista.  Ills 

if  I'iiU'S,  and   is  ce 

rjgam-. 

fieri-  he  anchored 
m\  water.  He  iher 
ihores  of  the  islaiul 
irn  extremity  lo  tin 

ispaniola,  and    int 

jnj(  the  southern  ; 
iroccfded  far  before 
lo  he  a  channel,  opei 
jvaiiKciista  and  son 
lerin;;  lur  some  ilisla 
lell  inclosed  in  a  d 
ijijuanca,  wl.iih  pen 

Observing  dismay 
;re\v  at  finding  the 
jlmost  destitute  of  p 
Iheiii  with  encouragi 
tricate  himself  fron 
rtiraciii.g  his  course 
l.n^jooii,  therefore,  he 
in^'  place,  and  set  sai 
avijfaiing  back  thro 
Iweeii  Lvangelisla  an 
[he  White  Sea,  whi 
)eople.  Here  he  ex 
inxieties,  ])erils,  and 
lis  adv.uice  along  I 

armed  by  the  freq 
Ihe  water,   somelimt 

ack,  .It  other  time 
lime  they  fancied  thei 

another   the   sea 
Kink.    On  the  30th  ol 

round  with  such  vi( 
|ury.  K\'ery  effort  to 
inchors  astern  was  ii 
,uy  to  cirag  her  over 
Icnjjth  they  emerged 
Mlied  the  Jardins  ar 
Ihe  open  ])art  of  the 
ince  more  sailed  alt 
jrovince  of  Ornofay, 

iili  fragrant  and  he 
land.  .Among  the  r 
fancied  he  could  pen 
|n;,r  from  the  smoke  of 

Here  Columbus  sou 

fthere  he  might  proci 

lo  V  his  crews  to  en  jo; 

if  the  land  ;  for  they 

:ii  emaciated   by  th 

'\\:i;(c.     For  nearly 

itrii(,rjr|ing  with  perpe 

Ian  1   siilft-ring    from 

(\moi)^'  these    uninh 

ihores,  their  su|)plies 

jrecaridus  and  at  wi 

Iresh  provisions  thus 

Inim  the  heat  and  hui 

Jthc  same  case  with  ai 

c^'tch,  so  that  thev  h; 

!"'»  their  daily  alio 

^vhich  was  reduced  I 

111(1  a  small  portion  o 

*  Humboldt  (in  his 
Itpeaks  of  the  fragrance 
Itxhales  from  this  same 
|fo  a  considerable  distan 


*  i. 


LIFE  AND   VOYAGES  OF  COLUMBUS. 


100 


tii/atiou  ot 


fconst,  lie  stood  to  the  south-east  on  the  13th  of 
luiie.'and  soon  came  in  sight  of  a  hiijre  ishind 
•ith'uKiuntains  rising  majestically  among  tnis 
■aiivrintii  of  little  keys.  To  this  he  gave  the  name 
bf  Kvaivehsta.  It  is  at  jiresent  known  as  the  Islam! 
bf  I'incs,  and   is  celebrated  for  its  excellent  ma- 

Here  he  anchored,  and  took  in  a  supply  of  wood 
Ld  water.  He  then  stood  to  the  south,  along  the 
fhores  uf  the  island,  hoping  by  uirning  its  south- 
ern extremity  to  find  an  open  route  eastward  for 
iispanioja,  and  intending,  on  his  way,  to  run 
lloiij;  tlie  southern  side  of  Jamaica.  He  had  not 
broceeded  far  before  he  came  to  what  he  supposed 
■0  he  aciiannel,  opening  to  the  south-east  between 
Rvaiijjeiista  and  some  o])posite  island.  After  en- 
Jeriiig  lor  some  distance,  however,  he  found  him- 
Iclf  inclosed  in  a  deep  bay,  being  the  Lagoon  of 
Biiruaiica,  wl.iih  penetrates  far  into  the  isl.md. 

Olwerving  dismay  i)ainted  on  the  faces  ot  his 
Irew  at  tinding  themselves  thus  land-locked  and 
Silniost  destitute  of  provisions,  Columbus  cheered 
fhem  with  encouraging  words,  and  resolved  to  ex- 
Iriiate  himself  from  this  ])erplexing  maze  by 
ftiraciiig  ills  course  along  Cuba.  Leaving  the 
I.Toon,  therefore,  he  returned  to  his  last  anclior- 
|n';|)liee,  and  set  sail  thence  on  the  25th  ot  June, 
lavijratiiig  back  through  the  groups  ot  islands  be- 
Iwci-n  Kvangelista  and  Cuba,  and  across  a  tr.ictof 
[he  White  .Sea,  which  had  so  much  appalled  his 
bcople.  Here  he  experienced  a  repetition  of  the 
finxicties,  perils,  and  toils  which  had  beset  him  in 
adv.ince  along  the  coast.  The  crews  were 
ilarmed  by  the  frequent  changes  in  liie  color  of 
llie  water,  sometimes  green,  sometimes  almost 
"black,  .It  other  times  as  white  as  milk  ;  at  one 
lime  thev  fancied  themselves  surrounded  by  rocl.s, 
\{  another  the  sea  appeared  to  l)e  a  vast  sand- 
bank. (In  the  30th  of  June  the  admiral's  ship  ran 
L'lound  with  such  violence  as  to  sustain  great  in- 
lun-.  luery  effort  to  extricate  her  by  seiuling  out 
jnchors  astern  was  ineffectual,  and  it  was  neces- 
S.iiv  to  drag  her  over  the  shoal  by  the  i>row.  At 
j|en},'th  thev  emerged  from  the  clusters  of  islands 
C.ilied  the  Jardins  and  Jardinelles,  and  came  to 
Ihe  open  ]);ut  of  the  coast  of  Cuba.  Here  they 
once  more  sailed  along  the  beautiful  and  fertile 
province  of  Ornofay,   and   were  again  delighted 

iih  fragrant  and  honeyed  airs  wafted  from  the 
lanil.  .Among  the  mingled  odors,  the  admiral 
lancied  he  could  perceive  that  of  storax  proceed- 
Jii;'  from  die  smoke  of  fires  bla/ingon  the  shores.  •'■■ 

Here  Columbus  sought  some  convenient  harbor 
kvhere  he  might  ])rocure  wood  and  water,  and  al- 
io v  his  crews  to  enjoy  repose  and  the  recreations 
bf  the  land  ;  for  they  were  exceedingly  enfeebled 
emaciated  by  the  toils  and  privations  of  the 
vnyaijf.  I'or  nearly  two  months  tiiey  had  been 
ktru},'}jling  with  perpetual  difficulties  and  ilangers. 
Bill  sulifring  from  a  scarcity  of  ])rovisions. 
\mon^'  these  uninhabited  keys  and  drowned 
iliurcs,  their  supi)lies  from  the  natives  had  been 
precarious  and  at  wide  intervals  ;  nor  could  the 
irtbh  provisions  thus  furnished  last  above  a  day, 
priim  the  heat  and  humidity  of  the  climate.  It  was 
he  same  case  with  any  fish  they  might  chance  to 
c.itch,  so  that  they  had  to  depend  almost  entirely 
iji'in  their  daily  allowance  of  ships'  ])rovisions, 
hvhich  was  reduced  to  a  |)ound  of  mouldy  bread 
Biul  a  small  portion  of  wine.     \Vith  joy,  therefore, 

Humboldt  (in  his  Essai  Polit.,  torn.  ii.  p.  24) 
itpeaks  of  the  fragrance  of  flowers  and  honey  whicfi 
l*xhalfs  from  this  same  coast,  and  wtiich  is  perceptible 
Ito  a  considerable  distance  at  sea. 


they  anchored  on  the  7th  of  July  in  the  mouth  of  a 
tine  river,  in  this  genial  and  abundant  region. 
The  cacitiue  of  the  neighborhood,  who  reigned 
over  an  extensive  territory,  received  the  admiral 
with  demonstrations  of  mingled  joy  and  rever- 
ence, and  his  subjects  came  laden  with  whatever 
their  country  afforded — utias,  birds  of  various 
kinds,  particularly  large  pigeons,  cassava  bread, 
and  fruits  of  a  rich  and  aromatic  flavor. 

It  was  a  custom  with  Columbus,  in  all  remark- 
able places  which  he  visited,  to  erect  crosses  in 
cons|)icuous  situations,  to  denote  the  discovery  of 
the  country,  and  its  subjugation  to  the  true  faith. 
He  ordered  a  large  cross  of  wood,  therefore,  to 
be  elevated  on  the  bank  of  this  river.  This  was 
done  on  a  Sunday  morning  with  great  ceremony, 
and  the  celebration  of  a  solemn  mass.  When  he 
disembarked  for  this  purpose,  he  w.is  met  uijoa 
the  shore  by  the  cacique  and  his  principal  favorite, 
a  venerable  Indian,  fourscore  years  of  age,  of 
grave  and  dignified  deiiortment.  The  old  man 
brought  a  string  of  beads,  of  a  kind  to  which  the 
Indians  attached  a  mystic  value,  and  a  calabash 
of  a  delicate  kind  of  fruit  ;  these  he  presented  to  the 
admiral  in  token  of  amity.  He  and  the  cacicjue 
then  each  took  him  by  the  hand  and  i)roceecled 
with  him  to  the  grove,  where  prep.iralions  had 
been  made  for  the  celebration  of  the  mass  ;  a 
multitude  of  the  natives  followed.  While  mass 
was  performing  in  this  natural  tem|)le,  the  Indians 
looked  on  with  awe  and  revcieiice,  jierceiving 
from  the  tones  and  gesticulations  ot  the  priest,  the 
lighted  tapers,  the  smoking  incense,  and  the  de- 
votion of  the  Spaniards,  that  it  must  be  a  cere- 
mony of  a  sacred  and  mysterious  nature.  When 
the  service  was  ended,  the  old  man  of  fourscore, 
who  had  contem|)lated  it  with  ])rolound  attention, 
approached  Columbus,  and  made  him  an  oration 
in  the  Indian  manner. 

"This  which  thou  hast  been  doing,"  said  he, 
"  is  well,  for  it  appears  to  be  thy  manner  of  giving 
thanks  to  (iod.  I  am  told  that  thou  hast  lately 
come  to  these  lands  with  a  mighty  force,  and 
subdued  many  countries,  s])reatliiig  great  fear 
among  the  people  ;  but  be  not,  therefore,  vain- 
glorious. Know  that,  according  to  our  belief,  the 
souls  of  men  have  two  journeys  to  perform  after 
they  have  departed  from  the  body.  One  to  a 
l)lace,  dismal,  and  foul,  and  covered  with  dark- 
ness, prepared  for  those  who  have  been  unjust 
and  cruel  to  their  fellow-men  ;  the  other  pleasant 
and  full  of  delight,  for  such  as  have  promoted 
peace  on  earth.  If,  then,  thou  art  mortal  and  dost 
ex]iect  to  die,  and  dost  believe  that  each  one  shall 
be  rewarded  according  to  his  deeds,  beware  that 
thou  wrongfully  hurt  no  man,  nor  do  harm  to 
those  who  have  done  no  harm  to  thee."  *  The 
admiral,  to  whom  this  speech  was  exjilained  by 
his  Lucayan  interpreter,  Diego  Colon,  was  greatly 
moved  by  the  sim)ile  eloquence  of  this  untutored 
savage.  He  told  him  in  reply  th.it  he  rejoiced  to 
hear  his  doctrine  resjiecting  the  future  state  of  the 
soul,  having  supposed  that  no  beliel  of  the  kind 
existed  among  the  inhabitants  of  these  countries. 
That  he  had  been  sent  among  ihcm  by  his  sover- 
eigns, to  teach  them  the  true  religion  ;  to  jirotect 
them  from  harm  and  injury  ;  and  (.'specially  to 
subdue  and  punish  their  enemies  and  |)ersecutors, 
the  cannibals.  That,  therefore,  all  innocent  and 
peaceable  men  might  look  up  to  him  with  confi- 
dence, as  an  assured  friend  and  protector. 


*  Herrera,   decad.    i.    lib.   xi.   cap.    14. 
Almirante,  cap.  57.     Peter  Martyr,  uecad. 
Cura  de  los  Palacios,  cap.  130. 


Hist, 
i.   lib. 


del 

ill. 


110 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGES   OF   COLUMRUS. 


till 


■  -1 

V 

■1 

,1 

■'i 

r.  i:  r 


The  old  man  was  overjoyed  at  these  words,  hut 
was  c(|i,ally  astonislicd  to  lu.irn  that  the  admiral, 
wliom  he  considered  so  jjreat  and  powerful,  was 
yet  hut  a  subject.  His  wonder  increased  wheri 
the  interpreter  told  him  of  the  riches,  and  splen- 
dor, and  ])owcr  of  tiie  Spanish  monarclis,  and  of 
the  wonderful  tiiinj^s  he  had  heheld  on  his  visit  to 
Spain.  Findin^r  liiinself  listened  to  with  eaj,fer 
curiosity  by  the  multitude,  the  interpreter  went  on 
to  descrii)e  the  objects  which  had  most  struck  his 
mind  in  tlie  cuiuitr)  of  the  white  men.  The  splen- 
did cities,  the  vast  churches,  the  troops  of  horse- 
men, the  f^reat  animals  of  various  kinds,  the 
pompous  festivals  and  tournaments  of  the  court, 
the  (riitlerin;;-  armies,  and,  above  all,  the  bull- 
fights. The  Indians  all  listened  in  mute  amaze- 
ment, but  the  old  man  was  ])articularly  excited. 
He  was  of  a  curious  and  wanderinjj  disposition, 
and  had  been  a  {^reat  voyajjfer,  having,  accordinjif 
to  his  account,  visited  Jamaica,  and  Mispaniola, 
and  the  remoti;  i)arts  of  Cuba.*  A  sudden  desire 
now  seized  him  to  behold  the  j,dorious  country 
thus  described,  and,  old  as  he  was,  he  offered  to 
embark  with  the  admiral.  His  wife  and  children, 
however,  beset  him  with  such  lamentations  and 
remonstrances,  tiiat  he  was  obliged  to  abandon 
the  intention,  thou;^h  he  did  it  with  jjfreat  reluc- 
tance, askin-^  rept'aiedly  if  the  land  they  s|)oke  of 
Were  not  heaven,  loi'  it  seemed  to  him  impossible 
that  earth  could  jjroduce  such  woiulerlul  beings. f 


CHAPTER   VI. 

COASTING    VOYAGE    ALONG    THE   SOUTH  SIDE  OF 
JAMAICA. 

[1494.] 

Coi.VMiu.'S  remained  for  several  days  at  anchor 
in  the  river,  to  which,  from  the  mass  ])erformed 
on  its  banks,  he  ^ave  the  name  of  Kio  de  la  .Misa. 
At  length,  on  the  16th  of  July,  he  took  leave  of  the 
friendlv  ca(i(|ue  and  his  ancient  counsellor,  who 
beheld  his  departure  with  sorrowful  countenances. 
He  took  a  younjj  Indian  with  him  from  this  jilace, 
whom  he  atti'rward  sent  to  the  .S]ianish  sover- 
eif^ns.  Leaving  to  the  left  the  ()ueen's  Csardens, 
he  steered  south  tor  the  broad  open  sea  and  deep 
blue  water,  until  haxinij;^  ;i  f  ree  navigation  he  could 
stand  eastward  lor  Hispaniola.  He  had  scarcely 
got  clear  of  the  islands,  however,  when  he  was 
assailed  by  furious  gusts  of  wind  and  rain,  which 
for  two  (lavs  pelted  his  crazy  vessels,  and  harassed 
his  enfeebled  crews.  At  length,  as  he  ajiproached 
Cajie  Cruz,  a  violent  squall  struck  the  ships,  and 
nearly  threw  them  on  their  beam  ends.  Fortu- 
nately they  were  alile  to  take  in  sail  immediately, 
and,  letting  go  their  largest  anchors,  rode  out  the 
transient  gale.  The  adiniral's  shi|)  was  so 
strained  bv  the  injuries  receivetl  among  the 
islands,  that  she  leaked  at  every  seam,  and  the  ut- 
most exertions  of  the  weary  crew  could  not  pre- 
vent the  water  from  gaining  on  her.  .At  length 
they  were  enabled  to  reach  Cape  Cruz,  where  they 
anchort-fl  on  the  18th  of  Jul),  and  remained  three 
days,  receiving  the  same  hospitable  succor  from 
the  nati\es  that  they  had  experienced  on  their  for- 
mer visit.  The  wind  continuing  contrary  for  the 
return  to  Hispaniola,  Columbus,  on  the  22d  Jidy, 
stood  across  tor  Jainaica,  to  complete  the  circum- 
navigation of  that  island.     For  nearly  a  month 

*  Hist,  del  Almirante,  cap.  57. 
f  Peter  Martyr,  dccad.  i.  lib.  iii. 


he  continued  beating  to  the    eastward   along 
southern   coast,    experiencing  just    such   variaVJ 
witidsand  e\ening  showers  as  had  |)revailed  alor.l 
the    shores    of    Cuba.       Every   evening    he   \\A 
t)l)ligcd  to  anchor  under  the  l.ind,  often  at  near;] 
the  same  place  whence  he  h.ul  sailed  in  the  mor- 
ing.     The  natives  no  longer  manifested  hostili;, 
but  followed   the  ships  in  their  canoes,  brin(,'i''| 
supplies  (jf  jirovisions.     Columbus  was  so  mu.; 
delighted  with  the  verdure,  freshness,  and  ferti;:;, 
of  this  noble  isl.ind,  that,  had  the  state  of  his  vcC| 
sels  and   crews   permitted,  he   would   gladly  li,v; 
remained  to  explore  the  interior.      He  spoke  v.;:: 
.idmiralion  of  its  frecjuent  and  excellent  harliurJ 
but   was   particularly   pleased   with   a  great  b,, 
containing  seven  islands,  and  surrounded  l)vr. 
merous  villages.*     Anchoring   here  one  eveiiii,|; 
he  w.is  visited  by  a  caci(|ue  who  resided  in  a  lar,(| 
village,  situated  on  an  eminence  of  the  hjfiiest  .ir-.f 
most  fertile  of  the  islands.     He   c.ime  altenilwl- | 
.1    luunerous    train,    bearing     refreshments,    a: 
manifested    great   curiosity  in    his   inciuiries  c, 
cerning  the  Spaniards,  their  ships,  and  the  rcijii 
whence  they  came.     The  admiral   made  his  cui.| 
tomary   reply,  setting  forth   the  great  power  ar. 
tlie  benign   intentions  of  the  Spanish  soverei^'r; 
The  Lucayan  interjjreter  .again  enlarged  upoiitril 
wonders  lie  had   beheld  in   S|)ain,  the  prowess 
the  Spaniards,  the  countries  they  had   visited  a:, 
subjugated,  and,  above  all,  their  having  niadct-.j 
scents  on   the   islands  of  the  Caribs,  roiued  tht." 
formidable    inhabitants,    and    carried    several 
them    into    cai)tivity.       To     these     accounts  ;: 
caci((ue  and   his  followers   remaine<l   listening ;:| 
jirotound  attention  until  the  night  was  advanced 

The  next  morning  the  ships  were  under  wayar.J 
standing  along  the  coast  with  a  light  wind  ar.:| 
easy  sail,  when  they  beheld  three  canoes  issiii- 
from  among  the  islands  of  the  bay.  They  ;i>l 
pro.iched  in  regular  order  ;  one,  which  was  vcrl 
large  and  handsomely  carved  and  ])ainied,  w.is:-.! 
the  centre,  a  little  in  advance  of  the  two  othtr-J 
which  apjieared  to  attend  and  guard  it. 

In  this  was  seated   the  cacicpie  and  his  fanii!;, 
coiisisting  of  his  wife,  two  daughters,  two  sor,< 
and    t"ive    brothers.      One   of   the   daughters  \v;;| 
eighteen  years  of  age,  beautiful  in  form  and  cir;; 
tenance  ;  her  sister  was  somewh.it  younger  ;  l)'::| 
were    naked,    according   to    the   cust(jm   of  tht-tf 
islands,    but  were  of  modest  demeanor.     In 
])row  of  the  canoe  stood   the  standard-beanr  :| 
the    cacique,    clad    in    a    mantle   of   variegatc;| 
,  feathers,  with   a  tuft  of  gay  plumes  on   his  Ilea; 
anil  bearing  in  his  hand  a  fluttering  white  ban;;  :| 
Two  Indians  with  caps  or  helmets  of  feathers  : 
uniform  sh;i])e  and  color,   and  their  faces  |)aiiv,:: 
in    a    similar    manner,    beat    upon    tabors ;  ia:! 
others,    with    hats   curiously    wrought    of    grce:l 
fe.ithers,  held  trumjiets  of  r.  fine  black  wood,  :'■[ 
geniously  carved  ;  there  were  six  others,  in  l.ir,:| 
hats  of  while  feathers,  who  appeared  to  be  ijuar:i 
to  the  cacieiue. 

Having  arrived  alongside  of  the  admiral's  sh:"| 
the  cacique  entered  on  board  with  all  his  tra:!.| 
He  appeared   in  full   regalia.     Arounil   his  heJ 
was  a  b.'ind  of  small  stones  of  various  colors, !'  1 
principally  green,   symmetrically  arranged,  "J 
large  while  stones  at  intervals,  and  connected 
front  by  a  large  jewel  of  gold.    Two  plates  of  },''> 
were  suspended  to  his  ears  by  rings  of  very  snu- 
green  stones.     To  a  necklace  of  white  beads,  o:i| 


|fOV.\GE  ALONG  THE  I 
AND   RETU 


*  From  the  description,  this  must  he  the  prcat  h| 
east  of  Portland  Point,  at  the  bottom  of  which  is  0!^ 
Harbor, 


■>A  I.. 


LIFE  AND   VOYAGES  OF  COLUMBUS. 


Ill 


\-nr(\  along  ;;; 
such   van.i;,; 
)ruv;iiU'il  alo-j 
-■nin^r    he   w«| 
olu-n  at  near;; 
:(1  in  the  mur, 
[I'stfd  lio-iiil]-, 
iiKiu's,  briiij;!''' 
was  so  niK; 
ss,  and  fcriii;:. 
tatL-  of  hiM  vt-. 
1<1  Kladlylw, 
I  Ic  spoke  V.;:.: 
:i'lieiU  harhup, 
>  a  jrreat  b.v,, 
ouiidtd  hyr,;. 
c  one  evenir, 
sided  in  a  lar. 
theidftiesi  ,i: 
nic  attended ' 
L'shnients,    a: 
in(|uiries  n. 
and  tile  re;;;. 
made  his  laf-l 
reat  |)o\verar,. 
isll   soverei;;::; 
ar^ed  upun  ■.:.: 
tile  prowess  ; 
lad   visited  a:. 
aviii^  made  (.'.■ 
I)S,  routed  ih;.: 
■icd    several  :: 
ae'counts  ;:; 
led    listeniiii,';:] 
was  advancol, 
■  under  way  ar,. 
lijrht  wind  ar.;| 
canoes  issiii-;- 
)ay.     They  d 
.vhieh  was  vcn 
jjainted,  was:-. 
the  two  otht.'i, 
d  it. 

and  his  fanii',;. 

ters,  two  sor.; 

laujjhters  \vj| 

)rm  and  co 

ounj;er  ;  1)'" 

t(jni   of  the>t| 

leanor.     In  i.'. 

idard-heartr; 

of   varieija:: 

on   his  ht-. 

wiiite  ban;;.: 

of  feathers .: 

faces  |)aiir.:. 

tabors ;  t.i; 

,rlit    of    grrt: 

ack  wood, :'. 

thers,  in  l.ir; 

d  to  be  gu,ir:i 

:idmirars  sli:! 
all  his  tra:r 
unti  his  hi- 
)us  colors, ''  ■ 
rran;^ed,  w - 
ronnecti'd  ' 
plates  of },''  > 
;  of  very  snu- 
ite  lieads,  cli 

e  the  great  h: 
of  which  is  0. 


;jn(i  deemed  precious  by  them,  was  suspended  a 
iP'e  plate,  in  the  form  of  a  tleur-dedis,  u\  ^u.uiin, 
inmferior  species  of  jjohl  ;  and  a  jrirdle  of  varie- 
rtteil  sl'ines,  similar  to  those  round  his  head, 
L„|ilfiel  liis  rejjai  decorations.  Mis  wife  was 
jdorned  in  a  siniihir  manner,  havinj;  also  a  very 
iniall  apron  of  cotton,  and  bands  of  the  same 
lunil  her  arms  and  lejfs.  The  dauj,diters  were 
nthouKHiianients,  exceptinjj  the  eldest  and  hand- 
.—ymest,  who  hatl  a  fjirille  of  small  stones,  from 
^■hieh  w.is  suspended  a  tablet,  the  size  of  an  ivy 
e.it,  composed  of  various  colored  stones,  embroi- 
icred  on  network  of  cotton. 

When  the  caci(|ue  entered  on  board  the  shi,), 
le  distributed  jjresents  of  the  productions  of  his 
land  amoMjf  the  officers  and  men.  The  admiral 
■as  at  this  time  in  his  cabin,  enj^aj^ed  in  his 
norning  devotions.  When  he  appeared  on  deck, 
It' ihieti.iin  hastened  to  meet  him  with  an  ani- 
„:Utd  countenance.  "  My  friend,"  said  he,  "  I 
lavc  determined  to  leave  my  country,  and  to  ac- 
:nni|)anv  thee.  I  have  heard  from  these  indi.ms 
areWith  thee  of  the  irresistible  power  of  thy 
loverei),nis,  and  of  the  many  nations  thou  hast 
iu'j.lued  in  their  name.  Whoever  refuses  (diedi- 
ipce  to  thee  is  sure  to  suffer.  Thou  hast  destroyed 
Iht?  canoes  and  dwellinfrs  of  the  Caribs,  slayinj^ 
[heir  warriors,  and  carryinjif  into  cajnivity  their 
ivcs  and  children.  All  the  islands  are  in  dread 
tliee  ;  for  who  can  withstand  thee  now  that  thou 
[li'iuest  tlie  secrets  of  the  land,  and  the  we.ikness 
tlie  people.  Rather,  therefore,  than  thou 
ihojldst  take  away  my  tlominions,  I  will  emb.irk 
,,th  all  my  household  in  thy  ships,  and  will  ^n)  to 
lo  homai^e  to  thy  kinff  ar.tl  cpieen,  and  to  behold 
Ihcir  country,  of  which  thy  Indians  relate  such 
onders."  When  this  speech  was  explained  to 
t'oiunihus,  and  he  liehekl  the  wife,  the  sons  and 
laughters  of  the  cacique,  and  thouirht  U]ion  the 
mares  to  which  their  ijjnorance  and  simplicity 
•oukl  he  e\|)osed,  he  was  touched  with  comi)as- 
lion,  and  determined  not  to  take  them  from  their 
.live  huul.  lie  re|)lied  to  the  cacitiue,  therefore, 
Ihat  he  received  him  under  his  protection  as  a 
rassal  of  his  sovereijjns,  but  havini^  many  laiuls 
:et  to  visit  before  he  returned  to  his  country,  he 
■oukl  at  some  future  time  fulfil  his  desire.  Then 
[aking  le.ne  with  many  expressions  of  amity,  the 
."icitiue,  with  his  wife  and  daujrhters,  and  all  his 
etinue,  re-embarked  in  the  canoes,  returning  re- 
u:tantly  to  their  island,  and  the  ships  continued 
in  ihuir  course.* 


CHAPTER  Vir. 

■OV.\GE  .\I.O\G  THE  SOUTH  SIDE  OF  HISP.\XIOL.\, 
.\ND   RETURN  TO  IS.VBELLA. 

['494-] 

Ox  the  19th  of  August  Columbus  lost  sight  of 
he  eastern  extremity  of  Jamaica,  to  which  he 
:ive  the  name  of  Cape  Farol,  at  present  called 
jiat  Morant.  Steering  eastward,  he  beheld,  on 
he  following  day,  that  long  peninsula  of  Hispan- 

*  Hitherto,  in  narrating  the  voyage  of  Columbus 
long  the  coast  of  Cuba,  I  have  been  guided  princi- 
ally  by  the  manuscript  history  of  the  curate  de  los 
'alacios.  His  account  is  the  most  clear  and  satisfac- 
ory  as  to  names,  dates,  and  routes,  and  contains 
BJny  characteristic  pai'tlculars  not  inserted  in  any 
iiticr  history.  His  sources  of  information  were  of  the 
'iighest  kind.  Columbus  was  his  guest  after  his  re- 
nin to  Spain  in  1496,  and  left  with  him  manuscripts, 


iol.i,  known  by  the  name  of  Cape  Tiburon,  but  to 
which  he  gave  the  name  ot  Cape  San  Miguel.  He? 
w.is  not  aware  that  it  was  a  p.irt  ot  the  island  of 
H.'iyti,  until,  coasting  along  its  southern  side,  a 
caciiiue  cameoff  on  the  23d  of  .\ugust,  and  called 
him  by  his  title,  addressing  him  with  several 
words  of  Castilian.  The  sound  ot  these  words 
spread  joy  through  the  ship,  and  the  weary  sea- 
men heard  with  delight  that  they  were  on  the 
southern  coast  of  Hispaniola.  They  had  still, 
however,  many  toilsome  days  before  iheni.  'I  he 
weather  w.is  boisterous,  the  wind  contrary  and 
cai)ricious,  and  the  ships  were  separated  from 
each  other.  .About  the  end  oi  .August  C(jlumbus 
anchorecl  at  a  small  island,  or  ratiier  rock,  which 
rises  singly  out  of  the  sea  opjjosite  to  a  long  cape, 
stretching  southw.ird  from  the  centre  of  the 
island,  to  which  he  gave  the  name  (d  Cape  lieata. 
The  rock  at  which  he  anchored  had  ihe  a|)pear- 
.mce,  at  a  distance,  of  a  tall  shi|)  under  sail,  from 
which  circumstance  the  admir.il  called  it  "  Alto 
Velo."  Several  seamen  were  ordered  to  climb  to 
the  top  of  the  island,  wdiich  coimn.inded  a  great 
extent  of  ocean,  and  to  look  out  for  the  other 
ships.  Nothing  of  them  was  to  \k:  seen.  On 
their  return  the  sailors  killed  eight  se.i-wolves, 
which  were  sleeping  on  the  sands  ;  they  also 
knocked  down  many  pigeons  and  other  birds  with 
sticks,  and  took  others  with  the  hand  ;  lor  in  this 
untre(|uented  isl.md,  the  animah,  seemed  to  have 
none  of  that  wildness  and  timidity  jjroduced  by 
the  hostility  of  man. 

Ik'ing  rejoined  by  the  two  caravels,  he  contin- 
ued along  the  coast,  passing  the  beautiful  country 
watered  by  the  br.mches  of  the  -Neyv.i,  where  a 
fertile  plain,  covered  with  villages  and  gnjves, 
extended  into  the  interior.  After  |)roceeding 
some  distance  farther  to  the  east,  the  .admiral 
learnt  from  the  natives  who  came  off  to  the  ships 
that  several  S|)aniards  from  the  settlement  had 
lienetrated  to  their  province.  From  all  that  he 
could  learn  from  these  ])eople,  everything  appear- 
ed to  be  going  on  well  in  the  island,  luicouraged 
by  the  trantjuillity  of  the  interior,  he  landed  nine 
men  here,  with  orders  to  traverse  the  island,  and 
give  tidings  of  his  safe  arrival  on  the  coast. 

Continuing  to  the  eastward,  he  sent  a  boat  on 
shore  for  water  near  a  large  village  in  a  plain. 
The  inhabitants  issued  forth  with  bows  and  ar- 
rows to  give  battle,  while  others  were  jirovided 
with  cords  to  bind  prisoners.  These  were  the 
natives  of  Higuey,  the  eastern  |)ro\ince  of  Hisjian- 
iola.  They  were  the  most  warlilie  peo|)le  of  the 
island,  having  been  inured  to  arms  from  the  fre- 
(|uent  descent  of  the  Caribs.  They  were  said  also 
to  make  use  of  poisoned  arrows.  In  the  ])resent 
instance,  their  hostility  was  but  in  appearance. 
When  the  crew  landed,  they  threw  by  their  weap- 
ons, and  brought  various  articles  of  food,  and 
asked  for  the  admiral,  wli(;.;e  tame  had  spread 
throughout  the  island,  and  in  whose  justice  and 
magnanimity  all  a])peared  to  repose  confidence. 
.After  leaving  this  jilace,  the  weather,  which  had 
been  so  long  variable  and  adverse,  assumed  a 
threatening  appearance.     A  huge  fish,  as  large  as 


journals,  and  memorandums  ;  from  these  he  made 
extracts,  collating  them  with  the  letters  of  Doctor 
Chanca,  and  other  persons  of  note  who  had  accompa- 
nied  the  admiral. 

I  have  examined  two  copies  of  the  MS.  of  the  curate 
de  los  Palacios,  both  in  the  possession  of  O.  Rich, 
Esq.  One  written  in  an  ancient  handwriting,  in  the 
early  part  of  the  sixteenth  century,  varies  from  the 
other,  but  only  in  a  few  trivial  particulars. 


113 


LIFE  AND  VOYAGES   OF   COLUMBUS. 


\l 


iim 


Mir"- 


a  moderate-sized  whale,  raised  itself  out  of  the 
water  one  day,  havintj  a  shell  on  its  neck  like  that 
ot  a  t(jrtoise,  two  ^jreat  tins  like  winjjs,  and  a  tail 
like  that  ot  a  tunny  lish.  At  sijjht  ot  this  tlsh  and 
at  the  indications  ol  the  clouds  and  sky,  Coluni- 
l)us  anticipated  an  approachin^r  storm,  and  souj,dU 
for  some  secure  harbor.*  fie  found  a  channcd 
openin^r  between  llispaniola  and  a  small  island, 
called  by  the  Indians  Adamaney,  but  to  which  he 
j^ave  the  name  ol  Saona  ;  here  he  took  retuj^e, 
anchorinj,'  beside  a  key  or  islet  in  the  midtlle  ot 
the  channel.  On  the  niyht  ot  his  arrival  there  was 
an  eclipse  ot  tin;  moon,  and  takinj^an  observation, 
he  found  the  dilfen-nce  of  loii^jilude  between 
Saona  and  Cadiz  to  be  live  hours  and  iwfnty-threc 
minutes. t  'f'his  is  upward  of  eijjhteen  dej^rees 
more  than  the  true  longitude  ;  an  error  which 
must  have  resulted  from  tlie  incorrectness  of  his 
table  of  eclipses.]; 

For  eijrhi  days  the  admiral's  ship  remained 
weather-bound  in  this  channel,  durinjj  which  lime 
he  suffered  great  anxiety  for  the  fate  ot  the  other 
vessels,  which  remained  at  sea,  exjiosed  to  the 
violence  of  the  storm.  They  escaped,  however, 
uninjured,  and  once  more  rejoined  him  when  the 
weather  had  moderated. 

Leavintf  th(;  channel  of  Saona,  they  reached,  on 
tiie  24th  of  .September,  the  eastern  e.xtremity  of 
Hispaniola,  to  which  Columbus  jjave  the  name  of 
Cape  San  Kafael,  at  present  known  as  Cape  I'-nya- 
fio.  Hence  they  stood  to  the  south-east,  touchinj^ 
at  the  island  ot  .\Iona,  or,  as  the  Indians  called  it, 
Amona,  situated  between  I'orto  Rico  and  Hispan- 
iola. It  was  the  intention  of  Columbus,  notwith- 
standinj^  the  condition  of  the  ships,  to  continue 
farther  eastward,  and  to  com|)lete  the  discovery  ot 
the  Caribbee  Islands,  but  his  physical  strength  did 


*  Herrcra,   Hist.    Itid. 
Hist,  del  Almirante,  cap 
f  Ilerrera,  ubi  su| 


decad.   i.   lib.  ii.  cap.    15. 
5<J- 


, ,  .    Hist.  Almirante,  ubi  sup. 

i  Five  hours  twenty- five  minutes  are  equal  to 
45  ;  whereas  the  true  longitude  of  Saona  is  62^ 
west  of  Cadiz. 


80' 
20' 


not  correspond  to  the  efforts  of  his  lofty  spin' 
The   extraordinary  fatigues,    both   of   mind  ,, 
body,  during  an  anxious  and  harassing  voyaK^ 
live  months,  h.ul  preyed  upon  his  frame.     Her, 
shared  in  all  the  hardships  and  privations  ol: 
commonest  seaman.   He  had  put  himsclt  upDir, 
same   scanty  allowance,    and   exposed   hiihst,; 
the  same  buffetlngsof  wind  and  weather.     Ilm 
had  other  cares  and   trials  from  which  hi-,  \)w, 
were  exempt.     When  the  sailor,   worn  mit  «. 
the  labors  ot  his  watch,  slept  soundly   amid 
howling   of   the   st(jrm,    the   anxious    connnaiii 
maintained  his  painful  vigil,  through  long  .sjef: 
less  nights,  amid  the  pelting  of  the  tempest  ,r 
the  drenching  surges  of  the  sea.      ihe  salctv 
his  ships  deiJiMided   U|)on  his  watchtulncss  ;  I/.; 
al)ove  all,  he  felt  that  a  jealous  nation  and  ■.m-, 
peeling  workl  were  anxiously  awaiting  the  rc>. 
of  his  enterprise.      During    a  great   i)arl  ol  ;:i 
l)resent  voyage    he  had  been  excited   bythecf 
slant  hope  of  soon  arriving  at  the  known  jiaiij 
India,   and    by   the  anticipation   of  ;i  triiiniph.i: 
return  to  Spain,   through  the  regions  of  the  I'.a;; 
after  circumnavigating  the  globe.     When  di; 
|)ointed  in  these  exjiectations  he   was  yet  stiir. 
lated  by  a  contlicl   with  incessant   h.irdsliips  ,i- 
jierils,  as  he  made  his  way  back  against  contra' 
winds  and  storms.     The  moment  he  was  relie\r 
from  all  solicitude,  and  beheld  himself  in  a  kiiui 
and  tran(|uil  sea,  the  excitement  suddenly  ccait^ 
and  minil  and  body  sank  exhausted  by  almost >•• 
perhuman  exertions.     The  very  day  on  which ttl 
sailed  from  Mona   he  was  struck  with  a  suddd 
malaily,  w  hich  de])rived  him  of  memory,  o(  sighJ 
anil  all  his  faculties.    He  fell  into  a  deep  lelhar^ 
reseinbling  tiealh   itself.     His  crew,   alarnu-d 
this  profound  torpor,  feared  that  death  was  rca! 
at  hand.     They  abandoned,  theretore,  all  furtljti 
])rosecution  of    the  voyage,  anil    sjjreading  the.:j 
sails  to  the  east  wind  so  prevalent  in  those  scad 
bore  Columbus  back,  in  a  state  of  com|)lete  instr. 
sibililv,  to  the  harbor  of  Isabella. 


*  Mui'ioz,  Hist.  N.  Mundo,  lib.  v.  sec.  22. 


BOOK  VIII. 


CHAPTER   I. 


ARRIV.M,  OF  THK  .ADMIRAL   AT  ISADF.I.LA— CHAR- 
ACTER  OV   BARTHOLOMEW  COLUMbUS. 

[t494.     Sept.  4.] 

The  sight  of  the  little  squadron  of  Columlius 
standing  once  more  into  the  harbor  was  hailed 
with  joy  by  such  ot  the  inhabitants  of  Isabella  as 
remained  faithful  to  him.  The  long  time  that  had 
elapsed  since  his  departure  on  this  adventurous 
voyage,  without  any  tidings  arriving  from  him, 
had  given  rise  to  the  most  serious  appveheiisions 
for  his  safety  ;  and  it  began  to  be  feared  that  he 
had  fallen  a  victim  to  his  enterprising  spirit  in 
some  remote  part  of  these  unknown  seas. 

A  )oyful  and  heartfelt  surprise  awaited  the  ad- 
miral on  his  arrival,  in  finding  at  his  bedside  his 
lirother  Hartholomow,  the  companion  of  his  youth, 
his  confidential  coadjutor,  and  in  a  manner  his 
second  self,  from  whom  he  had  been  separated  for 
several  years.     It  will  be  recollected  that,  about 


the  lime  of  the  admiral's  departure  from  Pnrluga!. 
he  had  commissioned   Harlholomew  to   repair.: 
Kngland,  and  propose  his  project  of  discovery 
King  Henry  \'1I.     Of  this  application  to  the  l> 
lish  crurl  no  precise  iiariiculars  are  known.    I'l 
nando   Columbus   stales   thai   his    uncle,    in  t'i 
course  of  his  voyage,  was  captured  and  |)luiuler; 
by  a  corsair,  and  reduced  to  such  poverty,  tliatb 
had  for  a  long  lime  to  struggle  for  a  mere  suhsi!: 
ence    by  making  sea-charts  ;    so  that  some  yea: 
elapsed  before  he  made  his  application  to  the  IX- 
lish  monarch.     Las  Casas  thinks  that  he  did  n 
immediately  proceed  to  I-'.ngland,  having  loinid 
memorandum    in    his   handwriting,    by  which  : 
would  appear  that  he  accompanied  Bartholome'i 
Diaz   in    i486,  in    his   voyage   along  the  cna.sto 
Africa,  in  the  service  of  the  King  of  Fortufjal, ! 
the  course  of  which  voyage  was  discovered  tk 
Cape  of  Good  Hope.* 


•  Tlie  memorandum  cited  by  Las  Casas  (Hist.  Ind 


It  is  but  justir 
lav  that  when  tin 
o'liim   it   met 
roni  any  other  s( 
uallvm'ade  with 
.f  the  enterprise, 
n  search  of  his 
irst  recei\ed   the 
nvpry  w.is  aire; 
■etnriu'il  to  Spai 
he  .S|)aiiish   cou 
liiri'ssed  by  the 
)lc     The  glory 
ipon  his  fatuily, 
inimi'diately  a 
nticcd    by   the 
ivho,  iMulerstand 
ished  him  with 
xpenses    of    his 
cville  just  .IS  his 
nd  voyage.     Bar 
;o  the  court,  then 
is  two  nc|)liews. 


lib.  i.  cap.  7)  is  cui 

y»  thru  he   founi 

liristopher  Columl 
le  Aliaco.     It  was 
n  the  form  of  the 
;holomew  Columbu 
lasas,  as  he  had  mi 

he  memorandum  v 
nd  Spanish,  and  to 

In  the  year  14SS 
lartholomew  Diaz, 
he  King  of  I'ortuf 
rought  accounts  th 
leagues  of  territory 
lOUth  and  one  bun 
amed  by  him  the  C 
;he  astrolabe  he  four 
quinoctial  line.  Tf 
irom  Lisbun  ;  the  w 
loivn,  league  by  leaf 
lentcd   by   h:n.     to 

hich,  adds  the  wri 
libus  interfui). 

Las  Casas  express 
rrote  this  note  for 
rother,  but  infers  t 
pedition.  The  infer 
to  Harthoiomew.  bu 
tied,  was  at  the  Span 

Las  Casas  account 
;he  foregoing  memoi 
voyage  ;  the  former 
year  '3S,  the  latter  'I 
because  some  begin  I 
c'.hersat  the  first  of  Ji 
about  the  end  of  Au> 
her,  'S;,  after  an  abs 

No  I  r..— Since  put 
wrk,  the  author  b( 
searches  in  the  Bil) 
Ksen  by  Fernando  ( 
t;iy.  he  came  accidei 
copy  of  the  work  of 
to  be  the  same  by  fi 
ilum  written  on  the 
lae  tract  called  "  Ii 
Me  in  folio,  bouni 
sfier  the  invention  ol 
i:  Latin  of  astronoi 
01  Pedro  (or  Peter) 
Iray  and  Cardinal,  i 
Psdro  de  Aliaco  was 
to  some,  in  1416,  at 
*K  the  author  ol  d 


IlLw 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGES  OF  COLUMBL'S. 


113 


his  lofty  spin: 
;h  of  niiiid  ,-,: 
assinjr  voyji^r^ 

lr;imc.     Ikr. 

privation-,  i,|'i- 
liimsflt  uiMjii;: 
|)()sc(l   hiiustli: 
-vi-alluT.     liui 
wliicii  his  |K-i,[,, 
,   worn  (Hit  M 
(undiy  amid  :■, 
loiis   comni,-iiv;: 

)Ugll    lolij;   .sli-;, 

llic  tcnipL'sta 
,.     'I'liu  salciy 
Uclitulncss  ;  I,. 
latioii  anil  ;iii- 
vaitinj;  llu:  ii-. 
;rcat   pail  ol  •,;: 
cited   hy  tiic  tt- 
e  known  pans 
of  a  triniiiph,'. 
jions  of  tile  r,;i 

u.       WJH'n  (lis,; 
:   was   yet  sliiT.r 
It   lianLships  ,i 
aj^ainsl  I'oiurj' 
t  liL'  was  r(.'lie\r.| 
nisclf  in  a  kntivl 
suddenly  cuax: 
ted  hy  ainiosi  s, 

day  on  which  rJ 
:k  witli  a  suddt: 
nemory,  of  s\m 
>  a  dcup  jfthiuj^ 
rcw,   alarmed  i;| 

death  was  rca 
eioi'e,  all  tunti 
sjjreadin^'  llid 
it  in  those  stsil 
complete  insd 


,1,.  'I'he  jflory 
ipon  his  family, 
nimi'dialely  a  | 
KiticiMl   hy  the 


r.  sec.  22. 


from  Poriugi'- 

ew  to  repair;:! 

of  discnvery'.j 

ion  to  the  Kr; 

e  known.    Yo 

uncle,    ill  I'l 

an<l  pluiulcre: 

poverty,  ih.ni  ^ 

a  mere  siihsis: 

that  some  yea 

tionlo  the  V.'\ 

that  he  did  n 
having  foiinil 
by  whicii 
d   Bartholomew 
r\jr  the  co.ist 

of  Foi-ti:;,Ml. 

discovered  till 


-asas(Hist.  Ind 


It  is  hilt  justice  to  the  memory  of  Henry  VII.  to 
av  that  when  the  proposition  was  eventually  made 
0  him  it  met  with  a  more  ready  attention  than 
rom  aiiv  other  soverei^jn.  An  agreement  was  ac- 
luiillv  made  with  Hartholomew  tor  the  prosecution 
if  the  enterprise,  and  the  latter  departed  for  .Spain 
In  search  of  his  brother.  On  reaching  I'aris,  he 
rsl  received  the  joyful  intelligence  that  the  dis- 
overv  was  aln^ady  made  ;  that  his  brother  had 
turned  to  .Spain  in  triumph,  and  was  actually  at 
he  Sjianish  court,  honored  by  the  sovereigns, 
aressed  by  the  nobility,  and  idolized  by  the  peo- 
of  Columbus  .already  shed  its  rays 
and  Hartholomew  found  himself 
lerson  of  importance.  He  was 
French  monarch,  Charles  VIH., 
jvho,  iHulerstanding  that  he  was  low  in  purse,  fur- 
nished him  with  one  hundred  crowns  to  defray  the 
txpeiises  of  his  journey  to  Spain.  He  reached 
Seville  just  as  his  brother  had  departed  on  his  sec- 
)iul  voyage.  Hartholomew  immediately  repaired 
lo  the  court,  then  at  Valladolid,  taking  with  him 
lis  two  lupliews,  Diego  and  Fernando,  who  were 

lib.  i.  cap.  7)  is  curious,  though  not  conclusive.  He 
jay»  that  he   found   it  in   an  old   tjook  belonginR  to 

liristopher  Columbus,  containing  the  works  of  Pedro 
lie  Aliaco.     It  was  written  in  the  margin  of  a  treatise 

n  the  form  of  the  globe,  in  the  handwriting  of  Har- 
holomew  Columbus,   which  was  well  known  to  Las 

!asas,  as  he  had  many  of  his  letters  in  his  possession. 

he  memorandum  was  in  a  barbarous  mixture  of  Latin 
,nJ  Spanish,  and  to  the  following  effect ; 

In  the  year   14SS,  in  December,  arrived  at  Lisbon 

lartholomcw  Diaz,  captain  of  three  caravels,  which 
;he  King  of   Portugal   sent   to   discover  Guinea,  and 

rouKht  accounts  that  he  had  discovered  six  hundred 
leagues  of  territory,  four  hundred  and  fifty  to  the 
iouth  and  one  hundred  and    fifty   north,  to  a  cape, 

amed  by  him  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  ;  and  that  by 
;he  astrolabe  he  found  the  cape  45  degrees  beyond  the 

quinoctial  line.  This  cape  was  3100  leagues  distant 
Irom  Lisbon  ;  the  which  the  said  captain  says  he  set 
down,  league  by  league,  in  a  chart  of  navigation  pre- 
sented by  h:n.  to  the  King  of  Portugal  ;  in  all 
which,  adds  the  writer,  I  was  present  (in  quibus  om- 
nibus interfui). 

Las  Casas  expresses  a  doubt  whether  Bartholomew 
wrote  this  note  for  himself  or  on  the  part  of  his 
Ibrother,  but  infers  that  one,  or  both,  were  in  this  ex- 
pedition. The  inference  may  be  correct  with  respect 
to  Hartholomew.  but  Christopher,  at  the  time  speci- 
fied, was  at  the  Spanish  court. 

Las  Casas  accounts  for  a  difference  in  date  between 
;he  foregoing  memorandum  and  the  chronicles  of  the 
[voyage  ;  the  former  making  the  return  of  Diaz  in  the 

ear  '3S,  the  latter  '87.  This,  he  observes,  might  be 
because  some  begin  to  count  the  year  after  Christmas, 
:c',hi:rs  at  the  first  of  January  ;  and  the  expedition  sailed 
wout  the  end  of  August,  "86,  and  returned  in  Deceni- 
[icr,  'S;,  after  an  absence  of  seventeen  months. 

So ir..— Since  publishing  the  first  edition  of  this 
Iwrk,  the  author  being  in  Seville,  and  making  re- 
|t!arches  in  the  Bil)liotheca  Columbina,  the  library 
giien  by  Fernando  Columbus  to  the  cathedral  of  that 

:ly,  he  came  accidentally  upon  the  above-mentioned 

opy  of  the  work  of  Pedro  Aliaco.  He  ascertained  it 
|lo  be  the  same  by  finding  the  above-cited  memoran- 
jdum  written  on  the  margin,  at  the  eighth  chapter  of 
tiis  tract  called  "  Imago  Mundi."  It  is  an  old  vol- 
IMe  in  folio,   bound  in  parchment,   published  soon 

'terthe  invention  of  printing,  containing  a  collection 

:  Latin  of  astrononncal  and  cosmographical  tracts 
i"!  Pedro  (or  Peter)  de  Aliaco,  Archbishop  of  Cam- 
bay  and  Cardinal,  and  of  his  disciple,  Jofin  Gerson. 
Pedro  de  Aliaco  was  born  in  1340,  and  died,  according 
jt»  some,  in  1416,  according  to  others  in  1425.  He 
*as  the  author  oi  many  works,  and  one  of  the  most 


to  serve  in  quality  of  pages  to  Prince  Juan.*  He 
was  received  with  distinguished  favor  by  the  sov- 
ereigns ;  who,  finding  hiin  to  be  an  able  and  ac- 
complished navigator,  gave  bim  the  command  u{ 
three  ships  freighted  v  :h  supplies  tor  the  colony, 
and  sent  him  to  aid  his  brother  in  his  enterprises. 
He  had  again  arrived  too  l.ate  ;  reaching  Is.ibell.i 
just  after  the  departure  of  the  admiral  tor  the  cu.ist 
of  Cuba. 

The  sight  of  this  brother  was  an  inexpressible 
relief  to  Columbus,  overwiudmed  as  he  was  by 
cares,  and  surrounded  by  strangers.  His  chief 
dependence  tor  symjiathy  and  assist.i  ice  had  hith- 
erto been  on  his  brother  Don  Diego  ;  but  his  mild 
and  peaceable  disposition  renderc  I  him  little  ca- 
pable of  managing  the  concerns  of  ;i  factious 
colony.  Bartholomew  was  of  aililfereiit  and  more 
efficient  character.  He  w;is  prompt,  active,  de- 
cided, and  of  a  fearless  spirit  ;  whatever  he  deter- 
mined, he  carried  into  instant  exeiuiion,  without 
regard  to  difficulty  or  danger.  His  person  corre- 
s|)oiided  to  his  mind  ;  it  wast.ill,  muscular,  vigor- 
ous, and  commanding.  He  had  an  air  of  great 
authority,  but  somewhat  stern,  w.mting  that 
sweetness  and  benignity  which  tempered  the  au- 
thoritative demeanor  of  tluf  admiral.  Indeeef, 
there  was  a  certain  asperity  in  his  temper,  and  a 
dryness  and  abruptness  in  his  ni.mners,  which 
made  him  many  enemies  ;  yvA.  notwithstanding 
these  external  defects,  he  was  oi  a  generous  dis- 
position, free  from  all  arrogance  or  malevolence, 
and  as  ])lacal)le  as  he  was  brave. 

He  was  a  thorough  seam.in,  understanding  both 
the  theory  and  jiractice  of  his  ])rotessi()n  ;  having 
been  formed,  in  a  great  measure,  under  the  eye  of 
the  admiral,  and  being  but  little  interior  to  him  in 
science.  He  was  sui)erior  to  him  in  the  exercise 
of  the  pen,  according  to  Las  Casas,  who  had  let- 
learned  and  scientific  men  of  his  day.  Las  Casas  is 
of  opinion  that  his  writings  had  more  effect  in  stimu- 
lating Columbus  to  his  enterprise  than  those  of  any 
other  author.  "  His  work  was  so  familiar  to  Colum- 
bus, that  he  had  filled  its  whole  margin  with  Latin 
notes  in  his  handwriting  ;  citing  many  things  which 
he  had  read  and  gathered  elsewhere.  This  book, 
which  was  very  old,"  continues  Las  Casas,  "  I  had 
many  times  in  my  hands  ;  and  I  drew  some  things 
from  it,  written  in  Latin  by  the  said  admiral,  Christo- 
pher Columbus,  to  verify  certain  points  appertaining 
to  his  history,  of  which  I  before  was  in  doubt." 
(Hist.  Ind.,  lib.  i.  cap.  1 1.) 

It  was  a  great  satisfaction  to  the  author,  therefore, 
to  discover  this  identical  volume,  this  I'lii/,'  Mi\um  of 
Columbus,  in  a  state  of  good  preservation.     [It  is  in 

the  cathedral  library,  Y. Ci,  Tab.  17S,  No.  21. J  The 

notes  and  citations  mentioned  by  Las  Casas  are  in 
Latin,  with  many  abbreviations,  written  in  a  very 
small,  but  neat  and  distinct  hand,  and  run  throughout 
the  volume  ;  calling  attention  to  the  most  striking  pas- 
sages, or  to  those  which  bear  most  upon  the  theories 
of  Columbus  ;  occasionally  containing  brief  comments 
or  citing  the  opinions  of  other  authors,  ancient  and 
modern,  either  in  support  or  contradiction  of  the  text. 
The  memorandum  particularly  cited  by  Las  Casas, 
mentioning  the  voyage  of  Hartholomew  Diaz  to  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope,  is  to  disprove  an  opinion  in  the 
text,  that  the  torrid  zone  was  uninhabitable.  This 
volume  is  a  most  curious  and  interesting  document, 
the  only  one  that  remains  of  Columbus  prior  to  his 
discovery.  It  illustrates  his  researches  and  in  a  man- 
ner the  current  of  his  thoughts,  while  as  yet  his  great 
enterprise  existed  but  in  idea,  and  while  he  was  seek- 
ing means  to  convince  the  world  of  its  practicability. 
It  will  be  found  also  to  contain  the  grounds  of  many 
of  his  opinions  and  speculations  on  a  variety  of  sut>« 
jects. 

*  Hist,  del  Alrairante,  cap.  60. 


114 


LII-K  AND   VOYAGES   OF  COLUMBL'S. 


m 


tcr?  and  maniiscrijjts  of  both  in  his  possession, 
lie  was  a((|uaiiiti'((  with  Latin,  i)ut  does  not  ap- 
pear to  ha\<'  l)ccn  liiKlily  educated  ;  his  knowi- 
edj{e,  iiki;  tiiat  ol  ids  liroiner,  i)einjf(-ldedy  derived 
from  a  lonj;  loiirseoi  varied  experience  and  atten- 
tive ohservation.  I!(|iially  vi(rorous  an(f  peiielrat- 
inj;-  in  intellect  witli  tlie  adniiral,  l)Ul  less  enttnisi- 
astic  in  spirit  and  soarinj,'  in  iniaj^ination,  an<l 
with  le^is  siniplicily  ot  iieart,  lie  surpassed  him  in 
tile  subtle  and  adroit  mana^(ement  of  business, 
was  more  attentive  to  his  inierests,  and  had  more 
ot  that  worldly  wisdom  which  is  so  im|)ortant  in 
the  ordinary  concerns  of  life.  His  {genius  mijjLr 
never  i)a\-e  enkindled  him  to  the  sublime  specula- 
tion which  ended  in  the  iliscovery  of  a  world,  but 
Ids  practical  saj;acity  was  calculated  to  turn  that 
tliscovery  to  advantaijc.  Such  is  the  description 
of  llartliolomew  Columbus,  as  furnished  by  the 
vener.ible  I„is  Casas  Irom  jjersonal  oliserv.ition  ;* 
and  it  will  be  found  to  accord  with  Ids  actions 
throughout  the  remainin),'  lustory  of  the  adndral, 
in  the  events  of  which  he  takes  ,icons|)icuous  part. 
Anxious  to  relieve  himself  from  the  |)ressure  of 
jniblic  fjusiness,  which  weij^hed  he.ivily  U])on  him 
(lurinjr  his  present  malady,  Columbus  immediately 
invested  Ids  brotlur  ISartliolomew  with  the  title 
and  authority  of  Adelantado,  an  oflice  ec|uivalent 
to  that  of  lieulen,int-j;overnor.  He  considered 
himself  entitled  to  do  so  from  the  articles  of  his 
arranjrement  with  the  sovereijjns,  l)ut  it  was 
looked  ujion  by  Kinj,^  Kerdinand  as  an  undue  as- 
suni|)tion  of  power,  and  fjave  j^reat  offence  to  that 
jealous  nion.irch,  who  was  exceedinjrfy  tenacious 
of  tlie  prenifiatives  of  the  crown,  and  considered 
dignities  of  this  rank.ind  importance  as  only  to  be 
conferred  by  royal  ni.indate.t  Colund)us,  how- 
ever, was  not  actuated  in  this  appointment  by  a 
mere  ('esire  to  .lii^j^r.indize  his  family.  He  felt  the 
impcu'tance  ot  his  brother's  assistance  in  the  pres- 
ent criiic.il  stale  of  tl.^  colony,  but  that  this  co- 
operation wfuild  be  ineflicient  unless  it  bore  the 
stam|)  of  ldj,di  official  authority.  In  fact,  durinj^ 
the  few  months  that  he  h.id  been  absent,  the  whole 
island  had  become  a  sctMie  of  discord  and  vio- 
lence, in  consecpieiKe  of  the  ne^dect,  or  rather  the 
flagrant  violation,  of  those  rules  which  he  had  pre- 
scribed for  the  maintenance  of  its  tran{|uillily.  A 
brief  retrospect  of  the  recent  affairs  of  the  colony 
is  liere  necessary  to  ex|)lain  their  present  confu- 
sion. It  will  exhibit  one  of  the  many  instances  in 
which  Colundius  was  doomed  to  rea|)  the  truits  ot 
the  evil  seed  sown  by  his  atlversaries. 


CHAPTER   II. 
MiscoN'nrcT  ov  don  pkuro  maucaritf,,  and 

HIS    DKI'ARTUklJ  I'KO.M    THE   ISLAND. 

['494.] 

It  will  be  recollected,  that  before  departing  on 
his  voyage,  Columbus  had  given  the  command  ot 
the  army  to  Oon  I'edro  .Margarite,  with  orders  to 
make  a  military  tour  of  the  island,  awing  the  na- 
tives by  a  display  of  military  force,  but  conciliat- 
ing their  good-will  by  ecjuitable  and  amicable 
treatment. 

The  island  was  at  this  time  divided  into  five 
domains,  each  governed  by  a  cacique,  of  absolute 
and  hereditary  jjower,  to  whom  a  great  number 
ol  inferior  caciques  yielded  tributary  allegiance, 


*  Las  Casas,  Hist.  Ind.,  lib,  i,  cap,  39. 
f  Ibid.,  cap.  loi. 


The  first  or  most  important  domain  comprised  i>.| 
ridddle   jjart   cd   the   rojal    \'ega.      It   w.is  a  n.. 
lovely  country,  partly  cultiv.itetl   alter   the  impr 
feci  manner   ot    the    natives,  partly   covered  u,- 
noble   forests,    studded   with    Indian    towns,  xft 
watered  by  numerous  rivers,  many  of  which,  ri 
ing   down    from    the  mountains  (d   Cibao,   on 
soutliern   frontier,    h.id    gold-dust     mingled  w, 
their  sands.     The  name   n[  the  caci(pie  \\as  (;, 
rionex,  whose  ancestors   had   long   ruled  oM.r;: 
|)rovince. 

The  second,  called  Marien,  was  under  the  ^A 
of   liuac.inagari,  on   whose   coast   Columbus  I, 
been   wrecked   in  his  first  voyage.      It  was  a  l.ir^.i 
and  fertile  territory,  extending  along  the  norilur:! 
coast   from  Cape  St.  Nicholas   at  the  western «.! 
tremity  ot  the   island,  to   the   great   rixer   \'.ij;ii:,, 
afterward  called  .Monte  Christi,  and   includinj;  irJ 
northern  part  id  the   royal  \'ega,  since  called  lii 
plain  of  Cape  Fran(,'ois,  now  Cape  Haytien. 

The  thircl  bore  the  n.ime  (d  .Maguana.  he 
tended  along  the  southern  coast  from  the  ri\r: 
Ozema  to  the  lakes,  'ind  comprised  the  chiet|,:- 
of  the  centre  of  the  island  lying  .ilong  the  siuiil.c: 
t.ice  ot  the  mountains  of  Cibao,  the  ndiurnl  (1% 
trict  of  Hayti.  It  was  under  the  dominion  ut  ;!: 
Carib  caci(|ue  Caon.ibo,  the  most  tierce  and  |iu,. 
sanl  of  the  savage  chieftains,  and  the  invetera;;| 
enemy  of  the  white  men. 

The  fourth  took  its  name  from  Xaragua,  a  iiirffl 
lake,  and  was  the  most  populous  and  extensive cf 
all.  It  comprised  the  whole  western  coast,  incluc.l 
ing  the  long  promontory  of  Cape  Tiburon,  ;iri;| 
extended  for  a  considerable  distance  along  ihl 
southern  side  of  the  island.  The  inhabitants  ut.tl 
finely  formed,  had  a  noble  air,  a  more  agrecalij 
elocution,  and  more  soft  and  graceful  niannirir 
than  the  natives  of  the  other  parts  ot  the  islantj 
The  sovereign  was  named  I'.ehechio  ;  his  sisicr, 
Anacaona,  celebrated  throughout  the  islar.d  liil 
her  beauty,  was  the  favorite  wife  of  the  neiglilior-[ 
ing  caci(|ue  Caonat)o. 

The  tifth  domain  was  Higuey,  and  orcui)itdtS 
whole  eastern   part   of   the   island,  being  hoiindi. 
on  the  north  by  the  liay  of  Samana  and  jiart  ot  :h 
ri\er  Yuna,  and  on  the  west  l)y  the  (Izema.    T!;l 
inhabit.mts  were  the  most  active  and  warlike  I'ti-- 
pie  ot  the   island,  having    learneil   tl.e   use  of  tie! 
l)ow  and   arrow   from   the   Caribs,  who  made  fre- 
quent descents  upon  their  coasts  ;  they  weresaiiij 
also    to   make    use  ot   poisoned   weajjons.     Thi;rl 
bravery,  however,  w.is  but  comparative,  and  wiil 
found  eventually  ot  little   avail  against   the  terrirl 
of    l'Airoi)ean   arms.      They   were  governed  by  j| 
cacicpie  named  Cotul)anama.* 

Such   were  the   five    territorial   divisions  ot  \h\ 
island  at  the  time  ai  its   discovery.     The  ammir: 
of  its   ])o|)ulation   has    never    been    clearly  ascT- 
tained  ;  some  have  stated    it  at  a  million  of  s(iu!>, 
though   this  is    considered    an   exaggeration.    1: 
must,    however,    have   been    very  numeious,  ar.. 
sutticient,  in   case  of   any  general   hostility,  to  t:- 
danger  the  safety  ot  a  handful  of  Europeans.    C  ■ 
lumbus  trusted   for  safety    partly  to   the  avvu  in- 
s])ired  by  the   weapons   and    horses  oi  the  Sp.'-I 
iards,  and   the   idea  of  their  superhuman  naiurr  f 
but  chiedy  to  the  measures  he  had   taken  to  ci :■ 
ciliate  the  good-will  of  the  Indians  by  gentle  a;-.: 
fjeneticent  treatment.  , 

Margarite  set  forth  on  his  expedition  witlii'"!| 
greater  part  of  the  forces,  leaving  Aloiuo  de  Ojcal 
in  command  of  the  fortress  of  St.  Thomas.    In- 
stead, however,  ot  commencing  by  exploring  the  I 

*  Charlevoix,  Hist,  St.  Domingo,  lib.  i.  p.  69. 


LIFK    AND    V()VAGi;S   OF   COLCMHrS. 


ii:» 


(Inmnin  roniprisnl  f 
\fj,'.i.      U   Nvas  a  rit 
v.-itid  alter  llif  im|ir 
s,  partly  coviivil  w,: 
ih    Indian    towns,  ,1,- 
s,  many  ol  whiili,  rn . 
ilains  ot   Cihao,  on 
l(l-iliist     minnliil  wr 
the   caeiiliie  was  (,u 
ad   loH}i   ruled  o\er;: 

L-n,  Nvas  under  tlii'  •>  s 
::  coast  Coluinliiis  1, 
ioya^jc.      It  was  a  la;;, 
linj{  alun^j  the  iKirtln 
lolas   at  the  westm, . 
the   j-reat   river    \  ., 
risti,  and  including 
1  \ej{a,  siiue  calkil  i;: 
iw  Cape  Ilaylien. 
ne  (it    Ma^uana.     he 
•n    coast   Irom   the  rut 
om prised   the  eliiet  |,:- 
Ivinj;  alonj;  the  sumlr 
Ciiiao,  the    mineral  i':, 
ler  the  dominion  nt  ;t 
le   most  tierce  and  |)'j 
ains,  and   tiie  inveur,'. 

le  from  Xaragua,  a  larc] 
ipulous  and  exlensivt  i: 
lie  western  coast,  iiichii;. 
;  of  Cajie  Tiburon,  arc 
d)le  distance  alonj;  ih 
1.  The  inhabitants  \\n 
le  air,  a  more  a^jreealu 
and  ^^racelul  manmri 
ther  parts  of  the  islanc 
■d  llehechio  ;  his  sisic: 
ou^hout  the  island  Ici 
[itc  wile  ol  the  nei},diliof'| 

lifjuey,  and  nccnpieil  !!■( 

island,  bein>^  boiindrc 

.  Samana  and  part  ot  !h 

_-st  by  the  (Izema.    T!; 

active  and  warlike  fi  ■ 

learned   ll.e   use  (it  tit 

Caribs,  w  ho  made  t:e- 

coasts  ;  they  were  bau: 

Isoned   weapons.     Tlu.i 

]l  comjjarative,  and  was 

avail  ajrainst   the  tcru; 

•y   were  go\erne(l  by  s 

ha.* 

Iritorial  divisions  oi  tht 
liscovery.  The  amour: 
■er  bet'n  clearly  avc:- 
it  at  a  million  ot  s(a:.>, 
ll  an  exaK'^eratiiin.  I: 
In  verv  numerous,  aK 
jreneral  hostility,  to  i;r.- 
pful  of  r.uropeans.  Co- 
parllv  to  the  awe  i'- 
Id  horses  of  the  S|)..> 
-ir  superhuman  naiurf. 
fs  he  had  taken  to  con-l 
Indians  by  gentle  aia; 

Ihis  expedition  with  w 
leavinj;  Alonzo  de  O'p'.i 
Is  of  St.  Thomas,  Ir- 
licing  by  exploring  l.e 

Itningo,  lib.  i.  p.  (")• 


hiiL'h  niniintiins  of  Tibao,  as  he  had  been  com- 
lanilcd,  lie  (l(si'eiidc(l    into   the   feriili;   re^jion  nf 
If  \'i"M.      Here  he  lin^'e|-ei|  .imony;  llle  populous 
hinpilalile  Indian  vdlages,  lorxellul  ot  llie  oli- 
>i  ,it  lii->  conimand,  and  ot   the  mslruclions  left 
Ipi  hv  the  adniir.il.      .A   comni.inder   who   lapses 
bin  iliiiv  liimselt   is   little   caleulate(|  to  entorce 
I'liline.      The  sensual  indidgences  ot  .Marj^arile 
he  in\il  ilc'i  liv  his  followers,  and  his  arm\'  soon 
|( mil'  little  better  than   a   crew  of    riotous  ma- 
il: I  <  is.    Thi!  Indians,  tor  a  time,  supplied  them 
iriivisioiis  with  thrir  wonted  hospitality,  but 
t  ,   iiitv  stores  of  those  aiistemious  yet  improvi- 

iiii  I pie    wer(!    soon    exhausted    by  the   .Spaii- 

jd^ils  ;  one  of  whom  they  decl.ired  woidd  consume 

111(1    ill  a  day  th.in  would  support  an  Indi.m  lor  ;i 

nil  til.     It  provisions  were   withheld,  or  sc.mtily 

rni^he'l,   tliey   were   t.iken    with   violence  ;     nor 

h  aiiv  riinpensation   gi\'en    to  the   natives,  nor 

an-,  t. (kill  to  soothi!  their  irritation.     'l"he  ;i\id- 

tiir  i;iild  aisc,   led    to  a    ihousand   acts  ot   in- 

(tVi'  ,iiid  oppressi(Ui  ;    but  above   all  the  .Span- 

fd^  imlr:e.,'ed  tlie  dearest  t('elings  of  llie  n.itives, 

ihcir  liceiuious   conduct   with    respect   to   the 

imcn.     In  f.ict,  instead  of  guests,  they  soon  as- 

nc  I  the  tone  of  imperious   m.isters  ;  inste.id   nf 

lucneil  beiu't.ictors,  they  hecaiue  sordid  ;iiul 

lal  oppressors, 

liiii;-,  ot  tlie^e    excesses,  .ind  of  the  disgust 
inip.itience  they  were  awakening  among  the 
PCS,    soon    reached     Don     Diego    Columbus. 
jth  the  concurrence  of  the  couiuil,  he  wi'ote  to 
ir^Mrite,  reprehending  his  conduct,  and  re(piest- 
liiin  to  proceeil  on  the  military  tour,  according 
[the  comnnnds  ot  the  admir.il.     The  pride  ot 
Ir^jnrite.  took  lire  at  this  reproof  ;  he  considered, 
atluT  pretended  to  consider  himself  indepeiid- 
iii  his  command,  and  above  all   responsil)ility 
'.•  louiicil  for  his  conduct,     lieing  of  an  an- 
_.i  f.unily,  also,  and    ;i   t.ivorite  of   tlie  king,  he 
|f.t.' I  10  look  down    with   contempt   u|)on   the 
^' i.-r  i^iicl   niiliilit\-   ot    Diego  Columbus.      His 
IS  ill  rejily  to  tlu;  orders  of  the  president  and 
Incil  were  couched   in  a  tone  either  of  haugluy 
itiiiiu-iy  or  of  military  deliance.      He  continued 
his  lollowers  ipiartereil  in    ihe  \'ega,  ])ersist- 
i!i  a  coiirM-  ot  oiuragesand  o])])ressioiis  fatal 
Ih'-  tiMni|uilli;v  ot  the  island. 
If  was  supported   in    his  .arrogant  detlance  of 
riiy  hv  the  cavaliers   and  .adventurers  of  110- 
hirth  who  weie   in    the  colony,  and  who  had 
(lt.';-p!v  wounded    in    the   proud  punctilio  so 
'.hly glial iled  bv  ;i  Spaniard.     They  could  not 
[ft  ii'ir  lorgive  thesiern  e(piity  exercised  by  the 
iiral  in  ;i  lime  ot  emergency,  in  m.iking  ihem 
Jiil  loilie  priv.itions  ;ind  share  the  labors  ot  the 
ar.    .Still  less  could  they  brook  the  authority  of 
brntivr  Diego,   destitute  ot   his  high  jiersontd 
111  to  distinction.     They  formed,  iheretore,  a 
1;  aristocr.itic.d  faction  in  the  colony  ;  affect- 
In  ciinsider  Columbus  and  his  family  as  mere 
:cnary   and    upstart    foreigners,    building   uyi 
ii.vn  toriuiies  at  the  expense  of  the  toils  and 
:r;n;^'s  o!  ilie  community,  and  the  dc.;radation 
lni^    'lilihigos  ;ind  cavaliers. 
,  aiMition  to    these  jiartisans,  Margarita    had 
kt'i'iil   aiiy  ill    his    lellow-countryman,    I'riar 
|e,  tile  he. id  nf  the  religious  fraternity,  one  of 
iiilici-s  nt  the  council,  and  apostolical  vicar 
[e  Ni-w  World.      It  is  not  easy  to  ascertain  the 
liiil  cause  of  the  hostility  of  this  holy  Iriar  to 
I'imiral,  who  was  never  w.anting  in  resi)ect  to 
'fiLjv.      \'.irinus  altercations,   however,    had 
fi  place  between   them.      Some  say  tiiat  the 
ira-orlei-ed  in  respect  to  the  strict  measures 


deemeij  necess.irv  by  the  admiral  for  the  security  of 
the  (  iilony  ;  others  that  he  revolted  the  t.iiu  led 
indignity  ottered  to  himself  and  his  household,  in 
putting  them  on  the  samt;  slnut  allow. iiuc  with 
tli(.'  commoii  ])eople.  He  apiiears,  howcM-r,  to 
have  been  generally  disappointed  .ui'l  disgusted 
with  the  s|)liere  ot  action  alforded  by  the  inloiiv, 
and  to  have  looke(l  b.ick  with  regret  to  the  <  »i(l 
World.  He  had  none  ot  that  eiilhusi.istic  /e,d  and 
|)erse\fring  selt-devoti(M),  which  induced  so  many 
ol  the  Sp.inish  missionaries  to  br.ive  ;'.ll  the  h.ird- 
ships  and  privations  of  the  .New  World,  in  the 
hope  ot  (inserting  its  pag.iii  inhabilants. 

IviUiuiraged  and  forlitied  by  such  powerful  p.ir- 
tis.ins,  M.irgarite  really  began  to  consider  himself 
above  the  tempor.iry  autlKuities  ot  tlie  isl.iiid. 
W'lienever  he  came  to  Is.ibell.i,  he  took  no  notice  of 
D(m  !)iego  Columbus,  nor  p.iid  any  respect  to  the 

:  council,  hut  acted  as  if  he  h.id  p.ir.iinount  com- 
m.ind.  He  formed  .1  c.ibal  of  most  ol  those  who 
wi'r(;  dii.itfected  to  Columbus,  and  disroniented 
with  their  abode  in  the  colony.  Among  these  the 
leading  agitator  was  I'riar  iloyle.  It  w.is  C(m- 
C(  rted  .imongthem  to  take  possession  ot  the  ship:i 
which  h.id  brought  out  Don  IS.irthnlomew  Colum- 
bus, and  to  return  in  them  to  Sp.iin.  lioth  Mar- 
g.irite  and  lioyle  possessed  the  ta\or  ol  ih''  king, 
and    they  deemed    it   would    Ik!   an  easy  m.itter  to 

■  justify  their  .iliandonmenl  of   their  milit.iry   and 


religious   commands    by   a   pretended  /e,il 


liublic  good  ;  hurrying  home  to  re|)resent  tin 
dis.istrous  sl.ite  of  the  country,  through  the  tyr 
anny  and  ojipression  ot  its  rulers.  .Some  h;i\e  as- 
cribed the  abrupt  departure  ot  M.irg.irile  to  his 
tear  of  a  severe  military  it.vestigation  of  his  con- 
duct on  the  return  ot  the  admir.il  ;  others,  to  his 
having,  in  the  courst'  of  his  lii  fiitious  .imours,  con- 
tracted a  malady  at  that  time  new  and  unknown, 
and  which  he  attributed  to  the  clim.ate,  and  liojied 
to  cure  by  medical  assist.ince  in  .Sp.iiii.  W'hat- 
e\'er  may  have  been  the  cause,  his  measures  wer(! 
taken  with  great  jirecipitancy,  without  anyconsul- 
t.ition  ot  the  proper  authorities,  or  any  reg.ard  to 
the  conseijuences  of  his  departure.  Accomp.mied 
by  a  band  ot  m.ilcontents,  he  a:id  Fri.ir  ISoyle 
took  possession  of  some  shi|)s  in  the  harbor,  and 
set  sail  for  .Sp.iin  ;  the  tirst  gelier.il  and  apostle  of 
the  New  World  tlius  setting  tl'.e  ll.igr.int  examjile 
ot  unauthori/ed  abandonment  ol  their  posts. 


ch.\i'ti:r  iir. 

TRdUIU.l'.S  Writt   Till'.  NAI'IVI'.S — .M.ON'ZO  lU'.  OJI'I'-V 

I!i:,si!;(;l;i)  i;v  c.\u.\ai:i). 

[1 494- J 

Till-;  departure  of  I'edro  Margarite  left  the  army 
without  a  he.id,  and  put  an  end  to  wli.it  little  re- 
straint or  disci])line  remained.  'I'here  is  no  rab- 
ble so  licentious  as  soldiery  left  to  their  own  direc- 
tion in  a  defenceless  country.  'I'hey  now  roved, 
about  in  bands  or  singly,  according  to  tlieir  ca- 
price, scattering  themselves  among  the  Indian 
villages,  and  indulging  in  all  kinds  ot  excesses, 
either  as  |irompted  by  avarice  or  sensuality.  'I'he 
n.itives,  indignant  at  having  their  hos|)ii:dity  thus 
recpiited,  refused  any  longer  to  furnish  them  with 
h)od.  In  a  little  while  the  Spaniards  liegan  to  ex- 
perience the  jiressure  of  hunger,  and  seized  u|)on 
provisions  wherever  they  could  be  found,  accom- 
p.inying  these  seizures  with  acts  ot  wanton  vio- 
lence. At  length,  by  a  series  ot  ll.igi  .iiit  oiitr.iges, 
the  gentle  and  pacific  nature  of  this  pcijple  was 


i<'<  u. 


1 1 


t!i 


ii<; 


MFi:    AM)    VOYAGKS   OF   COI.LMBU9. 


rouscil  to  ii'.ciutnciit,  and  from  coMrulin^;  ami  lios- 

|)lt,ll)li'  liosli  tlifV  WiTf  toincrlnl  ilUo  MIKtiitivf 
iMirmio.  /\11  ilii'  |iri'(  aiitiDiis  I'MJoiiifil  hy  Culuni- 
lius  li.iMii^;  liri'ii  ni'^k-ctfil,  the  i-vils  he  had  ap- 
prclu'iiilcd  iMiiif  III  na^iS,  'riioii),'li  ihc  Indian'*, 
iialin-,illy  liniid,  d  iicd  iiol  ronUMid  willi  llif  S|)an- 
iard-i  \\\uW  tiifv  ki'pt  up  any  coiiihiiu'd  and  iIimi- 
|ilniiil  lorif,  yft  they  took  sanj^uinaiy  vfn^jf.im c 
on  thcni  whiMU'vcr  llu'y  incl  with  small  paitii's 
or  MailiTfd  indiMiluals,  ro\in^{  about  in  iiucst  ot 
lood,  I'.m  oura;;ti|  by  these  petty  triumphs,  and 
the  impiinits  uliii  h  seemed  to  attenil  tl\em,  their 
hoslililie-i  j;rew  more  and  more  alarminj;.  (luati- 
^uana,  eaiicpie  ot  a  lar^e  town  on  tlu'  banks  ot 
till'  Cirand  Ri\er,  in  the  dominions  ul  (luarion("<, 
S(tvt'|i'i^;n  ol  the  \ f^a,  put  to  death  ten  Span- 
iar<ls,  who  had  (piartered  ihemseUts  in  his  tow  n 
and  (nilraf;ei|  the  iidiabitants  by  their  li<entiolls- 
ness,  lie  loliowed  up  tliis  massaere  by  settin^f 
liru  to  a  hou^e  in  which  tort)-si\  Spaniar<ls  were 
lodj;ed.  I'lusjied  liy  this  success,  he  threatened 
to  alt.K  l<  a  small  tmlress  ealleil  Mandaleiia,  whieh 
liad  reeently  been  built  in  his  neit;hborhood  in 
thi;  \'en;a  ;  so  that  the  commander,  laiis  de  Arri- 
aj;.i,  having;  iiul  a  ieeble  (garrison,  was  obliged  to 
remain  shut  up  witliin  its  walls  until  rebel  should 
arrive  licmi  Isabella. 

'I'lu'  most  lorniidablc  enemy  ol  the  Spaniards, 
however,  was  Caonabo,  the  drib  eaciipie  ot  Ma),'- 
uana.  With  natural  talents  for  war,  and  intelli- 
pt'iue  superior  to  the  onlinary  ranj;e  ot  sava(,'e 
intellect,  he  had  a  proud  and  darini;  s|)irit  to  urj,'e 
him  on,  three  valiant  brothers  to  assist  him,  and 
a  numerous  tribe  at  his  command. t  He  had  al- 
ways felt  je.ilousot  the  intrusion  ol  the  white  men 
into  the  isl.incl  ;  but  |)arti(:ularly  exasjierated  by 
the  establishinenl  ot  the  fortress  ot  St.  Thomas, 
erected  in  the  \ery  centre  ot  his  dominions.  As 
lonjf  .is  the  army  lay  within  call  in  the  \'v)^d  he 
w.is  deterred  from  .my  attack  ;  but  when,  on  the 
departure  ot  .M.u\'.irite,  it  became  dismembered 
and  dispersed,  the  time  for  strikinj;-  a  si;,rnal  blow 
.seemed  arrived.  The  fortress  remained  isolated, 
with  a  ^Mirison  ot  only  titty  men.  \W  a  sudden 
and  secret  movement,  he  mi};ht  overwhelm  it  with 
his  forces,  and  repeat  the  horrors  which  he  had 
\vreake<l  upon  La  Navidad. 

The  wily  cacicjue,  however,  had  a  clifferent  kind 
ol  enemy  to  de.il  with  in  the  commander  of  St. 
Thomas.  Aloiiz-o  de  Ojed.i  h.ul  been  schooled  in 
^Joorish  wartare.  He  was  versed  in  all  kinds  of 
feints,  strata^rems,  lurkinjj  ambuscades,  and  wilil 
assaults.  No  man  was  more  titled,  therefore,  to 
cope  with  Indian  warriors.  He  had  a  headlonjf 
fouraj^e,  arising  partly  from  the  natural  heat  and 
violence  ot  liis  disposition,  and,  in  a  ^reat  meas- 
ure, from  relijrious  superstition.  He  had  been 
t.'n};.i|fed  in  wars  with  Moors  and  Indians,  in  pub- 
lic battles  and  priv.ite  combats,  in  t'tjifhts,  feuds, 
and  encounters  of  all  kinds,  to  which  he  had  been 
promised  by  a  rash  and  fiery  spirit,  and  a  love  of 
adventure  ;  vet  he  had  never  been  wounded,  nor 
lost  a  droji  ot  blood.  He  bejjan  to  doubt  whether 
any  weapon  h.id  power  to  harm  him,  and  to  con- 
sider himselt  under  the  special  protection  of  the 
Holy  X'irj^in.  As  a  kind  of  religious  talisman,  he 
had  a  small  I'leniish  paintinjj  of  the  \"irgin,  given 
him  bv  his  patron,  I'onseca,  Bishop  of  Hadajoz. 
This  he  constantly  carried  with  him  in  city,  camp, 
or  tleld,  making  it  the  object  of  his  frequent  orisons 
and  invocations.  In  garrison  or  encampment,  it 
was  susiieiuled  in  his  chamber  or  his  tent ;  in  his 


*  Herrera,  Hist.  Ind.,  decad.  i.  lib.  ii.  cap.  i6. 
t  Ibid. 


rough  expeditions   in  ihe  wilderness   hecirr. 
in  his  knapsack,  anil   whenever  leisure  periiir,' 
wiitiid   take   It   out,  tis   it   against   a   tree,  aim , 
dress  his  jirayers  to  this  military  ii,iIiiiiu<,h,» 
a  word,  he  swore   by  the   N'lrgin,  he   iinukiV 
\'irgm  whether  in   brawl  or  battle,  and  iimli- 
l.iMir  of   the   \'irgin   he  was   read)  lor  anyi' 
prise  or  adventure.       Such    was   this   .Moii/ 
t»jeil.i;    bigoted   in   his  devotion,    reckli ■^s  n 
lite,  tearle-is  in  his  spirit,  like  main  ol  ihe  \. 
•Spanish  cavaliers  ot  those    d.iys.      rhiiii;;|i  . 
in  si/e,  he  w.is  .i  prodigy  ol  stren^;ih  ,inil  |iri.,> 
and  the  i  hronii  lers  ol   the  I'.irly  disco\ern-,  rt  | 
m.irvels  ot  his  v.ilor  .md  lAploiis. 

ll.i\iiig   reconnintred    the    tin  Iress,  CioiihIk 
sembled   ten  thous.md    w.irriors,  armed  wiih 
clubs,  bows  aiul   .irrows,  and   lances  IliiiIium  | 
the  tire  ;  and  m. iking  his  w.iy  secretly  ilun.i;'' 
lorests,  c.ime   suddeiilv  in   the    in  '^;hl!iJiliiiiiil 
iiecling  to  surprise  the  garrison  in  .1  st.iie  ii 
less  security.      He  touiid  (ijeihi's  lories,  liuui 
drawn   up  w.irily   within    his  lower,  which,  It 
built  upon  an  .ilmost  insnl.iteil  height,  with  .1 
nearly   surrounding    it,  and    the    lem.iiinn^r  . 
traversed  by  .1  deep  ditch,  set  at  deli.iiii  e  ,111 ,1:. 
by  naked  warriors. 

Foiled    in   his   attempt,  Caon.ibo   now  iiii|'t 
reduce  it  by  lamine.      h'or  this  piir|)ose,  he  ilh 
uted   his   warriors   through    the   adiaceiu  Inr 
and  w.iylaid  every  pass,  so  as  to  intercept  My 
plies   brought   by   the  natives,  and  to  ciilniij 
toraging  party  trom  the  fortress.  This  siege  !■ 
vesiineni  Listed  lor  th.irty  days.f  and  reihiin: 
garrison  to  great  distress.      There  is  a  Iriiili; 
anecdote,  wiiich  Oviedo  relates  ot    I'eilro  .Mi' 
rite,  the  lormer  commander  ot  this  lorllT^^ 
which   may  with   more  |)rol)abilily  be  a^crlh■, 
Alonzo  de  ( )jeda,  as  having  oci  lined  ihiriii;;  j 
sie^e.      At  a  time   when    the   garrison  \v;i 
|)ri  ssed  by  Limine,  an  Indian  j;, lined  at  rcs> 
tort,  bringing   a   couple   ot    woiidpim'nii'i  |i  | 
table  ot   the   commander.     The   l.itier  w,h 
apartment  ot   the  tower  suriouniled  by  si\i  .| 
his  otlicers.      Seeing   them    regard    the   hinS 
the  wistful  eyes  of   tamishing  men,  "  It  is;i| 

said  he,  "that  ' e  is  not  enough   to  givi' ..• 

a  meal  ;  I  cannot  consent  to  least  while  thi- 
ol you  are  st.irving  ;"  so  s.iying,  he  tiiiiad 
the  pigeons  trom  a  window  ot  tlie  tower. 

I)uring  the  siege,    Ojeda    disjilayeil  lhi;j 
est   activity    ot     s|)irit  and    lertility  ol   n> 
He  baffled    all    the    arts    of    the   L'iirib  chit] 
concerting  stratagems    of    various    kinds  : 
lieve  the  garrison  and   annoy  the   foe.     lies 
forth  wlienever  the  enemy  a|)i)eared  in  any;j 
leading    the    van    with    that    lieadlong    v.iii:' 
which  he  was  noted  ;  m.iking great  slaii},'lui:r 
his  single  arm,  and,    as   usual,   escapiiij;  u] 
from  amidst  showers  ot  darts  and  arrows. 

Caonabo  saw  many  ol  his  bravest  warriors- 
His  forces  were  diniinishing,  for  the  liiili,in> 
used  to  any  ])rotracted  o|)erations  ot  vv;ir : 
weary  of  tfiis  siege,  and  returned  daily  :i, 
hers  to  their  homes.  He  gave  up  all  tun- 
tempt,  therefore,  on  the  fortress,  and  nnrcii.' 
with  admiration  of  the  jirowess  and  achiiuri 
ot  Ojeda. + 

The  restless  chieftain  was  not  disri)iir.i,:| 
the    failure    of    this     enterprise,     but   im 
schemes  of  a  bolder  and  more  e.xtensivc  r. 


viii.  (4 


*  Herrera,   Hist.   Ind.,  decad.  i.  lib 
Pizarro  Varonese  lllustres,  cap.  8. 
t  P.  Martyr,  decad.  i.  lit),  iv. 
j  Oviedo,  Cronica  de  las  Indias,  lib.  iii.  cap 


'  """-era,  Hist.  Ind.,  d 


1,IFK   AND   VOYAOF.S   OF  COLUMIU'S. 


iir 


HH  he  rarrifj 
sun-  iH-rmi'l 
,'t  tiff,  aim . 

ll.ltKllUsi  • 

lie    iincikfil 
,   ,111(1  lllxlr 

\  Itir  .iii\  I 
itiis   .Aliiiu 

ri'ckll'ss  in 
ny  (it  lilt'  ii 

''llinllj;!!  •' 
ill  ,illil  |ilo.' 
lisxiM'iU'.i  rt  I 

CSS,  (_',ioii;il« . 
iiniifil  Willi 
111 cs  Ii.ikIciimI 
iflly  llini,!;;' 

■'^llllOI  lllHIll 

II  ;i  slatf  (i|    . 

tort  (■•>,  luiwi 
icr,  wliifll.  It 
■i^lU,  witli  .1 

iclii.niiinn  ■ 
Icti.iiK  (•  AH  .r . 

1)()  now  liiiji 
iirpoM',  111'  'li'  1 

ailiacfiil  liii" 
iiitcri  r|>t  aiU'l 
111(1   t(i   fill  ""' 
.   'I'liissiinf'' 
|-  and  rcilmii. 
iTc  is  a  liiuli' 

ot    red  10  M- 

1  Uiis  tm-licv 

lity   lie  aM-rilv 

<  uVicil  (iiiiiii;,;  I 

irrison  \v;i 

led  a(  it'S>'.' 

)li'^C()llS    ti 


•rowliinj  in  secret  in  the  vicinity  "f  Is.iln-ll,»,  he 

oit'ililif  ciitiflilcd  state (jf  the  >.citlfni(iil.*  Many 

I  thf  iiih.iliilanis   were   MiKcrinj;  iiiidir  various 

rt.ihuiii'-',  ,ind  iiuisi  (it  the  niei)  ia|i.il)lc  cil  licarinjf 

Irni-.  \ure  disiriliulcd   ahmit   the   couniiA        He 

Lu   iiHiifued   the   iiroicct   <d  a   Kiiier.il    lea(,'ue 

Tiiiiiiu  ''"•■  (•'■K  i'l^"-"''  '"'  !»ur|)rise  and  ii\  rrwheim 

[ic  ■.lUlriiii'iit,  and  ni.issacre  the  Sp.iiiiaKis  wher- 

Vi'r  ilii'V  iiuiid  he  found.      Tins  h.iinltul  ot  iiitru- 

iiiiii'    exteiniinated,    tie    trusted    llie     isl.ind 

■iiui'l  lie  (ii'hvered  Iroin  all  lurther  molest, ition  of 

[if  kiiiil  .  little   dieaniilijj  ot   the   ho|)eless  nalure 

■  llif  loMli'st.  and   lli.it    where   the  eivill/ed  ni.m 

|il,iiiis  his  tool,  the  power  ot  the  savaj{e  is 

one  liiri-v'cr. 

|Ki|iiits  of  the   prolli^j.ite  conduct  ot  the  Span 


liuer  \va> 
!ed  liy  sc»" 
(1  the'  hi^l^ 
:-n,  "  It  is;il 
inh  to  ^ivc  - 
^l  while  till- 1 

he  tuir.ul 
e  lower. 

ayed   llu'SJ 
(lily   ot    rrv 

Ciiril)  due 
)us    kinds ; 

toe.     Hts 
a  red  in  any: 
idloii^;    v;i!i:| 
eat  slauj^liltr 

escapln};  '•'] 
(1  arrows, 
est  waning 
,r  the  liuli.ir.' 
ons  of  ".If 
ned  daily  h 
e  U))  all  tur"-| 
,  and  n  IHi''-  ■' 

and  achirur! 

lot  discoiir.iC" 

[e,     but   111''' 
extensive- 

i.   lib.   viii. 


lib.  iii.  cap 


. tliein,  nor   suttered    from  their 

CaiMl.ilio  lound  three  ot   the  so\ereij;ii 


Irih  II. Ill  spread   throU|;hout   the   isl.ind,  .iiid  in- 
biiil  liilicd  and  hostility  even  anions  trilies  win 
ncicr   lieliel 

Ibilcr...      - -   „.. 

ii|Ui>  UK  lined  to  eo-oper.ite  with  him,  lhoU);li 
n|iii'.>->eil   with    deep   awe    ot     the     superit.itur.il 
bui-riil  the  .Sii.mi.irds,  .iiid  of   their  terrilic  .irnis 
'  ,1111111, lis.     The  le.i^jue,  liowever,  met  with  iin- 
li|iirti'il  opposition  in  the  titth  c.ici(|Ue,  (lu.ic.ma- 
hii,  ilu'  so\erei)rn  ot    .Marien.       His  eonduct   in 
Ih  tune  of  d.in^fr  completely  m.inifested  the  iii- 
Liiii'  (it  the  suspicions   which   had    heeii  enler- 
liiu.l  of  hill)   hy  the  .Sp.miards.      He   refused  to 
liii  ihc  Dtlier  eacicpit's  with  his  forces,  or  to  vio- 
Itc  iImm'  l.iws  ot  hospitality  l)y  which  lu;  had  con- 
intl  liiiiiself  liound  to  protect  and  aid  the  while 
■ei,  ever  since  they  li.id  heen  shipwrecked  on  his 
J.i^t      lie  remained  (|iiielly  in  his  dominions,  en- 
lrii;iiiiij;  at   his  own   e\pense   a  hundred  of   the 
IIltiii;,'  soldiery,   and   suiiplyinj^  all  their  wants 
jilh  Ins    ucuslomed   j;enerosily.      This  conduct 
lev  iipipii  liim  the  odium  and   hostility  of  his  fel- 
V   ciciipies,    particularly  of    the    tierce    Carili, 
luiKiliii,  and  his  hrother-in-law,  Itehechio.    They 
lie  iiTUpiioiis  into  his  territories,  .ind   inllicleil 
hiiii  v.uioiis  iniiiries  and  indijrnities.     lUdiechio 
Ic  I  one  ot   his    wives,    and    Caoiiaho    carried 
.ihIrt  aw.iy  c.iptive.t     .\()thin>|,  however,  could 
■ake  t!ie  devotion   ot  CiUacan.ijr.iri  to  the  Span- 
ami  as  his  dominions  lay  immediately  iid- 
fctiii  111  the  settlement,  and  those  of  some  of  the 
pitr  iMciipies  were  very  remote,  the  want  of  his 
ii|iir.iii()n   imjieded   tor  some   time   the  hostile 
Ivl;iis  of  his  confederates.  J 

I.Siuliwas  the  critical  state  to  which  the  affairs 
llhr  ciilony  h.id  heen  reduced,  and  such  the  liit- 
'  hiintility  enjrendered  amon^f  the  people  of  the 
liiiil.  (hiriiijr  the  absence  of  Columhus,  and 
Itrcly  in  coiise(|ueiice  of  violatinjr  all  his  rejjula- 
Inv  .Mar^rarile  and  Friar  Hoyle  had  hastened 
|S|Miii  to  make  false  representations  of  the  mis- 
It-,  of  tile  island.  Had  they  remained  faithtullv 
jtluir  posts,  and  discharjjfc'd  zealously  the  trust 
IniiilfJ  10  them,  those  miseries  mij^hthave  been 
Isily  remedied,  if  not  entirely  prevented. 


CHAPTER    IV. 

tA-^lRFS  OF  COI.UMIIUS  TO  RF.STORF.  TIIF. 
I<,il  IKr  (IK  IHK  1SI..\NI)— EXI'EUniON  OF  OJKUA 
I"!'!  sUKl'RISK   CAONADO. 

['494.] 

pM\iirii.\Ti:i.Y  after  the  return  of  Columbus  from 
Pi,  while  he  was  yet  confined  to  his  bed  by  in- 

Hist.  del  Almirante,  cap.  6o. 
'  Ibid. 
Herrera,  Hist.  Ind.,  (iecad.  i.  lib.  ii.  cap.  i6. 


disposition,  he  was  j;r.itit'ied  by  ,n  voliint.iry  \isit 
from  (iu.ic.ina^'.iri.  who  iii.initesled  the  j;re.ilest 
concern  .it  Ins  illness,  lor  he  appe.irs  lo  li.ive 
.dways  enlerl. lined  an  attei  tion.ite  revcreiu c  t.ir 
tlie  admiral.  He  .i;;.iin  spoke  wilhte.irsot  the 
m.iss.K  re  ot  l-'ort  .N.itivity,  dwelling  on  the  tNcr- 
tions  he  h.ui  m.ide  in  deteiice  ot  the  Sp.ini.irds. 
He  now  informed  t'ldiimbus  of  the  sei  ret  le.i^,'iie 
foriiiin^  .imon^  the  (  .k  kjucs  ;  ot  Ins  <ip|i(i-.iiiiiii  to 
It.  and  the  coiiseipieiit  persecution  he  h.id  siif. 
lered  ;  ot  the  murder  of  one  of  his  wi\i's,  and  the 
c.iptiire  of  another.  He  ur^jed  the  .idmir.il  to  be 
on  his  j;u.ird  a),Minst  the  designs  ot  C.ioii.ilio,  and 
offered  lo  le.id  Ins  sutiicits  to  ihf  tiild,  lo  fiHht  by 
the  side  of  the  Sp.ini.irds.  as  well  out  of  trieiidship 
tor  them  .IS  in  reiciijic  of  his  own  iiiiiiries.* 

(/olumbus  h.id  always  rel.iiiicd  .i  deep  sense  of 
the  .incieiit  kindness  of  ( iu.K  .iii.i^;.iri,  .ind  w.is  re- 
joiced to  lia\t-  .ill  suspK  ion  ot  his  ^^rnud  l.iiili  thus 
elfeclu.dly  dispelled.  Their  tornier  ami(  .ililt  iii- 
teridUrse  was  renewed,  with  this  differeiu c,  lli.il 
the  man  wlioin  ( 'iiiac.iii.ij,Mri  h.id  oiu c  relieved 
and  succored  as  a  sliipwre(  ked  slranj,'er,  h.id  sud- 
denly licKime  the  arbiter  of  the  t.ile  ol  himself  .ind 
all  his  i ouiilrymeii. 

'I'he  in, inner  in  which  this  peaceful  islaiid  h.id 
been  exasperated  .ind  embroiled  hy  the  licentious 
conduct  of  the  luiropeans.  w.is  a  rnatler  ot  deep 
concern  to  Columbus.  He  s.iw  all  his  |il.ins  of 
derivin^f  .in  immediate  revenue  to  the  sovcrei^nis 
completely  impeded.  To  restore  the  isl.ind  to 
traiupiilliiy  recjuired  skilful  m.ina;;emeiit.  His 
forces  were  but  sni.ill,  and  the  awe  in  whii  h  the 
natives  had  stood  ot  the  white  men,  as  super- 
n.'itur.'il  bein^js,  had  been  in  some  de;,'ree  dis- 
pelled. He  was  loo  ill  to  t.ike  a  person, il  sh.ire  in 
any  warlike  enterprise;  his  brother  Dienowas 
not  of  a  military  char.icter,  .ind  li.irihohimew  was 
yet  a  stran;,'er  amoii^j  ihe  Spaniards,  and  re- 
j;arded  by  the  leadiiij,^  men  with  jealousy.  Still 
Columbus  considered  tlitr  ihre.iiencd  comfiiiialion 
of  the  caci(|ues  as  hut  impi'rteiily  toriiied  ;  he 
trusted  to  their  wain  of  skill  .iiiii  e\|ierieni  e  in 
warfare,  and  conceived  that  by  jirompi  measures, 
by  iiroceedinjr  in  detail,  punishin^r  some,  concili- 
atiii);  others,  and  uniiinjr  force,  jfeiilleness,  and 
slratafjem,  he  mi),du  succeed  in  dispellinj,^  the 
threatened  slorm. 

His  first  c.ire  w.is  to  send  a  body  of  .irnied  men 
to  the  relict  of  I-'orl  Ma.ifd.ilen.i,  menaced  with  de- 
struction by  Cuatij^uan  1,  the  caciipie  ot  the  C.r.ind 
Kiver,  who  had  mass.icred  the  Spaniards  ipi.tr- 
tered  in  his  town.  Havin^j  relieved  the  fortress, 
the  troops  overran  the  territory  ot  (;uali>,ni,iiia, 
killinjr  m.iny  of  his  warriors,  and  carrvin;;  others 
off  captives  :  the  chieftain  himself  made  his  es- 
cape.} He  was  tributary  to  (lUarionex,  sovereijjn 
c.ici(|ue  of  the  Royal  '\'e>,M.  As  this  Indi.m 
rei^jned  over  a  ^rre.il  and  populous  extent  of  coun- 
try, his  friendship  was  hi^'hly  imixirt.inl  tor  the 
|)rosperity  of  the  colony,  while  there  was  immi- 
nent risk  of  his  hostility,  from  the  unbridled  ex- 
cesses of  the  Spaniards'  who  had  been  (|Uarlered 
in  his  dominions.  Columbus  sent  tor  him,  there- 
fore, ;ind  explained  lo  him  thatthi'se  exc(  -ises  had 
been  in  viol.ition  of  his  orders,  .ind  contrary  to  his 
^ood  intentions  toward  the  n.itives,  whom  it  was 
his  wish  in  every  way  to  please  and  lienetlt.  He 
explained,  likewise,  that  the  expedition  a^^^inst 
C.uatijruan.i  was  an  act  of  mere  individual  punish- 
ment, not  of  hostility  aj^ainst  the  terri lories  of 
Cuarione.x.      The  cacique    was    of    a   (juiet   and 


*  Herrera.  Hist.  Ind.,  decad.  i.  lib,  ii.  cap.  lO. 
t  Ibid. 


lis 


LIFE    AND   VOVAGi:S    OF    COLUMI3US. 


placable  disposition,  andwhatrvcr  atifjcr  he  mifjlit 
have  lek  was  uasil)' sdolhrd.  'I'o  link  iiini  in  some 
(lei^ree  In  the  Spanish  inlercsl,  Ciilunihus  pre- 
vailed on  him  to  j;ive  his  daiij^diter  in  niarriaye 
III  llie  Indian  iiiterpretef,  Diej^'o  Colon.*  As  a 
;  stronj^cr  preeaiilion  aj,Minst  any  hostility  on  the 
part  ot  the  caciciue,  and  to  insure  tran(|iiillity  in 
the  i!npt)rlanl  rejjion  of  tlu-  \'e;;a,  he  ordereil  a 
fortress  to  he  erected  in  the  midst  ol  his  territories, 
which  he  named  l'"ort  Com  eption.  The  easy  ca- 
ri(Hie  aj,rreed  without  hesitation  to  a  measure 
traii|;lu  with  ruin  to  himselt,  and  future  sl.iverv  to 
his  suhjecls. 

I'lie  most  formidable  enemy  remained  to  he  dis- 
posed of— Caonabo.  His  territories  lay  in  the  cen- 
tral and  mountainous  jiartsot  the  island,  rendered 
(lillicult  of  access  by  rut;<,rc(|  rocks,  entanj^led  for- 
ests, and  frecpient  rivers.  To  make  war  upon  this 
sid)tle  and  ferocious  chieftain,  in  the  depths  of  his 
wild  woodland  territory,  and  amon^^  the  tastnesses 
ot  his  mountains,  wliere  at  e\erystep  there  would 
he  dauLjer  ot  ambush,  woukl  be  a  work  of  time, 
]ieri!,  :ind  uncertain  issue.  In  the  meanwhile  the 
settlements  woidd  never  be  secure  from  his  secret 
and  daring  enleriirises,  and  the  workintj  of  the 
mini  s  would  l-.e  subject  to  fre(|Uent  interruption. 
While  ptM'plexed  on  this  subjei't,  Columbus  w.is 
relieved  by  an  offer  ol  .Mon/o  de  Ojeda,  to  take 
the  Carib  chieftain  by  strala^cm,  anci  deliver  him 
alive  into  his  hanils.  The  proiect  was  wild,  haz- 
ardous, and  romantic,  ch.iracieristic  ot  t  ijeda,  who 
was  tond  ot  (listint;uisliin,L;'  himscll  by  extravagant 
ex|)loits  .and  feats  ot  desperate  bra\ery. 

Choosinjr  ten  bold  and  hardy  followers,  well 
armed  and  well  mounted,  and  invokin;.;  the  jiro- 
tection  of  his  patroness  the  XMrj^in,  whose  imajje 
as  usual  he  bore  with  him  as  a  safeguard,  ( ijeda 
liknigeil  into  the  forest,  and  made  his  way  ab  ,ve 
sixty  leaj^ues  into  the  wild  territories  of  C.ionabo, 
whom  he  found  in  one  of  his  most  popidous  towns, 
the  same  now  called  .Maf^uana,  near  the  town  ot 
San  Juan.  Apijro.ichint;-  the  caeiipie  wit'i  j^reat 
(!■  'rence  as  a  soveri'ij;n  ])rince,  he  jirotessed  to 
Conic  on  .1  friendly  embassy  from  the  admiral  who 
v.-.is  Ciuamiipiina,  or  chief  ot  the  Siianiartls,  and 
who  had  sent  him  an  invaluable  i)rcsent. 

Caenabo  had  tried  Ojeda  m  battle  ;  he  had  wit- 
nessed his  llery  |ir;i\vess,  and  had  conceived  a 
warrior's  atlmiration  of  him.  He  receix'ed  him 
with  a  decree  of  chiwdroiis  coiu'tesv,  if  such  a 
])hrase  may  a|)ply  to  the  s,iva.L;;e  state  and  rude 
hospitality  ot  a  wild  warrior  of  the  forest.  The 
tree,  tearless  depoitnient,  the  jjreat  |)ersonal 
s'rt  n;.;ih,  ,ind  the  suiprising  airiliiy  and  adroit- 
ness ot  ()jedain  all  manly  exercises,  and  in  the 
use  of  all  kinds  ot  weapons,  were  calculated  to 
del il; lit  a  savai^e,  and  he  soon  became  a  great 
favorite  with  Caonabo. 


,.  ;i 


garding   with    superstition    all    thinpfs  ronnor;^ 
with  the  .Spaniards,  tlu'V  looked   U])on  this  In,'.;  J 
something  supernatural,  anil  in  tliiar  iisu.al  i)hr.:i.| 
s.iid   it    had    come    from  "  'I'urey,"  or  the    ski  J 
Caonabo  had  heard   the  bell  at  a   distance,  in  ]J 
(irowlings  al)<)Ut   the  settlement,  and  h.ad  |iin,4 
to  see  it  ;   but   when    it  was    iiroffered   loiiim, 
present  of  peace,  he  foinul   it  im|)ossiblL'  to  i(..j 
the  tempt. ition.      He   agreed,  therefore,    to.ti 
for   Isabella  ;   but  when   the  lime  came  to  ij,: 
Ojeda   beheld    with   surprise   a    ])owerlul    li)i\v 
warriors   .assembled   ;ind   ready   to    m.irch.     i 
asked  the  meaning  of  taking  such  an  arniv  r 
mere  friendly  visit  ;  the  cicicpie  |)roudly  n|.-| 
that  it  did  not  betit  a  great  prince  like  I'.iins 
go  tV)rth  scantily  attended.     Ojeda  w.as  little  .s.nj 
tied  with  this  re|)ly  ;   he  knew  the  w.irlike  ch.id 
ter  of  Caonalx),  and  his  deep  subtlety  ;  he  \a:-i 
some  sinister  design — a  surjirise  of  the  foitii>-f 
Isal)ella,  or  an  attempt  upon  the  person  ot  il;t , 
miral.      He  knew  also  th.it  it  was  thi-  wish  o!  [ 
lunibus  either  to  make    peace  with  the  c,ici(ii;- 
to  gi-t  possession  of  his  |)erson  without  tlic  :i!ii- 
ti\'e  of  open  warfare.      He  had  recourse  to  .1  m; 
gem,  therefore,  which   has   ;tn  air  of  fable  an;- 
niance,  but  which  is  recorded    by  all   tin-  ci!:: 
porary    historians    with     trivial     variaii(iii>,  , 
which.  Las  Casas  assures  us,  was  in  cunriii 
cidaiion    in    the    island    when    he    arri\i(l   1' 
about  six  ye.irs   after   the    event.     It  acconi,  ■ 
with   the   adventurous   and  extravagant  cl\ir 
of  the   man,  and   with   the   wild   stratagem^  .. 
\aimting  exploits  incident  to  Indian  wait. ire. 
In  the  course  of  their  march,  ha.ving  ha.lin!' 
the    Little    Vagui,    a   consider.able   brancli  i! 
Neyba,  Ojed.a  one  day  protluced  ?.  set  of  ni.,;:.i 
of  polished   steel,  so   highly   burnished    that  ; 
looked    like   silver.      'Lliese   he   assured  Cm- 
were    royal     orn.iments    which    had  come   : 
heaven,  or  the  Tiu-ey  of    liiscay  ;  *  th.al  they 
worn  by  the  monarchsof  Castile  on  solemn  il, 
and  other  h.igh   festivities,  and   wcTe   iiiiiiiiii 
presents  to  the   cacicpie.     He   |)roposi'il  tli.r.  i 
n.ibo  shoidd  go  to  the  ri\er  and  ba.th.e,  alii.i'v 
he   shoidd    be   decorated    with    these    oni.iii. ' 
mounU'd   on  tlie   horse  of  ( )je(la,  and  shmiii 
turn  in  the  state  of  a  Spanish   monarch,  to  .•■ 
ish  his  sulijects.     The  cacicpie  w.i.i  da//lc>l 
the  glitter  of  the  manacles,  and   flattered  ui;: 
ide.i   of   bestriding"   one   of   those  trenieniliui- 
m.ils  so  dreaded  by  his  countrymen,    lie  r-, 
to  the  river,  .and    having  bathed,  was  .i^-i-: 
mount    behind    Ojed.i,  and    the  shackles  we; 
justed.       Ojeda    made    several     circuits    , 
space,  followed  by  his  btile  ba^d  ot  horseir,!:' 
Indians  shrinking  back  fvom    the  pr.aneiiiL;' :''■■■ 
.\t  length   he  made  a  wide  swee|)  into  lie: 
until  the  trees  concealed  him  Irom  the  sigiii 
army.     His  followers  then  closed   round  hiiVi 
drawing  their  swords,  threatened  Caon.ilin  ' 
instant  death  if  he  made  the  least  noise  oir:' 
ance.     Ihnding  him   with   cords  to  Ojed.i  i' 
\ent  his  hilling  or  effecting  an  escaije,  ilic 


Ojeda  now  used  all  his  intluence  to  iirevail 
upon  the  I'.iciipu!  to  re|iair  to  Isabella,  for  the 
purpose  of  making  a  treaty  with  Columbus,  an<l 
becoming  the  ally  and  friend  of  the  Spaniards. 
It  is  s.iid  that  he' ottered  him,  as  a  lure,  the  bell 
III  the  chapel  of  Isabella.  This  bell  was  the  won-  , 
der  ot    the    island.     When    the    Iiulians    heard    it'  niaile  off  thiough  the  woods  with  their  p;i 

ringing     for    mass,    and    beheld    the     S|)aniarils  

hastening  toward   the  chapel,  thev   imagined  th.it 
it  talketl,  aid  that  the  white    men'obeve'd  it.      Re- 


spurs  to  their  liorses,  dashed  .across  the  rivi: 


*  I'.  M.irtyr,  ilecaii.  i.  lit),  iv.  Gio.  li.utista  Spo- 
tTH  ..  in  Ills  Memoir  of  Colnniluis,  lias  lieen  leri  into 
an  ei'or  by  the  nameot  this  Imlian.  and  oliservcs  that 
CoUanbus  had  a  t  Ulicr  iiained  ^)ic^;o,  of  whom  lie 
sci'iiied  to  l)e  ashamed,  and  wlium  he  married  to  the 
daughter  of  an  Indian  diicf. 


"  Tlic  prinripal  iron  manufactories  of  Spain  1: 
t.ddislied  in  liiscay,  where  the  ore  is  found  in- 
dance. 

+  Tliis  romantic  exploit  of  Ojeda  is  rccowl 
lar<e  In'  I-as  Casas  ;  tjy  his  copyisi  llcrrtr.t  .■■'<■■ 
lib.  ii.  cap.  I'll  ;  \)j  I'ernando  I'i/.arro,  in  li;^\-: 
lllustres  del  N'ucvo  .Mundo  ;  and  liy  Charlev"i<  ' 
History  of  St.  DominKO.  Peter  M.anyr  anJ 
have  given  it  more  concisely,  alluding  to,  lut  ''• 
i^eriing  its  romantic  details. 


,    I.aCa^,,, 
f  UsCisa 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGES   OF   COLUMBUS. 


110 


1  nil  thinK'^  roiirnT.: 
(lokfd  iipiin  ihi-^  ln-'.::;| 
11(1  in  llu'ir  usual  iihr.J 
'  'I'urcy,"  111-  llu-  ski-: 
.■11  at  a  (lislancr,  in  h 
fim'nt,  and  had  I'lr- 
IS  priiffiTi'd  to  him  :;- 
1  it  impiissilili'  1"  V 

■I'd,   lluTt'lclT,     l'>    ■!'. 

he  linn-  caiiif  M  •'■' 
•isf   a   powt'i'lul   li'i\ 

ready  to   manli. 
^il1}^  such  an  army 
i-aciciuf  proudly  r^ 
■at  prim'c  lil<^:  V.uv.^ 
1.     Ojcda  was  liltlr - 
;ne\v  llu'  warlikr  < : ,. 
(K-i^p  subtlety  ;  hr  lr„ 
uirjirise  ot  iIh'  f;>iir>  • 
pou  the  person  (il  li 
at  it  was  the  wisl;  o' 
)eace  with  the  can',' 
erson  without  the  :\'.u 
eiiad  recourse  to  a  M;  • 
as  an  air  of  hd'le  ,u,  ■ 
orded   by  all  the  ('«!.■■ 

trivial     varialinn\ 
cs  us,  was  in  cnrn-i;! 
when    he    arrived   r 
le   event.     It  accmiK  : 
ind  extravat;ant  clar  ■ 
the  wild   slral:!,i;•enl^  . 
nt  to  Indian  warl arc. 
march,  having;  halia!: 
msiderable   branch  V. 
iroduced  a  set  of  ni.,ii;i: 
^dily   burnished   thai  ; 
hcs'e   he   assurt'd  Cau- 
;    which    had  conic   r 

lliscay  ;*  thaiihcvv 
f  Castile  on  soleuui  il.:; 
es,  and  were  inunili. 
'lie  jiroposed  \hM( 
liver  and  bathe,  aturv/ 
d   with   these    ornaii 

of  Ojeda,  and  sh.iii.; 
lanish   monarch,  ui  .•' 


cacujue 


was  da//!i'''. 


[les,  and  llatlcr.'d  wi: 
of   those  treniendiHh 
counirvmen.    He  rv[' 
;■   liathed,  was  as:.'.va  I 
md   the  shackles  wrft  ] 
several    circuits    . 
li'.ile  i.:"'^d  ot  horstir.;' 
f'-om   the  pran^/nv^-.-v 
[vide  sweep  into  tl'f  1 
him  from  the  si:4lii 
lien  closed   round  Im'-. 
1  threatened   Caonalu' 
ihe  least  noise  orr. 
[ith    cords  to  Ojeda  I'j 
Ictinjj:  an  escajje,  iIk';' 
lashed  across  the  nv^  ■ 
Idods  with  their  piiA. 

lanufactorics  of  Sp-nii.^ 
ic  the  ore   is  (ouivl  i".- 

l)it  of   Ojeda  is   rcior::: 

liis  copvisL  llerrtiM    •'  ■ 

Imdo  l'i/.arn>,  in  l'^^  ^  " 

llo  ;  and  by  CharU'V"i>^ 

Peter   Slariyr  an.. 

sclv,  alluding  i",  l-"' '■ 

Us.' 


Tluy  liad   now  fifty  or  sixty  ]ea{,nies  of  wilder- 
hess  til  traverse  on  their  way  homeward,  with  here 
End  there  iar^^i-   Indian  towns.     They  had  borne 
[if  then'  c.i|)tive  far  beyond  the  jiursuit  of  his  sub- 
ects  ;    but   liie  utmost  vi^'ilance   was   requisite   to 
IjrcveiU  his  escape  during'  this  lonij  and  toilsome 
Diirnev,  and  loavoiil  excitinjj  tlu'  hostilities  of  any 
kill!'/ Irralc  caci(|Ue.      'I'liey  liad  to  slum  the  popu- 
L)\],  Mill-,  ol   the   country   tlierelore,   or   to    pass 
|lir.};!j;Ii  the   Indian   towns  at   full    j^allop.     'I'liey 
liiv  I  ,L;re.itly  Irom   fatij^ue,  liun^^er,  and  watch- 
H,,!!-,,  ;' ciK-ounterin,^   many   i)erils,   fordins;  and 
iiiiim,:;  the  numerous  ri\ers  ot  the  plains,  toil- 
iliiMU^h  the   deep    tangled    forests,  and   clam-  | 
iiil;  liver  the  hi^h  and  rocky  mountains.     'I'liey 
cnph^heil  .ill  in  safety,  and  I  ijeda  entered  Isa- 
a  111  iriuni|il'i  from  this  most  darin;^  and  char- 
k(li•n^^i  ■  eiUerpi'ise,  with   his  wild  Indian  bound 
bi-i'iin  I. 
LiiiMuDus  could  not  refrain  from  e\pre-.sintj  his 
It  saI;■^l.lctlon  when  this  danj^erous  loe  was  de- 
li, rcl  into  his  hands.     The   haughty  Carib  met 
[11  wiiii  .1   lofty  and    unsubdued   air,  disdainiui; 
,!i;',riliate  him  by  submission,  or  to  de|)rec.ite 
lb  vciiL,'ciii('e  lor  the    hiood  of   white    men    which 
iia.l  i.K- 1.     He  never  bowed  his  spirit  to  caj)- 
',:\-  :  III!  the  contrary,  thou;.rh  compiettdy  ;it  the 
■ii'v  ot  the  .Spaniards,  he  displayed  that  boastin;.;' 
Iriianre  which  is  a  part  of   Indian   heroism,  ami 
iiiii    till'    savajje    maint.iiiis    toward     his    tor- 
■at'irs,  even  amid  the  ai^onies   ot    the  faj^ot  and 
•>tikc.     He  vaunted    his  achievement  in  sur- 
|I■l^in.;  and   burniiii^   the  fortress  of  Xaliviiy,  and 
|laii.;iUeriML,''  its  garrison,  and   declaivd    that    he 
l^■^■rclly  reconnoitred    Isabella,  with  an  iiUen- 
l(i!i  111  urcak;n^'  upon  it  the  same  desolation. 
C.iitnnlui-.,  thuuija  struck  with  the   heroism   of 
!)■.■  I  liietlain,  considered  him  .1  daiit^erous  enemy, 
I'h.mi.  Iiir  iha  pe.ice  ol  the  isl.ind,  it   was   ad\'isa- 
)lf  10  >  ■!!  I  to  .Spain  ;   in  the  meantime  he  ordered 
la;  Iv.'  s!imild    be   treated    with    kindness  and  re- 
l,  .la  I  111  |oe,|  hip.i  in  a  part  of  his  own  dweli- 
.  wii  rr,  however,  he   kept   him   a   prisoner  in 
Ihajii'.     This  precaution    must   have  been    neces- 
ary,  Ir.iai  the   insecurity  ot   his  prison  ;  for    Las 
I'aM--  oliicrves    that     the    admiral's    house    not 
s|ii  iDiis,  nor  havin^r   niany  chambers,  the 
|a>ii.a'i  l)\  111  the  strt^et  couiil  see  the  captive  ehiet- 
\:\  iroai  the  portal.-'  [ 

1  Cionalio  .il-.vays  maintained  a   h,injj;lity  deport-  i 
^■.■iU  loiv.ird   Columbus,  while   he   iie\er  evinced   i 
il' i^t  airinosity  .■io;.iinst  Ojeda.      He  r.uher  ad-  j 
!■  I  tile  1. liter  as   a  consummate    warrior,    l.ir  | 
■il  1 1^  pounced   upon   him  and   borne  him  off  in 
pi^  liiwk-like  manner  from  the  \ery  midst  ul  his 
,Miiii;4-iiu'n. 

[Wiicii  Ci)!um!)iis  entered  the  .apartment  where 
iim'i.i  was  (  ontined,  .all  present  rose,  according; 
nb'oiii,  ,md  p.iid  him  reverence  ;  the  caci(|ue 
P'lir  iieillicr  moved  nor  took  any  notice  of  lii!ii. 
]ii  tl.r  contrary,  when  (  )ieda  entered,  thouoh 
|iii!l  ill  |k-rsiin  and  without  external  st.ile.  Cao- 
iiiros-.inl  saluted  him  with  profouiul  respect. 
|ii  iifiii^r  asked  the  reason  ot  this,  Columbus  beinj^r 
|iiani'i|uin.i,  or  o-re;it  chief  over  all,  and  <  )jeda  but 
V '4  Ins  subjects,  the  proud  Carib  replied  that 
^i.lniiral  h.id  never  dared  to  come  person.illy 
!!!>,  house  and  seize  him  ;  't  was  only  throuiWi 
■iilorol  Ojed.i  he  w.is  li's  prisoner  ;  to  Ojeda 
fir''!oR'.  lie  owerl  reverence,  not  to  the  admiral  t 
!"•  r.iplivity  of  Caonabo  was  deeply  lelt  bv  his 
I'l-^.  lor  the   iiaii\es  ot  this  island  seem  yen- 

l.aCas.i-;,  Hist.  Ind.,  lib.  I.  cap.  io2. 
L  Las  Casus,  ubi  sup.,  cap.  I02. 


erally  to  have  been  extremely  loyal,  and  strongly 
attached  to  their  caciques.  One  of  the  brothers 
ot  Caonabo,  a  warrior  ot  j^reat  coura;,^'  ami  ad- 
dress, and  very  po|)ular  amonj.f  the  Indians,  as- 
sembled an  army  of  nuire  th.a'i  seven  thous.ind 
men  anil  letl  them  seciclly  to  the  neij^hbohood  ol 
St.  Thomas,  where  Ojeda  was  aoain  in  command. 
His  intention  was  to  surprise  a  number  id  S|),in- 
iards,  in  hopes  ot  (d)tainin^  his  brother  in  ex- 
chan;j;e  for  them.  Ojeda,  as  usual,  had  notii  •  ot 
the  desii^n,  but  was  not  to  be  a;;ain  shut  u|)  in  his 
fortress.  Havinjj  been  reiiiiorceil  by  a  del.ich- 
inent  sent  by  the  .Vdclantado,  he  lelt  a  silllicient 
force  in  j,Mriason,  and  with  the  remainder,  and  his 
little  troop  ot  horse,  set  off  boldly  to  meet  the  s.iv- 
ages.  The  brother  ot  Caonabo,  when  he  saw  the 
S|).iiiiar(ls  approaching',  showed  some  military 
skill,  disposinj;-  his  ,irmy  in  t'lve  battalions.  The 
im|ietuous  .itt.ick  ol  Ojeda,  however,  with  his 
handful  of  horsemen,  threw  the  Indian  w.irriors 
into  sudden  p.inic.  At  the  furious  onset  ot  these 
steel-cl.id  beinj,fs,  wieldino- their  tlashinj;-  weajions, 
;ind  bestriding;  what  appc.  red  to  be  ferocious 
beasts  of  i>rey,  they  threw  down  their  weapons  and 
look  to  llijjht  •  many  were  slain,  more  were  taken 
jirisoners,  and  amoii^  the  latter  was  the  brother 
ot  Caonabo.  bravely  lighting  in  a  righteous  yet 
desperate  cause.* 


CH.M'TKR  V. 

.■\RRIV.\I,  OF  ANTdNt  )  UK  T.)KR1'.S  Willi  rofR 
SHIPS  1  RDM  .SPAIN  — Ills  RKTLR.N  Willi  IMilAN 
SLAVICS. 

['W-1 

TllK  colony  was  still  suffering  greatly  from 
w.int  of  provi..iions  ;  the  European  stock  w.is  ne.ir- 
Iv  exhausted,  and  such  was  the  idleness  a  id  im- 
pro\idence  of  the  colonists,  or  the  conlusion  into 
which  they  had  been  thrown  by  the  hostilities  of 
the  natives,  or  such  was  their  exclusive  e.iger- 
ness  alter  the  precious  metals,  that  they  seciu  to 
have  neglected  the  true  wealth  of  the  i'slaiul,  its 
(piick  and  productive  soil,  and  to  have  been  in 
constant  d.inger  of  f.imine,  though  in  the  midst  of 
tertility. 

At  lengt.i  they  were  relieved  by  the  arrival  of 
four  ships  coiiimanded  by  Antcnio  Torres,  which 
brougiit  an  ample  sup|)i/  ot  |)ro\isions.  There 
Wire  also  a  jihysician  and  an  apothec.iiw  w  liost 
aid  w.is  gre.illy  needed  in  the  sickly  st.iie  ot  the 
colony  ;  but  .ibove  all,  there  were  mechanics, 
millers,  lishermeii,  g.irdeners,  and  husbandmen  — 
ihr  true  kind  ot  popuLition  '    r  a  colony. 

Torres  brought  letters  Irom  tlv,' '  sovereigns 
I'd.ated  August  lOtb,  14941  ot  the  most  gr.itilying 
kind,  expressing  the  highest  s.itisf.iclion  ,it  the  ac- 
counts sent  home  by  the  adniir.il,  .and  .acknowl- 
edging that  e\frything  in  the  course  of  his  discov- 
eries had  turned  out  as  he  had  |)re(licied.  They 
evinced  the  liveliest  interest  in  ll-''  affairs  ot  llic 
colony,  and  ;i  desire  of  receiving  frecp.ient  intelli- 
gence as  to  his  situation,  projiosing  that  a  car.ivel 
should  s.iil  i^.ich  month  Irom  Isabell.i  aiul  S|!,iiii. 
They  informed  him  that  .all  differences  wich  I'or- 
iugal  were  amicably  adjusted,  .md  acqu.iiiUed 
him  with  the  conventional  .agreement  with  that 
power  relative  to  a  geographical  line,  sep.ir.iting 
their    'lewly-discovered    possessions  :    re(|uesting 


*  Oviedo,   Cronica  dc  los  Indlas,   lil 
Charlevoix,  Hist.  St,  Damingo,  lib.  ii.  \! 


III.   rap. 
iji- 


120 


LIFK   AND   VOVAGKS   OF   COLUMBUS. 


him  to  respect  this  njjrci-m'.  !it  in  tin."  course 
ol  his  (hscoVL-rios.  As  iii  ailjiistiii^  tiic  arranj;i:- 
nu'iU  with  I'oriiifral,  aiul  in  ilrawin^;  iht-  jiruposcil 
line,  it  was  ini|)ortant  to  have  tiic  best  advice,  ti;e 
sovereigns  re(|Ueste(l  Colmnhus  to  return  and  be 
presiiit  at  tin;  convention  ;  or,  in  case  that  sliould 
l)e  inconvenient,  to  send  liis  lirotiier  liartholoini'w, 
or  any  otlur  person  whom  lie  should  consiiier 
fully  competent,  lurnished  with  such  maps,  charts, 
anil  ilesigns  as  niiglil  be  ol  service  in  the  negt^'.i- 
ation.* 

There  was  .-mother  letter,  addressed  generally 
to  llu:  inhabitants  ot  the  coh>'n-,  and  It)  all  who 
should  |)roceed  on  vov.iges  ot  discovery,  com- 
manding them  tj  obey  Columbus  as  implicitly  .is 
they  wiiuld  llv  sovereigns  themselves,  under  |).un 
ot  their  high  d  .-.pleasure  .\nd  a  line  ot  ten  thousand 
m.ir.ivedies  tcr  each  ottence. 

Such  was  II. e  well-meriletl  confidence  reposed 
at  this  momeiii  by  the  so\ereigns  in  Columbus, 
but  which  was  soon  to  be  blighteil  by  the  insid- 
ious reports  ot  vorthless  men.  I  le  w.is  alre.uly 
aw.ue  ot  the  complaints  and  misri'|)resentations 
which  had  been  sent  home  trom  the  colony,  and 
which  would  be  enlorced  by  M.irgarite  and  l-'riar 
lioyle.  lie  was  aware  that  his  standing  in  .S|)ain 
was  i)f  th.it  uncertain  kind  which  a  str.mger  al- 
w.ivs  possesses  in  the  service  of  a  toreign  country, 
where  he  has  no  friends  nor  connections  to  sup- 
port him,  .ind  where  even  his  very  merits  increase 
the  e.igernessot  envv  to  c.ist  him  dow  n.  His  efforts 
to  promote  the  working  ot  the  mines,  and  to  ex- 
plore the  resources  of  the-isl.ind,  hail  lieeii  im- 
l)eded  by  the  misconduct  ot  .Margarite  and  the  dis- 
oiderlv  iife  of  the  Spaniards  in  general,  yet  he  a])- 
preiu'iided  th.it  the  \ery  evils  which  they  had  pro- 
duced would  be  alleged  against  him,  and  tlie 
want  of  prolitable  returns  be  cited  to  discredit  and 
emb.irr.iss  his  ex|)editions. 

To  counteract  anv  misrepresentations  of  the 
kind,  Columbus  h.istened  the  return  of  the  ships, 
anil  would  have  returneil  with  them,  not  merely 
to  com|)ly  with  the  wishes  t)t  the  sovereigns  in  be- 
ing present  at  the  settlement  of  the  geographic.il 
line,  lu!'  to  \indic.ite  himself  and  his  enterprises 
irom  the  as|.e'-sioiis  of  his  enemies.  The  malady, 
however,  which  contined  him  to  tiis  bed  prevented 
his  de])arlure  ;  and  his  brother  li.irtholomew  was 
reipiireil  to  aiil,  with  his  ])ractical  good  sense 
and  his  resolute  spirit,  in  regulating  the  disordered 
aff.iirs  of  the  isl.md.  It  was  determined,  there- 
fore, to  Send  home  his  brother  Diego,  to  attend  to 
the  wishes  ot  the  sovereigns,  and  ti)  take  care  of 
his  interests  at  court.  At  the  '■■mie  time  he  exert- 
ed himself  to  the  utmost  to  send  by  the  ships  s.it- 
"sf.ictory  proofs  of  the  value  of  his  discoveries.  He 
remitted  by  them  all  the  gold  th.it  he  coulil  col- 
lect, with  specimens  of  other  metals,  ;inil  of  \ari- 
ous  fruits  and  wiUi.ible  ])l,iiits.  which  In  had  col- 
lected either  in  Ilispaniol.i  or  in  the  course  ol  his 
voyage.  In  his  eagerness  to  produce  immediate 
prollt,  and  to  indemnify  the  sovereigns  for  those 
expenses  which  liore  hard  upon  the  roy-d  treas- 
ury, he  sent,  likewise,  above  five  hundred  Indian 
prisoners,  who,  he  suggested,  might  be  sold  as 
sl.ives  at  .Sevil'e. 

It  is  painfui  to  t"md  the  brilliant  renown  of  Co- 
lumbus sullied  by  so  foul  a  stain.  The  customs 
of  the  times,  however,  must  be  ])leaded  in  his 
aiiology.  The  precedent  had  been  given  long  '•"- 
fore,  l)y  both  .Spani.irds  and  Portuguese,  in  their 
African  discoveries,  wherein  the  traffic  in  slaves 
had  formed  one  of  the  greatest  sources  of  profit. 

*  llcrrera,  decad.  i.  lib.  ii.  cap,  t';. 


In  fact,  the  ])ractice  had  Iieen  s.iiictioiied  hv 
church    itself,  and    the    most   learned    tluoluj^i 
had  |)ronouiiced  all  barbarous  and  infidel  u.unr.i 
who  shut   their  ears   to  tlu'  truths  ot  Clui^li.n, 
fail    objects  ot   war  and   rapine,  of   capiivii\  , 
slavt'ry.     If  Columbus  neeiled  any  practlciliJiJ 
tr.iiion  ot  this  doctrine,  he  had   it   in   the  ( (in(l':{ 
ot    I'erdin.iiid    hinisell,  in    his    late   wars  widi 
.Moors  of  (iran.id.i,  in  which   he  had  alwavsl,:! 
surriuinded   by  a  crowd  ot   ghostly  advisers, 
had  professed   to  ilo  everything   lor  the  glory  .,r,,;| 
advancement  ot  the  faith.      In  this  holy  war,  .u  [ 
was  termed,  it   was  a   common   practice  to  m,i,J 
inroads  into  the  Moorish   tirritories  and  c.n  r,  c[ 
(■(fr'i;/:,'Vf(/(M',  not   merely   ol   tloiks   and  herds,  I.- 
ot   lium.in    beings,  and    those   not   warriors  t.i;,. 
with  we.ipons   in    their   hands,  luit  cpiiel  \ill, ,;;.■. 
laboring  ])eas.intrv,  and  helpless  women  ;iiiili;  . 
drill.       These   were  carried   to  the  mart  at  Si\i  ti 
or  to  other  populous  towns,  and   sold  into  s\.r.,: 
The  capture  of  .Mal.iga  was  a  menuuahle  iiisUii 
where,    as  a    punishment    for    an    obstiiialc  ,: 
brave  defence,  which  should  have  excited  ain   .| 
tion  rather  than   revenge,  eleven   thousaiiil  \m'' 
of  both  sexes,  and  of  all   ranks  and  ages,  iii.n.i 
them  highly  cultiwited  and  delicately  reared,  \\c 
suddenly   torn    from     their    homes,    severed  Im- 
each  other,  and   swept   into   menial   slavery,  r.- 
though    halt   of    their    riinsoms    had    been    i',,. 
These   circumstances  are   not  advancetl  to  \;ri 
cate.    but   to   iialliate   the   conduct   ot    Coluniiil 
He  acted  but  in  conformity  to  the  custiaii.s  ol  ; 
tinu'S,  and  was  sanctioned    by  the   exani|)le  ot  ; 
sovereign  under  whom  he  ser\ed.     I. .is  C.l^a^, ; 
zealous  and  eiitlnisi.istic   advocate  ol  the  lmi;,r 
who  suffers   no  opportunity  to  escape  him  n!  t 
cl. liming  in  \ehenie;U  terms  against  their  si.m: 
spe.iks  with  indulgence  ot  Columbus  on  llu^  ii,.;| 
It    those    pious    and    learned    men,    he   ulistr.iT 
whom    the   sovereigns    took    tor    guide-,  aiul 
structors,  were  so  ignorant  ot  the  injiisiirc  oi : 
practice,  it   is   no   wonder   that   the  uaieiuin. 
mir.il  should  not  be  conscious  ot  its  imniiiiiiK: 


CHAPTER  Vr. 

KXPl-.niTION  OF  COI.UMIU'.S  AG.MNST  THl-;  IMil.U| 

Ol'  Till-:  viio.A— li.vni.K. 
[■494-] 

XoiWllHSTANniNC.    the   defeat    of    the   lu: 
bv  Ojeda,    thev   still    retained    hostile    inliii'. 
against  the  Spaniards.     The  idea  ot  their  c.u  > 
being  a   prisoner  and  in  cli;iins  enraged  tU  : 
tives    of    Maguan.i  ;     and    the   general    s\:ii| 
manifested    bv   other   tribes   of    the    island   >  ' 
how  widely  that  intelligent   sa\.ige   h.id   iM'.:. 
his  influence,  and    how   gr'-atly    he    was  adir,,: 
Hi:  had  still  .ictive  and  powerlul  relatives  ivn. 
ing,    to   attempt   his   rescue,  or  re\enge  his  : 
One  of  his  brothers,  M.inicaotex  by  name,  ;i  Ci 
b(dd   .ind   warlike  .as   himself,    succeeded  in  ' 
sw.iv   over  his   suljects.     His   favorite  wile  ■ 
.Xnacaona,  so  famous  tor  her  charms,  li.id  i: 
inlluence  over  her  brother  Hehecio,  caci(|iiL  (■  • 
|)opulous  province  ot  Xaragua.      Througii  i 
nu'ans  a  \ioleiU  and  general  hostility  to  thi'  >: 
iards  was  excited   throughout  the  island,  air: 
formidable  league  ot  the  caciques,  which  Cii:. 

''  Las  Casas,  Hist.  Ind.,  torn,  i,  cap.  122,  m^. 


ill  in  vain   .Tttem 
frj;;',  \vas  product 
an,    llic    caciip 
lifiully   to   the   S|); 
Irmati'iii  o!   the  g 
Iki'lhc  fiehl  with  t 
|Thf  iii'oir.icled  il 
'ss  jf  his  inililai y 
lie  cidoiiists    in 
I  scarcity  l'>  g;rea 
diui'd  liim   to  try 
(1  str.ilagein   to 
acv.     lie   had   at 
1(1  his  followers 
il  iiivigor.ited    by 
i|)s.     .\t   this   tiiiit 
at  the  allied   caci 
(Tical   t(ii-i-e    in    I 
aivh  III  Isahell.i,  w 
;!iiT,d  iissaillt   U|)o 
luiiiiiiig  it  by  nuin 
kc  llie  field   at   oiii 
If  lerrilories  of  the 
he  hi'dtight  to  his  I 
The  whole  sou'id 
iilil  imi-.ter,  in    tlu 
loiiy,  did   not  exce 
i'lity  horse.     T'hey 
ivorils,  lances,  and  i 
si'S,  uhicli   ill   thos 
d  siiinetimes  mom 
rmiilahlc   we.ipons, 
lur.i,  cased    in   steel 
iTf  alilc   to  cope   w 
They  had  aid 
iisisting  of  twenty  I 
'  lt•^s  terrible  to  the 
iliiiili'ly   more   t.it.il. 
niiioiis  ;  iiotiiing  d; 
once  seized   upoi 
mpcl  them  to  reliii(| 
'ics  o'^  the  Indi.in^ 
ii'ir  attacks.      'Pliey 
liii  to  the  e.irth,  ,'.iu 
The  adinir.il  w;is  .-ic 
IV  his  hroilier   llartlu 
liil  he  suiight  on  all 
iirdy  great  |)ersonal 
e,  hill  .also  .-i  decid 
ri  icui.igari  ;ilsa  broii 
leilhi-r  he  luu'  his  sii 
■iriike  ch.ir.tcter,  not 
jistaine.     The  cliiel 
ion  was,  th.it  it  comp 
Itlii-r  1- iii(|iies,    ;iii  1 
liiiiM'll  and  his  subjei 
e  present  int.int  st.il 
irity  depended   upon 
■ivii  among  the  ii.iliv 
On  the  27th  of  .M.u 
rth  tniin  Isabell.i  w 
need  hy  marches  o 
ihe  enemy.      He  ai 
in-pass  ot  the  Cava 
'l^eil  down  upon  the 
tlin;;s  did  he  now  co 
i^nsi.t  [he  white  men 
Nliii,:,',  he.iuiiful,  ;in( 
'jl  region,  into    a    la 
'  frever  the  smoke  (i 
Kan^r  the  trees,  it  mi 
"ifiiiies,  .md  the  di 
'"niied  with   lurkinj. 
'^•A  his  imaginai.on 
lid  inoffensive  nature 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGES   OF   COLUMIiUS. 


U>1 


U'tioiud  liy  ! 

(.'(.I    llli-nlii^i,;' 

illl'uU'l  li;uiiii,| 

l>t  CliriMli.iii,;, 

t   i:;i|)livilv  ,;i 

|)r;u'tu,irn.L.| 

in   ilu'  ( iiiic: 

wars  Willi  ': 

;nl  alwiiy-,  \-<: 

)■  advisiTS,  „; 

iV  llic  j^Uiiy  ,,] 

luily  war,  ,p 

raclKf  Ui  111,; 

s  anil  larr,  i 

and  lui(U,  i 

warridih  i.ik 

l|Uifl  Vlll.i^.-.| 

.(inu-n  and  i\. 
marl  ai  St-viitl 
lid  inln  sl.i'.ir 
iirahli.'  iiist.ii.  :| 

olistinale  ,.r 
fxeilcd  aJni,:. 
Juiusand  |nii; : 
d  aj;'i'S,  ni.nA  . 
fly  rfari'd,  v.il 
1,  scvi'ricl  l:r| 
al  slavery,  f.t| 
lad  luiii 
vaiuitl  U)  MisJ 

I    ot     ClllllllliL'l 

.■  fusUiin.-.  ii! 
i'xani|)lf  III 
Las  Casas, 
e  ot  tlic  liuli.j'l 
scape  liini  n!  vl 
|sl   llicir  ^l.m-; 
us  on  llii-.  \i.^: 
,    lie   iibsir.i' 
guides  ami 
iiiiilsUcc  c'l ;: 
■  iin'ulUud ,  I 
ts  imiimiHK'; 


~r  Till-;  iNHi.'.^: 
i.i:. 


(.(   tlu'   li'.i: 
-,tllc     illlili! 
it   lilt  ir  iMi  1 
■nraj^cil  ili 
irral    s\:ri|' 
island   >  ' 
had   t\Ui:' 
was  ai'iu  ;: 
■!ali\cs  IV!;. 
■\rn^r   llii  ' 
iianu-,  a  C- 
.(■(■I'llcd  1(1  ■ 
iirite  \\\W  •■■ 
irnis,  liail  i;' 
aciqiii  "' ' 
'rhnnit;ii  i' 

ilV  to  till'  M 

island,  an  : 
which  Caul!. 

122,  M^. 


caci(|ucs  were  .ictually  assembled 
in    the     V'e^a,    witnin    two    d.iys' 


(1  in  vain  attempted    to   accomplish    when    at 
'nr..,  was  priidiiced   hy  his  caplivily.     (iuac.ina- 

'  the    caciipie    ot    Marien,    alone    remaini'd 

ifiiilly  to   the  .S|)ani.irds,  ^fivinj;-  lliem  timely  in- 

irinalioii  of  the   i;alherin^  storm  and  oltering  U> 

lie  the  field  with  them  as  ,i  laillitid  ally. 

Thr  prolr.Kled  illness  ot  Columbus,  ilie  sca'iti- 

•ss  )[  hi-,  niilil.iry  force,  .and   the  w    ch.'d  st.ite 

.le  ciilonists   in   jjencral,  ri'diic  ;i   by  si'kness 

Ll  scarcilv  lo  ^real  bodily  weakness,  h.id  hiiherlo 

liliued  luni   lo   try   every   me.ms  ot  concili.uion 

bil  str.ilaf^'em   to  .avert   and  dissoUe  the  con.'ed- 

|-;uv.     lb'   lia<i   al  lenj^th    rtiovered   his  heailh, 

id  his  followers   were  in  some  dej^ree  relreiihed 

invii;'iraled  by  the  sui)plies  bri>iij,dil  by  the 
hips.  M  this  time-  he  received  the  intelligence 
jiat  tin-  allied 
|rrcal  lo''ce 
laii'li  ot  Isabella,  with  an  intention  of  making  a 
biicral  assault  upon  the  setllenient,  .-ind  over- 
IhclmiiitJ  it  I'V  numbers.  Columi)US  resolved  to 
Iki-  tlic  lield  at  once  .md  to  carrv  the  war  into 
St  tiTi'ilories  of  the  enemy,  rather  lli.m   suffer  it 

lie  liriiii^lil  lo  liis  own  >.oor. 
[The  whole  sou'ul  and  effective  force  ili.it  he 
mild  niii-.ter.  in  tin;  presenl  iiitirm  sl.ile  of  the 
plony,  did  not  exceed  two  hundred  inlantry  and 
ticiity  liiirse.  'I'liey  were  armed  with  cross-bows, 
ftorils,  lances,  and  espin^ardas,  or  heavy  ;ir(|ue- 
uses,  which   in   those  days  were  used  with  rests, 

siiiiictinus  mounted  on  wheels.     With  these 

Lrmidalilc   weapons,  a  lianillul  ot  h'.iiropean  war- 

jurs,  cisi'd    in   steel   .and   covered  with    bucklers, 

Icrc  able   lo  cope   with   thousands  ot    naked  sav- 

They  had  ;iid  of   another   kind,   however, 

mslsliii;.,'  ol  twenty  bloodhounds,  .animals  sc.irco 

li'ss  terrible  to  the  Indi.ms  than  the  horses,  and 

hlinilcly  more  fat.il.      Tlu'y    were    fe.irli'ss   and 

krocioiis  ;  nolhinfr  d.iunled  them,  nor  when  they 

once  sei/eil  u|)on  their  prey  could  .anythinif 
om|)cl  them  lo  reliii(|uish  their  hold.     The  n.iked 

s  o'  llie  Indians  offered  no  defence  .it^amsl 
ptir  altai'ks.  T'hev  spr.in;^  on  them,  drai^j^ed 
jltiii  to  liie  e.irlh,  ;.iid  lore  tnem  lo  pieces. 

Tlif  admir.il  was  ;!ccoinp.inicd  in  the  expe<lilion 
|y  his  hrollier  ISartholomew,  whose  counsel  and 
■  soti^dii  on  all  occasions,  and  who  had  not 
btivly  yreal  |)ersonal  force  and  und;;,!nled  co'ir- 
gf,  lull  also  a  decidedly  military  turn  of  mind. 
ill  iciiiaj^ari  .also  brought  his  people  into  the  liekl  ; 
leiiluT  lu'  nor  his  subiecls,  iiowever,  were  ot  a 
[f.irlike  char.icler,  nor  calculated  lo  render  much 
Isjist.iiire.  The  child  adwinlaj^e  ot  his  co-oper;i- 
■011  w,is,  ih.it  it  completely  severed  him  from  the 
lllur  iici(|iies,  an  I  insure.!  the  dependence  of 
fiiisclt  ,iiid  his  subjects  upon  the  .Spaniards.  In 
Jlc  prcsciil  int.mt  stale  of  the  colony  its  chief  se- 
|uruy  (IcpeiKJed  upon  jealousies  and  dissensions 
own  aiiiiiii^r  the  n.itive  powers  of  the  isl.and. 
I  On  the  27lh  of  M.irch,  1495,  Colunibus  issued 
prth  tnim  Isabell.i  with  his  little  army,  and  ad- 
aiK'i'd  hy  m.irchcs  ot  ten  leajrues  a  day  in  (|uest 
it  liiij  enemy,  lie  .ascended  attain  to  the  moun- 
kiiifass  ot  the  Cavaliers,  whence  he  h.ad  tirst 
pikfd  down  upon  the  \'e|.,r,i.  With  what  different 
|feliii^;s  did  he  now  contemplate  it.  The  vile  pas- 
Ions  iit  the  white  men  had  already  converted  this 
milin^f,  he.iuliful,  .and  once  pe.icetul  and  hospil.a- 

reo'ion,  into  a  land  of  wr.alh  and  hostility. 
Uitrever  the  smoke  of  an  Indian  town  rose  friMii 
JriMn;,' the  trees,  it  marked  .1  horde  ot  ex.isperat- 
iMicniies,  and  the  deep  rich  forests  below  him 
panned  with  lurkinjj  warriors.  In  the  i)icture 
piich  his  iinai;in.u.on  had  drawn  of  the  peaceful 
nd  inoffensive  nature  ot  this  people,  he  had  flat- 


tered himself  with  the  idea  of  ruling  over  tliem  as 
a  patron  and  benelactor,  but  now  lie  loiiiid  liiniselt 
compelled  lo  assume  ihe  odious  char. icier  ot  a 
i  oni|Ueror. 

The  Indians  had  notice  by  their  scouts  of  his 
.approach,  but  ihou^jh  they  had  .ilre.idy  hail  some 
slij^ht  experience  ot  the  warlare  of  the  white  men, 
they  were  conlident  trom  the  \  ;sl  superiority  of 
their  numbers,  which,  it  is  s;ii;l,  amounleil  to  one 
hundred  thousand  men.*  This  is  probably  an 
ex.ijroeration  ;  as  Indians  never  dr.iw  out  into  the 
open  lield  in  order  ot  battle,  but  lurk  .inion;^-  the 
forests,  it  is  dillicull  to  .iscert.iin  ilieir  lorce,  and 
their  rapid  movements  and  sudden  s.illies  and  re- 
treats from  v.irious  jiarts,  to;;eilu-r  wiili  the  wild 
shouts  .and  \idls  trom  o|;posiie  (|ii,incis  ol  ilie 
woodlands,  are  c.di'il.ited  to  j^ive  an  e\.i,i;;.;er;'ted 
iile.a  of  their  number.  The  .iiiiiy  must,  iiowever, 
have  been  j^reat,  as  il  consisted  ol  the  coiiibiiied 
lorces  ot  several  cacii|ues  ot  this  populous  island. 
Il  w.as  conim.inded  by  .Manicaole\,  the  brolhcr  of 
Caonabo.  The  Indians,  who  were  little  skilled  in 
numeration  and  inca|).ible  of  reckoning;  beyond 
ten,  had  a  simple  mode  of  ascerl.iiiiini;  and  de- 
scribing,'' the  force  ot  an  enemy,  by  couiiiini,^  out  ;i 
>,'rain  of  m.iize  or  Indian  corn  tor  ecrry  w.inior. 
When,  therelore,  the  spies,  who  had  w.ili  lied  trom 
rocks  and  thickets  the  march  ol  Columbus,  came 
back  with  a  mere  handful  ot  corn  as  the  amount 
ot  his  army,  the  caciipies  scoffed  .il  the  ide.i  ot  so 
scanty  .1  number  making"  head  a^.iiiisi  tlit-ir  count- 
less multitude. t 

Columbus  drew  ne.ir  lo  the  enemy  .about  the 
place  whc.X'  the  town  of  .St.  J.if^o  h,i->  since  been 
l)uill.  The  Indian  army,  under  .Maiiic.iotex,  was 
posted  on  a  plain  interspersed  with  clusters  of 
forest  trees,  now  known  as  the  .S.iv.mna  ot  Ma- 
tanza.  Havinir  ascerl.iined  the  (;re.at  tone  ot  t!ie 
enemy,  Don  liariliolomew  advised  th.il  their  little 
army  should  be  divided  into  del.ichments,  and 
should  ati.ick  the  Indians  .it  the  s.ime  moment 
from  .'^everal  ciuarlers  ;  this  plan  was  adopted. 
The  int.anlry,  sep.iralinjc  into  dilfennl  bodies, 
.uivanced  suddenly  trom  various  direciidiis  with 
f^re.at  din  of  drums  and  trumpets,  ,uid  .1  destruc- 
tive disch.irije  of  lirearms  Irom  llie  (overt  ot  the 
trees.  The  Indians  were  thrown  into  c(  n|)lete 
confusion.  An  army  set;med  jiressin^  upon  them 
from  "Very  (|uarter,  their  tillow-warriors  to  be 
l.lid  low  with  thunder  and  linhlnin^r  trom  the  for- 
ests. W'i.ile  driven  to^'cther  .and  contouniled  by 
these  att.icks,  Alonzo  de())e!la  charj^ed  their  main 
body  impetuously  with  his  troop  ol  civ.ilry,  cut- 
tinif  his  way  with  Lance  .and  s.ibre.  The  horses 
bore  down  the  terrified  Indians,  while  their  riders 
de.ilt  their  blows  on  all  sides  unop|)osed.  'i'he 
bloodhounds  at  the  same  time  rushefl  upon  the 
naked  savaj.jes,  seizini^^  them  by  the  throat,  drajr. 
^Miiir  them  to  the  earth,  .and  tearinj^  cmt  their 
bowels.  The  Indians,  unaccustomed  to  l.ir;,fe  and 
tierce  t|ua(lru[)eds  of  .any  kind,  were  struck  with 
horror  when  assailed  by  these  ferocious  .animals. 
They  thouj^ht  the  horses  eipudly  tierce  .and  de- 
vouring-. The  contest,  it  sucii  it  might  be  c.iUed, 
w.as  of  short  duration. 

The  Indi.ans  tied  in  every  direilioii  with  yells 
and  bowlings  ;  some  clamlu  mI  to  the  top  of 
rocks  and  precijiices,  whence  they  made  piteous 
supplications,  .and  offers  ot  complete  submission  ; 
m.uiy  were  killed,  Uiany  made  prison-rs,  and  the 
confederacy  was  lor  the  time  com[)li;iely  broken 
up  and  dis|)ersed. 

*  Las  Casas,  Hist.  Ind.,  lib.  i.  cap.  104,  .MS. 
f  Las  Casas,  ubi  sup. 


132 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGES   OF   COLUMBUS. 


'  4 


!!' 


Guacan.'i^rari  had  accompanied  tlie  Spaniards 
into  llic  liclil  according  to  his  i)roniisc,  i)iit  he 
was  little  more  than  a  spectator  ot  tiiis  battle  or 
rather  rout.  He  was  not  of  a  martial  spirit,  and 
])oth  he  and  his  subjects  must  have  shrunk  with 
awe  at  this  unusual  and  terrihc  burst  ot  war,  even 
though  on  tl;e  part  ot  their  allies.  His  participa- 
tion in  the  hostilities  ot  the  while  men  was  never 
forffiven  by  the  other  caci(|ues,  anil  lie  returned 
to  ills  dominions,  lollowed  by  the  liatred  and  exe- 
crations ot  all  the  islanders. 


CH.M'TKR   VII. 

SL'njUC.ATIoN   OF    Till'.    NAllVi:S- 
TK II it;  IK. 


-I.MPOSITIOX   OF 


['494.] 

Coi.UMl'.is  followed  up  ills  victory  by  makinj;  a 
military  tour  ihrouj^h  various  parts  ot  tiie  island, 
and  reducinij  them  to  obedience.  The  natives 
made  occasional  attempts  at  opposition,  but  were 
easily  chcckeil.  Ojeda's  troo])  ot  cavalry  was  ot 
great  eliiiacy  trom  the  rapidity  ot  its  movements, 
the  active  intrepidity  of  its  commander,  and  the 
terror  insi)ircd  by  the  horses.  There  was  no  ser- 
vice too  wild  .inii  hazardous  forOjeda.  !t  any  ap- 
pearance ol  war  arose  in  a  distant  part  ot  the 
country,  lie  would  penetrate  with  his  little  sipiad- 
ron  of  c.a\alry  through  the  de|)ths  of  the  lorests, 
and  fall  like  a  thunderbolt  U])on  the  enemy,  dis- 
conceriinj^  all  their  combinations  and  entorciny; 
im|)licit  sui)mission. 

The  Royal  \"ega  was  soon  broug-ht  into  subjec- 
tion, liciiii;-  an  immense  plain,  perfectly  level,  it 
was  easily  oserrun  by  the  horsemen,  whose  ap- 
jiearance  overawed  tiie  most  jiopulous  villaj^es. 
(;uari(_)nex,  its  sovereign  caci(|ue,  was  ot  a  mild 
and  placable  character,  and  though  he  had  been 
roused  to  war  by  the  instigation  ot  the  neighbor- 
ing chieftains,  he  readily  submittetl  to  the  domina- 
tion ot  the  .Spaniards  Manicaotex,  the  brother 
of  Caonabo,  was  also  obliged  to  sue  tor  peace  ; 
and  being  the  prime  mover  of  the  confederacy, 
the  other  cacitpies  toilowed  his  example.  ISehe- 
chio  alon.',  the  caci(|ue  of  Xaragua,  and  brother- 
in-law  ol  L'aiinabo,  made  no  overtures  ot  submis- 
sion. His  territories  lay  remote  from  Isabella,  at 
the  western  extremity  of  the  island,  around  the 
deep  bay  called  the  liight  of  Leogan,  and  the  long 
])eninsuia  c.illed  Cape  'I'iburon.  They  were  ditli- 
cult  of  access,  and  had  not  as  yet  been  \isited  by 
the  while  men.  He  retired  into  his  domains,  tak- 
ing with  him  his  sister,  the  beautiful  .Anacaona, 
wife  of  Caonabo,  whom  he  cherished  with  frater- 
nal affection  under  her  misfortunes,  who  S()on  ac- 
(|uired  almost  e(|ual  sway  over  his  subjects  with 
himselt,  and  was  destined  subseiiuenlly  to  make 
some  tlguri'  in  the  events  of  the  island. 

Having  been  forced  to  take  the  field  by  the  con- 
federacy of  the  cacitpies,  Columbus  now  asserted 
the  right  ol  a  coiujueror,  and  considered  now  he 
might  turn  his  concjuest  to  most  proht.  His  con- 
stant anxiety  was  to  make  wealthv  returns  to 
Spain,  tor  the  purpose  of  indemnitving  the  sover- 
eigns tor  their  great  expenses  ;  ot  meeting  the 
pidilic  expectations,  s)  extravagantly  excited  ;  and 
above  all  ot  sileneing  the  calumnies  ot  those  who 
had  gone  home  determined  to  make  the  most  dis- 
couraging representations  of  his  discoveries.  He 
endeavored,  jierefore,  to  raise  a  large  and  imme- 
diate revenue   by  imposing  heavy  tributes  on  the 


subjected  provinces.  In  those  of  the  \'ega,  Ci'i.. 
and  all  the  region  of  the  mines,  each  iiulivic J 
above  the  age  ot  fourteen  years  was  reiniirc^i 
jKiy,  every  three  months,  the  measure  of  a  Ki;r 
ish  hawk's-bell  ot  gold  dust.*  The  ca('i(|ULb|J 
to  pay  a  much  larger  amount  tor  their  persd: 
tribute.  Manicaotex,  the  brother  ot  Caoiialjo.wj 
obliged  individually  to  render  in,  every  thr- 
months,  halt  a  calabash  ot  gold,  amoumiii" 
one  hundred  and  fitly  jiesos.  In  those  disin: 
which  were  distant  trom  the  mines,  and  ]in)(lu::, 
no  gold,  each  individual  was  recpiired  to  luri:,v 
an  arroba  (twenty-live  pounds)  of  cotUm  t\A 
three  months.  Each  Indian,  on  reiideriiij,'  :| 
tribute,  received  a  copper  medal  as  a  curiiiic-; 
ot  payment,  which  he  was  to  wear  siisinncf 
round  his  neck  ;  those  who  were  found  with 
such  documents  were  liable  to  arrest  and  |juni::| 
nient. 

'I'he  taxes  and  tributes  thus  imposed  bore  hrJ 
upon  the  si)irit  of  the  natives,   accustomed  to  :| 
but   lightly  taxed   by   their  caci(|ues  ;  and  tliec;] 
cicpies  themselves  found  ihe  exactions  inlolurai  [ 
grievous.     CiUarionex,  the  sovereign  ot  the  Ri. 
Vega,   represented   to  Colum!)Us  the  ditliciihv 
had  in   complying  w  ilh   the   terms  ot  his  tribuj 
His    richly    fertile    plain    yielded    no   gold; 
though  the   mountains  on   his   borders  C()iu,iii;J 
mines,  and  their  brooks  and  torrents  washed  doiJ 
gold  dust  into  the  sands  ot  the  ri\ers,  yet  liisMi:! 
jects  were  not  skilled   in   the  art  ot  colle('iiii« ., 
He  proffered,  therelore,  instead  ot  the  trihuic!:! 
c|uired,  to  cultivate  with  grain  a  band  of  cuun.-l 
biretching    across    the    island    from    sea  to  y 
enough,    says   Las  Casas,  to    h.ive    furnished 
Castile  with  bread  tor  ten  years. f  . 

His  offer  was  rejected.  Columbus  kn;:\v  ihj 
gold  alone  would  satisfy  the  avaricious  (lie.ijJ 
exciteil  in  Spain,  and  insure  the  popularity  ar:[ 
success  of  his  enterprises.  Seeing,  liowevt-r,  .-l 
dilliculiy  that  many  ol  the  Indians  had  in  kiiiv:'! 
ing  the  amount  ot  gold  dust  rei|iiirtd,  lie  lii-.\e:r] 
the  demand  to  the  measure  of  one  halt  ui 
hawk's-bell. 

To  enforce  the   ]):iymint  of   these  tributes,  v 
to  maintain    the   subjection  ot    the   island,  Cm:\ 
bus  put  the  fortress  already  built  in  a  stroii;.;- s':J 
ol  defence,  and  erected  others.      ISesides  ihiiscci 
Isabella,  and  ot  St.  't'homas,  in  the  mmimaiiiv,: 
Cibao,  there  were  now  the  fortress  of  Magd.ik:.;| 
in  tile  R(jyal  X'ega,  near  tiie  siie  ot   the  old  tH' 
ot  .Santi.igo,    on   the   river  Jahupia,    two   lL;i;;t 
from  the  place  where  the  lU'W  town  was  atterwi'J 
built  ;    another  called  Santa  Catalina,  the  site:! 
whi'  h  is  near  the  h'.stencia  \'a(|ui  ;  another  ia.?J 
Ksperanza,  on  the  banks  ot  the  river  ^'a(|ui,  Lu: 
llie  outlet  of  the  mountain   pass  La  I'uerta  de : 
Hidalgos,  now  the  ])ass  ot  .M.iniey  ;  but  tlu;  niKi 
im|)ortant  ot  those  recently  enacted  was  Fort  Co' 
ception,  in  one  ot   tlit'  most   Iruitlul  and  heaun:.! 
parts  ot  the  \'ega,  about  lilteen  U'agues  to  tliftii; 
ot  1-^speraiiza,  controlling  the  extensive  and  i)o;i| 
lous  doni..ins  of  ('iUarionex.;|: 

In  this  way  wa.i  the  yoke  of  servitude  fixed  uii 


*  A  hawk's-bcll,  according  to  Las  Casas  (Hist.  IKI 
lib.  t.  cap.  105),  contain:  al)out  three  raslcllaiKis' wiii'J 
of  golit  dust,  e(iual  to  t'ivn  dollars,  and  in  cstim,i;ir.i| 
the  superior  value  of  gold  in  thv)se  tiays,  equivalem'" 
fifteen  dollars  of  our  time.  A  nuantity  of  ynlil  vn'M 
one  hutulrcil  and  lifty  c.islellanos  was  e'|iiivali.r.'.-f 
seven  hundred  and  ninety-eight  dollars  ot  the  prcseti 
day. 

t  Las  Casas,  Hist.  Ind.,  lib,  i.  cap.    los 

I  Las  Casas,  ubi  sup.,  cap.  no. 


i 


LIFE   AND   VOYAOnS   OF   COLUMBUS. 


i-;;3 


le  Vufra,  CibJ 
;ach  individj 
-•as  re(|uiredT 
iure  of  a  |"i;J 
L-  caci(|Uu3t,,r 
■  ihfir  pirsoj 
f  Cai)iial)(),'.\J 
II,  fMTy  t!,'. 
amoiimiii^' 

tllosu   (lisU;: 

,  and  priiilu::! 
lircd  lo  tun.J 

i      COlldll    t\;-f 

n-ndLTiiin 
as  a  curiihc;;: 
car  siisiicni:- 
!  iouiid  will;; J 
ust  and  puni-, 

osud  bore 
;ustoniL-il  to  ;i 
;s  ;  and  ihtaj 
ons  intoltral 
;n  i)t  llic  Ro,; 
he  dillicultv: 

ol  liis  irilj;;;-.! 
no  jfold  ; 
"(U'l's  I'oiuaintJ 
ts  washed  (lo.i-j 
.•rs,  yd  hisst:! 
)t  colh'iiiiv^ 

the  ti'ihint;  !:l 
land  ot  cuurr.-j 
ini  sea  lu  x\ 
e    lurnishud 

ihus  kin;\v  ih] 
iriiious  (h'ea:: 
]H)|)uhirily  ,i::] 
hdwevi-r, 
111  in  kiriii!'] 
(I,  he  liiwerrj 
lie    luill  i: . 

iribiites,  ::\ 
island,  Coitr. 
a  strong' s'u' 
L'sides  ihiistol 

nuiiinl;iiiiMl 

)f   ?\lai;(lalc:.;| 

ihc  old  Hit' 

two   l(';';;i:-| 
was  ,ittcr«"';( 
na,  the  ^ik' 
aiiiilher  ca, 

N'a(|ui.  t.u:: 
I'lieria  (If  - 

lull  lluMl'i 

was  I'duO 
and  heaul::. 
ues  lo  llu-ci 
-iive  and  po;'. 

_i(le  fixed  U[cJ 


sas  (Hist,  Ini  I 
lellanos'wii 

in  cslimali:.;| 
s,  equivaii'ntB 

of  i,'(iM  Hni;:| 
ct|iiivalti"' 

ol  ihc  lircst'.j 

105. 


he  island,  and  its  thralldnm  effectually  insured, 
peep  despair  now  fell  Ujioii  the  natives  when  they 
bund  a  perpetual  task  inllieled  U])()n  them,  en- 
hrced  at  st.ili'd  an  '  tre(|Uently  reeurrinj^  periods. 
I'eak  and  indolent  by  nature,  unused  to  labor  of 
nv  kind,  and  broiii^hl  up  in  the  untaskeii  idleness 

their  soft   climate    and    their   fruitful   .proves, 

leaili  itself  seemed   preferable  lo  a  life  of  toil  ami 

Invii'tv.     They  saw  no  end   to  this  liarassinir  evil, 

^hioh  h  id   so'suddenly  lalleii  upon  them  ;  no  es- 

troin   its  all-pervading-   intluenee  ;    no  pros- 

ect  of  reuirn   to   that   rovin!.j  independence  and 

niple  leisure,  so  dear  to  the  wild  inhabitants  of 

jif  tiirest.     The  pleasant  life  of  the  island  was  at 

end  :  the  dream  in  the  shade  by  clay  ;  the 
lumber  duriuLf  the  sultry  noontide  heat  by  the 
luiiiain  or  the  stream,  or  luuler  the  spreadinir 
aim-tree  ;  and  the  sonj,^,  the  dance,  and  the 
ame  ill  the  mellow  cvenini,'-,  when  summoned  to 
heir  siinpi'  annisemenls  by  the  rutie  Indian 
^■um.  Thev  were  now  oblij^ed  to  f^rope  day  by 
av,  with  bending  body  and  .anxious  eye,  alon;^ 
lie  borders  of  their  rivers,  sifiinjjf  the  sands  for 
|ie;(raiii->  of  j(old  whiidi  every  day  ^^rew  more 
taiilv  ;  I'l'  to  labor  in  their  lields  beneath  the  fer- 
broi  a  tropical  sun,  to  raise  food  for  their  task- 
laslers,  or  to  produce  the  vejretable  tribute  im- 
seil  upon  them.  'I'hey  sank  to  sleep  weary  and 
lihaiistcd  at  tui;!it,  with  the  certainty  that  the 
p\l  (lav  was  but  to  be  a  re|)etition  of  the  same 
and    sulTerin^'.     Or  if   they  occasionally   in- 

[jed  in  their  nation.il  dances,  the  ball.ids  to 
Ihich  they  kept  time  were  of  a  melancholy  and 
laiiilive  character.  They  spoke  of  the  limes  that 
lire  past  before  the  while  men  had  introduced 
prrow,  and  slavery,  and  weary  labor  amonj^ 
kern  ;  and  they  reht'.irsed  pretended  jirophecies, 
jainied  ikiwn  Irom  their  aiuestors,  foretellinj^r  the 
iMsion  (it  the  Spaniards  ;  that  strangers  should 
bme  into  their  island,  clothed  in  apparel,  with 
Ivonls  cip.ible  of  cleaving'  a  man  asunder  at  a 
low,  under  whose  yoke  thidr  posterity  should  be 
I'llue.l.  'I'hese  b.allads,  or  areytos,  they  s.ini^ 
li'.ii  mmirnlul  tunes  and  doleful  voices,  bewailinjr 
le 'jiss  iii   their   liberty,  and    their   painful  servi- 

iTheyhad  llattered  themselves,  for  a  time,  th.at 
Ic  visit  III  the  str.in-;ers  would  be  but  temporary, 

1!  that,  spreadinic  their  .ample  sails,  their  ships 
louiil  oai  (•  more  bear  them  back  to  their  home  in 
lesky.  In  their  simplicity,  'hey  had  repeatedly 
|(|i:ire(l  when  they  intended  to  return  to  Turev, 
tile  heavens.  'I'licy  now  beheld  them  takini,'' 
to;,  aj  it  were,  in  the  isl.ind.  The\  ''cheld  their 
ksicls  Kill};'  idle  .and  r.iitinf,^  in  the  h.irbor,  while 
Ic  crews,    scattered    about    the    country,    were 

piitiiiiL;  habitations  and  fortresses,  the  solid  con- 
IriUiin  III  which,  unlike  their  own  slight  cabins, 

bve  eviileiice  of  perm.uient  .abode. t 
jriiiilinL,'-  how  vain  was  all  attempt  to  deliver 
Icnisei  es  by  warlike  means  from  these  invinci- 
Itmtruders,  they  m^.v  concerted  a  forlorn  and 
(operate  mode  of  annoyance.  They  perceived 
lit  the  sc-ttlenient  suffered  greatly  from  shortness 
provisions,  and   dejiended,    in    a   considcn-able 

vve.  upon   the   supplies   lurnished   by   the   na- 
i>.    The  fortresses  in  the  intericn-,  also,  and  the 

piniards  (|uartered  in  the  villaj^res,  looked  almost 

'''Ti'ly  to   them    for   subsistence.      They   a'^rfffd 
'■:;  themselves,  thercdore,  not  to  cultiv.ite  the 

*i:'s,  the  roots,  and  niai/.e,  their  chief  articles  of 

I'  Peter  Martyr,  derad.  iii.  lib.  ix. 

If  LasCaS^is,  Hist.  Ind.,  lib.  i.  cap.  106. 


food,  and  to  destroy  those  alre.idy  fjrowini,'-  ;  hop- 
in^f,  by  iiroducinj;  a  famine,  to  st.irve  the  stran- 
iicvii  from  the  isl.md.  'I'hey  little  knew,  observes 
l,as  Casas,  one  ot  the  char.icteristics  ot  the  .Sp.m- 
iards,  who  the  more  luin|.jry  they  are,  the  more  in- 
dexible they  become,  and  the  more  hardened  to 
endure-  sulferinj;. *  They  carried  their  plan  gen- 
erally into  effect,  abandonint,'-  their  h.abiiations, 
layin^^  waste  tludr  fields  and  j,'roves,  and  retiring 
to  the  mountains,  where  there:  were  roots  and 
herbs  and  abund.ince  ot  uti.is  tor  iheirsubsistence. 

This  measure  did  indeed  produce  much  distress 
amoiiLj  the  Spani.irds,  but  they  had  torcii;n  re- 
sources, and  were  enablc:d  to  endure  it  by  luis- 
liandin},^  the  ])artial  supplies  brou;;ht  by  their 
ships  ;  the  most  disastrous  cdfects  tcdl  u|)on  the 
n.uives  themselves.  'I'he  Spani.irds  stationed  in 
the  various  fortresses,  lindiiij^'  that  there  was  not 
only  no  ho|)e  of  tribute,  l.iut  a  d.iiigerottamine  from 
this  w.inton  waste  and  sudden  desertion,  pursued 
tlie  natives  to  their  retreats,  to  compcdtliem  to  re- 
turn to  labor.  The  Indians  took  relu;.je  in  the  most 
sterile  and  dreary  hei^'hts  ;  lly  in;^  Irom  one  w  ild  re- 
treat to  another,  the  wc)r,ien  with  their  ciiildren  in 
their  arms  or  at  their  backs,  and  all  wurn  out 
with  fatigue  and  hun^fer,  and  harassed  by  per- 
petual alarms.  In  every  noise  ol  the  forest  or  the 
mountain  they  fancied  they  heard  the  sound  of 
their  pursuers  ;  they  hid  theniselces  in  damp  and 
dismal  caverns,  or  in  tlie  rocky  b.inks  ,ind  niar- 
i,rins  of  the  torrents,  and  not  il.irinir  id  hunt,  or 
tish,  or  even  to  venture  forth  in  iiuest  of  nourish- 
\u'^  roots  and  vej^etables,  they  had  to  satists-  their 
r,i};in<,r  hun^rfr  with  unwholesome  food,  in  this 
way  many  thousands  ot  them  peii-.lu.d  miscrablv, 
throuj^h  famine,  fatigue,  terror,  and  \ariiius  con- 
ta^^ious  maladies  eiiLfendered  by  their  sutferiiiijs. 
All  spirit  of  ()p|)(>siiion  was  at  length  completely 
C|Uelled.  'I'he  survi\iiv.,r  Indi.ins  returned  in  cie- 
spair  to  their  h.ibiiations,  and  submitted  humbly 
to  the  yoke.  So  dee|)  ;in  awe  did  thev  conceive 
of  their  C(>n(|Uer(jrs,  that  it  is  s.iid  a  Sp.miard 
mi^ht  ^o  sins^ly  and  securely  all  over  the  island, 
and  tiie  natives  would  even  transport  him  from 
|)lace  lo  place  on  their  shoulders. t 

litdore  p.issini;'  on  to  other  events,  it  niav  be 
proper  here  to  notice  the  late  of  ( luacan.i^Mri,  as 
he  makes  no  further  appearance  in  the  course  of 
this  history.  His  lriendshi|)  lor  tlic  .Spaniards  liad 
severed  him  from  his  countrymen,  init  did  not  ex- 
onerate him  Irom  the  geiier.il  woes  ot  the  i-.land. 
His  territories,  like  those  ot  the;  other  c.ii  i(|Ues, 
were  subjected  to  a  tribute,  which  his  peojile,  with 
the  common  re|)ii^^n;ince  to  labor,  tound  it  elit'ti- 
cult  'o  pay.  Columbus,  who  knew  his  worth,  and 
could  have  protected  him,  was  lon^r  absent  either 
in  the  interior  of  the  isl.ind,  or  detained  in  I'.uroj)e 
by  ids  own  wroiii^s.  in  the  interval,  the  Sp.in- 
iards  forijot  the  lios|)it.dity  .and  services  of  (lua- 
canaijari,  and  his  tribute  w.is  h.irshly  exacted. 
He  found  himself  overwhelmed  with  o|)priil)rium 
from  his  countrymen  at  lar<,fe,  and  assailed  by  the 
clamors  and  lameni.itions  of  his  suffering;'  sub- 
jects. The  str,ini,fers  whom  he  had  succored  in 
distress,  and  take'ii  as  it  were  to  the  bosom  id  his 
native  isl.ind,  had  become  its  tyr.ants  ,ind  ojipres- 
sors.     Care,    and   toil,    and   poverty,  and   sirong- 


*  N'o  conociendo  la  propricd.ad  de  los  Esp.inoles, 
ios  cuales  cuanto  mas  hamtirirntos,  tanto  ni.iyor  teson 
tienen  y  mas  duros  son  de  safrir  y  para  sufrir.  Las 
Casas,  Hist.  Ind..  lib.  i.  rap,   loO. 

f  Las  Casas,  Hist.  Ind.,  lib.  i.  c.  106.  Hist,  del 
Almirante,  cap.  Co. 


lU 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGES   OF   COLUMBUS. 


■ '  f ' 


iii;, 


handed  vinlcnrp,  lirul  spread  their  nirses  over  the 
land,  and  he  lelt  as  it  lie  had  invoked  them  on  liis 
race.  L'nahlc  lo  hear  the  hostilities  of  his  leiiow 
caciciues,  the  woes  ot  his  sid)iects,  and  the  extor- 
tions ot  liis  iMifrratelul  allies,  he  look  refu^je  at  last 
in  the  nioiniiains,  where  he  died  ohscurely  and  in 
misery.* 

An  atlenij)l  I-.. is  been  made  hyHviedo  to  defame 
the  character  ol  tiiis  Indian  ])rince  :  it  is  not  lor 
S|)aniards,  howmer,  to  excuse  their  own  ingrati- 
tude hy  castinjr  a  sti^jnia  on  his  name.  He  ap- 
pears to  have  always  nianilested  toward  them 
that  true  friendship  which  shines  hrijrhtest  in  the 
dark  days  ol  adversity,  lie  mi^dit  have  ])layed  a 
nobler  |)art,  in  making;-  a  stand,  with  his  brother 
caci((Ues,  to  drive  these  intriiders  Irom  his  native 
soil  ;  but  he  appears  to  ha\e  been  fascinated  by 
his  ailiniration  of  the  str;uiLfers,  and  his  personal 
attachmrnt  to  Columbus.  lie  was  bountitid, 
hospitable,  affectionate,  and  kind-he;irte(l  ;  com- 
])etent  to  rule  a  penile  and  inuvarlike  peo|>le  in 
the  h.ip|iier  days  of  the  island,  but  imlltted, 
through  the  soilness  ol  his  nature,  for  the  stern 
turmod  which  followed  the  arrival  of  the  white 
men. 


CHAl'TF.R   VIII. 
i.\tric;it:s   aci.mn.nI'   coi.fMnus   ix  the  cnrur 

Ol'   SPAIN--- -.\i;iAI)()   SINTKJ  1NVEST1UATI-;  TllIC 
AIIAIKS    1)1     llISl'ANIOI.A. 

['495-1 

Wllli.K  Columbus  was  endeavoring  to  remedv 
the  evils  produced  by  the  misconduct  ot  Mar^a- 
rite,  thi'.t  recreant  commander  and  his  political 
coadjutor,  Kriar  ISoyle,  were  busily  underminin}r 
ids  reputation  in  the  court  of  Castile.  They  .ac- 
cused himol  deceivinL,'- the  soverei<jfns  and  the  ])ub- 
lic  by  extravaifant  descriptions  ot  the  countries  he 
had  discovered  ;  they  pronounced  the  island  of 
Hispaniola  a  source  ot  expense  rather  than  proth, 
and  they  drew  a  dismal  picture  of  the  sid'ferinj4S 
ot  till'  colony,  oil  .isioned,  as  they  said,  by  the  op- 
pressions ot  Columbus  and  his  brothers.  They 
charjred  them  w  ith  tasking;  the  community  with 
excessive  labor  durini;-  ,i  lime  of  f^eneral  sickness 
and  debilily  ;  with  sti)p|)injr  the  rations  of  indi- 
viduals on  the  most  trillinjr  pretext,  to  the  j^reat 
detriment  of  their  health  ;  with  wantonly  intlictini,'' 
severe  c(jrporal  jjunishments  on  the  common  peo- 
ple, and  with  heaping  indignities  on  Spanish  gen- 
tleiTien  ot  rank.  They  said  nothing,  however,  of 
the  exigencies  which  iiad  cdled  for  unusu.il  labor; 
nor  of  tlie  idleness  and  prolligacy  which  re(|uire(l 
coercion  and  chastisement  ;  nor  of  the  seditious 
cabals  ol  the  .Spanish  cavaliers,  who  had  been 
treated  with  indulgence  rather  than  severity.  In 
addition  to  these  complaints,  they  represented  the 
state  of  ronlusion  of  the  island,  in  conse(|uence  ot 
the  absence  of  the  admiral,  and  the  uncert.iinty 
which  prev.iiled  concerning  his  fate,  intimating 
the  pr  ibiliiy  of  his  having  perished  in  his  tool- 
hardy  attempts  lo  ixplore  unknown  seas  and  dis- 
cover unprolitable  lands. 

The--e  piejudiied  .and  exaggerated  rc'presi'nta- 
tions  derived  much  weight  Irom  the  ofticial  situa- 
tions of  .M,irgarile  and  Friar  Huyle.  They  were 
suppiirteci  liy  the  testimony  of  many  discontented 
and  factious  idlers,  who  had   returned  with  them 


*  Charlevoix,  Hist,  de  St.  Domingo,  lib.  ii. 


to  Spain.  Some  of  these  persons  had  connecti- 
of  rank,  who  were  ready  to  resent,  with  Sp.ir,, 
haughtiness,  what  they  considered  the  aridr,, 
■assumptions  of  ,in  ignoble  foreigner.  Thiih ; 
poi)ularity  of  Columbus  received  a  vital  blnw,  a 
immediately  beg.in  to  decline.  The  conlidcnct 
the  sovereigns  also  \>.  i  im|)aired,  .and  pricj. 
tio;  s  were  ailopted  which  savor  stroi.glyuf' 
cauiious  and  suspicious  policy  ol  Ferdinand. 

It  w.is  determincil  to  send  some  jierson  of  ir 
and  contulence,  who  should  take  upon  hiiusclt! 
government  of  the  island  in  case  ot  the  coiitir/jr 
absence  of  the  .admiral    .md    who,    even   in 
event  of   his   return,  should   in<iuire   into  the  ^ 
leged    evils    and    ;d)uses,   and    remedy    such 
should   ajjpear   really   in   existence.      'ihe  per; 
l)ro])osed  fortius  dillicMlt  olfuewas  DiegoC.ir;, 
a  commander  ol   ;i  military  order  ;    bulashcv 
not  immediately  prepared  lo  s.iil  with  the  Ikr, 
c'.ravels  jibriit   lo   (lei)art  with   supplies,  the .. 
ereigns  wrote  to    l-'onseca,  the  superinlendcr.i 
Indian   affairs,  to  send   some   trusty   person  v. 
the  vesstds,  to  take  charge  ot   the   provisions  v. 
which  they  were  Ireighted.      These  he  wastoi, 
tribute  among  the  colonists,  under  the  supervis;, 
of  the  admiral,  or,  in  case  ot  his  absence,  in  |,rt 
eiice  ot  those  in  authority.     lie  was  also  to  culit: 
inlorm.ition  concerning  the  manner  in  which; 
island  had  been  governed,  the  conduct  of  i.trsci 
in  oltice,  the  causes  and  authors  ot  existing  j;r;; 
ances,  and   the   measures   by   which  they  ui-rt: 
be  remedied.     1  laving  collected  siii  h  inlormaii  • 
he  was  to   return  and   make   report  to  the  sw; 
eigns  ;    but  in  case  tie  should   tind  the  adinira! 
the  island,   everything  was  to  remain  sulijcc; 
his  control. 

There  was  another  measure  ado|)ted  by  tlics 
ereigns  about  this  time,  which  likewise  shows:: 
declining  lavor  ot  Columbus.  On  the  loih 
April,  1495,  a  proclamation  was  issued,  i,nv.' 
general  permission  to  native-born  subjects  to-: 
tie  in  the  island  of  Hispaniola,  and  togooiip: 
vale  vovages  of  discovery  and  irallic  lothe.N: 
\\'(nid.  'Ihis  was  granted,  subject  to  certain  c: 
diiions. 

All  vessels  were  to  sail  exclusi\-el\- from  llif  f: 
of  Cadi/,  and  under  the  ins|)ection  of  orin'crs.:: 
pointed  by  the  crown.  Those  who  enib,irki-i;: 
His|)aniola  without  ]).iy  and  at  their  own  expiT-. 
were  to  have  lands  assigned  to  them,  ami  lo 
provisioned  for  one  year,  with  a  right  lo  rt:, 
such  lands,  and  all  houses  they  might  ei fit  i:r 
them.  Of  all  gold  which  they  might  colleil,  r 
were  to  retain  one  third  for  themselves,  nwl; 
two  thirds  to  the  crown.  Ot  all  other  articio 
merchandise,  the  produce  ol  the  island,  theywr' 
to  p;iy  merely  one  tenth  lo  the  crown.  Tlieirpl 
chases  were  to  be  made  in  the  presence  ol  nirAr 
a])pointed  by  the  sovereigns,  and  the  r03.1l  'if. 
paid  intt)  the  hands  ot  the  king's  receiver. 

ICach  ship  s.iiling  on  private  enterprise  w.iri 
take  one  or  two  jiersons  n.imed  by  the  roy;ii 
cers  at  Cadiz.  ( )ne  tenth  ot  the  tonnage  n; 
ship  was  to  be  at  the  service  ol  the  crown,  fit 
charge.  One  tenth  of  whale\er  such  ships  .shi 
procure  in  the  newly-discovered  countries  \v„ 
l)e  paid  lo  the  crown  on  their  reliirn.  ThcM' 
Illations  included  private  ships  trading  to  lli>i 
tola  with  i)rovisioiis. 

I'"or  every  vessel    thus    titled    out  on  |)i"'m'-'' 
\enture,  Columbus,  in  consideration  ot  liisj" 
lege  of  an  eighth  ot  tonnage,  was  to  have  tlu'  r- 
to  freight  one  on  his  own  account. 

'J'his  general  license  for  voyages  of  disco 


LIFK   AND   VOYAGES   OF   COLUMBUS. 


155 


lad  ronnecii  • 
t,  with  Spar,,' 
(1  the  arnijjj-   m 
lu-r.     'I'lui!,  • 

vital  hlciw, , 
ic  conruU-iii; 
tl,   ami  jin 

htri)!.;.;!)  ul  ■ 
•"LTdiiiaiul. 
•  p'.Tson  III  ;- 
i|)(in  lihiiMv: 

)l  llic  ClIlUll..- 

(),  even  ill  ■ 
ire  iiUt)  ilie . 
.•meily  >ud 
V.  'i'lir  |)i:- 
s  1  )ic;4i)  Cir 
;  l)Ul  as  111- 
willi   liic  lie; 

ll|)l)liL-S,   llit  ■ 

i|)ci"iiUcii(lti,; 
sly   i)ei's(iii  V. 
|)n)visi()iis  V, 
,1,'  lie  was  lui, 
■  the  suiK-rvi}, 
ihsencj,  in  \--, 
as  also  tn  iiui,:. 
iier  in  which;: 
uluet  of  i.cK- 
it  existinj,'  i;r:: 
ich  tlii-y  were' 
uch  inloriiiali.' 

lort   to  tllL-  SUV; 

mI  the  ailniir.Y 
iniain  snhjcc; 

,)|)le(l  by  tliL's: 
ewisc  shows:: 
t)n  the  loih 
s  issued,  i;iv:' 
1  siibiecls  lO" 
ind  to  ^;ii  "n;i 
allic  to  ilu'  N: 
;l  to  ceitaiiu. 

cly  Ironi  the  r' 

11   (it   ollu'tTS 

lo  endjarkfi! 
ii-  own  eNpcr.-:] 
them,  ami  tu 

ri-ht  lu  rt;. 

;ht  erci'i  i:r 
;h't  collcL-l,  w 
I'selves,  aniln| 
other  ariiclt-- 
,laiul,  thcy«-' 
wn.     Th'jirr.' 
■seiice  ot  otlK; 
tlie  royal  'lu;; 
■ceiver. 
lUerprise  w.i> 
l)v  the  roy;ii'' 

tonnage  i)i. 

e row  11,  fr« 
nil  ships  sli'- 
•oiinlries  Wa? 
in.     These  rd 
din;;-  to  lli>i-'-| 

t  on  jir' '■■■'(•'• 
ion  of  hispr.' 
o  have  thf  r.-] 

es  of  tliscu" 


f 


■as  m;iilL'  in  consequence  of  the  earnest  applica- 
o„.s  ot  \incent  Yafies  I'inzon.  and  other  able  and 
htrepid  iiavifjators,  more  of  whom  had  s;iiled  with 
okimljus.  They  offered  to  make  voya^jcs  at  their 
wn  tii-,t  and  hazard.  The  offer  was  templini,' 
11,1  uflllimed.  The  ),n)vernment  was  poor,  the 
xpediiioiis  of  Columbus  were  expensive,  yet  their 
b]ei:t  i\  is  lo>)  iiiiportanl  to  be  he>;leeted.  Here 
MS  ,in  opportunity  of  attainin},^  all  the  ends  pro- 
n,c  1,  not  merely  without  expense,  but  with  a  cer- 
aimv  oi  '^Ain.  The  permission,  therefore,  w.is 
ianiril,  without  consulting;  the  opinion  or  the 
,-ishc^  ol  the  :tdmiral.  It  was  loudly  complained 
)\-  him,  as  an  infrinfrenient  of  his  prixileires, 
nil  as  ilisturhinfj  the  career  of  rei,'ular  and  well- 
fraiii/cd  discovery,  by  the  licentious  and  some- 
iiiifs  pi-i' latory  enterprises  of  reckless  adven- 
Linrs.  Dout'tless,  much  of  the  odium  th.it  has 
ttiu'lii'  1  itself  to  the  Sijanish  discoveries  in  the 
Jew  World  has  arisen  from  the  j^raspinjj  avidity 

pri\.iU'  individuals. 

just  ,it  this  juncture,  in  the  early  part  of  April, 
ih\k  tin-  interests  ot  Columbus  were  in  such  ;i 
riiic;il  situation,  the  ships  comm;inde;l  by  Torres 
rrivL-d  in  Si)aiii.     They  broui^-lit   intelli^enct;  ot 

e  sate  return  of  the  admiral  to  Hisivmiola,  from 
is  voviijrc  alonjr  the  southern  co;ist  of  Cub:i,  with 

e  evidence  which  he  had  collected  to  prove  th;it 

was  tile  extremity  of  the  Asiatic  continent,  an:l 

at  he  had  penetrated  to  the  borders  ot  the 
■calthii'-.t  countries  ot  the  ICast.  Specimens  were 
ktfwisi;  lin)u;j;ht  ot  the  fjfold,  and  the  various  ani- 

al  anil  vejretable  curiosities,  wdiich  he  had  pro- 
:ure.l  in  tlie  course  of  his  voyage,  /.'o  arrival 
iouiil  !iave  heen  more  timely.    It  at  once  rem:)ve:l 

II  (loniiis  respecting;-  his  safety,  and  obviated  the 
lecessiiyot  jiart  of  the  precautionary  measures  tlien 

III  the  point  of  beinif  t.ikeii.  The  supposed  discov- 
rv  o!  the  rich  coast  of  .Asia  also  threw  a  teni- 
lorary  splendor  about  his  expedition,  and  ;ij4;iin 
iwakeiu  I  the  f^^ratilude  of  the  sovereiirns.  The 
ft'i't  w;is  imme  liately  ap|)arent  in  their  nie;is- 
rt's.  Insie:id  of  leaviiv^-  it  to  the  discrt-tion  of 
uan  Ko  Iri^uez  de  Fonseca  to  appoint  whom  he 
'(•as.  I  lo  the  commission  of  in(|uiry  about  to  be 

iK,  they   retr;icled    that   power,   and   nomi- 
;nei  Ju.m  A<>-u;ido. 

He  was  chosen,    because,    on    returninfr   from 
isp;ini()la,  he   had   been   stronj^ly  recommende  1 

royal  favor   by  Columbus.      It  was   iiUende  I, 

rctore,  as  a  mark  of  consitleration  to  the  lat- 

r,  to  appoint  as  commissioner  a  person  of  whom 

ic  ha. I  expressed  so  hi),^h  an  opinion,  ;ind  wdio,  it 

fas  to  he  presumed,  entertained   lor  him  a  j;r;ite- 

'  rc;;,iril. 

FonseiM,  in  virtue  of  his  TfTici;il  station  as  su- 
Itriiuendeiit  of  the  affairs  ot  the  Indies,  and  prob- 
b!y  to  t^rraiify  his  jrrowinjr  animosity  for  CoUku- 
us,  had  det:iine;l  a  qu:intily  ot  j^old  whiidi  Don 
■  (•;"!,  brother  to  the  admind,  had  brouj.;ht  on 
;>  oAii  priv.ate   account.     The  sovereij^iis  wrote 

him  repeatedly,  orderiu};  him  not  to  demand 
-Lj'ilil,  or  if  he  had  seized  it,  to  return  it  imme- 
i.i'.'-iy,  v.iih  satisf:ictory  ex|)lan;itions,  and  to 
nk-  to  Columbus  in  terms  calculated  to  soothe 
iiy;iiii(ry  feelings  which  he  mi.i.;ht  have  excited. 
"  w;is  ordered,  also,  to  consult  the  persons  re- 

u!y  arrived  from  Ilispaniola,  in  what  manner 
■''i;ild  yield  satisfaction  to  the  admiral,  and  to 
irtaiconlinj^dy.  Fonseca  thus  suffered  one  of  the 
if'iTcst  humiliations  ot  an  arro^r.int  spirit,  that 
; 'ii-iii^r  ()|)ijjr(.(l  to  niake  atonement  for  its  .arro- 
''ii;i-.  It  ()uickened,  however,  the  malice  which 
<■■  had  conceived  against   the  admiral    and   his 


family.  I'nfortunately  his  ofTicial  situation,  and 
the  royal  conhdence  which  he  enjoyed,  j.jave  him 
opportunities  of  gratilyint;  it  sul)se(|uently  in  a 
thous;ind  insidious  w;iys. 

While  the  so\e  reigns  thus  em  le.ivori'd  to. i  void  any 
ait  which  nii^'lit  ^Mve  umbr.i^'e  to  Columbus,  they 
took  cert:un  me;isures  to  provi;le  for  the  ti;ini|uil- 
lily  of  the  colony.  In  a  letter  to  the  admiral  they 
directed  th;U  the  nundier  ot  persons  in  llie  settle- 
ment should  be  limited  to  li\f  hundred,  ;i  ^^reater 
ninnber  bein^  considered  iMiiie(ess;iry  tor  the  ser- 
vice of  the  island,  and  a  luirdeiisoiiie  expense  to 
the  crown.  To  prevent  lurther  discontents  about 
|)rovisions,  they  onlered  th;it  the  r.uions  of  indi- 
viduals should  be  de;ilt  out  in  portions  every  lif- 
teen  days,  and  that  all  |)unisliment  by  short  al- 
lowance, or  the  stopp;ii;e  of  r;itioiis,  should  be 
discontinued,  as  teruiinL;-  to  injure  the  health  of 
the  colonists,  who  reipnred  every  .issi.si.ince  of 
nourishini;'  diet  to  loriily  them  a.i;;niist  the  mala- 
dies incident  to  a  str.mj^e  climate. 

An  .able  and  experienced  metallur^;ist,  named 
I'ablo  Helvis,  was  sent  out  in  pi. ice  ot  the  wrou'.,'- 
headed  Firniin  Cedo.  He  w.is  furnished  with  all 
the  necessary  en;.;ines  ;ind  implements  for  minintf, 
assayinjr,  and  purityinj,^  the  precious  metals,  and 
with  liberal  ])ay  and  ijrivilei^cs.  I'A'clesiastics 
were  also  sent  to  supply  the  place  of  l"ri;ir  Boyle, 
and  of  certain  ot  his  brethren  who  desired  to 
le;ive  the  island.  The  instruction  and  conversion 
of  the  natives  awakened  more  and  more  tlu;  solici- 
tude of  the  (pieen.  In  the  ships  ot  Torres  ;i  larj.;e 
number  of  Indians  arrive<l,  who  h:id  been  cap- 
tured in  the  recent  w:irs  with  the  cicicpies.  Roy- 
al orders  had  been  issued,  th:it  they  should  be 
sold  as  slaves  in  the  m;irk(isof  .■\nd;ilusia.  as  had 
been  the  custom  with  respect  to  neni-oes  taken  on 
the  coast  of  Africa,  and  to  Moorish  |)risoners 
captured  in  the  w.ir  with  ( iran.id.i.  Is;ibell,i,  how- 
ever, had  been  deeply  interested  by  th<.'  accounts 
jjiveii  of  the  <i;entle  ;ind  hos|)ii;ibie  ch:ir,icter  of 
these  islanders,  and  ot  their  ifreat  docility.  The 
discovery  had  been  m.ide  under  her  immediate 
ausjiices  ;  she  looked  upon  these  people  .is  under 
her  peculiar  care,  and  she  anticip;iiel  with  jiious 
enthusiasm  the  kIoi")'  of  leading-  them  from  dark- 
ness into  the  ])aths  of  lij;ht.  Her  comp;issionate 
spirit  revolted  at  the  ide.a  of  tre.itin,i.j  them  as 
slaves,  even  thou^'-h  sanctioned  by  the  customs  of 
the  time.  Within  t"ive  days  after  the  royal  order 
for  the  sale,  a  letter  w;is  written  by  the  so\erei,<(ns 
to  Mishop  Fonseca,  suspendinL,''  tli.it  order,  until 
they  could  iiujuire  into  the  (  .iiise  lor  which  the 
Indians  h.id  been  ni;iile  ])risoners,  .ind  consult 
le;ii'ned  and  pious  t!ieoloj;i;ins,  whether  their  sale 
would  hi;  justiti;ible  in  the  eyes  of  ("lod."'  .Much 
difference  of  opinion  took  ])l;ice  .inion^r  divines 
on  this  import.an;  (lueslion  ;  the  (|Ueen  ewntu.iUy 
decided  it  ;iccordin^-  to  the  dict;ites  ot  her  own 
pu.'e  conscience  and  ch;irit;ible  heart.  She  order- 
ed that  the  Indians  should  be  sent  back  to  their 
n.itive  country,  and  enjoined  that  the  ishinders 
should  be  conciliated  by  the  ^rcntlest  mi%ins,  in- 
ste;ul  of  bein;4'  treiited  with  severity.  I'nf.jrtu- 
n;itely  her  orders  cime  too  l;ite  to  IIisp;iniol.i  to 
h.ave  the  desired  effect.  The  scenes  ot  warfare 
and  violence,  jiroduceil  by  the  b;id  passions  of  the 
colonists  and  the  ven^  -ance  of  the  n;iti\es,  were 
not  to  be  forgotten,  ;ind  mutual  distrust  and  rank- 
liiif.;  animosity  had  .^rown  up  between  them, 
which  no  after  exertions  could  eradicate. 


*  Letter  of  the  Sovereigns  to  Fonseca. 
CoUcccion  de  los  Viages,  i.  ii,  Doc.  92. 


Navarrete, 


1-^C 


LIII':    AND    VOYAGI'S    OV   COLUMIU'S. 


)• 


.11  tH.; 


t 


•ill 


ft 


CIIArTI.K   IX. 
AKKivM,  or   .\(;r\iii>  a  r  HAiii.i.i  \  — iiis  akuo- 

liANr    li>MH(  1        IIMIM.M     IN     I'llK    IIAUIIIIK. 

1'495.| 

Jl'AN  Act'Aiid  set  s.iil  from  Spain  tcnvard  tlic 
end  ul  Aiii^iisl,  with  lour  caiaM'is,  well  Irci^^lutd 
with  siipplu's  ol  all  kinils.  Don  Dicj^o  ('oliiinl)iis 
rt'Uiriu'il  in  lliis  s(|U:iili()n  lo  liispaniola,  and  ar- 
rived at  Isahflla  in  llir  nioiuh  ol  October,  \\'liilf 
the  admiral  was  absent,  oeeupied  in  re-establish- 
in^''  the  tr.nupiillity  of  the  interior.  Agii.ulo,  as 
has  alre.idy  been  >iho\\n,  was  under  ol)li;;alions 
to  Columbus,  who  h.id  distinj^iiished  him  Irom 
anion);'  his  eompanions,  and  h.ul  recommended 
liini  to  the  l.iMir  ol  the  so\creij;iis.  lie  w.'is,  how- 
ever, one  ol  tho^e  weak  men  whose  heads  are 
turnetl  by  the  KmnI  ele\'ation.  I'uffed  up  bv  .'i  lit- 
tle tempor.uy  ]Hiwer,  he  lost  sij;'hl,  not  mei'civ  ol 
the  respt  i  ,ind  i;r,itilude  due  to  Columbus,  but  ol 
the  nature  ,ind  extent  of  his  own  commission. 
Instead  ol  .icvin;4'  as  an  ai;ent  employed  to  i-ollect 
inlorm.ilion,  he  assumed  .i  tone  of  authorit\',  as 
thouj^h  the  reins  ol  i;'overnment  hail  been  li'.ins- 
lerred  into  his  hands.  lie  inierlered  in  public 
all.iirs  ;  ordered  \'arious  persons  to  be  arrested  ; 
called  lo  .uenuiit  the  ollieers  emploved  bv  the  ad- 
miral ;  and  paid  tio  resp 'ct  to  l>on  liartiioloinew 
Columbus,  who  rem. lined  in  comm.ind  durini;'  the 
absence  ol  his  biother.  The  .Adelant.ido,  a^ton- 
isheil  at  this  presumption,  demanded  a  si;.;'nt  ol 
the  commission  under  which  he  acted  ;  but  .-Xj^iia- 
do  tre.iled  hini  witli  j^'re.il  haULi'htiness,  re|)lyinj;' 
tii.it  he  would  show  ii  only  lo  the  admiral.  On 
second  ihouj^lus,  however,  li'sl  there  should  be 
doubts  in  the  |)ublic  mind  of  his  rij^'ht  lo  inierlere 
in  the  aff.nrs  ol  the  colony,  he  oriiereil  his  letier 
of  cre;ience  Irom  the  soveri'i^'iis  lo  be  pompouslv 
proi'l.iim;'(l  by  sound  ol  trumpet,  liwas  briel  but 
comprehensive,  to  the  lollowini;'  purpiorl  ;  "  Ca\'- 
aliers,  e-.ipiii'es,  ,ind  other  pi'rsons,  wiio  bv  our 
orders  are  in  tlie  Indies,  we  send  lo  vou  [uan 
Ai;'iiado.  our  j^room  ol  the  chambers,  who  will 
spe.ik  to  you  on  our  part.  We  command  you  lo 
give  him  t.'itli  .md  ci'edit." 

The  re])orl  now  circul.i'.ed  that  the  downfall  of 
Columbus  and  his  l.imily  was  al  hand,  and  that 
an  auditor  h.id  .trrixeil.  empowered  to  hear  and  lo 
redress  ih.e  L;'i'ie\'.inces  ol  the  |)ublic.  This  rumor 
ori^Ljinated  with  .\j;'u,iilo  himself,  who  threw  out 
menace.-;  ol  ri^id  invesiii;aiions  and  sii^nal  punish- 
ments, li  w.is  a  lime  ol  jubilee  for  offenders. 
Kvery  culprit  .started  up  into  an  accuser  ;  e\erv 
one  who  by  ne^rli^ence  or  crime  had  incurred  the 
wholesome  jienallies  of  the  l.iws,  was  loud  in  his 
clamors  against  tlie  o])pression  of  Columbus, 
There  were  ills  enoUi,rh  in  llie  colony,  some  in<i- 
dent  lo  its  situation,  others  produced  In'  the  mis- 
tleeds  of  llie  colonists,  but  all  were  ascrihed  U)  the 
mal-ailministration  of  the  admiral.  He  was  niade 
resiionsiiile  .dikj  for  the  evils  produceil  by  others 
and  for  his  own  siern  remedies.  All  the  old 
comiilaints  were  reiter.ited  aii;ainst  him  and  his 
hroliiers,  and  the  usual  and  illiberal  cause  j,ri\i.|i 
tor  llieir  oppressions,  ihal  they  were  foreiirners, 
who  sou;,du  merely  their  own  inleresls  and  a:,''- 
jj^randi/enu-iU.  .11  the  expense  of  th.e  suffering's  and 
the  indl;4'nilies  of  ,S|)aiiiards. 

Destitute  of  discrimin.iti'in  lo  pe''ceive  wh.U 
was  true  and  what  f.iise  in  these  com])lainis,  and 
an.xious  only  to  conde:iin,  .\;.,''uado  saw  in  every- 
thiiiiT  conclusive  tesiir.iony  of  the  culpabililv  of 
Columbus.  He  iniim.'ited,  and  |)erha])s  ihouj^ht, 
thai  the  admirrd   was  keepinif  al  a  distance  from  i      *  Hcrrera,  Hist.  Ind.,  decad.  i.  lib.  ii.  cap.  iS. 


Isabell.i,  tlirou^;h  fear  of  encounleriii);  his  iiut, | 
>;alions.     In   the   lulness  ol   his   presuinpiinn 
even   set  out   w  ith   a  body  of   liiMse  to  j;o  in  11, 
ol  him.     A  v. Mil  .uid  weak  m.in  in  power  Is  tir 
to  em|)loy  satellites  ol   his  own   di'scriptioii.     ] 
arroi;,inl    and     boastiiij;    followers    ot    .A^r^, 
wlu-rever   they    went,    spre.id    rumors   animi;;  ; 
natives  (d  the  iiii^;hl.ind  iniptM't.mce  ol  linn  li- 
•  ind  ol  the  puiiishmenl   he  inleiideil  to  inlhi  t  i. 
('(duinbus.      In  a  little  while   llie  report  tn,  u;,;. 
throu^jhlhe  isl.uid  ih.il  ,1  new  admiral  h.id  .,11, 
to  .idminister  the  j;'overnnienl,  and  th.il  llie  i(,;: 
one  was  lo  be  put  lo  death. 

The  news  ol  the  arriv.il  and  of  the  insok  lu  , 
duel  ol  .Amiado  reached    Columbus  in  the  mi,; 
ol  the  isl.md  ;   he  immediately  h.isteiied  lo  L  ,I„ 
lo  !;ive   him  a  nieelin^.      Aj;uado,    heariii;;  u! 
appro. iidi,    also    returned    there.       As    eviiy 
knew  the  lolly  s|)iril  ol  Columbus,  his  liij;li  mi 
ol  his  services,  and  his  jealous  m.untenaiu  r  ul 
ollici.d  dignity,  a  violent  explosion  was  antui|i.i::J 
al  the  inipeiidinj;'  iiilerv  iew.      Aguado  also  iajh  ■ 
ed  something;  id  tl  e  kind,  but,  secure  in  his  u..^ 
letter  ol  crt'dt'nce,  he  looked  lorw.ird  witliii.v; 
nor. ml  audacity  ol  a  little  mind  lo  the  result.  '['\ 
se(pi(d   showed    how  dillicult   it   is  lor  pettv  >|iir'J 
lo  anticipate  the  conduct  <d   ,1  man  like  Coiiiin' 
in  an   extraordinar)' situation.      His  natur.ili, 
and  ini|)eluo.sily  had  been  subdued  by  a  lilcul-.; 
als  ;   he  had  learned  lo  bring  his  passions  iiitd  ^i: 
jeclion   to   his   judgmenl  ;   he  had  loo  true  :'ii(.:| 
iii.\te  of  his  own   digiiilv   to  I'liter   into   ,ii  1;: 
with  a  shallow   boasU'r  like  .Agiiado  ;  aiiuvr 
he  had  a  profound  resjiect  lor  the  authoiilv  ui 
sovereigns  ;   for  in  his  enthusiastic  s|)irit,  prnr, 
ileep  leeling's  ol  reverence,  his  loyalty  was  11. ir; 
only  to  his  religion.      He  received   Aguailn.  {'.: 
lore,   with  gr.ive  and   punctilious  courtesy  ; 
rt'torted   upon  him   his  own  ostentatious  i- r' 
ni.d,  ordering  that  the  letter  of  credeiue  siin  il ; 
ag.iin  proclaimed  by  sound  ol  trumpet  in  pre- 
ol   the   populace,      lie   listtiied  to   il    with   siu- 
delerence,  and   assuri'd    ,\gu,ido  ol   his   re;iilii;c-| 
lo  accpiiesce  in  wh.ilevfr  might  be  the  ple.isurr. 
his  sovereigns. 

This  unexpected  mocli'r.ition,  while  il  ,•lsll):li^ 
the  beholders,  lolled  and  disappointed  .Ai^H.i.  I 
He  had  come  pre])ared  lor  a  scene  ot  aluriaii' 
and  had  hoped  that  Colunibus,  in  the  he.il..:; 
impatience  of  the  nuniieiil,  would  have  s.iiil 
done  something  th.it  might  be  construed  iiumi.i 
respect  for  the  authority  of  the  sovereigns,  ii: 
endeavored,  in  fad,  some  months  afterw.inl,  : 
procure  from  the  ])ul)lic  notaries  present,  a  pri  .• 
dicial  statement  ol  ihe  interview;  but  the  iL'r'- 
enceot  the  admir.'il  for  the  royal  letter  ol  credtr..: 
had  been  too  marked  to  be  disputed  ;  aiulall'.': 
leslimoiiials  were  highly  in  his  lavor.'* 

.Agu.ulo   continued    to    inlermeddle    in    puK: 
rdfairs,    and    the    respi'ci    .md    lorbearaiice  w" 
which   he  w';is   uniformly    treated    by  Colunili'.'| 
and  the  niildness  ol   the  latter  in  all  his  nu:i>i:' 
to  appease  the  disct)!ileiils  of  the  colony,  wei'i" 
garded    as    proofs   of   his   loss  of   moral  ('oiii'.i;:| 
He    was    looked    upon    as    a  declining  man.... 
.Aguado  haileil  ;is  the  lord  of  the  ascend.nit.    !.■ 
ery  dastard   spirit  who  had   anv   lurking  ill-« 
any   real   or  imaginary   c.iuse  of  compiaim,  n 
^  hastened  lo  give  it  utter.uice  ;  perceiv'ing  ti-ii  ■ 
:  gratifying  Ills  m.ilice,  he  was  promoting  hi.-  n:' 
I  est,  ;ind  that  in  vilifying  the  admiral  he  w.isi;.'' 
1  ing  the  friendshi|)  of  .Agu.ulo. 
I       The  poor  Indians,  too,  harassed  by  the  domir.:j 


':j4ii^-i.  i 


LIKi':    AND    VOYA(ii:S    OF    COLrMIilS. 


187 


itcnn^r  Ills  iiivf, 
|)rcsum|iii,]ii, 
)rsi'  to  );o  III  ,|,. 
in  power  U  |i- 
(li'si.  riptidii.  i 
^•(■I's  (it  A'^u.i 
miors  aiiKiiii; ; 
iiuf  1)1  tlinr  ij , 
It'll  Id  IiiIIn  I  !;■ 
■  rciiort  (II.  u;,' 
Inilr.il  h,i(l  ;,ri\ 

111  tll.ll  tile  I,,;- 

I  the  iiisiiliiii , 
Ixis  in  thr  ii;iir 
islciicil  to  N,,l„ 
(I,    lu'iuill;;   u! 

As   cxiiv 
lis,  Ills   liii;h  SCI,,. 
i.iintcniiih  I'  I.I 
111  w;is  iiiiiii  i|,,,: 
;ii.i(l()  also  v\\)t 
fciii'c  in  li:»  ru,.| 
■w.ini  Willi  iln- 

II  ihc"  rcsiili.  1 
is  l(ir  |)cU\  spiro 
an  like  Cuiiiin:,. 
I  lis   nalur.il  i.: 
(•(I  by  a  I  ill'  111;- 
|iassi(ins  iiUo  m: 
(I  loo  iriic  ;iii  K 
liT  into  a  iiini- 
;iia(l()  ;  ali(A\-. 
(■  aulluirily  ul 
;ic  spiril,  |:i..; . 
lyally  w  ;is  ii.;' 

il   Af^uailii,  lui:; 

IS   (■(Hlltcsy  ;   ,i: 

riiiatioii^  I '  Ii" 

(l(.-iK'i'  sill. Ill : 

mpct  111  |iiih:, 

il   will)  s.i!ir, 

(ll    liis    |-c:iilini:: 

)u  iIk'  pleasure, 
lik-  it  ;isto:iishc;| 

loilltCll     Al^llJ...! 

ic  ol  allcrcili."! 
ill    llio   lii'.il,,: 
iild    have  s.iiil; 

ll.stllH-(l   illlOlLiJ 
siiVlTci^llS.     H;| 

IS  altcruanl. : 
prcSL'iil,  a  pre'. 
hut  Ur-  lit-'c: 

(•llcr  ol  CRdlT..:! 

U'd  ;  and  .ill:./ 
vor.* 

•(Idle  in  piii' J 
irhcaraiu'i.'  v,,::; 
I  by  Ciiluiiili'-' 
all  his  nKM>i:"-' 
(■olony,  wcic:: 
nior.il  iii'M,..: 
Iinin_ij  ir.;in, ... 
ascendant,  i 
liirUinj;  iii-w 
coinpi.iiiu,  !' 


rcfi 

■in- 

ll-.al 

noting  his  i"'- 

i-al  1 

IL-   \V 

IS  i;.' 

by 

the  ( 

loiiiir. 

b.  ii 

cap. 

iS. 

)n  (if  i'h' wliili'  men,  rejoiced   in  the  iHospect  of 

■hani,'e  of    rulers,    vainly    hoping;   that  it  ini;;bl 

Liliu-f  a  miliij.itinn   ol   their  siillerinj;s.      M.iiiy 

ill,-  r.ii'iipies   who   had    pidiniscd  allej;iance  to 

V-  adinir.il   idler  their   d(  leal   in  tht-  \'eK'<'.  ""W 

.iiiiililc  I  al  the  house  ol  M.uiicaotex,  the  brother 

CiKiial)'!,  near    the    river    Va,i,Mii,    where    they 

line. I  ill  .1  lormal   coinpl.iint  a,i;ainst  C'oliimbns, 

[h.iiil   iIh'V    colisidereil    the    cause  of   all  the  e\  ils 

[hiih  hid  spriii'K'   from  the   disobedience  ;ind  the 

Icis  1)1  his  lollowers, 

.\irii.ii|ii  MOW  considered   the  j;reat  object  of  his 

i^sl.iii  lultilled.      lie   had   collected   inlorinalion 

jlliiiiiil,  .IS  he  thoii),rlil,  to   insure   the  ruin  ol  the 

Imir.il  .111  I  his  brolhers,  .iiid  he  prepared  lo  re- 

1111   111   Spain.       Coliinibus    resoKcd    lo    do    llie 

,„,,.,     II-.    Ii'lt    that    it    was    time    to    .ippe.ir  at 

jurt,  in  I  dispel   the  cloud  of  calumny  ^.ilheriiij^f 

.liiist  lein.     lie  had  activ(;  eneniies,  of  sl.indiii;,^ 

iailiic'ii'e,  who  were  seekini;'  every  decision  lo 

ini'.v  ilisi  ri'dil  upon  himself  ,iiid   his  enterprises  ; 

I,  s'.r.iiiK^er  an. I  lorei;;ner  ,is  he  w.is,  he  li.id  no 

ciive  Iriciids   at    court    lo  oppose   their  m.ichina- 

loiis.     He  lea  re  I  lh.it  they  mi;;lit  evenliially  pro- 

[uif  an  elfect   U|)on   the    roy.il    mind   l.ilal   lo  llie 

(ri^^rcss  lit  discovery  ;  he  was  .in\ious  to  return, 

Tlfii'liiii'.   and   explain    the    real   c.iuscs  ol   the  re- 

leilc  I  ilis.ippoinimcnls  wiili  rcsjicct  to  prolils  an- 

icipitc  I   Inim    his   enter|)rises.       it  is   not  one  of 

kMsi  siii;,ful.ir  traits  in   this  history  th.it,  alter 

laviii,'  been  s  )   many  years   in  |iersii.idini;'  m.m- 

|iii  I  lli.it  there  was  a  new  world  to  be  discovered, 

|e  liail  ah.ijst  e(iu.il   trouble   in   proviii<;  to  them 

lie  ailvaiil.iire  ot  its  discovery. 

Whfii  tilt  ships  were  ready  to  depart,    i  terrible 

ItMin  S'.vept  the  island.      It  was  one  of  those  aw- 

whii'lwiii  l.i  which  occasionally  raj^e  within  the 

rnpifs,  aii:|   were   called    by   th(.'    li'.di.ins   "  luri- 

faius,"   or  "uricans,"    a   name  they  still  ret.iiu 

f'.ih  iri'liii^-  vari.iii.in.      .\biuit  middav  a  furious 

spiMiijf  up   from    the   east,  driving;'   belor('  il 

lc:!siM.i:uiiu.'S  ol  cloud  .ind  v.ipur.      l'',ncounleriii,L,'' 

Inolhcr  tempest  ol  wind  trom  the  west,  il  ajipcir- 

\i  as  it  a  viiileni   conllicl   ensued.     The  clouds 

•i'  relit  by  incessant  tl.isiies,  or  rather  slre.ims 

H  iijfhtiiin;;-.      ,-\l   onj    lime    they    were    piled    iij) 

j;,'h   ill    the   sky,    at    anolher   tliev   swe|)l    to    the 

lanli,  lilliiiL,'  the  .lir  with  ,i  bileful  darkness  mon? 

lisiii.il  ill  m  the  obscurity  ol  niidniirht.     \Vherever 

[he  whirl  wind  pisH'd,  whole  tr.icls  of  forests  were 

Ihiveivd  and  stripped  of  their  Icives  and  br.inchfs  ; 

Ihoie  lit  ;;i.iiaiitic   si/e,    which    resisted    the   bl.isl, 

i'.:/rc  l.irii  up  by  the  rois,  .iii-l   hurle.l  to  a  ^n-e:it 

lisiaiii  c.     Ciroves   were   rent    trom   the  mount.ain 

prt'cipi,;es,   witii   v.isi    m.isscs  ot  earth   and   rock, 

|u:ni)iiii^r  imo  li),.  v.illevs  with  territic  noise,  and 

vikiiv^-  the  cour.-M'  of  n\crs.      The  fe.arful  sounds 

In  lilt;  air  aiil  on  llie  eaiili,  the   piMlin;;  thunder, 

klieviviil  lijrhinjnn-,    iln-   hnwlin.;- nf  the  wind,  tlii; 

pnsh  (it  t.dtiie^-  treis  .ml   rocks,  t'llled  every  one 

J'ith  alfi-Ji^lit  ;  and  iii.iiiy   thoii^-lit  that  the  end  of 

|he  world  was  at  h.ind.     .Some   lied  to  caverns  for 

Biitety,  tur  their  frail  houses  were  blown  down,  and 

iw  air  was  tilled  with   the  trunks  and  branches  of 

''•es,  ;md  even  with   fr:n,niients  of  rocks,  carried 

•»Vf  by  the  fury  of  the  tem|iest.      When  the  hur- 

|r:M:if  reached  'the    harbor,  it    whirled    the  shijis 

|r'.'iiil  as  tiiey  lay  at  an(  hor,  sn.ipped  their  cables, 

i!  sank   three    of    them,  with   all   wdio  were  on 

5uid.    Others  were  driven  about,  dashed  a^.-iinst  i 

leich  mher,    and    tossed   mere   wrecks    upon    the  ! 

|s''i  iiv  by  the  swellinij;-  siir^fes  of  the  sea,  wdiich  in 

S'mc  pi, ices   rolled   lor  three  or  four  miles  upon 

It.';  kiiul.      The  tempest   lasted   for  three   hours, 

IWnen  it  had  passfil  away,  and  the  sun  again  ap- 


pe.ireil,  the  Indi.ins  reij.irde(|  e.nh  other  in  nuite 
aslonishnieiit  .im!  disni.iy.  Never  in  ihcir  mem- 
ory, nor  in  the  traditions  ot  lludr  ancestors,  had 
tlndr  island  been  visCed  b)'  siK di  ,i  slorm.  They 
li(die\ed  tli.it  the  I  )eil\'  hid  miiI  ihis  I.MrtuI  i  ilin 
I'l  punish  the  cruellies  .ind  i  niiirs  nl  the  while 
men,  .and  deidared  lli.it  this  people  hid  nio\ed 
the  very  air,  iIk;  waier,  and  llie  e.iiili.  In  disiurb 
tludr  tranipii!  lile,  and  In  dc. ol.ilc  their  i.jlaii(l.'' 


CHAP  11  K   .\. 


DLSCOVKKY   (Jl      I  III',   MINI,.   i»l     1I.\V\,\. 


[l-l'A 


I\  the  rerent  luirrie.ine  the  fnir  (.ir.ivels  of 
;\;;iiado  had  been  deslioyed,  lordlier  with  two 
olhers  wliiidi  were  in  the  hailior.  The  only  ves- 
s(  I  whii  h  survixed  w,is  the  Nini,  and  that  in  a 
very  sh.iiiered  condilion.  ('o'limbiis  i;.i\'e  orders 
to  have  tier  immeiliatily  rep.iiied,  ,iii  I  .iiiother 
c;irav(d  constructed  out  ol  the  \s  reck  ol  lliose 
wliiidi  li.id  been  destroyed.  While  wailiii;;  iiiilil 
they  should  Ik;  re.ldv  lor  se.i,  he  w.is  cheered  by 
lidiiij;s  ol  ri(di  mines  in  the  interior  ot  ihe  island, 
the  discovery  ot  which  is  .itliibulid  t"  .I'l  incidi'iit 
ot  ;i  somewhat  romanlic  ii.iliiie.f  A  yoiin^(  Ar- 
rajjonian,  n.amed  .Mi;;iiil  Di.i.',  in  the  service  of 
the  /\(l(d.inla(lo,  haviiii;  a  (pi,irr(d  wilh  another 
Sp.uiiard,  louifht  with  him  and  wounded  him  <\:\n- 
^erously.  I''earful  (d  the  ciilise(|UenceS,  he  tied 
from  the  settlement,  ai  eomp.ini'.'d  by  live  or  six 
comrades  who  had  (dllier  been  en};'.ij^ed  in  the  af- 
trav,  or  were  ]H'rs(in.illy  .iti.iched  to  liim.  W'an- 
deriii;^r  .about  the  island,  they  i  .inir  to  .iii  Indian  vil- 
laj^e  on  th(;  southern  cnasi,  iir.ir  llie  itiniilh  ol  the 
river  ( )zem;i,  where  the  (  ilv  ot  Sm  lloinin^d  is  .at 
present  situated.  They  were  received  with  kind- 
ness by  the  n.itives,  and  resiilnl  lor  some  time 
.amonj^  them.  The  vill.i^e  w.is  j^fivmii'd  by  ;i  to 
male  e.ici(pie,  who  sonn  conceivid  a  slron<(  ;it- 
t.uhment  for  the  youn^^  Arr.i^Muii.in.  Dia-;  w.is 
not  insensible  to  her  tenderness  ;  .i  i  niinection  w.is 
lormed  belvv(;en  them,  and  they  lived  for  some 
time  verv  liappil)'  toLjithcr. 

The  recollection  ol  his  country  .and  his  friends 
bei^an  at  leii;;th  to  steal  upon  the  tliou^lits  of  the 
vouiu''  S|).'iniai"d.  It  \c.is  a  nu  l.iiu  hulv  lot  lo  be 
e.\ile(i  trom  civili/e(l  lile,  .and  .in  outc.ist  liom 
amon;^'  his  countrymen.  lie  liiii;;eil  to  relurn  lo 
the  settlement,  but  ilrcidcd  the  iiuiiisbnieiit  tli.at 
await"  1  him,  from  the  "jstere  justice  ol  ihe  .Adc'- 
l.int.uto.  His  Fndi.in  bride,  observing-  him  tre- 
(piently  melancholy  and  lost  in  thought,  pene- 
trated the  cause,  with  the  quick  intelligence  ot 
female  affection,  l-'e.irlul  that  he  would  abandon 
her,  and  return  to  his  countrymen,  she  ende.ivored 
to  devise  some  means  ol  drawing  the  Sp.iniards  to 
that  p.irt  ot  the  isl.ind.  Knowdnj;  that  j^uld  was 
their  sovereijifn  attr.iction,  she  informed  Di.iz  of 
cerl.ain  ri(di  mines  in  the  n(d;.;hborli(iiid,  and  urffisi 
him  to  persuade  his  criui;li-vmen  to  .abandon  the 
compar.atively  sterile  and  unhe.dihy  vicinity  of  Isa- 
bella, and  settle  upon  the  fertile  b.mks  ot  the 
f)/em:i,  proniisiiiij;'  they  should  be  received  with 
the  utmost  kindness  and  hos|)itality  by  her  n.ation, 

Striuk  with  the  siiL^^'estion,  Di.i/  made  jiarticu- 


lar  in(|uiries  about  the  mines, 


and 


was  convinced 


*  Ramusio,  torn.  iii.  p.  ~.     Peter  Martyr,  decad.  i, 
lib,  iv. 
f  Oviedo,  Cronica  de  los  Indias,  lib.  ii,  cap.  13. 


lis 


LIFK   AND   VOVACl'S   or   COLUMBUS. 


m 


i  \ 


\v 


that  tliry  ril)nuii(lp(l  ill  fjfild.  lie  notirrd  tht' su- 
perior hiiitliiliit  ^s  ;iiui  l)c,iuty  i)t  tlu;  i'<uiiilry,  llu; 
exculiiMu  i;  ot  llu;  river,  ami  the  secinily  dI  the 
harbor  at  its  eiitraiue,  lU;  tlallered  hiinsell  that 
th  •  rnMimuiiieaticiii  o(  sueii  valual)le  intellij^eiu  e 
%s(iuM  make   his   peace  at  Is.iiielhi,  and  uhtain  his 

t)arihiii  Irciin  ihe  Adelaiilado.  I'"uii  ol  these 
lopes,  lie  proi  iircd  f;llides  Irom  anioli;f  the  na- 
tives, and  lalvini;  a  temporary  leave  ot  his  In- 
dian bride,  set  out  with  his  eonirades  throuj,d)  the 
wiUh'rness  lor  llie  settlement,  whieh  was  about 
filty  lean;iies  disl.int.  Arrivinj,'  there  ■'•relly,  lie 
learnt  to  his  j^'re.il  joy  ih.U  the  man  whi.m  he  had 
wounded  had  reiovercd.  lie  now  presented  liim- 
selt  boldly  belore  the  Adelantado,  relyinj;  that 
liis  tidings  Wdulil  e.irn  his  tor^jiveness.  He  was 
not  mistaken.  No  news  could  have  come  more; 
opportunely.  'The  admiral  had  been  anxious  to 
remove  the  settliMueat  to  ,i  more  healthy  and  ad- 
vantafj<'ous  situation.  He  was  desirous  also  of 
carryini,'  honu'some  conclusive?  proof  of  the  riches 
of  the  island,  as  the  most  effectual  means  of  si- 
lencin^f  the  <  a\ils  of  his  enemies.  It  the  repre- 
sentatiiins  of  Miguel  Di.i/  were  correct,  here  v.as.'. 
means  ot  ellectiiivf  both  these  purposes.  Measures 
Were  immeiliately  taken  to  ascertain  the  truth. 
The  Adelantado  si't  lorlh  in  jjcrson  to  visit  the 
river  O/em.i,  aiconip.inied  by  Mi;,niel  Diaz,  I'ran- 
cisco  (le  C.ar.iy,  and  the  Iiulian  ^,fui(les,  aiiil  attend- 
ed by  a  number  of  men  well  armed.  'I'hey  pro- 
ceeded Irom  Isabell.i  to  Maj.jdalena,  and  thenctt 
across  the  l\o\-,d  \'e^a  to  the  fortress  of  Concep- 
tion. Coniinuini,'-  on  to  the  south,  they  came  to  a 
ranfje  of  mount, tins,  whiih  they  traversed  by  a 
(lelile  two  h-.e^ui-s  in  len^rth,  and  descended  into 
another  be.iutilul  plain,  which  was  called  lionao. 
Proceeding  hence  for  some  distance,  they  cann-  to 
a  f^reat  river  c.illed  Hayn.i,  runninj^  throu;rh  a 
fertile  coutitry,  .all  the  streams  of  which  abounded 
in  jrold.  On  the  western  bank  of  this  river,  and 
about  eig-ht  leai,''uis  frt)ni  its  mouth,  they  found 
gold  in  j^reater  (|U.intities  and  in  I.irirer  particles 
than  had  yet  been  met  with  in  any  p.irt  of  the 
island,  not  eveti  exceptinjjf  the  province  of  Cibao. 
They  made  experimetUs  in  various  places  within 
the  compass  of  six  miles,  and  always  with  suc- 
cess. The  soil  seemed  to  be  generally  impreg- 
nated with  that  metal,  so  that  a  common  laborer, 
with  little  trouble,  might  find  the  amount  of  three 
drachms  in  the  course  of  a  day.*  In  sever.d 
places  they  observed  deep  excavations  in  the  form 
ot   pits,  which   looked   as   if  the  mines  had  been 


worked  in  ancient  times,  ,t  rirnimsfanrp  «) 
caused  much  speiulatiot)  among  the  Sp.mia- 
the  n.itivi's  having  no  idea  ot  mining,  hui , 
tenting  themselves  with  the  |)arlicles  In 
on  the  sun. ice  of  the  soil,  or  in  the  beil>i,| 
rivers. 

The  IiKJiatis  of  the  neighborhood  re( ciu-il 
while  men  with  their  promised  lrifnds',ii|i,  .,i( 
e\ery  respect  the  representations  <it  Mi;^iii|| 
wen-  fully  justitied.  1  le  was  lujl  only  paidoiiid  ■ 
received  into  great  lavor,  and  was  subst(|i:ii 
employed  in  various  capacities  in  the  i.^Lm: 
all  which  he  ac(|Uitted  himself  with  great  l.iii 
He  kept  his  faith  with  his  Indian  biide,  by  wii 
.icconiing  to  Ovii'do,  he  had  two  children,  Ci 
levoix  supposes  that  they  were  regularly  iii.irr' 
as  the  female  cati(|ue  appears  to  have  I  iin  !,, 
ti/ed,  being  always  mentioned  by  the  Cliiui. 
name  of  Cat.ilina,* 

When  the  Adelantado  returned  with  this  l.ivr 
able  report,  and  with  specimens  of  ore,  tliL-jr 
ious  heart  of  the  admiral  w.is  greatly  cl.ited,  ii 
gave  orders  th.il  a  fortress  should  be  immcdi.r.t 
ereited  on  the  banks  of  the  ll.ivna,  in  the  \iciii 
of  the  mines,  and  that  they  should  bi;  ililijjM,; 
worked.  The  fancied  traces  ol  .incient  e\(,v,. 
tions  gave  rise  to  one  of  his  usii.il  veins  ol  ^v\i 
coniectures.  He  had  already  surmised  ili, it  11 
p.iniola  might  be  the  ancient  Ophir.  llu  i> 
llaitered  himself  that  he  had  discoxered  tlie  iilt 
tical  mines  whence  King  .Solomon  had  piniurc, 
his  gold  for  the  building  of  the  Temple  ol  JtrU' 
lein.  He  supposed  that  his  shi|)s  must  have  s;ii! 
by  the  (lulf  of  I'ersia,  and  round  Trapobaii  uri 
island, t  wliich,  according  to  his  ide.i,  lay  o|i|)(i; 
to  the  extreme  end  of  yXsia,  ft)r  such  he  tiniil)  t 
lieved  the  islantl  of  Cuba. 

It  is  probable  that  Columbus  gave  free  licer. 
to  his  imagination  in  these  conjectures,  vk.c 
tended  to  throw  a  splendor  about  his  enterpri-t. 
and  to  revive  the  languishing  interest  ol  the  fn: 
lie.  (iranting,  however,  the  correctness  ol  r 
opinion,  that  he  was  in  the  vicinity  of  .Asia,. 
error  by  no  means  surprising  in  the  iniiiurk. 
state  oi  geogr.i|)hical  knowledge,  .'dl  his  lui;!; 
(|ueiu  suppositions  were  far  Irom  extrav.ig.ii: 
'ihe  ancient  Ophir  was  believed  to  lie  somt-wiu: 
in  the  Mast,  but  its  situatif)n  was  a  matter  of  a: 
troversy  among  the  learned,  and  remains  one 
those  conjectural  t|uestions  about  which  too  mu: 
has  been  written  tor  it  ever  to  be  satisfactorily:! 
cided. 


BOOK   IX. 


?  J 


CHAPTER  I. 

RETURN  OF  COLUMIIUS  TO   SPAIN  WITH  AGUADO. 

[1496.] 

Thk  new  rar.-'vei,  the  .Santa  Cruz,  being  finish- 
ed, and  the  Nii'^a  rep.iired,  Columbus  made  every 
arr.ingement  tor  immediate  departure,  anxious  to 
be  freed  from  the  growing  arrogance  of  .Agiiado, 
and  to  relieve  the  colony  from  a  crew  of  factious 
and  discontented  men.  He  a])])ointed  his  brother, 
Don  IJartholomew,  to  the  command  of  the  island, 


*  Herrera,   Hist.    Ind.,  decad.   i.   lib.    11.    cap.  l8. 
Peter  Martyr,  decad.  i.  lib.  iv. 


witli  tl-.c  title,  wliich  he  had  already  given  him,::! 
.Adelantado;  in  case  of  his  death,  ne  was  to :| 
succeeded  by  his  brother  I  Jon  Diego. 

On  the  loth  of  March  the  two  caravels  set  sa  I 
for  Spain,  in  one  of  which  Columbus  emh.irkttj 
and  in  the  other  Aguado.     In  conse(|Uence  of  1 
orders  of  the  sovereigns,  all  those  who  coulil 
S|)ared  from  the  island,  and  some  who  had  wivs| 
and  relatives  in  Spain  whom  they  wished  to  viv 
returned   in  these  caravels,  which  were  crowdecl 
with  two  hundred  and  twenty-five  passengers,  i-f 


*  Oviedo,  Cronica  de  los  Indias,  lib,   ii.  cap.  i.i| 
Charlevoix.  Hist.  St.  DominRO,  lib.  ii.  p.  146. 
f  Peter  Martyr,  decad,  i.  lib.  iv. 


"->iL-  ..:. 


Line  AND  \v)v.\r.i:s  or  coi.r.Mnrs. 


IJO 


(Kid  ri'ccived' 
|-i<-n(lshi|i,  ,,nc 
i  (it  Miguel  li, 
ily  piirildiici!  ■; 
ivas  sulisf(|iiir 
in  the  i.-,l,iii(; 
til  Kn-ai  iiilf, 

1)1  idc,  liy  wli- 
(•liildltii'.     Cr 
jjularly  in.irr.r 
>  l^avtf  hffii 
l)y   the  Clirijj,. 

with  this  l;iv(. 

of  ore,  ihcai 
'atly  clalcd,   i; 

lif  ininu'di.iit 
a,  in  till'  \inr, 
uld  ht;  (niij,'ir,; 

aiuicMU  CM,,; 
1  veins  nl  j^nii 
rniisfd  ihai  li 
Iphir.  Ill:  I 
•ovcrcd  d;c  i('; 
n  liad  |)iiiiii-: 
i'ni|)le  (it  Jfrfc, 
must  havi-  •;,['.■ 
rra|nil);iii  lu: 
ilea,  lay  (i|i|:i,- 
ich  he  tiniily  i 

,'ave  free  licer.: 
jfcturi's,  \\k. 
his  entfi|)ri>t 
•rest  (/I  the  |iL 
rrt'cliu-ss  iit  ■ 
[)ity  of  Asia,. 

the   inipcnt. 

all   his  lui': 
fxtrav.ig.ir: 

lie  sonicwht:' 

matter  of  n: 
remains  one 
.vhich  too  mt. 
atisfactoriiyi 


given  him, 
ne  was  to; 


ijik,  tin'  idle,  thf  prnfli^f.itc,  and  the  fa(  tioiis. 
ivtr  'lid  a  nmre  nii.tralde  and  dis.ipiointed 
ruw  ri'turn  from  a  lann  ot  pidinise. 
Thfie  ^vffe  thirty  Indians  also  on  l)o,ird  of  the 
aravi  Is.  anionj;  whom  w<'re  the  oiuc  redouiitalile 
aiicjUf  Caon.dx),  one  ol  his  liiDthers,  and  a 
fiilK-w.  Tlie  iiir.iti  ol  I.os  I'al.icios  observes 
hat  C'liiinninis  iiad  ;iromise(l  the  c:ati(|ue  and  his 
nillur  to  restore  tiiem  to  their  ountry  and  tluir 
inwiT,  alter  he  had  taken  them  to  visit  the  Kin^ 
ml  (liieen  ot  Castile,*  It  is  jjrohahle  that  by 
ind  iV'  .unient  and  by  a  displ.iy  ol  the  wonders 
of  .S|),iiii  and  the  jjrandeiir  and  nii^dit  of  its  so\- 
ertiK'ii'^.  '"■  h"|"-'''  '"  ''"n<)uer  tluir  enmity  to  the 
S|),ini,'rds,  and  convert  lliem  into  import. mt  in- 
siriimnil-.  tow.ird  obtaining  ,i  secure  and  peace- 
able (I'lininioii  over  the  island.  Caor..il)o,  h!)W- 
evur,  uas  ot  that  proud  nature,  of  wild  but  \i^;or- 
oiis  (,'rowtli,  wliiih  can  never  b;:  tamed,  lie  re- 
mained .1  moody  .and  dejected  captive.  He  had 
t(i')  miirli  iiuelli^;cnce  not  to  perceive  that  his 
[viwi  r  w.is  lor  ever  blasted,  but  he  retained  his 
:iauj;hliiiess,  even  in  tlie  midst  of  his  despair. 
Itiiiiij  as  vet  but  little  experienced  in  the  |ia\i- 
atioii  (it  tliese  seas,  Coluniluis,  instead  of  worlviii};' 
lip  t(i  the  iiorttiw.ird,  so  as  to  fall  in  with  the  ir.ict 
ot  westerly  winds,  took  an  easterly  course  on 
Icavin^r  tlie  isl.and.  Tlie  eonsetiuence  w.as  that 
almiisi  ilie  whole  ol  his  voya^^e  was  a  toilsome  and 
tiilimis  siru^;,di!  a^,Miiist  tlie  trade-winds  and 
ciliiis  uhieli  prev.iil  between  the  tro|)ics.  On  the 
Ctli  of  .April  he  found  himself  still  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  C.iribhee  Islands,  witii  his  crews  fatij^^ued 
and  sickly,  and  his  provisions  rapidly  climinisliin^^r. 
lie  hore  aw.ay  to  tlie  souihwartl,  therefore,  to 
Jtmich  .at  the  most  important  ot  those  islands,  in 
Search  of  supplies. 

On  .Saturday,  the  rjth,  he  anchored  at  Marij^a- 
lante,  wlieiice,  (Hi  the  tollowiiif,''  d.iy,  he  made  sail 
for  (iii.ad.doupe.  It  was  contr.ary  to  the  custom 
o!  Col'.iiiibus  to  weiffh  anchor  on  .Sunday  when 
ill  jiort.  but  the  people  murmured,  and  observed 
that  wlieii  in  (|uesi  fit  loorl  it  was  no  time  to  stand 
on  scruple.-,  .as  to  holy  d.iys.t 

.Anchiiriiiir  off  the  island  ot  (iuad.iloupe,  the 
boat  was  sent  on  shore  well  .armed.  Helore  it 
rould  re.icli  the  land,  a  laij^e  number  ot  females 
issued  from  the  woods,  arme.l  with  bows  and  ar- 
rows, and  decorate  I  with  tufts  of  feathers,  prep.ir- 
in;,'  to  oppose  any  descent  upon  tlu^ir  shores.  As  the 
seaw.issoinewli.al  rouf^li,  an.l  a  surf  broke  upon  the 
tieach,  tiie  boats  remaine.l  at  a  distance,  and  two 
of  the  Indi.ans  from  1  Iis|)ani(jl,i  swam  to  shore. 
Haviiijr  explained  to  these  Amazons  that  the  Span- 
iards oiil_\  souj^ht  provisions,  in  exchanj^i'  for 
which  they  would  j^ive  articles  of  irpeat  value,  the 
women  referred  them  to  their  husbands,  who  were 
at  the  iirrtherii  end  of  the  isl.ind.  As  the  l)oat.s 
proceeded  tliither,  numbers  of  the  natives  were 
seen  on  ihe  beach,  who  manifested  pfreat  ferocity, 
siioutin;r,  ami  yellinjj,  and  discharj^ing  Hi^jhts  of 
.arrows,  wliicli,  howe\er,  fell  farshoriin  the  water. 
Seeint;  the  boats  ap])roach  the  land,  they  hid 
tlieniselves  in  the  adj.acent  forest,  and  rushed  forth 
with  hideous  cries  as  the  Sp.ini.irds  were  landing. 
A  disch,ari,re  of  firearms  clrove  them  to  the  woods 
and  niouiitains,  and  the  bo. us  met  with  no  fur- 
ther opposition.  I'^ntering  the  deserted  habita- 
tions, the  Spaniards  began  to  plunder  and  destroy, 
contrary  to  the  invariable  injunctions  of  the  ad- 
miral. Among  other  articles  found  in  these 
houses  were  honey  and  wax,  which  Herrera  sup- 


*  Cura  de  Ids  Palacios,  cap.  131. 
t  Hist,  del  Almirante,  cap.  62. 


poses  li.id  been  brought  from  Trrr.i  rirtn.T,  .t« 

these  ro\ing  Jieuple  (iilltc  ted  the  prudurlioiis  of 
(list. lilt  regions  in  the  coiirse  ol  their  expeiblions. 
I'ei  n.iiidi)  Colunitiiis  mentions  likewise  th.it  there 
were  h.itilietsot  iron  in  llieir  houses  ;  these,  how- 
ever, must  h.ive  been  made  of  a  species  of  hard 
and  he. ivy  stone,  already  mt  ntioind,  uliich  re- 
sembled iron  ;  or  ihi'y  must  hive  been  |Mdcure(l 
from  places  whii  h  the  Sp.iniards  had  previously 
visited,  as  it  is  liilly  admiiteil  that  no  iron  was  in 
use  among  the  ii.itives  jirior  to  the  discovery, 
'Ihe  sailors  also  reported  that  in  one  of  the  houses 
they  found  the  arm  of  ,1  in. in  ro.islingon  a  spit  be- 
lore  a  tire  ;  but  these  l.icti,  so  repugnant  to  hu- 
manity, require  more  solid  authority  to  be  cred- 
ited ;  the  sailors  h.ad  lomniitted  wanton  dev.ista- 
tions  in  these  dwellings.  ,ind  may  have  sought  ii 
pretext  with  which  to  justify  their  ni.irauilings  to 
ttie  admiral. 

While  some  of  the  people  were  getting  waiod 
and  water,  and  making  eass.iva  bread.  Cdlumbus 
(lisp.ilched  forty  men,  wall  armed,  to  explore  the 
interior  of  the  island.  'I'liey  returned  on  the  fol- 
lowing (lay  with  ten  women  and  three  boys.  'Ihe 
women  were  of  Large  and  powerlul  form,  yet  of 
great  agility.  'I'liey  were  naked,  and  v.Dre  their 
long  hair  flowing  loose  ujion  their  shoulders  ; 
some  decorated  their  lu  ads  -.vilh  plumes  of  vari- 
ous colors.  Among  tlieiii  w.as  the  wile  ot  a  c.i- 
ci(|ue,  a  woman  ol  great  strength  and  i>i(iud  spirit. 
On  the  approach  of  theSp.mi.ards,  sl;e  had  tied  with 
an  .agility  which  soon  hit  .ill  her  pursuei's  far  be- 
hind, excejiting  a  native  ot  the  Canary  Islands  re- 
ni.arkable  lor  swittness  ot  tool.  She  would 
have  esca|ied  even  trom  him,  but  perceiving  that 
he  was  alone,  and  lar  trom  his  coiiipanions,  she 
turned  suddenly  upon  him,  sei/.ed  him  with  aston- 
ishing force,  and  would  lia\e  str.mgli'd  him,  had 
not  tlie  Spaniards  .arrived  and  taken  her  ent.ingled 
like  a  h.iwk  with,  her  prey.  The  warlike  spirit  of 
these  Carib  women,  and  the  cirvumstance  of  find- 
ing them  in  armed  bands,  defending  their  shores, 
during  the  absence  ot  their  husbands,  led  Coli;m- 
bu.s  lepeatedly  into  the  erronecus  idea,  that  cer- 
tain ot  these  islands  were  inhabiiid  entirely  by 
women  ;  for  which  error,  as  has  already  been  ob- 
seived,  he  w.as  |)re])are(l  by  the  stories  ot  .Marco 
l'(do  concerning  an  island  of  Ama/ons  near  the 
coast  ot  Asia. 

Having  remained  sever.il  d.ays  at  the  island, 
and  jirejiared  three  \veeks'  supply  of  bread,  Co- 
lumbus prepared  to  make  s.iil.  .As  ( ".uadaloujie 
wa  ■  the  most  important  of  thtf  Caribbee  Islands, 
and  in  a  manner  the  port.al  or  entrance  to  all  the 
rest,  he  wished  to  secure  the  friendsliip  of  the  in- 
habitants. He  t  smissed,  therefore,  .lU  the  ])ris- 
oners,  with  many  presents,  to  compensate  tor  the 
spoil  and  injury  which  had  been  done.  The  fe- 
male cacicjue,  however,  declined  going  on  shore, 
preferring  to  remain  and  accompany  the  natives 
ot  Hispaniola  who  were  on  bo.ird,  keeping  with 
her  also  a  young  daughter.  She  liad  conceived  a 
passion  for  Caonabo.  ha\i!ig  found  out  that  he 
was  a  native  ot  the  Caribbee  Islands.  His  char- 
acter and  story,  gathered  from  the  other  Indians, 
had  won  the  sympathy  and  admiration  of  this  in- 
trepid woman.* 

Leaving  duadaloupe  on  the  20th  of  .A|)ril,  and 
keeping  in  about  the  twenty-second  degree  of  lati- 
tude, tlie  caravels  ag.ain  worked  their  way  against 
the  whole  current  of  the  trade-winds,  insomuch 
that,  on  t'lp  "Jth  ot  May,  after  a  month  of  great 
fatigue  and  toil,  they  had  yet  a  great  part  ot  their 


Hist,  del  Alniirante,  cap.  63. 


ISO 


Liri-    AND   VOVACnS  OF   COLUMBUS. 


voyapi'  \r>  maK't'.  T'lir  pr  )visi()ns  wprr  already  so 
ri'duciMl  ili;a  I'olumlius  li.nl  to  |iiit  cvrry  '"ic  on 
a  daily  .illuwanrf  nl  ^i\  (iimcis  of  lirf.irl  .mil  ii 
pint  .111(1  a  IimII  ot  \^  ilcr  ;  as  llicy  ;idvaiicfd,  the 
hcari  ilv  nicw  incur  .ind  nioif  scvcif,  and  'vas 
rfndfird  niorc  appallini,'  Inim  the  uncertainly 
which  prcv.iiliij  (III  liciard  the  xcsscis  as  to  their 
sitii.itiiMi,  'I'hrre  were  several  pilots  in  the  car.i- 
\els  ;  luit  lieiii^;'  (  hicMy  accustomed  to  the  lia\  i- 
jfation  (il  the  .Medili'iraiwan,  (M'  the  Atlantic  coasts, 
they  \\(  re  iiilcrly  iiintounded,  ami  lost  all  reckon- 
iiij;  whi'ii  traversiii),'  the  broad  oce.in.  livery  one 
had  a  separate  opinion,  and  none  heetled  th.it  ol 
the  adniir.d.  I!y  the  hevjinniiiL;'  ot  June  there  w.is 
an  alisohili'  lainine  mi  Imard  ot  the  ships.  In  the 
exireniiu  ot  their  siillc  rin^s,  while  de.ah  stared 
Iheni  In  the  I. ice,  it  was  proposed  hy  some  ot  the 
.Spaniards,  as  a  de-.perate  alternative,  thai  they 
.should  kill  and  eat  their  Indi.in  prisoners  ;  others 
suj;>fested  that  they  should  throw  them  into  the 
sea,  I'ls  so  m.iiiy  expensive  and  useless  mouths. 
Nothini,'  Inn  the  ahsoUite  authority  ot  Colundxis 
nreveiiied  this  last  counsel  trom  liein^f  iidoiiti'd. 
lie  reiwi'senied  that  the  Indians  were  their  tellow- 
hein^fs,  some  ot  tlu'ni  Christians  like  themselves, 
aiicl  all  (iitilled  to  similar  treatment.  lie  exhort- 
ed them  to  a  little  patience,  assurinj^  them  that 
they  would  soon  make  land,  tor  that,  according,'  to 
his  reikoninf,r,  they  were  not  f.ir  trom  Cape  St.  Vin- 
cent. ,\t  this  all  scotted,  tor  they  l)elie\e<l  them- 
sel\es  yet  I  ir  from  their  desired  haven  ;  some 
atVirmiiu,^  th.it  they  were  in  the  I'Ji^lish  Channel, 
others  lliat  they  \\ci-e  ajiproacliini;-  (i.illicia  ;  when 
Columl'U.,  therelorc,  <  oniideiit  in  his  opinion,  or- 


dered tli  It  s.iil 


uih 


taken   in   at  nivjht,  lest 


tlu'y  should  come  upon  the  land  in  the  dark,  thei'e 
was  a  ^riicral  murmur  ;  the  men  exclaimin;^  that 
il  was  lieiter  to  he  (  isl  <in  shore  lh;in  to  siar\e  at 
sea.  The  lU'xt  niornin.n-,  howeviT,  to  their  };real 
joy,  they  came  in  si^^^dil  ol  the  very  land  which  Co- 
lumbus h.id  pn-dicicd.  I'rom  this  time,  lie  w.is 
rej;;ir(l(  i|  by  the  seamen  as  dee|)ly  versed  in  the 
mysteni's  ot  the  ocean,  and  almost  oracul.ir  in 
luatter-i  ot  navij^ation. '■'■ 

On  the  iith  ot  June  the  vesstds  ;inchored  in  the 
li.iy  ot  Cadi/,  .'dler  a  we.irv  voya^^^e  of  about  three 
months.  In  the  course  ot  this  Noy.ijje  the  unlor- 
tunate  C.ionabo  expired.  It  is  by  the  mere  casual 
mention  ot  conli'inporary  writers  that  we  have 
any  notice  ot  this  circumstaJice,  which  .appears  to 
have  belli  passed  over  as  a  m.atter  of  but  little 
moment,  lie  mainlailled  his  haiifrhtv  nature  to 
the  last,  lo|-  his  death  is  principallv  ascribed  to  the 
morbid  melancholy  ot  a  proud  but  broken  si)irit.T 
He  was  ,in  extraordinary  character  in  sav.aj^-e  life. 
From  ln'iiiL;-  .1  simjile  Carib  warrior  he  had  risen, 
by  his  entcriu-ise  and  courai;e,  to  be  the  most 
powerful  caci(|ue,  and  the  domin.int  spirit  ot  tiie 
])opulous  island  ot  llayti.  lie  was  the  only  chief- 
tain that  appeared  to  have  had  s.-ii^acity  sullicient 
to  foresee  the  fatal  effects  of  .S|),inisli  ascendency, 
or  military  talent  to  c(Hiibiiie  any  resistance  to  its 
inroads.  Had  his  warriors  been  of  his  own  in- 
trepid n.itiiie,  the  war  which  he  raised  would  have 
been  lonniilable  in  the  extreme.  His  fate  fur- 
nishes, oil    a    narrow   scale,   a  lesson   to    hum.m 


■^   Hist,  ilel  .Mjiiir.wite,  rap.  63; 

f  Cura  lie  los  I'aI.eios,  rap.  131.  Peter  Martyr, 
decad.  i.  lil).  iv.  Soiiu-  liave  allimied  that  Caonabo 
perislied  in  one  of  the  car.ivels  vvhich  foundorcil  in  the 
iiarlior  of  Isabella  ilnrini;  the  hurricane,  but  the 
uniteil  testimony  of  the  curaic  of  Los  I'alacios,  Peter 
Martyr,  .ami  I'ernaniJo  Co!iiiiil)us,  proves  that  he  sailed 
with  the  admiral  in  liis  return  voyage. 


prpatnpss.     When   the  Sp.ini.irds  first  arrivn! 
iht!  coast   ot    ll.isti,  their   iin.ii;iii  itioiis  wcn 
11. lined  with  rumors  ot  a  maj^nilnent  prime  m 
interior,  the  lord  ot  the  Cioldeii   House,  the  Si,  . 
ei^;ll  ol  the  mines  of  (.'ibao,  who   reigned    iiisii,  ! 
did  st.ite  amoii).;  the  mmmt.iiM>;  but  aslmrti 
had    elapsed,    .mil    this    t.incied    potentate  nt  • 
I!ast,  stripped  of  every  illusion,  s(,.is  a  naked ;,-| 
dejected  prisoner  on  tne  di  el;  ol  (ilie  of  tl.eir  r,r| 
\ lis,  with    none   but   one   oi   his  own   wililn.i 
heroines   to   sympathi/e   in    his  mislortiines, 
his  iiii|)ortance  \amslied  with  histrcedom  ;  vir  | 
any  mention   is  made  ol   him  ilurin;^^  his  t  .'i|)ii\ ' 
and  with  innate  (pi.ilities  ot  ;i  hii;li  ,ind  heruii  ' 
tiire,  he  pcribhcd  with  the  obscurity  ot  one  (jt;,| 
vulgar. 


CHAI'TKR    II. 

HWI.INF.   OK  Till'.   I'Opfl.MMl  V    OF    COI.fMIli;  ;i| 

M'.MN— HIS    Kicii'iiiiN    i;v    Till'.    mivi:km.\ 
Af  liL'R(;os— III;  i'Uui'o-«i,-,  .V   iiiiiiii  viiv.\m 

I'.NVV   and    m.ilice  h.id    |.i m   but  too  siiiTrs.;, 
in   underminiiij,'-  the  popul.arity  ol  Columluis.  : 
is  impossible  to  keep  up  ;i  state  ot  exciteliieiit  ; 
any  leii^>th  of  tinu-,  even  li\'  miracles.    The  wori: 
,it   first,  is   ])rom|)t   and    l.i\ish   in   its  admir.itii- 
but  soon  ^frows  cool,  distnists  its  late  eniluisi.iHrd 
•  iiid  lancies   il   h.is   been   delralided  of   what  it 
slowed  with  such  proili;;ality.      It  is  then  than -I 
cav.ilier  who  had  been  silenced  by  the  |.,'ener;il  ,;■ 
|il,iuse,  puts  in  his  insidious  suj^^eslion,  delra  ■ 
Irom  the  merit  of  the  declininL,^  lavm'ite,  anil  si: 
leeils   in    ret   lerin^   him   an   object  ot   douht,i:i 
censure,  it   not  ot  alisolute    tnirsion.       In  tli '• 
short  ye.irs  the  public  h.id  beiome  lamiliarw  ■ 
the   stupendous    wondi'r  ol    ,1    newlv-dismviT'. 
world,  and   was   now  open   to  e\er\'   insiiui;it  ■ 
(leroi^ratory  to  the   l.ime  ol   the  discoverer  anil  ut 
importance  of  his  enti'rprises. 

The  circumstances  whicli   attended  the  pn-sir; 
arrival    of    Columbus    were    little    calculatcil  '.) 
diminish  the  ^;row  ini;'   pii'iudices  of  ihe  i;opiil,iceL 
When  the   motley  crowil  o|  mariners  ;ind  ,i(l\rl 
turers  who  bad  endi.irked  \\itli  such  saiv^aiiiU' iv[ 
pectjitions   l;inded    Irom    tl;e  vessels  in  the  port  : 
C'.idi/,  instead  ot  a  joyous  crew,  bounilin'.^  on  shorv, 
llushed  with  success,  ;ind   laihn   with  the  s|)lll!^;: 
the  eoldcn  Indies,  :i  feebh,'  train  <d  wretched  ni'" 
I  raw  led    lorth,  emaci.iled    by   the   diseases  el  tl-:| 
colony  and  the  liardshi|)S  ot  the  \i)\a;;e,  whoc;ir-[ 
ried   in   their  yellow   counteiiam  es,   says  an  ti'A 
wriU'r,   a    mockery   of   that  ^old  whiedi  h;id  Ihc 
the  oliject  ot  their  search,  .iiiil  who  h.id  noihiii;'; 
relate  ot  the    New   Wiuiil    but   tales  ol   sickiu--, 
poverty,  and  disappointment.  . 

Columbus  endeasored,  .i-.  much  ;is  jiossihie,  to 
counteract  these  unta\-ora!iie  apjie.ir.iiua'S,  and  n 
revive  the  l.im;uishini;-  er.lhusi.ism  (d  the  public, 
1  le  dwelt  upon   the   importance  of   liis   recent  liiv 
coveries  alon;.^r  t|-n;  coast   of  Cuba,  where,  as  hel 
sup|)oseil,   he    had    arrived    neai'ly   to   the   AiirrtI 
Chersoiiesus  of  the  ancients,    borderiie^  on  son;; 
ot  the   richi'st   ])roviiices  of   .Asia,      .\bove  all.  !'H 
bo.isted  of  his  discovery  of  the  abumlant  mines  on 
the  south  side  of  liisp.'iniola,  which   he  pcTsuadeu 
himself   were   those  of  the   ancient    ()|)hir.     Ti;t: 
public   listened   to  these   accounts   with  sneerind 
incredulity  ;  or  if  for  a  moment  a  little  excitemcn;  | 
was    occasioned,     it    w.is    (piickly   destroyeil  I';' 
};loomy  pictures  diawii   by   disappointed    advuii- 
Hirers. 


|ln  the  h.irbor  of 


}«i^h 


MFK   ANO   X'OYAOnS   OF  COH'Mm'S. 


131 


rst  nrnvci' 

inns    Wri' 

I  |inni'i'  III 

1st',    tllC  M, 

;iiim|  in  s| 
t  a  shdrt  I 
fiit.iti'  lit 
'  .1   n.iki'il 
•  lit  il  I'lr. 
in  wild  111' 
luriuncs. 
t'lliiiii  ;  ■« 
;  liii  1  .ipin 
mill  lu-nui 

'  l)t    (IIIU  ot 


\m 


rni  I'Miir- 

■.       MINI. 1^1! 
IIMI    VipVAm 

too  siicci ■^ 
t'ohimlnis, 
UMiU'lliriU  :  ■ 
■s.    'I'lu;  wuri: 
its  adiniriitii" 
tc  intliiisi.i." 

ol  what  It  -. 
s  llu-n  tliai'.-' 
ihc  j^'cncnil  ,i'- 
■siioii,  (Icini-v 
■orili',  and  s\:. 
I  III  (Imibt  ii:' 
Ion,  In  th;v- 
laniiliar  \\- 

V'-diil'IIVl!'  , 

in-.iiui;u  ■ 
m-r  anil  ;;r 

the  pri'Si:.; 
alrnlatt'il  '.)■ 
Ill-  popiilart 

anil  ailvi-' 
saiiLjuinffvl 
III  the  piirt  : 
in '4  on  slior':, 

llu'  spiiiK': 
,\  rilciu'd  iii-i 
SlMSl-S  ot  !h- 
i:;!.',  who  c,ir-| 
^ays  an  «■•'. 
uh  had  Ih-(' 
id  nothiii;'; 

111   sii'kiii— 

i)ossii)le,  \')\ 
inri-s,  anil  1^1 
t  till'  public, 
I'lH'cnt  iliv 
lirrc,  iis  '- 
till'   Aiir-,-; 
|in;4  on  sun;;  I 
ihovti  all. !'.( 
lint  inini-si'S 
persuade-'.  I 
,  tphir. 
ith  sncennq 
cxciU'nur.-.  | 
Icstroyed  I'" 
lituJ   advcii- 


In  the  h.irlior  of  Cadiz  Columl)U»  found  thirc 
iviN,  I  ommandcd  liy  IVdm  Alon/n  Nifto,  on 
n,,int  "t   >.iilin^j   with   supplii-s  tor  thf  lolony. 
iiK  ,1  \rir  had  I'l.ipsi'il  without  any  rrlitt  ol  the 
I     tuiir  r.iravids  whn  h  h.nl  s.iili'ij   in  the  prc- 
iln'i   l.iiui.iry  having    hi-cn   lost  on  the  lo.ist  of 
|'riiiii-.ul.i.*     Having' road  thi' roy.il  li'ltcrsand 
,ii,hr,  of   whirh    Nino    was    the  hearer,  and 
m  '  mlnrnu'd  ol  the  wishes  ot  the  soverei^'us,  ,is 
lit  till'  st.ite  ot  the  pulilii:  mind,  Coliimlius 
i\  tills  opporiimiiy,  urj;in;;  the  Adel.mt.ulo 
M\, ir,  liy  eM'ry  means,  to  hriii^'  the  island 
„  ,1  pi' mini  and  produi  live  state,  appeasing'  all 
riiiiii'iUi   .I'll    commotions,    and    sei^inn;    and 
i.lini;  I  I  Sp.iin  all  i',ui(|ues,  or  their  subjects, 
,  shdilld   he  cornel  lied  in    the  dr.iths  ol  any  of 
Miluiii^ls.     lie  reiomniended  the  most  unre- 
tl'ii"'  ilili^;i'nce  in  e\|ilorinj;  and    workinj^j   the 
iiTiiitly  discovered  on  theriM'r  ll.iyn.i,  and 
dlii'      pl.ue   should    he    chosen    in    the  nei);hl)or- 
ligii      in, I  .1  si'aport  tounded.    I'edro  Alon/o  NiAo 
(gill  \ulli  the  three  c. travels  on  the  17th  ol  June. 
^   lint;>    III    the   arrival    ot    Columlius   having' 
niiS.I  the  sovereijfns,   he   received 


fiilr 

,'1.1 


I   ^r.uioi  s 
tnn  them,  dated   at   /Mmazen,    12th   July, 
^lln^;r,ltulatin^'  him  on  his  sate  return,  and 
niii;;  him  to  col  ri  when  he  should  have  recov- 
t(|  Inun  the  fali^,aies  ot   his  voyage.     'I'he  kind 
ni  in  which  this  letter  was  couched  were  cal- 
ijtt' 1  1 1  re  isiiire  the  heart  ot  Columhiis,  who, 
r>,iiiri'  the  mission   of  the  .irroj^.mt  A^jiiado, 
iMniidrri'd  himselt  out  of  favor  with  liie  sov- 
iij;:!-;,  ,iiid  l.illen   into  disj;race.     As  ;i  proot  of 
ili'ii''  '.i'lii  ot  his  spirits,  we  are  told  that  when 
madf  his  .ippearame  this  time  in  Spain,  he  was 
in  ,1  luiinhli!  f,Mrl),  resemhlin^f   in   form  and 
r  till-  haliit   ot   a    Kranciscan    monk.    sini|)ly 
I'll  with  a  cord,  and    that  he  had  suffered  his 
nl  '.II  1,'r'nv  like  the   brethren  of  th.it  order,  f 
is  was  priihahly  in  tullllnient  of  siuiie  peniten- 
vim  i)i:ide  in  a  moment  of  danger  or  despond- 
!y-a  iii-.tom     prevalent    in    those    days,    ,'ind 
luntly  oli-ierved   hy  Columbus.     It  betokened, 
fvi'r,  much   Inmiility  and  depression  ot  spirit, 
.iffiirded  a  strikinj;  contrast  to  his  appear.ince 
his   lornier    triumphant     return.        lie     was 
imed,  in  l.icl,  to  yield  repeated  exam]iles  of  the 
rscs  to  wiiich  those  a  re  subject  who  have  once 
ched  tinm  the  safe  shores  ot  obscurity  on  the 
tu.itiii},'  w.ives  of  |)o|)ular  o])inion. 
'dwcvcr  indifferent  Columbus  might  be  to  his 
pfrsiin;d  .ippearance,  ho  was  anxious  to  keep 
le  the  interest   in   his  discoveries,  fearing  con- 
ally  that  the   indifference  awakening  toward 
niijjht  ini])ede  their  acconiplishmeiU.     On  his 
til  lUirgiis,  therefore,    where  the   .sovereigns 
t  cvjircli'd,  he  made  a  studious  display  ot  the 
'(i>itiis  and   treasures   which   he  had  brought 
the  .New  World.    Among  these  were  collars, 
tli'ts,  anklets,  and  coronets  ot  gold,  the  spoils 
riiiiis  c  ici(|iies,  and  which  were  considered  ;is 
lilies  wun  Irom   b.-irbaric  ])rinces  of  the   rich 
its  ot  Asia,  or  the  islands  of  the  Indian  seas. 
.'i  pniiit  ot  th.e  petty  standard  by  which  the 
imi;  discovery  of  Columbus  was  already  esti- 
pl,  th;it  he  had   to   resort  to  this  management 
ark  the   ;ross  perceiiUons  of  the  multitude 
kniere  ghire  of  gold. 

iccirried  with  him  several  Indians  also,  deco- 
•iftertheir  savage  fashion,  and  glittering  with 
It'll  ornaments  ;  among  whom  were  the  brother 

JMunoz,  Hist.  N.  Mundo,  lib.  vi. 

ICura  de  los  Palacios,  cap.  131.     Oviedo,  lib.  ii. 

V3. 


and  nephew  of  C,»on;iho,  the  formrr  about  thirty 
ve.irs  of  age,  the  l.itter  only  ten.  They  were 
l)rought  merely  to  \\s\\.  the  king  and  (|iieen,  th.il 
they  might  be  impressed  with  .111  ide.i  of  the 
gr.indeiir  .ind  power  ot  the  Sp.wiish  soM-reigns, 
alter  which  they  were  to  In;  restored  in  s.ileiy  lo 
their  countrv.  Whenever  they  p.issed  through 
any  principal  place,  Columbus  put  .1  m. issue  col- 
l.ir  and  ch.iin  ol  gold  upon  the  brother  ot  Caona- 
1)1),  as  being  c.u  iijue  ot  the  golden  (ounlryof 
Cib.'io.  The  curate  of  I.os  I'.d.icioi,  who  entei- 
t.iined  the  disco\erer  and  his  Indi  in  (.ipti\''s  lor 
several  days  in  his  house,  savs  th.it  he  h.id  iliis 
ch.iin  of  gold  in  his  li.mds,  ami  tli.it  it  weighed  six 
hundred  cisiellanos.*  'i'he  worthy  cur.ile  like- 
wise 111. ikes  mi'iitioii  of  v.irioiis  Indi, in  m.isks  .iiid 
im.iges  ot  \M)oil  or  cotton,  wrought  with  l.mi.istic 
faces  of  animals,  ;ill  of  which  he  supposed  were 
representations  of  the  devil,  who  he  corn  luiles 
must  be  the  object  ot  ador.ition  ol  these  isl.inders.t 

The  reception  ot  Columbus  by  the  sovereigns 
w.is  different  Irom  what  he  h.id  anticipated  ;  tor 
he  w.is  treated  with  distinguisheii  l.ivor,  nor  w.ch 
any  mention  made  either  of  the  complaints  of 
.Marg.irilo  and  lioyle,  or  the  judicial  in(|iiiries 
coiKlucted  by  Aguado.  However  these  may  h.ive 
had  a  tr.insieiil  eflect  on  the  minds  ot  the  sover- 
eigns, they  were  too  conscious  ol  the  great  desert.s 
ot  Columbus,  ;iiul  the  extraordiii.iry  dillicullies  of 
his  situ.ition,  not  to  tolerate  what  they  may  have 
considered  errors  on  his  jiart. 

I'aicoiir  i^ed  by  the  favor.ible  countenance  he 
experieii'  d,  and  by  the  interest  with  which  the 
sovereigns  listened  to  his  account  of  his  recent 
voy.ige  along  the  coast  ot  Cuba,  ,ind  the  discox'ery 
ot  the  mines  of  ll.iyiia,  which  he  t.iiled  not  to  rep- 
resent as  the  t  tphir  of  the  ancients,  Columbus 
now  proposed  a  turther  enter|)rise,  by  which  he 
promised  to  make  yet  more  extensive  discoMiies, 
.mil  to  annex  Terr.i  l''irm.'i  to  their  dominions. 
l''or  lliis  piirjiose  he  asked  eight  ships  :  two  to  be 
dispatched  to  the  islaiul  ot  1  lisp.iniula  with  sup- 
plies, the  remaining  six  to  be  put  under  his  com- 
mand lor  .1  voyage  of  discovery.  The  sovereigns 
readily  promised  to  comply  with  his  rei|uest,  and 
were  probably  sincere  in  their  intentions  to  do  so, 
but  in  the  ])ertormance  of  their  promise  Columbus 
was  dot)med  to  meet  with  intolerable  delay  ; 
p.irtly  in  conseiiiience  of  the  oper  ilion  of  public 
events,  i)arlly  in  conse(|uence  of  the  intrigues  of 
men  of  otlice,  the  two  great  intluences  which  are 
( ontinually  iliverting  and  defeating  the  designs  of 
princes. 

The  resources  of  .Sp.iin  were,  at  this  moment, 
tasked  lo  the  utniost  by  the  ambition  ot  l-'erdi- 
nand,  who  lavished  all  his  r  'Veiuies  in  warlike  ex- 
penses and  in  subsidies.  While  maintaining  rt 
contest  of  deep  .iiid  artful  policy  with  l'"r.ince, 
with  the  ultimate  aim  of  gr.isping  the  sce|)tre  of 
Naples,  he  was  l.iying  the  louiuiation  of  a  wide 
and  |)i)werful  connection  by  the  m.irriages  of  the 
royal  children,  who  were  now  maturing  in  ye.-irs. 
.At  this  time  arose  that  family  alliance,  which 
afterward  consolidated  such  an  immense  empire 
under  his  grandson  .ind  successor,  Charles  \'. 

While  a  large  army  was  maintained  in  It.ily, 
under  Cionsalvo  of  Cordova,  to  assist  tlie  King  of 
Naples  in  recovering  his  throne,  of  which  he  h.id 
been  .suildenly  (lis|)ossessed  by  Ch.irles  \'III.  ot 
I'" ranee,  other  armies  were  reijuired  on  the  fron- 
tiers uf  .Spain,  which  were  menaced  with  a  French 


*  F.quivalent  to  the  value  of  three  thousand  one  hun- 
dred and  ninety-five  dollars  of  the  present  time, 
f  Cura  de  los  Palacios,  cap.  131. 


132 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGES  OF   COLUMBUS. 


I? 


i.l 


li; 


invasion.  Squadrons  also  had  to  lie  employed  (or 
the  salejjuanl  of  the  Mediterranean  and  Atlantic 
coasts  ot  the  Teninsula,  wliile  a  niaj^nilicent  ar- 
mada of  ujiward  of  a  hundred  ships  na\in^  on 
hoard  twenty  thousand  persons,  many  of  tlieni  of 
the  tirst  nobility,  was  dispatched  to  convoy  the 
I'rincess  Juana  to  Flanders,  to  he  married  to 
Philip,  Archduke  of  Austria,  and  to  hrinj;-  hack 
his  sifter  Margarita,  the  destined  bride  ol  I'rince 
luan. 

These  widely-extended  oper.itions,  both  of  war 
and  amity,  jiut  all  the  land  and  naval  forces  into 
reijuisition.  They  drained  the  royal  treasury,  and 
enj^rossed  *'ie  thouj,rhts  of  the  sovereiijnr.,  obliginj^ 
;hem  also  to  journey  from  place  to  place  in  tiieir 
dominions.  With  such  cares  of  an  immediate  and 
homefelt  nature  ])ressin;^f  upon  their  minds,  the 
distant  enterprises  of  Columbus  were  easily  neg- 
lected or  postijoned.  They  had  hitherto  been 
sources  of  expense  instead  of  profit  ;  and  there 
ivere  artful  counsellors  ever  ready  to  whiS|)er  in 
the  royal  ear  ll^at  they  were  likely  to  conti  uie  so. 
What,  in  the  ambitious  eyes  of  ['"erdinard,  was 
the  acquisition  of  a  nuniber  ot  wild,  nncukivated, 
and  i.istiint  islands,  to  that  of  th'i  bril.iant  tlomain 
of  \a])les  ;  or  the  intercourse  with  naked  and 
barbaric  i)rinces,  to  tiiat  of  an  alliance  with  the 
most  potent  s(n'ereigns  of  Christendom  ?  Colum- 
bus had  the  mortilication,  therefore,  to  see  armies 
levied  and  squadrons  employed  in  idle  contests 
about  a  little  point  of  territory  in  laiiope,  arid  a 
vast  armada  (it  upward  of  a  hundred  sail  destined 
to  the  ostentatious  serxiie  ot  convoying  a  rt)\  al 
bride  ;  while  he  vainly  solicited  a  few  caraxels  to 
])rosecute  his  discovery  of  a  world. 

At  length,  in  the  autumn,  six  millions  of  mara- 
vcdies  were  ordered  to  be  advanced  to  Columbus 
for  the  e.-piipment  of  1ms  jiromised  squadron.*  Just 
as  the  sum  was  about  to  be  delivered,  a  letter  was 
received  from  I'edro  Alonzo  Nino,  wiio  had  ar- 
rivetl  at  Cadiz  witli  his  three  caravels,  on  his  re- 
turn from  the  island  of  Hispnniola.  Instead  of 
proceiiling  to  court  in  person,  or  forwarding  the 
dispatches  of  the  Adelanl.ido,  he  had  gone  to  visit 
his  family  ;it  Huelva,  taking  the  disjiatches  with 
him,  and  merely  writing,  in  a  vaunting  style,  that 
he  had  a  great  amount  of  gold  on  lioard  of  his 
ships. t 

'fhis  was  triumphant  intelligence  to  Columbus, 
who  immediately  concluded  that  the  new  mines 
were  in  operation,  and  the  treasui'es  of  Ophir 
about  to  be  reali/.ed.  The  letter  or  Xifio,  liow- 
ever,  was  fateil  to  have  a  most  injurious  effect  on 
his  concerns. 

The  king  at  that  moment  was  in  immediate 
want  of  money,  to  re|)air  the  fortress  of  Sal/a,  in 
lioussillon,  which  had  been  sacked  by  the  l'"rench  ; 
the  six  millions  of  maravedii's  about  to  be  ad- 
\anced  to  Columbus  were  forthwith  appriqiriated 
to  patch  up  the  shattered  castle,  and  an  order  was 
given  f(jr  the  amount  to  be  paid  out  of  the  gold 
brought  by  Nino.  It  was  not  until  the  end  of  De- 
cember, when  Nino  arrived  at  court,  and  deliv- 
ered the  dispatches  of  the  Adtd.mtado,  that  his 
b(>ast  of  gold  was  discovered  to  be  a  mere  figure 
(if  s|)eech,  and  that  his  caravels  were,  in  fact, 
freighted  with  Indi.m  prisoners,  from  the  sale  of 
whom  the  \aunted  gold  was  i'^  arise. 

it  is  dillicult  to  descrilie  the  .--xatious  effects  of 
this  absurd  hyperbole.  The  hopes  of  Columbus, 
ot  great  and  immediate  protit  from  the  mines, 
v.ere  suddenly  cast  down  ;  the  zeal  of  h.is  few  ad- 

*  Equivalent  to  86,956  dollars  of  the  present  day. 
f  Las  Casas,  Hist.  Ind.,  lib.  i.  cap.  123,  ms. 


vocates  was  cooled  ;  an  air  of  empty  exagger.r,' 
was  given   to   his   enterprises  ;    and    his  l-ik-: 
pointed   with  scor"   and  ridicule   to  the  wni^ 
cargoes  of  the  caravels,  as  the  boasted  tieast 
of  the  New  Workl.     The  re])ort  brought  liv  N 
and  his  crew  rejjresented  the  colony  ,i>  ni ,, 
astrous  condition,  and  the  disi)atches  ot  ilic  .\ 
lantado  jjointed  out  ilie  iniixirtance  of  inuiuni: 
supplies  ;    but  i".  proporiion   as   the  necessi:, 
the  case  was  urgent,  the   measure  of   relict 
tardy.    All  the  unfavorable  representations  h ;; 
to  made  seemed  corroborated,  and  the  iinn: 
cry  of  "  great  cost  and  little  gain"  v.as  rcvivt; 
those  politicians  of  pet'y  sagacity  and  miii(i>, 
eye,  who,  in  all  great  undertakings,  can  (hs  , 
the  immediate  expense,  without  having  aco!,. 
vision  to  embrace  the  future  prollt. 


CHAPTEK    III. 

I'^EPARATIOXS     FOR     A    THIRn     VOVAC;!'.— DH 
I'OINT.MENIS   ANU   DELAYS. 

['497.] 

It  was  not  until  the  following  spring  nt  i. 
that  the  concerns  of  Columbus  and  ot  iIk'  ' 
World  began  to  receive  serious  ;ittention  tmr 
sovereigns.     The   fleet   had   returned   trmu  ! 
ders  with  the  Princess  Margarita  ol  .Xustri,!. 
nu])ti.ils  with  Prince  Juan,  the  heir-app;iii;i' 
been  celebrated  at  Hurgos,  the  capital  ol  oiiU 
tile,  v.iih  extraordinary  sjilendor.     All  the  :;• 
dees,    the    dignitaries,    and    cliivalry    ot    .S| . 
.ogether  with    ambassadors   from    the    I'.rii;  ■ 
potentates  of  Christendoui,  were  assem!)l(  >!  1 
occasion.     Hurgos  was  for  some  time  a  sa:. 
chivalrous    pageant   and    courtly    revel,    mv]  ■ 
whole   kingdom   celebrated   with  great  fijnii; 
this  powerful  alliance,  which  seemed  to  ii'.sur: 
the  .Sjianish  sovereigns  a  continuaiice  ot  their:! 
'.raordinary  |)ros])erity. 

In  the  mi(lst  of  these  festi\ities,  Isabella,  v,: 
maternal  heart  had   recently   been  engmssi: 
the  marriages  of  her  children,  now  that  slu- 
relieved  from  these  concerns  of  a  tender  ar.l 
mestic  nature,  entered  into  the  affairs  ol  \rx'S-\ 
World  with   a  spirit  that  showed   she  wasiir: 
mined  to  place   them   ujion   a  substantial  tii;:: 
tion,  as  well  as  clearly  to  detme  the  powrrs 
reward   the  services  of  Columbus.     To  l.ii; 
tecting  zeal  all   the  provisions  in  favor  nl  ij 
bus   must  be  tittributed  ;    for  the  king  \'<'C\ 
look  coldly  on  hitri,  and  the  royal  counsellii!> 
had  most    inlluence    in    the  affairs  of  the!:. 
were  his  enemies. 

Wirious  royal  ordinances  dated  about  tlii-^:"! 
manifest  the  generous  and  considerate  (li>i'>'-: 
ot  thc(|ueen.     The  rights,  jn-ivileges,  and  (l;.^'"■ 
granted  to  Columbus    at   Satita    FiS    wcr;'  K 
confirmed;  a    tract  of  land    in    Ilispanj  il.i.  : 
le.igues  in  length    md  twenty-t"iv(^  in  briMiit:.. 
offered  to  him  with  the  title  of  duke  or  m.ir;,:-i 
This,  however,  Columbus  had  the  iirhciiMiii;! 
decline  ;    he  observed  that  it  would  only  iiu'  | 
the  envy   which   was  already  so  virulent  .1,' 
him,    and   would   c.iuse   new  misre])restn!,i: 
as  he  shiudd  be  accused  ol  paying  niori  .iiu' 
to  the  settlement  and  impros'ement  ot  hisi  v:'; 
sessions  than  of  any  other  ji.art  ot  the  isl,in;l" 

As  the  expenses  of  the  expeditions  h.ul  h"' 
far  exceeiled  the  returns,  Columbus  had  ivx': 

*  Las  Casas,  Hist.  Ind.,  lib.  i.  cap.  123. 


!ht  rather  than  r 
1(1  been  permitted 
[veil,  therefore,    f 

lull  part  of  the  c( 
Ipting  tlie  sum  w 
tirst  voyage  ;    a 
IS  not  to  claim 
Jo  lieeii    brought 
jsiiini;  years   he   u 

;'ri)ss  proceeds  o 
in:n   tenth   after    t 
[icrtlif  expir.ition 
•Ills  ot  agreement 
;j;ratil''  his  ho 
|r|)!'iu,ite  in  his  t.in 

illustriiuis  deeds, 
:al>lisliiiig  a  mayo 

tsi.ues,  so  that  th 

lilies  of  nobility, 
led  in  a  solemn  tes 

early  part  of  I4()S 
tes  to  his  own  ma 
jure  to  the   male 
nd  in  (lel.iult  of  ma 
lint  -:i . 

Ik'ir  was  alw 
airal,  to  seal  with 
•I',  .md  in  signing, 
insiiii|)ly  "  The  Adi 
In  he  given  liim  b 
other  occasions. 
Ih  which  he  valuet 


|n  this  testament  h 
liidther,  the   Ade 
iiis  brother  Don 
Bill. lies,  li.id  a  (h'siri 
lie  ordered  that 
>::  from  the  may( 
lus.iii  I  ciiarit.dile  pi 
br  persons  of  Ids  lint 
pile  guing  of  marri 
lies  ot  his  family. 
•son  ot  bis  kindred 
live  city  of  (".enoa,  si 
l»iii|)etence  and  resj 
a  donilcil  for  the 
Inled  whoever  shou 
lays  to  do  everything 
l.iiierity,  and  iiicreasi 
lei  it  should  not  be 
lihiireh  and  theinte 

'!';'  various  other 
fcm'ily  provides  for  l' 
icry  ot  the  holy  sepi 
h<>.  or  whoever  else 
Vt  b-onitiine  to  time 
^rf,  in  stock  in  the  h.i 
'111!  a  permanent 
Jil  ready  at  any  tin 
rill  the  coiKpiestof 
""t  'inclertake  sui 
It'.iiMs  have  .accumul, 
■;  "11  loot  ;i  crusai 
1"  lii'pes  that,  seei 
tere:.;nis  mav   be   ind 
|eitil;ing  or  to   auth 
ir  'i.mie. 

I'-^ides  this  special  un 

'"■  I'liarges    his    h 

9^  Illy  sidiism   in   th 

P'l'inij  its  prosperity 

'•  ''"'  po;)e,  and  de' 

' '  <lvlen(l  the  churcl 

""■i-    Next  to  the  sc 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGES   OF   COLUMBUS. 


i;33 


ml    liis  tiler.: 
[o  the  wi'tu  J 
)aslc(l  U'f.hi.:-! 
rou^hl  hy  N;| 
jny  as  m , 
les  ot  tlu.' 
e  of  imnu'.l 
.he  ncccssiiv 
u  ot   rv\'w\ 
.■Illations  hj;:.:l 
1(1  the  inviiL, 
'  was  ri'virti; 
uul  inicr(i>. 
ii;s,  can  (li>..| 
laving  bco;,.- 
t. 


VnYAOl-.— Ijl- 
[,AVS. 


ami  ol  lliL'  N 
Itention  h-om' 
vncd   liom  i;. 
of  Austria. 
L'ir-api)ai\'!ii, 
ipiuil  o!  <»1(1C.| 
•.     All  the  -r;i 
valry    ot    Sj: 
m    t'hc    iirin: 
assciiib'.nl  ic. 
c  tinu'  a  sci:-.:| 
revel,    iiivl 
.;reat  vr].>ic 

med  to  ;;;!.i:r-l 
:ipce  ol  thc;r:i 


en 


Isabella,  v.- 
enj^iiissi ; 
)\v  ih.il  >!"'!■ 

tender  ar.^1 
airs  ol  i'''f  H 

she   was  i:  :■ 
stantial  lor.: 
the  ])o\\rrs 
VIS.     To  l-.i'i;' 

ivor  of  CV!. 

kin^'  lii';,'r. 
counsel'.'V- 
rs  ot  the  I:.. 

(1  about  thi^:' 

ieralc  dispos*; 

.;es,  and  d;;,':'.' 

\-\\    wi a;'   ■: 

llispaniii!.!, : 

in  bre.ulll'.. 
like  or  ni.in,'.;: 
ic  /irbe.ir.ii'.i'; 
uld  only  iii<'-| 

virulent  .^i' 
<re|ireseii!.i''' 

n-   tUOI'l    ,lt'a' 

I'lt  ol  hisi  v;r 
the  islaivl.; 
Ions  h.ul  li'' 
[us  had  iiKi:: 

[ip.  123- 


[bt  rather  than  reaped  profit  from  thp  share  he 
1(1  been  permitted  to  take  in  them  ;    he  was  re- 
ived, therefore,    from   his  oblijjation  to  bear  an 
BJuli'  p.ut  ot  the  cost  of  the  past  enterprises,  ex- 
fc)iiii'4  the  sum  whi(h   he  had  avKanced  toward 
'  lirst  vova^e  ;    at  the  same  time,  howeve  ,  he 
.,  not  to  claim  any  share   of   wh  .t    had    nith- 
(1  been    hrou^dit   from  the    island.     For   three 
isaiii"  vears  he  wa.;  to  be  allowed  an  ei|rluh  of 
niss' proceeds  of  every  voya^'e,  and  an  addi- 
iiiai  tenth  after   th'_'   costs   had   t)een  deducted. 
tcrthe  expiration  of  the  three  years,  the  original 
[lis  ot  agreement  were  to  be  resumed. 

rati!''  ids  honoiable  ambition  also,  and  to 
irnetii.Ue  ill  Ids  family  the  distinction  gained  by 
illustrious  deeds,  he  was  allowed  the  right  of 
ilili'iliiiig  a  mayora/go,   or  perpetual  ent.iil  of 
tM.ites.so  that  they  might  always  descend  with 
lilies  of  nobility.     This  he  shortly  after  e>;er- 
(i^f  I  ill  a  sidemii  tes'ament  executed  at  Seville  in 
tfceirly  part  of  1498,  by  which  he  devised  his  es- 

Sts  to  his  own  male  descendants,  and  on  their 
lure  ti)  the  male  descendants  of  his  brothers, 
^(1  111  (let.uilt  of  male  heirs  to  the  females  of  his 

lieir  was  always  to  bear  the  arms  of  the 
niir.il.to  seal  with  them,  to  sign  with  his  sign.i- 
fe,  and  in  signing,  never  to  use  any  other  title 
111  simply  "  The  .Vdmirid,"  whatever  other  titles 
An  be  given  idm  by  the  king,  and  used  by  Idm 
(itlier  occasions.  Such  was  the  noble  pride 
llli  wliich  he  valued  this  title  vl  his  real  great- 

\n  this  testament  he  made  amjile  jirovision  for 
imuher,  the   .Adelantado,   his  son    Fernando, 
his  hmther  Don  Diego,  the  last  of  whom,  he 
Biii.ites,  h.ul  a  desire  t(>  enter  into  ecclesiastic. d 
lie  ordered  that  a  lenth  jiart  of  the  revenues 
pii,:;'   h'din  the  mavorazgo  should  be  devoted  to 
lus.iii  I  ('.larilable  purposes,  ;ind  in  relieving  all 
Ir  pers'iiis  of  his  lineage,      lie  made  jirovisions 
[the  i;'^'".^  "f  marriage-]iortions  t'    '.he  poor  fe- 
Ics  (i|  his  family.      He  ordered  that  a  married 
hull  (if  his  kindred,  who  had  been  born  in  his 
live  citv  of  (icnoa,  should   be  m.iintained  there 
iiii|ieteiice  and  resjiectability,  by  way  of  keep- 
,1  ihiniicil  for  the  familv  there  ;  and  he  com- 
Inled  whoever  should   iniierit  the   mayorazgo, 
Vivs  tndo  everything  in  his  power  for  the  honor, 
Isiieiity,  and  incre.ise  of  the  city  of  (lenoa,  pro- 
le I  it  shmild  not  be  contrarv  to  the  service  ot 
lelniivli  and  the  interests  ot  tiie  Spanish  crown. 
11;  various  other  ]irovisions  m   this  will,  he 
tiiinly  jirovides  for  his  tjivorite  scheme,  the  re- 
Icry  of  the  holy  sepulchre.      He  orders  his  son 
.'1.  or  \vhoe\er  else  may  inherit  his  estate,  to 
^;  troiii  time  to  time  as  much  money  as  he  can 
Ire.  Ill  stock  in  the  bank  of  St.  deorge  .at  Ceno.i, 
Tftirm  a  permanent   fund    with   which   he  is  to 
ready  at  any  time   to   follow  and  serve  the 
:  ill  the  contpiest  of  Jerusalem.     ( )r  should  the 
not  'iiidertake  such  enter|)rise,  then,   when 
It.mishave  accumulated   to  sut'licieiit  .imount, 
jse!  (in  tout  a  crusade   at  his  own  (diarge  and 
J.  Ill  hopes  that,  seeing  his  determination,  the 
fh''.'^nf,  may   be   induced   either   to  .adopt   the 
(tit, iking  or  to   authorize   him   to  ])ursue  it  in 

i.illle. 

pe^iiles  this  special  undertaking  for  the  Catholic 

e  eliirges   his   heir  in   case  there   should 

fe    ny  schism   in   the  church,  or  any  violence 

i.uinj;  its  prosperity,   to  throw  himself  at  the 

'!  the  piv)(_',  and  devote  his  |)erson  and  prop- 

iiileteiid  the  church  from  all  insult  and  s])o- 

poii.    Next  to  the  service  ot  God,  he  enjoins 


loyalty  to  the  throne  ;  rommandinff  him  at  all 
times  to  serve  the  soveidgns  and  their  heirs, 
faithfully  and  zealously,  even  to  the  loss  of  life  and 
estate.  To  insure  the  const.int  remembr.ince  ot 
this  testament,  he  orders  his  heir  that,  before  he 
confesses,  he  shall  give  it  '.o  his  father  confessor  to 
read,  who  is  to  examine  liim  upon  his  faithful  ful- 
filment of  its  conditions.* 

As  Columbus  had  felt  aggrieved  by  the  gener.d 
lice  se  granted  in  Ajiril,  I4()5,  to  make  disco\cries 
in  the  New  World,  consideri  ig  it  a.>  interteriiig 
with  his  prerogatives,  a  roval  "diet  was  issued  on 
the  2(1  ot  June,  I4(;7,  retracting  whatever  might  be 
]>reiudicial  to  his  interests,  or  to  tlie  previous 
grants  m.ide  him  by  the  c  'own.  "  It  ne\-er  w.is 
our  intention,"  said  the  sovereigns  in  their  edict, 
"  in  any  way  to  affect  the  rights  of  the  s.iid  Don 
Christopher  Columbus,  nor  to  allow  the  conven- 
tions, ])rivileges,  and  favo's  which  we  have  grant- 
ed him  to  be  encroached  u|;(in  or  viidated  ;  but  on 
the  contrary,  in  conse(|uence  of  the  services  which 
he  has  rendered  us,  we  intend  to  confer  still  fur- 
ther favors  on  h.im."  Such,  there  is  every  re.ison 
to  believe,  was  the  sincere  intentioii  ot  the  mag- 
nanimous Isabella  ;  but  the  stream  oi  her  rov.il 
bounty  was  jioisoned  or  diverted  by  the  base 
channels  through  which  it  th.iwed. 

The  f.ivor  sliown  to  Columbus  was  extended 
likewise  to  his  family.  The  titles  and  preroga- 
tives of  Adelantado,  with  which  he  had  imcsted 
his  brother  Don  Harthidomew,  had  at  first  awaken- 
ed the  dis|)leasure  of  the  king,  who  je.ihuislv  re- 
served all  high  dignities  ot  the  kind  to  be  gr.inted 
exclusively  by  the  crown,  liy  ;i  roval  letter  the 
office  was  now  conferred  upon  Don  ll.irtholotiK  \v, 
as  it  tnrough  spontaneous  f.ivor  ot  the  sovereigns, 
no  .illusion  being  made  to  his  ha\ing  previouslv 
enjoyed  it. 

While  all  these  measures  were  taken  for  the 
immediate  gratihcation  o  Columbus,  others  were 
adopted  for  the  interests  vt  the  colonv.  Permis- 
sion was  granted  him  to  take  out  three  hundred 
and  thirty  persons  in  royal  p.iv,  ot  whom  tortv 
were  to  lit;  escuderos,  or  servants,  one  hundred 
foot-soldiers,  thirty  sailors,  thirty  ship-bovs, 
twenty  miners,  fifty  husb.indmen,  ten  g.irdeners, 
twenty  mechanics  td  \arious  kinds.  iukI  thirty  fe- 
males. He  was  subsetpiently  permitted  to  incrcise 
the  number,  if  he  thought  proper,  to  five  hundred  ; 
but  the  .iddition.d  individu.ils  vvere  to  be  p.iid  out 
of  the  ])roduce  ,111(1  merchandise  of  the  colony.  He 
was  likewise  authorized  to  grant  lands  to  all  such 
as  were  disposed  to  cultivate  vinevards,  orchards, 
sugar  |daiit;itions,  or  to  form  any  other  rural  est.ib- 
lislinKMits,  on  condition  that  they  should  reside  ,as 
householders  on  the  island  for  tiuir  years  after 
su(di  grant,  and  tli.it  ;ill  the  br.izil-wood  and  pre- 
cious metals  found  on  th(dr  l.inds  should  be  re- 
served to  the  crown. 

Xor  were  the  in'--  ^.is  of  the  unh,i|)py  n.itives 
forgotten  by  the  .'omiiassionate  heart  ot  Is.ilndl.i. 
-Notwithst.inding  tie  sophisms  bv  whi(  h  their  sub- 
jection ;in(l  servil  'ile  were  m.ide  matters  ot  ci\il 
and  divine  right,  ;ii  1  s.mctioned  by  the  piditic.il 
prelates  of  the  dav,  I'.iindl.i  alwavs  consenteil  with 
the  greatest  r(duct,inc!  to  the  shucry  even  of  those 
who  were  taken  in  iipeii  \>arf.ire  ;  while  her  ut- 
most solicitude  w.is  ext  rt('(l  to  protect  the  unof- 
fending jiart  of  this  iKdjiless  .uul  devoted  race. 
She  iirdered  th.it  ilv  greatest  care  should  bet.iken 
ot  their  r(digious  i,',:.:!Uction,  and  the  greatest  le- 
niency shown   in   collecting  the   tributes  imposed 

*  This  testament  is  inserted  at  large  in  the  Appen- 
dix. 


I 


^^ 


134 


LIFE  AND  VOYAGES  OF  COLUMBUS. 


V   i 


upon  them,  with  all  possible  induljjence  to  tlcfal- 
cators.  In  fact,  tho  injunctions  jjiven  with  re- 
si)i;ct  to  the  treatment  both  of  Indians  and  Span- 
iards, are  the  only  indications  in  the  royal  edicts 
of  any  impression  havinj^  been  Tiade  by  the  com- 
plaints aj^ainst  Columbus  of  rity  in  his  }rovern- 
ment.  It  was  jjenerally  rec(  i  ...leiuled  by  the  sov- 
erei^Mis  that,  whenever  the  public  safety  did  not 
re(|uire  stern  measures,  there  should  be  mani- 
iesled  a  disposition  to  lenity  and  easy  rule. 

When  every  intention  was  thus  shown  on  the 
part  ot  the  crown  to  dispatch  the  ex|)edition  to  the 
colony,  unexpected  dit'ticulties  arose  on  the  partot 
the  public.  The  chaiai  was  dispelled  which  in 
the  prt'cedinfj  voyage  had  made  every  adventurer 
crowd  into  the  service  of  Ccilumbus.  An  odium 
had  been  industriously  thrown  upon  his  enter- 
prises ;  and  his  new-lound  w:)rlr|,  instead  of  a  re- 
gion of  wealth  and  delight,  was  considered  a  land 
ot  i)overty  and  disaster.  There  was  a  ditfuulty  in 
procuring  either  ships  or  men  for  the  voyage.  To 
remedy  the  first  of  tiuse  deficiencies,  one  of  those 
arbitrary  orders  was  issued,  so  opposite  to  our 
present  ideas  of  commercial  |)olicy,  empowering 
the  officers  of  the  crown  to  press  into  the  service 
whatever  ships  they  might  judge  suitable  for  the 
lHiri)ose(l  ex|)ediiion,  together  with  their  masters 
and  pilots  ;  and  to  fix  such  price  for  their  remuner- 
ation as  the  officers  should  deem  just  and  reason- 
able. To  supply  the  want  of  voluntary  reci  uits, 
a  measure  was  adopted  at  the  suggestion  of  Co- 
lumbus,* which  shows  the  desperate  alternatives 
to  which  he  was  reiluced  by  the  great  reaction  of 
])ul)lic  sentiment.  This  was  to  commute  the  sen- 
tences of  criminals  condemned  to  banishment,  to 
the  galleys,  or  to  the  mines,  into  transportation 
to  the  new  settlements,  where  they  were  to  labor 
in  the  public  service-  without  pay.  Those  whose 
sentence  was  banishment  for  life,  to  be  transport- 
ed for  ten  years  ;  those  banished  for  a  specific 
term,  to  be  iransjiorted  for  half  that  time.  A  gen- 
eral jjardon  w;is  ])ui)nshed  for  all  malefactors  at 
large,  who  within  a  certain  time  shoulil  surrender 
themselves  to  the  admiral  and  embark  for  the 
colonies  ;  those  who  had  comipitted  offences  mer- 
iting death,  to  serve  for  two  ears,  those  whose 
misdeeds  were  of  a  lighter  nature  to  serve  lor  one 
year.f  Those  only  were  excepted  from  this  indul- 
gence who  had  crmmilted  lieresy,  treason,  coin- 
ing, murder,  and  certain  other  s])ecilic  crimes. 
This  |)ernicious  measure,  calculated  to  poison  the 
])opulation  of  an  infant  community  at  its  very 
source,  was  a  fruitful  cause  of  tioulile  to  Colum- 
bus, and  ot  misery  and  detriment  to  the  colony.  It 
has  been  frecpiently  adopted  by  various  nations, 
whose  superior  e:;;ierience  should  have  taught  them 
belter,  and  has  |)roved  the  bane  of  many  a  rising 
settlement.  It  is  assuredly  as  unnatural  tor  a 
metropolis  to  cast  forth  its  crimes  and  vices  upon 
its  coloTiies,  as  it  would  be  for  a  parent  wilfully 
to  engraft  disease  upon  his  children.  In  both  in- 
sianies  the  obligation  of  nature  is  vitiated  ;  nor 
should  it  be  matter  of  surprise,  if  the  seeds  of  evil 
thus  sown  should  bring  fotth  bitter  retribution. 

Notwithstanding  all  these  violent  exjiedients, 
there  was  still  a  ruinous  delay  in  fitting  out  the 
expedition.  This  is  partly  accounted  for  by  changes 
which  took  place  in  the  |)ersons  .appointed  to  su- 
perintend the  affairs  of  the  Indies.  These  con- 
cerns had  tor  a  time  been  consigned  to  Antonio 
(le  Torres,  in  whose  name,  conjointly  with  that  of 
Columbus,    many  of  the  official   ilocuments   had 

*  Lns  Casas,  Hist.  Ind.,  lib,  i.  cap.  112,  MS, 
f  Murtoz,  lib.  vi.  §  19. 


been  made  out.     In  consequence  of  high  nivl 
reasonable  demands  on  the  part  of  Torres,  ho ' 
removed  from  office,  and  Juan  Rodriguez  ik  K 
seca,  Hishop  of  liadajos,  reinstated.     The-  p.v 
hafi,  therefore,  to   be   made  out  anew,  and  ir^, 
contracts  formed.      While  these    concerns  v.. 
tardily  attended  to,  the  queen  was  suddenly  i,.- 
whelmed  with  affliction   by  the  death  of  her- 
son,  I'rince  Juan,  whose   nuptials   had   been  ct 
brated   with  such  splendor  in  the  spring,    hv, 
the  first  of  a  series  of  domestic  calamiiifs  w; 
assailed  her  affectionate  heart,  and  overwini::: 
ln';-  with  affliction  for  the  rem.iinder  ot  iierdj; 
In   the   midst  of  her  distress,    however,  she  -: 
thought  ot  Columbus.      In  conseciuence  othis. 
gent  representations  of  the  misery  to  which :: 
colony  must  be  reduced,  two  ships  were  dispai: 
ed  in  the  beginning  of   1498,  under  the  coninu; 
ot  Pedro  Fernandez  Coronel,  freighted  with-. 
plies.     The  necessary  funds  were  advanced  liv 
(|ueen  herself,  out  ot  the  moneys  intc-ndud  to i 
the  endowment  of  her  daughter  Isabella,  ilu-n 
frothed   to   Kmanuel,  King  of  I'ortug.il.     .\n 
stance  of  her  kind  feeling  toward  Coluiiil)Ui 
also  evinced  in  the  time  ot  her  affliction  ;  hi^: 
sons,  Diego  and  Fernando,  had  been  ]);igLSty. 
deceasetl   prince  ;    the  (|ueen   now  took  then 
the  s.une  capacity,  into  her  own  service. 

With  all  this  zealous  dis|)osition  on  liie  p,;: 
the  (|ueen,  Columbus  still  met  with  the  \mw. 
jurious  and  discouraging  delays  in  jireparin^ 
six  remaining  vessels  for  his  voyage.      His  : 
blooded  enemy   Fonsec.i,  having  tlie  superin!  • 
ence  of  Indian  affairs,  was  enabled  to  impede  ■ 
retard  all  his  ])lans.     The  various  petty  otiiciMs 
agents  emploved  in  the  concerns  ot  the  arm,';: 
were  m..ny  ot  tht    1   minions  of  the  bishop, 
knew  that  they  \\>  le  gratifying  him  in  aniiny:-, 
Columl)us.     They  looked  ui)on  the  latter  as  a  r 
declining   in   ])opularity,  who  might  be  offi;: 
with   impunity  ;    they  scrupled  not,   theretorir, 
throw  all   kinds  of  difficulties  in  his  path,  an 
treat  him  occasionally  with  that  arrogance  w: 
])elty  and   ignoble  men   in  place  are  prone  to 
ercise. 

It  seems  almost  incredible  at  the  ])reseni' 
that   such    im])ortant    aiul    gloiious    enur|ir;s 
should   have   bet^ii   subject  to  such  despicahltr: 
leslations.     Columbus   bore   them   all   with  si:: 
indignation.      He  was  a  stranger  inthekir.i. 
was  benehting  ;  he  felt  that  the  jiopular  tide 
setting  against  him,  and  that  it  was  neces.^an 
tolerate  many  present  grievances  for  the  sake 
effecting  his  gretit  ])ur])oses.     Sowe.iried  anJ-: 
heartened,  however,  did  he  become  by  the  iro: 
imeiits   artfully   thrown   in   his  \  ay,   and  so  i 
gusted   by  the  ])rejudices  of  tlu    ickle  public,  t: 
he  at  one  time   thought  of  abandoning  his  dijc 
eries  .altogather.      He  was  chiefly  iiuluced  10 
severe   by   his  gr.Uetul   attachment  to  the  que: 
.ind   his  desire   to   acliie\e  something  tiiatii.:i 
cheer  and  animate  her  under  her  ;ifflictions.'* 

At  length,  after  all  kinds  ot  irritating  dti; 
the  six  vessels  were  fitted  for  sea,  though  ii« 
im])ossible  to  coiupier  the  ]iopular  repugn<iii:f 
the  service,  sufficiently  to  enlist  the  .alloltLdr.. 
ber  of  men.  In  addition  to  the  persons  in  civ.: 
already  enumerated,  a  ])hvsician,  surgeon. 
ajjothecary  were  sent  out  tor  the  relief  ot  the 
ony,  and  several  priests  to  rei)lace  Friar  H 
and  certain  ot  his  discontented  bretlireii  ;  wlv 
numlier  of  musicians  wiM'e  embarked  by  llic 
miral  to  cheer  and  enliven  the  colonists. 


he  insolence  wl 
mi  the  minions  of 
traded  time  of 
last  moment  of 
ivcd  him  to  the  vei 
rthless  hirelings 
St  noisy  .-ind  jjres 
sea,  treasurer  or 
snot  an  old  Chris 
iS  Casas  ;    by  whi 
was  eitlier  a  Je\ 
itholic  faith.     He  I 
hridled  tongue,  an 
patron  the  bishoi) 
the  admiral  and  hi 
^tn  the  s(|ua<lron  w 
chor,  Colund)us  w 
this  .\inieno,  eithe 
Jhark,  or  on  board 
tcred.     In  the  hur 
usual  self-comma 
repressed,  suddenl 
spicable  mini(,n  to 
pcatedly,  venting  i 
ucumulated  grit 
[i;j  rankled  in  his  m 
Nothing  could  dem 
lumbus  had  previi 
inations  of  unwort 


*  Letter  of  Columbus  to  the  nurse  of  Prince  m 


CHA 

^PAinURF,    OF    COLt 
TH1"D  VOY.VGE— IJ 


[On  the  30th  of  Ma 

om  the  port  of  San 
Is  squadron  of  six  ves 
Isfovery.  The  route 
Ifferent  from  that  pur 
|e  intended  to  d"m: 

lands,  sailing  to  the 
pnie  under  the  equine 

ctly  westward,  with  tl 
hti!  he  should  arrive 
Itlonjjitude  of  Hispa 
7)ns  induced   him   to 

tccding  voyage,  wh( 

kit  of  Cuba, 'under  tht 
mi  !)f  Asia,  he  had 
|war(l  the  south      Fr 

bni  information  gath 
le  Carihbee  Islantls, 
liiiajTrtMi  tract  of  the 
nhccMuntrits  he  had 

hll.of  I'or.ugal  aji 
Imilar  idea  ;  as  Hen 
f«swl  by  that  monan 
V"  in  the  southern 
p.  it  was  supposetl 
fiionnshe  approach( 
Tills  discoveries  to  cl 
pthe  torrid  influence 

[*UC.-isas,  Hist.  Ind 
llMrera,  Hist.  Ind., 


=4    1. 


^^7^ 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGES   OF   COLUMBUS. 


135 


— ihe  insolence  which  Columbus  had  suffered 
ini  the  minions  of  Fonseca  throughout  this  ' ong 
otractcil  time  of  preparation  harassed  him  to 
™|nst  moment  of  his  sojourn  in  Spain,  and  fol- 
■RL-a  him  to  tiie  very  water's  edge.  Among  the 
irihless  hirelings  who  had  annoyed  him,  the 
ist  noisy  :ind  presuming  was  one  Ximeno  }5re- 
•sc.i,  tit-asiircr  or  acc(juntant  of  Fonseca.  He 
Vnol  an  old  Christian,  observes  the  venerable 
IS  Casas  ;  by  which  it  is  to  be  understood  tliat 
was  eitlier  a  Jew  or  a  Moor  converted  to  the 
itholic  faith.  He  had  an  impudent  front  and  an 
briilleii  tongue,  and,  echoing  the  sentiments  of 
%  patron  the  hishop,  had  been  loud  in  his  abuse 
thu  admiral  and  his  enterprises.  The  very  day 
an  llic  s(|uadron  was  on  the  point  of  weighing 
chor,  Columbus  was  assailed  by  the  insolence 
this  Ximeno,  either  on  the  shore  when  about  to 
flbark,  or  on  board  of  his  ship  where  he  had  just 
tcreci.  In  the  hurry  of  the  moment  he  forgot 
i  usual  self-command  ;  his  indignation,  hither- 
reprt'sseil,  suddenly  burst  forth  ;  he  struck  the 
'spicable  mini(/i  to  the  ground,  and  kicked  him 
laiedly,  venting  in  this  unguarded  paroxysm 
accumulated  griefs  and  vexations  which  had 
yr  rankled  in  his  mind.* 

(Nothing  could  demonstrate  more  strongly  what 
hlumbus  had  previously  suffered  from  the  ma- 
binations  of  unworthy  men,  than  this  transport 


of  p-ission,  so  unusual  in  his  well-governed  temper. 
He  deeply  regretted  it,  and  in  a  letter  written 
some  time  afterward  to  the  sovereigns,  he  en- 
deavored to  obviate  the  injury  it  might  do  him  in 
their  opinion,  through  the  exaggeration  and  false 
coloring  of  his  enemies.  Hisapprehension<  were 
not  ill-founded,  lor  Las  Casas  attributes  th('  hu- 
miliating measures  shortly  after  adopted  by  the 
sovereigns  toward  Columl)Us,  to  the  indavorable 
imjjression  [)roduced  by  this  affair.  It  h.id  haj)- 
jiened  near  at  hotne,  as  it  were,  under  the  very 
eye  of  the  sovereigns  ;  it  spoke,  therefore,  more 
(juickly  to  their  feelings  than  more  ini|)ortant  al- 
legations from  a  distance.  'I'he  personal  castiga- 
tioii  of  a  ])ublic  officer  was  represented  as  a  tla- 
grant  instance  of  the  vindictive  temper  of  Colum- 
bus, and  a  corroboration  ot  the  charges  (;f  cruelty 
and  oppression  sent  from  the  colony.  As  Ximeno 
was  a  creature  of  the  invidious  Fonseca,  the  affair 
was  represented  to  the  sovereigns  in  the  n'"'t 
odious  point  ot  view.  Thus  the  generous  int>-ii- 
tions  of  princes,  and  the  exalted  services  ot  their 
subjects,  are  apt  to  be  defeated  by  the  interven- 
tion ot  cold  and  crafty  men  in  jjlace.  By  his  im- 
placable hostility  to  Columbus,  and  the  secret  ob- 
structions which  he  threw  in  the  way  of  the  most 
illusttious  of  human  enterprises,  Fonseca  has  in- 
sured perpetuity  to  his  name,  coupled  with  the  con- 
tempt of  every  generous  mind. 


BOOK  X. 


CHAPTER  I. 

fePAUTURE    OF    COLUMBUS    FROM   SP.\IN   ON   HIS 
IHl.'D  VOYAGE— DISCOVERY  OF  TRINIDAD. 

[1498.] 

lOs  the  jOth  of  May,  1498,  Columbus  set  sail 

om  the  |K)rt  of  San  Lucar  de  Harrameda,  with 

Issciuadruii  of  six  vessels,  on  his  third  voyage  of 

Isfovery.     The   route   he   proposed   to  take  was 

IffLTent  from  that  pursued  in  his  former  voyages. 

|t  intended  to  depart  from  the  Cape  de  Verde 

lands,  sailing  to  the  south-west,  until  he  should 

pme  under  the  equinoctial  line,  then  to  steer  di- 

cily  westward,  with  the  favor  of  the  trade-winds, 

litil  he  should  arrive  at  land,  or  find  himself  in 

It  lonLjitude  of  Hispaniola.     X'arious  considera- 

fiis  induced   him   to  adopt  this  course.     In  his 

leci'ding  voyage,  when  he  coasted  the  southern 

(it  uf  Cuba,  under  the  belief  that  it  was  the  con- 

'fifM  !^i  .Asia,  he  had  observed   that  it  swept  off 

Jward  the  south      From  this  circumstance,  and 

)ni  information  gathered   among  the  natives  of 

If  Caribbce  Islands,  he  was  induced  to  believe 

Vu  i;.,Teat  tract  of  the  main-land  lay  to  the  south 

liiiL  loiiiurits  he  had  already  discovered.      King 

bh^  II.  of  I'or.ugal  appears  to  have  entertained  a 

bii.ir  idfa  ;   as  Herrera  records  an  opinion  ex- 

rissed  by  that  monarch,  that  there  was   a  conti- 

ru  in  the  southern   ocean. t      If  this   were  the 

p,  it  was  supposed   by  Columbus  that,  in  pro- 

Pfii'mashe  apjiroaclied  the  e(|u;itor,  and  extend- 

liis  discoveries  to  climates  more  and  more  un- 

|tr  llie  torrid  inlluence  of  the  sun,  he  should  find 


I  of  Prince  Juil 


j*  l.as  Casas,  Hist.  Ind.,  lib.  i.  cap.  126,  MS. 
t  Herrera,  Hist.  Ind.,  decad.  i.  lib.  iii.  tap.  9. 


the  productions  of  nature  sublimated  by  its  n.ys 
to  more  perfect  and  precious  (|ualities.  He  was 
strengthened  in  this  belief  by  a  letter  written  to 
him  at  the  command  of  the  (pieen,  by  one  Jayne 
Ferrer,  an  eminent  and  learned  lapidary,  who,  in 
the  course  of  his  trading  for  precious  stones  and 
metals,  had  been  in  the  Levant  and  in  various 
parts  of  the  East  ;  had  conversed  with  the  mer- 
chants of  the  remote  parts  of  Asia  and  Africa, 
and  the  natives  of  India,  Arabia,  and  Ethiopia, 
and  was  considered  deeply  versed  in  geography 
generally,  but  especially  in  the  natural  histories  of 
those  countries  whence  the  valuable  merchandise 
in  which  he  dealt  was  jjrocured.  In  this  letter 
Ferrer  assured  Columbus  that,  according  to  his 
experience,  the  rarest  objects  of  coiutnerce,  such 
as  gold,  precious  stones,  drugs,  and  s|)ices,  were 
chiefly  to  be  found  in  the  regions  about  the  e(nii- 
noctial  line,  where  the  inhaUitanls  were  black,  or 
darkly  colored  ;  anci  that  until  the  adnnr.il  should 
arrive  among  people  of  such  coni|)lexions  he  di^l 
'.■.ol  think  he  would  find  those  articles  in  gre.it 
.abundance.* 

Columbus  expected  to  I'ind  such  people  more  to 
the  south.  He  recollected  that  the  natives  ol  Ilis- 
jianiola  had  spoken  of  black  men  who  had  once 
come  to  their  island  from  tin  soiuh  and  south- 
east, the  heads  of  whose  javelins  were  of  a  sort  of 
metal  which  they  called  CiUanin.  They  had  given 
the  admiral  specimens  of  this  metal,  which  on  be- 
ing assayed  in  -Spain,  jiroved  to  be  a  mixture 
Ol  eighteen  p.irts  gold,  six  silver,  and  eight  cop- 
per, a  ]iroof  of  valu.ible  mines  in  the  country 
whence  they  came.  Charlevoix  conjectures  th.it 
these  black  people  may  have  come  from  the  Ca^ 

*  Navarrcte,  Colcc,  torn.  ii.  doc.  68. 


i:3(> 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGES   OF   COLUMBUS. 


if 


narics,  or  tlic  western  coast  of  Africa,  and  been 
driven  l)y  tempest  to  the  shores  of  Hispaniola.*  It 
is  ])r()i)al)le,  liowever,  that  Columbus  had  been 
misinformed  as  to  their  color,  or  had  misunder- 
stood his  informants.  It  is  ditficult  to  believe  that 
the  natives  of  Africa,  or  the  Canaries,  could  have 
jicrtormed  a  voyage  of  such  magnitude,  in  the 
trail  and  scantily  provided  barks  they  were  ac- 
customed to  use. 

It  was  to  ascertain  the  truth  of  all  these  supjio- 
silions,  ;ind  if  correct,  to  arrive  at  the  favored  and 
o])ulent  countries  about  the  etiuator,  inhabited  by 
pi'oplf  of  similar  complexions  with  those  of  the 
Africans  under  the  line,  that  Columbus  in  his 
present  voyage  to  the  New  World  took  a  course 
nuu'h  f.irther  to  the  south  than  that  which  he  had 
hiilierto  pursued. 

Having  heard  that  a  French  stjuadron  was 
cruising  off  Ca|)e  St.  Vincent,  he  stood  to  the 
S'Uith-west  after  leaving  .St.  I. near,  touching  at  the 
islands  of  I'orto  Santo  and  Madeira,  where  he  re- 
mained a  few  days  taking  in  wood  and  water  and 
other  supplies,  and  then  continued  his  course  to 
the  Canary  Islands.  On  the  19th  of  June  he  ar- 
rived at  Cioniara,  where  there  lay  at  anchor  a 
Frencli  cruiser  with  two  .Spanish  jjrizes.  On  see- 
ing the  squadron  of  Columbus  standing  into  the 
harbor,  the  ca|)tain  of  the  jirivateer  yiut  to  sea  in 
all  haste,  followed  by  his  ])ri/es  ;  one  of  which,  in 
the  hurry  of  the  moment,  left  part  of  her  crew  on 
shore,  making  sail  with  only  four  of  her  arma- 
ment and  six  S|)anish  prisoners.  The  admiral  at 
first  mistook  them  for  merchant  ships  alarmed  by 
his  warlike  appearance  ;  when  informed  of  the 
truth,  however,  he  sent  three  of  his  vessels  in  pur- 
suit, but  they  were  too  distant  to  l)e  overtaken. 
Tlie  six  Spaniards,  however,  on  board  of  one  of 
the  jnizes,  seeing  assistance  at  hand,  rose  on  their 
captors,  and  the  admiral's  vessel  coming  up,  the 
jMize  was  retaken,  and  brought  back  in  triumph 
to  the  ])ort.  'I  I-.',- admiral  relin(|uislied  the  ship  to 
the  captain,  and  g.Tve  up  the  prisoners  to  the  gov- 
erni/r  of  the  island,  to  be  exchangetl  for  six  Span- 
iards carried  off  by  the  cruiser.f 

Leaving  Comara  on  the  21st  of  June,  Columbus 
divided  his  S(|uadron  off  the  island  of  Ferro  :  three 
of  the  ships  he  dispatched  direct  for  IUsi)aniola, 
to  carry  supplies  to  the  colony.  One  of  these  ships 
was  commanded  by  Alonzo  Sanchez  tie  Caravajal, 
a  native  of  Baeza,  a  man  of  much  worth  and  integ- 
rity ;  the  second  by  I'edro  de  Arana  of  Cordova, 
brother  of  Dofia  Heatri.x  Henri(|uez,  the  mother  of 
the  admiral's  second  son  Fernando.  He  was 
cousin  also  of  the  unfortunate  officer  who  com- 
manded the  fortress  of  La  N'avidad  at  the  tinie  of 
the  iiiassacre.  The  third  was  commanded  by 
Juan  Antonio  Columbus  ,'or  Colombo),  a  denoese, 
related  to  the  admiral,  and  a  man  of  much  judg- 
ment and  ca|)acity.  These  ca|)tains  were  alter- 
nately to  have  the  command,  and  bear  the  signal 
light  .1  week  at  a  time.  The  admiral  carefully 
pointed  out  their  course.  When  they  came  in 
sight  of  I  lispaniola  they  were  to  steer  for  the  south 
side,  tor  the  new  port  and  town,  which  he  sup- 
])osed  to  t)e  by  this  time  estalilished  in  the  mouth 
of  the  ( )zema,  according  to  royal  orders  sent  out 
by  Coronet.  With  the  three  remaining  vessels 
the  admir.d  prosecuted  his  voyage  toward  the 
Cape  de  X'erde  Islands.  The  ship  in  which  he 
sailed  was  ilecked,  the  other  two  were  merchanL 
caravels. J     As  he    advanced   witliin   the  tropics 


♦  Charlevoix,  Ili.st.  .St.  Domingo,  lib.  iii.  p, 
f  Hist,  dei  Almirante,  cap.  65, 
I  P.  Martyr,  decad.  i,  lib,  vi. 


162, 


the  change  of  climate  and  the  close  and  sc  J 
weather  tirought  on  a  severe  attack  of  tht.-  - 
followed  by  a  violent  fever.     Notwithstandini"' 
painful  illness,  he  enjoyed   the   full   |)C)ssessi(j-| 
ills  faculites,  and  continued  to  keep  his  rccko'j 
and  make  his  ol)servations  with  his    usual 
lance  and  minuteness. 

On  the  27th  of  June  he  arrived  among  theC;j 
de  Verde  Islands,  which,  instead  of  the  fresh-- 
and  verdure  which  their  name    would  l)irio,j 
])resented  an  aspect  of  the  most  cheerless  btir: 
He  remained  among  these  islands  tint  a  vtrv;- 
days,  tieing  flisa])pointed  in  his  expectation  0; 
taining  goats'  tlesh  lor  ships'   provisions,  and :; 
tie  for  stock  tor  the  island  of  Hispaniola.    Ti- 
cure   them    would    re(|uire   some   delav  ;    in; 
mean  time  the  health  of  himself  antl  ot  his  pi- 
suffered  under  the  inlluence  of  the  weather.    [ 
atmosphert!  was  loaded   with  clouds  and  v.i],  • 
neither  sun  nor  star  was  to  be  seen  ;  a  siiltrv. 
])ressing  temperature   ])revailed  ;    and    the  i: 
looks  of  the  inhabitants  bore  witness  to    he  ir; 
lubriiy  of  the  climate.* 

Leaving  the  island  of  IJuena  Vista  on  the  5;- 
July,  Columbus  stood  to  the  south-west,  iiucn.: 
to  continue  on   until   he  found  himself  uiidcr-.l 
ecpiinoctial  line.     The  currents,   however,  \vh 
lan  to  the   north    and    north-west    amoiif,'-  ihrj 
islands  imjieded   his  progress,  and   kejjt  hin. : 
two  days  in  sight  of  the  Island  del  Fuego,   T 
volcanic  summit  of  this  island,  which,  seen  al,i 
tance,  resembled  a  church  with  a  lofty  steeple, 
which  was  said  at  times  to  emit  smoke  and  tl,i~: 
was  the  last  point  discerned  of  the  Old  WorliL 

Continuing  to  the    south-west  about  one  '':: 
dred  and  twenty  leagues,  he  found  himself,  or,- 
13th  of  July,  according  to  his  ol)servations,  ir, 
titth  degree  of  north  latitude.   He  had  entereiij 
region  which  extends  for  eight  or  ten  de;;;iet- 
each  side  of  the  line,  and  is  known  among  sia:: 
by  the   name  of  the  calm  latitudes.     The  [u\ 
winds  from  the  south-east  and  north-east,  ir- 
ing  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  e([uator,  neutr^t 
each  other,  and  a  steady  calmness  of  the  elei;:!: 
is  produced      The  whole  sea  is  like  a  mirnir, ; 
vessels  remain   almost  motionless,  with  tlapr 
s.'iils  ;  the  cn-ws  panting  under  the  heat  ot  ;r 
tical  sun,  unmitigated  by  any  refreshing  hrcr,; 
Weeks  are  sometimes  employed  in  crossing'; 
torpid  tract  of  the  ocean. 

The  weather  for  some  time  past  had  been  ci". 
and    oppressive  ;    t)ut   on    the    13th   there  «.i 
l)right  and  burning  sun.     The  wind  suddenly:: 
and  a  dead  sultry  calm  commenced,  which  Li': 
for  eight  days.     The  air  was  like  a  furnace: 
tar  melted,  the   seams  of  the  ship  yawned:: 
salt  meat  became  putrid  ;  the  wheat  was  p:ir:' 
as   if  with  fire;    the  hoops  shrank  from  the  ( 
and  water  casks,  some  ot  whicii  leaked,  and  or: 
burst;    while  the  heat  in  the  holds  ot  the  vo-: 
was  so  suffocating  tliat  no  one  could  rema:;; 
low  a  sutificient  time  to  prevent  the  daiiia;,^: 
was  taking  ])late.     The  mariners  lost  all  ."lUi:', 
and  spirits,  and  sank  under  t'^e  op|)ressive  r.:4 
It  seemed  as  if  the  old  fable  of  the  torrid  zont 
.ihout    to   be    n-alized  ;    anil    th.it    they  wen 
proaching   .a  fiery  region,  wdiere  it  would  In 
possible  to  exist.      It  is  true  the  heavens  wert 
a  great  |);irt  ot  the  time,  overcast,  and  there  v.: 
drizzling  showers  ;  but  the  atmosphere  \v:\si 
and  stilling,  and   there   was   that  combinaii'' 
heat  and  moisture  which  relaxes  all  the  ener:^ 
of  the  human  frame. 


It 


I 


I 


Hist,  del  .^imirante,  cap.  65. 


During  this  time 
torn  the  gout,  but,  a 
iei'dilencd  bv  his 
lenl-e  nor  repose. 

the  ocean,  where 
|j.,'ilance  and  sag: 
i-aiching   the   phen 

,l;ing  out  for  sig 
jintoler.ible,  he  al 
1  the  souili-west,  h 
Iture  further  on,   e\ 

had  observed 
Itier  sailing  westw: 

■  .Azores,  a  wonde 
ea  and  sky,  both 
|n:l  the  air  teni|)erat 
jied  ih;it  a  peculia 
tailed  over  a  great  t 
lorth  to  s:Kith,  into 
rom  e.ist  to  west, 
Irossing  a  line.     Th 
Iheory,  lor  alter  maki 
lime  to  the  westward 
Ind  calm-:,  with  a  nil 
Ihips  all  at  once  em( 
Pleasant,  cooling  brei 
lie  sea.  and  gently  ti 
IriHling  clouds  brok 
]ene  and   clear,  and 
Its  splen  lor,  but  no  1 
'  C'uliinibus  had  inte 
«rate  ir.ict,  to  have  i 
Ind  then  we-stwarc 
lad  opened   the  scan 
icni  to  leak  excessiv( 
)seek  a  harbor  as 
hij;ht  he   refitted.      ^ 
\\M  spoiled,  and  the  v 
lept  on   ihe-re'lore    dir 
Ironi  the  tlights  of  bir( 
lations,  he  should  soo 
■ay  p:issed   away   wit 
tealized.     The  distres 
jiimally  more  urgent  ; 
lelt  in  the  longitude 
»()rc  a\v:iy   toward   tl 
llem,"' 

On  the  31st  of  Jul 
lask  o(  water  remai 
ilwut  midday,  a  marii 

:sum:nits'of  three 
Bori^on,  and  gave  the 
Jhips  drew  nearer  it 
aiiis  were  united  at  tl 
[er;iiincd  to  give  the 
[he  name  of  the  Tr 
Ihese  three  mountain? 

a  singular  coincic 
[eciins^  "f  devotion,  h 
1  Li  Trinidad,  which 


CHA 

VOV,\(;f.  THROUCil 

[ 

SH.triNT,  his  courst 
llppruached  its  eastei 
fcave  the  name  of  I'uni 

I  the  sea,  wdiich  rese 

*  Hist,  del  Almirante 
t  Ibid.,  ubi  sup. 


LIFE  AND   VOYAGES  OF  COLUMBUS. 


137 


During  tliis  time  the  admiral  suffered  extremely 
torn  the  gout,  but,  as  usual,  the  activity  of  his  mind, 
lei^htcncd  by  his  anxiety,  allowed  him  no  indul- 
leiRt'  nor  repose.  He  was  in  an  unknown  part 
It  the  ocean,  where  everythinjj  depended  upon  his 
Ij.tihmce   and    sagacity  ;    and    was     continually 

.lilchin"-   the   phenomena    of  the   elements,   and 
,l;in"  out  for  sij^ns  of  lanil.     Findinjr  the  heat 

J  iiuokr.ible,  he  altered   his  course,   and  steered 

I  the  sDUth-west,  hopin]:{  to  tind  a  milder  temi)er- 
llurs  knther  on,   even  under  the  same  i)arallel. 

it  hail  observed,  in  his  previous  voyajres,  that 
Itier  s.iiliM!,'  westward  a    hundred   leajfues  from 

he  Azores,  a  wonderful  chanjrt;  took  ])lace  in  the 
jea  and  sky,  l)oth  becomiiij^  serene  and  bland, 
|ii;|  the  air  tem|)erate  and  refreshing,  lleimag- 
that  a  peculiar  mildness  and  suavity  ])re- 
lailcd  over  a  great  tract  of  ocean  extending  from 
lorth  to  south,  into  which  the  navigator,  sailing 
Voni  east  to  west,  would  suddenly  enter,  as  it 
Iroisini,''  a  line.     The  event  seemed  to  justify  his 

henry,  tor  after  making  their  way  slowly  for  some 
Ome  io  the  westward,  through  an  ordeal  of  heats 
Inil  calms,  with  a  murky,  stilling  atm()S|ihere,  the 
[hips  all  at  once  emerged  into  a  genial  region,  a 
lleasant,  (.oijling  breeze  |)layed  over  the  surlace  of 

he  si-a.  and  gently  tilled  their  sails,  the  close  and 
lriz?.lin„r  clouds  broke  away,  the  sky  became  sc- 
ene aii^l  clear,  ami  the  sun  shone  forth  with  all 
its  s|)len  lor,  but  no  longer  with  a  burning  heat. 

Columbus  had  intended,  on   reaching  this  tem- 

lerate  tract,  to  have  stood  once  more  to  the  south 

Ind  then  westward  ;  but  the  late  parching  weather 

lal  opeiu'd   the  seams  of  his   ships,  and  caused 

cm  to  leak  excessively,  so  that  it  was  necessary 

)  seek  a  harbor  as  soon  as  possible,  where  they 
'ht  be  retUted.     Much   of  the  provisions  also 

bs  spoiled,  and  the  waternearly  exhausted.  He 
lept  on  therefore  directly  to  the  west,  trusting, 
jroni  the  llights  of  birds  and  other  favorable  indi- 
|.ilii)iis,  he  should  soon  arrive  at  land.  IJay  after 
Ma\  passed  away  without  his  expectations  being 
|eali/ed.  The  distresses  of  his  men  became  con- 
liiiually  more  urgent  ;  wherefore,  supjiosing  him- 
|elt  in  the  longitude  of  the  Caribbee  Islands,  he 

ore  away   toward   the    northward   in  search  of 

Hem." 
On  the  31st  of  July  there  was  not  above  one 

ask  of  water  remaining  in  each  ship,  when, 
jibouiniidd.iy,  a  mariner  at  the  masthead  behekl 

le  summits  of  three  mountains  rising  above  the 
lionzoii.  and  gave  the  joyful  cry  of  land.     As  the 

lips  drew  nearer  it  was  seen  that  these  moun- 

ains  were  tniited  at  tlie  b.ise.  Columbus  had  de- 
lerniined   to  give   the  first  land  he  should  behold 

he  name   of   the    Trinity.      The    aj^pearance   of 

'ese  three  mountains  united  into  one  struck  him 

a  singular  coincidence  ;    and,  with   a  solemn 

rling  (if  dfvotion,  he  gave  the  island  the  name 

kl  La  Trinidad,  which  it  bears  at  the  present  day.f 


CHAPTER  n. 

VOYAGE  THROUGH   THE   GULF  OF   P.\RI.\. 
[1498.] 

Sh.vpinc;  his  course  for  the  island,  Columbus 
jlppruached  its  eastern  extremity,  to  which  he 
give  the  name  of  i'unta  de  la  (ial'era,  from  a  rock 

ithese.i,  which  resembled  a  galley  under  sail. 

*  Hist,  del  Almirante,  cap.  67, 

♦  Ibid.,  ubi  sup. 


He  was  obliged  to  coast  for  five  leagues  along 
the  southern  shore  before  he  could  find  safe  an- 
chorage. On  the  following  day  (.August  I),  he  con- 
tinued co.isting  westward,  in  sear.h  of  water  and 
a  convenient  harbor  where  the  vessels  might  be 
careened.  He  was  snr|)|-ise'.l  a*,  the  verdure  and 
fertility  of  the  coun  ^y,  h.iving  exjiected  10  find  it 
more  ])arched  aiui  sterile  as  he  ajiproached  the 
e(|uator  ;  whereas  he  beheld  groves  of  palm-trees 
;ind  luxuriant  forests,  sweeping  down  to  the  sea- 
side, with  fountains  and  running  streams.  The 
shores  were  low  and  uninhabited,  but  the  country 
rose  in  the  interior,  was  cultivated  in  many  places, 
and  enliveneil  by  hamlets  and  scattered  h.ihila- 
tions.  In  a  word,  the  softness  and  purity  of  the 
climate,  and  the  verdure,  freshness,  and  sweet- 
ness of  the  country,  ajipeared  to  him  to  ecjual  the 
delights  of  early  sjiring  in  the  beautiful  province 
of  \alencia.* 

Anchoring  at  a  point  to  which  he  gave  the 
name  of  I'unta  de  la  I'laya,  he  sent  the  l)oats  on 
shore  for  water.  They  found  an  abundant  and 
limi)id  brook,  at  which  they  filled  their  casks,  but 
there  was  no  safe  harbor  for  the  vessels,  nor  could 
they  meet  with  any  of  the  islanders,  though  they 
found  prints  of  footsteps,  and  various  I'lshing  im- 
])lements,  left  behind  in  the  hurry  of  the  llight. 
There  were  tracks  also  of  animals,  which  they 
su[)posed  to  be  goats,  but  which  must  h.ive  been 
deer,  with  which,  as  it  was  afterward  ascertained, 
the  island  abounded. 

While  coasting  the  island  Columbus  beheld 
land  to  the  soiuh,  stretching  to  the  distance  of 
more  than  twenty  leagues.  It  was  that  low  tract 
of  coast  intersected  by  the  numerous  branches  of 
the  Oronoco,  hut  the  admiral,  sup|)i)sing  it  to  be 
an  island,  gave  it  the  name  of  La  Isl.i  Saiit.i  ;  lit- 
tle imagining  that  he  now  for  the  first  time  be- 
held that  continent,  that  Terra  Firma,  which  had 
been  the  object  of  his  earnest  search. 

Un  the  2d  of  August  he  continued  on  to  the 
south-west  i)oint  of  Trinidad,  which  he  called 
I'oint  Arena!.  It  stretched  toward  a  corres]/ond- 
ing  point  of  Terra  Firtiia,  making  a  narrow  pass, 
with  a  high  rock  in  the  centre,  to  which  he  gave 
the  name  of  Kl  (lallo.  Near  this  ])ass  the  siiips 
cast  anchor.  As  they  were  ajiiiroaching  this 
])lace,  a  large  canoe  with  five  and  twenty  Indians 
put  off  from  the  shore,  but  paused  on  coming 
within  bow-shot,  and  hailetl  the  ships  in  a  language 
which  no  one  on  board  understood.  Columbus 
tried  to  allure  the  sav.iges  on  board,  by  friendly 
signs,  by  the  disjilay  of  looking-glasses,  b.isins  of 
polished  metal,  and  various  glittering  trinkets, 
but  all  in  vain.  They  remained  gazing  in  mute 
wonder  for  above  two  hours,  with  their  paddles  in 
their  hands,  ready  to  take  to  fiight  on  the  least  at- 
tempt to  ajiproach  them.  They  were  all  young 
men,  well  formed,  and  naked,  exce[)ting  bands 
and  fillets  of  cotton  about  tht;ir  heads,  and  col- 
ored cloths  of  the  same  about  their  loins.  They 
were  armed  with  bows  ;ind  arrows,  the  latter 
feathered  and  tipped  with  bone,  and  they  had  buck- 
lers, an  article  of  armor  seen  for  the  first  time 
among  the  inh.ibitants  of  the  N;»w  World. 

Finding  all  other  means  to  atfact  them  in- 
effectu.il,  Columbiis  now  tried  the  power  of  music. 
He  knew  the  fondness  of  the  Indians  for  d.inces 
performed  to  the  sound  of  their  rude  drums  .ind 
the  chant  of  their  traditional  l)allads.  He  ordered 
sometliing  similar  to  be  executed  on  the  deck  of 
his  ship,  where,  while  one  man  sang  to  the  beat 

*  Letter  of  Columbus  to  the  Sovereigns  from  His- 
paniola,  Xavarrcte  Colec,  loni.  i. 


If: 

111 

ilit 


m 


!  1 


138 


LIFE  AND   VOYAGES  OF  COLUMBUS. 


of  the  tabor,  and  the  sound  of  other  musical  in- 
slrunu'iils,  the  ship-boys  danced,  after  tlie  popular 
Spanish  fashion.  No  sooner,  however,  did  this 
syni|)iioiiy  strike  up,  liiaii  tiie  Indians,  niisiakinj^ 
it  for  .1  signal  of  liostiHties,  put  their  bucklers  on 
their  arms,  seized  their  bows,  and  let  lly  a  shower 
of  arrows.  'I'his  rude  salutation  w.is  immediately 
answered  by  the  discharge  of  a  coui)le  of  cross- 
bows, which  put  the  auditors  to  tlight,  and  con- 
cluded this  sinjrular  entertainment. 

'I'hou(,di  thiis  shy  of  the  admiral's  vessel,  they 
api>roached  one  of  the  caravels  without  hesitation, 
and,  running  under  the  stern,  had  a  parley  with 
the  pilot,  who  j^ave  a  c.ip  and  a  mantle  to  the  one 
who  .ipjjeared  to  be  the  chieftain.  He  received 
the  |)resenis  with  j^reat  delight,  invitinjr  the  pilot 
l)y  si^ns  to  come  to  land,  where  he  should  be  well 
enteriained,  ;uul  receive  j^re.it  presents  in  return. 
On  his  appearing  to  consent,  ihey  went  to  shore 
to  wait  for  him.  The  jjilot  i)Ut  off  in  the  boat  of 
the  car.ivel  to  ask  iiermission  of  the  admiral  ;  hut 
the  Indians,  seeing  him  go  on  bo.ird  of  the  hostile 
ship,  suspected  some  treachery,  and  springing 
into  their  canoe,  darted  away,  nor  was  anything 
more  seen  of  them.* 

The  complexion  and  other  |)hysical  characteris- 
tics of  these  savages  caused  much  surprise  and 
speculation  in  the  mind  of  Columbus.  .Sujjposing 
himself  in  the  seventh  degree  of  latitude,  though 
actually  in  the  tenth,  he  expected  to  fmd  the  in- 
habitants similar  to  the  natives  of  Africa  under 
the  same  par.illel,  who  were  black  and  ill-shaped, 
with  cris|)ed  hair,  or  rather  wool  ;  whereas  these 
were  well  formed,  had  long  hair,  and  were  even 
fairer  than  those  more  distant  from  the  ecjuator. 
The  climate,  also,  instead  of  being  hotter  as  he  ap- 
proached the  equinoctial,  appe.ired  more  temper- 
ate. He  w;is  now  in  the  dog-d.iys,  yet  the  nights 
and  mornings  were  so  cool  that  it  was  necessary 
to  use  C()\-eri!',g  as  in  winter.  This  is  the  case  in 
many  parts  of  the  torrid  zone,  especially  in  calm 
weather,  when  there  is  no  wind,  for  nature,  by 
heavy  dews,  in  the  long  nights  of  those  l.ilitudes, 
cools  and  refreshes  the  earth  after  the  gre.it  heats 
of  the  day.  Columbus  was  at  first  gre.-iily  per- 
plexed by  these  contradictions  to  the  course  of  n<i- 
ture,  as  observed  in  the  Old  World  ;  they  were 
in  o|)|)05iiion  also  to  the  ex])ectati()ns  he  had 
founded  on  the  theory  of  Ferrer  the  lapidary,  but 
they  gradually  contributed  to  the  formation  ol  .i 
theory  which  was  springing  up  in  his  .ictive  im- 
agination, and  which  will  be  presently  shown. 

After  anchoring  at  I'oint  Arenal,  the  crews 
were  permitted  to  land  and  refresh  themselves. 
There  were  no  runs  of  water,  but  by  sinking  pUs 
in  the  sand  they  soon  obtained  sufficient  to  till 
the  casks.  The  anchorage  at  this  place,  however, 
was  extremely  insecure.  A  ra|)id  current  set  from 
the  eastward  through  the  .strait  formed  by  the 
main-land  and  the  island  of  Trinidad,  tlowing,  as 
Columbus  observed,  night  and  day,  with  as  much 
fury  as  the  Ou.idalquiver,  when  swollen  bv  llofxls. 
In  the  pass  between  I'oint  Arenal  and  its  corre- 
spondent point,  the  cont'med  current  boiled  and 
raged  to  such  a  degree  th.it  he  thought  it  w.is 
crossed  by  a  reef  of  rocks  and  sho.ils,  preventing 
all  entr.ince,  with  others  extending  beyond,  over 
which  the  w.iters  roared  like  breakers  on  a  rocky 
shore.  To  this  pass,  from  its  angr\  and  danger- 
ous   appearance,  he   gave    the   name  of   Boca  del 

*  Hist,  del  Almirante,  cap.  8S.    P.   Martyr,   decad. 
i.    lil).    vi.     Las    C'asas,    Hist.    Ind.,  lil).    i.   cap.  138. 
MS.  Letter  of  Columbus  to  the  Castilian  Sovereigns, 
'avarrete  Colec,  torn,  i, 


Sierpe  (the  Mouth  of  the  Serpent).    He  thus  \m:\ 
himself  placed  between  two  difficulties.      Tlu'Cj-j 
tinual  current  from  the  east  seemed  to  prevcm 
return,  while  the  rocks  which   a])peared  tn  heJ 
the  pass  threatened  destruction   if   he  should  r,rj 
ceed.     Heing  on  board  of  his  shij),  late  at  nij;?' 
kept  awake  i)y  painful  illness  and  an  anxidiisa- 
watchful  spirit,  he  heard  a  terrible  roanii^rtr,- 
the  south,  and   beheld   the  sea    hea|)ed    up,  ;l^ 
were,  into  a  great  ridge  or  hill,  the  height  (il;- 
ship,  covered  with  foam,  and   rolling  toward  h;- 
with  a  tremendous  uproar.     As  this  furious  surji 
approached,  rendered  more  terrible  in  appearai:: 
by    the   obscurity   of   night,  he    trembled   for  fi 
safety  of  his  vessels.     His  own  ship  was  suddtr; 
lifted  up  to  such  a  height  that  he  dreaded  l«: 
should    be   overturned   or   cast   upon    the  mu- 
while  another  of  the  ships  was  torn  vif)lcntly  trc- 
her  anchorage.     The  crews  were  for  a  time  ' 
great  consternation,  fearing  they  shoidd  he  s\vi.| 
lowed  up  ;  but  the  mountainous  surgi-  p;issedc- 
and    gradually   subsided,  after  a  violent  cdii'f. 
with  the  counter-current  of  the  strait.*    This  >;:.| 
den  rush  of  water,  it  is  supposed,  was  causcil 
the  swelling  of  one  of  the   rivers  which  llow  i' 
the  Ciulf  of  I'aria,  and  which  were  as  yet  uiiknor 
to  Columbus. 

Anxious  to  extricate  himself  from  this  daiigf 
ous  neighborhood,  he  sent  the  boats  on  the  tolloil 
ing  morning  to  sound  the  depth  of  water  at'.-!| 
Boca  del  Sierpe,  and  to  ascertain  whether  it  «;i 
possible  for  ships  to  pass  through  to  the  northwar: 
To  his  great  joy,  they  returned  with  a  repiirtt'-;! 
there  were  several  fathoms  of  water,  and  curren 
and  eddies  setting  both  ways,  either  to  enter'' 
return.  A  favoral)le  breeze  prevailing,  he  inin| 
diately  made  sail,  and  ]iassing  through  the  k- 
midable  strait  in  safety,  found  himself  inntrj:! 
(|uil  ex|)anse  beyond. 

Ht;  was  now  on  the  inner  side  of  Trinidad,   T 
his  left  spread  the  broad  gulf  since  known  by;:; 
name  of  Baria,  which  he  su])posed  to  be  the  oir 
sea,  but  was  surprised,  on   lasting  it,  to  find  in 
water  fresh.     He  continued  northward,  touar(::| 
mountain   at   the  north-west  ])oint  of  the  isl.ir 
about  fourteen  leagues  from   I'oint  Arenal,    He 
he  beheld  two  lofty  capes  ojipusite  each  other, o'fl 
on  the   island   of  Trinidad,  the  other  to  the  we'; 
on  the  long  promontory  of   I'aria,  which  stietch: 
from  the  main-land  and  forms  the  northern  sidti 
the  gulf,  but   which   Columbus   mistook    for  :' 
ishuul,  and  named  Isla  de  (iracia. 

Between  these  cajies  there  was  another  ]h«[ 
which   apjieared   even   more   dangerous  than  tsl 
Iioca  del   Sierjie,  being  .beset  with  rocks,  aiiKS 
whiidi  the  current  forced  its  w;iy  with  ro.irinj,' ;;: 
bulence.     To  this  pass  Columbus  gave  the  nncj 
of  Boca  del  Dragon.      Not  choosing  to  eiHOun'el 
its   apparent  dangers,    he   turned  northward,  cfl 
Sunday,  the  5th  of  .August,  and  steered  ;ilon!,".i'f| 
inner  side   of  the   supposed    island  of  (irai'ia, 
tending  to  kee|)  <in  until  he  came  to  the  end  oi 
and   then   to  strike   northward   into   the  treeM'.l 
o|ien  ocean,  and  sha])e  his  course  tor  His|)anioa 

It  was  a  fair  ;ind  beautiful  coast,  indented  «::| 
fine  harbors  lying  close  to  each  other  ;  the  ck 
trv  cultivated  in  many  places,  in  others  covcrcL| 
with  fruit  trees  and  stately  forests,  and  waterK 
by  frequent  streams.  What  greatly  astoiiisht. 
Columbus  was  still  to  find  the  water  fresh,  x: 
that  it  grew  more  and  more  so  the  farther  he  pK-l 

*  Letter  of  Columbus  to  the  Castilian  Sovereigrsl 
N'avaircte,  Colec.,  torn.  i.  Herrera,  Hist.  Ind.,  (if| 
cad,   1.  lib.  iii.  cap.  10.     Hist,  del  Almirante,  cap.  ('J 


(led  ;  it  being  tl 
lariotis  rivers  wliicl 
re  swollen  by  r.ii 
ties  of  liesli  watei 
icocwin.     Hewa; 

the  sea,  which  ; 
me  vast  harbor, 
lekinK  a  port  to  a 

.As  yet  he  had 
unic'ation  with  the 
■(irid.  The  shore 
.cisiunaliy  cultivai 
,nd,  excepting  the 
'oint  .Areii.d,  he  ha 
Iter  .sailing  seveni 

chored,  on   .Mond 
ace  where  there 
sent  the  boats 


aces  01 


|)eople, 


but 


en.    The  coast  w 
1  Iruitkil  groves, 
biuinuiiig  larther 
T  was  more  level, 
'immediately  a  can 
me  off  to  the  car: 
aptain  of  which,  p 
ny  them  to  land,  .. 
rned  it,  ;iiul,  with  I 
icured  the   Indians 
I'hen  brought   to   t 
ads,  hawks'    bells, 
lighly  gr.'.titied  on 
untrymen   were   ai 
lent  had  the  usual  e 
d  canoes  came  off 
■ntidence.      They   1 
Tilled,  and  free  and 
li'jir  hair  was  long 
t  short,  but  none  0! 
stom  among  the  n; 
ere  armed  with  boM 
en  wore  cotton   ck 
ins,  heautituUy  wro' 
it  a  dist.ince  to  lou 
rere  entirely  naked. 
d  other  eatables,  w 
e,  some  white,  ma 
mj;  heer,  and  other 
d  expressed  from  v; 
iudi;e  ol  everylhin 
ler.i  examine   objc 
hen  they  a|)proach 
(1  then  io   the    peo 
iin;,'  that  w;is  given 
t  litll(!  value  upon  b 
iik'lited  with  hawks' 
iil,;,Mi  estimation  ; 
iiii;  extremely   gratt 
iied  it  Turey,  signi 
ie.-.,'' 

From  these  Indians 
le  name  of  their  ci 
rilicrio  the  west  I 
lus.  T.iking  several 
id  mediators,  he  pre 
lard  to  a  point  whi 
wdie.  llerehearr 
»n\\y^.  WluMi  the 
with  the  lieautv  of 


Bled 


in 


.,i„ 


many    | 

Ifirned  with  niagnih 

h'<^  liilerhjiersed  aim 

llowers  ;    grape- 

j*  Herrera,  Hist.  Ind 


■•m  i. 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGKS   OF  COLUMBUS. 


139 


He  thus  four 
Ities.  The  «■. 
(1  to  prt-vcni, 
pcai-(.'(|  to  hei,| 

he  sluiulil  j:: 
|),  latL'  at  ml;: 
an  an\i(uis,T 
It:  roarin^rir, 
;a|K'(l    up,  ;n 

lU    lu'ii^llt  (il^ 

iiifj;  toward  t 

is   luri(]U-  Sl|r;:| 

It-'  in  ai)|)L';ir,i 
emhic-fi  tor  :;.| 
p  was  sii(l(lc-,;| 
:  dreaded  Ii-n;' 
poll  the  rijui 
n  violently  fro-. 
-■  for  a  time  • 
should  he  y.\,, 
urjre  ])assi-iiN-, 
violent  am- 
lit.*  'I'hisscr. 
was  causcil  • 
which  llowi- 
as  yet  uiikiiu/ 

im  this  dniip' 
ts  on  the  tnlSiyi 
of  water  at'.: 
whether  it «: 
D  the  northwrir 
ith  a  re|)(irt !": 
er,  and  (  urn-: 
her  to  enter 
lilin}!^,  lie  iiiir' 
irouj^rh  the  I 
mselt   in  a  tn: 


Trinidad.  Ti 
known  by; 
o  he  the  Mrl 
it,  to  tiii(lir:| 
ird,  towariij 

of   the   islar.';! 

Arenal.    Ht-| 
icli  other,  0'! 


ler 


to  the  \vt-:| 
hieii  stretrh«| 
rtherii  sidti 
stook    for  ; 


another  pa-' 
irons  than  trtl 
rocks,  anicsil 
ill  roariii.ijiff 
jra\e  the  ikieI 
to  eiHOUiKt:! 
lorthwanl.  ('\ 
■red  al()iii,".'c!| 
of  dracia, 
the  end  ol  :'.| 
the   ireear.El 
-  HispanidaJ 
indented  »:: 
er  ;  the  cok 
thers  covcrtcl 
and    watcrtcl 
Iv  astoiiishtj 
ter  fresh,  ar; 
irther  he  jwl 


an  Sovcreigrsl 
list.  lnd„  *| 
Irante,  cap.  ('I 


jceded  ;  it  heinfj  that  season  of  the  year  when  the 
laritius  rivers  which  empty  themselves  into  this  >rulf 
Ire  swollen  hy  rains,  and  pour  forth  such  tpian- 
Itiesof  tresh  water  as  to  contjuer  the  saltness  of 
he  oaaii.  He  was  also  surpri-sed  at  the  placidity 
i  the  sea,  which  ai)peared  as  tran(|uil  anil  safe  as 
|ne  vast  harbor,  so  that  there  was  no  need  of 
ekiii((  a  port  to  anchor  in. 

.As  vet  he  had  not  been  able  to  hold  any  com- 
uiiication  with  the  people  of  thi' parte'  the  New 

,irl(l.    'I'lie  shores  which  he  had  visited,  thou^di 

caMDiKilly  cultivated,  were  .'ilenl  and  deserted, 

iiiil,  excepiinj^  the  iu^'itive  party  in   the  canoe  at 

'oiiit  .Areii.d,  he  had  seen  nothinjf  of  the  natives, 

Itersailinj^  several   leagues  along  the  coast,  he 

ehored,  on   .Monday,   the  6th   of   August,   at   a 
.ace  where  there  apjieared  signs  of  cultivation, 

li  sent  the  boats  on  shore.  'Fhey  found  recent 
ace.s  iif  jieople,  but  not  an  individual  was  to  be 
ECU.  The  coast  was  hilly,  coveretl  with  beautiful 
;;,  nd  truitful  groves,  and  abounding  with  monkeys. 
lontiiiuiiig  tarther  westward,  to  where  the  cuun- 
r\  was  more  level,  Columbus  anchored  in  a  river. 
'Immediately  a  canoe,  with  three  or  tour  Indians, 
ame  off  to  the  caravel  nearest  to  the  shore,  the 
aptain  of  which,  pretending  a  desire  to  accom- 
aiiy  them  to  land,  o|)rang  into  their  canoe,  over- 
jrned  it,  and,  with  the  assistance  of  his  seamen, 
Ecured  the  Indians  as  they  were  swimming. 
fhen  hrought  to  the  admiral,  he  gave  them 
eads,  hawks'  bells,  and  sugar,  and  sent  them 
ighly  gr,' titled  on  shore,  where  many  of  their 
Buiitrymen  were  assembled.  This  kind  treat- 
leiit  had  the  usual  effect.  Such  of  the  natives  as 
ad  canoes  came  off  to  the  ships  with  the  fullest 
ontidence.  They  were  tall  of  stature,  finely 
irnied,  and  free  and  graceful  in  their  movements. 
'h'.ir  hair  was  long  and  straight  ;  some  wore  it 
ut  short,  hut  none  of  them  braided  it,  as  was  the 
ustom  among  the  natives  of  Hispani(da.  They 
fere  armed  with  bows,  arrows,  and  targets  ;  the 
lea  wore  cotton  cloths  about  their  heads  and 
(ins,  heauiitully  wrought  with  various  colors,  so 

it  a  dist.mce  to  look  like  silk  ;  but  the  women 

'ere  entirely  naked.     They  brought  bread,  maize, 

other  eatables,  with  different  kinds  of  bever- 

e,  some  white,  maile  from   maize,  and   resein- 

1^,' heer,  and  others  green,  of  a  vinous  llavor, 

I  CM  pressed  from  various  fruits.  They  appeared 
iiud,i,a'  ot  everything  by  the  sense  of  smell,  as 
llhers  e.xainine  objects  by  the  sight  or  touch. 
I'hen  they  ap|)roached   a  boat,  they  smelt  to  it, 

1  then  to   the    ])eople.     In   like  manner  every- 

liin;;  that  w;is  gixen   them  was  tried.     They  set 

ut  htile  value  upon  beads,  but  were  e.xtravagantly 

ilifjhted  with  hawks'  bells.      Brass  was  also  held 

iiii,di  estimation  ;  they  appeared  to  tind  some- 
piiii,' extriiiiely  grateful  in  the  smell  of  it,  and 
died  it  Turev,  signifying  that  it  was  from  the 
(tie.-..* 

From  these  Indians  Columbus  understood  that 
It  name  of  their  country  was  I'aria,  and  that 
Irthcr  to  the  west  he  would  find  it  more  ])opu- 
|ii5.  Taking  several  of  them  to  serve  as  guitles 
hdmediatiirs,  he  proceeded  eight  leagues  west- 
lard  to  a  point  which  he  called  Aguja  or  the 
Itedie.  Hire  he  arrived  at  three  o'clock  in  the 
|ondni(.     When  the  day  dawned  he  was  delight- 

l  with  the  beauty  of  the   country.     It   was  culti- 

pted    ill    many    jrlaces,     highly    populous,     and 

liiinicd  with  magnilicent  vegetation  ;  habitations 

fi^fe  iriterspersed  among  groves  laden  with  fruits 

lluwers  ;    gra|)e-\ines    entwined     themselves 

I*  Herrera,  Hist.  Ind.,  decad.  i.  lib.  iii.  cap.  ii. 


among  the  frees,  and  birds  of  brilliant  plumage 
lluttered  from  branch  to  branch.  The  air  was 
temperate  and  bland,  and  sweetened  by  the  fra- 
grance of  llowers  and  blossoms  ;  and  numerous 
fountains  and  limpid  streams  k<'pt  uj)  a  universal 
verdure  and  freshness.  Columbus  was  so  much 
charmed  with  the  be.iuty  and  amenity  of  this  part 
ot  the  coast  that  he  gave  it  the  name  of  The 
(iardens. 

T'he  natives  came  off  in  great  luimbers,  in 
canoes,  of  superior  construi'tion  to  tho.-,e  hitherto 
seen,  being  very  large  and  li.glit,  with  a  cabin  in 
the  centre  for  the  accommodation  of  the  owner 
an'',  his  family.  They  invited  Colunibus,  in  the 
n.me  of  their  king,  io  i  ome  to  land.  .Many  of 
t'lem  had  collars  and  burnished  plates  about  their 
'lecks,  ot  that  inferior  kind  ■.  '  gold  called  by  the 
li.-lians  tiiianin.  They  said  mat  it  came  from  a 
high  land,  which  they  iioinlcd  out,  at  no  great 
distance,  to  the  west,  but  intimated  that  it  was 
d.ingerous  to  go  there,  either  because  the  inhabi- 
tants were  cannibals,  or  the  ])lace  infested  by 
venomous  animals.*  ISut  wliat  aroi'sed  the  atten- 
tion and  awakened  the  cu])i(lity  of  the  Spaniards, 
was  the  sight  of  strings  of  jiearls  rouiiii  the  arms 
of  some  ot  the  natives.  Tiiese,  they  informed  Co- 
lumbus, were  procured  on  the  sea-coast,  on  the 
norihern  side  nf  Paria,  which  he  still  supposed  to 
be  an  island  ;  and  they  showed  the  mother-of- 
pearl  shells  whence  they  had  been  taken.  An.iious 
lor  further  information,  and  to  jirocure  specimens 
ot  these  |)earls  to  send  to  Spain,  he  tlispaiched  the 
boats  to  shore.  A  multitude  of  the  natives  came 
to  the  beach  to  receive  them,  headed  by  the  chief 
cacicpie  antl  his  son.  They  treated  the  Spaniards 
with  profound  reverence,  as  beings  descended 
from  heaven,  and  conducleil  them  to  a  sjiacious 
house,  the  residence  of  the  caciipie,  where  they 
were  regaled  with  bre.ul  and  various  fruits  of  e.\- 
cellent  Ihnor,  and  the  ditfereiit  kinds  ot  be\'erage 
already  mentioned.  While  they  were  in  the 
house,  the  men  remained  together  at  one  end  of 
it,  and  the  women  at  the  other.  After  they  had 
tinisiied  their  collation  at  the  houseot  the  cacique, 
they  were  taken  to  that  ot  his  son,  where  a  like 
repast  was  set  before  them.  These  people  were 
remarkably  affable,  though,  at  the  same  time, 
they  jKissessed  a  more  intrepid  and  martial  air 
aiul  spirit  than  the  natives  of  Cuba  and  llis- 
paniola.  They  were  fairer,  Columbus  observes, 
than  any  he  had  yet  seen,  though  so  near  to  the 
ecpiinociial  line,  where  he  had  expected  to  tind 
them  ot  the  color  of  ICthiopians.  Many  ornaments 
ot  gidd  were  seen  among  them,  but  all  ot  an  in- 
terior (|uality  ;  one  Indian  h.ul  a  piece  ot  the  size 
ot  an  a])|)le.  They  had  various  kinds  oi  domesti- 
cated parrots,  one  ot  a  light  green  color,  with  a 
yellow  neck,  and  the  tips  ot  the  wings  ot  a  liright 
red  ;  others  (^f  the  size  ol  domestic  fowls,  and  ot  a 
vivid  scarh.  c.  exce|)liiig  some  azure  leathers  in  the 
wings.  Tliese  they  readily  gave  to  the  Spaniards  ; 
but  wlv.L  the  latter  most  coveted  were  the  pearls, 
ot  which  thev  saw  many  necklaces  and  bracelets 
among  the  Indian  woiiu-n.  T'he  latter  gladly  gave 
them  in  exchange  tor  hawks'  bells  or  any  article 
of  lirass,  and  several  s|)ecimensof  tine  pearls  were 
jirocuretl  for  the  admiral  to  send  to  the  sover- 
eigns.f 

The  kindness  and  amity  of  this  people  were 
heightened  by  an  intelligent  diiiieanor  and  a  mar- 

*  Letter  of  Columbus  to  ttie  Castilian  Sovereigns, 
Navarrete  Colec,  torn.  i.  p.  252. 

t  Letter  of  Columbus.  Herrera,  Hist.  Ind.,  decad. 
i.  lib.  iii.  c.'.p.  II.     Hist,  del  Almirante,  cap.  70, 


110 


LIFi-:   AND   VOYAC.F.S   OF   COI.UMnUS. 


tial  frankness.  Tlicy  seemed  worlhy  of  the  he.ui- 
tiliil  country  they  inli.ihited.  ll  was  a  eaiise  of 
jjreat  eoneeiii  l)oih  to  them  anil  the  S|)aniar(ls, 
that  they  I'oiild  not  unih'rstand  L'aeh  other's  hm- 
^;u  i);e.  'I'luy  ((invi'rsed,  h'.\ve\'er,  by  si^rns  ; 
mutual  ^ood-will  made  tlieir  intercourse  easy  an<l 
jileasant  ;  .ind  at  the  luuir  of  vespers  the  Si),ini:ir(ls 
returned  on  board  of  their  .sltips,  hij^hly  gratilied 
with  llieir  enlertainnienl. 


ciiArri.R  111. 

C(1NTT\tAri(l\    dl'    niK     \■(1VA(•.1^    TlllUlfCir   Tllf. 
(.lUl.l'   HI'    I'ARIA       Ul.ll'KN    TO    lllSl'A.NK  >1.A, 

rill".  (|nantiiy  oi  tine  luarls  found  amonjr  the 
natives  ol  I'aria  was  sut'lieient  to  arouse  I'le  s:\n 
};uine  anticipations  of  Coiumiius.  ll  appe.ired  to 
corroborate  th'  tlteory  ot  i'crrer,  tiie  learned 
jeweller,  tliat,  as  he  :ip|)ro.H'hed  the  ecpiator  lie 
wouUI  tinil  the  most  r.ue  and  precious  productions 
ot  n:  tiire.  His  active  .ma^;in.ition,  with  its  intui- 
tive r.ipidilv,  sei/ed  upon  every  circumstance  in 
unison  with  liis  wishes,  and,  combinin;;  theai, 
(Iri'w  thence  the  most  brilliant  inlerences.  lb- 
had  reail  in  I'liny  th.U  pearls  are  f;ciu'r,itcd  from 
drops  ot  dew  which  fall  into  the  mouths  of  oys- 
ters ;  it  so,  what  place  could  be  ni'  .e  propituais 
to  their  ^M'owth  and  nuiltiplicatiori  than  ; he  coast 
of  I'.iria  ?  'I'lie  dew  in  those  parts  was  li-a\y  and 
,il)iindaiit,  anil  tlie  oysters  were  .so  plertiful  that 
thev  clusicicd  aluiut  the  roots  and  pend.uit 
branches  of  the  manj^rove  trees,  which  i;rcw 
within  the  mar;,;in  ot  the  lr.ui(|uil  sea.  When  a 
branc'  which  had  drooped  tor  a  time  in  the  water 
was  diawn  touh,  it  was  tound  covt-red  with  ovs- 
ters.  Las  C.isas,  noticing;  this  sauj^aiine  conclu- 
sion ot  Columbus,  oliserves,  that  the  shell-lish 
here  spoUeri  c)t  .ire  not  ot  the  kind  which  ]iroiluce 
pc.irl,  tor  ill, It  those  by  a  n.uural  instinct,  as  if 
conscious  ot  llieir  precious  ch.u'Lje,  hide  iluni- 
selves  in  the  dee|)esl  water.'* 

Siill  im.ij,nninir  the  coast  of  I'aria  to  be  ,in 
island,  and  anxious  lo  circumnavij^fale  it,  and  ar- 
rive at  the  pi. ice  where  these  pearls  were  said  by 
•lie  Indians  to  abound,  Columbus  left  the  Cianlens 
on  the  loih  of  August,  and  con'iaued  coasiint;' 
westward  within  the  gulf,  in  se.irch  of  an  outlet 
to  the  north.  He  obserx'ed  portions  of  Terra 
Kirm.i  a;v)carin.;'  tow.ird  the  bottom  of  ihe  gulf, 
which  he  supposed  to  be  islaiuls,  and  called  llieni 
Isabela  and  ■rr.uiioniana,  and  fancied  that  the  de- 
sired outlet  to  the  sea  must  lie  between  them.  .\^ 
h^  ailvanced,  iiowever,  he  found  the  w.iter  con- 
tinuallv  growing  shallower  and  fresher,  until  he 
did  not  dare  to  venture  any  farther  with  his  ship, 
w  hich,  he  obserxed,  was  of  too  great  a  size  foi  ex- 
])ecliiions  ot  this  kind,  being  ot  an  hundred  tons 
Inirden,  and  reiniiring  three  talhnms  of  w.iter. 
He  came  to  anchor,  therefore,  and  sent  a  liglU 
caravel  cj.lijd  ifie  Correo,  to  ascert..:n  whether 
there  was  an  outlet  to  the  ocean  between  the  sup- 
posed islaiub.  The  caravel  return"d  on  the  fol- 
lowing day,  leporting  that  at  the  western  end  of 
the  gulf  theie  was  an  opening  oS  two  leagues, 
which  led  into  an  inner  and  circular  ,guli,  ;;ur- 
rounded  by  'our  opening.".,  apparently  smaller 
gulfs,  t".'  rather  mouths  of  rivers,  from  which 
flowed  the  gre.il  iiuantity  of  fresii  wat^;r  that 
sweetened  the  neii'liboring  sea.    In  fact,  from  one 


of  these  mouths  issued  the  great  river  the  C{m>. 
pari,  or,  as  it  is  now  called,  the    I'.iri  i.      IVi* 
inner  and  circular  gull  Columbus  gave  the  n, 
(it   the   Cildl    ot    I'earls,  through    a    mislakrii  , 
that  they  .iboiinded  in  its  w.iters,  though  niMii 
l.ict,  ,ire  toiMul  there.      He  still    im.igined  ihr    : 
tour  o|)enings  of  w  hich  the  mariners  spoke,  n     | 
be  inter\'.ils  between  islands,  though  tlirv  .illii  ■  [ 
that  all  the  land    he  saw  was  connected.  *     \. 
was  impossible  to  ])roceed   turllier  westw.nd 
his  ships,  lie  had  no  .ilternative  but  to  reir.u.    j 
course,  and  seek  an  exit  to  the  north  by  tin  |;  f 
del    Dragon.     He   wnuhl   gladly    have   coniint-. 
for  some  time  to  c\|)lore  this  co.ist,  tor  he  kih- 
cri'd  himself   in    one  ol    those  opulent  regions- 
scribed  as  the  most  favored  upon  earth,  and  \\! 
incrc.ise  in  riclu's  toward  the  e(|U.itor.      Ini|nr:. 
consider.itioiis,  however,  compelled  him  to  shrir,: 
his  voy.ige,  ,ind  hasten  to  San  Domingo,  TIh' 
:. tores  ot  his  sliijis  were  almost  exhausted,  ,ini|;-- 
v.irious  su,)|)lies  for  the  colony,  with  which  i 
were  treighted,  were    in    (Linger  of   S|ioiling.    F 
w.is  siiftering,  also,  extrirnely  in   his  lieallli.    I 
sides  the  gout,  which  had  rendered  him  a  di; 
for  the  greater  part  of  the  voy.ige,  he  was  ahli 
by  a  complai  it  in  his  eyes,  caused  by  t.itigUf 
ovcr-w;it(  i'ing,    which    almost    deprived    him 
vight.      I".ven  the  voyage  along  the  coast  ot  (i: 
he  observes,  in   which   he   w.is   three   and  ihi! 
lavs  almost  without  slee|),  had  not  so  injiinil' 
eyes  and  disordered   his  fr.ime,  or  caused  him 
much  painful  suffering  as  the  present. t 

On  the  Iltli  ot  August,  theretore,  he  sit  > 
e.istward  hir  the  lioc.'i  del  Dr.agon,  and  w.is  br 
along  with  gre.it  velocity  by  the  currents,  whii 
howe\cr,  prexented  him  from  landing  agaiii.il' 
f.ivorite  spot,  the  Ci.irdeiis,  ( )n  Sund.iy,  the  i;' 
he  anchored  ne.ir  to  the  iSoc.i,  in  a  tine  haiiinr. 
which  he  gave  the  name  ot  Puerto  de  Ciatos,  ir 
.1  species  ot  monkey  called  g.ito  ])aulo,  wu!i  "1: 
the  neighborhood  .abounded.  ( )n  the  m.n-'^K 
the  sea  he  perceived  many  trees  which,  .is  ' 
thought,  |)ro(luce(l  the  mirabolane,  a  tiiiil  ' 
found  in  the  countries  of  the  l'",;ist.  Tlieii  «- 
great  numbers  .also  ot  mangroves  growing  v.r 
the  water,  with  oysters  clinging  tot'ieir  l)r;inih((| 
their  mouths  open,  as  he  siipp.osed.  to  rectui'" 
dew,  which  was  afterwaril  to  be  transtdrnicd 
pearls,  t. 

On  tlie  following  morning,  the  14th  of  .AufJ 
to  v;' i-(l  noon  the  slii|)s  .apiiro.iched  the  I!ih';ii 
Dragon,  and  preii.ired  to\enture  through  th.ii: 
miihible  ])ass.  The  distance  Irom  Cajie  I'" 
the  en'l  of  Paria,  ;in(l  Cape  Lapa  ihe  e^tr  Miuiy 
'J  rinidad,  is  about  five  leagues  ;  but  'n  the  in;;: 
.■al  there  were  two  islands,  which  Coliim'r: 
named  Caracol.md  Delphin.  'I'll"  impetumisi 
of  fresh  water  which  tiows  through  the  gulf.  ^ 
ticulaiiy  in  the  rainy  months  of  July  and  .\ul;. 
is  cont'ined  at  ihi!  narrow  outlets  between  I' 
islands,  where  it  c.iuses  a  turbule  it  se.i,  foin" 
and  roaring  ,is  if  breaking  over  r.<cks,  and  rf 
dering  the  entr.mce  and  exit  of  the  gult  eMrenii 
dangerous.  The  horror^  antl  perils  ol  such  pl.u'! 
are  alwa\'s  tenfold  to  discoverers,  who  liiivc 'i 
chart.  11  :  •  pilot,  nor  advice  of  |)re\'ioiis  voy.i,':i 
to  guide  them.  Columbus,  at  first,  apiirehcii.' 
sunken  rocks  and  shoals  ;  bi.t  on  attentively c" 
sidering  the  commotion  of  the  str.iit,  he  attril'B 


it  to  the  contlicl  between  the  [irodigious 


llO'lVI 


>■ 


*  Las  Casus,  Hist.  Ind  ,  cap    136. 


*  Hist,  del  Almirante,  cap.  7S.  _         1 

f  Lelter  of  Columbus  to  the  Sover^iigns,  N'avarr!^ 
torn.  i.  p.  252. 
I  Herrera,  Hist.  Ind.,  dread.  !.  lib.  iii.  cap.  i>' 


rcsh  water  sett 
ling  lor  .111  oiitli 
ling  to  enter. 
niii  the  le.irhil  c 
lul  they  were    il 
hniuii  upon  the 
icsli  vv.iler,  how 
If, I   them    s.ileh 
lire    more    s.ili' 
iniM'll  upon  his 
i\hiili,    he  obser 
Idiltll  ol  the  Dr.i 
lie  now  stood 
fit'  outer  CO, 1st 

Lsl. 111(1,  .llld  illtcll 
ivhich  he  iin.igine 
;o  the  -'I.  I  le  w 
re.it  body  ol  Ires 
,s  the  crew  ol  ihi 
[or  it  .ipjicired  to 
f  mere  islands,  ,1 
lands,  could  liirni 
Iter. 

On  If.niiig  the 
nri!i-e.ist,   iii.any 

ich  he  called  .Vss 

hiy  those  now  kiio\ 

is  course  along   1 

law  several  other 

irhors,    to  some 

cy  h.ive  ceased   i 

5th  he  discovered 

'iih.ij^ii.i,  ,dierw,ir( 

'he  1,1.111(1  of  .M.irg 

ii;f|li  ,111(1  six  in  br 

tile  isl. 111(1  of  Cub 

lin-i. 111(1,  and  oid 

Iter,  w,is  dry  .inc  . 

ish  water,  but  po; 

;p|)r(i,i(hing   this    is 

luniher  ol   indi.ins 

rtlu-  l.ind.     A  bo.i 

ith  iliein,  one  o(  tlu 

|KarIs  round  the 

"'■  III  Wilenci.a  wai 

In  1  v.irnislied  with  f; 

vsfiiii.'d  the  pieces 

lave  him  in  exchan 

jei  pi'.irls.     These  hi 

nmcli.iicly  .sent  per 

ith  \',ilenci,in  plate: 

a  little   time  I1"  pi 

'tik'!.t  of  pearl;;,  .soi 

'  si/e,  and  were  : 

ycreigns  as  sped  mi 

There  was  great  tei 

filch  the  Inilian.s   n 

'iris.    The   coast   i 

iiiilin.ir  to  the  westw; 

:ii-'h,  rising  into  a  r.i 

'''hi,^'  e\,iniination 

',3;'iii  to  think,  i'  w'as 

">.    Columbus  was 

th  ihe  greatest   relu 

t(;ri-,ting  investigatii 

'hi-  maladv  ot  his  e 

l"th,it  he  could  no 

*!'  '\  1  lokout,  but  h 

■  I'lliits  and   marim 

"■'•hir  Hispaniola, 

"'  die   toils  of  his 

■''■•h.  while   he   sho 


Herrera,  Hist.  Ind. 
Hhidevoix,  Hist.  Si 


LIFIi    AND    V()VA(ii:s    OF    COH'MHrS. 


141 


:vv  the  Tii; 
I 'aril,      rti- 

};avf  tlu'  II  .- 

niislakiMi 
i()il;.;ll   imnr 
ai;iiicil  i!i  n  ■ 
I's  spokr.  IV  . 
;h  ll\ry  allii' 
nfclcil."    .\> 

west  wan  I  w 

It    tl)  n-llMir 

rtli  l)y  llif  I'i 
havi'   idnii; 
,  lor  lie  ( I'I,- 
lent  |-c^!iiii> 
■arlli,  ami  w 
tiir.      Iiiijiii 
(1  liim  111  s!i";' 
mill;;'!).   'I'hr. 
haustfil.  .nil!  ■ 
with  wliii  h  1  ■ 
i\   s|inilini;.    ';• 
his  iicallh.    :■ 
■(!  him  a  rii! 
,  In-  was  .il!!i«'- 
il  by  tatitjvif  , 
(■|ii-ivf(l    linn 
u-  I'liasl  III  C'lr 
[lircc    ami  t!  ■ 
ot  so  miiiiTil' 
nr  causfd  him 
■scnt.t 

.'fore,  ill'  Sft  i 
n,  and  was  ii.n 
i-uriTnls,  whir 
idin^  a^;aiinf 
Sunday,  llu'  l.V 
I  a  liiii-  iiaiiior, 
dc  (iatos,  irl 

lulo,  wiih  ■■• 
the   niari,'ir.  I 
wliiili,  .!> 

ic,   a  Iriiit  ' 

St.     'I'luTc  »-1 
rowin^j  v.ir 

)  ihfir  hraniWl 

,  to  l-Cl'tUf '-l 

iransloniirt' 


fresh  w  Mill-  stttinjr   thrniipfh    tlic  ),ailf  and  struj,'- 
jlinjj  tcir  an  millet,  and  llir  lidr  iil  s,ilt  w.itiT  strii^.'- 
1,1  filter.     The  ships 


■iiiiK 


h.'i 


rir 


jdigious  I'll-; 


sciicely  velUiired 
niii  llie  leailiil  eh.iiiiiel  when  the  wind  died  aw.iy, 
lul  ihiv  were  in  daiij^er  every  nionient  ot  '•■•mi^^ 
hrowiiiipiin  llie  rocks  or  sands.  The  eiirnr  it  oi 
psli  u.iier,  however,  j,Min<d  the  victory,  .ind  car- 
ihciu  s.ilely  ihroiif^ii.  'I'lie  .idniir.il,  when 
)jue  imire  s.ile'  in  liie  open  se.i,  connralnlated 
iiiiiselt  iipiiii  his  esc,i|ie  tidin  this  perilous  str.iit, 
vhirli,  lie  observes,  niiyhl  well  be  e.dlcd  tin: 
ihiulli  "I  the  |)r.it,n>ii.* 

ill'  iiiiw  stood  to  the  westw.ird,  niniiinjj  .'ilon^f 
111'  (iiiirr  (d.ist  ol  I'.iria,  still  supposiiij,--  it  an 
.si. mil.  Hid  inlendinj,'  to  visit  the  ( iulf  ol  I'e.irls, 
vliiili  lie  iiii.iuined  to  be  at   the  end  ot  it,  opening- 

ihc-'.i.  lie  wished  to  ascertain  whether  this 
fii'.it  hiiilv  ol  Iresli  water  jiroceeded  from  rivers, 
Is  the  crew  of  the  caravel  Correo  li.id  altirmi'd  ; 
liir  it  .ippcaied  to  him  impossible  that  the  streams 

incic  islands,  as  he  supposed  tlu'  surroundin),' 
laiiils,  could  tiirnish  such  .i  prodij^ious  volume  ot 

Mll-l'. 

Oil  Ir.ixiiii,''  the   llor.'i  dtd   i)r;i;;dn,  he  saw  to  the 

hiirlli-cist,  in.iny    leagues    disi.int,    two    isl.mds, 

•hicli  he  called  Assumption  and  Conception  ;  pnd)- 

lilvlliiHc  now  known  as  Tobaj,'o  and  ( iran.id.i.     In 

lis  course  alon),^   the    northern    co.ist  ot  I'.iri.i  he 

law  several  other  small    isl.inds  and   in.iny  line 

Virbiii-',    to   some   of   whiidi    he   j^avc'  ii.imes,  but 

hey  li.ive  ceased   to  be  known  by  thi'm.     On  the 

5iii  111'  discovered   the  islands  ol  .M,ir).j;irita  and 

tul)a(,ai.i,  aflcrw.ird  lamous  tor  their  pe.irl  hshery. 

llie  l.>l.iml  of  .Marj^-irita,  aiiout  fifteen  lea^nies  in 

|ii'.,'tli  mil  si\  in  bre  tdth,  was  well  peojiled.   'I'he 

Itlie  isl.ind  of  C'ub.ijifua,  \y\u\^  between  il  ,ind  the 

i:iin-l.md,  and  only  about  tour  le.ij^ues  from  the 

jiUcr,  w,is  dry  and  sterile,  vvithout  either  wood  or 

rtsli  water,  but  |)()ssessiii]f  ;i  j^ood  harbor.     On 

IppriiachiMjj  this    island     'he    admiral    beheld    ;i 

lumlicr  ot  I  ml  i, ins   fishing  for  pearls,  who  made 

prthe  land.     A  boat  Ikiw^  si'iit  to  comnumicate 

J(itli  tluMn,  one  of  the  sailors  noticed  many  slrinj,^s 

If  ptarls  round  the  neck  of  a  female,      llavin),^  a 

III  \'.ilenci,i  ware,  a  kind  of  porcelain  ]);iiiued 

|nl  winiished  with  gaudy  colors,  he  broke  it,  and 

i-SL'iili.il  the  pieces  to  the   Indian  woman,  who 

lave  him  in  exchanjre  a  considerable  number  ot 

|e;  pearls.     'I'hese  he  carried  to  the  admiral,  who 

nincli.iiely  sent  persons  on  shore,  well  jirovided 

Irilh  Wilencian  plates  and  h.iwks'  bells,  for  whicdi 

II  little  time  h"  procured  about  three  ])oun(ls' 

peif;I,t  of  |)earh.,  some  of  which  were  of  a  very 

■  si/e,  and  w-re  sent  by  iiim  afterward  to  the 

pvc.-i  ijjns  as  specimens. t 

Tiitrc  was  ^rreat  teniptation  to  visit  other  spots, 
hich  the  Indians  mentioned  as  aboundinj^  in 
JE.iri-,.  The  coast  of  I'aria  also  continued  e.\- 
IriliiiL,'  to  the  westward  as  far  as  the  eye  could 
lacli,  risinj.;-  into  a  ranj^e  of  ir.ountains,  and  ]iro- 
Kin.^'  ex.iininaiion  to  ascertain  whether,  as  he 
|e,;':in  tn  think,  i'.  was  a  part  of  the  .Asiatic  conti- 
'!U.  Columbus  was  compelled,  however,  though 
|i'A  IJK!  j^reatest  reluctance,  to  forego  this  most 
pristing  investigation. 

11  lie  malady  ot  his  eyes  had  now  grown  so  viru- 
'''tlh.it  he  could  no  longer  take  oiiservations  or 
ftp  a  hiiikout,  but  had  to  trust  to  the  reports  of 
|c  pilots  and  mariners.  He  bore  away,  there- 
Jf".  Iiir  llispaiiiola,  intending  to  rejjose  there 
fii  the  toils  of  his  voyage,  and  to  recruit  his 
Nlh,  while   lie   should   send    his   l)rother,    the 


■cigns, 


Kavarr;! 


lb.  iii.  cap. 


Herrera,  Hist.  Ind.,  decar'.  i.  lib.  iii.  cap.  ir. 
[Khjricvoi.x,  Hist.  St.  Domi;go,  lib.  iii.  p.  i6c}. 


Adid.int.ido,  to  complete  the  (lisco\erv  of  litis  im- 
I  portanl  (oiinlry.  .Alter  sailing  lor  live  days  to 
the  north-west,  he  ni.ide  the  inland  ol  llispaiiiola 
on  the  I()lh  of  .\ugilst,  lilty  leagues  to  the  west- 
ward ol  llie  river  ( )/enia,  the  place  ol  his  destill,!- 
tioii  ;  ,111(1  , UK  bored  on  uie  iollow  iiij;  morning 
under  the  little  island  ol  !>e.ita. 

He  wa-.  .istonished  to  lind  himsell  so  misl.iken 
in  his  cilculations,  and  so  tar  tielow  In  .  destined 
port  ;  but  he  attributed  it  correclly  to  the  furic  ot 
the  current  setting  out  ol  the  iioiaihl  Dr.igon, 
which,  while  lie  had  lain  to  ,it  nights,  to  ,i\oid 
running  on  rocks  ,ind  sho.ils,  h.id  boine  his  ship 
insensibly  to  the  wi'st.  This  i  iiiieiii  which  sets 
across  the  Caribbean  Sea,  .and  the  cuiiiinu.ition  ot 
which  now  bears  the  name  ot  thediilt  Mream,  w;is 
so  rapid,  that  on  the  15th,  thoiijfli  the  wind  was 
but  moderate,  the  ships  h.id  iii.nlr  se\(iity-t'ive 
le.igiies  in  lour  ,'ind  twenty  hours.  Colimibiis  .at- 
tributed to  the  violence  ot  this  ciirnnt  the  lorm.i- 
tion  ot  that  |)ass  called  the  lioi  .1  del  Hr.igoii, 
wlieri'  he  supposed  it  h,id  forced  its  \\,iv  ihrmigh 
a  n.irrow  isthmus  tli.it  lornierly  coiiiinii-d  Trini- 
<lad  with  the  eMremity  of  I'.iria.  lie  imagined, 
;ih,o,  that  its  coiist.int  operation  had  worn  .iw.iy 
and  iiuind.iled  the  borders  ol  llie  niaiii-l.ind,  grad- 
ually |)rodiicing  thai  fringe  of  islands  which 
stretihes  from  Trinid.id  lo  the  l.in.iyos  or  I!a- 
ham,is,  and  which,  according  to  his  idea,  h.id 
originally  been  p.irt  of  the  solid  conlineiit.  In 
corroboration  of  this  opinion,  he  notices  the  form 
of  those  isl.mds  :  narrow  from  north  to  south,  and 
extending  in  length  Irom  east  to  west,  in  the  di- 
rection ol  the  currt-nt.* 

The  isl.ind  ot  l!e,ita,  where  he  h.id  ;mchored,  's 
about  thirty  le.igues  to  the  west  ot  the  river  Oze- 
ma,  where  he  expected  to  find  the  new  se.i|iort 
wliich  liis  l)rother  had  been  instructed  to  estab- 
lish. The  .strong  and  steady  current  from  tlu; 
east,  iiowe\er,  and  the  prevalence  ol  winds  Irom 
that  (|uarter,  might  detain  him  lor  a  long  time  at 
the  isl.ind,  .and  render  the  remainder  ol  his  voy- 
age slow  and  precarious.  He  sent  ,1  boat  on 
shore,  therefore,  to  procure  an  Indi.in  messenger 
to  t.ikc;  ;i  letter  to  liis  brother,  the  Adel.mtado. 
.Six  of  the  natives  came  off  to  th  ■  sliips,  one  of 
whom  was  armed  with  .a  Spanish  en.  .-liow.  The 
.admiral  w.is  .-ilarmed  at  seeing  a  wc.  ''on  of  the 
kind  in  the  possession  of  an  Indian.  Ii  was  not 
an  .article  of  tr.iftic,  .and  he  feared  could  only  h.avc 
fallen  into  his  h.inds  by  the  de.illi  ol  some  .Sp.an- 
iard.t  He  apprehended  lh.it  further  evils  li.ad 
befallen  the  settlement  during  his  long  absence, 
and  that  there  li.ad  again  been  troubles  with  the 
nati\'es. 

Having  dis|)atched  his  messenger,  he  made 
sail,  and  arrived  off  the  mouth  of  the  river  on  the 
30th  of  August.  He  w.as  met  on  the  w.iy  by  a  car- 
avel, on  bo.ard  of  wliich  was  the  .Adrl.int.ido,  who, 
ha\ing  received  his  letter,  h.ad  liar.ti-ned  forth 
with  affection.ate  ardor  to  welcome  his  arriv.al. 
The  meeting  of  the  brothers  was  a  cause  of  mu- 
tual joy  ;  they  were  strongly  attached  to  each 
other,  each  had  had  his  trials  and  sufferings  dur- 
ing their  long  separation,  and  e.u  h  looked  with 
contidence  to  the  other  for  comhjrt  rin<l  relief. 
Don  Bartholomew  appears  to  have  always  had 
great  deference  tor  the  brilliant  genius,  the  en- 
larged mind,  and  the  comm.mding  reputation  of 
his  brother  ;  while  the  latter  placed  gre.it  reliance 
in  times  of  ditfirulty,  on  the  worldly   knowledge, 


*  Letter  to  t'le  King  and  Queen,  Kavarrete  Colcc, 
torn.  i. 

f  Las  Casas,  Hist.  Ind.,  lib.  i.  cap.  14S. 


i 


i, 


■'M 


i%.  1 


I' 


I 


.•r.2i)|  i 


Hi::' 


^11 


1  11 


f:j' 


MM 


W 


143 


LIFE  AND   VOYAGES  OF  COLUMBUS. 


the    indcf.uij^ahlf  activity,   and   the  lion-iicartccl 
cimra^jf  nl  the  .\ilt'l;iiil.iili>. 

Columliii^  ai"ri\i(l  .ihiuist  tht;  wreck  of  liimsflf. 
His  V()ya).;is  ucic  always  ol  a  natuii:  to  wear  out 
the  huniaii  liaiiU',  h.iviiiK  to  navi(,'att'  amid  iiii- 
isiiiivMi  (laiit^rcis,  and  to  i<i'i'p  anxious  watch,  at  all 
hours,  and  ni  all  wealliurs.  As  aj,^i'  and  iiilirinily 
incrcasi.'d  upon  him,  tlusu  trials  lii-canu'  the  more 
severe.  ills  {OMslitution  must  ori},nnall\'  iiave 
hern  wonderlully  vigorous  ;  hut  co.islitulions  ot 
this  powiTlul  kind,  II  exposed  to  severe  iiardships 
at  an  adv meed  period  tit  lile,  when  the  Irame  h.is 
become  somewh.il  ri),'id  and  unaeconlmodalinJ,^ 
are  apt  to  he  suddenly  broken  up,  ami  to  be  a 
prey  to  violent  aches  and  mal.idies.  In  this  last 
V()\a;,'e  C'oUimbus  had  been  parched  anil  consum- 
ed by  te\ri-,  racked  by  j4out,  an<l  his  whole  system 
disordered  by  nicessanl  walchlulness  ;  he  came 
into  port  ha^'|,Mrd,  emaci.ited,  and  almost  blind. 
His  spirit,  however,  was,  as  usual,  superior  to  all 
i)odily  .ilMiclion  or  decay,  and  he  looked  forward 
with  m.ii;nilicent  anticipations  to  the  result  ot  his 
recent  ciis(ci\erii-s,  v,hich  he  intended  should  be 
immedi.iti  ly  pr  i.-)ecuted  Jjy  ids  hardy  and  enler- 
prisiny  brolher. 


CIIAl'TER  IV. 

SPECULATIONS  or  COMMIJIS    CONCEKXING    THE 
COASf   ol'   I'ARIA. 

[1498.] 

The  natural  phenomen.i  of  ;i  fjrcat  and  striking 
nature  |)re.sented  to  the  ardent  ndnd  of  Colund)us 
in  the  course  ot  this  voyaj(e,  led  to  certain  sound 
tleduclions  .and  iniai,nnali\e  speculations.  The 
immense  body  of  fresh  w.iter  llowint,'-  into  the 
Ciulf  ot  I'aria,  and  thence  rushin^MiUo  the  ocean, 
was  too  vast  to  be  produced  by  ;in  island  or  by 
islands.  It  must  lie  the  con^rej,raled  streams  of  a 
great  extent  ot  country  pouring  h)rth  in  one 
mighty  ri\er,  and  the  land  necessary  to  furnish 
such  a  river  must  be  .a  continent.  He  now  sup- 
posed that  most  ot  the  tracts  of  land  which  he  had 
seen  about  the  ( lulf  w.-re  connected  ;  th.'il  the  coast 
of  I'aria  extended  westward  tar  beyond  a  ch.iin  ot 
mountains  which  he  h.ul  beheld  afar  off  from  M;ir- 
garita  ;  and  that  the  land  opposite  to  Trinidad, 
instead  of  being  an  isl.and,  continued  to  the  south, 
far  beyond  the  eepiator,  into  that  hemisjihere 
hitherto  unknown  to  civilized  man.  He  consider- 
ed all  this  an  extension  of  tlie  Asiatic  continent  ; 
thus  presuming  that  the  greater  jiart  of  the  sur- 
face ot  the  globe  was  tlrm  land.  \n  this  last  opinion 
hei.iund  himsiir  sup])orted  by  authors  of  the  high- 
est nameb'iili  ancient  and  modern  ;  among  whom 
lie  cites  Aristotle  and  Seneca,  St.  .Augustine  .and 
Cardinal  I'edro  de  Alliaco.  He  lays  |)articular 
stress  also  on  the  assertion  of  the  apocryjihal  I-".s- 
dras,  that  of  seven  parts  of  the  world,  six  are  dry 
land,  and  one  part  only  is  co\ered  with  w.iter. 

The  land,  ilierefore,  surrounding  the  (iulf  of 
Paria,  was  but  the  border  of  an  almost  boundless 
continent,  siren  lung  far  to  the  west  and  to  the 
south,  including  the  most  precious  regions  of  the 
earth,  lying  under  the  most  auspicious  stars  .and 
benignaiu  skies,  but  as  yet  unknown  ami  uncivil- 
ized, free  to  be  discovered  and  appro]iriated  by 
any  Christian  nation.  "  May  it  ])lease  our  l^ord," 
lie  excl.dnis  in  ids  letter  to  the  sovereigns,  "  to 
give  long  life  and  health  to  your  highnesses,  that 
you  may  prosecute  this  noble  enterprise,  in  which, 
methinkti.  C.od   will   receive  jjreat  service,   Spain 


vast  increase   of    grandeur,    and    all    Chris'i- 
much  consolation  and  delight,  since  the  11, m, 
our   Saviour   will    be   divulged    throughrut  ih.^ 
lands.'' 

Thus   far  the   deductions  of  Columbus,  il:  .;.■ 
sanguine,    .admit  of   little   cavil;    but   lu'  1,11 
them   still   farther,  until   they  ended  in  whu  1; 
.appear  to  some   mere  (  himerical  reveries.     Ii 
letter  to  the  sovereigns  he  st.iteil  that  011  l.h :  ■ 
mer  voyages,  when  he  steered  westw.ird  hniir 
A/ores,    he   had   observed,    after  sailing    iljii,,: 
hundred   leagues,.'   sudden   and   gre.it  (li,in;;c  • 
the  sky  r.nd  the  stars,  the  temperature  ot  die  ,, 
.and  the  calmness  of  the  01  can.     It  seemed  ,1,,: 
line  ran  from  north  to  south,  beyond  whu  li  tvi- 
thing  became  different.      The  needle  \\hn!i', 
previv-Msly   inclined    toward   the   north-e  1^'.  i 
varietl  a  whole  i)oint  to  the  norih-we  •       I'hi— 
hitherto  clear,  was  covered  with   weeds  sn  (If 
that   in   his   lirst   voyage   he   h;ul   exneiledinr 
aground   upon   sho.ils.      A   universal   tr.iii(|UL 
reigned  throughout  the  elements,  and  the  1  !iiii, 
was  Uiild   and  geni.d  whethei  in  summer  m- «• 
ter.     l)n  taking  his  astronomical  observ.itunh 
night,    after   crossing     that    imagin.ary    line. 
north  star  appeared  to  him  to  describe  a  iliur. 
circle  in  the  heaveiis,  of  five  degrees  in  (li.uin;:- 

On  his  present  voyage  he  had  varieil  his  n  , 
and   had  run  southward   from  the  C.ipe  de  \' 
Isl.inds  for  the  etpiinoctial  line.     Uefore  rcj; 
it,  however,  the   he.it  had   become  insupprnti  : 
■and    a  wind  springing   up  from   the  east,  W  h. 
been    induced    to    strike   westward,    when  in  ■•; 
parallel  of  .Sierra    Leone   in  (luinea.      For  sivc. 
days  he  hati  been  almost  consumed  by  scoiTh:-, 
.and  stilling  heal  under  a  sultry  yet  <  louileil  v 
.111(1  in  a  diizzling  atmosphere,  until  he  .irrivii; 
the  ide.il   line  already  mentionetl,   extendiiiijlr  ■ 
north   to  south.      Here  suddenly,  to  his  gn.a-; 
lief,  he   h.id   emerged   into  serene  we.ithrr,  wi;:; 
clear  blue  sky  an(l  a  sweet  and  temperate  iiiii - 
phere.     The  farther  he  h.ul  ])roceeded  winI,  ; 
more  pure  and  geni.d  lie  had  found  the  ( liiv,.;: 
the  sea  tranquil,  the  breezes  soft  and  babiiy. 
these  phenomena  coincided  with  those  he  h.iiir: 
marked  at  the  same  line,  though  fartluT  Mint!;.' 
his  former  voyages  ;  excepting  that  here  llu-ivvi 
no  herbage  in  the  sea,  and  the  movements  eS;' 
were  different.     The  polar  star  ajipeared  \'i':' 
here   to   describe  a  diurnal   circle  of  ten  dciirr; 
instead   of  live  ;     an  augmentation  which  >t;;i 
him   with  astonishment,  but  which,    he  s.iys,  : 
ascert.iined    by    observations    taken    in  dilliic 
nights,   with  his  ([uadrant.     Its  greatest  al'.iti: 
at  the  former  ])lace,  in  the  parallel  ol  the  .\/"r:' 
he  had  found  to  be  ten  degrees,  and  in  the  piii; 
place  fifteen. 

From  these  and  other  circumst.inces,  li;'  ' 
inclined  to  doubt  I'.e  received  theory  widi  i<-i' 
to  the  form  of  Me  earth.  riiiloso|)liers  li.:(!  ^ 
scribed  it  as  spherical  ;  but  they  knew  nndiinc 
the  |)art  of  the  \\orld  wdiicli  he  h.id  dis(■ll^t'■. 
The  ancient  part,  known  to  them,  he  h  I'i 
doubt  was  spherical,  but  he  now  supposed  :: 
real  form  of  the  earth  to  be  that  of  a  pe.ir,  i' 
part  much  more  elevated  th.an  the  rest,  and  i.i|':' 
ing  upward  toward  the  skies.  This  ]n\n  lie  >i^- 
|)osed  to  be  in  the  interior  of  this  newly  lnu".: 
continent,  and  immedi.ately  under  the  e(|U.i;: 
All  the  plienomena  which  he  h.id  previoibly' 
ticed,  appeared  to  corroborate  thir  theory.  1' 
vari.itions  which  he  had  observed  in  p.isslng'' 
imaginary  line  running  from  north  tosoiiih.' 
concluded  to  be  caused  by  the  ships  havinj,'' 
ri.ed  at  this  supposed  swelling  of  the  earth,  v.he: 


fy  hiX-^n  gently  t 
purer  .iiid  more 
ri.iiiiin  of  ilie  n 
U,,.,  lieliig  .dfecl 
iSidI  the  ( liniate 
oporti'in  .is  the  s 
ciit.t  So  .ilso 
I  the  circle  it  de 
1(1  lie  gri'.iter,  in 

tidin   .1  gre.iler 

r.ui^;h   a    purer    1 

t>c  |iluii(iinen.i    v 

ore  liie  ii.ivig.itor 

c  still   increasing 

nh. 

He  luillced  .also  t 

tiDil.  ,111(1  people  ( 

111   llidse   under 

hiTc  the  lie.it  w.is 

iiiil  sterile,  Ih 
i-.|H"l  wdiil,  ill-sli 
1(1  liriii.d  in  their 
arv.  .ilthdiigli  tilt 
KUltlde  lie.it  modt 
jT-,  lre-.li  and  cool 

iiid  covered  wit' 
ircr  even  than  tlios 
•td  tiirtlier  north, 
uportldiied   and   g 

ciiiirageous  tlls] 
di:  s(i  ne.ir  to  the 
nTKir  .iltitude   of 
liich  It  u.is  raised  i 
■  ;iir.    <  'n  turning 
I'.iria,  he  had  foun 
ith  star  ag.ilii  to  d 
1.1  .'ilsii  Increased    ii 
IS  already  been   re 
mtiiuiit.  and  produ 
on  the  adjacent  isl.ai 
riiiatiiiii   of   the   ide; 
juiluvard,   and  desi 
'.ird. 
I  .\ri.-.t(itle  had  imaj: 
ic  fartii,  and  neares 
Utarttlc  pole.     Othe 
was  iiiuler  the  arct 
lat  hdtli  conceived 
lore  elevated,    and 
eavtiis  th.in  the  rest 
]iin(.-n(.'c  being  und 
;rvcii  Cdlunibus,    bi 
nowleilge  of  this  hen 
ctirftie.illy  ;ind  fron 
.•\s  ibual,  he  assistt 
Th(;  sun,   when  Gt 
was  In  the  lirst  poi 
ight  w.is  there."     T 
'ta,  must  be  here,  i 

I*  Peter  Martyr  ment 
lat,  (rom  the  climate  r 
fr,  he  had  ascended  tl 
pcenJing  a  high  mou 
[  lib.  vi. 

i  ♦  Columbus,  in  his  at 
lion  of  the  needle,  su| 
fssed  the  quality  of  tl 
pwisc  the  loadstone 
buchcj  with  one  part  c 
pt,  with  another  wesi 
JD'ls.  those  who  prepa 
P«r  the  loadstone  w 
j»'t  only  remains  out  ; 
Nes?es  the  virtue  of 
P  north.    Hist,  del  A 


■iHii,  i.. 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGES   OF   COLUMBUS. 


143 


all    Christiv 
ice  till'  II  ill 
iroii>;li'  '.it  li ;, 

luniliiis,  il: ,;  ■ 
l)Ut    lie   1    ' 
fil  ill  wh/i  ;: 
■f\crii'S.     |i; 
lliat  (III  Kh!  • 
stw  ard  li^.iii : 
sailjn;;   ,iliii'..: 
^,'rf,it  (li.iii^'c  ■ 
Uirc  lit  iln'  :; 
I  sfcnu'il  ,h.: 

11(1  wliii  ll  CW 

cdK'  whii '; 
ii()rlli-(  1^',  : 

wi-   '         I'llr  " 

weeds  sn  'I- 

fXIH'i  led  I'l  ■  ■ 

rsal    llMn(|u: 

and  the  i  lui;, 

Miiiinier  (■!■  u- 

()l)servalilln^ 

iiiary    liiif,  ;■ 

scribe  a  diur. 

ees  in  di.imi;-' 

i'arie(l  lli^  1' ,,: 

•  Cape  (le  \  ■■' 

Before  rciii  , 

L!  insupiKirti -: 

lie   east,  In-  \:\ 

(1,   when  in  ;• 

M.      For  ^fvi; 

ed  by  scDrc!' 

yet  (doiidcii  - 

til  lie  arrive:. 

extendint;  !r ' 

to  liis  ^'icitr: 

weather,  wii: 

■niperate  atiivi 

ee(ied  we^t, ': 

I  the  eliiii.,:: 

iid  balmy,   k 

lose  he  had:: 

rllier  n(iit!i, 

here  there?: 

cinents  ol  st.r 

)|H'ared  in '' 

)t    ten    (Ic'^rr; 

which  Stic 

he  says,  : 

en    in  dilk'rr 

realest  altiti: 

ol  the  A/orc 

in  the  prof 


•  iiices,   111'  '■': 

try  with  rcsp 

i|)liers  h.ide 

new  niiihinc 

.1(1  discdvi-rr. 

tm,    he   ll. '■'.!■ 

suppijscd  '.: 

ol  a  pear,  t' 

rest,  and  tap:: 

is  ])arl  he  ill: 

is  newly  lnu' 

r   the  e'(|U.U'': 

previously  r 

theory.    T: 

in  ]);ishin,£;i' 

th  to  south,: 

lips  having •■ 

le  earth,  v.'tii- 


y  I)Cf,Mn  gently  to  mount  toward  the  skies  into 
purer  and  more  celestial  atniosnhere.*  The 
riatiiin  nl  the  needle  he  ascribed  to  the  same 
usf,  heinj{  alfected  by  the  cooln-  .-.s  and  nuld- 
ssiil  the  (liniale  ;  varying,'  to  thi  north-west  in 
(V)orli'in  .is  the  ships  continued  onward  in  their 
c'lit.t  So  .dso  the  altitude  of  ti."  north  st.ir, 
1(1  tlie  liicle  it  described  in  the  he.ivens,  appear- 
to  lie  ure.iter,  in  coiise(iuence  of  beiii^;  re>,Mr<l- 
tniin  a  jjre.iter  elevation,  less  obliipiely,  and 
r,iii"h  a  purer  medium  of  atmosphere  ;  and 
e.sc  |ilieii()iiien.»  would  be  found  to  incre.ise  the 
ore  liie  na\  it,':itor  .ipproa(  lied  the  e(|ualor,  Irom 
e  still  increasiii},'  eminence  of  this   part  of  the 

rth. 
lllc  luitieed  ,ilso  the  difference  of  climate,  ve^je- 
tioii.  .Mid  jieople  of  this  part  ol  the  New  World 
am  ihiise  under  the  s.ime  paralltd  in  Africa. 
Iiiie  the  he.it  w.is  insupport.ible,  the  Liiid  p.irch- 
I  and  sterile,  the  inhabit.ints  were  black,  with 
'i,|ied  wool,  ill-sh,ii)en  ill  their  fm-ms,  and  dull 
1(1  |init,d   in   their  natures.      Here,  on  the  con- 

arv,  .iltliiiUK:l>  'I"'  ^^"i  ^^'-'^  '"  '-*-■",  'i^'  fouiu.  the 
)()iit;de  lie.it  motler.ite,  the  mornings  .and  even- 
gs  Iresli  .111(1  cool,  the  country  ),freen  .ind  fruit- 
1,  .111(1  c()vere(l  with  beaiilitul  lorests,  the  iieople 
ircreveii  than  those  in  the  Kinds  he  h.id  discov- 
nl  farther  north,  having  loii).^  h.iir,  with  well- 
•u|i()rli(iiie(l  and  ^jr.icelul  forms,  lively  minds, 
111  tiiuraj,rcous  dispositions.  All  this  in  a  l.iti- 
(II'  SI)  near  to  the  eipiator,  he  attributed  to  the 
iperior  .altitude  of  this  part  of  the  world,  by 
hieh  ;l  was  r.iised  into  a  more  celestial  rej^ion  of 
fair.  I'll  turniiii;  northward,  throuj^h  the  Ciult 
I'aria,  he  had  louiid  the  circle  described  by  the 
)nh  st:ir  ai,Min  to  diminish.  The  current  of  the 
;a  aUii  increased  in  velocity,  we.irin).f  awav,  as 
IS  already  been  remarked,  the  borders  of  the 
)ntineiit,  and  producin^^  by  its  incess:iiit  opera- 
on  the  .idjaceiit  islands.  This  was  a  further  con- 
rmatiiiii  of  the  ide.i  th;it  he  asceii(k:d  in  K^'ii'i^T 
lulhward,  and  descended  in  returning;  iiorth- 
'ard, 
.Aristotle  had  imajrined  that  the  lii|fbest  part  of 

j'  le  earth,  and  nearest  to  the  skies,  was  under  the 
llarclic  iiole,  (_)ther  satjes  had  maintained  tli.it 
was  under  the  arctic.  Hence  it  was  .apparent 
Wt  both  conceived  one  jiart  of  the  earth  to  be 
lore  elevated,  and  noble,  and  nearer  to  the 
:avciis  than  the  rest.  They  did  not  think  of  this 
iiinence  heiiiij  under  the  equinocti.il  line,  ob- 
irvfil  CoUinibiis,    because  they   had    no  certain 

i  iiowleilj,'e  of  this  hemis|)here,  but  only  s|)oke  of  it 
edretic.illy  ;iii(l  from  conjecture. 
.As  Usual,  he  assisted  his  theory  by  Holy  Writ, 
The  sun,  when  God  created  it,''  he  observes, 
w.is  in  the  tlrst  point  of  the  Orient,  or  the  first 
ht  wa.s  there."  That  place,  according  to  his 
ca,  must  be  here,  in   the   remotest   part  of  the 

Peter  Martyr  mentions  that  the  admiral  told  him, 
pt,  from  the  climate  of  great  heat  and  unwholesome 
lr,  he  had  ascended  the  back  of  the  sea,  as  it  were 
Bcending  a  high  mountain  toward  heaven.     Decad. 

I  lib.  vi. 

M  Cuhirnbus,  in  his  attempts  to  account  for  the  vari- 
lion  (if  the  needle,  supposed  that  the  north  star  pos- 
psc(i  the  ([uality  of  the  four  cardinal  points,  as  did 
ikewise  the  loadstone.  That  if  the  needle  were 
pacheJ  with  one  part  of  the  loadstone,  it  would  point 
fist,  with  aiioiher  west,  and  so  on.  Wherefore,  he 
pds,  those  who  prepare  or  magnetize  the  needles, 
P«r  the  loadstone  with  a  cloth,  so  that  the  north 
prt  only  remains  out  ;  that  is  to  say,  tlie  part  which 
Nesses  the  virtue  of  causing  the  needle  to  point  to 
pe  north.    Hist,  del  Almirante,  cap.  66. 


M.ist,  where  the  oce.iii  and  the  CNtreme  p.irt  of  In- 
di.i  meet  under  the  etpiinoetial  line,  and  where 
the  hi),di<'st  point  ol  the  earth  is  sitii.ileil. 

He  siipi)ose(|  this  apex  ot  the  world,  thouj^dl  of 
immense  height,  to  be  neither  ru^^^'d  nor  i)recipi- 
tous,  but  that  the  laiul  rose  to  it  by  j,;eiitle  and  im- 
perceptible dei^rees.  The  beauiilul  .iiid  fertile 
shores  of  I'ari.i  were  situ,.te(l  on  its  remote  bor- 
ders, abdundin;,'  of  course  with  those  precious 
articles  whiih  are  conjjenial  with  the  most  t.ivoreil 
,ind  excellent  (limates.  .As  one  peiii'ir.ited  the 
interior , and  };r.uhially  ascended,  the  land  would  be 
found  to  increase  in  be.auty.md  lu\iiriani c,  and  in 
the  exiiuisite  nature  of  its  priMliieiions,  until  one 
.irrived  at  the  summit  under  the  eipi.itor.  This 
he  iiiM^jiiied  t(  be  the  noblest  and  most  perfect 
place  on  earth,  enjoyiiij,^  trom  its  position,  an 
etpiality  ot  ni^,dits  and  days,  .md  a  uiiilnrmity  of 
seasons  ;  .ind  beinji;  elevated  into  ,i  serene  and 
heavenly  temperature,  above  the  he. its  and  colds, 
the  clouds  and  vapors,  the  storms  and  tempests 
which  deform  .ind  disturb  the  lower  rcj^ions.  In 
a  word,  here  he  sui)|iosed  to  be  silirited  the  orij;!- 
nal  abode  of  our  tirst  jiarents,  the  |)riiiiitive  se.it 
of  human  innoeeiice  .uid  bliss,  the  li.irderi  of 
Kdeii,  or  terrestrial  jiaradise  I 

He  im.ij;iiied  this  place,  .iccnrdiiij;  to  the  opin- 
ion ot  the  most  eminent  tallu'i's  ot  tlie  cliurch,  to 
be  still  tlourishiiifj,  possessed  ot  .ill  its  blissful  de- 
li},dits,  but  in.iccessible  to  mor;.d  feet,  excepting 
by  divine  permission,  l'"rom  this  ludglit  he  pre- 
sumed, tliouoh  of  course  from  a  ;;r(.it  distance, 
jiroceeded  the  mi;;hty  stream  of  Iresli  w.itur  which 
filled  the  (Uilf  ot  I'aria,  and  sweetened  the  salt 
ocean  in  its  vicinity,  being  s applied  by  the  loun- 
tain  mentioned  in  ('icnesis,  a;i  springing  trom  the 
tree  of  lite  in  the  (larden  ot  Fdeii. 

Such  was  the  singul.ir  speciiLitinii  of  Columbus, 
which  he  details  at  full  length  in  a  letter  to  the 
Castilian  sovereigns,*  citing  vari(nis  .luthorities 
for  his  opinions,  among  which  wen;  St.  Augus- 
tine, St.  Isidor,  and  St.  Ambrosius,  and  lortifying 
his  theory  with  much  of  that  curious  and  specul.i- 
tive  erudition  in  which  he  w.is  dee|ily  \-ei'sed.t  It 
shows  how  his  ardent  mind  was  In  ated  by  the 
magnit'iceiice  of  his  discoverie'S.  .Sh.rewd  men,  in 
the  coolness  .ind  cpiietude  of  ordin.iry  lite,  and  in 
these  modern  ilays  of  cautious  and  sober  l.ict,  may 
smile  at  such  a  reverie,  but  it  w.is  countenanced 
by  the  speculations  of  the  most  sage  .iiid  learned 
of  those  times  ;  and  it  this  had  not  been  the  case, 
could  we  wonder  at  .any  sally  of  the  iiii.igination 
in  a  man  placed  in  the  sitiialinn  nt  Cnlumbus  .' 
He  beheld  a  vast  world,  rising,  as  it  were,  into  ex- 
istence before  him,  its  nature  and  extent  unknown 
and  undefined,  as  yet  a  mere  region  inv  conjec- 
ture. I-'.very  day  displayed  some  iic'w  feature  of 
beauty  and  sublimity  ;  island  after  island,  where 
the  rocks,  he  was  told,  were  veined  with  gold,  the 
groves  teemed  with  spices,  or  the  shores  abounded 
with  pearls.     Interminable  ranges  ot  coast,  prom- 

*  Navarrete,  Colec.  de  Viages,  torn.  i.  p.  242. 

f  See  Illustrations,  article  "  Situation  of  the  Ter- 
restrial Paradise," 

Noli:.— A  great  rTt  of  these  speculations  appear 
to  have  Ijecn  foun(  ■  on  the  treatise  of  the  C.irdinal 
Pedro  de  Aliaro,  in  which  Columbus  found  a  compen- 
dium of  thte  opinions  of  various  eminent  authors  on 
the  subject  ;  though  it  is  very  prolialile  he  consulted 
many  of  their  works  likewise.  In  the  volume  of  Pe- 
dro tie  Aliaco,  existing  in  the  library  of  the  Cathedral 
at  Seville,  I  have  traced  the  germs  of  these  ideas  in 
various  passages  of  the  text,  opposite  to  which  mar- 
ginal notPS  have  been  made  in  the  handwriting  of  Co- 
lumbus. 


144 


LII'K   ANH   VOYACr-S   OF   COLUMUl'S. 


mi 


ill 


I' 


nntory  litynnd  promontory,  strrtchinjj  as  f.ir  as 
the  rye  i mild  reach  ;  hixuriant  valleys  sweepiii^j 
away  into  a  vast  iiileri(ir,  whose  distant  nioiin- 
t.iiiis,  he  was  Injd,  roneealed  still  happier  lands, 
;ind  realms  of  ^re.iter  opulenc<'.  When  he  looked 
upon  .ill  tliii  revjion  ot  ^;olden  promise,  it  was  with 
the  ^,'lonoiis  ronviclion  that  his  jjeiiiiis  had  called 
it  into  existence  ;  he  rej,'arde(l  it  with  the  iiiumph- 
ant  eye  ot  a  discoverer.  Mad  not  Columhiis  heen 
capahh'  ol  these  enthusiastic  soarinj;s  ot  the  im- 
a^'ination,  he  mi^hl,  with  other  sa^es,  have  lea- 
sonecl  calmly  and  coldly  in  his  closet  about  the 
prohahility  of  a  continent  existin^f  in  the  west  ; 
nut  he  would  never  havt;  liad  the  darinf,'  enter- 
jirise  to  .-uUentiire  in  search  ot  it  into  the  unknown 
realms  ot  o(can. 

Still,  in  the  midst  of  his  lancilul  speculations. 
We  liiid  ihal  s.i^jacity  which  lorme(l  the  liasis  ot 
his  iharacier.  The  (oncliision  which  he  <lrew 
trom  the  j^reat  tlow  t)t   the  t^roiioco,  that  it    nuist 


lie  ttif  outpourinjj  of  a  rontinent,  was  acute  a-; 
strikinjj.  A  learneil  Spanish  historian  lias  ;i;, 
in^fenioiisly  excused  other  parts  o|  his  ilunr, 
"  lie  suspected,"  oliserves  he,  "  a  certain  clr, 
tion  of  the  ^jlolie  at  one  p.irt  (it  the  e(|ii,ii  ; 
philosoi)hers  have  since  delermineil  the  wurll' 
lie  a  spheroi<l,  slightly  elevated  in  its  e(|u,Uiir 
circiunterenic.  He  siisiiecled  thai  the  liiviM' 
of  temperatures  inlluenced  the  needle,  inu  Iki; 
able  to  penetrate  the  cause  ot  its  inconstant  van. 
tions  ;  the  siucessive  series  ol  voya>;es  and  cvpf, 
ments  have  made  this  inconstancy  more  iiiinili.' 
and  havi'  shown  that  extreme  cold  somelimts,, 
vests  the  needle  ot  all  its  virtue,  i'lrh.ips  in, 
observations  may  justify  the  surmise  ol  (..'oliiinhyi 
liven  his  error  coiuermn^j  the  einle  discrilinl  i, 
the  pol.ir  st.ir,  which  he  thouj,du  au^jinenteil  In  r 
optical  illusion  in  proporiion  as  the  observer,!'. 
proaclied  the  eipiiiiox,  manitesis  liim  a  iiliilns,. 
pher  superior  tu  the  time  in  which  he  lived."* 


BOOK  XL 


CHAPTER   I. 

AnMIMsrK.XTlnV     OF     TIIK    AIlKI,.\\  fADO— FXPE- 
DiriU.N    TO  THE   PROVINC'K   OV   XARAlil'A. 

[1498.] 

CiM.i;MltfS  had  anticip.ited  repose  from  his  toils 
on  arrivin^f  at  llisp.miol.i,  but  a  new  scene  of 
trouble  and  anxiety  opened  upon  him,  ilesiined  to 
impede  the  prosecution  of  his  enterprises,  .and  to 
affect  all  his  future  fortunes.  To  expl.iin  this,  it 
is  necess.iry  to  relate  the  occurrences  ot  the  island 
tluriiifr  his  lonjr  detention  in  Spain. 

When  he  sailed  for  luirope  in  March,  149(1,  his 
brother,  Don  liariholomew,  who  rem.iined  as 
AclelaiU.ulo,  took  the  earliest  measures  to  execute 
his  directions  with  respect  to  the  mines  recently 
discovered  by  Mi^'uel  Diaz  on  the  south  side  of 
the  island.  Leaving  Don  Diej^o  Columbus  in 
command  at  Is.iliella,  he  repaired  with  a  larj^e 
force  to  the  neighborhood  of  the  mines,  and, 
choosing  ,1  favorable  situation  in  a  place  most 
abounding''  in  ore,  built  a  fortress,  to  which  he 
jjave  the  n.ime  of  San  Christoval.  The  workmen, 
however,  finding,'  ^niins  of  jjold  amon|.f  the  earth 
and  stone  employed  in  its  construction,  j^ave  it 
the  n.ime  ot  the  Ciolden  Tower.* 

The  Adcl.intado  rem.iined  here  three  months, 
superintending'^  the  buildinfj  of  the  fortress,  and 
niakin^r  the  necess.iry  preparations  for  working 
the  mines  and  ])urifyin^  the  ore.  The  projjress  of 
the  work,  however,  was  jjreatly  impeded  by 
scarcity  of  jirovisions,  havinjj  frecpiently  to  detach 
a  part  of  the  men  about  the  country  in  (piest  of 
sup])!ies.  The  former  hos]iitality  of  the  island  was 
at  an  end.  The  Indians  no  lonjjer  j^^ave  their  pro- 
visions freely  ;  they  had  learneil  from  the  white 
men  to  profit  by  the  necessities  of  the  stranger, 
anil  to  exact  a  price  for  bre.ul.  Their  scanty 
stores,  also,  were  soon  exhausted,  for  their  fruj^al 
habits,  and  their  natural  indolence  and  improvi- 
dence, seldom  |)ermitleil  them  to  have  more  jiro- 
visions  on  h.md  than  was  requisite  for  present 
supi)ort.t      The    Adehintado    found    it   difficult. 


*  Peter  Martyr,  decad.  i.  lib.  iv. 
t  Ibid.,  lib.  V. 


therefore,  to   maint.iin    so    larj^e   a   force   in  1' 
nei(,diborhood,  until  they  should  h.ive  time  ten . 
tivate  the  e.irth,  and  raise  live-stock,  orshniijilr 
ceive  supplies  trom   Sp.iin.      Le.ivin^;  ten  iiuii 
guard   the   fortress,  with   ;i  dog  to  assist  thiM' 
catching  iitias,  he   m.irched   with   the  rest  nt  : 
men,  about  tour  himdred  in  number,  to  I'ort  (' 
ception,    in   the   .ibund.int   country  of   th'-   \r: 
lie  passed  the  whole  month  of  June  collei  tin;;' 
quarterly   tribute,    being  supplied    with    IohI 
Ciuarionex  .inil  his  subordinate  cacicpies.     In: 
following   month   'July,    141/)),  the  three  (  ir.r. 
comm.-iniled   by  Nifio  arrived   trom  Spain,  lin' 
ing  a  reinforcement  of  men,  and,  what  w.i^ - 
more  needed,  a  supplv  of  provisions.     'I  lie  1 1 : 
was  quickly  distributed  .iniong  the  hiiiiL; i\   ' 
nists,  but  unlortunately  a  gre.it  part  had  l"i:i 
jiired  during  the  vov.ige.     This  was  a  serious;: 
fortune  in  a  community  where  the  least  srun 
produced  murmur  and  sedition. 

15y  these  ships  the  .Vdelantado  received  I'jl'.';'; 
from  his  brother  directing  him  to  found  a  ton: 
and  seaport  at  the  mouth  ot  the  O/em.i,  ncir';! 
the  new  mines.  He  requested  him,  also,  to  si 
prisoners  to  .Sp.iin  such  of  the  caciques  aiul  th  • 
subjects  as  had  been  concerned  in  the  ile.ith;: 
any  of  the  colonists;  that  being  consiilerL'(l,i' 
sutlicient  ground,  by  many  of  the  ablest  jiiriiii 
and  theologi.ms  of  Spain,  for  selling  them  :• 
slaves.  On  the  return  of  the  caravels,  the  .\il(- 
lantailo  dispatched  three  hundred  Indi.m  \nm 
ers,  ;ind  three  caciipies.  These  forined  the  1  ■ 
starred  cargoes  about  which  XiHo  h.ul  made  si;' 
absurd  vaunting,  as  though  the  ships  were  l:u:e' 
with  treasures,  and  which  li.ad  caused  such  mo:- 
litlcation,  disa|ipointment,  and  del.iy  to  C'olui:.- 
bus. 

Having  obtained  by  this  arrival  a  supply  ot  ]ir| 
visions,  the  Adelantado  returned  to  the  icirtrt.'ssi:i 
.S.in  Christoval,  and  thence  |)roceede(l  to  the  O/fivi 
to  choose  a  site  tor  the  projiosed  se.ipoil.  Atter- 
careful  examination,  he  chose  the  eastern  hank': 
a  natur.al  h.aven  at  the  mouth  ot  the  river.  It«'i 
easy  of  access,  of  sutficient  depth,  and  good  aiidio:' 
age.     The  river  ran  through  a  beautiful   aiul  h 

*  Muiloz,  Hist.  N.  Mundo,  lib.  vi.  §  32. 


:*i.t<-i..Li,i 


LIFE    AM)   VOYAGHS   OF  COH'MIU'S. 


14d 


\v;)s  aciitea-l 
torian  h.is  ;i,i 

ot  liis  ihcnr. 
a  ctTlain  df,, 
it  the  i(|un  : 
I'll  the  worM' 
n  ils  c(|ii,uiif 
.It  the  (livcr>r 
I'filli',  nm  heir, 
li'iiMstaiit  v.ir 

l^l'S  .llnl  fv||,. 

iniiri'  iii.ini!r.' 
il  siiinctinics ,, 

I'lM'll.lpS  11... 

sc  111  (..'11111111111;, 

|r  ilrsiTlliiil 

ii^;nu'iUfi|  ii\  !- 

lie    ol)St'l'V(.T  ,r. 

him   .-i   philii,, 
111'  livuil."  • 


a   forri-   in  !' 
lavc  lilllf  In  r: 
;-k,  ()rshiii:lil  ri 
.■iii^f  ti'M  niiMi: 
u  assist  them; 
tlu;   ri'sl  111  ■;: 
ItT.  lu  Kurt  Cm' 
•y  of   Ihr   \'r: 
lu  I'olliTliiii; ; 
I    witli    loml  ' 
i(|in,'S.     hi  1': 
thri'i-  c:ir;ivr'. 
S|);iiii,  hrir; 
wliat  \v.is.>;: 
Tiic  l.iK'- 
hiinj.;ry  c^ 
had  hccii  ■■ 
a  scrimis  mii- 
least  scarci;; 

rccfivi'd  Ifi'.':'' 
Iiiiiiul  .1  to' 
)/:fina,  iiu:ir' 
iLsd,  to  scr: 
(Hies  ami  the' 
the  dcuh: 

I'Ollslth'IX'll  .1: 

.•ilijfst  jiiriv 

ill'^-      I  hem    :: 

vrls,  th('  ,\(lr 
iidian  pris"' 
)riiic(l  t!ie  1. 
h.id  ni.'idf  sii; 
)S  wi-ri'  laii:' 
scd  siii'h  nit; 
;iV   til   Colli- 


,e  11 


Ill 


supply  ot  iir'l 
till'  tMiiri.'^'i'^' 

:1  luihcO/diu 

ipcirl.     Alter. 

'astern  hank  : 
river.  Itw'.i 
I  (^rood  anchor' 

LitituI   and  k' 

32. 


lerountry  ;  its  waters  were  pure  .md  s.iliilMiiiiis, 

III  well   stdiked    with    tish  ;    its  l),iiiks  were  eov- 

eil  with  trees  heariiijjlhi!  liiie  fruits  ol  the  isl.nid, 

jthatin   s.idiiij;   ahin^',  the    triiils   and    llowers 

|),|,'l  I,,,  plueked  with  the  hand  tinm  the  hraiuhes 

liiih  iiverhuiiK   the    stream.*       This    <lelinlittul 

Initv  w.is  the   <lwellin^;-place  <it   the  teniale  la- 

lU'   wli"    h.id    eoneeived    an    atfei  tiiiii     tor    the 

(iini!  .Sp.miar.l   MiKU*'l   l^ia/,  and  had    iiiduifd 

nitiitiitiie   his  ei)Uiilrymen  to   that  part  ot   the 

anil.     The  promise  she  had  ^iven  ot  a  Iriendly 

i-,.|,liiiii  (III   the   pari  ot   her  tribe  was  iailhlully 

Ttdlllieil. 

Oil  .1  (iiiiim.iiiilin^  l).ink  of  the  harbor  Don  Mar- 
oliiniew  eieiled  .1  tortress,  whii  h  at  Mrst  w  .is  eall- 
S.ihill.i,  but  .dti'rward  San  !)oniiii),'o.  and  w.is 
(iri^jin  111  the  eily  which  still  be.irs  th.it  n.ime. 
Ailel.iiit.idii  was  ot  an  aetive  .and  inilefati^Mble 
rit.  Nil  sooner  was  the  fortress  eompleted  th.m 
let!  Ill  II  .1  garrison  ot  twenty  men,  and  w  ilh  the 
still  Ills  tones  set  out  to  visit  the  donrnions  ol 
ehiiliiii,  one  of  the  principal  chiett.iins  ol  the 
land,  I'liis  caritiue,  as  has  already  been  nien- 
Bned,  rti^;iied  over  Xara^jua,  a  ])rovinei'  eomiiris- 
iralliiost  the  whole  co.ist  at  the  west  end  ot  the 
land,  imliidinj,'  Cape  Tiburon,  and  extendiiit;- 
oiij,^  llie  siiiilh  side  as  tar  as  I'oinl  Ajjuida,  or 
t  sill. ill  island  of  Heata.  It  was  one  ot  the  most 
jpiiloiis  and  lertile  districts,  with  a  delij,dutiil  eli- 
ate  ;  anil  its  inh.ibitants  were  solter  and  more 
•accfiil  ill  their  manners  tli.m  the  rest  ot  the 
andcrs.  lieinjj  so  remote  troni  all  the  for- 
Esscs,  the  caiiiiue,  althou^jh  he  had  t.iken  a  part 
the  cniiihin.ition  ot  the  chieftains,  had  hitherto 
m.iiiKil  bee  from  the  incursions  and  exactions 
the  white  men. 

With  this  c.iciiiue  resided  Anacaona,  widow  of 

le  kite  liirniid.ible  C.aonabo.     She  w.is  sister  to 

hecliiii,  and  had  taken   refujje  with  her  brother 

Iter  the  capture  of  her  husb.uid.     Sht;  was  one  of 

le  nidst  beautiful    females   of   the  island  ;    her 

me  ill    the    Indi.m    lan^(uaf;e   sifrnit'ied   "  The 

ileii  IMowir."     She   possessed   a  genius  supe- 

iortii  the  j,'enerality  of  her  race,  and  was  said  to 

Ijicel  in  ciiniposinj,r  tliose   little  lef^endary  ballads, 

areyliis,  which  thi'  n.itives  chanted  as  they  per- 

rmed  their  national   dances.     All   the  Spanish 

Titers  :\p\'i^  in  describinir  her  as  possessin;^  ,1 

'iiral  (lit,'iiity  ;ind  }j;race  hardly  to  be  credited  in 

r  i),niiir,iiit   and    savaj^e   comlition.       Notwith- 

ndui);  the  ruin   with   which   her   husband  h.icl 

en  iiverwhelmed   by  the  hostility  of  the  white 

icn,  she  apiiears  to  have  entertained   no  vindic- 

fe  feeliii^r  toward   them,  knowinjc  that  he   had 

evoked  their  venjjfe.ince  by  his   own   voluntary 

faifare.    She  regarded   the  Sjianiards  with   ad- 

iiratiiin  as  almost  superhuman   Ihmiijjs,  and  her 

itellifjenl  mind  perceived  the  futility  and  impolicy 

any  attempt  to  resist  their  superiority  in  arts 

d  arms.    Ilaviiifj ^reat  intUience  over  her  broth- 

liLliechio,  she  counselled   him  to    take  warn- 

ighythe  Lite  of  her  husband,  and  to  conciliate 

le  friendship  of  the  Spaniards  ;  and  it  issujiposed 

at  a  knii\vle(lj;e   ot  the  friendly  sentiments  and 

wertiil  iiilluence   of   this   ])r'i>ci'ss,    in    a   great 

icasure  prompted  the   Adelantau./  to  his  present 

peilitioii.f 

In  passiiijr  throuj;h  those  parts  of  the  island 
hich  had  hitherto  been  unvisited  by  luiropeans, 
e  Adekuuatlo  adopted  the  same  imposinj';'  meas- 
'cs  which  the  admiral  had  used  on  a  former  oc- 


Peter  Martyr,  decad.  i.  lib.  v. 
:  t  Charlevoi.v,   Hist.   St.    Domingo,   lib. 
jluiioz,  Hist.  N.  Mundo,  lib.  vi.  §  vi. 


11.   p.   147. 


I  .ision  ;  he  put  his  c.i\  dry  in  the  adv.incr,  and 
chtered  all  the  Indi.in  town-,  in  martial  arr.iy,  with 
st.ind.irds  displayed,  and  the  smind  ot  drum  and 
trumpet. 

After  proceedinjj  about  thirty  lea^jiies,  he  came 
to  the  ri\er  Neyva,  which,  is^-iiiiij,'  Irom  the  moun- 
t.iins  of  Cib.io,  diviiles  the  southern  side  of  the 
island.  Crossing;  this  stre.iin,  he  ilispatched  two 
p.irlies  of  ten  men  each  alon^,'  the  seacoast  in 
se.irch  of  brazil-wood.  'I'liey  tnund  >;re.it  (|uanti- 
ties,  and  telled  many  trees,  wlmh  liny  stored  in 
the  Indian  cabins,  until  tfiey  »niild  be  t.iken  away 
by  se.i. 

Iiieliniiif,'  with  his  m.iin  lnrce  to  the  right,  the 
,  .Adi  lant.uio  met,  not  tar  Irom  the  river,  the  ca- 
ciijue  lieliichio,  with  a  gre.it  army  ol  his  subjects, 
.iriiied  with  bows  ;ind  arrows  and  lames.  If  he 
had  come  forth  with  the  inleiuion  ot  opposing  the 
inroad  into  his  toresl  dom.iins,  he  w.is  prob.ibly 
daunted  by  the  tormid.ible  appear.ince  ot  the 
.Spaniards.  Laying  .iside  his  wcapoiis,  he  ad- 
N.iiiced  .and  aicosted  the  Adi  l.intado  \ery  aniica- 
bly,  proh'ssing  that  he  was  thus  in  arms  for  the 
purpose  ol  subieiting  cert.iin  villages  .ilong  the 
river,  .ind  in(|iiiriiig,  at  the  same  time,  the  object 
ot  this  incursion  ot  the  S|),iiii.ir(ls.  The  Adelan- 
tado  .assured  him  thatlu'C.ime  uii  .1  pe.iielld  visit, 
to  pass  a  little  time  in  friendly  interiouise  ,it  Xara- 
gua.  He  succeided  so  wtdl  in  .ill.iyiiig  the  appre- 
hensions of  the  caci(iue,  that  the  latter  dismissed 
his  army,  .and  sent  swill  messengers  to  order  prep- 
arations for  the  suitable  rei  eption  of  so  distin- 
guished ,1  guest.  As  the  Spani.irds  ;i(lv;inced  into 
,  the  territories  of  the  i  hiettain,  .iiid  passid  through 
•  the  districts  of  his  interior  caci(|ues,  the  latter 
!  brought  forth  cassav.i  bread,  hemp,  cotton,  and 
various  other  jiroductions  of  the  land.  At  length 
they  drew  ne.ir  to  the  residence  of  liehechio, 
which  was  a  large  town  situ.ited  in  ;i  beautiful 
jKirt  of  the  country  ne.ir  the  coast,  at  the  bottom 
of  that  deep  bay,  called  at  present  the  Ijight  of 
Leogan. 

The  Spaniards  had  heard  m.iny  accounts  of  the 
sott  and  delightful  region  of  .X.iragua,  in  one  part 
ot   which    Indi.in   tr.iditioiis  pl.iced    tlirir  I'-lysi.in 
fields.     They  h.id  heard  mm  h,  ;ilso,  ol  tin:  beauty 
and  urbanity  ot  the  inh.abitanis  :  the  mode  of  their 
reception  was  calculated  to  ci.iit'irm  their  favorable 
lirepossessions.      As  they  .approached   the  ])lace, 
'   thirty   females  of  the  cacique's  household  came 
'   torth  to  meet  them,  singing  their  areylos,  or  tradi- 
tion.iry  ballads,  and   dancing  and    wa\ing  palm 
br.inches.     The  m.irried   females  wore  aprons  of 
i  embroidered   cotton,    reaching  half    w.iv    to    the 
knee  ;    the   young   women    were    entirely  naked, 
with  merely  a  fillet  round  the  lnrehe.id.  their  hair 
filling  upon   their  shoulders.     They  were  beauti- 
.ully    ]iropiirtioned,    their  skin    smootli   .and   deli- 
I  cale,  and  their  com|)li-xioii  of  a  cle.ir,  .agreeable 
''  brown.    According  to  old  I'eter  Martyr,  the  Span- 
i.irds when   they   beheld   them  issuing  torth  from 
their  green  woods,  almost  im.igiiied   they  beheld 
the  fabled  dryads,  or  native  nymphs  ;iiid  fairies  of 
the  fountains,  sung  by  the  ancient  poets. •■      When 
they  came  before  Don   IS.irthiilnmew,   they  knell 
and  gracefully  presented  him  the  green  br.inches, 
I  After  these  came  the  female  cacique  .\iiacaona, 
reclining  on  a  kind  of  light  litter  borne  by  six  In- 
I  dians.     Like  the  other  females,  she  had  no  other 
covering  than  an  a|)ron  of  various-coloied  cotton. 
j  She  wore   round   her  head   a  fr.igr.mt  ga.rland  of 
j  red   and   white   tlowers,  .and  wreaths  ot  the   same 
1  round  her  neck  and  arms.     She  received  the  Ade- 

I      *  Peter  Martyr,  decad.  i.  lib.  v. 


146 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGES   OF  COLUMBUS. 


,1''' 


IW  V' 


lantado  rmrl  his  followers  with  that  natural  grace 
and  courtesy  tor  which  she  was  celebrated  ; 
manifesting  no  hostility  toward  them  tor  the  fate 
her  husband  had  ex|)erienced  at  their  hands. 

The  Adelantado  and  his  oflicers  were  conduct- 
ed to  tile  hcnise  of  Ilehecliio,  where  a  bantjuet  was 
served  up  of  utias,  a  great  variety  of  sea  and  river 
fish,  with  roots  and  fruits  of  excellent  cjuality. 
Here  first  the  .Spaniards  con(|uered  'heir  rejiug- 
nance  to  tne  guana,  the  favorite  delicacy  of  the 
Indians,  but  which  I'm;  former  had  regarded  with 
disfi^ast,  as  a  •  ;u-cics  of  serpent.  The  .Adelantado, 
wil.ing  to  accustom  himself  to  the  usages  of  the 
country,  was  the  tirst  to  taste  this  animal,  being 
kindly  pressed  thereto  by  Anacaona.  flis  fol- 
lowers imitated  his  example,  they  found  it  to  be 
highly  palatable  and  delicate  ;  and  from  that  time 
forward,  the  guana  was  held  in  repute  among 
Spanish  epicures.* 

The  i)an(|uet  being  over,  Don  Bartholomew 
with  six  of  his  princijial  cavaliers  were  lodged  in 
the  dwelling  of  liehechio  ;  the  rest  were  distrib- 
uted in  the  liouses  of  the  inferior  cacic[ues,  where 
they  slept  in  hammocks  of  matted  cotton,  the 
Usual  beds  of  the  natives. 

J'^or  two  days  they  remained  with  the  hospitable 
Behcchio,  entertained  with  various  Inlian  games 
and  festivities,  among  which  the  most  remarkable 
was  the  representation  of  a  battle.  1  wo  s(|uad- 
rons  of  naked  Indians,  armed  with  bows  and  ar- 
rows, sallied  suddenly  into  the  public  scjuare  and 
began  to  skirmish  in  a  m.mr.er  similar  to  the 
Moorish  pl.iy  of  canes,  or  tilting  reeds,  lly  de- 
grees they  became  excited,  and  fought  ,vitli  such 
c 'rnestness,  that  four  were  slain,  and  many 
wounded,  v.hicli  S(;enied  to  increase  the  interest 
and  pleasure  of  the  spec'ators.  The  contest  would 
have  continued  longer,  and  might  have  been  still 
more  bloody,  had  not  the  Adelantado  and  the 
other  cavaliers  interfered  and 
game  might  cease. t 

When  the  festivities  were  over,  and  familiar  in- 
tercourse h.ad  promoted  mutual  confidence,  the 
Adelantado  addressed  the  caciejue  and  .Anacaona 
on  the  re.d  object  of  his  visit.  He  informed  hiir: 
that  his  brother,  the  admiral,  had  been  Sf-nt  to 
this  island  by  the  sovereigns  of  Castile,  who  were 
great  and  mighty  potentates,  with  many  king(h)ms 
under  their  sway.  That  the  admiral  iiad  returned 
to  a|)i)rise  his  sovereigns  hov,-  many  tributary  ca- 
ciques there  were  in  the  island,  leaving  him  in 
command,  and  that  he  had  come  to  receive  lie- 
hechio under  the  protection  of  these  mighty  sov- 
ereigns, ,."1  to  arrange  a  tribute  to  be  ])aid  by 
hiin,  in  such  manner  as  should  be  most  conven- 
ient and  sitisfactory  to  himself.J 

The  caci(|ue  was  greatly  embairassed  by  tiiir. 
demand,   knowing  the  sufferings   inllictei'  on  the 

■■■'  "  These  serpentes  arc  lykeunto  croc<5f'.iles,  saving 
in  bygness  ;  tliey  call  them  guanas.  L'r.to  that  day 
none  of  owre  men  durste  adventure  to  taste  of  them, 
by  reason  of  ihcyre  horrible  I'.eforniilic  and  loth- 
sonmes.  Yet  the  Adelantado  being  en.ysed  by  the 
pleasantnes  of  the  king's  sister,  Anacaon.i,  determin- 
ed to  taste  [lie  serpentes.  Hut  when  he  fei'.e  the  llcsh 
thereof  to  be  so  delycate  to  his  tongue,  he  fel  to 
amaync  uithmit  al  feare.  The  which  thyng  his  com- 
panions perceiving,  were  not  behynd  hym  in  freedy- 
nesse  :  insomuche  that  they  had  now  none  other  taikc 
than  of  the  sweetncsse  of  these  serpentes,  which  they 
affirm  to  le  of  more  pleasant  taste,  than  eyther  our 
phesantes  oi  partriches. "  Peter  Martyr,  decad.  i. 
book  v.     r",den's  I'lng.  Trans. 

■f  Las  C.Asas.  Hist.  Ind.,  lib.  i.  cap.  113. 

i  Ibid.,  cap.  114. 


legged    that   the 


other  parts  of  the  island  by  the  avidity  of  ■;- 
Sjianiards  tor  gold.  He  replied  that  he  had  ht^- 
apjirised  that  gold  was  the  great  object  for  wh;. 
the  white  men  had  come  to  their  island,  and  ih;| 
a  tribute  was  paid  in  it  by  some  of  his  telle 
ciques  ;  but  that  in  no  jjart  of  his  territories «  I 
gold  to  be  found  ;  and  his  subjects  li  irdly  khv 
what  it  was.  To  this  the  .Adelantado  r;pl' Jd  « 
great  adroitness,  that  nothing  was  l.ir'.iier  fr- 
the  intention  or  wish  of  his  sovei,''giis  ih.ui  to::. 
cpiire  a  tribute  in  things  not  ])roduced  in  his,  . 
minions,  but  that  it  might  be  ))aid  in  cotu/ 
hemp,  and  cassava  bread,  with  which  thu  sc- 
rounding  country  appeared  to  abound.  'l"i,c  i.n:-. 
tenance  of  the  cacique  brightened  at  this  iiuiir.;. 
tion  ;  he  promised  cheerful  compliance,  and  ■. 
stantly  sent  orders  to  all  his  subordinate  c;u:i(|.:i 
to  sow  abundance  of  cotton  for  the  lirst  pavn-: 
of  the  stipulated  tribute.  Having  made  all  :■: 
requisite  arrangements,  the  Adelantado  idni;  . 
most  friendly  leave  of  I5ehechio  and  his  sb:;: 
and  set  out  tor  Isabella. 

Thus  by  amicable  and  sagacious  mans;:- 
ment,  one  of  the  most  extensive  provinces  ol;:; 
island  was  brought  into  cheerlul  subjection,  s-; 
had  not  the  wise  ])olicy  of  the  .Adelantadi)  bt:- 
defeated  by  the  excesses  of  worthless  and  uir:.. 
lent  men,  a  large  revenue  might  have  been  e 
lected,  without  any  recourse  to  violence  or  uppr*? 
sion.  In  all  instances  these  simple  people  a|)|ic: 
to  have  been  extremely  tractable,  and  meeklv.r; 
even  cheerfully  to  have  resigned  their  rij,'hu; 
the  white  men,  when  treated  with  geiuleness  r.. 
humanity. 


CHAPTER  II. 

EST.\nLISHMF.\T  OF  A  CH.MN  OF  MILITARY  PiV 
— INSL-RRi:CTION  OF  GU.VRIONEX,  THE  CACI(.'i:| 
OF   THE   VEG.\. 

[1496.] 

On  arriving  at  Isabella,  Don  riartholoir-' 
found  it,  as  usual,  a  scene  of  misery  .-ind  repiiii:. 
M.my  had  died  during  his  absence  ;  most  were :'. 
Those  who  were  healthy  comjilained  of  these;: 
city  of  food,  and  those  who  were  ill,  of  the  wj- 
ol  medicines.  The  ])rovisions  distributed  aiiif 
them,  from  the  supply  brought  out  a  few  nioir, 
before  by  Pedro  Alonzo  N'ifio,  had  been  c' 
sumed.  Partly  from  sickness,  and  ])ardy  Iron^ 
repugnance  to  labtir,  they  nad  neglected  to  cu.: 
vate  the  surrouii'ling  countr/,  and  the  Indians, 
whom  they  chielly  depended,  outr.igt^d  by  ih: 
oppressions,  had  abandone.l  the  vicinity,  and  li'- 
to  the  mountains  ;  choosing  rather  to  subsist: 
roots  and  herbs,  in  their  rugged  retreats,  than:: 
niain  in  the  luxuriant  i^laiis,  subject  to  the  wror; 
and  cruelties  of  the  white  i.ien.  The  history 
this  island  jtresents  continiinl  ])ictures  of  their; 
eries,  the  actu.il  want  and  j)c)\ertv  produccil 
the  gras|)ing  avidity  of  goU  .  It  had  rendered:: 
.Spaniards  heedless  of  all  the  less  obvious,  '"■ 
more  certain  and  '.alubri.ius  sources  of  u\.';i,;: 
All  labor  seemed  lost  that  was  to  produce  pr." 
by  a  circuitous  proce;,s.  Instead  of  cidtivat:' 
the  luxurian.t  s'lil  around  them,  and  derivinj;  r^: 
treasures  fr(>;n  its  surf:icc,  they  wasted  theiri:" 
in  seeking  for  mines  ,ind  golden  streams,  .'1: 
were  st:ir\ing  in  the  midst  of  lertilitv. 

No  sooner  were  the  provisions  exh.austed  wii: 
had  bien  brought  out  by  .\if\o  than  the  colon.^ 
began  to   break   forth   in  their  accustomed  mi. 


M^'  M.irtvr,  decad.   i. 
>'ne.\,  whidi  must  ha' 
F"":  least  vestige  can  b 


LIFE  AND  VOYAGES   OF  COLUMBUS. 


147 


avidity  of 
It  liL-  had  I) 
jcct    for  \vl 
;l;in(l,  and  \^--l 
f  Ills  tclir-  .-• 
tcl'I'ltoriL'S  \v;i 

,s  lianlly  kntJ 
;'.o  i-L-|)lv-d  \v;J 
s  tar'.iier  frc;l 
f-iis  than  tnr-.^ 
uvvd  in  h'o 
laid    in    eir; 
iviiirli   llif  - 
inci.  Til'- 1 
at  lliis  iin; 
diancc,  an.: . 
Jinatc  (;a(ii|. 
•i  lirst  |)ayn> 
r  made  all  ;.■;[ 
antado  tool;  J 
and  liis  sis'ie:| 

cioiis    niana;*-! 
irovincfs  d! : 

SUl)j(,-Cli(i|l, 

(Icdantadi) '  ■ 
less  and  lu:  . 

iiavc  bi-cn  l 
ciicc  01"  oppr: 
e  jicople  :;]'■'■ 
and  nu'eklv  , 
I  their  ri.niv,- 

gcullentba  .: 


irs.  They  represented  themselves  as  neglertcd 
Columbus,  wlio,  amid    tlie    l)laiulishmeius  and 

irlus  ii!  a  court,  ihoujrhl  little  of  their  suffer- 
They  considered  themselves  equally  for- 
iteii  l)v  i^overnment  ;  while,  havinj;  no  vessel 
'ijie  harbor,  they  were  destitute  of  all  means  of 

iiiL'  home  intelli^jence  of  their  disastrous  situ- 


fo 

caraw 


tJMi^l.tncl.      1( 
aU  iiitdfss  an( 


I 


[ILITARV  VO- 
THE  CAClvi; 


BartholoiTie- 
y  and  repinir, 
most  wt-re :  - 
I'd   of  the  s^.:- 
,  of  tht-  V,:: 
nhuted  i\nv. 
a  few  nioii;:: 
lad    hi'LMi  c  '■ 
])ardy  fron-: 
fcted  to  ci:.: 
the  Indians, :' 
ra^ed   by  t- 
cinity,  anil  li 
r  to  suiisisl : 
treats,  thaiu: 
t  to  the  wrorjl 
The  history 
ires  of  llien- 
V    produi'ti. 
rendered ; 
obvious,  :-■- 
ces  of  w.';ii;' 
jiroduce  pro" 
of  ci'ltiva;;'; 
id  derivin,i,'r.i 
steii  their  li': 
streams,  a:; 

lausted  \vi'i"| 

1  the  colon;: 

ustomed  nitf 


anil  iniplorinj;-  relief. 

remove  this  last  cause  of  discontent,  and 
h  some  object  for  their  hopes  and  thouj,'hts 
V  round,  the  Adelantado  ordered  that  two 
hould  be  built  at  Isabella,  for  the  use  of 
To  relieve  the  settlement,  also,  from 
(1  rcpininj^  individuals,  durinjf  this 
t  id  searcity,  he  distributed  such  as  were  too 
to  l:'I)or,  or  to  bear  arms,  into  the  interior, 
re  ihev  would  have  the  benefit  of  a  better  cli- 
e,  and  more  abundant  sujjply  of  Indian  jiro- 
|ons.  He  at  the  same  time  completed  and  {yar- 
ned the  chain  of  military  posts  established  by 
hrollier  in  the  [jrecedinj;  year,  consistinjj  of 
forlilied  houses,  each  surrounded  by  its  de- 
dent  iiamlet.  The  first  of  these  was  about 
e  ii'a;,'ues  from  Isabella,  and  was  called  la  Ks- 
nrfa;i/a.  Six  ieaj,'ues  beyond  was  Santa  Catalina. 
E<^rlea,UKS  and  a  half  further  was  Magdal'.'na, 
■  re  the  first  lown  of  Santiaj^o  was  afterward 
lied  ;  and  live  leagues  farther  Fort  Concep- 
- whieh  was  fortified  with  great  care,  being 
mjlie  vast  and  i)()])ulous  \'ega,  and  within  half  a 
]^»:  from  the  residence  of  its  cacique,  (iuari- 
OBix.*  lla\iiig  thus  relieved  Isabella  of  all  its 
Vjfk^-,  population,  and  left  none  but  such  as  were 
too  id  to  he  removed,  or  were  rec[uired  for  the 
;iep:>  e  and  ]irotection  of  the  ])lace,  and  the  con- 
iltnii'.ion  (d  the  caravels,  the  Adelantado  returned, 
ith  a  laiL^e  body  of  the  most  effective  men,  to 
lortresn  of  San  Domingo. 

he  milu.iry  [Kists,  thus  established,  succeeded 
,1  lime  in  overawing  the  natives  ;    but  fresh 
li'.i'.ies  were  soon  manifested,  excited  by  a  dit- 
lu  enu-~e  fron^  the  preceding.    Among  the  mis- 
aries  who  had    accomjianied   Friar  lioyle  to 
inland,  were  two  of  far  greater  zeal  than  their 
rior.    When   he   returned  to  Spain,  they  re- 
ned,  earnestly  bent    upon    the    fulfilment   of 
r  niisidon.     (Jne  was  called   Roman  Pane,  a 
rl'.erniit,  as  he  styled  himself,  of  the  order  of 
;(ieroninio  ;    the  other  was  Juan   BorgoRon,  a 
neiseaii.     They  resided  for  some  time  among 
Indian  ;  of  the  Vega,  strenuously  endeavoring 
iiake  euiiverts,  and   had   succeeded    with   one 
ily,  of  sixteen  persons,   the  chief  of  which,  on 
bapii/ed,  took   the  name  of  Juan    Mateo. 
)nversion    of   the  cacique  ("lUarione.x,   how- 
was  dieir  main  object.      The  extent  of  his 
essiuns  made  his  conversion  of  great  impor- 
e  10  the  interests  of  the  colony,  ;uul  was  con- 
red  by  the  zealous  fathers  a  means  of  bring- 
his  minierous  subjects  under  the  dominion  of 
church.     For  some  time  he  lent  a  willing  ear  ; 
iearnt  ;he  Pater  Xoster,   the  Ave  Maria,  and 
*-ree;l,  and   made    his  whole    family    repe.it 
ily.     The  other  cacicpies  of  the  \'ega  and 
e  provinces  of  Cibao,  however,  scoffed  at  him 
tan!;,-  conforming  to  the  laws  and  customs 
raiii,'' !s,   usurpers  of    his  ilomains,    and   o|)- 
isor-,    -:  lijs  nation.      The  friars  com|)l;iined 
in  I  insecjuence  of    these  evil   communiea- 
.  their  eiiiivert  sudtlenly  relapsed  into  infulel- 
iiut  .mother  and  more  ;rrievous  cause  is  as- 


"  Martyr,  decad.   i.  lib.  v.     Of  the  residence  of 
ncx,  which  must  have  been  a  considerable  town, 
east  vestige  can  be  discovered  at  present. 


signed  for  his  recantation.  His  favorite  wife  was 
seduced  or  treated  with  outrage  by  a  Sp.miard  of 
authority  ;  and  the  cacique  renounced  all  faith  in 
a  relii';ior.,  which,  as  he  supposed,  admitted  of 
such  arocities.  Losing  all  hope  of  effecting  his 
conve."sion,  the  missionaries  remove<l  to  the  terri- 
tories ui  another  cacii|ue,  taking  with  tluni  Juan 
Mateo,  their  Indian  convert.  IJefore  their  depart- 
ure, they  erected  a  small  chapel,  and  furnished 
it  with  an  altar,  crucifix,  and  images,  for  the  use 
of  the  family  of  Mateo. 

Scarcely  had  they  departed,  when  several  In- 
dians entered  the  chapel,  broke  the  images  in 
pieces,  trampled  them  under  foot,  and  buried 
them  in  a  neigh!)oring  field.  This,  it  was  said, 
was  done  by  order  of  (".uarionex,  in  conteni[)t  of 
the  religion  from  which  he  had  apostatized.  A 
comi)laint  of  this  enormity  was  carried  to  the 
Adelantado,  who  ordered  a  suit  to  be  immedi- 
ately instituted,  and  those  who  were  found  culpa- 
ble, to  be  pi  nished  according  to  law.  It  was  a 
])eriod  of  great  rigor  in  ecclesiastical  law,  es- 
pecially among  the  S|)aniards.  In  Siiain  .all  here- 
sies in  religion,  all  recantations  from  the  faith,  and 
all  acts  of  sacrilegi,  either  by  Moor  or  Jew,  were 
punished  with  fire  and  fagot.  Such  was  tb.e  I.Ue 
of  the  poor  ignorant  Indians,  convicted  of  this  out- 
rage on  the  church.  It  is  questionable  whether 
Ciuarionex  had  any  hanfl  in  this  offence,  and  it  is 
])robable  that  the  whole  affair  was  exaggerated. 
A  proof  jf  the  credit  due  to  the  evidence  hiuuglu 
forward,  may  he  judged  by  one  of  the  lact.s  re- 
corded by  Roman  Pane,  "the  poor  hermit."  The 
field  in  wdiich  the  holy  images  were  buried  was 
jdanted,  he  says,  with  certain  roots  shaped  like  a 
turnip,  or  radish,  several  of  which  coming  up  in 
the  neighborhood  of  the  images,  were  loiind  to  have 
grown  most  miraculously  in  the  form  of  a  cross.* 

The  cruel  punishment  inllicteil  on  these  In- 
dians, instead  of  daunting  their  countrymen,  filled 
them  with  horror  and  indignation.  L'naceustom- 
ed  to  such  stern  rule  and  vindictive  justice,  .and 
having  no  clear  ideas  :u)r  jiowerful  sentiments 
with  respect  to  religion  of  any  kind,  they  could 
not  comi)rehend  the  nature  nor  extent  of  the  crime 
committed.  I-ven  Ciuarionex,  a  man  natur.dlv 
moderate  and  pacific,  was  highly  incensed  witd 
the  assumption  of  power  within  his  territories, 
.and  the  inhuman  death  inflicted  on  !iis  subjects. 
The  other  caciipies  perceived  his  irritation,  and 
endeavored  to  induce  him  to  unitt;  in  a  sud(kMi  in- 
surrection, that  by  one  vigorous  and  gener.il  ef- 
fort, they  might  break  the  yoke  of  th.eir  ojjpress- 
ors.  CiUarionex  wavered  for  some  time.  He 
knew  the  martial  skill  and  prowess  of  the  Sp.aii- 
iards  ;  he  stood  in  awe  of  their  ca.  .dry,  and  he 
had  before  him  the  disastrous  fate  of  Caon.ibo  ; 
but  he  was  rendered  bold  by  despair,  and  he  be- 
held in  the  domination  of  these  strangers  the  as- 
sured ruin  of  his  race.  The  early  w  riters  speak 
of  .1  tradition  current  among  the  inhabitants  of 
the  isl.uul,  respecting  this  ("lUarionex.  He  w.is  of 
an  ancient  line  of  hereditary  caciques.  His  father, 
in  times  long  jjreceding  the  discovery,  having 
lasted  for  five  days,  according  to  their  supersti- 
tions ol)servances,  ap|)lied  to  his  zemi,  or  h()U~,r- 
hokl  deity,  for  information  of  things  to  come.  He 
received  lor  answer  that  within  a  tew  years  there 
should  come  to  the  island  a  nation  covered  with 
clothing,  which  should  destroy  all  their  cuitoms 
and  ceremonies,  a. id  slay  their  children  or  reduce 
them  to  painful  servitude'.!  The  tradition  w.is  prob- 


•\ 


I  I 


|(h<: 


■■■   Escritura  de  Fr.  Roman,  Hist,  del  Almiraiue. 
f  Peter  Martyr,  decad.  i.  lib.  ix. 


i'l 


{' 


W   ',,■1 


.;f' 


148 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGES   OF  COLUMBUS. 


ably  invent  :^I  by  the  Rutio'i,  or  priests,  after  the 
Spiiniards  h.icl  bej^un  to  exercise  their  severities. 
W'lietiicr  their  prediction  had  an  effect  in  dispos- 
injr  the  mind  of  Ciuarionex  to  hostilities  is  uncer- 
tain. .Some  have  asserted  that  he  was  com|)elle(l 
to  take  up  arms  by  his  subjects,  who  threatened, 
in  case  of  his  refusal,  to  choose  some  other  chief- 
tain ;  others  have  alleged  the  outrage  committed 
upon  his  favorite  wife,  as  the  principal  cause  of 
his  irritation.*  It  was  probably  these  things 
combined,  which  at  length  induced  him  to  enter 
into  the  consjiiracy.  A  secret  consultation  was 
held  among  the  caciques,  wherein  it  was  concert- 
ed, that  on  the  clay  of  payment  of  their  quarterly 
tril)ute,  when  a  great  number  could  assemble 
without  causing  susjiicinn,  they  should  suddenly 
rise  u])on  the  Spaniards  and  massacre  them.f 

liy  some  means  the  g.irrison  at  Fort  Conception 
received  intimation  of  this  .conspiracy,  licingbut 
a  handful  of  men,  and  surrounded  by  hostile 
tribes,  they  wrote  a  letter  to  the  Adelantado,  at 
•San  Domingo,  imploring  immediate  aid.  As  this 
letter  might  be  taken  from  their  Indian  messen- 
ger, the  natives  having  discovered  that  these  let- 
ters had  a  wonderful  power  of  communicating  in- 
telligence, and  fancying  they  could  talk,  it  was 
inclose<l  in  a  reed,  to  be  used  as  a  staff.  The 
messenger  was,  in  fact,  intercepted  ;  but,  affect- 
ing to  be  dunil)  and  lame,  and  intimating  by  signs 
that  he  was  returning  home,  was  permiitefl  to 
limp  forward  on  his  journey.  When  out  of  sight 
he  resumed  his  speed,  and  bore  the  letter  safely 
and  expeditiously  to  San  Domingo. J 

The  Adelantado,  with  his  characteristic  prompt- 
ness and  activity,  set  out  immediately  with  a  body 
of  troops  for  the  fortress  ;  and  though  his  men 
were  much  enfeebled  by  scanty  fare,  hard  ser- 
vice, and  long  marches,  hurried  them  rajiidly  for- 
ward. Xe\er  did  aid  arrive  more  opportunely. 
The  Indians  were  assembled  on  the  |)lain,  to  the 
amount  of  many  thousands,  armed  after  their 
manner,  and  waiting  for  the  appointed  time  to 
strike  the  blow.  After  consulting  with  the  com- 
mantk'r  of  tlie  fortress  and  his  officers,  the  Ade- 
lantado concerted  a  mode  of  proceeding.  Ascer- 
t.iining  the  places  in  which  the  various  cacicpies 
had  distributed  their  forces,  he  appointed  an  offi- 
cer with  a  body  of  men  to  each  cacicpie,  with  or- 
ders, at  an  apijointed  hour  of  the  night,  to  rush 
into  the  villages,  sur|)rise  them  aslee])  and  unarm- 
ed, bind  the  caciepies,  and  bring  them  off  jirison- 
ers.  As  (lUarionex  was  the  most  important  per- 
sonage, and  his  ca])ture  would  prolfibly  be  at- 
tended with  most  difticulty  and  danger,  the  Ade- 
lantado took  the  charge  of  it  upon  himself,  at  the 
head  ol  one  hundred  men. 

This  stratagem,  founded  upon  a  knowledge  of 
the  attachment  of  the  Indians  to  their  chieftains, 
and  calculated  to  sjiare  a  great  effusion  of  blor  : 
was  completely  successful.  The  villages  having 
no  w.dls  nor  other  defences,  were  (piietly  entered 
at  midniglit,  ;ind  the  Sp.iniards,  rushing  suddenly 
into  tile  houses  where  the  cacicpies  were  <|uarter- 
ed,  seized  and  bound  them,  to  the  number  of  four- 
teen, and  hurried  them  off  to  the  fortress,  before 
any  i^ffort  could  be  made  for  their  defence  or  res- 
cue. The  Indians,  struck  with  teiror,  made  no 
resistance,  nor  any  showot  hostility  ;  surrounding 
the  fortress  in  great  multitudes,  but  without  weap- 
ons, they  tilled  the  air  with  doleful   bowlings  and 

■*  I. as  Casus,  Hist.  Ind.,  lib.  i.  cap.  iCi. 
\  llerrera,  Uecad.  i.  lib.  iii.  cap.  65.      Feter  Martyr, 
dci'ad.  vi.  lib.  v. 
I  llcrrcra,  Hist,  Ind.,  decad.  I,  lib,  iii.  cap.  7, 


lamentations,  imploring  the  release  of  their 
tains.     The  Ailelantaflo  com|)leted  his  eiucr:- 
with   the  spirit,   sagacity,    and    moderation 
which  he  had  hitherto  conducterl  it.     He  nhu- 
information  of   the  causes  of  this  conspirarv, 
the  individuals  most  culiiable.    Two  caciciuc, 
principal  movers  of  the  insuriection,  and  wh'i- 
most  wrought  upon  the  easy  nature  of  Ciinri -. 
were   put  to  death.     As  to  that   imfon  '.a;- 
cicpie,     the     Adelantado,    considering    ihe  ;, 
wrongs  he  had  suffered,  and    the    slow  ness 
which  he  had  been  jirovoked  to  revenge,  mi.- 
imously   [)arcloned   him;    nay,   accordingly'; 
Casas,  he  proceeded  with  stern  justice  ag.iin,';: 
Spaniard  whose   outrage  on  his  wife  h.id  sur.s 
tleeply  in  his  heart.     He  extended  his  liiiit, 
to  the    remaining    chieft.ains  of  the  cousp::; 
promisinggreat  favors  aiid  rewards,  if  tluys'r 
continue  firm   in  their  lo- alty  ;  but  terril)'i-r 
ishmenls  should  they  again  be  found  in  rehti 
The  heart  of  (aiarionex  was  subdued  hv  th;; 


expected  clemency 
jieople   setting    forth 


made   a   speci  h  1. 


He 

the  irresistible  niij;!.t  , 
valor  of  the  Spaniards  ;  their  grc.t  Il-IiJiv 
offenders,  and  their  generosity  to  sucli  :h  v- 
faithful  ;  and  he  earnestly  exhorted  them  hr 
forth  to  cultivate  their  friendshi]).  The  In!- 
listt'ued  to  him  with  attention  ;  his  praist:> 
the  white  men  were  confirmed  by  their  tr: 
ment  of  himself;  when  he  had  concliulcd,  •• 
took  him  up  on  their  shoulders,  bore  him  tj , 
habitation  with  songs  and  shouts  of  joy,  ,in;: 
some  time  the  tranquillity  of  the  Vega  was- 
stored.* 


CHAPTER  III. 

THE    ADEL.\NT.M10    RICI'.MRS     TO     X.\U.\GIA 
RECEIVE   TRUiUTE. 

[>497.] 

With  all   his  energy  and  discretion,  ilie.V] 
lantado  found  it  diflicult  to  manage  the  proud  . 
turbulent  spirit  of  the  colonists.     They  chu  : 
brook  the  sway  of  a  foreigner,   who,  when  H 
were   restive,    curbed   them    with    an    iron  hr| 
Don    Bartholomew  had   not  the  same  leijiti' 
authority  in   their  e^•  .'s  as  his  brother.    The 
mir.il  was  the  disccerer  of  the  country,  aiui 
authorized    representative   of  the  sover(ii,'ns:' 
even  him  they  with  difficulty  lirought  ihen'sr 
to  obey.     The   Adelantado,  on  the  contraiy. ■ 
regarded  by  many  as  a  mere  intruder,  assu" 
high  command  without  authority  from  the  cr  ■ 
and  shouldering  himself  into  ]K)wer  o"  the  nc'l 
and  services  of  his  brother.     They  s,  ^kc  with 
patience  and  indignation,  .also,  of  the  long  ;il'>- 
of  the  admiral,  and  his  fancied  inatlentidii  tors 
wants  ;  little  aw.ire  of  the  incess.int  an\iiniir-i 
was  suffering  on  their  account,  during  hisdr 
tion    in    Sjiain.     The   sagacious    measure  0! 
.\delantado    in    building    the  canivels,  for  ^ 
time  diverted  their  attention.    They  watched q 
progress  with  solicitude,  looking  upon  them; 
me.uis  either  of  obtaining  relief  or  ot  ahatidn" 
the  island.    Aware  that  repining  and  (h^rnnte"i 
men  should  never  be  lelt  in  idleness,  Don  ''I 
omew  kept  them  continually  in  moveincn! 
intleed  a  state  of  const.int  activity  was  ron:-' 
to  his  own  vigorous  spirit.     About  thistiiiu:' 


leptahle  in   the  pres 


*  Peter  Martyr,  decad.   1.   lib,  v. 
Ind.,  decad.  i.  lib.  iii.  cap.  6. 


Hcrrcra, 


'*4 


(-' ,. 


LIFE  AND  VOYAGES  OF  COLUMBUS. 


149 


ie  of  their i- 
•d  his  L-mcr;; 
noilfralion  '; 
it.  Ilc()!it:,J 
conspirarv,  -I 
.vo  c;ici(iuts 
m,  and  wliM 
ru  of  C.inriM' 
imton  ■'■.;ilrj 
L-rinj,^    the 

!      slfl\VllL-SS  u| 

rcordiii^f  in 
sticf  ai;ainsr| 
\\k-  hail  sursj 
(1   Ids  Iciiiiv: 
the  conspiryl 
Is,  if  ihcysh 
)Ut  ti.Tril)k-; 
jiid  in  rehci:;:: 
tilled,  by  thi;- 
a   sjuvi!!  t'i 
tiblc  nii;;ht  .'I 
}|rL.it   k'hity ; 
o  such    as  v.; 
Led  them  lit:: 
p.     The  hvli, 
;   his    praiso 
l)y    tlieir  '.::: 
conciiuU'i!,  ■■ 
,  tiore  him  to  I 
ts  of  joy,  am: 
le   \'etr;i  W'i5 ' 


)     X.VRAGUA  : 


retion,  ilieA 

ihf  prom!.; 

They  foi! : 

^(1,  when  r 

an    iron  hr 

ame  le^'itir 

tlier.    Tlic;; 

ouiitry,  ami" 

sovcnij^ns;' 

^;hl    dieiv,--: 

contrary, 
udcr,  as-.ii~ 
r.ini  tlie  cr 
r  D"  the  ivc 
s,  ^Ke  wit'. 
he'lonj;  n!'*- 
tlenlinii  to;- 
mt  anxieiii' 
irinjj;  liisdc' 
measure  i'! 
iveis,  for  ' 

watched : 
11 1  Kin  thiin, 
r  ot  .ih.indii; 
lul  diM-ontc- 
ss,  Don  IVt"' 
loveineiu 
was  roiv.'f' 
t  this  tinu' ■' 


Herrera, 


leers  arrived  from  Bchechio,  cacique  of  Xara- 
iiilorniini;  him   that  he  had   hir),^^  quantities 
toiloii.  .md  other  articles,  -n  which  his  tribute 
i  tu  he  jiaid,  ready  tor  delivery.     The  Adelan- 
|o  immediately  set  forth  with  a  numerous  train, 
ttvisit  this  fruitful  and  happy  region.     He  was 
In  received  with  songs  .uul  dances,  and  all  the 
llonal  deinoiislralions  of  respect  and  amity  by 
Vtihio  and  his  sister  Anacaona.    The  latter  ap- 
bred  to  be  highly  popular  among  the  natives, 
1 10  have  almost  as  much  sway  in  Xaragua  as 
brother.     Her  natural  ease,  and  the  graceful 
Inity  ot  her  manners,  more  and  more  won  the 
nirati'm  ot  the  SjKmiards. 

he  Adelantado  found   thirty-two   inferior  ca- 
lucs  assembled  in  the  house  of  IJehechio,  await- 
his  arrival   with   their   respective    tributes, 
cotton  they  had  brought  was  enough  to  fill 
•  of  their  houses.     Having  delivered  this,  they 
Ituitously  offered  the  Adelantado  as  much  cas- 
ta hiead' as  he  desired.     The  offer  was    most 
leptable  in  the  present  necessitous  state  of  the 
'pnv  ;  ■uul  Don   Hartholoniew  sent  lo   Isabella 
Iciie  of  the  caravels,  which  was  nearly  linished, 
;(lisj).uchi'(l  as  soon  as  possible  to  Xaragua, 
be  freighted  with  bre.id  and  cotton. 
In  the  mean  lime  the  natives  brought  from  all 
Tiriers  large  supplies  of  provisions,  and  enter- 
heil  their  guests  with   continual   festivity  and 
[iqikting.  The  early  .Sp.'inish  writers,  whose  im- 
Inations,   heated   by   the  accounts  of   the   voy- 
Irs,  could  not  form  an  idea  of  the  simpl'  :ity  of 
ta.s;e  lite,  especially   in  these  newly  discovered 
limries,  which  were  su|)posed  to  border  upon 
,  often  s|)eak    in   terms  of   Oriental  niagnih- 
..JiC'j  ot  the  entertainments  of   the    natives,   the 
jpalaiLiof  tlie  caciques,  and  the  lords  and   ladies 
W,thiir  courts,  as   if    they    were   describing  the 
)ilis  ot  .Asiatic  potentates.    The  accounts  given 
ara^'ua,  however,  have  a  different  character  ; 
»d:<!ve  a  picture  of  savage  life,  in  its  perfection 
,i(l.e  and  ignorant   enjoyment.      The   troubles 
ici'i  distracted  the  other  parts  of  devoted  Hayti 
"not  readied  the  inhabitants  of  this  ])leasant 
[idii.      Living   among    beautiful     and    fruitful 
Ives,  on  the  borders  of  a  sea,  apparently  forever 
|i(|uil  and   uinexed    by   storms  ;     having   few 
and  those  readily  supplied,  they  ap|)eared 
indpated  from  the  common  lot  ot  labor,  and 
Jass  their  lives  in   one  uninterruiUed  holiday. 
Itn  the  .Spaniards   regarded    the    tertilily  and 
KtiiCbS  of  this  country,  the  gentleness   of    its 
Ipie,  anil   the   beauty  of   its  women,  they  pro- 
\v.KVi\  it  a  perfect  paradise. 

|kt  luiifr'Ji  the  caravel  arrived  which  was  to  he 

Igiitcii  with  the  articles  ot  tribute.    It  anchored 

|u;  six  miles  from   the  residence  of  IJehechio, 

I  Anacaona  jjroposed   to   her  brother  that  thev 

|imI  t;o  together  to  behold  what  she  called  the 

at  canoe  of  the  while  men.     On  their  w.iy  lo 

loast,  the  .Adelantado  was  lodged  one  night 

viiiajre,  in  a  house  where  Anacaona  treasured 

"■"jsc  articles  which   she  esteemed   most  rare 

precious.     Tiiey  consisted   of  various  manu- 

lures  of  cotton,  ingeniously  wrought  ;  ot  ves- 

«f  clay,    moulded    into  different   forms  ;  of 

Wi  lal)les,    and    like    articles    of     furniture, 

led  ot  ebony  and   other    kinds    of   wood,  and 

fed  with  various  devices — all   evincing   great 

and  ingenuity  in   a  people  wh.o  had  no  iron 

' '')  work  with.     .Such  were  the  simple  tre.is- 

'!  this  Indian   princess,  of  which   she  made 

(lero'is  presents  to  her  guest. 

nothing  could  exceed  the  wonder  and  delight 


of  this  intelligent  woman  when  she  first  belield 
the  ship.  Her  l)rolher,  who  treated  her  with  a 
fr.Uernal  fondness  and  respectful  attention,  worthy 
of  civilized  life,  l',,.d  prepared  two  canoes,  gayly 
painted  and  decorated,  one  to  convc}'  her  and  her 
alien. lants,  and  the  other  for  him'self  ;ind  iiis 
chieftains.  Anacaon.i,  however,  preferred  to  em- 
bark with  her  ;Utendanls  in  the  ship's  bo.it  with 
the  Adelantado.  As  they  a|)])roached  the  caramel, 
a  s.dute  was  tired.  At  the  report  of  the  cannon, 
;ind  the  sigiit  of  the  smoke,  Anacaona,  overcome 
with  dismay,  fell  into  the  arms  ot  the  Adel.antado, 
and  her  attendants  would  ha\e  leaped  overboard, 
but  the  laughter  and  the  cheerful  words  ot  Don 
liartholomew  s|)eedily  reassured  them.  As  they 
drew  nearer  lo  the  vessel,  several  instruments  of 
martial  music  struck  up,  with  which  they  were 
greatly  delighted.  Their  .idmir.ition  increased  on 
entering  on  board.  Accustomed  only  to  their  sim- 
[)le  and  slight  canoes,  e\erything  here  apjjeared 
wonderfully  vast  and  complicated.  liut  w  hen  the 
anchor  was  weighed,  the  sails  were  s])read,  and, 
aitled  by  a  gentle  breeze,  they  beheld  this  v.ist 
mass,  moving  a])parently  by  its  own  volition, 
veering  from  side  to  side,  and  playing  like  a  huge 
monster  in  the  deep,  the  brother  and  sister  re- 
mained gazing  at  each  other  in  mute  astoaish- 
ment.*  Nothing  seems  lo  have  tilled  the  mind  of 
the  most  stoical  savage  w  ith  more  wonder  tlian 
that  sul)lime  and  beautiful  trium[)h  of  genius,  a 
ship  under  sail. 

flaving  freighted  and  dispatched  the  caravel, 
the  Adelant;idi)  made  many  |)rescnts  to  liehechio, 
I'lis  sister,  and  their  atteiul'ants,  and  took  le.ive  of 
them,  to  return  by  land  with  his  troops  to  Isa- 
l)ella.  Anacaona  showed  great  affliction  at  their 
parting,  entreating  him  lo  remain  some  time 
longer  with  them,  and  ap|)earing  fearful  that  they 
had  failed  in  their  humble  .iltempt  lo  jjlease  him. 
.She  even  offered  to  follow  him  to  the  settlement, 
nor  would  slie  be  consoled  until  he  had  prop.iised 
to  return  again  to  Xaragua. f 

\\'e  cannot  hut  remark  the  ability  shown  by  the 
Adelantado  in  the  course  ot  his  tr.insient  govern- 
ment of  the  island.  Wonderfully  alert  and  .ac- 
tive, he  made  repealed  marches  of  great  extent, 
from  one  remote  province  lo  another,  and  was 
always  at  the  i)ost  of  ilanger  at  the  critical  mo- 
ment. IJy  skilful  management,  with  a  handful  of 
men  he  deleated  a  formidable  insurrection  with- 
out any  effusion  of  blood.  He  conciliated  the 
most  inveterate  enemies  among  the  natives  by 
great  moderation,  while  he  tleterred  all  wanton 
hostilities  by  the  inlliction  of  signal  |ninishmenls. 
He  had  made  tlrin  friends  of  the  most  important 
chieftains,  brouglu  their  <lominions  under  clieer- 
ful  tribute,  opened  new  sources  ot  supplies  for  the 
colony,  ami  |)rocured  relief  from  its  immedi.ite 
wants.  Had  his  judicious  measures  been  second- 
ed by  those  uiuler  his  command,  the  whole  coun- 
try would  have  been  a  scene  of  irancjuil  ])ros- 
perity,  and  would  have  produced  great  revenues 
to  the  criiwn,  without  cruelty  lo  the  natives  ;  but, 
like  liis  broth.jr  the  admiral,  his  good  intenliuns 
and  judicious  arrangements  were  constantly 
thwarted  by  the  vile  ]iassiuns  and  perverse  con- 
duct ot  otiiers.  While  he  was  absent  from  Isa- 
bella, new  mischiefs  had  been  fomented  there, 
w  hich  were  soon  to  throw  the  whole  island  into 
contusion. 


*  Peter  Martyr,  decad.  i.  lib.  v. 
i.  lit),  iii.  cap.  6. 
f  Raniusio,  vol.  iii.  p.  9. 


Ilerrcra,  dccadt 


rf 


■I  'i' 


M 


Ijiiii 


is 


150 


LIFE  AND  VOYAGES  OF  COLUMBUS. 


CHAPTER  IV. 

CONSPIRACY  OK  ROI.DAN. 
[•497-] 

The  prime  mover  of  tlie  present  mischief  was 
one  Francisco  Roldan,  a  man  under  tlie  deepest 
oblijjations  to  the  admiral.  Raised  by  iiini  Irom 
poverty  and  obscurity,  he  had  l)een  eni|)l()yed  at 
first  in  menial  capacities  ;  hut,  showinjr  stronjj 
natural  talents  and  great  assiduity,  he  had  been 
made  ordinary  alcalde,  ecjuivalent  to  justice  of  the 
peace.  The  able  manner  in  which  he  ac(iuitted 
himself  in  this  situation,  and  the  persuasion  of  his 
great  fidelity  and  gratitude,  induced  Columbus,  on 
(le|)artingfor  Spain,  to  appoint  him  alcalde  mayor, 
or  chief  judge  of  the  island.  It  is  true  he  was  an 
uneducated  man,  but,  as  there  were  as  yet  no  in- 
tricacies of  law  in  the  colony,  the  ofhce  recjuired 
little  else  than  shrewd  good  sense  and  upright 
princi])les  for  its  discharge.* 

Roldan  was  one  of  those  base  spirits  which  grow 
venomous  in  the  sunshine  of  prosperity,  His 
benefactor  had  returned  to  Spain  ap|)arenlly  un- 
der a  cloud  of  disgrace  ;  a  long  interval  had 
elapsed  without  tidings  from  him  ;  he  considered 
him  a  fallen  man,  and  began  to  devise  how  he 
might  profit  by  his  downfall.  He  was  intrusted 
with  an  ofiice  inferior  only  to  that  of  the  Adelan- 
tado  ;  the  brothers  of  Columbus  were  highly  un- 
po|)ular  ;  he  imagined  it  possible  to  ruin  them, 
both  with  the  colonists  and  with  the  government 
at  home,  and  by  dexterous  cunning  and  bustling 
activity,  to  work  his  way  into  the  command  of  the 
colony.  The  vigorn.s  and  somewhat  austere 
character  of  the  Adelantado  for  some  time  ke])t  him 
in  awe  ;  but  when  he  was  absent  from  the  settle- 
ment, Roldan  was  able  to  carry  on  his  machina- 
tions with  contidence.  Don  Hiego,  who  then 
commanded  at  Isabella,  was  an  upright  and 
worthy  man,  but  deficient  in  energy.  Roldan  felt 
himself  his  sujierior  in  talent  and  spirit,  and  his 
self-conceit  was  wounded  at  l)eing  inferior  to  him 
in  authOiity.  He  soon  made  a  party  among  the 
daring  and  dissolute  of  the  community,  and  se- 
cretly loosened  the  ties  of  order  and  good  govern- 
ment by  listening  to  and  encouraging  the  discon- 
tents of  the  common  ])eonle,  and  directing  them 
against  the  character  and  conduct  of  Columbus 
and  his  brothers.  He  had  heretofore  been  em- 
ployed as  sui)erintendentof  various  public  works  ; 
this  brought  him  into  familiar  communication 
with  workmen,  sailors,  and  others  of  the  lower 
order.  His  originally  vulgar  character  enabled 
him  to  adapt  himself  to  their  intellects  antl  man- 
ners, while  his  |)resent  station  gave  him  conse- 
(pience  in  their  eyes.  Finding  them  full  of  mur- 
murs about  hard  treatment,  severe  toil,  and  the 
long  absence  of  the  admiral,  he  affected  to  be 
mo\ed  by  their  distresses.  He  threw  out  sugges- 
tions that  the  admiral  might  never  return,  being 
disgraced  and  ruined  in  consef|uence  of  the  repre- 
sentations of  Aguado.  He  sympathizeil  with  the 
hard  treatment  they  experienced  from  the  Adelan- 
tado and  his  brother  Don  Diego,  who,  being  for- 
eigners, could  take  no  interest  in  their  welfare, 
nor  leel  a  jirojier  respect  for  the  pride  of  a  .Span- 
iard ;  init  who  used  them  merely  as  slaves,  to 
build  houses  and  fortresses  for  them,  or  to  swell 
tlieir  state  and  secure  their  power,  as  they 
marched  about  the  island  enriching  themselves 
with  the  spoils  of  the  cacicpies.  liy  these  sugges- 
tions  he   exasperated    their   feelings   to    such    a 

*  Herrera,  dccad.  i.  lib.  iii.  cap.  i. 


height,  that  they  had  at  one  time  formed  n  cv 
spiracy  to  take  away  the   life  of  the  .Xdcaii;... 
as  the  only  means  of  delivering  themselves  li.| 
an  odious  tyrant.     The  time  and  place  forihcpfl 
petration  of  the  act  were  concerted.    The  .Adt , 
tado  had  condemned  to  death  a  .Spani.ird  ul 
name  of  ISerahoii.i,  a   friend   of  Roldan,  ■,\r,,[ 
several  of  the  cons|)iralors.   What  was  his  ufli:; .  j 
not  positively   stated,  but  from  a  passage  in  1 
Casas,*  there  is  reason  to  believe  that  he-  \va 
very  .Si)aniard  who  had   \'i(ilaled  the  favorite v 
of   Guarionex,    the   cacique   of   the    X'ega.    ]\ 
Adelantado  would  be  present  at  the  execution. 
was  arranged,  therefore,  that  when  the  jiupii;;:] 
had  assembled,  a  tumult  should   be  made  asi:  [ 
accitlent,  and  in  the  confusion  of  the  monieiull 
Uartholomew  should  be  dis|)atched  with  a  p.:] 
iard.      P'ortunately  for   the    Adelantado,  he 
(l(jned  the  criminal,  the  assemblage  did  notij 
jilace,  and   the   plan  of  the  conspirators  was 
concerted.! 

When  Don  Bartholomew  was  absent  coIIll;! 
the  tribute  in   Xaragua,  l^oldan  thouglit  it  w;: 
favorable  time  to  bring  affairs  to  a  crisis.    He'J 
sounded   the   feelings  of  the  colonists,  and  aic:| 
lained   that  there  was  a  large  ])arty  dis|)ost.(l: 
open  sedition.     His  ])lan  was  to  create  a  |)o|)j 
tumult,  to   interpose   in   his   official    character  I 
alcakle  mayor,  to  throw  the  blame  u])on  tlieopprj 
sion  and  injustice  of  Don  Diego  and  his  hr(iir:f 
and,    while    he    usurped    the    reins  of    authorl 
t(j  ajjpear  as  if  actuated  only  by  zeal  lor  thepei-T 
and  prosperity  of  the  island,  and  the  interes!!] 
the  sovereigns. 

A  ])retext  soon  presented  itself  for  the  propoiJ 
tumult.     When  the  caravel   returned  from  .XaJ 
gua  laden  with  the  Indian  tributes,  and  the  ci J 
was  discharged,  Don  Diego  had  the  vessel  draT 
up  on   the  land,  to  jjrotect  it  from  accider.ts.J 
from  any  sinister  designs  of  the  disaffected  ct 
nists.      Roldan   immediately  pointed  this  circ: 
stance  out  to  his  partisans.    He  secretly  invcijhJ 
against  the  hardshii)  of  having  this  vessel  draij 
on  shore,  instead  of  being  left  afloat  for  the  I 
fit  of  the  colony,  or  sent  to  S])ain  to  make  bcj 
their  distresses.      He  hinted  that  tlie  true  re:ii 
was  the  fear  of  the  Adelantado  and  his  bro'.i': 
lest  accounts  should  be  carried  to  Si)ain  oftrJ 
misconduct,  and   he  affirmed  that  they  wishedf 
remain   u.ulisturbed   masters   of   the  island,  J 
keep  the  Sjianiards  there  as  subjects,  or  rather! 
slaves.     The    jieople   took    hre   at   these  sugj: 
tions.     They  had  long  looked  forward  to  theci 
|)letion   of  the   caravels  as   their  only  chance;| 
relief  ;  they  now  insisted  that  the  vessel  shoiilill 
launched   and   sent  to  Spain   hir  supplies.   1^1 
Diego  endea\ore(l  to  convince  them  of  thefiii'ij 
their  demand,  the   \-essel    not    being  rigjjed : 
equipped  *or  ■;   ch  a  voyage  ;  but  the  nioreheJ 
tempted  to  jiacify  them,   the  more   unreasond 
and   turbulent  they  became.       Roldan,  also,  | 
came   more   bold   ;uid  explicit  in  his  iiistijjati'f 
He  advisetl  them  to  launch  and  take  [jossessiorf 
the  caravel,  as   the  only  mode  of   regaiiiini;!--! 
inde|)endeiu'e.      They  might  then   tlirow  off 
tyranny  of  these    ujistart   strangers,    eneniii-| 
their  hearts  to  Spaniards,  and  might  lead  a  1;:: 
ease  and  pleasure;  sharing  efpially  all  thai' 
might  gain  by  barter  in  the  island,  em|)loyii;c  I 
Indians  as  slaves  to  work  for  them,  and  eii;i 
unrestrained  indulgence  with  respect  to  the  In 
women.  I 


*  Las  Casas,  Hist.  Ind.,  lib.  i.  cap.  iiS. 

f  Hist,  del  Almiraate,  cap.  73.  |  !^-| 


I  formed  a  c- J 
.he  Ade.ant;..! 
.h  em  selves ! 
Uice  for  thc-jfi 
,1.    TheAdt' 
Spaniard  ot:; 
Roldaii,  ami 
vas  liis  uffc;,:- 
passage  in  I 
that  lu:  wav 
llie  lavoriic. 
le    \'e^a.    \\ 
ic  execiuion, 
jil   liie  l)upu',;: 
l)e  made  asi:  i 
he  moment  1.- 
(;d  with  a  r  ■ 
[iiUaclo,  he-  ;; 
[gc  did  niitL. 
)iralors  was  J 


ibsent  colltci:| 
thoujrht  it\v:J 
1  crisis.  He -J 
nists,  aiul  asul 
arty  disposed;! 
create  a  popai 
ial  character ' 
111)011  tl'itopprJ 
and  his  hnnh: 
lis  of  author:! 
;eal  tor  tlie  pe;i 
,1  the  iiitercsisi 

for  the  proposs 
rued  from  Xa: 
ps,  and  tile  carj 
the  vessel  driij 
0111  accider.ls,! 
disaffected  Cf  I 
ited  tiiis  circrl 
ecretly  invcigbj 
,s  vessel  drai 
at  for  the  !r 
to  make  kiii  | 
tl'.e  true  ife.l 
and  his  \w:.\ 
to  Spain  o!  ;':r 
they  wishtii 
he  island,  d 
ts,  or  rathe: J 
these  siigj:] 
ird  to  the  c ' 
only  chance: 
essel  should  1 
supplies.   Pl 
m  of  the  foil; 
no-   ri^-dUl 
the  more  he:] 
.  _   unreason; 
old  an,  also, 
his  insti[,'at''1 
;e  possessiorj 
re;4aiiiinj,'^: 
n   til  row  I'fi- 
_rs,    enemiti 
L^-lit  lead  a  M 
ly  all  thatvf 
emiiloyinc' 
.1,  and  ell'-: 
ict  to  the  I 


t 


t 


1'^?^^ 


i^iijb^ 


J/r  /y^///    ///////////  // 


//. 


////// 


lis 


\  H 


f 


i 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGES   OF   COLUMBUS. 


151 


Don  Diego  received  information  of  what  was 
rnH'nlin^"among  the  peojjle,  vet  feared  to  ronie 
an  o|)"n  rupture  with  Kofdan  in  tlie  present 
utinons  state  of  the  colony.  lie  suddenly  de- 
iched  him,  therefore,  with  forty  men,  to  the  \'ef,M, 
(ler  pretest  of  overawinjf  certain  of  the  n.itives 
ho  had  refused  to  pay  their  tril)Ute,  and  liad 
lowii  a  disposition  to  revolt.  Roldan  ni.ide  use 
is  opportunity  to  stren(,nhen  his  faction.  Me 
larlc  Inends  and  partisans  amonfj  the  discontent- 
iciqiH'S,  secretly  justifyin),'  them  in  their  re- 
t.incf  to  the  imposition  of  tribute,  and  promis- 
ig  iheni  redress.  He  secured  the  devotion  of  his 
ivn  soldiers  by  grcM  acts  of  indulj^aMice,  disarm- 
,g  and  dismissin'T  such  as  refused  full  participa- 
n  in  his  plans,  and  returned  with  his  little  band 
Nalicdla,  where  he  felt  secure  of  a  strong  party 
[iDiij,'  the  common  people. 

u'  .Adelantado  had  by  this  time  returned  from 
aiaiaia  ;  but  Koldan,  feelin<f  himself  at  the  head 
a  sironj(  taction,  and  arro).(atin}r  to  himself  fjreat 
nlmrily  tmm  his  official  station,  now  o])enly  de- 
an Kd  that  the  caravel  should  be  lainiched,  or 
rniissioM  ^nven  to  himself  and  his  followers  to 
uiicii  it.  The  Adelantado  ])eremjnorily  refused, 
t-rvinjf  that  neither  he  nor  his  comp.inions 
•ere  mariners,  nor  was  the  caravel  furnished  and 
[Uipped  tor  sea,  and  that  neither  the  s.ifetyof  the 
SM.-I  nor  of  the  |)eople  should  be  endangered 
M-  ilK'ir  attem])!  to  navij^ate  her. 
Roldan  perceived  that  his  motives  were  suspect- 
,  and  telt  that  the  Adelantado  was  too  forniida- 
ie  an  adversary  to  contend  with  in  any  open 
idition  .11  Is.ibella.  He  determined,  iheretore, 
cirrv  his  jjlans  into  operation  in  some  more 
Ivorahle  |iart  of  the  island,  always  trustin^j  to 
;cuse  anv  open  rebellion  aj^ainst  the  authority  of 
II  liariholomew,  t)y  representing  it  as  a  patri- 
c  opposition  to  his  tyranny  over  Sp.miards.  Me 
(1  seventy  well-armed  and  determined  men 
(Icr  his  command,  and  he  trusted,  on  erectinjj 
standard,  to  be  joined  by  all  the  disaffected 
iruu.:,diout  the  island.  He  set  off  suddenly, 
ierctore,  lor  the  Ves(a,  intending  to  surprise  the 
Irticss  of  Conception,  and  by  ^a^tting  command 
that  post  and  the  rich  country  adjacent,  to  set 
|e  .AdelaiU.ido  at  defiance. 

He  stoppeil  on   his  way  at  v.irious  Indian  vil- 

es  in  which  the   Spaniards    were  distributed, 

i(liavorin;r  to  enlist  the   latter  in   his  p.irty,  by 

nijr  out  |)roniises  of  great  gain  and  free  liv- 

lle  attempted   also    to  seduce    the    natives 

m  their  allegiance,  by  promising  them  freedom 

ni  all  tribute.     Those  cacicpies  with  whom  he 

id  maintained  a  previous  understanding,  receiv- 

im  with  open  arms  ;  p.irticularly  one  who  had 

rn  the  name  of  Diego  Marcpie,  whose  village 

made  his  headtpiarters,  being  .ibout  two  leagues 

a  Fort  Conception.     He  was  disajipointed   in 

hopes  of  sur|)rising    the  fortress.      Its  com- 

n.ler,  Migiitd  Hallester,  was  an  old  and  stanch 

Idler,  hoth  resolute  and  wary.     He  drew  bim- 

if  into  his  stronghold   on   the  ap])roach  of  Kol- 

11,  and  closed    his   gates.       His   garrison    was 

all,  hut  the  tortillcation,  situated  on  the  side  of 

with  a  river  running  at  its  foot,  was  proof 

[amst  any  assault.     Roldan  had  still  some  hopes 

t  hallester  might  be  disaffected  to  government, 

1(1  nii;.rht  he  gradually  brought  into  his  plans,  or 

"t  the  !;arrison   would   be   disposed   to  desert, 

pted  hy  the  licentious  lite  which  he  permitted 

im'^  his  followers.     In   the  neighborhood   w.is 

town  inhabited    by  ("lU.irionex.      Here   were 

laru'red  thirty  soldiers,  under  the  command  of 

iptain  Garcia  de  Barrantes.      Roldan  repaired 


thither  with  his  armed  force,  hoping  to  enlist  nar- 
rantes  ;ind  ids  p.irty  ;  but  the  capt.iin  shut  hims(df 
up  with  his  men  in  a  fortified  house,  refusing  to 
permit  them  to  hold  any  communication  with 
Roldan,  The  latter  threatened  to  set  lire  to  the 
house  ;  but  after  ;i  little  consideration,  contented 
himself  with  seizing  their  store  of  jirovisions,  ,incl 
then  marched  toward  Fort  Conceptioii,  whicli  was 
not  quite  half  a  league  distant,* 


CHAPTER  V. 
THE  AnKi..\NT.\no   rf.p.mrs  to  the  vkoa   i\ 

Ki:i.lKr   OK    FUKT   CONCEl'llON  — MLS  INTKRVM.W 
WITH    KULUAN. 

['497.1 

The  Adelantado  had  received  intelligence  of 
the  tlagitous  proceedings  of  Roldan,  yet  hesitated 
for  a  time  to  set  out  in  pursuit  of  him.  He  had 
lost  all  confidence  in  the  loyalty  of  the  peojile 
around  him,  and  fcnew  not  how  far  the  conspiracy 
extended,  nor  on  whom  he  could  rely.  Diego  du 
I\!scobar,  alcayde  of  the  fortress  of  La  Madeleiia, 
together  with  Adrian  de  Moxica  and  I'edro  de 
X'aldivieso,  all  princii)al  men,  were  in  league  with 
Roldan.  He  feared  that  the  commander  of  Fort 
Conception  might  likewise  be  in  the  plot,  and  the 
whole  island  in  arms  against  him.  He  was  reas- 
sured, hov.ever,  by  tidings  from  Miguel  liallasier. 
'I'hat  loyal  veteran  wrote  to  him  iiressing  letters 
for  succor,  rei)resenting  the  weakness  of  his  gar- 
rison, and  the  increasing  forces  of  the  rebels. 

Don  ]!;nlholomew  hastened  to  his  assistance 
with  his  accustomed  |)rominness,  and  threw  him- 
self with  a  reinforcement  into  the  fortress,  lieing 
ignorant  of  the  force  of  the  rebels,  and  doubtful  of 
the  loyalty  of  his  own  followers,  he  determined  to 
adopt  miid  measures.  L'nderstanding  that  Rol- 
dan was  quartered  at  a  village  but  half  a  league 
distant,  he  sent  a  message  to  him,  remonstrating 
on  the  tiagiant  irregularity  of  his  conduct,  the  in- 


"   Herrera,  decad.  i.  lib.   iii.  cap.  7.     Hist,  del    AI- 
inirante,  cap.  74. 
Extyact  of  a  letter  from  T.  5.  Heneken,  F.sa.,  1847. 

Fort  Conception  is  situated  at  the  foot  of  a  hill  now 
called  Santo  Cerro.  It  is  constructed  of  bricks,  and 
is  almost  as  entire  at  the  present  day  as  when  just 
finished.  It  stands  in  the  gloom  of  an  exuberant  for- 
est which  has  invaded  the  scene  of  former  bustle  and 
activity  ;  a  spot  once  considered  of  great  importance, 
and  surrounded  by  swarms  of  intelligent  beings. 

What  has  become  of  the  countless  multitudes  this 
fortress  was  intended  to  awe?  Not  a  trace  ut Hum 
remains  excepting  in  the  records  of  history.  The  si- 
lence of  the  tomb  prevails  where  their  habitations  re- 
sponded to  their  songs  and  dances.  A  few  indigent 
Spaniards,  living  in  miserable  hovels,  scattered  widely 
apart  in  the  bosom  of  the  forest,  are  now  the  sole  (oc- 
cupants of  this  once  fruitful  and  beautiful  region. 

A  Spanish  town  gradually  grew  up  round  the  for- 
tress, the  ruins  of  which  extend  to  a  consideralde 
distance.  It  was  destroyed  by  an  earthquake,  at  nine 
o'clock  of  the  morning  of  Saturday,  20in  April,  ij'q, 
during  the  celebration  of  mass.  Part  of  the  massive 
walls  of  a  handsome  church  still  remain,  as  well  as 
those  of  a  very  large  convent  or  hospital,  supposed  to 
have  been  constructed  in  pursuance  of  the  testament- 
ary dispositions  of  Columbus.  The  inhabitants  who 
survived  the  catastrophe  retired  to  a  small  chapel,  on 
the  banks  of  a  river,  about  a  league  distant,  where  iha 
new  town  of  La  Vega  was  afterward  built. 


t 


m 


152 


LIFE   AND  VOYAGES   OF  COLUMBUS. 


1 


I:: 


:j'i 


til 


jury  it  w.is  calrulatrd  lo  prndMrc  in  the  island, 
aiuJ  the  ciTtain  ruin  it  must  l)iiiitf  upon  liinist-lf, 
and  suninioniuj;  liini  to  ajiprar  at  ilu-  tortrcss, 
pledging  liis  word  tor  liis  personal  sakny.  Roldan 
ripairi'd  accordinj^ly  to  I'orl  Conct-ption,  where 
the  Adelantado  held  a  parley  with  him  from  a 
witidow,  deniandin^f  liie  ri'ason  ot  his  apjieariny 
inarms,  in  oi)i)osilioii  lo  royal  authority.  Roldan 
replied  holdly,  that  he  was  in  the  service  of  his 
.S')vereif,rns,  detendinf,^  their  subjects  from  iIk;  op- 
pression of  mtMi  who  souj,'ht  their  destruction. 
The  .Adel.intado  ordered  him  to  surrender  liis  staff 
ot  otiice,  as  alcalde  mayor,  and  to  submit  nea'e- 
ably  to  superior  authority.  Roldan  refused  to  re- 
sii;n  his  ollice,  or  to  jiut  himself  in  the  power  of 
Don  liarthohimew,  whom  he  char),red  with  seek- 
inj,r  his  lite,  lie  refused  also  to  submit  to  vny 
trial,  unless  commanded  by  t'  •  kiny.  i  ete.  •;!- 
'H',  however,  to  make  ni    resi  ;    ve  t"  ■cm   - 

lie  e\  rcisc  of  aui'i.  ru. ,  h'  'Ivrec.  Ujgu'Viii 
his  loUowers,  and  res.ue  at  any  ]''.-.rx  (he  '.  delan- 
tado  might  api)oint.  The  lat'-r  iini'U-dcid'l)  des- 
i^jiialed  the  \illage  of  the  caciCjue  '>ii};o  C.i'o-, 
the  same  native  ot  the  Lucayos  Islaais  who  !. 
l)een  baptized  in  Spain,  and  had  since  marriiu  a 
dauj,rhter  of  (aiarionex.  i\oldan  objected,  ])re- 
tendinjf  there  were  not  sufficient  jirovisiuns  to  l)e 
had  there  lor  the  subsistence  of  his  meri,  and  de- 
parted, declarinjf  that  he  would  seek  a  more  eli- 
gible residence  elsewhere.* 

He  now  ])roposed  to  his  followers  to  take  ])os- 
.session  of  the  remote  jirovince  of  Xarai^ua.  'I'he 
Spaniards  who  had  returned  thence  j^Mve  onlicinj; 
.•iccounis  of  the  lite  they  iia<l  led  there  ;  of  the  fer- 
tility of  the  soil,  the  sweetness  of  tlie  climate,  the 
hospitality  and  g-entleness  of  the  iiople,  their 
feasts,  dances,  and  various  amusements,  and, 
above  all,  the  beauty  of  the  women  ;  for  thev  h.id 
been  ca])tivat(Ml  by  the  naked  charms  ot  the  danc- 
inj;-  nymphs  of  .Xaragu.i.  In  this  delis4htful  re>;ion, 
emancipated  from  the  iron  rule  of  the  .Adelantado, 
and  lelieved  from  tht;  necessity  of  irksome  labor, 
they  miifhl  lead  a  life  of  jierfect  freedom  and  in- 
dulj;ence,  and  have  a  world  of  beauty  at  their 
command.  In  short,  Roldan  drew  a  jiicture  of 
loose  sensual  enjoyment,  such  as  he  knew  to  he 
irresistible  with  men  of  idle  and  dissolute  habits. 
His  followers  acceded  with  joy  to  his  i)ro])osition. 
.Some  ])repar;itions,  however,  were  necess.ary  to 
carry  it  into  effect.  Takinjf  advantage  of  the  ab- 
sence of  the  Adelantado,  he  suddenly  marched 
with  his  band  to  Isabella,  and  entering  it  in  a 
maimer  by  surjjrise,  endeavored  to  launch  the 
cara\i'l,  with  which  they  might  sail  to  Xaragua. 
Don  Diego  Columbus,  hearing  the  tumult,  issued 
forth  with  se\eral  cavaliers  ;  hut  such  was  the 
force  of  the  mutineers  and  their  menacing  conduct, 
that  he  was  obliged  to  withdraw,  w  ith  his  adher- 
ents, into  the  fortress.  Roldan  held  several  p;ir- 
leys  with  him,  and  ot'fered  to  sidimit  to  his  com- 
m.ind,  jirovided  he  would  set  hiniselt  U|i  in  opposi- 
tion to  his  brother  the  Adelantado.  His  proposition 
was  'reated  with  scorn.  The  fortress  was  too 
strong  to  be  assailed  with  success  ;  he  found  it 
imiiossibli.'  to  launch  the  caravel,  and  feared  the 
Adelantatio  might  return,  and  he  be  inclosed  be- 
tween two  fiirces.  He  proceeded,  therefore,  in 
all  h.iste  to  make  provisions  for  the  pro]iosed  expe- 
(lition  to  Xaragua.  Still  pretending  to  act  in  his 
ufticial  capacity,  and  to  do  everything  from  loyal 
moli\'es,  for  the  |irotection  and  su]i]iort  ot  the  op- 
pressed subjects  of  the  crown,  he  broke  open  the 

*  Herrera,  decad.  i.  lib.  iii.  cap.  7.  Hist,  del  Al- 
miraiue,  cap.  74. 


royal  wareiiouse,  with  shouts  of  "  Long  liv< 
king  I"  suppli' d   Ins  followers  with  arms,  .u 
nition,  clothing,  aiul  whatever  they  desired  > 
the    public   stores  ;    proceeded    to    the    iiiclo,.] 
where  the  cattle  :iiu\  other  fairopean  aninuilvj 
kept  to  breed,  'onk  such  .as  he  thought  ncic, 
lor  his  intended  establishment,  and   periiiiu'r 
followers    to    kill    such    ot  the  remainder  ,l^• 
might  want  for  present  supply.      Having  (im  , 
tell  this  wasttdui  ravage,  he  marched  in  trmr. 
out    of    Isabell.l.*      Reflecting,    however,  on 
prompt  and  \igorous  character  ot  the  Adelair 
lie  felt  that  his  situation  would  be  but  little  v, 
with  such  an  active  enemy  behind  him  ;  who. 
extricating    himself     from     jiresent     ])er|)k-xi!, 
would  not  fail  to  pursue  U'w\<  to  his  proposed  p-| 
disc  of  Xaragua.     He  deteriitined.   t'lep'l 
march  again  to  the  \'ega,  ,1;  a  ende.uor  eiiht- 
get  po;. .ession  of  'he  person  of  the  Adelam.io 
lo  strike  som.;  blow,  in  his  present  crippled  s: 
that  should  disable  him  from  offering  tunhtrrj 
lestation.     Returning,  theretore,  to  the  viciiiiiv; 
Kort  Concciition,  he  endeavored  in  every  wav, 
the  means  of  subtle  emissaries,  to  seduce  iht  ■, 
rison  to  desertion,  or  to  excite  it  to  revolt. 

The  Adelantado  dared   not  lake  the  ticld  ,^ 
his  hirces,  having  no  contidence  in  their  tidt  • 
He  knew  that  they  listened  wistfully  lo  tlut: 
saries  of  Roldan,  and  contrasteil  the  meajjrt:;! 
and    stern    disciplint;    ot    the    garrison,    with : 
abund.uit  cheer  and   easy  misrule  that  prenJ 
among  the   rebels.     To  counteract   these  st 
lions,  he  relaxed  from  his  usual  strictness,  tn  j 
his   men   with  ;;real    indulgence,    and   prom;-: 
them    large   rewards.       liy    these   means  ht ' 
enabled    to    m.iintain    some    degree    of   inv, 
amongst  his  forces,  his  service  ha\ing  the  ;ii! 
tage  over  that  of   Roldan,  of  being  on  tlicb;.: 
go\ernment  and  law. 

Finding  his  attenijiis  tocorrujit  the  garriso 
successful,  and    fearing   some   sudden   sally  v 
the  vigorous   .Adelantado,    Roklan  di'ew  oi; 
distance,    and     sought    liy    insidious    nit-ai,- 
strengthen  his  own  power  and  wiaken  tliain:  : 
gover''i,ient.     He  asserted  ecpial  right  to  iiurj 
the  affairs  of  the  island  with  tlu'  Adelantado, i| 
])retende(l  lo  h.ive  se|)araled  from  him  on  ac 
of  his  being  passionate  and  ^■indictive  in  ihftj 
cise  of  his  aulhorily.      He  represented  him.i!: 
tyrant  of  the  Spaniards,  the  ojipressor  ot  thfii 
dians.     For  hiniself,  lie  assumed  the  chanir.t 
a  redresser  of  grievances  and  champion  (itti'.ej 
jured.     He  ])retended  to  feel  a  patriotic  imid 
tion  at  the  affronts  heaped  ufion  .Spaniards p I 
family  of  obscure  and   arrog.mt  ff)reigncrs:  .J 
profes.sed   to  free  the  natives  from  tributes  urj 
from  them   by  these  ra])acious  men  for  thtiri 
enrichment,  and  contrary  to  the  beneticeiUi:;;; 
tions  of   the  Sjianish   monarchs.      He  com:-:.:: 
himself  cl()sely   \vith   the  Carib  cacique  .MmJ 
otex.  brother  of  the  late  Caonalio,  whose  son.| 
nephew  were  in   his   ])ossession   as  liosla>rrt 
payment  of   tributes.     This   warlike  cliietta::! 
conciliated  liy  presents  and  caresses,  beslo\vH!i;.| 
him  the  appellation  of  iirother.-t-      The  unk'A 
natives,  deceivetl  by  his  ]irofessions,  and  ovtrl 
ed   at  the   iilea  of  having  a  jirotector  in  arii!>J 
their  defence,  submitted  cheerfully  to  a  tluwi- 
impositions,  sujiplying  his    followers  with 
sions   in  al.umdance,  and  bringing  to   Roiilj" 
the  gold  the)'  could  collect  ;    voluii'.arily  vie- j 


*  Hist,  del  Almirante,  cap.  74.     Herrcra,  dec 
lib.  iii.  cap.  7. 

t  Las  Casus,  Hist.  Ind.  lib.  i.  cap.  Ii5. 


■ill  hca    cr  trdiu 
Iflundi-d  lo  liee  t 
iTIie  aif.iirs  of  iIk 
sUilalion.     Th 
|i,,ii]ii-,  .unong  ll 
■  die  iimtecticn   1 
1  allegiance      <   V 
a  dial  nice  I    - 
ase  wlio  u  e        n 
je  .\(lel,uUado,  '.i 
|in  the  r  irien  'si 
olilati's   facli 
11,'ed  insjlc'i  y  . 
anil  wer',       i]) 
|re,s ;   while  ''.m  .S| 
Inrii;^  conspiratae 
icp  luidcr  shelter 
puiis  uliicli   they 

(1)111  ni:i!i.iei's 

liiiK  of  slights  an 

jMieis  ami  from 

lera  to  sedition   Iv, 

muiiifions  of 

dcltnjc,  were   ra 

aiit  iif    ill   su|)plie 

nkii);,''  the  spirits  . 

pm  Iciicy.     Tlie  Ad 

oil'  I'ption,  in  daily 

bsii'jicil   by   Koldai. 

|at  means  ucre  tak 

sue  from  the  walls 

I  Such  was  the  des 

jiy  was  reduced,  in 

Iniii'ii  of  C  lumbus 

lems  throw  11  in  th( 

le  lii'iietit  ot  the  isl, 

lid  the  chic.iner}'  ot 

It  t!iis  critic. ll  juiicti: 

ppliaiil,  and  the  coh 

dinijs  were  hroliglit 

iii.li'/  Coronal   li.ad 

omiiigo,  with  two  si 

nds,  and  a  strong  n 


CHA 

^COXn   IX.SURRECTIC 
FLIGHT   10  THE  i 


ITmk  arrival  of  Cot 

h  third  of   Februar 

)li);!y.      'I'lie    re  in  for 

(ipphes  of  a!l   kinds, 

on  Hartholoniew.     '1 

fk'  and  authority  as  .• 

lilnilns  as  to  the  lej 

le  tidings  that  the  at 

luri,  and   would    soc 

liiadron,  struck  const 

Jierd  into  the  re  be  11 

■shaving  fallen  into  < 

]Ttie  AdeLintado  no 

liis  fortress,  but  se 

omiiijr,,  ^viih  a   p;irl 

Inch  superior  rebel 

r '■.u-ii|iR'  Cuarionex 

Ifi.'l^in  fdUowed    slow 

Ftv,  anxious  to  asce 

S*LasCasas,  Hist.  Im 
■  tLasCasas.     Hcrrer 


LIFE  AND   VOYAGLS   OF   COLUMBUS. 


153 


Ini  hea.'er  tributes  than  lliose  from  which  he 
Liunded  to  lu-c  thfm. 

fThe  .ill.iirs  of  tiie  island  were  now  in  a  lanuMit- 
vtiKition.     The  Iinhans,   pcrci'ivin^r  the  dis- 
1    iiiuini,'  the  white  men,  and  entourafred 
prottnlii'ii  of  Koldan,  Ix'j,^  in   to  throw  off 
the  jroverniujiit.     The  cacitiues 
cd  to  send  in  their  tiil)Utes,  an' 
in  the  vicinity  were  excusid  liy 


■  ihc 
alieKiaiue 
a  dial.iiu-e  (    - 
lose  will)   w  • 
|e  Adclnitadi) 
|in  ihi'  r   irieii 
ililaii's   faiii 
Hjed  insokiu 
and  wer'. 


lat  l>y  indulgence  1  -  might  re- 
ship    m    this    time    of    danger, 
daily   gaineu    strength  ;     they 
y  and     '  large  in  the  open  coun- 

__ _        ipportec:    by   the   misguided   na- 

fesT  ^^'I'l'i-'  '"^  Spaniards  who  remained  loyal, 
larir!'  ioii';|Mracies  among  the  nativ  ,,  hail  to 
tei)  under  shelter  of  ''.e  fi'i,  or  m   the  strong 


nc 


In 


H^n    -. 

usts  which   they   had   erected   in   the   villages. 

c.inim:i!i.iers    were   obliged    to    palliate    all 

ijf  blights  and   ladi.r  ntics,  both  from  their 

Ji,-,s  and  Ironi   ihe  Indians,  fearful  of  driving 

ler.i  to  sedition   by  any  severity.     The  clothing 

I  munitions  of  all  k'n'ds,  either  for  maintenance 

fen.e,  were  rap'dly  w.isting  away,  and  the 


(Icien.e 

■am  of  .'d! 

|nkin,i(  the 

),):i  k-nry. 

oil'  i-plion, 

fcsifjjcd  i)y 


supplies  or  tidings   from   S[)ain  w.is 
spirits  ef    the  well-affected   into  (h;- 
The  Adelantado  was  shut  up  in  Fort 
in  daily  exi)ectation  of  being  openly 
koldai.,    and   was  secretly  informed 
lat  means  were  taken  to  destroy  tiim,  should  he 
ue  from  the  walls  of  the  fortress.* 
Such  was  the  desperate  state  to  which  the  col- 
was  reduced,  in  consec|Uence  of  the  long  de- 
inticM  of  C  Uniibus 
ems  llirouii  in  the 

le  hi-iK-ru  of  the  island  by  the  delays  of  cahinets 

the  ciiicuiery  of   I^'onseca  and   his  satellites. 

t  this  critical  juncture,  when  faction  reigned  tri- 

nphant,  and  the  colony  was  on  the  brink  of  ruin, 

in^'s  wcrr  brought  to' the  Vega  that  Pedro  I-'er- 

iiikv  C'liimal   had   arrived   at  the   |)ort  of  '-'an 

mingo,  with  two  ships,  bringing  supplies  of  all 

da,  and  a  strong  reinforcement  of  troops. f 


in  Spain,   and   the   impedi- 
way  of  all  his  measures  for 


CHAPTER  VI. 

^CO\D  IXSURRF.CTION   OF   GU.\RIONF,X,   AND  }11S 
FLIGHT    to   THE   MOUNTAINS  OF  CIGUAV. 

[1498.] 

IThk,  arrival  of  Coronal,  wdiich  took  place  on 
\e  third  of  February,  was  the  salvation  of  the 
)lony.  The  reinforcements  (jf  troojjs,  and  of 
tpulii'S  of  a!l  kinds,  strengthened  the  hands  of 
liariholomew.  The  royal  confirmation  of  his 
kk- ,ui(l  authority  as  Adelantado  at  once  dispelled 
llibuhts  as  to  the  legitimacy  of  his  power  ;  and 
le  tidings  that  the  adn-iral  was  in  high  favor  at 
lurt,  and  would  soon  arrive  with  a  powerful 
buadron,  struck  consternation  into  those  who  had 
liciicl  into  the  rebellion  on  the  presumption  of 

having  fallen  into  disgrace. 
[Tlie  .Vilelantado  no  longer  remained  mewed  up 

iiis  fortress,  hut  set  out  immediately  for  San 
ominjr,3  wiUi  a  part  of  his  troops,  although  a 
Itifh  superior  relief  force  was  at  the  village  of 
|ti'aci(|ue  Ciuarionex,  at  a  very  short  distance. 

dan  followed    slowly   and  gloomily    with    his 
[iny,  anxious  to  ascertain  the  truth  of  these  ti- 

I*  LasCasas,  Hist.  Ind.,  lib.  i.  cap.  lit). 

U  Las  Casus,     llerrera.     Hist,  del  Almirante. 


I  dings,  to  m.ike  partisans,  if  possible,  among  those 
who  had  newly  arriveil,  and  to  take  ad\antage  of 
every  circumstance  that  might  befriend  his  rash 
and  hazardous  projects.  'I'he  Adel.intado  left 
strong  guarils  on  the  ])asses  of  the  roads  to  pre- 
ven*  his  near  approach  to  .San  Domingo,  but  Kol- 
dan paused  within  a  few  leagues  of  the  |)lace. 

W'lien  tie  .Adelantado  found  hiniselt  secure  in 
.San  Domingo  with  this  augmentation  of  force,  and 
the  jirospect  of  a  still  greater  reinforcement  at 
hand,  his  ignanimity  jirevailed  over  his  indig- 
nation, .  nd  he  sinight  by  gentle  means  to  allay 
the  popular  seditions  that  the  isl.md  might  be  re- 
'.ored  to  tran([uillity  before  his  brother's  arrival. 
He  considered  that  the  colonists  h.id  suffered 
greatly  from  the  want  of  supplies  ;  that  their  dis- 
contents had  been  heightened  by  the  severities  he 
had  been  comjielled  to  inflict  ;  and  that  many  had 
been  led  to  rebellion  by  doubts  of  the  legitimacy  of 
his  .authority.  While  therefore  he  proclaimed  the 
royal  .act  sanctioning  his  title  and  |)owers,  he 
promised  amnesty  for  all  past  offences,  on  condi- 
tion of  immediate  return  to  allegiance.  He-'-ing 
that  Roldan  was  within  five  le.igues  of  S- ,,  ■- 
mingo  with  his  band,  he  sent  Pedro  Fer.  nde : 
Coronal,  who  had  been  appointed  by  the  so',  e.  e;g!i' 
alguazil  mayor  of  the  island,  to  exhort  im  i«' 
obedience,  promising  him  oblivion  of  !;e  uit. 
He  trusted  that  the  representations  i'  'isc  ^t 
and  honorable  man  like  Coronal,  win,  na  '  '  'jp 
witness  of  the  favor  in  which  his  bro'hei  oou 
in  Spain,  would  convince  the  rebels  c  the  hope- 
lessness of  their  course. 

R(ddan,  however,  conscious  of  his  ;i  .  and 
doubtful  of  the  clemency  of  Don  P)artholoniew , 
feared  to  venture  within  his  power  ;  he  cletermin- 
ed  also  to  prevent  his  followers  from  comnnmica- 
ting  willi  Coronal,  lest  they  should  be  seduced 
from  him  by  the  ]iromise  of  |)ardon.  When  th.it 
emissary,  therefore,  approached  the  encampment 
of  the  rebels,  he  was  o|jposed  in  a  narrow  pass  by 
a  body  of  archers,  with  their  cross-bows  levelled. 
"  Halt  there  I  traitor  1"  cried  Kold.in  ;  "  had  you 
arrived  eight  days  later,  we  should  all  have  been 
united  as  one  man."* 

In  vain  Coronal  endeavored  by  fair  reasoning 
and  earnest  entreaty  to  win  this  [)er\erse  and  tur- 
bulent man  from  his  career.  Koldan  answered 
with  hardihood  and  detiance,  professing  to  oppose 
only  the  tyranny  and  misrule  ol  the  Adelantado, 
but  to  be  ready  to  submit  to  the  admir.il  on  his 
arri\al.  He  and  several  of  his  principal  confed- 
erates wrote  letters  to  the  s.ime  effect  to  their 
friends  in  S.in  Domingo,  urging  them  to  plead 
their  cause  with  the  admiral  when  he  should  .ar- 
rive, and  to  assure  him  of  their  disposition  to  ac- 
knowdedge  his  authority. 

When  Coronal  returned  with  accounts  of  Rol- 
dan's  contumacy,  the  Adelantado  jjroclaimed  him 
and  his  followers  traitors.  That  shrewd  rebel, 
however,  did  not  suffer  his  men  to  remain  within 
either  the  seduction  of  promise  or  the  terror  of 
menace  ;  he  immediately  set  out  on  his  march  for 
his  jiromised  land  of  Xaragua,  trusting  to  impair 
every  honest  ])rinciple  .md  virtuous  tie  of  his  mis- 
j  guided  followers  by  a  life  of  indolence  and  liber- 
tinage. 

In  the  mean  time  the  niischievous  effects  of  his 
intrigues  among  the  caciciues  became  more  antl 
more  apparent.  .No  sooner  had  the  .Xdelantado 
left  Fort  Conception  than  a  conspiracy  was  lorm- 
ed  among  the  n.itives  to  sur|)rise  it.  (lu.irionex 
was  at  the  head  of  this  conspiracy,  moved  by  the 


*  Herrera,  decad.  i.  lib.  iii.  cap.  S. 


1 1 


11 


154 


LIFE  AND   VOYAGES   OF   C0LUML5US. 


^  if 


instifjations  nf  Rolclan,  who  had  promised  him 
jirotcitioii  and  a^sistaiirt',  and  led  on  l)y  the  tor 
lorn  hope,  in  this  distracti'd  state  of  the  Si)anish 
lorces,  lit  reiievln^,'  liis  paternal  domains  Irom  the 
intoierahh-  dondnation  ot  usurping'  strangers. 
Hohhn),'  serret  conimunieations  with  his  trihut.iry 
»;u'ii|iies,  it  was  concerted  that  tliey  should  all 
rise  simult  Mieoiisly  and  massacre  the  soldiery 
(|Uartered  in  small  |)arties  in  their  villages  ;  while 
he,  with  a  chosen  lorce,  should  surprise  the  ior- 
tress  o{  Conception,  The  night  ot  the  lull  moon 
was  t'lxed  upon  tor  the  insurrection. 

One  o(  the  principal  cacicpies,  however,  not  he- 
ing  a  correct  observer  ot  the  heavenly  bodies,  took 
up  arms  before  the  appointed  night,  and  was  re- 
pulsed by  thir  soldiers  ([uartered  in  his  village. 
The  .darni  was  given,  and  the  .Spaniards  were  all 
put  on  the  alert.  The  cacique  lied  to  ( luarionex 
lor  protection,  but  liie  chieftain,  enraged  at  his 
fatal  blunder,  j)Ut  him  to  death  upon  the  spot, 

No  sooner  did  the  .Vdel.intado  near  of  this  fresh 
conspiracy  th.in  he  put  himself  on  the  m.irch  tor 
the  \'eg;i  with  a  strong  body  of  men.  Ciuarionex 
tlid  not  aw.dt  liis  coming.  He  saw  that  every  at- 
ti  Mipl  was  fruitless  to  shake  off  these  strangers, 
who  had  settled  like  a  curse  upon  his  territories. 
He  had  lound  their  very  triendshij)  withering  and 
destruttive,  and  he  now  dreaded  their  vengeance. 
Abandoning,  therefore,  his  rightful  domain,  the 
onc(.-  hajjpy  Vega,  he  lied  with  his  family  and  a 
small  band' of  faithfid  followers  to  the  mo'imt.iins 
of  Ciguay.  This  is  a  lofty  chain,  extending  along 
the  north  side  of  the  island,  between  the  \'eg.i  and 
the  sea.  The  inhabitants  were  the  most  robust 
and  hardy  tribe  of  the  island,  and  far  more 
formid.ible  than  the  mild  inhabitants  of  the 
l^l.'iins.  it  was  a  part  of  this  tribe  which  display- 
ed hostility  to  the  Spaniards  in  the  course  of  the 
first  voyage  of  Columbus,  and  in  a  skirmish  with 
them  ill  theCiulf  of  S.amana  thetirst  drop  of  native 
blood  had  been  sherl  in  th<'  New  World.  The 
re.-ider  may  remember  the  frank  and  confiding 
conduct  ol  these  jx'oplethe  day  after  the  skirmish, 
and  the  intrepid  faith  with  which  their  cacique 
trusted  liimsc'lf  on  board  of  the  cara\-el  of  the  ad- 
miral, and  in  the  power  of  the  Spaniards.  It  was 
to  this  same  cacicpK;,  named  Mayobanex,  that  the 
fugitive  chieftain  of  the  \'cga  now  applied  tor  ref- 
uge. He  came  t(j  his  residence  at  an  Indian  town 
near  Cape  Calirfin,  about  forty  leagues  east  of 
Isabella,  and  imjilorerl  shelter  for  his  wife  and  chil- 
dren, and  his  handful  of  loyal  followers.  The  no- 
ble-minded caci(|ue  of  the  mountains  recei\ed  him 
with  o|ien  arms.  He  not  only  g.ive  an  asylum 
to  his  family,  f)ut  engaged  to  stand  by  him  in  his 
distress,  to  defend  his  cause,  and  share  his  des- 
)ier.Ue  fortunes.*  Men  in  civili/efl  life  le.irn  mag- 
nanimity from  [)rccept,  but  their  most  generous 
actions  are  often  rivalled  by  the  deeds  of  untutored 
savages,  who  act  only  from  natural  impulse. 


CHAPTER   Vn. 

CAMP.MGN   OF  Till',   .^r)Fr..AVTAnn   IN  THE  MOtJN- 
TAINS   UI"   ClUUAY. 

[1498.] 

Ainrn  by  his  mountain  ally,  and  bv  liands  of 
hardy  Cigii.iy.ms,  (uiarionex  made  sever.al  de- 
scents into  the  plain,  cutting  off  straggling  parties 

*  Las  Casas,  Hist.  Ind.,  cap.  121,  Ms.  Peter  Mar- 
tyr, dead.  i.  cap.  5. 


of  the  Spaniards,  layitig  waste  the  \illagps 
nati\es  whiili  continued  in  allegianie  to  ir,, 
and  destroying  the  fruits  of  the  earth.  The,; 
lantado  nut  a  speedy  stoji  to  these  molesi.i'jc 
but  he  (letirmined  to  root  out  so  lorniiiliili!t 
ad\ersary  from  the  neighborhood.  Slini,, 
Irom  no  danger  nor  fatigue,  and  leaving  ndu 
to  be  done  by  others  which  he  could  dn  liu,,,, 
he  set  forth  in  the  spring  with  a  band  (,|  nr 
men,  a  tew  cavalry,  anil  a  body  of  liuliiir,, 
penetrate  the  Ciguay  mount.iins. 

After  passing  a  sleep  delili-,  rendered  hit 
impracticable  for  troops  by  rugged  rocks  imd 
uberant  vegetation,  he  desi ended  into  a  luau' 
v.dley  or  jilain,  extending  along  tlie  uiiisi,, 
embraced  by  amis  of  the  mountains  wliid;. 
proached  the  sea.  His  advance  into  the  ((nr 
was  watched  by  the  keen  eyes  ot  liidi.ui  sn.. 
who  lurked  among  rocks  .iiid  thi(  k<-ts.  ,\s' 
.Spaniards  were  seeking  the  loiil  ol  a  river atv 
entrance  of  the  pla:n,  two  (d  thesir  spies  (l.in 
from  among  the  bushes  on  its  bank.  ()iul!i, 
himself  iieadlong  into  the  water,  and  swiiiiir 
.across  the  mouth  of  the  ri\er  e.wa|u(l  ;  tlu  !•• 
l)eing  taken,  gave  inlormation  that  six  tliim-;' 
Indians  lay  in  ambush  on  the  opposite  sK' 
waiting  to  attack  them  as  they  crossid. 

'{"he  Adelantado  advanced  with  caution,  ,v 
fiiuling  a  shallow  jilace,  entered  the  river  ui'h' 
troops.  They  were  scarcely  midwav  in  tlu-  My, 
when  the  sa\ages,  hideously  painii-d,  and  \vi:,: 
more  like  fiends  than  men,  burst  Irom  lliiir 
cealment.  The  forest  rang  with  their  xclU 
howlmgs.  They  discharged  a  shc>wir  <4  .iir- 
and  lances,  by  which,  notwithstanding  the  pi i'- 
tion  of  their  targets,  many  of  the  Spaniards v,t 
wounded.  The  Adelantado,  liowcver,  Uircii;  • 
way  across  the  river,  and  the  Indians  tm^ 
lllght.  Some  were  killed,  but  their  switim- 
foot,  their  knowledge  of  the  forest,  and  tlu'in 
terity  in  winding  through  the  most  tangled  ili 
ets,  eiialiled  the  greater  number  to  ehiile  tin  1 
suit  of  the  Spaniards,  who  were  incunilimi 
armor,  targets,  cross-bows,  and  lances. 

Iiy  the  advice  of   one  of  his   Indian  guides 
Adelantado  pressed   forward   along  the  v.ilii 
reach  the  residence  of  Mayobanex,  at  Caliidii. 
the   way  he   had   several   skirmishes   willi  ilu- 
ti\es,  who  would  suddenly  rush  forth  widi  fur; 
war-cries  from   aml)uscades  among    the  Inwc 
discharge  their  weajions,  anil  take  refuge  ;ii;,i!r, 
the  fastnesses  of  their   rocks  and  forests,  iiKu:: 
sible  to  the  .Spaniards. 

Ha\ing  taken  several  jirisoners,  the  Ailt-lanij 
sent  one  accomjianied  by  an  Indian  of  a  trim 
tribe,  as  a  messenger  to  Mayobanex,  deni.ii;i' 
the  surrender  of  (iu.irionex  ;  promising  tritm!v 
and  protection  in  case  of  com])liance,  but  ihm:* 
ing,  in  case  of  refusal,  to  lay  waste  his  tirr!;i 
with  t"ire  and  sword.  The  cacique  listi-iicdiit',:: 
tively  to  the  messenger  :  "  Tell  tlie  Spaiiiarfe 
said  he  in  reply,  "  tliat  they  are  bad  nitn,  it. 
and  tyrannical  ;  usurpers  of  the  territoiib 
others,  and  shedders  of  innocent  blood.  I  (!c 
not  the  friendship  of  such  men;  C.uarioiiex  :^ 
good  man,  he  is  my  friend,  he  is  my  guest,  lit' 
tied  to  me  for  refuge,  I  ha\-e  iiromised  to  pK 
him,  and  I  will  keep  my  word," 

This  magnanimous  re|)ly,  or  rather  detiM'j 
coininced  the  Adelantado  that  nothing  wasU' 
gained  by  friendly  overtures.  When  severii;. » 
requiretl,  he  could  be  astern  soUlier.  Ik- in;' 
cliately  ordered  the  village  in  which  heli.id'r 
quartered,  and  several  others  in  the  nei;;ii 
hood,  to    be   set   on    tire.     He    then    sent  iun: 


Jfsscngcrs  to  Mayi 
L  he  (If  live  red  up 
ln-,inions  should  I 
Id  he  would  see  1 
smoke  and  I 
Barmi-d  at  this  in 
Eiivans  surrounded 
IS  l.iincni.itions,  ci 
1  taken  retuge  an 
loiiM  lif  given  up  1 
The  generous 
Immilcd  them  ot  tli 
III  the  sacred  (lain 
((I  ilfclared  he  woi 
J sliiiiild  ever  he  s 

|i  ^'lll'St, 

jTne  (icople  retire 
lecliieltaiii,  sunimi 
|cf,  again    pledgei 

ni;;h  it  should  ci 
|m  no  reply  to  the 
less.igfs  might  teni 

pl.uc'l  men  in  am 
jtssi-iiger  who  mig 
[in  ill  wait  long  bet 
mcing  through  tlu 
iplive  Cigu.iyan,  an 
le  .S|),ini.irds,  The 
|lii'  .\ilc'laiitado  wa^ 
inii",  v.ith  only  ten 
leii.    When  he  touii 

till'  lorest  path,  tr. 
Tilly  cN.isperated, 
isly  with  this  oils 
lereloie,  with  all  1 
|ayi)!Miie\-  and  his  a 
ipm.irh  the  interio 
Its  lied,  o\'erconie 
in  liii;,'  himself  thus 
!tii,^'('  with  his  fami 
lounl.iins.  Sever.al 
uaiiiinex,  to  kill  hirr 
ili.iiDrviilfermg,  but 
e  w.indered  about  al 
Isolate  places. 
The  density  of  the  f 
le  moiiiitains  render 
linfiil  and  laborious 
le  liniL-  that  the  .Ad 
is  men  sutfered,  m 
iiijfer.  The  native 
ins ;  tlu'ir  villages 
ite  ,  rJl  the  provisior 

cassava  bread,  ar 
ieir  Indian  allies  ci 
iw  and  then  afewut 

their  dugs.  They 
■otind,  in  the  open  r 

the  heavy  dew  whii 
in:c  niontlis  they  w 
liiis,  until  almost  wi 
iri'.  M.my  of  them 
lod  of  l'"ort  Concept 
intion  ;  they,  there 
ln«  the  Indians  wen 
iturn  to  their  abodes 
he  .\(lelaiitado   g 

ns,  and  an  allowan 
Ircad  which  remain 
ten,  he  residved   wit 

I  cavern  of  the  mr 
le  two  caciques,  I 
■.T.etheni  ill  such  aw 

g'.ve  a  clue  to  their 
was  abaiuloned. 


LIFE  AND  VOYAGI'S   OF  COLUMBUS. 


155 


<•  villn^fps  (/ 

i;i.ini f  tu  II,, 
.irlli.  'Ihe.i 
ir  liuilot.i'jc 
)  litnuiilali:,. 
iixl.      Shni,. 

Diild  do  hnv,, 
I  liMlid  (4  irr: 
y   ot    liidi.ir, 

rfiidcriMl  ;i,ii, 
fd  nii'ks  iiiiil 
I  into  a  lieaui' 

[     till-    Itiasl.i; 

ilaiiis  wliich.: 

illtd  th(.'  (diir- 

it   Indiiin  si( 
iiickt'ts.     A- 

ol  a  river  r 
fsi;  spies  I',' 
lank.  ('lie  I': 
•,  and  .swinii; 
;a)ic(l  ;  Uik-t 
lat  six  lliei!-;- 

(i))|)(isite  i,rc 

DSSl'd. 

til    caution.  ,v 
lie  fiver  wv'r 
kav  in  llic  ^1-1, 
lied,  and  Iik.' 
t  tr(ini  lliiir, 
li  tlu-ir  \flU  . 
luiwi'r  (it  ain'i 
m\\uj^  the  piC' 
'  Sjiaiiiards v,f 
vcver,  liircei;  • 
'ndians  un.'i 
iL'ir  swiltiH-N- 
it,  and  tiieirc 
ist  tanj^led  ti 
lo  I'lnde  till  1 
incnndii  ri(. 
ini'cs. 

di.in  ^iiiilfs, 
nj;-  tile  vallry 
,  at  Calirdii. 
cs  with  ilir 
rtli  willi  fiini 
11},'  tlu-  Ini-f 
rcliigf  ajj.it 
lurcsts,  iliac;: 

the  AdelaiVv 
an  of  a  Irirri 
iu\,  deniar.ii 

isiiiji  trieiK'- 
<■(■,  but  lliir.:-' 

te   his  le 

•  listened  ,r,:' 
tlic  Si)aiiiari;> 

bad  iiKil,  I'- 
li-rritoi'it) 

l)U)i)(l.     I(!t' 
("iiiarioiRA  ■ 
iiy  };ue>l,  he 
nisuil  tu  pre-' 

rather  deti.iK 
)lhinjj  waste 
icn  se\erit. 
lier.  Ili-nr 
ich  he  had  '- 
the  neii,'iv 
■len    sent  lur.: 


sscn^crs  to  Mayobanrx,  warninj,'  him  that,  un- 
^  he  delivered  U|)  the  tilLMlive  ea(i(|Uc,  his  whidc 
ciidd   he   l.iiil  waste  in  like  manner  ; 


iniiinons  sii  ,  .       .  ,  , 

1(1  he  would  sec  notliui},' in   every  direction  tint 

smoke     and     tlanies     of    huriiiii},'    villaj^es. 

armed  at   this  impeiidin};  destruction,  the  Ci- 

avans  surroiindeii   their  chieltain  with   clamor- 

i'laineiitations,  ciirsiiif;  the  d.iy  that  (liiarionex 

I  taken  relunc'  anion;,'  them,  and  iirj^nnjr  that  he 

oiild  lie  ^'wf'n  up  for  tlu;  salv.ition  of  the  coun- 

Tlie  jifiieroiis  cari(pie  was  intlexilile.      lie 

minded  iheiii  of  the  many  virtues  of  (niarioncx, 

(I  the  s.K  red  (lainis  he  had  on   th(;ir  hospitality, 

il  ileclared  he  would  abide  all  evils  rather  th.m 

shmilil  ever  he  said   M.iyobanex  had  betrayed 

|s  ^'iiest. 

Tiie  pe(i|)le  retired  with  sorrowful  hearts,  anrl 
jerhii'ltain,  sur.inionin;(  ("lUarionex  into  his  pres- 
lie,  a),Min  pledged  his  word  to  jirotect  him, 
lou'di  it  should  cost  him  his  dominions,  lie 
ni'iio  reply  to  the  Adel.intado,  and  lest  further 
esvi;,'es  iiii^jht  teni|)t  the  Inhdity  of  his  subjects, 
|)iu(d  men  in  .inibush,  with  orders  to  slay  any 
tssen;,'er  who  nii^jht  apjiroac  h.  They  had  not 
in  ill  w.iit  loll},'  before  they  beheld  two  men  ad- 
liuiii}(  lhi()U},'h  thi'  forest,  one  of  whom  w,is  a 
ipiive  Ciiju.iy.in,  .and  the  oilier  an  Indian  ally  of 
e  Sii.uiiards.  They  were  iiotli  instantly  slain, 
hi'  .\(lelaiit,ido  was  following-  at  no  ).jreat  dis- 
nie,  v.itli  only  ten  foot  soldiers  and  four  horse- 
fii.  When  he  toiind  his  niessen},'ers  lyin}f  de.id 
the  iDrest  path,  tr.msl'ixefl  with  arrows,  he  was 
I'ltly  exasperated,  and  reso'ved  to  deal  rijjor- 
slv  with  this  obstinate  tribe.  He  advanced, 
leretore,  with  all  his  force  to  Cabron,  where 
avoliaiiex  and  his  army  were  tiuartered.  At  his 
|iio,-i<h  the  interior  caciiiues  and  their  adher- 
ts  lied,  overcome  by  terror  of  the  Spaniards. 
indiii};  himself  thus  deserted,  Mayobanex  tO(d< 
ifii^fc  with  his  family  in  a  secret  part  ot  the 
louniauis.  .Several  of  the  Ci^ju.iyans  sou},dit  tor 
uaiionex,  to  kill  him  or  deliver  him  up  as  a  pro- 
itialDivolferint;,  but  he  lied  to  the  liei}jhts,  wdiere 
e  wandered  about  alone,  in  the  most  savage  and 
Esolale  places. 

The  density  of  the  forests  and  the  ruggedness  of 

le  nioiiiitaiiis  rendered  this  expedition  excessively 

aintiil  and  laborious,  and  protracted  it  far  beyond 

le  linu-  that  the  .Adelantado  had  contem]ilated. 

is  men  siitfered,  not   merely   from   fatigue,  but 

flitter.    The   natives   had   all    tied  {a   the  nioun- 

lins ;   their  villages   remained   emjity  and  deso- 

ite  ,  all  the  provisions  of  the  .Sp.aniards  consisted 

cassava  brearl,   ;uul   such   roots  and   herbs  as 

leir  Indian  allies  could   gather  for  them,   with 

wand  theiiafewutias  taken  with  the  assistance 

ihfir  d().;s.     They  slejit  almost  always  on  tin; 

ouiid,  ill  the  open  air,  under  the  trees,  exposed 

the  luMvy  dew  which  f.alls  in  this  climate.     For 

no  niDiitlis  they  were  thus   ranging  the  nioun- 

liiis,  until  almost  worn   out   with   toil   and   hard 

re.    Many  ot   them   had  farms  in   the  neighbor- 

od  of  Fort  Conception,  which  required  their  at- 

mtion  ;   they,    therefore,    entreated    permission, 

ince  the  Indians  were   terrified  and  dispersed,  to 

"turn  to  their  abodes  in  the  Vega. 

llie  .\(lelaiitado  granted   many  of  them  pass- 

ris,  and  an  allowance  out  of  the  scanty  stock  of 

■(.'ad  which    remained.      Retaining   only    thirty 

en,  he  resolved   with   these  to  search  every  den 

d  cavern  of  the  mountains  until  he  should  find 

le  two  cicicpies.     It   was  ('itVicult,   however,  to 

nee  them  in  such  a  wilderness.   There  was  no  one 

K'^'e  a  (hie  to  their  retreat,  for  the  whole  coun- 

1  was  abaiuloned.     There  were  the  habitations 


of  men,  but  not  a  human  bring  to  be  Sfrn  ;  or  if, 
by  ch.ince,  they  (aught  some  wrclilird  Indian 
stc.ding  l(jrth  from  the  mount. liiis  iii(pirst(d  loud, 
he  alw.iys  professed  utter  igiior.uice  ot  the  hid- 
ing-pl.ice  ot  the  c.ici(|ues. 

It  h.ippeiH'd,  one  day,  however,  that  several 
.Sp.iniards,  while  hunting  utias,  c.iijiurcd  two  of 
the  tidlowers  of  .Mayobanex,  who  were  (.in  their 
way  to  .1  distant  village  in  seaicli  ot  bread.  They 
were  taken  to  the  Adelantado,  who  compelled 
them  to  betray  the  place  of  concealment  ot  their 
(  liiett.iin,  and  to  act  as  guides.  Twelve  .Sp,in- 
iards  \iilimteered  to  go  in  (|Uesl  of  him.  .Strip- 
ping themselves  naked,  staining  .ind  |i;iiiuiiig  their 
liodifs  so  as  to  look  like  Imiiaiis,  .iiul  coverinjj 
their  swords  with  p.ilmdeavcs,  they  were  conduct- 
ed by  the  guides  to  the  retreat  ot  the  unfortunate 
.M.iyob.iiiex.  They  c;ime  secretly  U|ioii  him,  anil 
toiiiid  liim  surrounded  by  his  wile  and  (  hildreil 
and  .1  few  ot  his  household,  totally  uiisus])icious 
of  danger.  Dr.iwing  their  swords,  the  Spaniards 
rusheii  upon  them  and  made  them  all  prisoners. 
When  they  were  brought  to  tlu'  Adelintado,  he 
g.ive  up  ail  turtlur  search  after  (lu.irionex,  and 
returned  to  Fort  L'once|itioii. 

Among  the  prisoners  thus  taken  w.is  the  sister  of 
M.iyobane';.  .She  was  the  w  ite  ot  another  cai  i(|ue 
of  the  mountains,  whose  territories  h.id  never  yet 
been  \isited  liy  the  Spaniards  ;  and  she  was  re- 
jniied  to  be  one  of  the  most  bcaiitiliil  women  of 
the  island.  'I'cnderly  .attaclu'd  to  her  brother, 
she  had  abandoned  the  security  of  her  own  domin- 
ions, and  had  followed  him  among  rocks  and 
preci|)ices,  participating  in  all  his  hardshins,  and 
comforting  him  with  a  wdiiian's  symp.itny  and 
kindness.  When  her  luisb.ind  heard  of  her  cap- 
tivity, he  hastened  to  the  Adelant.ido  and  offered 
to  submit  himself  and  all  his  possessions  to  his 
sw.iy,  if  his  wife  might  be  restored  to  him.  The 
Ad(dantailo  accepted  his  otter  of  allcgi.ince,  and 
rele.ised  his  wife  and  several  of  his  subjects  who 
had  been  captured.  The  caci(|Ue,  tailhtul  to  his 
word,  became  a  firm  and  valuable  ally  of  the 
.S|)aniards,  cultivating  large  tracts  ot  land,  and 
supplying  them  with  gre.il  (|U,intilies  ut  bread  and 
other  provisions. 

Kindness  ap|)ears  never  to  liav('  been  lost  upon 
the  people  (d  this  island.  When  this  act  of  clem- 
ency real  hed  the  Ciguayans,  they  came  in  mul- 
titudes to  the  fortress,  bringing  presents  of  various 
kinds,  promising  allegiance,  ,ind  iniidoring  the 
release  of  M.avobanex  and  his  laniily.  The  Ade- 
lant.ido gr.mted  their  prayers  in  jiart,  releasing 
the  wile  and  household  of  tiie  c.ici(|ue,  but  still  de- 
t.iining  him  prisoner  to  insure  the  lidelity  ot  his 
subjects. 

In  tlie  mean  lime  the  unfortunate  ( "lU.irionex, 
who  had  been  hiding  in  the  wildest  parts  ot  the 
mountains,  was  driven  by  hunger  to  venture  down 
occasionallv  into  the  ])laiii  in  (piest  (d  food.  The 
Ciguayans  looking  upon  him  as  the  c.iuse  of  their 
misloriunes,  and  perhaps  hoping  by  his  s.icritice 
to  procure  the  release  of  their  ciiiettain,  betrayed 
his  haunts  to  the  Adelantado.  A  party  was  dis- 
])at(died  to  secure  him.  They  lay  in  wait  in  the 
path  by  which  he  usually  returned  to  the  moun- 
tains. As  the  unhappy  caci(|ue,  after  one  ot  his 
f.imishetl  excursions,  w.is  returning  to  his  den 
among  the  cliffs,  he  was  surprised  by  the  lurking 
.Spaniards,  and  brought  in  chains  to  Fort  Concep- 
tion. After  his  repeated  insurrections,  and  the 
extraordinary  zeal  and  perseverance  displayed  in 
his  pursuit,  (aiarionex  expected  nothing  less  than 
de.'tth  from  the  venge.ince  ot  the  Adelantado 
Dun  liartholomcw,  however,  though  stern  in  his 


150 


LIFE  AND   VOVAGl'S  OF   COLUMBUS. 


policy,  was  nriiluT  vindictive  nor  criu'l  in  lii^  na- 
ture III- ('onslilcrcd  ilic  ii';in(|uillily  ot  tlu-  \'t'^;i 
MiMii  icntly  siriiicil  liy  llif  iMplivity  ol  tin-  i.i- 
ci({iii-  ;  :ini|,  oi'iit  red  hnn  to  j)c  di't.uncd  .i  |ii'i>>iinri' 
and  lic)^t.i;;('  in  ilic  lortri'ss.  IJu'  Indi.in  liitstili- 
ti<'s  in  (Ills  iiii|jiiit.int  part  ot  the  isi.ind  licin^  tluis 
brnn^lit  to  ,1  ((Mu  lu^iKin,  and  prci  aution^  tal^cn  to 
privciii  tiicir  rtiurrt'nii',  Don  Il.irtliolonu'W  re- 
turned to  llic  city  ol  San  Uoniin^o,  wlu'rc,  sliorily 
alter  his  arrival,  \\v  liail  the  h.tppiness  ol  reeei\in^ 
hi-.  Iirother,  the  adndrai,  alter  nearly  two  years 
and  six  months'  alisenee.* 

Siich  was  tile  active,  intrepid,  and  saj;acious, 
but  liirhultnl  and  disastrous  adnunistr.Uion  ol  the 
;\di"lanlado,  in  whii  h  we  find  evidences  ol  the 
^,'reat  e,i|)a(  ity,  the  mental  and  hodily  vi>;or  ol  this 
sell-lormed  and  almost  .sell-lau>,dit  man.  He 
imiled,  in  a  sin^uLir  dej,n-ee,  the  sailor,  the  sol- 
dier, and  the  K^islalor.  Like  his  hrolher,  the 
adnural,  his  mind  and  manners  rose  immediately 
to  the  levi  1  ol  his  situation,  sliowin^;  no  arro^;.mce 
iiur  Ublcntatiun,  and  cxct'ciiiing  thu  bway  ut  .sudden 


and  rxtraordmary  power,  with  the  sohriitv  v 
modcr.ition  ol  one  who  h.id  heen  horn  in  ruli'.  ; 
has   heen   lU  (  used   ol  severity  m   Ins  j;o\criiii,,- 
hut    no    insi.mi  e    .ippe.irs   ol  a   cruel   or  wj-. 
aliiise  ol  .luthority.      II   lit;  was  stern  low.iril 
t.ictious  Spam.irds,    he  w.is  just  ;   the  disasin, 
his  .idministr.ilion  were  not  |)ro(lueed   hy  hh 
rifjor,  hut  hy  the  perxirse  p.issions  ol  oihei^. 
callcil  lor  its  exercise  ;  and  the  admiral,  \\\„ 
more  suavity  (d  m.uuier  and  lienevoUiu  e  di  i 
was  not  more  linnun.ite  in  cont  ili.iiiM);  tlic , 
will  ,ind   insuring  the  ohedu'uce  ol   the  coliin,,' 
The  merits  (.!  IJon  Itartholomew  do  not  ,i|i|n,' 
haxe    heen   sntliciently   ;ij)pre(  i.ited   hy  tin;  w, 
Ills  portrait  has  been  sullered  to  rein.iin  id., ; 
in   the  sh.ule  ;  it  is  worthy  ol   beiiij;  liriiin;ii 
the  \\n\u,  as  a  comp.mion  to  th.it  ul  his  iIIim 
brother.      Less  ami,d)le   .iiid   en(;.i^;iii^,   |iir: 
I  in  its  line.imeiits,  and  less  char.icieri/'ed  In  • 
I  nanimity,  its  traits  are  iwverthek's s   hold,  ^i 
I  ous,   ami    heroic,    and   stamped    with   iimi  :,■ 
'  ness. 


BOOK  XII. 


CHAPTER  I. 

CONTU.SION    IN     'IMF.     ISLAND— I'KOCK.F.niNGS     OK 

Tin;  Ki:i!Ki,s  at  xauauia. 
[.August  30,  1498.] 

Cm.l'MlUs  arrived  at  .San  Dominjjo,  wearied  by 
,1  lonj:j  and  .arduous  voy.i^je,  and  worn  down  by  in- 
tirniities  ;  both  mind  and  hiidy  craved  repose,  but 
Iroin  the  time  he  lirsi  entered  into  public  lite  he 
had  been  doomed  never  a^;ain  to  taste  tlu;  sweets 
ol  traixpiillity.  The  isl;iiid  ol  I  lis|)aniola,  the  la- 
vorite  child,  .is  it  were,  ol  his  hopes,  was  destined 
to  iiiv()l\  •  him  in  perpetual  troubles,  to  letter  his 
lorlunes,  impede  his  enter|)rises,  and  imbitter  the 
concUision  o!  his  lilc.  What  a  sc>'ne  ol  poverty 
and  sutttrinif  had  this  opulent  and  lovely  island 
been  nndered  by  the  b.'id  passions  ot  a  lew  des- 
j)ii"able  men  !  Tlie  wars  with  the  natives  and  the 
seditions  amnnj^-  the  colonists  had  jiut  a  sto|)  to 
the  labors  ol  tlie  mines,  .and  all  hopes  ol  we.dth 
were  ;U  an  end.  The  horrors  ol  lamiiie  had  suc- 
ceeded to  those  ol  war.  The  culii\ation  ol  the 
earth  had  been  j^'eiierally  nej,dected  ;  se\eral  ol 
the  jirovinces  had  been  desolated  durin;,^  the  late 
troubles  ;  .1  j;re,it  part  ol  the  Indi.ms  IkhI  lied  to 
the  mouni.iins,  .ind  those  who  remained  h.id  lost 
all  heart  to  labor,  seeinj,'-  the  produce  ol  their  toils 
li.ible  to  be  wrested  from  them  by  ruthless  str.m- 
gers.  It  is  true,  the  \'ega  was  once  more  tr.iii- 
(|uil,  but  it  w;is  a  desolate  trancpiillity.  That 
bcautilul  re!;ion,  which  the  .Spaniards  but  lour 
years  belore  had  found  so  populous  and  happy, 
seeming  to  inclose  in  its  luxuriant  bosom  all  the 
sweets  of  nature,  and  to  exclude  all  the  cares  and 
sorrows  ol  the  world,  was  now  a  scene  of  wretch- 
edness and  repining.  Many  of  those  Indian  towns, 
wiicre  the  Spani.irds  had  been  detained  by  genial 
hospitality,  .ind  almost  worshipped  ;is  beneficent 
deities,  were  now  silent  and  tleserted.     Some  of 

*  The  particul.irsof  this  chapter  are  chiefly  from  P. 
Martyr,  dccail.  i.  lib.  vi.;  the  manuscript  history  of 
Las  CaKas,  lib.  1  can.  121  ;  and  Herrera,  Hist.  Ind., 
(iccad.  i.  lib.  iii.  cap.  S,  9, 


their  late  inliabitants  were  lurking  aninn^;  r: 
and  caverns  ;  scnne  were  reduced  to  ^l.nr- 
many  had  perished  with  hunger,  ami  ni„iii 
t.dlen  by  the  sword.  It  seems  almost  imrti. 
that  so  small  .a  number  ol  men,  restrained  i.. 
well-meaning  governors,  could  in  so  short  ,1  ij, 
ol  time  have  produced  such  wide-spre.idin);  : 
erics.  liut  tlie  principles  of  evil  have  a  l.it.i,, 
tivity.  With  e\ery  exertion,  the  best  ol  mfii. 
ill)  but  a  moderate  amount  ol  good  ;  but  it  mt: 
in  the  |)ower  ol  the  most  contem|)tible  iiulivii;. 
to  do  incalcul.ible  mischief. 

'i'he  evil   |)assions  ol   the  white  nun  ulii.' 
inllicted  such  calamities  U|)on  this  inninciii 
pie.  h.id  insured   likewise  a  ineriteil   return  i;- 
iering  to  themselves.      In   no  jiart  w. is  this  n 
truly   exem|)lit"ied   than   anu)ng  the  inhahit.ii;:: 
Isabella,  the  most   idle,  lactioiis,  and  disMilui: 
the  island.     The  public   woiks  were  uiihiii>rt 
the  garilens  ;.!  .1  fields  they  h.id  begun  to  mi; 
lay  neglected  ;  tl  ey  had   dri'  en   the  nalivf.i:: 
their  vicinity    by   extortion   .and   cruelly,  ar.d : 
rendered   the  country  around  them  a  solit;irv  ■ 
ilerness.     Too  idle  to  labor,  and  destitute  n;  1 
resources  with  which  to  occu|)y  their  imlnltr: 
they    ijuarrelled     among     themselves,    mut;r:, 
.ig.ainst  their  rulers,  and  wasted  their  time  in  a!;: 
nate  riot  aiul  despondeiuy.     .Main  oi  the  solt 
(piartered  about  the   island    had  sullered  troii 
he. illh  during  the  late   troubles,  being  shmt:! 
Indian  villages  where  they  could  take  no  exirr 
and  obliged  to  subsist  on  food  to  which  tlieyi. 
not  accustom   themselves.      Those    actively  :"| 
jiloyed   had  been  worn  down  by  hard  servicci.j 
marches,  and  scanty  food.     Manv  ot  tlnm 'i-' 
broken  in  constitution,  and  many  hail  ])erisli( 
disease.     Then;   was  a   universal   desire  to  ir; 
the  island,  and  escape  from   miseries  crcalic- 
themselves.      Yet  this  was  the  t.ivored  anil  fri:-"| 
l.md  to  which  the  eyes  of  p!iiloso|)hers  ami  1 
in    Europe   were   Iniully   turned,   as   reali/ini; 
pictures  ot  the  gokh.'n  .ige.     So  true  it  is  ih:i'.' 
fairest  Elysium  fancy  ever  devised  would  lie;'-'| 
ed  into  a  purgatory  by  the  jiassions  of  bad  nif 

One  of  the  first  measures  ol  Columbus  or.: 


■* 


)i'. 


iv.ll  W.IS    to     Issll 

ihe  imMsures  ol 

Kuld.in   and    h 

n  h  id  t.ikeii  pos 

(Hy  received  by  I 

tjli'jwers  to   li 

i^r  is  he.iutilu 

;    ,  iiiiiy  .mil  Its  I 

.iiilir-.  .iiul  their 

■rn,i!i,  to  their  kii 

inibiM,  which  till  I 

,il  strcii^jtheneil  th 

\  i^ciiTiiig  on  til 

,1M\1  ,-.  ,ll  .1    (list. Ill 
|lr.|ll:  llteil     p.llt    I 

d:i  Irr  jiid  .d.irm. 

.tail'  III  .iiichor 
bi  I, lev  were   vess 
till,     knltl.in,    liiiv 

ujs  hiild,  siirini 
,i|  u  iiidel'ed   Iroin 

ilir  westward   b\ 

U-.I  111'  l^llOIMIlt  ol 

HI  I.  f.iiioiniiig  SI 
),imI,  iirrieiuliiig  to 
jrhiiii  I  tor  tlie  purp 
ii'ii/e,  .and  colli 
ji'i  .1-.  1(1  the  vessel 
I, 111,  llie  three  car 
111  liis  s({U.idri):i  at 
|)));if.  Ill  the  colon 
ihf  •'irciigth  of  the 
it  L',iiil)!ir,iii  Se.i,  h,- 
111. I  iliiir  reckoning 
le  cii.iit  ol  .\,ir.igu.i. 
Kiiiilan  ki'jit  his  si 
iii^'  ciiasiilereil  a  il 
hurity,  tile  c,iptain| 
his  ri(|iiests  lorsu|: 
I'cs.  rni.ss-bows,  a 
lie  lih  iiiL'n  disperse 
ic  iiasy  .imoiig  ll' 
nin.iiis,  representinf 
1st-.  It  .Sail  b.jiningo, 
ic!i  lacy  p.issed  the 
till'  cicws  li.id  been 
le.i  liiiir.d's  ill-judge 
fimiiKil  punishments 
):iy.  They  were  vaj 
ioAiis,  .and  culprit 
le  very  men,  thereto 
nil  lf|)l-eseiit.itioiis,  ; 
tile  liist  opportunit) 
Il  w.is  nut  until  the 
ie/(K:  Cirvajal,  the  1 
pi.iiiis,  discovered  th 
hail  ;ulniitled  so  fre 
w.is  tlien  to.)  late  ; 
|c  .till  his  lellow-ca 
invi.T-.,iiiim.s  with  Ri 
.>||i;  liim  Irom  his  d; 
|gni  ir  .lutlcirity.  Th 
"^actii.illy  on  his  w, 
iial  liirce-i  aiul  aug 
lcUii-()ii:^rly  on  his 
ly  iii'i.-ii  iiuimated, 
"1"1:;m  to  ple.id  his  i 
my  liim  tli.it  he  had 
"I'li'.tice  and  opp 
wi-.  iv.idy  to  sulini 
';  (-'arvajal  jierceiv 
■fl.ui  and  ol  sf\'era 
*s  W.IS  sh.iken,  and 
|CM  I  remain  some  li 
"ii^iu  succeed   in  i 


LIKE   AND   VOVAGKS   OF   COLUMHUS. 


157 


IP  Robrii'tv  !• 
lorn  ti(  rul'f  ;. 

ll!i    UDMTIIIl,,: 
rUl'l    t)|-    \\,iv 

x'fii  tduanl 

the     (lls.lsli;. 

if«'il  liy  111,, 

111   (Illicit,  V, 

Imnal,  \\U  , 

olliK  V  (il  I    ■ 
i.ilin),'  the  ^^ 

II  llll'     Kllll!,, 

III  liiil  .i|i|iij' 
(I   liy  tilt;  ui, 

I'liiaili  1(1(1  II,. 
UK  lir(iii>;hi 
ll    Ins  illiMr 
.iKiii«,    jiiTlr 
■tcri/i'd  liy  i. 
I's  >   lidlil,  ^1 
Willi   iron  I,;: 


ri-il    to  >i.\\f 
',  .111(1   111. .Ill 
must  iiurfil 
•fsliMiiicd  i(,i 
so  sluirt  ,1 ,]; 
i'-s|)i"f;i(linj;  : 
ll  liavf  a  l.it.ii;! 
1  hi'Sl  (ll  iiii'ii . 
Iiul  it  Mr- 
lilik'  iiulu.,. 


men  which: 
iiininHMit 

I  ruliiriu:- 
was  tills  r 
inlialiit.iii/ 

ml    (lisMlil-'.r 

re  uiitiiii>i.. 
un  til  ( III'.  ■ 
r  lialivtj:; 
ui-lty,  aw! :: 
1  a  siilitarv  - 

(.•StitUlL'l,;  : 

heir  imlnlr: 
\i'S,  iiiu'.;:-l 
V  linu-  iii.i.-' 
(ll  ilic  sdi;;:' 
ulffrcil  I  fur.  1 
filler  sliult: 
ikf   lUI  tXlTi>: 

liih  ihfvc 
•    .-iciivi'ly : 
rd  stTvicc,.. 

of    tlu'llVA 
1.1(1   ])lTishl 

lU-sirc  til  1' 
rii'S  crcaici. 
ruil  anil  frt" 
ihi'i's  and  ]-■ 
irali/iiii;' 
ic  it  is  di:i'- 
would  lit' ■'-' 
of  bad  r.'.v' 
olumbub  u:. 


iv.ii  u.is  ti)  issiii' it  |)iu(  I.im.itioii   ,i|ipiiiviii^;  111 

ihC  iiKMsurt's  i)(  the  Ailid.iiil.itli),  .iml  dcmuiiR- 

Kui'l.iii  ^iii'l   I'i'*  assocLilcs.     'I'll. It  turlnili-iit 

n  had  t.ilxfii   |)ossr:*sioii  of  Xar,i>,'ii,i,  ami   Ix-i-ii 

Iv  riiiivcii  liy  llii;  natives.     Hi-  li.nl  |iiiiiiitttil 

|)li'>wi'is   to   if. Ill   an   idlr  anil   lurntious  lilc 

iijii  r  ll,  liiMUiitiil  sicufs,  ni.ikiiin  till'  siiriouml- 

17 ,  ,uiiir>  .mil  Its  iiili.il)ii.intM  siil)si'i\  lent  to  tlii-ir 

c,i,iir(  ^  .iiiii  tlii'ir  p.issioiis.     An  fvi-iii  lia|i|icm'(l 

fvi.i'i,  1(1  thru-  knowlfiljji;  of  llu;  .iriiv.il  ol  Co- 

pvii',  wimli  tliirw  supplies    into  lludr    li.mils 

1(1  >iuiinili'-'mil  tludr  |iowcr.     As  liny  witi-  oik.' 

n  iiiiiiiiii),'  on  I'l^'  sf.i-slioiL',  llu'y  lit  lu'lil  tliiff 

i,i\(i,  .ii.i  ilist.mi'f,  tin;  sinlu  ol  wliitli,  in  this 

llni|ir  iili'd   |iiil  "'   l'"'  odMll,  rillt;il   them  with 

Oil  Icr.iiid  .il.iini.  'i'ht;  ships  appro. uluil  llif  lanil 

1,1  (.line  to  .1111  lior.     Tlir  rclnds  apprtdu'iulfil  at 

»t  liicv  will'   vessels  ilisp.itt'liid    ill    pursuit  ot 

tin.     kold.iii.   liowi'VtT,  who  w.is  s.ij,Mtious  as 

I  UMS  IkiIiI,  surmised  tlit'in  to  l)f  ships  wliiih 
tij  w  iiwltrt'il  Irom  their  iduise,  and  liifii  lioriif 

the  wciward  by  the  currents,  ami  ihal  lliey 
ibi  In-  i^iior.iiit  ot  the  recent  occurrences  ol  the 
j|],,  I  I,  l.iiioiniii;,^  secrecy  on  his  men  he  went  on 
hoi  I.  |ir''U'iidiiix  to  be  stationed  in  lli.it  iiei^^h- 
boiiM.i  I  tor  the  purpose  ot  keepiiij|  the  n.itives  ill 
jbi  licn.e,  and  collecting  tribute.  His  coiijec- 
(llir-,  ,1,  to  the  vessels  were  correct.  'I'liey  were, 
Jjliii,  llu.'  three  c.iravels  delacheil  by  Columbus 
ill  Ins  sipiadroa  at  tlie  Canary  Isl.imis,  to  brinj^ 
i|)]);n',  ll)  tlie  colonies.  The  canlains,  ijrnor.iiii 
[liif  ili(ii,:.;th  of  the  currents,  which  set  through 
It  L'linblie.m  Se.i,  had  been  carried  west  l.ir  be- 
Vi.l  tluir  reckoning  unlil  lliey  had  waiulerud  to 
|t  (O.i-.t  ot  .X.ir.in'ua. 

Ikoiiliii  kept  his  secret  closely  for  lliree  day.*?. 
fill;;  loiisidered  a  man  in  im|):)rtant  trust  and 
Jliliiirily,  tlie  captains  did   not  hesitate   to  ^r-'i't 

II  Ins  rti|iit!sis  lor  supplies.  He  i)rocured  swords, 
CCS,  cross-bows,  and  various  milit.iry  stores  ; 
lilc  his  men  tlispersetl  through  the  three  vessels, 
[re  hiisy  anions  the  crews,  secretly  makiiij,^ 
^riisaiis,  represeiuinjr  the  hard  lite  ot  the  colu- 
jtsat.S.iii  l)omin^{o,  and  the  ease  ami  revelry  in 

ioh  they  |).issed  their  lime  at  Xar.i^jua.  M.my 
[the  crews  ll, id  been  shi|)|)ei.l  in  com|)li.inct;  with 
le.i  hnir.il's  ill-judged  proposition,  to  commute 
liiiiiii.il  punishments    into  transportation   to   the 

liny.    Tiiey  were  vaf;.il)oiids,  the  refuse  of  Span- 

iii.viis,  .111(1  culprits  Irom  Spanish  (km^;eiins  ; 

very  men,  therefore,  to   be  wrought  upon  by 

Itii  rcpiesent.itioiis,  aiul  they  promised  to  desert 

lilt'  liist  opportunity  and  join  the  rebels, 
lit  w, IS  not  until  the  third  d.iy  that  Alonzo  .San- 
ke/ llu  C.irvajal,  the  most  intelligent  of  the  three 
|pi,iins,  (lisco\'ered  the  re.il  ch.iracter  of  the  guests 
I  h.iil  ulmitted  so  freely  on  board  ol  I,      vessels. 

was  then  to  i  late  ;  the  mischief  was  fleeted. 
It  an  1  his  fellow-captains  had  m.my  i  .irnesl 
|nvi;rs,iti()iis  with  Roldan,  endeavoring  to  per- 
ladc'  him  from  his  dangerous  opjjosition  in   the 

ful.ir  anth'jrity.     The  certainty  lh.it  Columbus 

JjaiUi.illy  on  his  way  to  the  island,  with  addi- 
Jnal  toiccs  and  augmented  authority,  had  op- 
■    'I  strongly  on  his  mind.      He  had,  as  has  al- 

auy  ;iuiii  intimated,  jirepared  his  friends  at  .San 

Jmiii^M  t(i  plu.id  his  cause  with  the  ;ulmir;il,  as- 

^riiij,' liim  that  he  had  only  acted  in  oiiposition  to 

iiiiiisiice  and   oppression    of   the  Adel.intado, 

w.H  ready  to  submit  to  Columbus  on  his  ;irri- 

11.    Carvaj.il    perceivetl    th.it    the    resolution    of 

al.m  and  of  several  of  his  principal  confeder- 

pi  was  shaken,  and   Haltered   himself  th.it,  if  he 

lerr  t  I  nnii.iin  some  little  time  among  the  rebels, 

""niit  succeed  in  drawing  them  back  to  their 


tiiity.  Contr.iry  winds  rendered  il  impossible  for 
the  sliip>  to  work  up  ag.iiiist  the  I  urreiiis  to  S.in 
I)oniiiigo.  It  W.IS  arranged  .imoiig  the  i  .iptaiiis, 
therefore,  that  a  laige  number  ol  the  people  on 
1)0. ird,  .irtiticers  ami  ollieis  most  imiMrt.iiit  to  the 
ser\ice  111  the  colony,  sIkhiIiI  proceed  to  the  settle- 
iiieiit  by  l.ind.  They  were  to  be  coiidiicttjil  by 
Ju.in  Antonio  Colombo,  c.ipt.iiii  ol  one  ol  the  c.ir- 
avels, a  relative  of  the  .idmir.il,  and  /e.ilously  ile- 
Miled  to  his  interests.  Ar.in.i  w.islo  proceetl  with 
llie  ships,  when  the  wind  would  pirmil,  and  C.ir- 
N.ijal  Volunteered  to  rem.iin  on  shore  to  elide. ivor 
to  bring  the  rebels  to  their  allegi.imc. 

( >ii  the  following  moriuiig  Ju.iii  .Xntonio  Colom- 
bo l.inded  \sitli  forty  nun  well  armed  with  cross- 
bows, swonls,  and  l.iiices,  but  w.is  astniiished  to 
lind  himself  suddenly  deserted  by  all  his  party  ex- 
cepting eight.  i'lle  deserters  went  oil  t(i  the  reb- 
els, will)  reteived  with  exult. itmii  this  import. ml 
reinloii  cnieiit  ot  kindreil  spirits.  Ju.m  .\iitoni(>  eli- 
de.iMired  ill  v.iiii  by  reiiionstraiices  and  threats  to 
bring  them  li.ick  to  their  duty.  Tin  y  were  most 
ol  them  convicted  culprits,  atcuslomi-d  to  iletest 
onler,  .ind  to  set  l.iw  .it  del). nice.  It  w.is  t(|u.illy 
in  vain  that  he  appe.iled  to  Kold.iii,  and  remiiidtd 
him  of  his  professKiiis  (it  luy.ilty  to  the  gijveriimeiit. 
The  l.itler  replied  that  he  had  no  me. ins  ot  enlorc- 
iiig  olit'dieiice  ;  his  was  a  mere  "  .Moii.istery  of 
OI)ser\,ition,"  where  every  one  was  at  liberty  to 
adopt  the  h.ibit  of  the  order.  Such  w.is  the  lirsi  of 
a  long  tr.iin  of  evils,  which  sprang  Innii  this  most 
ill-judged  ex|)edient  ot  peopling  a  colony  with 
crimin.ils,  and  thus  miiighiig  vict;  and  villainy 
with  the  fountain-head  ot  its  popul.itioii. 

Juan  Antonio,  grieved  and  iliscom  erted,  re- 
turned on  board  with  the  few  who  rem, lined  f.iith- 
ful.  Ke.iriiig  further  desertions,  the  two  capt.iins 
immediaii  ly  put  to  sea,  leaving  Carvaj.il  on  shore 
to  prosei  lite  liir,  alTempt  at  retorming  the  rebels. 
It  was  not  without  gre.il  diHit  iilly  ami  delay  that 
the  vessels  reached  San  Uomingo  ;  the  ship  of 
Carvaj.il  having  struck  on  a  s.iiul-baiik,  and  sus- 
tained great  injury.  Uy  the  time  of  llu:ir  arrival, 
the  gre.iter  part  ot  the  provisions  with  which  they 
had  been  freighted  was  either  exhausted  or  dam- 
aged. .Moii/o  Sanchez  de  C.irv.ij.il  ariived  shortly 
alterw.ird  by  land,  having  been  escorted  to  within 
six  leagues  of  the  iilacc  by  several  ol  the  insurgents, 
to  protect  him  from  the  Indians,  lb  l.iiled  in  his 
attempt  to  persuade  the  h.iml  to  imineiliate  sub- 
mission ;  but  Roh'aii  had  promised  that  the  mo- 
ment he  lie.inl  ol  the  arrival  of  Columbus  he 
would  rejiair  to  the  lungliborhond  ot  San  Do- 
mingo, to  be  at  hand  to  sl.ite  hi-,  griev.mces,  and 
the  reasons  ot  his  past  conduct,  and  to  enter  into 
a  negotiation  for  the  atljustmelit  of  all  differences. 
Carvajal  brought  a  letter  from  him  to  the  admir.il 
to  the  same  purport,  and  expres^eil  a  conliderit 
opinion,  from  .ill  that  he  observed  of  the  retiels, 
that  they  might  easily  be  brought  b.ick  to  their 
allegiance  by  an  assurance  uf  amnesty.* 


CHAI'TKR  II. 

NEGOTIATION- or  'IHI-.  .MiMIKAI,  WITH  IIIl-  RF.BF.I,'' 
— UEPAKrUKl-,    OF   Sllll'.S    I'(  IK    .SPAIN. 

[.4i;8.1 

XoTWiTMsTANDiNc.  the  favorablc  represent.'i- 
lions  of  Carvaj.il,  Columbus  was  greatly  troubled 
by  the  late  event  at  Xaragua.     He  saw  that  the 

:       *  Las  Casas,  lib.  i.  cap.  J40.  i|;o.      Herrcra,  decad. 
[  i.  lib,  iii.  cap.  12,     Hist,  del  Almiranle,  caj).  77. 


;i 


158 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGES   OF   COLUMBUS. 


insolenre  of  the  ri'hcls  and  tlieir  conficlcnce  in 
their  strciiKlii  nnist  Ik-  j.;rfatly  incn.'a.st-d  by  the 
accession  oi  sucii  a  lartje  number  of  weii-arniec! 
aiul  ilespeiMte  i  iMifcdcrales.  'I'iie  proposition  of 
Kohlan  to  aiiproaiii  ..,  the  neigiiborliooci  of  San 
Doniinj^o  startled  him.  lie  doubted  the  sincerity 
of  his  pr  ilesiions,  and  apprehended  ^M'eat  evils 
and  dangers  troni  so  artful,  darinj^,  and  turbulent 
.1  leader,  with  a  rash  and  devoted  crt'W  at  his 
command.  'I'he  example  of  this  Lawless  horde, 
roving  at  large  about  the  i:dand,  and  living  in 
loose  revel  and  open  prolligaey,  coidd  not  but 
liave  a  dangerous  effect  upon  the  colonists  newly 
arrived  ;  .and  when  they  were  close  at  '-.and,  to 
carry  on  secret  intrigues,  and  to  held  out  a  camp 
of  refuge  to  .dl  m.aUontents,  the  loyal  »  of  the 
whole  colony  might  be  s.ipped  and  undernMiied. 

St)me  measures  were  immedi.itely  necessary 
to  fortify  the  lidelity  of  the  jieople  against  such  se- 
ductions. He  was  aware  of  a  vehement  desire 
among  m.iny  to  return  to  Sp.ain  ;  and  of  an  asser- 
tion industriously  propagated  by  the  seditious, 
th.it  he  .and  his  brothers  wished  to  detain  the  col- 
onists o?i  the  island  through  motives  of  self-inter- 
est. On  the  I2lh  of  .September,  therefore,  he  is- 
sued a  proclam.ilion,  offering  free  pass.age  and 
]irovisions  lor  tin;  Noyage  to  all  who  wished  to  re- 
turn to  .S])ain,  in  Ihe  vessels  nearly  ready  to  put 
to  sea.  He  hoped  by  this  me.ans  to  relie\'e  the 
colony  from  the  idle  and  disaffected  ;  to  we.iken 
the  ji.irtyof  RuUl.in,  and  to  ret.iin  none  about  him 
but  su._ii  ,is  were  sound-he.irted  and  well-(lis|iose<l. 

He  wrote  at  the  s.ime  time  to  Miguel  Ii.illester, 
the  stanch  and  widl-tried  veter.an  who  comm.mded 
the  fortress  of  Conce])tion,  advising  him  to  be 
u|)on  his  gu.ud,  ;is  the  jebels  were  coming  into 
his  neighhiirhiiod.  He  em])owered  him  also  to 
h;ive  an  inter\iLW'  with  Roldaft  ;  to  offer  him  par- 
don and  oblivion  of  the  past,  on  condition  of  his 
immedi.ite  return  to  duly  ;  and  to  invite  him  to 
repair  to  .San  Domingo  to  have  an  interview  with 
the  admiral  under  a  solemn,  and,  if  retpiired,  a 
written  assur.-.nce  from  the  latter,  of  personal 
safety.  Columbus  was  sincere  in  his  intentions. 
He  was  of  a  benevolent  and  placable  disposition, 
and  singul.arly  free  from  all  vindictive  feeling 
toward  the  m.u'y  wi)rthless  and  wicked  men  vvho 
heaped  sorrow  on  his  head. 

ISallester  had  scarcely  received  this  letter  when 
the  rebels  beg  in  to  arrive  at  the  village'  of  r.on.io. 
This  w.is  situated  in  a  beautilul  valley,  or  \'ega, 
bearing  the  s.ime  n.ime,  about  ten  leagues  from 
Fort  Conception,  and  about  twenty  from  .San 
Domingo,  in  a  well-]ieoplcd  and  r.'.undant  coun- 
try. Here  Pedro  Re(|Uelme,  one  of  the  ringlead- 
ers of  the  sedition,  had  barge  possessions,  and  his 
residence  became  the  hea(l(piarters  ot  the  rebels. 
Adrian  dc  Moxica,  ;i  m.in  of  turbulent  and  mis- 
chie\-ous  charactt-r,  brought  his  detachment  of 
dissolute  ruffi.ins  to  this  pl.ace  of  rende/voi!s. 
Roldae.  and  others  of  the  conspirators  drew  to- 
gether there  by  di.'ferent  routes. 

No  sooner  did  the  veteran  Miguel  liallester 
hear  ot  the  arrival  ot  Roldan  than  he  set  forth  to 
meet  him.  liallester  was  a  venerable  man,  gray- 
headecl,  and  of  a  soldier-like  demeanor,  l.oy.il. 
frank,  and  \irluous,  of  a  serious  disposition,  .and 
great  siniiilicity  f)f  heart,  he  was  well  chosen  as  ;> 
nieiliaior  with  r.ish.  and  protlig.ate  men  ;  being 
cab  ulated  lo  cdm  their  pissions  by  his  sobriety  ; 
to  disarm  th(.'ir  petulanc  (  by  his  age  ;  to  win  their 
contidenre  bv  (lis  artit  ss  jirobity  ;  and  to  awe 
th;^ir  licentiousness  by  !iis  spotless  virtue.* 

*  Las  Casas,  Hist.  Ind.,  lib.  i.  cap.  153. 


Ballester  found  Roldan  in  company  will,]. 
Requelme,  Pedro  de  Ciamez,  and  Adrian  dt'; 
ica,  three  ot  liis  ])rincip;'i  contederates.     |';i;, 
with  .a  lontidence  of  his  ])resent  strength,  K 
treated   the   proflered   pardon   with   conlrnii,; 
daring    that    he   did    not   come  there  to  trc 
peace,    but  to  demand   thi'  release  of  ren„;r 
dians    captured    unjustifi.aoly,    .and   aboin  ;,, 
ship])ed  to  S|)ain  as  sl.aves,  notwithstandiiio  i;  ., 
in  his  ca]),icity  of  alcalde  m.iyor,  had   |ile(i,-, 
word  tor  their  protection.     He  decl.ired  (!!.,• 
til  thi,-se  Indians  were  given  up,  he  would  I:,;.- 
no  terms  of  ct)mpact  ;    throwing  out  ,111  ii,j. 
intim.ition  at  the  s.ime  time,  that   he  held  ilt 
miral  and   his  fortunes  in  his  hand,  to  ni.ikt 
m;ir  them  as  he  |)leased. 

The  Indians  here  alluded  to  were  cert,i):;, 
jects  of  CiU.irionex,  who  had  been   incited  IvS; 
dan  to  resist  the  exaction  of  tribute,  and  wlv 
der  the   sanction  of   his  su]iposed  .autlioriv, 
engaged  in  the  insurrection',  of  the  \'eg,i.   I 
dan  knew  th.at  the  enslavement  of  the  India:.* 
an    unpopid.ir  feature   in   the  govern nu:it  1: 
i'-land,  especially  with  the  (pieen  ;  and  the  ■- 
character  of  this  man  is  evinced  in  hisgiv::;' 
opposition  to  Columbus  the  .aiijiearance  oliiv 
cation    of    the    rights   of    the   sulfering    isl ;:  - 
Other  dem.inds   were   made  ot  ;i  hignly  v..- 
nature,  and  the  rebels  declared  that,  in  .ill  ;ur. 
negotiations,  they  wouUl  tre.it  with  no  otiurir 
medi.ite  agent  th.an  Carwijal,  ha\ing  had  pi": 
his  fairness  and  im|iartialitv  in  tlie  course  nii 
late  commimications  with  him  at  Xaragiu, 

This  ;irrr)gant  reply  lo  his  proffer  ol  panii' 
totally   different  from   what  the  admiral  lia'! 
led  to  expect,  and  pl.icecl  him  in  an  emlMi;.;- 
situation.      He  seemed  surround'/d   by  tn-.i:: 
.and  falsehood.     He  knew  that  Roldan  had  Ir- 
and  secret  jiartisans  even  among  those  «' 
fessed  to  remain  faithful;    and  he  knew  11. :: 
f.ir  th.e  ramifications  of  the  cons|)iracy  mii;r; 
tend.     A  circumstance  soon  occurred  to  shm 
justice  of  his  apju'ehensions.    He  ordered  iliv: 
ol   .San    Domingo  to  apjiear  under  arm.,  !h; 
might   .ascertain   the  force   with   which  h-  i.. 
take  the  field  in  case  of  nece.isity.     A  repun 
immediately  circulated  that  they  were  to  hi' It; 
Pxinao  ag.ainst  the  rebels.   Not  above  sevi-ntyr 
a]ipeired  under  .arms,  and  of  these  not  luiiy.. 
to    be    reliecl    upon.      One    affected    to   be  !  ' 
.another  ill  ;    some   had   relations,  and  oir.r;- 
friends  among  the  followers  ot  Rold.an  ;  ,.!: 
all  were  disaffected  to  the  service.* 

Colimibus  saw  that  a  resort  to  arms  wcuii. 
tray  his  own  weakness  and  the  power  ot  tit ' 
'•Is.  and  completely  prostrate  the  dignity  a",! 
thority  ot  government.  It  was  necessary  [''.: 
pori/e,  therek)re,  however  humiliating  sia i'. 
duet  might  be  deemed.  He  had  detained  tii;: 
ships  tor  eighteen  d.iys  in  ])ort,  hopin;,(  i;i>' 
way  to  have  put  an  end  to  this  rebellion,  ^^  ■: 
send  home  fa\'orable  accounts  ot  the  island ',■ 
sovereigns.  The  jirovisions  of  the  ships.  ' 
ever,  were  wasting  The  Indi.an  pri^m-ri 
board  were  sufferi'  and  perishing  ;  scvr. 
them  threw  themselves  overboard,  or  were  s;' 
cated  with  heat  in  the  holds  of  the  vesstl.-. 
w.is  anxious  also  that  as  many  ol  the  disconte' 
'■olonists  as  ]iossible  should  m.ake  s.ail  tor^f 
betin-e  any  commotion  should  take  place. 

On  the '18th  ot  October,  therefore,  the  siii|'! 
to  se.a.+     Columbus  wrote  to   the  sovereiijii' 

*  Hist,  del  Almirante,  cap.  7S. 

t   In  one  of  these  ships  sailed  the  father  of  the  ^ 


impany  uiii-,  p. 
ml  Acli-ian  (!•> 
L-ilcraii-s.  l;i^. 
It  .strfii;;t!i,  k' 
with  coiiicnii,; 
!(•  iluM-c  to  In 
k-asc  (il    I  i;;, 

and   alidiu  ;,, 
ithstandiii;;! 
jr,  had   |i1ii!;-m 

declared  t!  ,,• 
,  he  would  !:,■.■ 
1^-  out  an  II,, 
hat  he  held  i!( 
liaiul,  to  iiMki- 

)   were  ceil,!;- , 
en   iiicitid  !vi 
l)iite,  and  u!, 
sed  aiuhoriiv, 
d   llu-   Ve;;a.'  ! 

oi  tlu'  India;:* 
govern nu:it  i: 
en  ;  and  [W  ,.,■ 
-(I  in  his  >';\;:;' 
)earanee  (it  a  v 
ulferinj^f    isl:;..; 

a   iii^nlv  i;.- 

that,  in  iill  y.:\ 
ivith  no  olhrri- 
uin^r  had  ]>; 

the  eoiiiM-  I'll 
at  Xara^^ii,!. 
;)ffer  o\  |),i;il  ■■ 
!■  admiral  li.n! 
in  an  eiubarr,!,-. 
nded   by  trc.i- 
Roldan  h,i(!  ;r 
in^  those  \0i' 
;1  he  i<new  W:\- 

ns])ira('y  iiii^  : 

iirred  U\  s!   ,. 

e  ordered  ll:-,  : 
der  anil.,.',:.: 
wiiich   I'l-   . 

were  to  1 1'  !t. 
hove  seveii'ivr 
ese  not  lortw 
■ted    t.i    lif  : 
IS,  and  (Ur.i:-; 

Roldan  :  ,.!: 

to  arms  \\\-v.:. 
power  (it  ',:  i  ■ 

di^nily  ii':: 
necessary  li^: 

iatin^'  suiv. 
1  detaine(l  I'::' 
t,  h()pin;..(  i;l^ 
rehi'llioii,  s"  ■: 

the  islan^l;/ 

the  ships,  t 

lan    ])risoiirr.' 

sliiiij.;-  ;    si'v  •. 

rd,  or  well  -.' 

tlie  vessel.-*. 

!  the  discniue: 

ike  sail  fur^i- 

:e  place. 

ii-e,  the  siiip.' 

le   soverei;,'"" 


e  father  oflliC'' 


LIFE   AND    VOYAGES   OF   COLUMBUS. 


lo9 


tv. 


le 


oiir.t  (if  the  lebellion,  and  of  his  proffered  par- 
1  belli,;.;' '■'.dii.si.d.  As  Ro!dan  pretended  that  it 
I  iiuTi:  (iiiarro'  between  him  and  the  Adelan- 
out  which  the  adniiral  was  not  an  impariial 
lie  latter  entreated  that  Roldan  niij^ht  lie 
niimiii'd  to  Spain,  where  the  sovereigns  niij;!!! 
his  111  Ircs  ;  or  ihat  an  investi},Mtiun  niij,dit  take 
ce  ill  presence  ot  AIoiko  Sanchez  de  L'arvajal, 

0  w.ii  friendly  to  Roldan,  and  ot  .Migniel  lial- 
tcr,  as  witness  on  the  jiart  ol  the  Adelantado. 

at'triliated,  in  a  great  measure,  the  troubles  of 

i  i:,l:i'ul  to  his  own  long  detention  in  Spain,  and 

(Iclavs  thrown   in   his  way  by  those  apjiointed 

b^i->i  liiiii,  who  had   retarded  the  de|)arture  ol 

i,hi|;^  with  supplies,  until  the  colony  had  been 

uce  1   to   the   greatest    scarcity.       Hence    had 

stii  (liscoiiteiit,   murmuring,   and  finally  rebel- 

le  entreated   the  sovereigns,  in   the  most 

issiii;;  manner,   that  the   affairs  ot   the  colony 

jlu  n  )t  be  neglected,  and  those  at  Seville,  who 

!(lnr:,'e  ol  its  concerns,  might  be  Instructed  at 

St  not  to  devise  impedinients  instead  ot  assist- 

:i'.    He  alluded  to  his  chastisement  ot  the  con- 

t    iptiiile  Xinieno  IJreviesca,  the   insolent  miiii(jn 

H     Toiisna,  and   entreated   that   neither   that  nor 

,;    yoihi'i- circumstance  might  be   ■.llowed  to  prej- 

ite  him  in  the  roy.i!  tavor,  through  the  misrep- 

ieiil:itii)ns  ot  designing  men.      He  assured  them 

t  the  natural   resources  of  the  island  re(|uired 

thing  hut  gold  management  to  supply  all  the 

nts  (.t  the  colonists  ;  but  that  the  lattei  were 

ulent  and  proihgate.      He    jiroposed   to  send 

me  by  every  ship,  as  in  the  jiresent  instance,  a 

im!)er  ut  the  discontented  and  worthless,  to  be 

ated   by   sober   and    induiitrious    men.       He 

;recl  also  that  ecclesiastics  might  be  sent  out 

iiie  instruction  and  conversion  of  the  Indians  ; 

Id,  wh.it  was  e(|U,illy  necess.ary,  for  the  reforma- 

in  of  ilvj  dissol'Ue  Spaniards.     He  ie(|uired  also 

all  le.inied  in  the  law  to  ot'liciate  as  judge  over 

island,  togetlier  with  several   oflicers  of  the 

al  rtveiuie.     Nothing  could  surpass  the  souiid- 

s  ai!  1  ]H)licy  of  these  sugge.itions  ;  but  uidor- 

alely  one  clause  marred  the  moral  be.iuty  ol 

is  exceilent  letter.     He   re(|uested   th.it  for  two 

rs  longer  the  Spaniards  might  be  permitted  to 

pljy  itie  Indians  ;is  slaves  ;  only  making  use  ol 

jell,  hiiAi.'ver,  as  were  captured  in  wars  and  in- 

irrections.     Columbus  had  the  usage  ot  the  age 

excuse  tor  this  suggestion  ;  but  it  is  at  variance 

ith  his  Usual  benignity  ot  feeling,  and  his  paler- 

1  coiuluct  toward  these  unfortunate  jieojile. 
At  tlie  same  time  he  wrote  another  letter,  giv- 

an  account  of  his  recent  voyage,  accompanied 
a  :h.irt,  and  by  siiecimensot  the  gold,  and  jiar- 
:ulariy  ot  the  pearls  found  in  the  (iulf  of  I'aria. 

ralleJ  especial  attention  to  the  latter  as  being 

first  specimens  of  pearls  found  in  the  New 
'odd.  It  was  in  this  letter  that  he  described  the 
:\vly  (l;.-.covered  continent  in  such  enthusiastic 
nis  as  the  most  favored  part  of  the  East,  the 
|Uixe  of  inexhaustible  treasures,  the  supposed 
tol  the  terrestrial  paradise;  and  he  promised 
prosecute  the  discovery  of  its  glorious  realms 
itli  the  three  remaining  ships  as  soon  as  the  af- 
■rs(jt  the  island  shouk'l  jieriiiit. 
.liythis  o|)portunily  Roldan  and  his  friends  like- 
isi  Sent  letters  to  Spain,  endeavoring  to  justify 
"T  rebellion  by  charging  Ccdumbus  and  his 
■oiiiers  with  oppression  and  injustice,  and  paint- 

their  wli(de  ctmiluct  in  tlu;  blackes;  colors.     It 

•able  historian,  Las  Casas,  from  whom   he   derived 
■«ny  of  the  facts  of  his  history.     Las  Casas,  lib.  i. 


would  naturally  be  sufiposed  that  the  re[)resenta- 
tions  ot  such  men  would  have  little  weight  in  the 
balance  against  the  tried  merits  and  e.xalied  ser- 
\ices  of  Columbus  ;  but  they  had  luinierous 
friends  and  relatives  in  Sjiaiii  ;  they  had  the  popu- 
lar prejudice  on  their  side,  .and  there  wiu'e  design- 
ing persons  in  the  contldence  ot  the  sovereigil.s 
ready  to  advocate  their  cause.  Columbus,  to  use 
his  own  simple  but  affecting  word.T,  was  "  absent, 
envied,  and  a  stranger."  * 


CHAPTER   III. 

NKGOTI.XTION'S   AND     AUR.WCIKMKXT.S    Willi    TIIF. 
KKIIKL.S. 

[1498.] 

Thk  ships  lieing  (lis|)atched,  Culunibus  resunuil 
his  negoli.ilioii  with  the  rebels,  ditcrniined  ,it 
.any  s;icrit"ice  to  put  an  end  t(j  a  sedition  which  dis- 
tr.icted  the  island  and  interrupted  all  his  plans  of 
discovery.  His  three  remaining  ships  lay  idle  in 
the  harbor,  though  a  region  (d  apparently  bound- 
less wealth  w.is  to  be  explored,  lie  li,i(l  intended 
to  send  his  brother  on  tilt;  disco\ery,  but  the  ;ic- 
tive  and  military  spirit  (d  the  .Adelantado  rendered 
his  presence  indispensable,  in  case  the  rebels 
should  conn:  to  violence.  Sucli  were  the  ditlicul- 
ties  encountered  at  every  step  of  his  generous  and 
ni.ignanimous  enterprises  ;  impeded  at  one  time 
by  the  insitlious  intrigues  of  cralty  men  in  pl:ice, 
and  checked  at  .another  by  the  insuleiU  turbulence 
of  a  h.indful  of  ruftians. 

Ill  his  consultations  with  the  ir.ost  inijiortaiu 
])ersons  about  him,  Columbus  touiid  tli;it  much  ot 
the  i)o])ul-ir  discontent  wa.;  attributed  to  the  strict 
rule  oi:  his  brother,  who  was  accused  ot  dc-aling 
out  justice  with  a  rigorous  hand.  I.:is  Casas, 
however,  wdio  saw  the  whole  of  the  testimony  e(d- 
lected  from  v.arious  sources  with  respe  i  to  the 
conduct  of  the  .Adelantado,  acc[uits  him  of  all 
ch.irges  of  the  kind,  and  allirms  that,  with  respect 
to  Roldan  in  particular,  lie  had  eNcrted  great  for- 
bearance, lie  this  as  it  may,  Columbus  now,  by 
the  advice  of  his  counsellors,  resolved  t(j  try  the 
I'.lternative  of  extreme  lenity.  He  wrote  a  letter 
to  Roldan,  dated  the  2otl'.  (d  ()ct(d)er,  couched  in 
the  most  coneilia.ting  terms,  c.dling  to  mind  jiast 
kindnesses,  and  expressing  dpep  concern  for  the 
feud  existing  betwee  him  and  the  .Vdelant.ido. 
He  entreated  him,  for  the  common  good,  ;in(l  lor 
the  sake  of  his  own  reputation,  which  stood  well 
with  the  sovereigns,  not  to  persist  in  his  present 
insubordin.ation,  .iiid  re|)eated  tlv,-  as^iiiMiice,  that 
he  and  his  companions  might  come  to  him,  under 
the  f.iitli  of  his  word  for  the  imiol.ibility  of  their 
persons. 

There  was  a  difficulty  as  to  who  should  be  the 
hearer  of  this  letter.  The  rebels  had  decl.ired 
that  they  would  receive  no  one  as  mediator  hut 
.Alonzo  Sanchez  tie  C.arvajal.  Strong  doubts,  how- 
ever, existed  ill  the  minds  of  those  about  Colum- 
bus as  to  the  integrity  of  that  officer.  They  ob- 
served that  he  had  suffered  R(ddan  to  remain  two 
d.'ivs  on  board  of  his  car.ivel  at  .Xaragua  ;  had  fur- 
nished him  with  weapons  and  stores  ;  b.id  neglect- 
e(l  to  detain  him  on  board,  when  he  knew  him  to 
be  a  rebel  ;  had  not  exerted  himself  to  retake  the 
deserters  ;  h.ul  been  escorted  on  his  way  to  San 
Domingo  fiy  the  rebels,  and  IkuI  sent  refreshments 

*  Las  Casas,  Hist.  Ind.,  lib.  i.  cap.  157. 


Uitiifci;^ 


1^^ 


r 


!.i   i 


«l 


V 


ill! 


IGO 


LIFE  AND  VOYAGES  OF  COLUMBUS. 


to  them  fit  Ronao.  It  was  allt'jred,  moreover,  that 
he  had  j^^iven  liiinsclf  out  as  a  colleaf^iie  ol  Cohim- 
hiis,  appointed  liy  government  to  have  a  watch 
and  control  over  his  conduct.  It  was  suggested, 
that,  in  advising  tlie  rebels  to  approach  San  Do- 
mingo, he  had  intended,  in  case  the  admiral  did 
not  arrive,  to  unite  his  jireteiuled  authority  as  col- 
league, to  that  of  Koldan,  as  chief  judge,  and  to 
seize  iijion  the  reins  of  government.  Finally,  the 
desire  of  the  rebels  to  have  him  sent  to  them  as 
an  agent,  was  cited  as  proof  that  he  was  to  join 
them  as  a  leader,  and  that  the  standard  of  rebel- 
lien  was  to  be  hoisted  at  IJon.io.*  These  circum- 
stances, tor  some  lime,  ])erplexed  Columbus  ;  hut 
he  reflected  that  Carv.ijal,  as  far  as  he  had  ob- 
served his  conduct,  had  behaved  like  a  man  of  in- 
tegrity :  most  of  the  circumst.ances  alleged  against 
him  admitted  of  a  construction  in  his  ta\or  ;  the 
rest  were  mere  rumors,  and  he  had  uniorlunately 
experienced,  in  his  own  case,  how  easily  the  fair- 
est actions  and  the  fairt'St  characters  may  be 
falsified  by  runior.  He  discarded,  therefore,  all 
sus[)icion,  and  determined  to  conlide  implicitly  in 
Carvaj.il  ;  nor  had  he  ever  any  reason  to  repent 
of  his  contldrnce. 

The  admir.d  had  scarcely  dispatclied  this  letter, 
when  he  received  one  from  the  leaders  of  the 
rebels,  written  several  days  previously.  In  this 
they  not  merely  vindicated  themselves  from  the 
charge  of  rebellion,  hut  claimed  great  merit,  as 
having  dissu.aded  their  followers  from  a  resolution 
to  kill  the  .^(hjlantado,  in  re\enge  of  his  oppres- 
sions, jirevailing  upon  them  to  await  ]iatieiitly  for 
redress  from  the  admiral.  A  month  had  elapsed 
since  his  .arrival,  during  which  they  had  waited 
anxiously  for  his  orders,  but  he  had  m.anifested 
nothing  l)ut  irritation  .against  them.  Consider.i- 
tions  ol  honor  and  safety,  therefore,  obliged  iheni 
to  withdr.iw  trom  his  service,  and  thev  according- 
ly demanded  their  dischai.;e.  This  letter  was 
dated  from  lionao,  the  17;. i.'  October,  and  signed 
by  Francisco  Ruldan,  Adrian  de  Moxica,  Pedro  de 
Gamez,  and  Diego  fie  Escobar. t 

In  the  mean  time  Carv.ijal  .arrived  at  Boano,  ac- 
com|ianied  by  .Miguel  iSallester.  They  found  the 
rebels  lull  of  arrogance  and  ]iresumption.  The 
conciliating  letter  of  the  admiral,  however,  en- 
forced by  the  earnest  ]iersuasions  of  Carvajal  and 
the  admonitions  of  the  veteran  B.illester,  had  a 
favorable  effect  on  several  of  the  leaders,  who  had 
n^ore  intellect  than  their  brutal  followers.  R'ol- 
dan,  damez,  l!scohar,  and  two  or  three  others, 
actually  mounted  their  horses  to  repair  to  the  ad- 
mir.al,  but  were  detained  by  the  clamorous  o|ipo- 
sition  of  their  men  ;  too  infatuated  with  their  itile, 
lic'-ntious  mode  of  life,  to  relish  the  idea  of  a 
return  to  l.dior  and  discipline.  These  insisted 
that  it  was  ,1  matter  which  concerned  them  all  ; 
whatever  arrangement  was  to  he  made,  therefore, 
should  bt;  made  in  ])ublic,  in  writing,  and  subject 
to  their  ajiprobation  or  dissent.  A  day  or  two 
elapsed  before  this  clamor  could  be  appeased. 
Roldan  then  wrote  to  the  admiral,  that  his  fol- 
lowers objected  to  his  coming,  unless  a  written 
assur.mce,  or  ]iassport,  were  sent,  protecting  the 
persons  :il  himself  an<l  such  as  shovdd  accompany 
liim.  .Miguel  liallester  wrote,  at  the  same  time, 
to  the  .admiral,  urging  him  to  agree  to  whatex'er 
terms  the  ri.bels  might  demand.  Me  represented 
their  forces  as  continually  augmenting,  the  sol- 
diers  of  his  garrison  daily  deserting  to  them  ;  un- 


*  Hist,  (lei  Almitante,  cap.  78. 

f  Ibid.,  cap.  79,    llorrera  decad.  i.  lib.  iii. 


cap. 


I '. 


less,  therefore,  some  compromise  were  sn?;  I 
effected,  and  the  rebels  ship|)ed  off  to  S|i;i;r 
fe.ired  th.it,  not  merely  the  authority,  but  cvh- 
person  of  the  admir.d  would  be  in  d.ir.i'cr  , 
though  the  Hidalgos  and  the  officers  andscrvj-l 
immediately  .about  him  would,  doubtless,  I'A 
his  service,  the  common  people  were  but  l;'.:..j 
be  depended  upon,* 

Columbus   felt  the   increasing  urgenrv  0! 
case,  and   sent    the   recjuired    p.iss|)ort.      K(;/ 
came  to  San   Doiningo  ;  but,  from  his  cor.dur; 
appeared  as  if  his  object  was  to  m.ikc  parii^;- 
and  gain  deserters,  rather  than  to  cltect  a  rtrl 
ciliation.     He  had  several  convers.itions  \v<k': 
adiniral,  .uid  several  letters  passed  betwecnir'J 
He    made    many   complaints,  and    numi-rii;;; -J 
mands  ;    Columbus  made  large  concesN'iii;^  ■ 
some  of  the  pretensions  were  too  arr(.;;,!m  ■  , 
adinitted.t    Nothing  tletinite  was  ;irraiigri|,  p 
dan  de|iarted  under  the  pretext  of  conleriwi^' v 
his   peo|)le,  promising  to  send  his  terms  iii  i\- 
ing.     The  admiral  sent  his  mayordomo,  Dji  • 
Salamanca,  to  treat  in  his  behalf, J; 

On  the  6th  of  November  Roldan  wroii^aiT 
from  Bonao,  containing  his  terms,  and  rciiiits;- 
that  a  reply  might  be  sent  to  him  to  Coiictp;;!! 
as   scarcity    of    provisions   obliged    him  to  !e:^ 
Bonao.     He  .added     that  he    should  wail  fe 
rejily    until    the    following    Monday    (the   ir,-| 
There  was  an   insolent  menace    im|)lieil   in 
note,  accomjianied  as  it  was  by  in.-)(;!eiit  ('tnurc| 
The  .admiral  found   it  impossible  to  complv 
the  latter  ;  but  to  manifest  his  lenient  disp(hi 
and  to  take   from   the  rebels  all   ple.i  of  y\'^v::\ 
had  a  proclamation  alVixed  for  thirty  day^ai: 
gate  of  the  fortress,  prtmTising  full  indiilgiii't? 
complete  oblivion   of  the  past  to   Roldan  .ii-'- 
followers,  on  condition  of  their  i)resentin;.,'tl-f 
selves  before  him  and  returning  to  their  ;il!c;;:,r 
to  the  crown  within  a  month  ;  together  with  I'J 
conveyance   for   all  such   as  wished  to  retiirrj 
.Spain  ;  but  threatening  to  execute  rigcjrotis  ;iid 
iijion  those  who  should  not  ajipear  w  it  bin  thi'i:r| 
ed  time.     A  copy  of  this  pa|>er  he  sent  t('  Mil 
by  Carvajal,  with  a  letter,  stating  the  ini|i()ssi!r 
of  compliance  with  his  terms,  but  offering  to, id 
to  any  com]iact  drawn  up  with  the  ai)[)rol)alitv.{! 
Carv.ajal  and  Sal.imanca. 

When  Carv.ajal  arrived,    he  found   the  viM 
Ballester  actually  besieged  in  his  fortress  ot  C;| 
ception  by  Roldan,  under  pretext  of  clainiii:;;' 
liis  official   char.icter  of  alcalde   mayor,  .1  lujl 
who  had  taken  refuge  'here  from  justice,    fir 
cut  off  the  sup])ly  of  water  from  the  lort,  hy 
of  distressing  it  into  a  surrender.     When  Can:.!! 
posted  U])  tl'ie  iiroclamation  of  the  .admir.il  wi'.'J 
gate   of   the    fortress,    the    rebels   scoffed  at  :f 
proffered   amnesty,  saying  th.it,  in   a  liitlf  w: 
they  would  oblige  the  admiral  to  ask  the  saxtJ 
their  hands.     The  earnest  intercessions  ot  Ca^il 
jal,  however,  brought  the   leaders  at  len,;tl 
j  flection,   and    through   his    mediation    arii' 
{  c.a|iitulation   were   drawn   up.      By   these 
I  agreed  that  Rokian   ;inr|   his  followers  sliiuiVlf:] 
bark  for  Spain   from  the  port  of   Xar.agiia  iii  ■;: 
ships,  to  be  fitteil  out  ard  victualled  witi^i'Ui 
days.     That   they   should   each   receive   tiDn: 
admiral    a   certificate   of    good    conduct,  aivl 
order  tor  the  amount  of  th'  ir  pay,  up  to  ihi;  :iii- 
d.ate.    That  slaves  shoulrl  h,  given  to  'heiii.:i>"] 
been  given  to  others,  in  consiilera''0!i  (  i  ; 

*  Las  Casas,  Hist.  Ind.,  lib  i.  cap,  15.. 

t   Ibid.,  :ap.  158. 

\  Hist,  del  Almirante,  csp.  79. 


eit 


).in( 


tl 


krformed  ;  and  as 
fives,  natives  of  th 
Ihad  lately  been  d 
M  them,  if  willini 
fiat  satisfaction  s!i 
Jnie  of  the  com  pan 
,  and  for  live  stoc 
Js'cf)  Koldan.  The 
jdinij  tor  the  secu 
las  stipulated  that, 
jese  terms  within  ei 
bi<!.* 

JThis  agrei'inent  w 
|ni[ianioii^  at  I'"ort  ' 
)m!)fr,  and  by  the 
;ist.     .At  the  sa 
(er  act  of  grace,  pt 
lin  in  the  island  e 
i|il  enter  into  the 
jaiiv  part  of  the  i 
kr,  to  tollo'.v   the 
irti.'il  with  his   b.i 
arr    il  of  the  ships 
sent   by   the 
hp.iratioiis  tor  their 
|Culuni!)us  was  dee 
:teil  enterprise  to  Tt 
Intemptihle  obstacle- 
Ive  borne  liis  brothe 
Intinent  devoted  to  t 
(rthless  ral)!)le.     Ht 
Ith  the  rellection 
\A  so  Ions;  been   _ 
js  he  at  once  shippe( 
inj  restored   to    ore 
[dercci  every  exertio 
)tthe  ships   in    read 
ira;Tua  ;  but  the  sc; 
ficulty  ol  completing 
|foya;;e  in  the  disorcle 
fed  their  dep.irture 
le.    Feeling  that  hi 
it  of  (leceptioa   tow 
[nincate  of  good  cor 
followers,  lie  wrote  , 
kiimstances  under  \ 
|en  in  a  manner  wr 
land  from  utter  confu 
.!el  the  re.il   ch.arac 
;ii ;  how  they  had  rel) 
evented  the   Indians 
fed  the  island  ;  poss 
iantities  of  gold,  and 
Isfvei.il  of  •'.  •    aciqui 
Hlhcy  s'loi.   .   be  se 
iasure  taken    from   t 
•s  p:  jperlv  inves 
lis;''d  to  ,'  cjn^identia' 

)' the  shi])s.+ 

t-V  rebels  having   1 

■ff.'.'.s  of   San    Dot 

cjrity,  Co'umbus  put 

S^;:  rary  command,  a 

»U'!o  on  ,1  lour  of  ; 

ti'jussaiiins,  and  re 

file  tivo  caravels   (h 

hcls  sailed    from    S,i 

OJI  the  end  of  Febn 

ileni  storm,  were  obi 

rbrs  ot  the  island, 

|t;l  the  end  of  March 

^e  compelled    to 

I*  Hist,  del  Almirante. 
llHerrera,  Hi^t.  Ind., 


*i: 


LIFE  AND   VOYAGES   OF   COLUMBUS. 


IGl 


•  were  spe;-! 
off  ID  Spain  f 
ty,  hut  evf 
in  cl.-ir.jrjr 
.■rs  and  scrvrj 
nii!)ilc.ss,  (!.| 
k'crc  but  1 

lir;,fcnry  o'  ■ 
sport.  Kiv 
1  his  ronriur.l 
nial<(:  partisi- 
)  clti'Ct  a  rt:? 
nations  \v'h', 

I  lietwi-i-ntrti 

lUimiMTHIS  ' 

•oncess'op.s, '' 
3  ai"r(ii;antv 
arranj,'i/il.  R-l 
conlfrriii^' 
s  tfrms  in  v\ 
clonio,  Dill" 

n   wniti;  a  ;• 
,  and  nciiiw;- 

II  to  CollCt]' 

d    him  to  id 
jiild  wail 
day    I'tlif   ii' 
iniphed   in ' 
.-lO'.cnt  (Icniacol 
to  complv  \ 
lii'nt  dis|:(isii:"j 
jilca  of  rifjur,': 
hirty  davMa:: 
1  iiidtilf^iivej 
Roldaii  .ir.;' 
|)rcscntiii;4!i-.r-| 
thfirrdlc;: 
tlu-r  uiih'-J 
(I  to  rctiir:') 
i^oroiis  'lis 
thin  till' i:: 
sent  to  Role: 
inip.ossil'i' 
jlfcrin^  loarJ 
ap|)rol).ii,ie:,j 


(1    tlu-  V 

n'tn^ss  (it  U!| 
t  riainiiii;;,! 
ivor,  a  111 
stirc.    Vv-'i 
tort,  l-.v 

Wli..-n  Car, 

adinir.il  i''- 

scolfiil  a! 
a  liitlf  w: 
sk  the  >a:^'(^ 
ions  o!  •-':;: 

It   lcn;4tlilo? 

on    arti'.lrt'* 
thi-se  it 

(M-s  slii)u''!f:j 
ara^nia  'ii 

h:d  witi'.inf^ 
civ.'   \ri)": 

mhKl,  M'' 
])  to  thi;  ::'■'■• 


le 


*hi'm, 
')n  (' 


It 
received  to 


tep 


rformed  ;  and  as  several  of  their  company  had 
ves  natives  of  the  isKmd,  who  were  prej^mant, 
haii  iateiv  been  dehvered,  they  mi>rht  take  them 
itii'theni,  'if  wiilin;;  to  go,  in  place  of  tlie    i   '-fs. 
at  satisfaction  slioidd  l)e  made  for  prof.       ■    jf 
nit-  ot  tlie  company  which   had   been  se(|i..-strat- 
aiid  tor  live  stock  which  had  belonged  to  Fran- 
Ism  Rcildan.     There  were  other  conditions,  pro- 
djivr  tor  the   security  ot   their  persons  ;  am' 
s  stipulated   that,  if  no  reply  w  "     - 
lesj  terms  within  eight  days,  the  whole  should  be 

ii!.' 

Tliis  agreement  was  signed  l)y  Roldan  and  his 
nipanion-i  ,it  I'ort  Conception  on  the  i6th  of  \o- 
iml)er,  and  bv  the  admiral  at  San  Domingo  on 
.--St'-  At  the  same  time,  he  proclaimed  a  fur- 
ler  act  of  grace,  permitting  such  as  chose  to  re- 
n  in  theisl.ind  either  to  come  to  San  Domingo, 
1(1  enter  into  the  royal  service,  or  to  hold  lands 
any  part  of  the  island.  They  prefeired,  how- 
.r,  to  follow  the  fortunes  of  Koldan,  who  de- 
rtt;(l  with  his  band  tor  Xaragu.i,  to  await  the 
rival  of  the  ships,  accompani(-d  by  Miguel  lial- 
tt-r,  sent   by   the   athniral    to   superintend    the 

rations  for  their  enibarkation. 
;CoUini!'Us  was  dee])ly  grieved  to  have  his  pro- 
tetl  enterprise  to  Terra  Firma  imjieded  by  such 
inteiiiptihle  obstacles,  and  thi;  ships  which  should 
,ve  borne  liis  brother  toe>;plore  that  newiy-found 
ntiiient  devoted  to  the  use  of  this  lUrhulent  and 
rthless  ral)!)le.     He  consoled  himself,  however, 
th  the  rellection,   that  all   the   mischief   wliich 
1(1  so  loii^f  been   lurking   in   the    island,  would 
s  be  at  once  shipped  off,  and  thenceforth  every- 
ng  restored   to    order    and    traiKpiillity.     He 
ered  every  e.xertion  to  be   made,  therefore,  to 
tthe  ships   in    readiness   to  be  sent  round    to 
rajfiia  ;  but  the  scarcity  of  =ea-store.s,  and  the 
cully  of  completing  the  arrangements  for  such 
rovaj;c  in  the  disordered  state  of  the  colony,  de- 
tlieir  departure  tar   beyond    the  stipulated 
Feeling  that  he   had   been  compelled  to  a 
of  deception   toward   the  sovereigns,  in  the 
iriiricate  of  good  conduct  given  to  lioldan  and 
followers,  he  wrote  a  letter  to  them,  stating  the 
'cumstances  under  which   that   certificate    had 
len  in  a  manner  wrung  from   him  to  save  the 
an  1  from  utter  confusion  and   ruin.     He   repre- 
|n'.t_-l  ilie  real   character  and   conduct  of  those 
n  ;  how  they  had  rebelled  against  his  authority  ; 
vented  tlie   Indians  from   paying  tribute  ;  pil- 
ed the  island  ;  possessed   tiiemstdves  of  large 
antities  of  gold,  and  carried  off  the  daughters 
Sfvc.il  of  ■'■  ■    aricjues.     He  advised,  therefore, 
tthcy  s'lo;.   i   be  seized,  and    their  slaves  and 
i.niire  taken    from    them,    until    their    conduct 
.  'e  p:  iperU'  investigated.     This  letter  he  in- 
'■\  to  ;•  cjntidential  person,  wlio  was  to  go  in 
)'  the  ships. + 
■  '\'  r'jDels  having  left  the   neighliorhood,  and 
it':;'.s  of   San    Domingo   being  in   a  state  of 
iirity,  Co'umbus  put  his  brother  Don  Diego  in 
;;  rary  comman(l,  and  departed  with  the  Ade- 
ti'io  on  a  tour  of  several   months  to  visit  the 
fiouss.iiims,  and  restore  the  island  to  order. 
[Tlie  tivo  caravels  destined  for  the  use  of  the 
I's  sailed    from    San    Domingo    for    Xaragua 
it  the  end  of  I'etiruary  ;  but,  encoimtering  a 
cut  storm,  were  obliged  to  put  into  one  of  the 
urs  of  the   islaiul,  where  they  were  detained 
It'ihe  end  ot   March.     One  was  so  disabled  as 
ciimpelled    to    return   to  San    Ijomingo. 

li";!,  del  .Mmirante,  cap.  8o. 
ft  iierrera,  Ili-^t.  InU.,  decad,  i.  lib.  iii.  cap.  l6. 


.Another  vessel  was  dispatch'*d  to  supply  its  place, 
in  which  the  indefatigable  Carvajal  set  sail,  to  ex- 
pedite the  embarkation  ot  the  rebels.  He  was 
eleven  (lays  in  making  the  voyage,  and  found  the 
other  caravel  a*.  Xaragua. 

The  followers  of  Roldan  h;id  in  tlie  mean  time 
changed  their  minds,  and  now  retusi  d  to  em- 
bark ;  as  usual,  they  threw  all  the  blame  on  Co- 
lumbus, at'lirming  that  he  had  ])urpo>ely  delaved 
the  ships  far  beyond  the  stii)ulated  time  ;  that  he 
had  sent  them  in  a  state  not  seaworthy, and  short 
of  provisions,  with  many  (Uher  charges,  artfully 
foimded  on  circumstances  over  which  they  knew 
he  could  have  no  control.  Carvajal  made  a  formal 
protest  before  a  notary  who  had  ai  companied 
him,  and  finding  that  the  ships  were  suffering 
great  injury  trom  the  teredo  or  worm,  and  their 
provisions  failing,  he  sent  them  back  to  San  Do- 
mingo, and  set  out  on  his  return  by  land.  Kol- 
dan accom|)anied  him  a  little  distance  on  horse- 
back, evidently  disturbed  in  mind.  He  feared  to 
return  to  Spain,  yet  was  shrewd  enough  to  i;nov/ 
the  insecurity  o'  his  ])reseni  situation  at  tlv'  head 
of  a  band  of  .issolute  men,  acting  in  deliance  of 
authority.  \\  hat  tie  had  he  u|)on  their  fidelity 
stronger  thn'  the  sacred  obligations  which  they 
had  violated  ^  After  riding  thoiighitully  tor  some 
distance,  he  paused,  and  re(|iiesied  some  priv.ite 
conversatiim  with  Carv.ijal  before  they  jiarted. 
They  alighted  under  the  shade  ot  a  tree.  Here 
Kol(lan  made  further  ])rofessi()ns  ot  the  lovalty  ot 
his  intentions,  and  linally  declared,  that  if  the  ad- 
miral would  once  more  send  him  a  written  se- 
curity for  his  ]5erson,  with  the  guarantee  also  of 
the  principal  persons  about  him,  he  would  come 
to  treat  with  him,  and  trusted  that  the  whole  matter 
would  be  arranged  on  terms  satisfactory  to  both 
parties.  This  offer,  however,  he  added,  must  be 
kept  secret  from  his  followers. 

Carvajal,  overjoyed  at  this  prospect  of  a  final 
arrangement,  lost  no  time  in  conveying  the  propo- 
sition of  Roldan  to  the  admiral,  'i  lie  latter  im- 
mediately forwarded  the  rec|  lired  passport  or  se- 
curity, sealed  with  the  royal  seal,  accoiiM)anied  by 
a  letter  written  in  amicable  terms,  e.shorting  his 
{[uiet  obedience  to  the  authority  of  the  sovereigns. 
Se\'eral  of  the  ])rinci|)al  ju-rsons  also,  who  were 
with  the  admiral,  wrote,  at  his  re(|Ue.--t,  a  letttrof 
security  to  Roldan,  |iledging  themselves  for  the 
safety  of  himself  and  his  followers  during  the  ne- 
gotiation, provided  they  did  nothing  hostile  to  the 
ro\al  .luthority  oi  its  representative. 

While  Columbus  was  thus,  willi  ui'\\earied  as- 
siduity and  loyal  zeal,  endeav'oring  to  bring  the 
island  back  to  its  obedience,  he  received  ,i  repiv 
trom  Sp;iin,  to  the  earnest  representations  made 
by  him,  in  the  (ireceding  autumn,  ot  the  distradeti 
state  of  the  colony  and  the  outrages  cf  these  law- 
less men,  and  his  prayers  tor  ro\,il  roimtenance 
and  suii[)ort.  Tht;  letter  was  writun  by  his  in- 
vidious enemy,  the  liishop  Fonseci,  superintend- 
ent ot  Indian  affairs.  It  acknowledged  the  re- 
ceipt of  his  statement  of  the  alleged  insurrection 
ot  Roldan,  but  obsi-rved  that  this  matter  must  be 
suffered  to  remain  in  suspense,  as  tlie  sovereigns 
would  investigate  and  remedy  it  presently.* 

This  cold  reply  had  a  dishe.irteniiig  ettect  upon 
Columl)iis.  He  saw  that  his  compl.iint-  h.ad  little 
weight  with  the  government  ;  In-  te.ired  that  his 
enemies  were  prejudicing  him  with  tin;  sover- 
eigns ;  and  he  anticipated  redoubled  insolence  on 
the  part  ot  the  rebels,  when  tlnw  should  discover 
how  little  influence  he  possessed  in  Spain.    I'lill  of 


Lii   J  1 ! 

_t.-  -  J 


Hcrrera,  decud,  i,  lib.  iii.  cap.  i(>. 


1G2 


LIFE   AND  VOYAGES  OF  COLUMBUS. 


zeal,  however,  for  the  .iuccess  of  his  undertaking, 
and  of  tklelily  to  the  interests  of  the  so\ereijrns, 
lie  resolved  to  spare  no  personal  saeritlce  of  com- 
fort or  dignity  in  appeasing  the  troubles  of  the 
island,  l.agi^-  to  expedite  the  negotiation  with 
Koldan,  therefore,  he  sailed  in  the  latter  part  of 
August  with  two  caravels  to  tiie  ])ort  of  Azua, 
west  of  San  Uomingo,  and  much  nearer  to  Xara- 
gua.  He  was  accompanied  by  several  of  the  most 
important  personages  of  the  colony.  Koldan  re- 
|)aired  thither  likewise,  with  the  turi)ulenl  Adrian 
de  Moxica,  and  a  number  of  his  band.  The  con- 
cessions ai.'eady  obtained  had  increased  his  pre- 
sumption ;  and  he  had,  (loui)lless,  received  intel- 
ligence of  the  cold  manner  in  which  the  com- 
])laints  of  the  admiral  had  been  received  in  S|iain. 
lie  conducted  himself  more  like  a  conqueror,  ex- 
acting triumphant  terms,  than  a  delin(|uent  seek- 
ing to  procure  jjarilon  by  atonement.  He  came 
on  boartl  of  the  caravel,  and  with  his  usual  effront- 
ery, pro])ounded  the  preliminaries  u]ion  which  he 
and  his  companions  were  disjjosed  to  negotiate. 

I'irst,  that  he  should  be  jjermilted  to  send  sev- 
eral of  his  company,  to  the  number  of  fdteen,  to 
Spain,  in  the  vessels  which  were  at  .San  Domingo. 
Secoitdly,  that  those  who  remained  should  have 
lands  granted  them,  in  place  of  ro\al  pay.  Third- 
ly, that  it  should  be  proclaimed  that  everything 
charged  against  him  and  his  party  had  been 
grounded  upv)n  false  testimony,  and  the  machina- 
tions of  persons  disaffected  to  the  royal  ser\ice. 
Fourthly,  that  he  should  be  reinstated  in  his  office 
of  al.alde  mayor,  or  chief  judge.* 

Thej.;^  were  hard  and  insolent  conditions  to 
commence  with,  but  they  were  granted.  Roldan 
then  went  on  shore,  and  comn.unicated  them  to 
his  cop-.panions.  At  the  end  of  two  days  the  in- 
surgents sent  their  ca])itulations,  drawn  up  in 
form,  and  couched  in  arrogant  language,  includ- 
ing all  the  stii)ulations  granted  at  l-"ort  Concep- 
tion, with  those  recently  demanded  by  lioldan, 
and  concluding  with  one,  more  insolent  than  all 
the  rest,  namely,  that  if  the  admiral  should  fail 
in  the  fultilmeiit  of  any  of  these  articles,  they 
should  have  a  right  to  assemble  together,  and 
compel  his  performance  of  them  by  force,  or  by 
any  other  means  they  might  think  ])roper.t  The 
consjjirators  thus  sought  not  merely  exculpation 
of  the  past,  but  a  pretext  for  future  rebellion. 

The  mind  grows  wearied  ami  imiiatient  with 
recording,  ,ind  the  heart  of  the  generous  reader 
must  burn  with  indign.iiion  at  perusing,  this  pro- 
tractei.1  ami  ineffectual  struggle  of  a  man  of  the 
exalted  nn-rits  and  matchless  services  of  Colum- 
bus, in  the  toils  of  such  miscreants.  Surrounded 
by  doubt  and  danger;  a  foreigner  among  a  jeal- 
ous peo|)Ie  :  an  unpopular  commander  in  a  mu- 
tinous island  ;  distrusted  and  slighted  by  the  gov- 
ernment he  was  seeking  to  serve  ;  and  creating 
suspicion  by  his  very  services  ;  he  knew  not  where 
to  lo.Mx  for  faithful  advice,  e'licieiit  aid,  or  candid 
jut';:,iai-'  '11''  vi'iv  ground  on  which  he  stood 
seemed  ,  i..-  'v  ly  iiii'l  'r  him,  for  he  was  told  of 
seilitious  sy  ii:>!  'ms  anu.ig  his  own  people.  See- 
ing the  impu.ii.  with  which  the  rebels  rioted  in 
the  pj.v-:  •  ..;  ne  l'  'he  finest  i)art  of  the 
isl'.;id,  1;l'  '>i/gaii  'o!.U'<  .nviong  thi  nis'-lv  ■  of  fol- 
io vin;,'  the  apVjile,  ot  al),i:i  loning  i.  standard 
of  the  tdii  rai.  •■iid  s-./i  ig  uijon  the  province  of 
Higui  >  .  at  t^i'  easteri'  extremity  ot  ie  island, 
which  '■,  if  ^,   ill)  rontJ'.in  \aluahle  miii  .'s  of  gold. 

Thus  criii.    'Ay  s.n.ai  J,  d'-.  :garding every  con- 


*  Herrei  .    ■K- 

t  it)id.    u;- 


iJ,    .    'b.  iii.  cap.  i6. 
J:t  .'  imiranu:,  cap.  38. 


sideration  of  personal  pride  and  dignity,  anl. 
lermined,  at  any  individual   sacrifice,   to  stci.- 
the   interests  of  an  ungrateful  sovereign,  Col.- 
bus   forced  himself  to  sign  this  most  humili.r 
capitulation.     Hetrustetl  that  afterward,  uiui 
coold  gain  (juiet  access  to  the  royal  ear,  lie  she. 
be  able  to  convince  the  king  and  iiueen  that  11,. 
been  compulsory,  and  forced  from  hiai  hyikt: 
traordinary   ditficulties    in    which    he   had   i- 
|)laced,  and  the   imminent  perils  of   the  coic 
Before  signing  it,  however,  he  inserted  a  sti|ii,  J 
tion,  that  the  commands  of  the  so\ereigiis,  of  h: 
self,  and  of  the  justices  appointed  by  him,  bht, 
be  punctually  obeyed.* 


CHAPTER  IV. 

GR.\NTS   M.^'>E  TO   ROI.DAX   AND   TIIS  Fnl.UiW 
—  I)i;PAKi  JRE    OF     SEVERAL     Ol'     THE    kLLi. 
EOK   SPAIN. 

[1 499-1 

When  Roldan   resumed    his   office   of  alc: 
niayor,  or  chief  judge,  he  displayed  all  lln.'..-, 
gance  to  be  expected  from  one  who  had  imriit. 
himself  into  ])ower  by  jn'olligate  means.    .At;: 
city  ot  San  Domingo  he  was  always  sunoi;r;i> 
by  his  faction  ;  communed  only  with  the  (lisso.J 
and   disaffected  ;    and,    having  all   the    turbult: 
and  des|)erate  men  of  the  community  at  his  hr 
was  enabled   to  intimidate  the  (|uiel  and  loy.i 
his  frowns.     He  bore  an   im|)udent  tront  ana 
the  authority  even  of  Columbus  himselt,  dis.h.::; 
ing  from  othce  one  Rodrigcj  I'erez,  a  lieuifna:;; 
the  admiral,  declaring  that  none  but  such  ;i5:| 
appointed    should    hear    a   staff   of   office  in 
island. t     Columbus   had    a  ditlicult  and  pai 
task   in   bearing  with   the  insolence    if  this  n:u:,| 
and  of  the  shameless  r.ibble  which   h  ul  riuii;>( 
under  his  auspices,  to  the  settlements.     Hetacr. 
|/erniitted   many  abuses  ;    endea\oring   hy  n;uJ 
iiess  and   indulgence   to  allay   the  jealousies  ,1:.. 
prejudices  awakened  against  him,  and  i)y  vari.j 
concessions  to   lure   the   lactious   to  the  pfilo::.' 
ance  of  their  duty.     To  such  of  tin.'  co!oniit'i;;r:' 
erally  as   preferred  to  remain  in  the  island,  h. 
fered  a  choice  of  either  royal  |)ay  or  p(iri:oi> 
lands,  with  a  number  of  Indians,  some  free,  oih: 
as  slaves,  to  assist  in  the  cultivation.     The  l.r,;: 
was  generally  preferred;    aiul  grants  were  ir;. 
out,  in  wliich  he  endeavored  as  much  as  poss,, 
to  combine  the  benefit  of  the  individual  wiih. 
interests  ot  the  colony. 

Roldan  presented  a  memorial  signed  h;'  iip'.vj'.| 
of  one  hundred  of  his   late   followers,  demain: 
grants  of  lands  and  licenses  to  settle,  and  choo!;, 
.\aragua  f^a'  their  ])lace  of  .'djode.     Theadir.: 
feared  to  trust  such  a  numerous  body  of  liici;r 
partisans  in  so  remote  a  province  ;  he  coiuriv: 
therefore,  to  distribute  them  in  various  par',- 
the   island  ;    some  at  lionao,   where   their  sc: 
ir.ent   gave   origin    to    the    town    of    that  nan; 
others  on  the   bank  of  the   Rio  Verde,  or  (.itr' 
River,    in    the    \'ega  ;    others   about  six  lea] 
thence,  at  St.  Jago.     He  a.^signed  to  tliem  libf- 
portions   of   land,    and  numerous    Indian  slay 
taken  in  the  wars.   He  made  an  .arrangement,  a« 
by  which  the  caci(|ues  in  their  vicinity,  iiisttau.: 
paving  tribute,  should  hirnish  i)artitsof  ihcirs-j 
jeits,    free   Indians,  to  assist  the  colonists  in' 


*  Herrera,  Hist,  Ind.,  decad.  i.  lib.  iii.  cap.  16. 
t  Ibid. 


iltivation  of  their 
:e,  which  was  the 
(Iii,  i'nitions  of  f 
Ists,  .afterward  gent 
iDM'd,   t!ir(nighout 
lurcf  i>t  iiiuilerabl 
the  unhappy  native 
led  to  eMerininate 
miol.i.*    Columbus 
■ht  of  a   coniiuere 
nselt  all  the  rights 
the  sovereigns  lor 
his  (Minp.iiiioiis  in 
take  part  in   the 
tjhiish  themselves  tli 
tbt  natives  to  the  con 
tlii>  was  an  arrange 
htsniiLiinal  intention 
Ian  !!ie>s,  as  jieaceful 
l|l  Wi-.  plans  h.id   heel 
liej>iires  torced  upoi 
tini  >  .and   the   violen 
fOiuw  I  a  captain  with 
of  p.iiiee,   with    order 
(Aii/i-  the   Indians   to 
if:   t!ie  ((mduct  of   t 
isi  appearance  of  m 
|Havinti'  sought  and 
ins  for  his  lollowers, 
n  m,il<iiig  dem.md 
•tain  lanls  in  the  \n. 
llon^'edti)  liini  before 
■ni,  i-alle:i  La  ICsper: 
|d  devoted  to  the  rea 
|mii-,il  granted  him  w 
ciihivation  of  the  f.i 
pi''  who.ie  ears  had 
lela  in   his   first   mi 
:j;a.    Ko'dan   receivJ 
ira^'11,1,  ,111(1  a  v.ariety 
and  other  animals 
lest  jjraius   were    m 
|til  the  pleasure   of 
iwn  ;§  lor  Columbu5 
Id  understand    tlit 
essions  had  been  e 
I'lers  of  the  rebels  wc 
ti;eir  ill-gotten   poss 
Tite !  piiiii.-,hment. 
"iildan  JMviiig  now  e 
Ipts,  re(;aeste(l  jiermi 
l.inds.     This   was   : 
Ice.    lie  'inmedi.atelj 
|(l  stoppiii-   ;it   lionai 
le  I'edro   Rcc|iielm( 
ileilerates,  alcalde,  o 
power  lit  arresting 
liieni  prisoners  to 
le-e  he  reserved  to  hi 
lliem.      'fhis  was 
'i'^lc  I  in  his  otlice, 
|luml)us.     Other  circi 
''■Mils  o(  tiirther  tro 
'^-     I'edlo    KccpiLdni 
^  t:\imi;ig  buildings  h 
lU'in  Mrong  edifice  o 
>>.rted  into  a  foiini 
'vhi>pere(l,  was  dor 
Way  of  Securing  a  st 
f^i'in  the  neighborhc 

'  Herrera,  decad.  i.  lib 

'^'ufloz.  Hist.  N.  Mur 

hist,  del  .Mmirante,  1 

1  Herrera,  decad.  i.  lib, 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGES   OF   COLUMBUS. 


]C3 


Allivatinn  of  their  lands  :  a  kind  of  feudal  ser- 
Icc  uliiih  was  the  origin  of  the  lepartiniicntos, 
U'i^  jhiiiions  of  free  Indians  amonj,'  the  rolo- 
Ists.  'aftfrwardj,a'nerally  adopted,  and  shanictuily 
hi'.vd,  i':iroii.i,di()Ut  the  Spanish  colonics  ;  a 
luiLfdt  iiuolerahle  liardsliips  and  ojipressions 
Jllif  unhappv  natives,  and  which  jfrcatiy  coi-.tril)- 
led  to  cxu-rininate  thcin  ironi  the  island  of  His- 
liii'ila.*  Columlius  considered  the  island  in  the 
Iht  (it  a  conipiered  country,  and  arro},'ated  to 
Lsi'lt  all  the  rif^hts  of  a  concpieror,  in  the  name 
[the  sovcrcij^ns  for  whom  he  foujjht.  Of  course 
;>,  companions  in  the  enterprise  were  entitled 
i:ikc  |iait  in  the  accpiired  territory,  and  to  es- 
tihlNh  themselves  there  as  feudal  lords,  reducin^^ 
tbt  niiive-i  to  the  condition  of  villains  or  vassals. + 
till  was  an  arranj,rement  widely  different  from 
his 'iiiijinal  intention  of  treat'n;^  the  natives  with 
IHii  1  It  >s.  as  pe.iceful  subjects  of  the  crown.  IJut 
all  i.i^  plans  had  been  subverted,  and  his  present 
^,i>iiivs  torced  upon  him  by  the  exij^ency  of  the 
tfhv  ^  and  the  violence  of  lawless  men.  He  ap- 
noi;:;r  1  a  captain  with  an  armed  band,  as  a  kind 
oJ  lulirf,  with  orders  to  rani^e  the  provinces; 
;i-  the  Indians  to  pay  their  tributes  ;  watch 
•e;-  the  ((iiuluct  of  the  colonists  ;  and  check  the 
1st  appcar.ince  of  muiiny  or  insurrection.* 
jUaviiiL;'  .lOiiLjht  and  obtained  such  ample  provi- 
^s  for  his  lollowers,  Rold.m  was  not  more  mod- 
tin  niakini.;'  dem.uids  for  hr.iself.  He  claimed 
Jriain  lands  in  the  vicinity  of  Is.ibella,  as  having'' 
|l(int,'('(l  ID  him  before  his  rebellion  ;  also  a  royal 
Ini,  r.ille  1  I.a  l-;^peranza,  situ.ited  on  the  \'ej.;a, 
Id  (Icvotr  1  to  the  rearinj.^  of  poultry.  These  the 
Iniiral  tjranted  him  with  permission  to  emjiloy,  in 
ciilliv.ition  of  the  farm,  the  subjects  of  the  ca  • 
hii'.'  whii-ie  ears  had  been  cutoff  by  Alonso  de 
It  la  in  his  first  military  expeilition  into  the 
j;.i.  Kij'dan  received  also  grants  of  land  in 
ra;;iia,  and  a  variety  of  live  stock  from  the  cat- 
aiiil  other  animals  belonj^inj^  to  the  crown. 
ne>e  jjrants  were  made  to  him  provis;.)nallv, 
Itil  the  pleasure  of  the  sovereifjfiis  should  be 
|o'An  ;«)  tor  Columbus  yet  trustee,  that  when  they 
)ul(l  iiii'lersland  the  manner  iti  which  these 
Hci-ssions  had  been  e.xtorted  from  him,  the  riii'^'- 
Bilirs  of  the  rebels  would  not  merely  be  strip[)ed 
titeir  ill-t;dtten  possessions,  but  receive  well- 
britei  ptiiiishment. 

toMan  hiving-  now  enriched  himself  beyond  his 

Ipes,  rcdaested  permission  of  Columbus   to  \isit 

lands,     fhis   was  j^nanted  with   tjreat  reluct- 

te.    He  'inmediately   de])ai-ted   hir  the   X'etja, 

stoppiii-   at   Honao,    his   late    heaikiuarters, 

lie  I'eilto   Recpielme  one  of    his    most  active 

piwlcrafs,  alcalde,  or  ']ud'^e  of  the  place,  with 

';  power  of  arrestin;jf  .all  delinquents,  .and  seiul- 

i!ieni  prisoners  to  the  ft)rtress  of  Conception, 

fe-e  he  reserved  to  himself  the  rij;ht  of  sentenc- 

theni.      This  was  an   assumption  of   jiowers 

tvistc  1  i;i  his  office,  and  }^ave  ^'re.it  offence  to 

lltimhus.    Other  circumstances  created  appre- 

■■Miis  oi  kirther  troubles  from  the  late  insur- 

'•■^     Pedro  Re<|uelme,   under  pretext  of  erect- 

[tarniin..r  luiildjnjrs  for  his  cattle,  (lejjan  to  con- 

|i!' t  a  siniiijj  eriitice  on  a  hill,  capable  of  bein.u' 

V'.rted  into  a  formidable    fortress.      This,    it 

ls'vhi^pe^ed,  was  done  in  concert  with  Rold.m, 

[wav  of  securin^r  a  stroni;hol<l  in  case  of  ucei\. 

;in  the  neighborhood  of  the  \'ega,  where  so 

Herrera,  decad.  i.  lib.  Hi.  cap.  i6. 
Munnz,  Hist.  N.  Mundo,  lib.  vi.  §  50. 
hist,  del  .Mmirante,  cap.  84. 
Hcrrcru,  decad.  i.  lib.  iii.  cap.  16. 


many  of  their  late  partisan,?  were  settled,  it  would 
form  ;i  daiif^erous  rallying  pl.ice  for  any  new  se- 
dition. 'I'he  designs  of  Re(|Uelme  were  sus|)ected 
,ind  his  proceedings  opposed  by  I'edro  de  Arana, 
a  loy.il  and  honorable  man,  who  was  on  the  spot. 
Representations  were  ir.ade  by  both  parlies  to  ilte 
.idmir.il,  who  |)rohibiled  Re(|Uelme  from  ])roceed- 
ing  with  the  construction  of  his  edit'ice.* 

Columbus  h.id  jirepared  to  return,  with  hi.s 
brother,  Don  Il.irtiiolomew,  to  Sjiain,  where  he 
felt  that  his  presence  was  of  the  utmost  impor- 
l.ince  to  ])lace  the  Kite  eve-nts  of  the  island  in  a 
proper  light  ;  h.iving  found  that  his  letters  of  ex- 
]d.ination  were  liable  to  be  counteracted  by  the 
misrepresentations  of  malevolent  enemies.  The 
island,  however,  w.is  still  in  a  feverish  state.  He 
was  not  not  well  assured  of  the  Tidtdity  of  the  late 
rebels,  though  so  dearly  ])urchased  ;  there  was  .1 
rumor  of  a  threatened  descent  into  the  \'ega,  by 
the  mountain  tribes  of  Ciguay,  to  attempt  the  res- 
cue of  their  cacicpie  Mayobanex,  still  iletained  a 
prisoner  in  the  fortress  of  Conce])tion.  'lidings 
were  brought  alunit  the  s.ame  time  from  the  west- 
ern ]i;irts  of  the  island,  that  four  strange  shi[)s 
had  arri\'ed  at  the  coast,  under  supicious  ap])ear- 
ances.  Thesis  circumst.inces  obliged  him  to  post- 
pone his  departure,  and  ludd  him  involved  in  the 
affairs  of  this  favorite  but  fatal  isl.md. 

The  two  caravels  were  dis|)alched  h)r  Spain  in 
the  beginning  of  October,  taking  su(h  ot  the  col- 
onists as  cho.ieto  return,  and  among  tlu'iii  a  lumi- 
ber  ot  Roldan's  jiartisans.  Some  of  these  took 
with  them  slaves,  others  carried  a\say  the 
daughters  of  caci(|ues  whom  tluy  luid  beguiled 
from  their  families  and  homes.  .Atthese  inicjuities, 
no  less  than  at  many  others  which  e(|ually  grii'\ed 
his  spirit,  the  admiral  was  obliged  to  connive.  He 
w.is  conscious,  at  the  same  time,  that  he  was 
sending  home  a  reinforcement  of  enemies  and 
false  witnesses,  to  flefame  his  character  an^'  tra- 
duce his  comUicl,  but  he  had  no  altern.itive.  To 
counteract,  as  much  as  ])ossil)le,  their  misnpre- 
seni.itions,  lie  sent  by  the  same  caravel  the  loyal 
and  upright  veteran  .Miguel  Ijallester,  together 
with  tlarcia  de  ISarrantes,  em|)owered  to  atii-nd 
t>  his  affairs  at  court,  and  furnished  with  th(  p- 
ositi(jns  t.iken  relative  to  the  conduct  of  R  a 
and  his  accomplices. 

In  his  letters  to  the  sovereigns  he  ent;  .ed 
them  to  iiupiire  into  the  truth  of  the  late  tr,  ac- 
tions. He  stated  his  (jpinion  that  his  c;ipitu',.i  .luns 
with  the   rebels   were   null   and   void,  for   \.irious 


11  by 
rcise 
^  rel- 
-  hav- 
n  the 
^  their 


reasons — viz.,  they  h;ul  been  extorted  from 
violence,  and  at  sea,  where  he  did  not 
the  office  of  viceroy  ;  there  h.id  been  twot: 
ative  to  the  insurrection,  and  the  insur 
ing  been  coiulen'iiied  as  traitors,  it  wa 
power  ot  the  admiral  to  abs(jlve  them  1 
crimin.dity  ;  the  capilul.ations  treated  ot  in.iiters 
touching  the  royal  revenue,  over  which  he  hid  no 
control,  without  the  intervention  of  the  uoper 
officers;  lastly,  Francisco  Roldan  and  lii-  com- 
panions, on  leaving  Sp.ain,  nad  taken  an  o.uh  to 
be  faithful  to  the  so\ereigns,  and  to  the  admiral 
in  their  name,  whicdi  o.ith  they  h.id  viol.ited.  I"or 
these  ,ind  similar  reasons,  sonie  just,  others  rather 
sophistical,  he  urged  the  sovereigns  not  .i  on- 
sider  themselves  bound  to  rtuify  the  com)- iLsory 
terms  cctled  to  these  |)rolligate  men,  but  to  iiupiire 
into  their  offences,  and  treat  them  accordingly.! 
He  repeated  the   re([uest  made  in  a  former  let- 

*  Herrer.-i,  dccad.  i.  lil;.  iii.  cap.  16.     Hist,  del  Al- 
mirante,  cap.  83.  .'-.(. 

f  Herrtra,  dccad,  i,  lib,  iii.  cap.  16. 


,; 


t^ 

1 

; 

1 

1^ 

11 

104 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGES   OF   COLUMBUS. 


tcr,  tliat  .1  Icnrned  judpe  miRht  be  sent  out  to  ad- 
nimisifr  the  laws  in  the  island,  since  he  himself 
had  been  charged  wilh  rij^or,  allhoujjjh  cciiseious 
ot  having,'  .ilways  ()l)ser\t'd  a  j^^uarded  clenuMicy. 
He  re(|Uested  also  that  discreet  persons  should  be 
sent  out  to  lorni  a  council,  and  others  for  certain 
liscal  eni|)loynients,  enlre.itin},^,  however,  that 
their  powers  should  be  so  limited  and  detined,  as 
not  to  inierlere  with  liis  diKnily  and  privilcffes. 
lie  Ixne  slronj^ly  on  this  point  ;  as  his  prero>,'a- 
Li\'es  on  former  occasions  had  been  j,'rievnusly  in- 
\aded.  It  appeared  to  him,  he  said,  that  princes 
ouj,du  to  show  much  conlklence  in  their  ^'overn- 
ors  ;  (or  without  the  royal  favor  to  give  them 
stren;,ah  ;ind  consecplence,  e\erylhin^  went  to  ruin 
under  their  command  ;  a  sound  maxim,  forced 
from  the  admiral  b_\'  his  recent  e\])erience,  in  ivhicli 
much  (it  his  own  per|)le\ilies,  and  the  triumph  of 
tlu!  rebels,  had  been  caused  by  the  distrust  of  the 
crown,  and  its  inattiMUion  to  his  remonstrances. 

i-"inflinjr  ai^e  and  inl'irniity  (  reei)iny  upon  him, 
and  his  health  much  impaired  by  his  last  voyajre, 
he  be};an  to  think  of  his  son  Dieifo,  as  an  active 
coadjutor  ;  who,  bein^  desiined  as  his  successor, 
mi;rht  gain  experience  under  his  eye,  for  the  fu- 
ture discharge  ot  his  high  <luties.  Diego,  though 
still  serving  as  a  jiage  at  th'-  court,  was  grown  to 
man's  estate,  and  ca|)al)leot  entering  into  the  im- 
portant concerns  of  lite.  Columbus  entreated, 
therefore,  that  he  might  be  sent  out  to  assist  him, 
as  he  lelt  himself  inlirm  in  health  and  broken  in 
constitution,  and  less  capable  of  exertion  than 
formerly.* 


CHAi'TEI-l    V. 

ARRIV.M,  OF  njF.KA  WITH  A  SQrADRON  AT  THK 
WKSTF.UN  I'AUr  (W  THK  ISLAND  —  KOLDAX 
SKNT   TO    .MF.ET    HIM. 

['499- J 

Among  the  causes  which  induced  Columbus  to 
postpone  his  departure  for  Spain,  has  been  men- 
tioncfl  the  arrival  of  fcnir  ships  at  the  western  jiart 
of  the  island.  Thc'se  iiad  .mchored  on  th(^  jth  of 
.September  in  a  harbor  a  little  below  J  ciiuemel, 
apparently  with  the  design  of  cutting  dyewoods, 
which  abound  in  that  neighborhood,  and  ot  carry- 
ing off  the  n.atives  for  slaves.  l'"urther  reports  in- 
formed him  tli:it  they  were  commanded  bv  Alonso 
de  Ojeda,  the  same  hot-headed  and  bold-hearted 
cavalier  who  had  distinguished  himself  on  various 
occasions  in  the  previous  voyages  of  discoverv, 
and  ]iarlicularly  in  the  cajjture  of  the  cacicpie 
Caonabo.  Knowing  the  daring  and  adventurous 
spirit  of  this  man,  Columbus  telt  much  disturbed 
at  his  visiting  the  island  in  this  clandestine  man- 
ner, on  wliat  ai)j)eared  to  be  little  belter  than  a 
freebooting  expedition.  To  call  him  to  account, 
and  oppose  his  aggressions,  re(|uired  an  agent  of 
spirit  anil  address.  \o  one  seemi-d  bettei  titled 
for  the  |)urpose  than  Koldan.  He  was  as  daring  as 
Ojeda,  and  of  a  more  cr.ifiy  cliaracter.  An  expe- 
ditu)n  ot  the  kind  would  occupy  the  attention  ot 
himsell  and  his  pai'tisans,  and  divert  them  from 
any  schemes  ot  mischief.  The  large  concessions 
recently  m.ide  to  them  would,  he  trusted,  secure 
(heir  |)ri-sent  lidclity,  rcjidering  it  more  protitable 
for  them  to  be  loxal  th.in  rel)ellious. 

Kold.in  readily  undertook  the  enterprise.  He 
had  nothing  further  to  gain  by  sedition,  and   was 


Hcrrcra,  decad.  i,  lib.  iii.  cap.  i6. 


anxious  to  secure  his  ill-govten   possessions; 
atone   lor  past  offences   fiy   public  services, 
was  vain   as   well   as  active,  and  took    a  |)ri(lf 
ac(|uitting    himself   well    in    an    expedition  wf,  ■ 
calli'd  for  both  courage  and  shrewdncis.    1)1';,-, 
ing  from  .San    Domingo   with  two  caravels,  he  ■ 
ri\ed  on  the  29tli  ot  September  within  two  |i;ij.« , 
of    the    harbor   where    the   ships   of   Ojeda  :-. 
anchored.      Here   he  landed  wilh  the  and  twr 
resolute  followers,   well  armed,  and    accustn 
to   range   the   forests.     He  sent  I'lve  scouts  to-J 
connoitre.     They   brought   word    that  ( ijeda 
several  leagues  distant  from   his  ships,  wiiho- 
ntteen  men,  em|)loyed   in   m.iking  cassava  iirr 
in   an    Indian   village.     Koldan  threw  him^ii!. 
Iween  them  and   the  ships,  thinking  lo  take  li-rl 
by   surprise.      They   were   apprised,    however 
his  appro.ich  by  the  Indians,  with  whom  thci-: 
name  of  Rcddan   inspired  terror,  from  his  Liii . 
cesses   in    Xaragua.     Ojeda  saw  his  (lani,'cr; 
supposed  Koldan  had  been  sent  in  pursuit  oti;: 
and    he    found    himself     cut   f)ff   from    his  sh,-.;| 
Wilh   his   usu.d    intre|)idily   he   inimediatelv  |p.| 
senled  himself  before  Kold.m,  attended  nuTfivJ 
half  a  dozen  followers,     'fhe  latter  craltily  btj: 
by   conversing   on    general    loi)ics.      lie  then 
(|uired  into  his  moti\es  tor  landing  on  the  isLirii 
particularly  on  that  remote  and  lonely  parr,  w;^ 
out    tirst    reporting    his    arrival    to    the    .iilmirj 
Ojeda   replied   that   he    had    been   on  ,i  voya;; 
discovery,  and  had  ]nit  in   there   in  distress,  lorJ 
pair  his  shi|)S   and   jirocure   jiroxisions.     Kiiii::,! 
then  demanded,  in  the  name  ot  the  governnie:!!i[ 
sight  of  the  license  under  which  he  s.iiled.  (I'ri; 
who  knew  the   resolute  character  ot  the  ni,r.-: 
had  to  de.il   with,  restr.iined   his  natiM'al  iiri|it:., 
osity,  and   replied   that   his   papers  were  on  iiw;! 
of  his  ship.     He  declared  his  intention,  on  dcfa"- 
ing  thence,  to  go  to  San   Domingo,  and  pay  is 
homage  to  the  admiral,  having   many  tliin^Tjl 
tell  him  which  were  for  his  private  ear  alone.  Hf 
intimated  lo  Koldan  that  the  admiral  was  iiud 
plete  disgrace  at  court  ;  that  there  was  a  taik 
taking   from    him     his    command,    and  that  ; 
([ueen,  his  patroness,  was  ill   beyond  ail  Impn 
recovery.     This   intimation,   it   is   presumed,.., 
referred  lo  by  Roldan  in  his  dispatches  to  the.; 
miral,  wherein   he   mentioned   that  certain  tlv.il 
had  been  communicated   to  him  by  Ojeda,  wf:: 
he  did  not  think  it  safe  to  confide  to  a  letter 

Rold.in   now  repaired  to  the  ships,     flctoj"! 
several  persons  on  board  with   whom   he  wa^  :| 
(|u,iinled,  and    who    had    already    been    in   t; 
p.iniola.     They  confirmed  the  truth  ot  whaid- 
liad    said,  .and  showed    a   license    signed   hy  " 
Bishop  of  Fonseca,  as  superintendent  of  thean.ll 
of  the  Indi.is,  authorizing  him  to  sail  on  a  v"y.:,T 
ot  discovery.  ■■■ 

It  appeared,  fnim   the   report   of   Ojidaanil' 
followers,  that  the  glowing   accounts  sent  IhhiI 
by  Colund)us  of  his  late  discoveries  ontlu'ioi* 
of  I'aria,  his  m.agnilicent  speculations  with  rvmm 
to  ihe  riches  of   the   newly-foiiiid  country,  aiulrif 
specimen  ot  jie.iris  transmitt.'d   to  the  soveri  ;'"!| 
had  ind.imed  the  cupidity  o[  various  adventu  || 
Ojeda  h.ip])ened  lo  be  at  that  lime  in  Spain.  ^^ 
was  a  favorite  of  the  Hishop  ot   I'^onseca,  Mili 
tained  ;i  sight  of  the  letler  writu.m   by  the  .idi!''-| 
to  the  sovereigns,  and  the  charts  and  ni.ips 
route  by  whiidi  it  was  accomp.inied.    Ojeihi  kr.t'l 
Columbus  lo   be  embarrassed  by  the  sc(litii'!'< 
Hispaniola  ;  he   found,  by  his  convers,itii)n5  v. 
Fonseca  and  other  of  the  admiral's  enemies,  f 

*  Hcrrcra,  dccad.  i.  lib.  iv.  cap.  ? 


■rnns,'  donbls  .nnd  j 
;  the  king  with   re 

|isa|)|)roaching  do\ 
file  idea  of   I 

Liiistances  struck  ( 
Jriu-,  he  hiip"'l   to 
leaiih  ot  the,,^   ne 
iminniiicated  his  p 
Ihf  latter   w.is    but 

ii;,rht  (lete.il  the   pi 
)ium!)Us  ;  and  it  i 

piout'd  himself  mo 

fcnarv  adventurers  tl 
ien.  He  granted  ( 
Ijr  him  with  copie 

oiumliiis,    hy   \\hic 

burse,  and  ,i  letter 

kme,  tluHigh  not  w 
li.s.  It  w.is  stipul.ite 

nv  I. mil  lieloiiging 

hv  that  h,id  been   d 
1495.    The  last  ]) 
Itilice  of  Fonseca, 
jlaml.s  free  to    the 
fccn  discovered   b\'  ( ' 
fcsiijnated  year.     'Flu 
J  the  charges  of  the 
lopiirtion  ot  the  pnx 

;  riMidered  to  the  cro 
iFiulcr  this  license  ( 
(ville,  assisted    hy 

icciilators.  Among 
|aifd  Amerigo  \'espi 

til  anniainted  with 

he  princip.d  |)il()t  of 
|Gi.sa,  a  mariner  id 
admiral,  whom   h 

fst  voyage  ot  (lisco\-| 
luihi-rn  coast  ot  Cub 
Imaica.  There  were  s 
^d  D.irtholomew  Rol 
1,1(1  been  with  ( 
jiri,i.-  .Such  was  the 
blar  train  ot  circun;  ,t 
Inif  (it  this  Florentine 
li\i,  to  the  whole  of  I 
iThis  evpivlition  had 
Iveiitiirers  li.arl  arrivec 
Id  r,iiin;e(|  along  its 
Wucseast  of  the  Oro: 
Jlidd  by  the  charts 
Isv  I  tiirough  this  g 

IbiMjron,  and  had  lit 
■i  Vela,  visiting  th 

Mdiacent  continent, 
iVeiRvuel.i.     Thev  h,' 

eCirihbee  Islands,  w 

:  fierce  natives,  ;md  1 
intention  of  selling  1 
ISpain.  Thence,  beir 
P  sailed  to  Hispanio 
Ts'  f>;tensive  vovage 
Vcsot  the  .Xew'Wor 
■Havinjr  c(;ilected   all 

il'idhtain  concerning; 
Intiires  and  designs,  a 
li'ili'ieila,  that  he  si 
>eiit  himself  hi  the  , 
[^•111  Domingo  to  rei 
lin. 


Us  Casus. 
Pderrera,    llipt.     Ind, 
F3^  Hist.  N.  Mundo. 


LIFK   AND   VOYAGKS   OP'   COLUMBUS. 


lo; 


nsscssions ; 
'  stTvices.  ri 
,)()k  a  priilf  M 
:iiecliii()n  \\|,, 
liu-,s.  1X-|),.-J 
:arav(_'ls,  hrij 
lin  two  lc;ijt'.. 

Ol      OJLMla    \\r. 

live  and  uvrr 

1(1  aci-usidn-J 
VL-  scouts  totJ 
hat  ( ijcda  ij 
;hips,  wiilu 

cassava  iirej 
rcw  liiiiiM'!!-.! 
1^  lo  lakeiht:| 
•d,    howtvtrr, 

whom  the  It: 
roiii  his  laitt 
his  (laii^'cr: 

]Hirsiiit  oth,;-| 
rom    his  shr 
\mc(lialL'ly  p 
iiiif!!  nu'R-iV' 

•  craltily  \k^. 
i.      Ill-  tlien 
t(  on  lliL'  i.iM- 
iiu'ly  parr,  w'/l 
L)   iht    admuj 

on  a  voya,:;;q 
\  distress,  to: 
isions,     Ki.;, 
('  j^ovcninitrr. 
e  saiU'd.  H'cf 

•  of  tin;  mar. 
natural  im|)t;J 
s  were  on  intq 
Uion,  on  di-j , 

'(),  and  pay : 
many  ihiiigi 
■  oar  alone.  HJ 
ral  was  in  cd 
re  was  a  talk ' 
,    and  that  :i 
ind  ail  iKipo'J 
Ijrt'siuiifd.  iil 
chfS  to  thejJ 
t  certain  tin?,'! 
)V  ( )jcda,  ur: 
(')  a  Ictttf!-, 
ips.     Ilfji? 
loin    lie  W.I- 

)rrn     ill    ii 

1  ot  \sh,Uii-;| 
si;4nfd   hv  " 
lit  (d  the  all. 

ail  on  a  v". 

Ojrila  ai'.ii' 
lints  sfiil  Ihi'iI 
If!',  on  the  ai4 
Ins  with  nsiit.; 
l)nmiy.  .iii' 

he  soM'i'i  ;'i 
lis  adventi.  ^| 
lin  .Sp.iin. 
fcnscc.i,  ami 
Ihy  the  adiv:: 
|nd  maps  of 'J 

1.    Ojcdiik'': 
|hu   scdili'ir.s- 

•ursations  V. 
L-nciiiies,  ;■ 


Ironi,' dniihts  and  jealousies  existed  in  the  mind 
\  the  kint(  with  respect  to  his  conduct,  and  that 
Bsapproai'liinj,' downfall  was  conlidently  predict- 
TliL'  idea  of  takinj^  advantage  ot  these  cir- 
jnisiaiices  .struck  Ojeda,  and,  by  a  |)rivate  eiiter- 
jise,  he  hnp"d  to  he  the  first  in  f,rathering  the 
leailii  i)t  the.,^  newly-discovered  rcj^'ions.  He 
Immiiiiicated  his  i)roject  to  his  patron,  I'"onseca. 
the  latter  w.is  hut  too  ready  for  ainthinf,^  that 
Vjrht  defeat  the  plans  and  obscure  the  ^\(>vy  of 
jolumhus  ;  and  it  may  he  added  that  he  always 
Koweil  himself  more  disposed  to  patronize  mer- 
Inarv  .idveiuurers  than  uprij,du  and  high-minded 
Lii.  lle^jranted  Ojeda  every  facility;  furnish- 
[g  him  with  copies  of  the  ]iapers  and  charts  of 
blumhus,  hy  which  to  direct  himself  in  his 
purse,  and  a  letter  of  license  sij,nied  with  his  own 
pme,  thouj,di  not  with  that  of  the  sovereisrns.  In 
lis,  it  was  stipulated  that  he  should  not  touch  at 
hv  land  heloni^MHir  to  the  Kinj;^  of  l'ortu>i;.il,  nor 
hv  that  had  been  discovered  by  Columbus  prior 
1405.  The  last  i)rovision  shows  the  iierlidious 
.lili.e  of  Fonseca,  as  it  left  I'aria  and  the  I'earl 
llamls  free  to  the  visits  of  Ojeda,  they  having 
ten  discovered  by  Columbus  subserpient  to  the 
bi^'iiated  vear.  The  shi|)S  were  to  be  fitted  out 
jlhe  eliari^es  of  the  adventurers,  anrl  a  certain 
ropnrlion  ot  the  products  of  the  voyage  were  to 

iiiidered  to  tile  crown. 
[liider  this  license  Ojeda  fitted  out  tour  ships  at 
fviile,  assisted  by  many  eairer  and  wealthy 
rulatoi's.  Among  the  number  was  the  cele- 
lated  ,\inerigo  \'es|)ucci,  a  Florentine  meridiant, 
at'(|uaiiUed  with  geography  ami  navigation. 
...principal  pilot  ot  the  expedition  was  Juan  de 
lOisa,  a  mariner  of  great  repute,  a  disc  iple  of 
K  admiral,  whom  he  had  accompanied  in  his 
ht  voyage  of  discovery,  and  in  that  along  the 
ludiern  coast  of  Cuba,  and  round  the  island  of 
Jiiaira.  'I'here  were  several  also  of  the  mariners, 
1(1  ii.irtholomew  Roldan,  a  distinguished  pilot, 
"I'l  had  been  with  Columbus  in  his  voyage  to 
kn.i.*  Such  was  the  expedition  which,  hy  a  sin- 
lar  train  of  circun;  ,t'nces,  eventually  gave  the 
kiiie  lit  this  I'lorentine  merchant,  Aimerigo  \'es- 
Icci,  to  the  whole  of  the  Xew^  World'. 
iThis  exjiedition  had  sailed  in  May,  1499.  The 
IviMitiirers  had  arrived  on  the  southern  contini'iit, 
Bilrinnjed  along  its  coast,  from  two  luindreil 
Bi;i:i's  east  of  the  Oronoco,  to  the  C.ulf  of  I'aria. 
led  hy  the  charts  ot  Columbus,  they  had 
M' I  through  this  gulf,  and  through  the  Roca 
II  Drilfon,  ail'.!  had  kept  along  westward  to  ("ape 
la  \ela,  visiting  the  island  of  Margarita  and 
jeadiacent  continent,  and  (lisco\ering  the  (lulf 
hene/iiela.  'I'liey  had  subse(|ueiulv  touched  at 
.Cirihhee  Islands,  wdiere  they  had  fought  with 
Mieree  natives,  ;ind  made  many  captives,  with 
:  intention  of  selling  them  in  the  slave-markets 
|S|)ain.  Thence,  being  in  need  of  supplies,  they 
isaiied  to  Ilispaniola,  having  perlormed  the 
bst  extensive  \(>vage  hitherto  made  along  the 
lore.ot  the  Xew 'World. + 

iHavinir  ccilected  all  the  information  that  he 
uliolitain  concerning  these  voyagers,  their  ad- 
Inuiris  and  designs,  and  trusting  to  the  declara- 
tion ijeda,  that  he  should  proceed  forthwith  to 
fseiit  himself  to  the  admiral,  Roldan  returned 
IS.iii  Domingo  to   reiuler  a   report  of  his   mis- 


^    l-as  Casas. 

Hhrrera,    Jlist.     Ind.,   decad.    i.    lib.    iv.    rap.    4. 
"'^'  ',  Hist.  X.  Mundo,  part  in  MS.  unpublished. 


CHAPTER    \  I. 

M.VN(KL"VRi;.S   or   KOI. DAN'   ,\ND   OJI'.D.X. 
[1500.] 

WHKN  inttdligence  was  brought  to  Columbus  c 
the  nature  of  the  expedition  ot  Ojeda,  and  tli( 
license  under  which  he  sailed,  he  considered  him 
self  deeply  aggrieved,  it  being  a  direct  infraction 
of  his  most  iiii|)ur(ant  prerogatives,  and  sanctioned 
by  authority  which  ought  to  have  held  them 
sacred.  He  awaited  jiatiently,  however,  the  prom- 
ised visit  of  Alonso  de  Ojeda  to  obtain  fuller  ex- 
planations. Nothing  was  farther  from  the  inten- 
tion cd  that  r(jviiig  commander  than  to  kee|)  siu  I; 
pro'iiise  he  had  made  it  merely  to  elude  the  vig- 
ilance of  Roldan.  As  soon  as  lie  had  refitted  In: 
Vessels  and  olitained  ;i  supjily  A  provisions.  In 
s.iiled  round  to  the  coast  of  Xaragua,  where  lu 
arrived  in  February.  Here  he  w.is  well  received 
by  the  Spaniards  resident  in  that  province,  whc 
su|)plied  all  his  wants,  .\mong  them  were  m,in\ 
of  the  late  comrades  o'  Roldan  ;  loose,  randoii. 
characters,  impatient  ot  order  and  restraint,  anil 
burning  with  .animosity  ag.iinst  the  a.dmiral,  for 
having  again  brought  them  under  the  wholesome 
authority  of  the  laws. 

Knowing  the  rash  and  fearless  character  t 
Ojeda,  and  tlnding  that  there  were  jealousies  be- 
tween him  and  the  admiral,  they  hailed  him  as  a 
new  lender,  come  to  redress  their  fancied  griev- 
ances, in  place  of  Roldan,  whun"  die  considered 
as  having  deserted  them.  They  m.al.  .  lamorou:- 
complaints  lo  Ojeda  of  the  inju  'i-.t:  ,)i  the  ad- 
miral, whom  they  ch.irged  with  withholding  Iroiri 
I  them  the  arrears  of  their  |)av. 

I       Oieda  was  a  hot-headed  man,  with  somewhat  ol 
j  a  Vaunting  spirit,  and  immediately  set  himself   up 
for  a  redri'sser  of  grievances.      It  is  said  also   thai 
he  gave  himself  out  as  authorized  by  government, 
j  in  conjunction   with   Carvajal,  to   ,ict  as  counsel- 
I  lors,  or   rather  supervisors   of  ihe   admir.il  ;    and 
I  that  one  of   the   lirst   measures  they  were  to  take, 
!  was  to  enforce  the  p.iyinent  of  all  salaries  due  to 
I  the  servants  of  the  crown. ■•■     It   is  (piestionable, 
however,  w hether  ( )ieda  made  any  prt  tension  o' 
the  kind,  which  could  so  readily  be  disproved,  and 
j   would  li.i\e  teiuied   lo  disgrace  him  with  the  gov- 
ernment.     It  is   probable  tiiat  he  was  encouraged 
in  his  iiUeinieddling,  chiefly  by  his  knowledge  ot 
j  the  tottering  state  of  the  admiral's  favor  at  court, 
and  of  his  own  security  in  the  powerful  protection 
I  of  Fonseca.      He  may  have  imbdied  also  the  opni- 
i  ion,  diligently    fosteretl    by    those   with   whom  he 
I  ha<l    chielly   cummunicated    in  .Sjiain,  just   before 
his  dep.irture,  that  these  peo|)le  h;id  been  driven 
j  to  extremities   by  the  o|)pression  of  the  adniir.il 
;  and    his   I'.rothers.      Some   feeling   of    generosity, 
therehjre,  may   have   mingled  with   his  usu.i'  lo-.e 
I  of  action  and  enterprise,  wdien  he  jiroposi'd  to  re- 
I  dress  all   their  wrongs,  [lul   himself  at  their  he.id, 
j  march  at  once  to  San  Domingo,  and  oblige  the  ad- 
miral to  p:iy  them  on  the  spot,  or  expel   him  from 
I  the  island. 

I  The  proposition  of  Ojeda  was  received  with  ;u- 
I  clamations  of  transport  by  some  of  the  rebels  ; 
others  made  objections.  (Quarrels  arose  :  a 
ruITi  iiily  s>  ene  of  violence  and  braw:  ensued,  in 
wliicb  several  were  killed  and  wounded  on  both 
sides  ;  but  the  ]):irty  f(,r  the  expedition  to  San 
iJomingo  remained  triumph. iiit, 

*  Hist,  del  Almirantc,  tap.  84. 


jl  \-i't^?.      :'.   r     .    '}      .^  :i'i 


fmi' 


100 


LIFli   AND   VOYAGIiS   OF   C0I,1:M13US. 


i 


US'  ' 


Ij 


I'oitun.itcly  for  tlic  peace  aiul  s.iiity  of  tlic  ail- 
mii-.il,  Hold, 111  arrivcil  in  tlit*  lu'ijjiibuiliuoil  ju^i 
at  this  Liitii-'.il  juiu  tore,  .iitoiidcd  by  .i  i  row  ol 
rcholiitL'  tfiluws.  llf  ii.id  Ik'i'II  ili.spatilied  1)V  Cti- 
limilms  to  watch  the  movciiuMUs  ut  Djcda,  nn 
licinn}^  ol  his  aniv.d  on  tlie  coast  ol  Xaia^ua. 
Appnscil  ot  the  violent  scenes  whiih  were  taking' 
place,  Koldan.  when  cin  the  way,  sent  to  his  olii 
conleilerate,  Die^jo  do  Ivscobar,  to  tollow  him  with 
all  the  triistv  lorcc  lie  could  col'ect.  'riicN- 
reached  Xar.iijua  within  a  da\  of  e.uli  other.  An 
instance  ot  the  b.id  taith  iisu.d  between  had  men 
w.is  now  evinced.  I'he  lormcr  p.iriis.ins  ol  Rol- 
dan,  hiidin;;-  him  cirnest  ni  his  intention  ol  sei\'- 
InLJ  the  i;iivernnient,  .uul  lh.it  there  w.is  no  hope 
ot  enj^aijin},'  him  in  tlieir  new  sedition,  sou^lii 
to  w.iylay  and  destroy  him  on  his  march,  but  Ins 
vii;il.iiice  and  celerity  prevented  tlu-m."' 

( >jeil.i,  when  he  hc.ird  ol  the  .ipproach  ol  Roldan 
and  Msc</b.ir,  retired  on  hoard  ol  his  ships. 
Though  ol  a  d.irin;,^  spirit,  ho  had  no  inclination, 
in  the  present  inst.iiice,  to  come  to  blows,  where 
there  W.IS  a  certainty  ot  des|)er,ite  ti},ditinj.j,  and 
no  K.iin  ;  and  where  fie  must  raise  his  arm  aj^ainst 
^(ivernmeiit.  KoliLm  now  issued  such  rem.ai- 
str.inces  ,is  had  otten  been  inel'tectually  addressed 
to  himselt.  IK;  wrote  to  Ojeda.  reasoning  with 
iiim  on  his  conduct,  .ind  the  confusion  he  was 
|)roducini(  in  the  island,  and  invitiuj.^  him  on  shore 
to  an  amiciblc  arranLrement  ol  all  allej;ed  ^n'iev- 
ances.  (>je(l.i,  knowing-  the  cr.ilty,  \iolent  char- 
acter ol  Koldan,  disregarded  his  re[)e.itetl  nies- 
sa>^es,  and  refuse  I  to  \enture  within  his  ])ower. 
He  even  seized  (Mie  <if  his  messen;,'-crs,  l)ie};o  de 
Tri<\i'Io,  and  l.indiiii,'  suddenly  at  Xaraj;ua,  car- 
ried  oil  another  ot  his  followers,  nameil  Tdi-ibio 
de  I.enares,  both  of  whom  he  retained  in  irons, 
(111  board  ot  his  vessel,  as  hostaj^'es  tor  a  certain 
Juan  i'iiuor.  a  one-armed  sailor,  who  had  desert- 
ed, threateiiini^  to  ham;-  tlieiii  it  the  deserter  was 
I'.ot  ij'ivcn  ap,+ 

\';'.rious  mancviivr;  took  jilace  ht-tween  these 
two  well-matched  <ip  ii  neuts  each  wary  ot  the 
address  and  ]irowess  'u  the  other.  Ojeda  made 
sail,  ami  stood  twelve  icai^ues  to  the  northwartl, 
to  the  |irovince  ot  Caliay,  laie  of  the  most  beauti- 
ful .uul  lertile  ])arts  of  the  counti-y,  and  inhabited 
by  a  kind  and  jji-ntle  jieople.  Here  he  landed 
with  forty  men,  sei/inir  upon  whatever  he  could 
tnvl  of  the  provisions  of  the  natives.  Roldan  and 
Escobar  followed  aloiv..j  shore,  and  were  soon  at 
Ills  nc"!s.  Roldan  th.en  dispatched  Escobar  in  a 
li<:^lU  canoe,  paddled  swiftly  by  Indians,  who  ap- 
]iroachi.i,u;'  within  hail  of  the  ship,  informed  (JJeiLi 
that,  since  he  wouUl  not  trust  himself  on  shore, 
Hold  in  would  come  and  confer  with  him  on 
iioard.  it  he  would  send  a  boat  tor  him. 

(;)ie{la  now  thouj;ht  himselt  secure  of  his  enemy  ; 
he  immediatel)-  dispatched  a  boat  within  a  short 
distance  ot  the  shore,  where  the  crew  lay  on  their 
oirs,  reiiui.injr  Roldan  to  come  to  them.  "  How 
many  m.iy  .locomii.iny  me  ?"  demanded  the  hitter. 
"  '  )nlv  live  or  six,"  was  the  reply.  Upon  this 
Piejfo  tie  Escobar  and  tour  others  wadei!  to  the 
boat.  The  crew  retused  to  admit  more.  Roldan 
then  ordereil  one  man  to  carry  him  to  the  barjre, 
and  another  to  walk  bv  his  side,  and  assist  him. 
Bv  this  stratagem,  his  party  was  eii(lu  strong. 
The  instant  he  entered  the  boat,  he  ordered  the 
oarsmen  to  r  iw  to  shore.  On  their  rettisiiig,  he 
and  his  companions  attacked  them  swortl  in  hand, 
wounde  i  sevvral,  ,ind  made  all  prisoners,  except- 

*  Hist,  del  Almirante,  ubi  sup. 

t   Las  Casas,  Hist.  Ind.,  lib.  i.  cap.  169,  Ma. 


ing  an   Indian   archer,  who,  plunging  under 
w.iter,  es(  .ip(;d  by  swimming. 

This   W.IS   an    impoi't.int    triumph   lur  KoiiJ.l 
Ojed.i,  anxious  lur  the  recovery  ol  his  boat,  w;  I 
was  indispensable  lur  the  serMce  ul  the  ship j  j 
made   overtures   ol    peace.       He   approac  Imj  •■ 
shore  in  his  rem. lining  boat  ol  small   si/i,  ;,|, 
with  him    his  i^riiu  ip.il  |)ilot,  an  aiipiebiisicr  , '| 
four  oarsmen.      Kolilaii  entered   the  bn.u  j,    i 
just  ca|itured,  with  seven  rowers  and  lilicci]  f,. 
ing   nii'n,  i.iusing   tiltt'cii   others   to   be  riaiK  ,! 
shore  to  embark  in  a  l.irge  canoe,  in  case  (;|  n,.. 
\    ch.ir.icteristic    interview    took    place    !ii;,u. 
these  doughty   antagonists,  each   keeping;   ,  ,,•  i 
on   his  guard.     Their  coiilerence  was  cirriMfl 
.It   ,1   di-.tance.     Oji'da   lustit'ied   his  hostile  niir. 
meiits  by  .illeging  tli.it  Rold.in    had  conic  vm;i, 
.irnied  lorce    to   seize    him.     This  the  l.illci  |,ii. 
tividy  deiiieil,  promising    him    tlu'   most  iiini.ii. 
reception  from   the  admiral,  in  case  he  vviJii.i;-. 
pair  to  .San    Domingo.     An  arr.ingemeiu  u.js , 
length  effected  ;  the    boat  was    restored,  ami  r,] 
tu.il  restitution    ot    the    men  took    |)lace,  wilii  ;:; 
exception  ot  ju.in  rintor,  the  one-armed  (Kv;:^- 
who  hail  .ibsconded  ;    and  on   the  loHiiwiiiu  1, 
Ojeili,  according   to   agreement,  set  sail   lu  j-.,; 
the  isl.ind,   threatening,  however,  to   reiiiiii  ,,:,| 
luture  time  with  more  ships  and  men.* 

Ko'd.m  waiteil   in   the   .leighliorhood,  (Imil;- 
the  truth  of  his  deiiarture.      In  the  course  ii!  ,i-: 
days    word   w,is   brought   that   t)ieda   hail  !,ti;i- 
on  a  distant    part  of  the  coast.       He   iniiiU'il:,.' 
pursued  him  with  eighty  men,  in   c.inoes,  siii, 
scouts  by   land.      ISetori'   he   .irrived   at  tlu'|i,,i- 
Ojeda  h. id   ag.iiii    made  sail,  and  Roldan  s.iw  , • 
liearil  no  more  ol   him.      Las  Casas  assi  rts,  I, 
ever,  that  Ojeda  departed  either  to  some  niiy 
district  ot   llisp.iniiila.   or  to  the  island  ol  b- 
Rico,  where  he  ni.ide   up  what  he  called  his  (;■ 
j  itli^di/it,  or  drove  ot   slaves,   carrying  oil  iiumiir 
ol  the  unhappy  natives,  whom  he  sold  in  iht  aiiV: 
market  ol  Cadiz. f 


CHAI'Tf.R    VII. 

CON.SflKACV    HI      ■,tK,VAE<.V    AND  MOXICA. 
[  I  500.  1 

WHF.N  men  have  been  ;iccustomed  to  actl.iiif  I 
they  take  great  merit  to  themselves  for  an  cNtr,:! 
of  common   honesty.      The   followers  ot  Kok:;! 
were   loud    in   trumpeting    forth   their    iiiivvi'iv 
loyalty,  and  the  great  services  they  had  rcinlcr! 
to  government  in  ilriving  t)jrda  from  the  i.iiar:! 
,  Like  all  reformed  knaves,  they  expected  thai;!;: 
good  conduct  would  be  amply  rewarded,    l.oii 
ing  upon  their  leatler  as  having  everything,'  in  •■I 
gilt,  .111(1   being  well    ])leased   with  the  iK-l:,!,"'::- 
,  jirovince  ot  Cahay,  they   requested   him  tu  sl'd 
I  the    land    among    them,    that    they    might  «■;;: 
there.      Roldan   would    have   had    no  hesiLitiori' 
I  granting  their  request,  had   \  been  made  i:ur'.' 
I  his  treebooting  career  ;  but  he  was  now  aiivu 
I  to  establish  a  character  for  adherence  to  tlu-Iaai 
He  declined,  therefore,  acceding   to  their  w.in 
until  s.mctioned  by  the  admir.il.      Knovviiii,'.  Iw* 
ever,  that   lie   had   fostered   a  spirit  anmiif;' itel 
men  which    it   was  daiigeious   to   contratl;it..''i| 
I  that   their   r.ipacity,  by   long  indulgence,  d' ' 
I  ailmit  ot  del.iy,  he  shared   among   them   icr;;! 

'      *  Letter  of  Colu-.nbus  to  the  Nurse  of  Prince 
(      t   Las  Casas,  lib.  i.  cap.  169. 


ni.^'ht  be  put  on  his 


LIFE   AND    VOVAGKS   OF   COLI'MIU'S. 


1G7 


VI)  MOXICA. 


nds  of  liis  own,  in   tlic   Icirilory  of   his   imciciit 

tui,.  to  :lu'  ;iilniir.il  for  ptTmissKiii  to  ndirn  to 
In  Dnini '.>,'(),  anri  ni'i'ivcd  a  letter  in   ii'ply,  j;iv 

r  him  I'lanv  lhani<s  ami  ciimmendalions  iKr  tlx 

Lri-iu'i'  aiui  adflress  which  hr  had  maiiilested, 
lit'"'rc<|iu-'tiii;,'  lii">  '"  fiiiaiii  t(ir  .i  time  in  \ara- 
Irslvtjeda  should  lie  >  et  hovering,''  al)oilt  llic 
j;i,l  ,11111  disposed  to  ni.ike  ,iiiotlicr  <ies<cnt  in 
■nt  |iro\iiice. 

'he  'nitililes  of  the  island  \MTe  not  yet  .it  an 
|(l,  liiit  were  destined  attain  to  t)reak  forth,  ;ind 
bni  somewhat  of  a  ronianlie  cause,  'i'iiere  .ir- 
jvnl  ;ihoiit  this  time,  at  Xara;,nia,  a  youii^^  cav,i- 
,il  iKihle  family,   n.imed    Hon    liernando  de 

itvir.i.  lie  possessed  an  .ij^M'ecible  person  and 
|ji;!iiii',,' m.inners,  hut  w,is  he.idslronj,''  in  his  ]);is- 

ms  ,111(1  dissolute  in  his  principles.  He  w.is 
|)iiMii  to  .\dri.in  de  Moxiea,  one  of  the  most   ,ic- 

1  liii.nli'.iders  in  the  late  rebellion  of  Kold.in, 
1(1  li.iil  conducted  himself  with  such  licentious- 
!ss  ,il  S.m  Doiiiin;;')  th.'it  (-olin)il)us  ha<l  h.mish- 
'  him  h'om  the  island.  There  hein^'-  no  other 
mh.irkiiij^;.    lie   had   been   sent    to 

of 


)|iiiruiiiiiy  of  el „.  

Iai;ii,'ii'i,  to  return  to  Spain   in  one  ot  the  ships 

|iV:l.i,  liiit  arrived  .ifter  lh<-ir  departure.      Kold.in 

'ccivcd  liini  t,ivorably,  on  account  of  his  old  com- 

'x-,  .\ilrian  de    Moxiea,    ;ind   permitted    him   to 

Kwisi-  some   pl,ice   of   resiih  nee   uiuil  further  or- 

!rs  coiiceniini,'  liini   should   arrive  from  the  ad- 

ir.il.     lie  chose   the   province  of  C;iliay,  at  the 

iiif  wlure    Kold.in    had    ciptured    the    bo.it   of 

|fil,i.     ll  was  ,1   delii,rhlful    part  of  th.at  be.mtitul 

/isl  ;  but  the  re.ison  why  CiUevar.i  chose  it,  was 

If  vicinity  to  Xara^ai,i.   While  at  the  hitter  pl.icc, 

Cdiiseqiieiice   of   the   indulo;ence   of   Kohl, in,  he 

Ws  favorably  received  at  the  house  of  Anaciona, 

ir  widow  of  C.tonabo,  ;ind   sister  of  the  eaci(|ue 

ciiio.     I'IkU  reni.irkable  woman  still  ret.iined 

ii.iiiiility  to  the  S|)ani;irds,  notwithst,indinj^ 

le  disi,'raieful   scenes   which    had   passed  before 

lercMs  ;  and  the  native  di^Miity  of  her  ch;ir,icter 

h,ld  rommaiuled  the  respect  even  (,f  the  <lissolute 

lie  wliicb   infested  her  province.       Hy  her  late 

iu>.:i,iml,  the  ciciijue  Caon.ibo,  she  had  a  d.iU};hter 

laiii.d  lli;4iieiiamot.i,  just  "Tfovvn   up,  and  jjre.itly 

idiiiiird  lor  her  beauty,     (nievara,  l)eiii<;  often  in 

i'omp.iiiy  with  her,  a  mutual  atl.ichnient  ensued. 
t  WIS  to  he  near  her  tliat  he  chose  Cahay  as  a 
isidciice,  at  a  jil.ice  where  Ids  cousin  .-Vdri.m  de 
Iiixica  kept  a  number  of  doifs  .tnd  li.twks,  to  be 
|ii!;i'iiiycil  ill  the  chase,  (iuevara  delayed  his  de- 
ritiic.  Kold.in  discovered  the  reason,  ;ind  '.varn- 
hiiii  to  desist  from  his  ])retensions  and  le.ave 
leprDviiice.  I, .is  C.is.is  intimati-s  ih.il  Koldan  was 
limsclt  .ittached  to  the  youri;.;;-  Indi.in  beautv,  and 
luus  of  lier  preference  of  his  rival.  .AnacaoiKi, 
niiidier,  pleased  with  the  •,^all.lnt  a|)pear;ince 
Ind  iii;.,M-ati.itin,!,r  manners  of  the  youthful  cavalier, 
ivortil  his  attachment,  especially  as  he  soU),''lu 
krdaii^dUer  in  marriaj^e.  Notwithstandinfif  tfie 
[rlirs  ut  Roidan,  (Uievara  still  lingered  in  Xara- 
I,  ill  the  house  of  Anacaon.i  ;  ;ui<l  sending;  for 
priist,  desired  him  to  baptize  his  inteiuled 
iride. 

Hiarini,r  of  this   Roidan  sent  fo,  Guevara,  and 
i'aKfd  him  sharjily  for  remainirtj  at  Xarajjua, 
inl  a;ii.-m|)iiii:r  to  deceive  a  fXTsoi   of  the  inipor- 
•y.t^ 'li  .\nacaona,  by  ensnarin<,f  t.ie  .affections  of 
r  liau.ifhter.     (Juevara  avowed  the  streiij^th  ot 
In  passiuii,  and   his  correct  intentions,   and   en- 
pated  permission  to  rem.iin       Koldan  w.is  inflex- 
ible,    H^.    alli.jrfd    that    some  evil   construction 
ht  be  put  on  his  conduct  by  the  admiral  ;  but 


it  is  prnb.ible  his  true  motive  was  a  desire  to  send 
,iway  a  riv.il,  who  intertereil  with  his  own  amor- 
ous desi),'ns.  (luevar.i  obeyed;  but  h.id  scarce 
been  three  d.iys  ,it  C.ili.iy,  vvlien  lin.ible  to  re- 
i-iain  loiif^'er absent  from  the  object  of  tiis  p,issioii, 
he  retiirncil  to  .\.ir,ij;u.i,  ,iccon)p.inied  by  four  or 
I'lve  friends,  an<l  com faled  himself  in  tin'  dwelling.; 
ot  Anaciona.  koldan,  who  was  at  lh.it  time  i  on- 
lined  by  ;i  mal.ady  in  his  eyis,  bein^^  .apprised  of 
fiis  return,  sent  orders  lor  tiim  to  depart  iii-.t.iiilly 
to  C'.ihay.  The  younj^  cav.ilier  .issumed  .i  tone  ot 
{leri.uice.  He  warned  Kold.in  not  to  make  l<ies 
when  hi'  had  such  ^rcit  need  ot  friends  ;  lor  to 
his  cert.iin  knowledj^e,  the  admir.il  intended  to 
belxad  him.  rponitiis,  Kold.in  romm.indid  him 
to  ipiit  th.it  |)art  of  the  island,  and  rep.iir  to  San 
l)ijinin;(o,  to  present  liiinsell  betorethe.idmir.il. 
'I'he  Ihou^^hts  of  bein;,f  banished  entirely  from  the 
vicinity  ot  his  Indi.in  beauty  idiecked  the  vehe- 
iiieme  of  the  youth.  He  ch;Mij,'ed  his  tone  ot 
li.ui;.;hty  deti.iiice  into  one  ot  humbli'  supplication  ; 
,111(1  Kohlan,  appe,ised  by  this  submission,  per- 
miited  him  to  remain  tor  tlie  prcM-nt  in  the  nei);b- 
borhood. 

Kohlan  h.ul  instilled  wilfulness  and  violence 
into  the  hearts  of  his  late  followers,  and  now  w.is 
doomed  to  experience  the  effects.  ("lUevar.i,  in- 
censed ,it  his  opposition  to  his  |).ission,  medit.ited 
reven^'e.  He  soon  made-  ;i  p.irly  amon^'  the  old 
comrades  of  Koldan,  who  detested,  as  .i  maj^'is- 
tr.ite,  the  m.m  they  h.ul  idolized  ,is  ;i  le.ider.  It 
was  concerted  to  rise  suddenly  upon  him,  .and 
either  to  kill  him  or  put  out  his  eyes.  Koldan 
was  Jijiprised  ol  the  plot,  and  proceeded  with  his 
usual  promptness.  (Iuevara  was  seized  in  the 
(Iwelliiiir  of  An.iciona,  in  the  |)resence  of  ids  in- 
tended bride  ;  seven  of  his  accom))lices  were  like- 
wise arrested.  Koldan  immediately  sent  an  .ic- 
cotint  of  the  affair  to  the  admir.il,  prolessinij,  .it 
present,  to  do  nolhinjf  without  Ids  authority,  .iml 
declarin;.,'  himself  not  ci)m|)eleiU  to  jud^je  inip.ir- 
tially  in  the  case.  Columbus,  who  w.is  .at  ih.il 
time  at  Fort  Conception,  in  the  \'ej,M,  ordered  tlie 
prisoner  to  be  conducted  to  the  fortress  ot  .San 
Dominijo. 

'I'he  vij'orous  incisures  of  Kold.in  aj^r.iinst  his 
old  comr.'.des  prodiucd  commotions  in  the  island. 
When  Adrian  de  .Moxiea  heard  that  his  cousin 
CiUevar.i  w.is  a  ]irisoner,  and  ih.it,  too,  by  coin- 
m.uid  of  his  former  confederate,  he  w.is  highly 
ex.ispei.ited,  .and  resolved  on  veiij^rcmce.  Hasleii- 
inj,^  to  Bon.io,  the  old  h.iunt  of  rebellion,  he  ob- 
tained the  co-operation  ot  I'cdro  Ke(|Uel!iie,  the 
recently  .appointed  .ilcilde.  Tiiey  went  round 
amoiifr  their  late  companions  in  rebellion,  vvtio 
had  received  lands  .and  settled  in  various  parts  ot 
the  \'e^i-.i,  workin^r  u|)on  tlieir  ready  p.issions,  and 
enlisting- their  teelini,rs  in  the  cause  of  an  old  com- 
r.ule.  These  men  seemed  to  have  had  an  irresist- 
ible ])njpensity  to  sedition.  (Iuevara  was  a  favor- 
ite with  them  ,ill  ;  thecharmsot  the  Indian  beauty 
had  probably  their  inlluence  ;  and  the  conduct  of 
Koldan  w.is  pronounced  .i  tyrannic.il  interference, 
to  prevent  a  marria;,^'  aj,'reeable  to  .ill  parties,  and 
beneticial  to  the  colonv.  There  is  no  beiiio  so 
odious  to  his  former  associates  as  a  reformed  roh- 
t)er,  or  a  rel)el,  enlisted  in  the  service  of  justice. 
The  old  scenes  of  faction  were  renrvved  ;  trie 
we.ipons  which  h.id  scarce  been  hunc,'^  v.\>  from  the 
recent  rebellions,  were  aj,'^ain  snatched  down  from 
the  walls,  .and  rash  preparations  were  made  \or 
action.  Moxiea  soon  ^aw  .i  body  of  d.irinj,^  and 
reckless  men  ready,  with  horse  and  weapon,  i,) 
follow  Ilim  on  any  desperate  enterprise,     iiliiuled 


■  I 

I 


1G8 


LIFK  AND  VOVAGKS  OF  COLUMBUS. 


i' 


I 


,;i 


!.*!< 


liy  the  impunity  wliiili  h.ul  aUtiulfd  liicir  foinu-r 
oullM^it-.,  Iir  MOW  llin.ilciuil  ai  Is  ol  j^rcatLT  atioi- 
ity,  int'ditaiin^',  imi  nu  rely  liu'  its(  uc  ot  ills 
cousin,  iiiit  till'  (It. all  ol  Kol(lai)  and  l\\v.  admiral. 

Coiiinihus  w.is  .It  iorl  Conception,  witii  an  in- 
iDnsid'i'.ililc  toriu,  when  tins  dinneidiis  plot  was 
lOMicrlid  in  Ins  very  iieij,diliuiliood.  Not  dre. mi- 
inn  "'  ''">■  'iirtluT  liostduits  troni  men  on  wiiom 
lie  ii.id  la\islied  l.ivors,  lie  would  doulitk'ss  liave 
t.dlen  into  llieir  |)ower,  liad  not  inieili^cnii'  lieen 
l)iouj,'hi  Inm  ot  llie  plot  hy  a  desertir  liom  tlie 
e()ns|)ii-.itois.  Ill'  saw  at  a  ),d,in(:e  the  perils  liy 
wliieli  he  w.is  surrounded,  ami  the  storm  about 
to  hurst  upon  the  isl.ind.  It  was  no  lonj^er  a  time 
lor  leniunt  measures  ;  he  determined  to  strike  a 
l)low  which  should  crush  the  \ery  head  ot  rehel- 
liiin. 

I'akinj,'  with  him  hut  six  or  seven  trusty  ser- 
v.ints,  and  three  es(iuires,  all  well-armed,  lie  set 
out  in  the  nielli  lor  the  |)l.ice  where  the  rin),'lead- 
ers  were  (juartifred.  Conlidinj;  probably  in  tlie 
secrecy  ol  their  plot,  and  the  late  passiveness  ot 
the  aiimir.il,  they  appear  to  have  been  perh'etly 
un^juardcd.  Colimibus  c.inie  upon  them  by  sur- 
prise, seized  Moxii.a  and  several  of  his  jirincipal 
L  )nte(lerates,  and  bore  them  oil  to  Kort  Ci)nce|)- 
tion.  'I'he  moment  was  critiial  ;  the  Xe^a  was 
ripe  for  ;i  revolt  ;  he  had  the  tomenter  ol  the  eon- 
.s|)iracy  in  his  power,  and  an  ex,im|)le  was  called 
tor,  tli.it  shoidd  strike  terror  into  the  tactions. 
He  ordei-eil  Moxic.i  to  be  h.in^ed  on  the  to|)  of  the 
fortress.  The  latter  entreated  to  be  allowed  to 
confess  himself  jjrevious  to  execution.  A  priest 
W.IS  summoned.  'I'he  miserable  Moxic.i,  who 
h.xl  been  so  arrojjaiu  in  rebellion,  lost  all  courai^'e 
at  the  near  ap])roach  of  death,  lie  delayed  to 
I  unless,  bej,'^innintj  and  pausin^j,  and  reconunenc- 
ini,',  and  aj;ain  hesit.Uinjf,  as  it  he  hoped,  by  whil- 
injj;  ;iway  time,  to  ]<;\\t:  a  ch.uice  for  rescue.  In- 
stead ot  confessing-  his  own  sins,  he  accused  others 
ot  eriminality,  who  were  known  to  be  innocent  ; 
until  Colimibus,  inctMised  at  this  falsehood  anil 
treacfiery,  and  losin^r  all  patience,  in  his  min^ded 
indij,rnation  and  scorn,  ordered  the  dastard  wretch 
to  be  swun^j-  off  from  the  battlements.* 

This  sudden  act  of  severity  was  jiromptly  fol- 
lowed up.  Sexeral  of  the  accomjilices  ol  Moxica 
were  condemned  to  death  and  thrown  in  irons  to 
await  their  fate.  lieforethe  consijirators  had  time 
to  recover  Irom  their  astonishment,  I'edro  Reijuel- 
nie  w.is  taken,  with  several  of  his  compeers,  in 
his  rultian  den  at  Hon.io,  and  conveyed  to  the 
fortress  ot  .San  Doniiiij;o  ;  where  was  .also  conluied 
the  orij^inal  mo\er  of  this  second  rebellion,  Her- 
nando tie  Cuevar.a,  the  lover  of  the  younif  Indian 
princess.  These  unexpected  acts  of  rij^^or,  pro- 
ceedinH^  from  a  tpiarter  which  had  been  lon^r  so 
lenient,  had  the  tlesired  effect.  The  conspirators 
tletl  for  the  most  part  to  Xaraj^ua,  their  old  anil 
favorite  retreat.  They  were  not  suffered  to  con- 
fi;re;,rati'  there  aj^^ain,  aiul  concert  new  setlitioiis. 
The  Aflelantado,  seconded  by  Roldan,  pursued 
them  w  ith  his  characteristic  ra|)idity  ot  movement 
anil  vijji'or  of  arm.  It  has  been  said  that  he  car- 
rietl  a  priest  with  him,  in  ortler  that,  as  he  arrest- 
ed tleliiKjuents,  they  minlu  be  confessed  anil 
hanj^retl  iipo  the  spot  ;  but  the  more  prob.ible  ac- 
count is  that  he  transmitted  them  prisoners  to 
San  DomiiiL;!).  lie  h.ul  seventeen  ot  them  atone 
time  confined  in  one  common  dungeon,  awaitiny 

*  Herrera,  decad.  i.  lib.  iv.  cap.  5. 


their   tri.d,  while    he    continued    in    imlcf,,,, 
pursuit  ol  the  remainder.* 

These  were  prompt  .ilid  severe  lile.isiii,  , 
when  we  consider  how  loii^  Columbus  li.iij 
with  these  men  ;  how  much  he  had  nd,, 
s.'icriliced  to  them  ;  how  he  li.id  been  iiiinr, 
in  all  his  j^nat  uiidertakin^js,  and  the  U(  ' 
the  colony  destroyed  by  their  conteiiihn', . 
seditious  brawls  ;  how  (hey  had  abused  Ins  , 
delied  his  authority,  and  at  length  atliini ;. 
life  we  i:annot  wonder  th.it  he  should  ,11  ,,. 
tall  the  sword  ol  justice,  which  he  li.ul  1,1; 
heltl  sus|iendetl. 

The  power  of  faction  was  now  conipliti!, 
(lued,  anil   the  good    eflei  ts    ot   the  \,inuuV;; 
ures  taken  by  Columbus,  since  his  last  ,111;,,,  , 
the  beiielit  of   the   islanil,  began    to  appe.ir.   ;j 
Inilians,  seeing  the   inellicacy  ot   resist. uin. 
mitteil  to  the  yoke.      Many  gave  signs  ol  1  u 
tion,  h.iving,  in  some  instances,  adopieil  ci,: 
and  eiiUiraced  Christianity     Assisted  hy  il„  • 
bors  the  Sp.uiiards  now  cultivated  their  l;iiul,,. 
geiiiK    and  there  was  every  ai)pear,ince  ut  st::J 
anu  regular  prosperit\'.  1 

Columbus  consitlered  all  this  happ\-  tluii^.l 
brought    about    by    the    especial    iiiterveiilii,;; 
Ilea\eli.     In  a  letter  to  Dolla  Ju.ma  tie  l,i  lur-rj 
lady  ol   distinction,  ay.i  or  nurse  ol  I'riiui' ;. 
he  gives  an  iiisi.mce  ot  those  visionary  l.iini.. 
which  he  was  subject  in  times  of  illness  and ,; 
iety.      In  the  preceding  winter,  he  says,  ahrju; 
testiv.d   ot  Christmas,  when   menaced   hv  In  j 
war  and   domestic    rebellion,   when  di>.lnM;.i 
those  around   him  ami  apprehensi\e  ot   (1:^;;:.| 
at  court,  he  sank   for  a   lime   into  c(im|iK:i-  .1 
spoiidenc)-.      In  this  hour  ol  gloom,  wlun  ,;,; 
doiieil  to  despair,  he  heard  in  tlie  nigiit  a  Vdiu. 
dressing  him  in  words  ot  comfort,  "(J  111, iiu: 
tie  faith  I    why  art  thou  cast  down  ?     I'cir;; 
iiig,  1   will   |)ro\ide   for  tfiee.     The  seven  yiMr'i 
the   term  of  goltl  ,ire  not  expired  ;    in  tli.it]  ;ii;. 
all  other  things,  1  will  take  care  ul  thee."        L 

Tile  seven   years   term  ol  gold  liere  niwitirJ 
alludes  to  a  vow  made  by  Columbus  on  ilivj 
ing  the   New  World,  and  recorded   by  lii:ii   , 
letter  to  the  sovereigns,   that  within  scm  11  .:.■! 
he  would  lurnish,  from  the  profits  of  his  divj, 
ies,  tilty  thousaiitl  loot  and  live  thous.ind  liniv, 
the  deliver. nice  of   the   holy  se|)ulchre,  and  .1:. 
dition.il   force  ot  like   amount,    within   livi;  ;,:. 
aflerwaril. 

The  comforting  assurance  given    him  In   . 
voice  was  corroborated,   he  says,  that  very  u 
by  intelligence  receivetl  of  tlie  iliscovery  ul  .11^: 
tract  ol  country  rich  in   mines. +     This  im;i<;i'j| 
promise  of  divine  aid  thus  mysteriously  jjiviii,.! 
jieared  to  him  at  ])reseni  instill  greater  pr.icJ 
ol    tultilmeiit.     The   troubles   and    ilangirso: 
island    had    been   succeeded    by  tr.mquillily.    ■ 
now  anticipated  the  i)ros|)erous  proseciUioii  >: 
t.ivorite   enter|)rise,  so    long   interrupted— l!it  J 
jiloring  ol  the  regions  of  I'.iria,  ami  the  e.-il.i:  ' 
nieiit  of  a  fishery  in  the  (kill  of  Pearls,     il- 
lusive  were   his   hopes  I     At  this   inoiiie|U  tv; 
were   maturing  wliicli    were    to  overwhelm  ;i 
with  distress,  strip  him  ot  his  honors,  aiiilrirl 
him  comparati\ely  a  wreck  for  the  reiiiaiiiiif 
his  tlays  1 

*  Las  Casas,  Hist.  Intl.,  lib.  i.  cap.  170,  MS,    i.; 
rera,  decad.  i.  lib.  iv.  cap.  7. 

t   Letter  of  Columbus  to  the  N'urse  of  Prince  j--| 
Hist,  del  Alniirante,  cap.  84. 


LIFE  AND   VOYAGES   OF   COLL'MUl'S. 


BOOK   XIII. 


109 


CHAI'IKR  I. 

kl'Rr>^>>'  \""^'^  ^''  <^' »''>*■•'  AC.AINST  COI.UMIIUS 
DiiliAlHIIV     i;.\II'(t\VKKIU    T(J    KXAMINK   INTO 

iii>  ((iMiicr, 

[I5CX..] 

Wmii  Coliinihus  was  iiivnlvod  in  a  sorios  of 
Uiilinillii'^  ill  tlif  t.u'tioiis  island  ot  His|),iiiii)la,  liis 
Cni'iiiici  vvcif  l)iit  too  siicccsstui  in  iindci'niinin),^ 
|ii>  ri'|uii  itiiiii  in  the  I ourt  ot  Spain.  'I'lu'  report 
|)rnui,'lit  l>\  ()|i'd.i  ot  Ills  anticipated  disj^racc  w.is 
L;  ciilirelv  unloinided  ;  tlie  event  was  considered 
[li.ir  at  hind,  and   every   ])erlidious  esertmn  was 

iiilc  to  neelerate  it.  I'^Nery  vessel  Irom  tlie  New 
IVdiiil  (Mini'  trei^dited  witll  complaints,  represent- 
fn^'  Colindui-.  and  his  brothers  as  new  nvi\,  nn- 
Voiislomed  Id  coinni.md,  inli.ited  b\'  their  itidcjen 
fiv  trmii  ol)S(  iirity  ;  arro;(,int  .and  insulting  tow- 
brd  men  ot  l)irlh  and  lotty  spirit  ;  oppi'essue  ot 
Ihu  I.0I11111OII  people,  and  crnel  in  tlicir  Ire.itinent 
hi  the  n.illves.  'I'lie  insidious  and  illiheral  insin- 
Ltion  was  continually  urj,'ed,  that  they  were  for- 
fi;'nt'rs,  who  could   ha\e  no   inten'st  in  the  j.,dory 

I.S|i,iin,  or  the  prosperity  ot  S]).iniar(ls  ;  and  con- 
lenipliliif  .IS  this  plea  may  seem,  it  had  a  power- 

ui  clteit.  ('olLniil)Us  was  even  accused  ot  a  de- 
lij;n  10  iMsi  (itf  all  .allegiance  to  Spain,  and  either 

i;iki'  liiniselt  sovereif^n  ot  the  countries  lie  h.id 
(iisccvered,  or  yield  tlleni  into  the  liands  of  soim; 
btlur  power  :  a  slander,  which,  however  e.xtr.iva- 
[,iiu,  was  cilcuiated  to  startle  the  jealous  mind  of 
rerilinand. 

It  is  true  that  by  e\ery  sliip  Columbus  likewise 
lilt  home  statements,  written  with  tht?  frankness 
tiiil  ciier^'y  ot  truth,  settinjf  forth  tlie  real  cause 
piiil  nature  of  the  distr.ictions  of  ttie  island,  and 
hdintin;^'  out  .and  implorinjc  remerlies.  which,  if 
pnipcriy  applied,  might  have  l)ee?i  t'I'fic.acious. 
letters,  however,  arrivin^f  at  distant  inler\als, 

iiilc  hut  sinifle  and  transient  impressions  '  n  the 
(•Dial  mind,  which  were  sjierdily  t'ff.iced  i.y  the 
Intlucnce  ot  d.iily   and   aiti\(     misrepresentation. 

lis  iMieniies  ;it  court,  liaving;  continual  k  less  to 
lltlL' suverei;^iis,  were  enabled  to  phice  ever\  thinir 
Ur;,'t'd  a^jiinst  him  in  the  strongest  point  of  view, 
fcviiile  tlu-y  secretly  neutr.ilized  the  force  of  his 
B'iinlications,  They  used  a  i)lausil)le  logic  to 
brove  either  bad  m.m.igenient  ov  bad  faith  on  his 
part.    'I'liere   was    an    incessant   drain    upon  the 

inlhfr  country  tor  the  support  of  the  colon\. 
W',(s  this  coni])atil)le  with  tlie  extrav.igaiH  pictul■e^ 
pi' had  (Iriwii  of  the  wealth  of  the  island,  ind  its  j 
liukn  iiiount.iins,  in  wliich  he  had  jiretended  to 
find  the  Ophir  of  anc  ent  days,  the  source  of  all 
Ihe  riches  ot  Solomon  ?  They  interred  that  he 
pad  cither  deceived  the  sovereigns  liy  designing 
pa;,'i(t'ratioiis,  or  grossly  wronged  them  by  mal- 
practices, or  was  totally  incapatile  of  the  duties  of 
Bovcrniiient. 

The  (lisa|)p()intnient  of  Ferdin.and,  .n  finding 
ll;s  ne\vly-(liscov(  red    possessions  a  source  of  ex- 

)''ise  instead  ot  [irotit,  was  known  to  jiress  sorely 

111  his  mind.     The  wars,  dictated  by  his  ambition', 

";  straiii-iu'd  his  resources,  .and  invoUed  him  in 
pfrpk'xities.  lie  had  looked  with  contidence  to 
ithe  Ni'w  World  for  relief,  anil  tor  .aniple  means 
pto  pursue  his  triumphs  ;  and  grew  im|)atient  .at 
pthi:  repeated  deniands  which  it  occasioned  on  his 
!,S mty  treasury.     For  the  i)urpose  of  irritating  his 


feelings  ,ind  heightening  W\%  resentment,  every 
(lisappointe(l  ;ind  repining  m,in  who  returnefl 
from  the  colony  w.is  encouraged  bv  the  hostile  t;ic- 
(ion,  U)  put  in  I  laims  tor  p.iy  withheld  b\  ('idum- 
bus,  nr  losses  sustained  in  his  ser\  ice.  This  w.is 
especi.illy  the  case  with  the  ilisorderly  rulli.ins 
shipped  off  to  tree  the  isl.ind  from  sedition.  I'ind- 
ing  tlieirway  to  the  court  at  (Iran.id.i,  tliey  folU>w- 
ed  the  king  when  he  rode  out,  tilling  the  .lir  with 
thiir  compl.iints,  and  clamoring  tor  their  pav.  .At 
one  time  about  titty  of  these  x.ig.ibonds  found 
their  way  into  the  inner  court  of  the  Alh.imbr.i, 
under  tlie  royal '.i|)artments  ;  holding  up  bunclies 
ot  gr.ipes  as  the  meagre  diet  hit  them  by  their 
poverty,  .and  r.iiling  .doud  .at  the  deceits  ot  Colum- 
bus and  the  cruel  neglect  of  gd\ernment.  The 
two  bons  ot  Columlxi  who  were  pages  to  tht- 
i,ueen,  happi'niiig  to  pass  by,  they  followed  them 
with  imprecations,  exclaiming,  "  'I'here  go  the 
sons  of  tile  .idmir.il,  the  whel])s  of  him  wlio  dis- 
co\ered  the  laiul  of  vanity  and  delusion,  the  gr,i\e 
ot  .Spanish  hidalgos,"* 

'I'iie  incess.int  ri'petition  of  talseliood  will  grad- 
ually wear  its  w.iy  into  the  mosti.indid  mind.  Is- 
abell.a  herself  began  to  eiiterl.iin  dout)ts  respect- 
ing the  conduct  of  Columbus.  Where  there  was 
such  univers.d  and  in.  .  ..ant  com|il.iint,  it  seemed 
reasonable  to  I'onclude  th.it  there  must  exist  some 
fault.  If  Colunilius  .and  his  brotliers  were  up- 
right, they  might  he  injudicious  ;  ,ied,  in  go\ern- 
ment,  mischief  is  olteiur  i)roduced  itiroiigii  error 
of  judgment  th.in  iniipiity  of  design.  'I'lii' letters 
written  by  Columbus  himself  presented  a  l.iment- 
alile  picture  of  the  confusion  ot  tlie  isl.ind. 
Might  not  this  arise  Irom  the  we.ikness  and  inca- 
|)acity  of  the  rulers  .'  Fven  gr.inting  tliat  the  |)rev- 
aient  abuses  arose  in  .i  great  measure  from  the 
enmit)'  of  the  jieople  to  the  admiral  and  his  broth- 
ers, and  their  prejudices  ag.iinsl  them  as  foreign- 
ers, W.IS  it  s.ife  to  intrust  so  important  and  distant 
a  command  to  persons  so  unpopular  with  the 
community  .' 

'I'hese  consider  'ions  had  much  weight  in  the 
candid  mind  of  Is.i  Ua,  but  ttiey  were  all-power- 
ful with  the  (  .uitious  and  jealous  I'erdinami.  He 
had  never  reg.irded  Columbus  with  re.il  cordiali- 
ty ;  and  ever  since  he  had  ascer'  dned  the  impor- 
tance of  his  discoveries,  had  re;; retted  the  exten- 
sive powers  vested  in  his  hands.  The  excessive 
clamors  whu  h  had  .arisen  during  the  tiriet  .admin- 
istration ot  the  Adelantado  and  the  breaking  out 
of  the  t.iction  of  Roldan  at  length  determined  the 
king  lo  send  out  some  person  ot  conseipience  and 
abil»;;v  «o  investigate  the  atl.iirs  of  the  colony,  and 
if  necessary,  for  its  safety,  to  take  ui)on  himself 
the  command.  'I'liis  important  .and  critical  meas- 
ure it  appears  had  been  decided  ujxin,  and  the 
papers  and  powers  .ictu.illy  drawn  out.  n  the 
spring  of  1499.  It  was  not  carried  into  effect,  how- 
ever, imiil  the  tollowing  year.  \'arious  reasons 
have  been  assigned  for  this  delay.  'I'lie  impor- 
tant Services  rendered  t)y  Columbus  in  the  discov- 
ery of  I'aria  .and  the  Pearl  Islands  may  have  had 
some  effect  on  the  roy.il  mind.  The  necessity  of 
fitting  out  an  armament  ^ust  at  that  moment,  to 
co-operate  with  the  \'enetians  against  the  Turks  ; 
the    menacing    movements    of    the    new    king    ot 

*  Hist,  del  Almirantc,  cap.  S5. 


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LIFE   AND  VOYAGES  OF  COLUMBUS. 


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Franrf,  Louis  XII.;  the  rebellion  of  the  Moors  of 
the  Alpuxarr.i  niountains,  in  the  l.itclv  to  .Hiered 
kinj((l()iii  of  ("iranada— all  these  have  l)een  alleetd 
as  reasons  for  i)osti)oninjf  a  measure  which  called 
for  much  consideration,  and  mijjhthave  im|)orlarit 
cfferls  upon  the  newly  discovered  ])ossessions.* 
The  most  probable  reason,  however,  was  the 
stronjj  disinclination  of  Isabella  to  take  so  harsh  a 
step  ajjainst  a  man  for  whom  she  entertained  such 
ardent  j^ratitude  and  high  admiration. 

At  length  tlie  arrival  of  the  shipj  with  the  late 
followers  of  Holdan,  according  to  their  ca|)itula- 
tion,  brought  matters  to  a  crisis.  It  is  true  that 
IJallester  and  Harrantes  came  in  these  ships,  to 
jilace  the  affairs  of  the  island  in  a  jjrojjcr  light  ; 
but  they  brought  out  a  host  of  witnesses  in  favor 
of  Koldan,  and  letters  writtei\  by  himself  and  his 
confederates,  attributing  all  their  late  conduct  to 
the  tyranny  of  Columbus  and  hiS  brothers.  Un- 
fortunately the  testimony  of  the  rebels  had  the 
greatest  weight  with  Ferdinand  ;  and  there  was  a 
circumstance  \n  the  case  which  suspended  for  a 
time  the  friendship  of  Isabella,  hitherto  the  great- 
est dependence  of  Columbus. 

Having  a  maternal  interest  in  the  welfare  of  the 
natives,  the  (|ueen  had  been  repeatedly  offended 
by  what  appeared  to  her  |  i-rtinacity  on  the  part 
of  Columbus,  in  continuing  to  make  slaves  of 
those  taken  in  warfare,  in  contradiction  to  her 
known  wishes.  The  same  ships  which  brought 
home  the  companions  of  Roldan,  brought  likewise 
a  great  number  of  slaves.  Some,  Columbus  had 
been  ol)liged  to  grant  to  these  men  by  the  articles 
of  capitulation  ;  others  they  had  brought  away 
clandestinely.  Among  them  were  several  daugh- 
ters of  ('aci(iues,  seduced  away  from  their  families 
and  their  native  island  by  these  profligates.  Some 
of  these  were  in  a  state  of  pregnancy,  others  had 
new-born  infants,  The  gifts  and  transfers  of 
these  unha|)py  beings  were  all  ascriiied  to  the  will 
of  Columbus,  and  re|)resented  to  Isabella  in  the 
darkest  colors.  Her  sensibility  as  a  woman,  and 
her  dignity  as  a  queen,  were  instantly  in  arms. 
"  What  power,"  exclaimed  she  indignantly,  "  has 
the  .admiral  to  give  away  my  vassals  .'"  t  Deter- 
mined, by  one  decided  and  jjeremptory  act,  to 
show  her  abhorrence  of  these  outrages  upon  hu- 
manity, she  ordered  r.  ;  the  Indians  to  be  restored 
to  their  country  and  friends.  Nay,  more  ;  her 
measure  was  retrospective.  .She  commanded  that 
those  formerly  sent  to  Spain  by  the  admiral 
should  be  sought  out  and  sent  back  to  His|)aniola. 
L'nfortunately  for  Columbus,  at  this  very  juncture, 
in  one  of  his  letters  he  advised  the  continuance 
of  Indian  slavery  for  some  time  longer,  as  a  meas- 
ure imjiortant  for  the  welfare  of  the  colony.  This 
contributed  to  heighten  the  indignation  of  Isa- 
bella, and  induced  her  no  longer  to  opjiose  the 
sending  out  of  a  commission  to  investigate  his 
conduct,  and,  if  necessary,  to  sujiersede  him  in 
command. 

Ferdinand  was  exceedingly  embarrassed  in  ap- 
pointing this  commission, between  his  sense  of  what 
w.isdueto  the  char.uter  and  services  of  Columbus, 
and  his  anxiety  to  retract  with  delicacy  the  powers 
vested  in  him.  A  pretext  at  length  was  furnished 
by  the  re.>  it  recpiest  of  the  admiral  ih.it  a  person 
of  talent^  and  probity,  learned  in  tlie  law,  might 
be  sent  out  to  act  as  chief  judge  ;  and  that  an 
imparti  il  utnpire  might  be  appoint  d,  to  tlecide 
in  the  .'.I'faii  between  himself  and  Roldan.  Fer- 
dinand  jiroposed   to  consult   his    wishes,    but   to 

*  Munnz.  Hist.  N.  Mundo,  part  unpublished. 
f  Las  Casas,  lib.  i. 


unite  those  two  officers  in  one  ;  and  as  the  ptr^J 
he  appointed  would  have  to  decide  in  matters  lot .. 
ing  the  highest  functions  of  the  admiral  ami 
brothers,  he  was  empowered,  should  he  tiiuli-.-l 
cul|)al)le,  to  supersede  them  in  the  govcninuni 
singular  mode  of  insuring  |)artiality  I 

'i'he  person  chosen  for  this  momentous  .uult- 
cafe  office  was   Don    Francisco  de   lioliadiHa  . 
officer  of  the  royal  household,  and  a  comniarrJ 
of  the  military  and  religious  order  of  Ciiatr;, 
Oviedo  pronounces  him  a  very  honest  and  rt 
ious  man  ;  *  but  he  is  represented   by  otiiers.ai 
his  actions  corroborate  the  description,  asiiftrl 
passionate,  and  ambitious— three  powt  rlul  (jli> J 
tions  to  his  exercising  the  rights  of  ji<dic:'Uirci 
case  requiring  the  utmost  patience,  candor,; 
circumspection,  and  where  the  judge  wasioi.tj 
rive  wealth  and  power  from  the  ccniction  ut  f. 
of  the  parties. 

The  authority  vested  in  Holjadilla  is  delineilj 
letters  from  the  sovereigns  still  extant,  and  wh:;! 
deserve    to    be   noticed  chroiiologicallv  ;   tor  ;:. 
royal  intentions  appear  to  have  varied  with  iinj 
and  circumstances.     The  first  was  dattd  on  r: 
2ist  of  .March,  1499,  and  mentions  the  1  onipi,  ■; 
of  the  admiral,  that  an  alcalde,  and  cenaino;:;: 
|)ersons    had    risen    in     rebellion    against  hi:. 
"  Wherefore,"  adds  the  letter,  "  we  ordt-i  yuu; 
inform  yourself  of  the  truth   of  the  foicgdiiii;::: 
ascertain  who  antl  what  jiersons  they  were  v,-; 
rose  against  the  said  admiral  and  our  m.i^n.strac 
and    for  what  cause  ;    and   what    robhcnt-s  ,.;,: 
other  injuries  they  have  committed  ;  ami  turth;| 
more,  to  extend  your  intpiiries  to  all  other  niaurt| 
relating  to  the  jiremises  ;  and  the  information ^ 
tained,   anil   the  truth   known,    whomsoever  \'.i| 
lind  cul|)al)le,  arri'st  their  persons,  and  sq-iA 
trate   their   ejfects  ;    and     thus     taken,  proctfl 
against  them   and   the    absent,   both   civilly  ,r; 
criminally,  and  impose  and   inflict  such  fines ar;| 
punishments  as  you  may  think  tit."    To  carryr.; 
into  effect,  liobadilla  was  authorized,  in  case  u| 
necessity,  to  call  in  the  assistance  of  the  admir.. 
and  of  all  other  |)ersons  in  authority. 

The  powers  here  given  are  manifestly  (iirecKl 
merely  against  the  rebels,  and  in  conse(|!ience  ;il 
the  com|)laints  of  Columbus.  Another  IdW," 
dated  on  the  21st  of  May,  two  monilis  su 
(juently,  is  of  quite  different  purport.  It  iiial;tjr:)| 
mention  of  Columbus,  but  is  addressed  lotlievirT 
ous  functionaries  and  men  of  property  of  rJ 
islands  and  Term  Firma,  informing  tluni  ut  ;:.i| 
aijpointnieiil  of  Hob.ulilla  to  the  governiiKiU.  «:- 
full  civil  and  criminal  jurisdiction.  Anioni,'  ;!:!| 
powers  specified,  is  the  lollowing  :  "  It  isour  wi.J 
that  if  the  said  commander,  Francisco  de  lioiil 
dilla,  should  think  it  necess.iry  for  our  serviccaiil 
the  ])urposes  of  justice,  that  any  cavaliers,  cj 
other  persons  who  are  at  ])resent  in  those  islanui 
or  may  arrive  there,  should  le.ave  them,  and  r.KJ 
return  and  reside  in  them,  and  that  tliey  siioiiiJ 
come  and  ])reseiU  tiiemselves  before  us,  he  ml 
command  it  in  our  name,  and  oblige  them  10  ct| 
part  ;  and  whon>soever  he  thus  commands 
hereby  order,  that  immediately,  without  \v,iili:i!| 
to  inquire  or  consult  us,  or  to  receive  from  iisrl 
other  letter  or  command,  and  without  iiUerpusir'?! 
appeal  or  supplication,  they  obey  whatever 
shall  say  and  order,  under  the  penalties  whiitiJil 
shall  imiiose  on  our  part,"  etc.,  etc. 

Another   letter,    dated   likewise  on   the  :istf'l 
May,  in   which  Columbus   is  styled   simply"' 
miral   of   the   ocean   sea,"    orders    him   and 

*  Oviedo,  Cronica,  lib.  iii.  cap.  6. 


ITS. 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGES   OF   COLUMBUS. 


171 


rs  in  one  ;  and  as  the  pirJ 
ivc  todi'cidu  in  ma  tic  is  tut-. 
ions  of  the  admiral  ami 
lowered,  should  he  tindi:,.^ 
:•  them  in  the  jjovernnitm 
irinjj  jiartiality  I 
for  this  momentous  .iiKJii. 
Francisco  de   Ik)l)a(lill,i  ,1 
lousehold,  and  a  (•onim,ir,-.| 
eliKious  order  of  Calatn, . 
lim  a  very  honest  and  n  , 
s  represented   liy  oliitrs.,,: 
te  the  description,  .isiittcl 
tious — three  powirdil  oli;t;. 
(  the  rijrhts  of  iutlic;nureni| 
itmost  patience,  c.iiulor,  aj 
where  the  jud);e  wasioitF 
:r  from  the  ct,-"viction  ot  cj| 

ed  in  HoDadilla  is  (lelincijii 
•eigns  still  extant,  am!  \\r  1 
ed   chronologically  ;   lor  ;•. 
ar  to  have  varieil  with  <m.-i 
The  first  was  dated  on  trtl 
and  mentions  the  compi?;! 
in  alcalde,  and  cen.iin  oir;| 
in     rehellion    against  h;:. 
the  letter,  "  we  order  yuu 
e  truth   of  the  forcgninj;; , 
kvhat  persons  they  were  \v;| 
admiral  and  our  niaj^isir;i(;[ 
:  ;    and    what    rohlu  rit-s  .,: 
ive  committed  ;  and  lurtrf| 
inipiiries  to  all  other  niiiUtsI 
ses  ;  and  the  intorniati(iiio>| 
th   known,    whomsofver  y.,| 
t  their  persons,  ar.a  sifui- 
and     thus     taken,  procrr:| 
he    ahsent,   both   civilly  .v 
se  and  inflict  such  tints  .v. 
ly  think  fit."    To  carry;:^ 
was  authorized,  in  ca5i;  : 
e  assistance  of  the  admir.  | 
s  in  authority, 
veil  are  manifestly  dmc-i 
)els,  and  in  conse(|;ii-nce.:| 
lumbus.       Another   kik:] 
May,  two    months  si 
ffereni  purport.    It  niaktirjl 
but  is  addressed  to  the  virf 
men    of    ])ropfrty  ni  rtj 
ma,  informing  tluin  ut ;: 
la  to  the  government, *:: 
jurisdiction.     Among  "•■\ 
ollowing  :   "  It  isourwii, 
iiander,  I'"rancisco  de  \>(>:& 
lecessary  for  our  service, a:.£| 
ce,    that    any    cavaliers, 
at  jiresenl  in  those  islaii(.i| 
hould  leave  them,  and    ' 
them,  and   that  they  bhoii.;j 
mselves   before  us,  he  n-' 
me,  and  oblige  them  to  i;t| 
er  he  thus  commands, 
mediately,  without  \\M-'i\ 
IS,  or  to  receive  from  H'' ''; 
nd,  and  without  iiilerpos:'<' 
n,    thev    obey  whaievcr  ■< 
luler  the  penalties  which  rt] 
irt,"  etc.,  etc. 
ed   likewise  on   the  2\iV] 
il)us   is  styled   simply  "■ 
sea,"    orders    him   and  f'^l 

b.  iii.  cap.  6. 


3f 


le  h 


1 


jthers  to  surrrndcr  the  fortress,  ships,  houses, 

lis    amnninition,   c.itile,    and    all    other   royal 

inprtv,  mU)  the  hands  of   Hobadilla,  as  govern- 

\,  ,.ler  penalty  ot  incurring    the   ininishments 

JVliich  those  subject  themselves  who  p-fuse  to 

Irriiiiler  tirtresses  and  other  trusts,  when  com- 

Lided  bv  their  sovereigns. 

|a  fourth  htter,  datetl  on  the  2fith  of  May,  ant! 
Idressed  to  Columbus,  simi)ly  f)y  the  title  of  ad- 
■ral,  is  a  mere  letter  of  credence,  ordering  him 
give  taiih  and  obedience  to  whatever  IJobadilla 
lid  impart, 
riie  second  and  third  of  these  letters  were  evi- 
milv  provisional,  and  only  to   be   produced,  if, 
J  examination,  there  should  ajipear  such  delin- 
lencv  on  the  part  of  Columbus  and  his  brothers 
1  to  warrant  their  being  divested  of  command. 
]rhis  heavy  blow,  as  has  been  shown,  reiiiained 
Lpended  h)r  a  year  ;  vet,  that  it  was  whisjiered 
but,  and  triumphantly  anticipated  by  the  ene- 
es  nl  Colunil)US,  is  evident  from  the  assertions 
Djcda,  who  sailed  from  Spain  about  the  time  of 
sifjnature  of  those  letters,  and   had  intimate 
-nnuinications  with  Bishop   Fonseca,   who    was 
Bsidered  instrumental   in  producing  this  meas- 
The  very  license  granted  by  the  bishop  to 
fcda  to  sail  on  a  voyage  ot  discovery  in  coinra- 
htion  of  the  ])rerogatives  of  the  admiral,  has  the 
[of  being  given  on  a  presumjJtion  of  his  speedy 
Riifall  ;    and    the   same    |)resumption,   as    has 
.eady  been  observed,    must    have    encouraged 
pda  in  his  turbulent  conduct  at  Xaragua. 
At  length  the  long-projected   measure  was  car- 
Id  into  effect.     Ifobadilla  set  sail   for  San  l)o- 
hj,'o  about  the  middle  of  July,  1500,  with  two 
lavels,  in  which  were  twenty-tive  men,  enlisted 
a  year,  to  serve  as  a  kind  of  guard.     There 
Ire  six  Iriars  likewise,  who  had  charge  of  a  num- 
'  ot  Indians  sent  back  to  their  country.   IJeside.; 
letters  patent,  liobadilla  was  authorized,  by 
tal  order,  to  ascertain  and  discharge  all  arrears 
j.iy  due  to  persons  in  the  service  of  the  crown, 
J  to  oblige  the  admiral  to  pay  what  was  due  on 
[part,  "  so  that  those  people  might  receive  what 
)  owing  to  them,  and  there  might  be  no  more 
inphiints,"      In  addition   to   all   these    powers, 
bndiHa  was  furnished  with  many  blank  letters 
Bled  by  the  sovereigns,  to  be  filled  up  by  him  in 
Ih  manner,  and  directed  to  such  ])ersons,  as  he 
fcht  think  .idvisable,  in  relation  to  the  mission 
|h  which  he  was  intrusted.* 


CHAPTER   II. 

RIVAL  OF  rinn.^nii.i...v  at   s.\n  domingo— his 

|VIULENT   .\SSU.Ml>riO\   UK   THE   COMMAND. 
[1500.1 

loi.iMius  was  still  at  Fort  Concei)tion,  regu- 
|n},'ihe  altairs  of  the   Vega,  after  the  catastro- 

'  "t  the  sedition  of  Moxica  ;    his  brother,  the 

laiuado,  .u'comiianied  by  Roldan,  was  luirsu- 
land  arresting  the  fugitive  rebels  in  Xaragu.i  ; 

1  Uiin  l)iego  Columbus  remained  in  temponiry 
Jiiiiuid  at  San  Domingo.  I'"actioii  had  worn 
III  out;  the  insurgents  had  brought  down  ruin 
F'tlieiiiselves  ;  and  the   island  appeared  deliv- 

Ifroin  the  domination  of  violent  and  lawless 

jurh  was  the  state  of  public  affairs,  when,  on 
'  llcrrcra,  dccad.  i.  lib.  iv.  cap.  7. 


w.is  inlormed  of  the 
of  the  rebels,  he  \vas 
week,  and   five  more 


the  morning  of  the  23d  of  .August,  two  caravels 
were  descried  off  the  harbor  ot  San  Domingo, 
about  a  le.igue  ;it  sea.  They  were  standing  off 
and  on,  w;iitiiig  until  the  sea  bri'e/e,  which  gener- 
.illy  prev.iils  about  ten  o'(  lock,  should  carry  them 
into  port.  Don  Diego  Columbus  su|)j)()sed  them 
to  be  ships  sent  from  Spain  with  supplies,  and 
hi)|)ed  to  find  on  bo.ird  his  nephew  Diego,  whom 
the  admiral  had  recpiested  might  be  sent  out  to 
assist  him  in  his  various  concerns.  .\  canoe  was 
immediately  dispatched  to  obtain  inlormation  ; 
which,  a|iproacliiiig  the  caravels,  iiu|uired  what 
news  they  brought,  and  whether  Diego,  the  son  of 
the  admiral,  was  on  bo.ird.  liobadill.i  bin. self 
replied  from  the  princip.il  vessel,  announcing 
himself  as  a  commissioner  sent  out  to  investig.'ite 
the  Lite  rebellion.  'i'lie  master  ot  the  c.iravel 
then  iiuiuired  about  the  news  of  the  isl.ind.  and 
I'eceiit  transactions.  .Seven 
told,  had  been  h.inged  th.at 
were  in  the  fortress  of  San 
Domingo,  condemned  to  suffer  the  same  fate. 
Among  these  were  I'edro  Re(|ueliii'j  .ind  Fernan- 
do tie  (luevara,  the  young  cav.iiier  whose  |iassion 
for  the  daughter  of  An.ic.iona  li.id  been  the  origi- 
nal cause  of  the  rebellion.  I'"urther  conversation 
passed,  in  the  course  of  whit  h  liobadilla  ascer- 
tained that  the  admiral  and  thi;  Ade'aiUado  were 
absent,  and  Don  Diego  Columbus  in  command. 

When  the  canoe  returned  to  the  city  with  the 
news  th.it  a  comniissiont^r  had  arrived  to  make  in- 
rpiisition  into  the  late  troubles,  there  was  a  great 
stir  and  agitation  tliroughout  the  community. 
Knots  of  whisperers  g.itiiered  at  e\'ery  corner  ; 
those  who  were  conscious  of  malpractices  were 
filled  with  consternation  ;  while  those  who  had 
grievances,  real  or  imaginary,  to  complain  of,  es- 
|)ecially  those  whose  pay  was  in  arrear,  appeared 
with  joyful  counten.inces." 

As  the  vessels  entered  the  river,  liobadilla  be- 
held on  either  b.ink  ;i  gibbet  with  the  body  of  a 
Spaniard  hanging  on  it,  .ippiuxuly  but  lately  ex- 
ecuted. He  considered  these  as  conclusive  jiroofs 
of  the  alleged  cruelty  ot  Columbus.  Many  boats 
came  off  to  the  shij),  e\-ery  one  being  anxious  to 
pay  early  court  to  this  |)ut)'ic  censor.  15obadill.a 
remained  on  l)oard  all  d.iy,  in  the  course  of  which 
he  collected  much  of  the  rumorsof  the  place  ;  and 
as  those  who  sought  to  secure  his  favor  were 
those  who  had  most  to  fear  from  his  investig.i- 
lions,  it  is  evident  that  the  ii.iture  of  the  rumors 
must  generally  have  been  unfavorable  to  Colum- 
bus. In  f;ict,  before  fjob.idilla  l.imled,  it  not  be- 
fore he  arrivi'd,  the  culpability  ot  the  admiral  was 
decided  in  his  mind. 

The  next  morning  he  l.uided,  with  all  his  fol- 
lowers, and  went  to  the  church  to  attend  mass, 
where  he  found  Don  Diego  (."olumbus,  Rodrigo 
Perez,  the  lieutenant  of  the  admiral,  and  other  jier- 
sons  of  note.  Mass  being  ended,  and  those  ])er- 
sons,  with  a  multitude  of  the  jiopuLice,  being  as- 
sembled at  the  door  t)f  the  church,  liobadilla 
ordered  his  letters  patent  to  be  read,  authori-ing 
him  to  investigate  the  rebellion,  seize  the  persons 
and  setjuestrale  the  pro|Krty  ot  delinquents,  and 
proceed  .ig.iinst  them  with  the  utmost  rigor  of  the 
law  ;  commanding  also  the  admir.il,  and  ;ill 
others  in  authority,  to  assist  him  in  the  discharge 
ot  his  duties.  The  letter  being  read,  he  demaiul- 
ed  of  Don  Diego  and  the  alcaldes  to  surrender 
to  him  the  persons  ot  Fernando  (aiev.ir.i,  Pedro 
Requelme,  and  the  other  prisoners,  with  the  dep- 

*  Lar.  Casas,  Hist.  Ind.,  lib.  i.  cap.  i6(j.  Hist,  Ind., 
decad,  i.  lib.  iv,  cap.  8. 


178 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGES   OF   COLUMBUS. 


Mi 


\:.7    'il.-: 


!       fi 


11  -If  111 


<\',    n. 


;    I    .    jii. 


ositions  taken  rnnrorninj^  them  ;  and  ordered 
that  the  parlies  by  whom  they  were  necusetl,  and 
those  by  whose  command  they  had  been  taken, 
should  appear  lieforc  him. 

Don  Dief^^o  replied,  that  the  proceedings  had 
eman;ited  Irom  the  orders  of  the  admiral,  who  held 
su[)erior  powers  to  any  Hobadilla  could  possess, 
and  without  whose  authority  he  could  do  nothinjr. 
He  re(iuesled,  at  the  same  time,  a  copy  of  the  let- 
ter (j.itent,  that  he  mijrju  send  it  to  his  b  her,  to 
whom  ;done  the  matter  appertained.  This  lioba- 
(lilla  relused,  observinj;  that,  it  Don  iJiego  had 
power  to  do  nothinj^,  it  was  useless  to  ),Mve  him  a 
copy.  He  added,  ih.it  since  th-;  ollice  and  au- 
thority he  had  jjiix  iaimed  appeared  to  have  no 
\veij,'ht,  he  would  try  what  power  and  consetjuence 
there  was  in  tin-  name  of  jjovernor,  .'mil  wi  uld 
show  them  that  he  h.id  command,  not  merely  over 
them,  but  over  the  admir.il  himself. 

The  little  community  remained  in  breathless  sus- 

fiense,  aw.iitin;^  the  portentous  movements  of  H(j- 
)a(lilla.  'I'he  next  inorninj,''  he  appeared  ;it  mass, 
resolved  on  assuminif  those  powers  which  were 
only  to  have  been  produced  after  full  investiga- 
tion, and  am])le  jjroof  of  the  mal-conduct  of  Co- 
lumbus. When  mass  was  over,  and  the  e.iger 
pojiulace  had  jr.ithered  round  the  door  of  the 
church,  Hobadilla,  in  pr(-sence  f)f  Don  Diej^o  and 
Rodrijjo  I'ere/,  ordered  his  other  royal  patent  to 
he  read,  investing  him  with  the  government  of  tlie 
islands,  and  of  Terra  I'"irma. 

The  patent  being  read,  ISohadilla  took  the  cus- 
tomary oath,  and  then  claimed  the  obedience  of 
Don  Diego,  Kodrigo  I'erez,  and  all  ])resent,  to 
this  royal  instrument  ;  on  the  authority  of  which 
he  again  demanded  the  prisoners  conlined  in  the 
fortress.  In  i"e|)ly,  they  professed  the  utmost  def- 
erence to  the  letter  of  the  sovereigns,  but  again 
observed  tli.itthey  liekl  the  prisoners  in  obedience 
to  the  admiral,  to  whom  the  sovereigns  hatl  granted 
letters  of  a  higher  n.iture. 

The  self-importance  of  IJohadiUa  was  incensed 
at  this  non-compliance,  es])ecially  as  he  saw  it  had 
some  effect  upon  the  po])ulace,  who  appeared  to 
doubt  his  .luthority.  He  now  ])roduced  the  third 
mandate  of  the  crown,  ordering  Columbus  and 
his  brothers  to  deliver  up  all  fortresses,  ships,  and 
other  royal  property.  To  win  the  jjublic  coni- 
])letely  to  his  side,  he  read  also  the  additional 
mandate,  issued  on  the  30th  of  May,  of  the  same 
year,  ordering  him  to  |)ay  the  arrears  of  wages 
due  to  all  |)ersons  in  the  rov.il  service,  and  to  C(jm- 
pel  the  admiral  to  pay  the  arrears  of  those  to 
whom  he  w.is  accountable. 

This  last  document  was  received  with  shouts  by 
the  multitude,  many  having  long  arrears  due  to 
them  in  consecpience  of  the  [loverty  of  the  treas- 
ury. Flushed  with  his  growing  importance,  lio- 
badiUa  .igain  demanded  the  prisoners  ;  threaten- 
ing, if  relused,  to  lake  them  by  lorce.  Meeting 
with  the  same  reply,  he  re|)aired  to  the  fortress  to 
execute  his  threats.  This  ])ost  was  comniandetl 
by  Miguel  Diaz,  the  same  Arragonian  cavalier 
who  had  once  taken  refuge  among  the  Indians  on 
the  banks  of  t'le  <  )zema,  won  the  affections  of  the 
female  cacicpie  Calalina,  received  from  her  infor- 
mation of  the  neighboring  gold  mines,  and  induced 
his  countrymen  to  remove  to  those  jiarts. 

When  Hobadilla  c.ime  before  the  fortress,  he 
lound  the  g.ites  closed,  and  the  alcayde,  Miguel 
Diaz,  upon  the  baitlements.  He  ordered  his  let- 
ters i)atent  t(j  be  read  with  a  loud  voice,  the  signa- 
tures and  seals  to  be  held  u|)  to  view,  aiul  then 
demandetl  the  surrender  of  the  prisoners.  Diaz 
requested  a  copy  of  the  letters  ;  but  this  Hobadilla 


refused,  alleging  that  there  was  no  time  for : 
the  prisoners  being  under  sentence  of  (leai- 
liable  at  any  moment  to  be  executed.     Ilfi,' 
ened  at  the  same  time,  that  if  they  were  iiui^- 
up,  he    would    proceed    to   extremities,  -.ml 
should  be  answerable  for  the  LonsequeiK  tv, 
wary  alcayde  .again  re(|uired  time  to  reply.:- 
copy  of  the   letters,  saying  that   he  held  ir- 
tress  for  the  king  by  the  command  ol  ilif  .m;; 
his   lord,  who   had  gained    these  territorns 
islands,    and    that    when    the    latter    ariut. 
should  obey  his  orders.* 

The  whole  sjiirit  of  Hobadilla  was  nmsidw 
him,  at  the  refusal  of  the  alcayde.     Asscu' 
;dl  the  |)eople  he  had  brought  Irom  Sp.iin,  t;i;;> 
with  the  sailors  of  the  ships  and  the  rahlilti,; 
|)lace,  he  exhorted  them  to  aid  him  in  |,Hiiini;: 
session  of  the  prisoners,  but  to  harm  no  Dii.nr 
incase  of   resistance.     The   mob  slunilf  I  ,i. 
for   Hob.idilla  was  already  the  idol  ol  ihc  r 
tude.     About  the  hour  of  vespers  he  set  duij: 
head  of  this  motley  army,  to  storm  a  lorirfij 
titute  of  a  garrison,  and  formidable  only  in  11: 
bt'ing  calculated  to  withstand  only  a  iKikti!; 
slightly-armed  people.  The  accounis  ot  tliMrJ 
action  ha\e  something  in  them   bordi  rinf;ii 
ludicrous,  and  give  it  the  air  of  alisurd  rlimli: 
t.ide.     Hobadilla    assailed    the    portal  wiih; 
impetuosity,    the    frail   bolts  and    lo(  ks  ot  v 
ga\e  way  at  the  first  shock,  and  allowed  hinuj 
admission.      In  the  mean  time,  howe>er,  hiss 
ous  myrmidons  a|)plied  ladders   to  die  wai'.j, 
about  to  carry  the  place  by  assault,  ami  tof\:| 
ence  a  desperate  defence.     The  alcaytlf,  .M.- 
Diaz, and  Don  Diego  de  Alvarado,  alone  a|ipr;j 
on  the  battlements  ;  they  had  drawn  swur(l^ 
offered  no  resistance.      .Hobadilla  entered  I'lrl 
tress  in  triumjih,  and  without  molesiaiim, 
prisoners  were  found  in  a  chamber  in  iniiis, 
ordered  that  they  should  be  brought  up  t)!-- 
the  top  ot  the  fortress,  where,  having  put ; 
(|uestions  to  them,  as  a  matter  ot  torm,  he  ■ 
them  in  charge   to   an   alguazil    named  Juj- 
Kspinosa.t 

Such  was  the  arrogant  and  precipii.ite  eif. 
into  olfice  of  Francisco  cle  Hobadilla.     lltb. 
versed  the  order  ot  his  written  instructiDns 
ing  seized  upon  the  government  befoie  he  hi 
vestigated   the  conduct  of  Columbus,     lie 
tinued  his  career  in  the  same  spirit,  actin^l 
the  case  had  been  prejudged  in  Spain,  aiidhef 
been  sent  out  merely  to  degrade  the  ailiiiir,L' 
his  em|)loyments,  not  to  ascertain  the  111.11.' 
which  he  had  fuHilled  them.     He  took  up  hb 
dence  in  the  house  of  Columbus,  seized  ui"'l 
arms,   gold,    plate,  jewels,   horses,   io;.;t'tliir 
his  letters,  and  various  manuscripts,  both  p: 
and    jirivate,  even  to  his  most  secret  papers 
gave  no  account  of  the  pro|)erty  thus  seizp; 
which  he  no  doubt  considered  already  coniij- 
to  the  crown,  excejjting  that  he  i)aid  out "! 
wages  of  those  to  whom   the  admiral  was 
rears. J     To  increase  his  favor  with  the  peopj 
proclaimed,  on  the  second  day  of  his  assun'f 
of  power,  a  general  license  for  the  teniiuM'i 
years,  to  seek  tor  gold,  paying  merely  one  I'it'^ 
to  government,  instead  of  a  third  as  licretfl 
At   the  same   time   he  spoke   in   the  most  c 
spectful  and  uiu|ualitied  terms  of  ColuniliU' 
ing  that  he  was  empowered  to  send  him  li.' 


*  Las  Casas,  Hist.  Ind.,  lib.  1.  cap.  I7(). 
+  Las  Casas,  ubi  sup.     Herrera,  ubi  slip. 


I  Hist  del  Almirante,  cap.  85. 
rera,  ubi  sup. 


Las  Casas. 


us. 

[  there  was  no  time  ford; 
uiultr  SL-nliMice  of  death  J 
t  to  he  cxfculfcl.     Heth'J 
le,  thiU  it  llu'y  were  iu,i;. 
c(l    to   fxtri'iiiiliis,  iiiiil 
e  tor  the  Lonsetiiuiu iv 
reiiuireil  time  to  nply.  ;• 
s;iyin>?  lh;U   he  litld  tr- 
the  tommanil  ot  il;e  ;»:: 
iriiined    these   ternlon.-, 
whei\    the    latter    arinc 

ers.* 

)t  HohatliUa  was  roused  «• 
ot  the  aU-ayde.  Asscr 
1  Ijrou^ht  Iroin  Spain,  ii;- 
lie  ships  and  the  ndilikiH 
hem  to  aid  him  in  v;eUini;; 
lers,  huttoiiarm  no  (in.nr 
ce.  The  mol>  siioulr  ' 
iiireadv  the  idol  ol  ilu- r . 
our  o[  vespers  he^ttimu 
army,  to  storm  a  lorirns 
,  ;ind  formidal)le  only  in:.; 
[)  withstand  only  a  n;iktii 
)lc.  Tile  aecounis  ol  thbK^ 
hin^  in  ihem  hordtriii);!; 
•  it  the  air  ot  absurd  rhnilurJ 
iissailed  the  l)<)rlal  wilh;] 
rail  holts  and  loiks  of  v 
•St  shoek,  and  allowed  hini: 
;  mean  time,  however,  his.-J 
plied  ladders  to  the  ualis, 
place  by  assault,  amllotr-l 
defence.  The  ahayile,  M; 
■iro  de  Alvarado,  alone  .^yirA 
s  •  thev  had  drawn  swunM 
ice.  'iohadilla  enurnl  r.:J 
land  without  nioleslali  >n 
ind  in  a  chamber  in  imis 
Ishould  hehroUKlunpMf-l 
tress,  where,  havmi;  \m 
li,  as  a  matter  ot  form,  hf 
|o'  an   alj^uazil    name  I  U 

TOL'ant  and  precipitate  eid 
risco  de  IJobadilla.     He  n-l 
It  his  written  insiruelwm / 
e  government  belore  lie  i 
Induct  ot  Columbus.     Hv 
in  the  same  spirit,  atii'.; 
inrejudned  in  Spain,  and  kj 
Lly  to  dej^rade  the  a.lniir.i.1 
not  to  ascertain  the  m."-] 
,,cd  them.     He  tookujihx 
;e  of  Columbus,  sei/.ed  u?' 
,  jewels,   horses,   loijetlur 
I'rious  manuscripts,  both  P- 
to  his  most  secret  papers 
of  the  property  thus  vi/r-l 
I  considered  al ready  conm 
ptin^Mhathe  paid  out.i. 
whom  the  admiral  w,i> 
ise  his  favor  wilh  tlie  pf"!  -I 
e  second  dav  of  his  assurj 
\x\  license  for  the  term  "tt'l 
rold,  paving  merely  one  ei^l 
Istead  of  a  third  as  hereto 
f   he  spoke   in   the  nwi\<-^ 
lalitied  terms  of  CoUiml'U^J 
npowered  to  send  hiin  " 

It.  Ind.,  lib.  i.  cap.  WO- 
Isup.     Herrera,  ubi  sup. 
Vanie,  cap.  85.     Las  Casas 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGES   OF  COLUMBUS. 


Ih,iins  and  that  neither  he  nor  any  of  liis  lineage 
llouid'ever  again   be  permitted  to  govern  in  llie 

Jam!.* 

CHAPTER  III. 

COLIMI'.L-.S  SU.MMONKD  TO  APPEAR  BEFORE 
HOIi.\UII.tA. 

[1500.] 

Whi  N"  the  tidings  re.iched  Columi)US  at  Fort 
loneeptioii    el   the    high-handed    proceedings  of 
Bh.Klilla,  he  considered   them   the  ur.autlion/ed 
(it  Mime  r.isli  adventurer  like  Ojeda.     Since 
Bveiiiment  had  apparently  thrown  ojien  the  door 
I  priv.ite  enterprise,  he  m'ight  expect  to  have  his 
dth  Kintinii.dlv  crossed,  and   his  jurisdiction  in- 
iiii.red  hy  liold'  intermeddlers,  feigning  or  fancy- 
g'^them'seives  authorized   to  interfere  in  the  af- 
iis  (it  the  colony.     Since  the  departure  of  Ojeda 
other  s(iu,ul roil'  had  touched  upon  the  coast,  and 
•oliuera  transient  alarm,  being  an  exjjedition 
der  one  of  the   I'inzons,  licensed  by  the  sover- 
n^  to  m.ike  discoveries.     There  had  also  been 
rmiior  ol  another  s(|U.ulron  hovering  about  th': 
land,  which  proved,  however,  to  be  unfounded. + 
[The  conchut  of  15obadilla  bore  all  the  appear- 
bce  oi  a  lawless  usurpation  of  some  intruder  of 
|e  kind.     He  had   jwssessed  himself  forcibly  of 
le  loriress,  and  consequently  of  the  town.      He 
1(1  issued  extravagant   licenses  injurious  to  the 
ivcriiment,    and    apparently    intended    only    to 
ke  partisans    among    the    people  ;     and    had 
■eatened  to  throw  Columbus  himself  in   irons. 
M  this  man  could  really  be  sanctioned  by  gov- 
imenl  in  such  intemperate  measures  was  repug- 
u  10  belief.      The  admiral'.s  consciousness  of 
own  services,  the  re|)ealed  assurances  he  had 
eived  of  high  consideration  on  the  part  of  the 
|verei;,Mis  and  the  perpetual  prerogatives  granted 
him  mider  their  hand   and   seal,  with  all  the 
llehiniiy  that  a  com|)act  could  possess,  all  for- 
idc  liiiii  to  consider  the    transactions    at    San 
mmj,")  otherwise  than   as  outrages  on  his  au- 
rity  liy  some  daring  or  misguitled  individual. 
|To  lie  nearer  to  San  Domingo,  and  obtain  more 
irrei  t    inloriii.ition,    he    proceeded    to    llonao, 
ic!i  \v,is  now  beginning  to  assume  the  appear- 
ice  ot  a  settlement,   several   Sjjaniards  h.iving 
cteJ  lioMses  there,  and  cultivated  the   adjacent 
iiiry.      He    hail    scarcely    reached    the    place 
leii  an  alcalde,  bearing  a  staff  of  ol'lice,  arrived 
re  from  San    Domingo,    jjroclaiming   the   aj)- 
lunuiit  of  Bobadilla  to   the  government,  and 
rinj,'  copies  of  his  letters  patent.    There  was  no 
ccial  letter  or  message  sent  to  the    admiral, 
[r  were  any  of  the  common  forms  of  courtesy 
'  ceremony  observed  in  superseding  him  in  tjie 
im.md  ;  all  the  proceedings  of  Bobadilla  tow- 
hini  were  abrupt  and  insulting. 
iolunibus  was  exceedingly  embarrassed  how  to 
t  was  evident  that   Bobadilla  was  intrusted 
ih  extensive  jiowers  by  the  sovereigns,  l)Ut  that 
could  have  exercised  such  a  sudden,  unmer- 
;uid  ajiparently  cajjricious  act  of  severity,  as 
t  ot  divesting   him   of   all   his  commands,  he 
Id  not  believe.       He  endeavored  to  jjersuade 
self  that  Hohadilla  was  some  |)erson  sent  out 
xereise  the  fuctions  of  chief  judge,  according 
the  recpiest  he  had  written  home  to  the  sover- 
'.  and  that  they  had  intrusted  him  likewise 

1  etter  of  Columbus  to  the  Nurse  of  Prince  Juan. 

luiil. 


with  provisional  powers  to  make  an  inquest  into 
the  late  troubles  of  the  island.  .All  beyond  these 
powers  he  tried  to  believe  were  mere  .issumptions 
and  exagger.iti(jns  ot  authority,  as  in  the  case  ot 
.Xguado.  At  all  events,  he  was  determined  to  act 
upon  such  |)resuin|)tion,  and  to  endeavor  to  gain 
time.  If  the  monarchs  had  really  t,ikt-n  any  harsh 
measures  with  respect  to  him,  it  must  have  been 
in  consequence  of  misrepresentations.  The  least 
delay  might  give  them  an  opportunity  of  ascer- 
taining their  error,  and  making  the  necessary 
amends. 

He  wrote  to  Bobadilhi,  therefore,  in  guarded 
terms,  welcoming  him  to  the  island  ;  c.iutioning 
him  against  jirecipitate  measures,  especially  in 
granting  licenses  to  collect  gold  ;  inhirniing  him 
that  he  was  on  the  point  of  going  to  S|)ain,  and  in 
a  little  time  would  le.ue  him  in  commaiul,  with 
everything  fully  and  clearly  explained,  lie  wrote  at 
the  same  time  to  the  like  purport  to  Kirtain  monks 
who  had  come  out  with  Ijobadilla,  though  he  ob- 
serves that  these  letters  were  only  written  to  gain 
time.*  He  received  no  rejilies  ;  but  while  an  in- 
sulting silence  was  observed  toward  him,  Boba- 
dilla tilled  uj)  .several  of  the  blank  letters,  ot  which 
he  had  a  number  signed  by  the  sovereigns,  and 
sent  them  to  Roldan,  and  other  ot  the  admiral's 
enemies,  the  very  men  whom  he  had  been  sent 
out  to  judge.  These  letters  were  full  of  civilities 
and  |)romises  ot  favor. t 

To  ])revent  ,iny  mischief  which  might  .arise  from 
the  licenses  and  indulgences  so  jirodigally  granted 
hy  Bobadilla,  Columbus  iiublished  in  word  and 
letter  that  the  j)owers  assumed  by  him  could  not 
be  valid,  nor  his  licenses  availing,  as  he  himself 
held  su|)erior  ]iowers  granted  to  him  in  perjietuity 
by  the  crown,  which  could  no  UKU'e  be  superseded 
in  this  instance  than  they  had  been  in  that  of 
Aguado. 

For  some  time  Columbus  remained  in  this  anx- 
ious and  ])er|)lexed  state  of  mind,  uncertain  what 
line  of  conduct  to  jiursue  in  so  singul.ir  and  uii- 
looked-lor  a  conjuncture.  He  was  soon  brought  to 
a  decision.  Francisco  \'elas(|Ue/,  deputy  treas- 
urer, and  Juan  de  Trasierra,  a  Franciscan  tri.ir, 
arrived  at  Bonao,  and  delivered  to  him  the  royal 
letter  of  credence,  signed  by  the  sovereigns  on  the 
26th  ot  May,  1499,  commanding  him  to  give  im- 
plicit faith  and  obedience  to  ISobadilla  ;  and  they 
delivered,  at  the  s.ime  lime,  a  summons  from  the 
latter  to  appear  immediately  belore  him. 

This  laconic  letter  from  the  sovereigns  struck 
at  once  at  the  root  of  all  his  dignity  and  |)ower. 
He  no  longer  made  hesitation  or  drimir,  but  com- 
l)lying  wilh  the  |)eremptory  summons  ol  Bob.i- 
dilla,  departed,  almost  alone  and  unattended,  lor 
San  Domiiigo.J 


CHAPTFR  IV. 

COLU.MBUS    AND    HIS    lilJO  IIIKUS   ARKr.STED   AND 
SENT   TO   SPAIN    IN    LTIAINS. 

[1500.] 

Thf.  tidings  that  a  new  governor  h.id  arrived, 
and  that  Columbus  was  in  disgrace,  .ind  to  be  sent 
home  in  chains,  circulated  r.ipidly  through  the 
\'ega,  and  the  colonists  hastened  from  all  jiarts  to 
San  Domingo  to  make  interest  with  15obadilla.     It 


*  Letter  of  Columbus  to  the  Nurse  of  Prince  Juan, 
f  Ibid.      Hertera,  decad.  i.  lib. 
X  Herrera,  decad.   i.   lib.   iv.  cap.  9.     Letter  to  the 
Nurse  of  Prince  Juan. 


m 


;t  :i 


t;!- 


r  f 


f  £ 


174 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGES  OF  COLUMBUS. 


was  noon  perceived  that  there  was  no  surer  way 
than  that  ot  vililying  his  predecessor.  Itoijadiila 
felt  that  he  liad  i  iken  a  rash  step  in  seiziiif(  upon 
ti)e  ffoveniniciit,  and  that  his  own  safety  rec|uired 
tile  C()nvi<'ti(jn  ot  Columbus.  He  listened  eaijerly, 
iherelore,  to  all  accusations,  public  or  priwite  ; 
and  welcome  was  he  who  could  brinjf  any  charjjfe, 
however  e\travaj,Mnt,  a^ijainst  the  admiral  and  fiis 
t)roiliers. 

llearii-.},r  that  tin;  admiral  was  on  his  way  to  the 
city,  he  niidc  a  bustle  of  |)reparalii)n,  and  armed 
the  troopi,  alte'iin^  to  believe  a  rumor  that  Co- 
lumbus hafi  called  upon  the  caci(|Ues  ot  the  V'ej^a 
to  ,'iid  him  will)  their  subjects  in  a  resistance  to 
the  commands  ol  j^overnnient.  No  },n-oun<ls  ap- 
])ear  for  this  .jbsurd  re|)ort,  which  was  proijably 
invented  to  '^\\v  a  lolorin^  of  |)rec.uition  to  subse- 
{[uent  measures  ot  violence  and  insult.  The  ad- 
miral's brother,  Don  l)ie;^o,  was  seized,  thrown  in 
irons,  and  contiiied  on  board  of  ,'i  caravel,  without 
any  reason  hcin^  assiirned  for  his  imprisonment. 

In  the  me.m  time  Columbus  i)ursued  his  journey 
to  San  Domingo,  travellinj;  in  a  lonely  manner, 
without  guards  or  retinue.  Most  of  his  |)eople 
were  with  the  Adi-lantado,  and  lie  had  declined 
beinj.j  attended  \>y  the  remainder.  He  had  heard 
of  the  rumors  of  the  hostile  intentions  of  lioba- 
dilla  ;  aad  althou^Hi  he  knew  that  violence  was 
threatened  to  hi,~.  |)erson,  he  came  in  this  un|)re- 
tendinj^  manner  to  manifest  his  pacific  feelings, 
and  to  remove  all  suspicion.* 

No  sooner  did  liobadilla  hear  of  his  arrival 
than  he  .L,Mve  orders  to  put  him  in  irons,  and  con- 
fine him  in  the  lortress.  This  outra^je  t(j  a  jierson 
of  such  (li;.,niilicd  and  venerable  ;i|)pearance  and 
such  eminent  merit,  seemed  for  the  time  to  shock 
even  his  enemies.  When  the  irons  were  brouj^dit, 
every  one  present  shrank  from  the  task  of  putting 
them  on  l.im,  either  from  a  sentiment  of  comjjas- 
sion  at  so  great  a  reverse  of  fortune,  or  out  of 
habitual  reverence  for  his  person.  To  fill  the 
measure  of  ingratilud--  meted  out  to  him,  it  was 
one  ot  his  own  domesi  cs,  "  a  graceless  and 
shameless  cook,"  says  Las  Casas,  "  who,  with  un- 
washed front,  riveted  the  fetters  with  as  much 
readiness  and  .alacrity  as  though  he  were  serving 
him  with  choice  and  savory  vi.inds.  I  knew  the  fel- 
low," adds  the  venerable  historian,  "and  1  think 
his  name  w.is  l-;s|Mnos,i."t 

Columbus  conducted  himself  with  characteristic 
magnanimity  tuider  the  injuries  hea]ied  upon  him. 
There  is  a  noble  scorn  which  swells  and  supports 
the  heart,  and  silences  the  tongue  of  the  truly 
great,  when  en<luring  the  insults  of  the  unworthy. 
Columbus  could  not  stoop  to  deprecate  the  arro- 
gance ol  a  wr.ik  and  violent  man  like  Mohadilla. 
He  loo'  I  beyond  this  shallow  agent  and  all  his 
petty  tyranny  to  the  sovereigns  who  h.ul  employed 
liim.  'I'lu'ir  injustice  or  ingratitude  ak)ne  could 
wound  his  sjiirit  ;  and  he  felt  assured  that  when 
the  truth  cime  to  be  known,  they  would  blush  to 
find  how  greatly  they  had  wronged  him.  With 
this  proud  .issurance  he  bore  all  present  indigni- 
ties in  silence. 

lioli.uliila,  although  lie  had  the  admiral  and 
Don  Diego  ii;  his  jwwer,  and  had  secured  the 
venal  populace,  felt  anxious  .and  ill  at  ease.  The 
Adelantado,  with  an  armed  force  under  his  com- 
niand,  was  still  in  tne  distant  province  of  Xara- 
gua,  ill  pursuit  of  the  rebels.  Knowing  his  sol- 
(iier-like  and  determined  spirit,  he  feared  he 
might  take  some  violent  measure  when  he  should 


*  Las  Casas,  Hist.  Ind.,  lib.  i.  cap.  l8o. 
f  Ibid.,  lib,  i,  cap.  iSo. 


hear  of  the  ignominious  treatment  and  iinprjj 
ment  of  iiis  brothers.  He  doubled  uhcih.- 
order  from  himself  would  have  any  t  tin  i,  ,,• 
to  exasperate  the  stern  Don  llartlioloii!  ,',  .. 
sent  a  demand,  therefore,  to  Cohniibus,  ;ii  .J 
to  his  brother,  recpiesting  him  to  repair  |)i,i.-,;l 
to  San  Domingo,  and  forbidding  him  to  e\f  u;,  J 
persons  lie  hcdd  in  conthiemeni  ;  (.'oIumiI.ik  ■.  1 


1'^ -  "^ 

ily  complied.      He  exhorted  his  brother  ti. 
Huietly  to  the  authority  of  his  soveicigii-,, 
endure  all  jiresent  wrongs  and   indigniiiis 
the  confidence  that  when  they  arrived  :ii(  ,.1 
everything  would  be  explained  and  redic,-,.,;*] 

On  receiving  this  letter,  Don  Martliolnrntw 
mediately  complied.  l<elin(|uisliuig  Ins  ■,, 
mand,  he  haste  .ed  peacetidly  to  San  Doni-J 
and  on  arriving  experienced  the  s.ime  trt.:i!iT'^ 
with  his  brothers,  being  |)Ut  in  irons  and 
on  board  of  a  caravel.  They  wt-re  kept  siiv.ri 
from  each  other,  and  no  communication  pcnr:: 
between  them.  liob.idilla  did  not  see  then; 
self,  nor  did  he  allow  others  to  visit  llnm.  | 
ke|)t  them  in  igufirance  ot  the  c.iusc  (jf  thi;r{ 
|)risonment,  the  crimes  with  which  thiv  J 
charged,  and  the  process  that  was  |,'()in;; 
against  them.t 

It  has  been  (|Ucstioned  whether  Hobadill.irt 
iiad  authority  for  the  arrest  and  imprisiniir'  . 
the  admiral   and  his  brothers, +  and  whciln:  ..I 
violence  and   indignity   was  in   any  cisc  o.;;- 
plated   by  the  sovereigns.     He  may  have  !,:• 
himself  empowered  by  the  clause   in   the  IcXr- 
instructions,   dated   March  2ist,    \M)'),  iii«tl 
speaking  of  the   rebellion   of  Roldan,  "  luij 
thorized  to  srici'  the  persons  and  seijuc^bwu 
property  of  those  who  appeared   to  br  cul|.i 
and  then  to  proceed  against  them  and  a^',nr,v 
absent,  with  the  highest  Cr.il  and  criiniii.ii  |:f.^ 
ties."     'I'his   evidently   had    retereme  tnthcrJ 
sons  of  Roldan  and  his  followers,  who  wiiv 


*  Peter  Martyr  mentions  a  vulgar  riimcir 
day,  that  the  admiral,  not  knowing  wfiat  mi;^J 
pen,  wrote  a  letter  in  cipher  to  ifie  Adulant.uii.  J 
in({  him  to  come  with  arms  in  his  hands  in  previr,;;^ 
violence  that  might  be  contrived   against  hin 
the   Adelantado  advanced,  in   effect,  with  his  ar: 
force,  but  having  the  imprudence  to  procceilsiraeJ 
tance  ahead  of  it,  was  surprised  liy  the  govcrni:| 
fore  his  men  could  come  to  his  succor,  ami  ihij 
letter  in  cipher  had   been  sent  to  Spain.     Ttiis  :j 
have  been  one  of  the   groundless  rumnis  of  itita 
circulated  to  prejudice  the    public  niiiul.     .Noilinil 
the  kind  appears  among  the  charges   in  iln.'.nti 
made  by  Hobadilla,  and  which  was  seen,  an<l  fcJ 
made  from  it,  by  Las  Casas,  for  his  history.    lul 
fact,  in    total  contradiction  to  the  statenieii'.i 
Casas,  Herrcra,  and  Fernando  Columbus. 

+  Charlevoix,  in  his  History  of  San   Domini!)] 
iii.  p.  199),  states,  that  the  suit  against  ColurrUs^ 
conducted  in  writing  ;  that  written  charges  wtrfiJ 
to  him,  to  which  he  replied  in  the  same  way    Ts'l 
contrary  to  the  statements  of  Las  Casas.  lletrcra 
Fernando  Columbus.     The  admiral  himself,  inli' 
ter  to  the  Nurse  of  Prince  Juan,   after  rcl.iiir: 
manner  in  which  he  and  his  brothers  ha<l  hcciii 
into   irons,   and   confined  separately,    witlioui  V\ 
visited  by   Robadilla,  or  permitted   to  sec  any  «l 
persons,  expressly  adds,  "  I  make  oath  ihatllc< 
knov;  for  what  I  am  imprisoned."     Ag.iin,  in  afj 
written,  some  time  afterward  from  jamaici,  lit'l 
"  I  was  taken  and  thrown  with  two  of  my  t)ri)iliw| 
a  ship,  loaded  with  irons,  with  little  clothing  anl 
ill-treatment,  without  being  summoned  or  tini'l 
by  justice." 

X  Herrera,  decad.  i.  lib.  iv.  cap.  10.  Oviedo,  C-j 
ca,  lib.  iii.  cap.  6. 


l.\ 


JUS. 

ious  treatment  and  iinprj; 
rs.  He  (loul)lf(l  wht'ih'- 
wo'ilil  liavc  any  rlk(  i,  i'(-, 
Ifrn  Don  HaillioloMicw. 
•rclort,  to  Coiunihus.  \u\A 
i'slin)f  liini  to  iii)air  |h,u>J 
il  t(irl)i(klin;(hini  Ui  txt-  uki 
icHilincnu'nl  ;  CuliniiliK -• 
fxliorlwl  liis  hrolliiT  li  ■.■ 

OritV  nf    his    SOVt'lcii;!'.^,  ;  l; 

wrongs  and  in(lij;MUii  s  .k 
wln-n  lliev  arrived  Mi,.- 
e  I'Xjdaincd  and  ndit-iMi!,'] 
)  leltcr,  Don  ISarliiolnmrA  • 
(I.  Kclinqiiislunj;  h:, 
I  ]ieact'tully  to  San  !>(,n 
<l)frifiufd  lliu  sanu- in-nirJ 
)L'inK  put  in  irons  and  icrr-l 
ivui.  TIk'V  went  ki|n  si-ji,r;' 
id  nocomnumiratioii  \K-n\:: 
jhadilla  did  not  sic  tlui>:-| 
How  others  to  visit  lluiii 
rancc  i>\  the  caiisc  (it  thrr: 
rimes  willi  whicii  tliuy  j 
])roccss    that    was  jjoir,- 

tinned  whether  Hohadilli  r- 
:he  arrest  and  inipriMiiin'  • 
IS  brothers,];  and  whcilnr- 
^nity   was  in   any  lasc  nr:-'! 
ereijrns.      He  may  ha\tt,' 
d  iiy  the  clause   in   liif  K:r- 
1   March  2ist,    1499.  i"  ^f  I 
ehellion   of  Koldan,  "  l.r  d 
fic  persons  itiii/  ■u-(/iir^/i\i::: 

who   appeared   to   \k  cu',  . 
fd  a;rainst  theni  and  ai;,i:;:~ 

ghest  c.-.il  and  criniin.n  |: 
•ntly   had    reterenee  to  tic 

I  his  followers,  who  wiiv : 

■nentions  a  vulvar  rumor  '• 
not  knowing  what  mv:'r:  :i 
cipher  to  the  AdulanLui  >  :^ 
arms  in  his  hands  to  prevc 
be  contrived   anainsl  hiri 
unced,  in   effect,  with  his  a 
imprudence  to  proccedsoritJ 
IS  surprised  by  the  govern; ;  i 
ome  to  his  succor,  ami  \\'>.\ 
been  sent  to  Spain.     This  rj 
le   groundless  rumoisofi'rf: 
ce  the    public  miiul.     NoiI.eiI 
niong  the  charges   in  iheinci 
and  which  was  seen,  and  fx;i 
..  Casas,  for  his  history. 
idiction  to  the  statemt.ii'.st:. 
Fernando  Columbus, 
jis  History  of  San    Domir.;' 
at  the  suit  against  Colurr.'.aij 
;  that  written  charKcs  v.f^'i 
replied  in  the  same  way    1wl 
ments  of  I.as  Casas,  Ilerrcr^ 
The  admiral  himself.  ini> 
.  Prince  Juan,   after  ril.itir: 
and  his  brothers  had  liceiii.il 
fined  separately,    wilhcu  :<l 
or  permitted  to  sec  am  sf 
.dds,  "  I  make  oath  that  1  -I 
imprisoned."     Again,  in  ^4 
afterward  from  Jamaica,  m^l 
rown  with  two  of  my  hnmt^M 
■ons,  with  litdeclothinRaiilr 
being  summoned  or  onn-l 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGES  OF  COLUMBUS. 


175 


krm  and  against  whom  Columbus   had  sent 
nc  ooiiiplainls  ;  and  this,  l)y  a  violent  construc- 

|;o'),ulilla  seems  to  have'wresled  into  an  au- 
^jtv  tor  sci/inj;  the  person  of  the  admiral  him- 

lii  t.ict,  in  tile  whole  course  of  his  proceetl- 

lif  reversed  and  conlounileil  the  onler  of  his 
Iruiiion-..  His  first  step  should  have  been  to 
ff,l  atjainst  the  rebels  ;  this  he  made  the  last, 
last  >t'ep  should  have  been,  in  case  of  ample 
Heiue  ai;.iinst  the  admiral,  to  have  superseded 
liiioitice  ;  an. I  this  he  made  the  first,  without 
|lin;r  tor  evicK'nce.      Havinj,'    predetermined, 

The  very  outset,  that  Columbus  was  in  the 
hnij.  I)y  the  same  rule  he  had  to  presume  that 
\|if  opposite  p.irties  were  in  the  ri^^ht.  It  be- 
L  HI  lispcMsahle  to  his  own  justification  to  in- 
baio  llic  .ulmiral  and  his  brothers  ;  and  the  reb- 
li.il  been  sent  to  iiti\iit:  became,  by  this 
Iful.ir  perversion  of  rule,  necessary  and  cherish- 
leviilcmes,  to  criminate  those  ajjainst  whom 
•  had  reliflled. 

fhe  inientions  of  the  crown,  however,  are  not  to 
[vindicili-l  at  the  exjiense  of  its  miseral)le 
In'..  II  jiroper  respect  had  been  felt  for  the 
Jib  ,i!i  Idi^jnilies  of  Columbus,  IJobadilla  would 
|er  hive  been  intrusted  with   powers  so  exten- 

unili'fnu-.l,  .Mid  discretion.iry  ;  nor  would  he 

led.iivd  to  pro'.eed  to  such  lenjjths,  with  such 

eii:ss,:nd  prccipit.ition,  had  he  not  felt  assured 

Il  uoiiiil  not  bj  displeasing  to  the  jealous- 
kdfl  KeuliM.md. 

fhe  old  srcnesot  the  time  of  Aguado  were  now 
ewfil  with  tenfold  virulence,  and  the  old 
irjifs  revive. I,  with  others  still  more  extrava- 
It.  From  the  early  and  never-to-t)e-forj.(otteii 
|ra;,'f  upon  Castilian  i)ride,  of  compelling  hi- 
iii  time  ot  emergency,  to  labor  in  the  con- 
Iction  ot  works  necessary  to  the  |)ublic  s.ifety, 
in  to  the  iCLcnt  charge  of  levying  war  ag.iinst 
jgovfriMiv.MU.  there  was  not  a  hardship,  abuse, 
]sfi|iiion  ill  the  island,  that  was  not  imputed  to 
Iniisdec  Is  of  Columbus  and  his  brothers,  lie- 
;  the  ii^u.il  accusations  of  inflicting  op|)ressive 
pr.  iiaiiccessary  tasks,  iiainful  restrictions, 
[rt  alluwaiirei  of  food,  and  cruel  punishments 
In  the  Spa-iiards,  and  waging  unjust  wars 
linit  thf  natives,  they  were  now  charged  with 
KfiuiiiiT  the  conversion  of  the  latter,  that  they 
|hi  send  them  slave->  to  .Spain,  and  profit  by 
|r  sale.    This  last  charge,  so  contrary  to  the 

1  IfcliMi^s  of  th<;  admiral,  was  founded  on  his 
[ins;  ohiected  to  the  baptism  of  certain  Indians 
nauire  .n;e,  until  they  could  be  instructed  in 
Jdoiiiiins  of  Cliristianity  ;  justly  considering  it 
|al)uu'  01  that  holy  sacrament  to  administer  it 

liiiiidiv.* 
to!uini)us  v,as  charged,  also,  with  having  se- 
le  1  pe.irls,  and  other  precious  articles,  collect- 
In  his  voyage  along  the  coast  of  I'aria,  and  with 
piiii;  the  sovereigns  in  ignorance  of  the  nature 
his  discoveries  there,  in  order  to  exact  new 
>iii-i;estrom  them  ;  yet  it  was  notorious  that  he 

Still  home  specimens  of  the  pearls  and  jour- 

i'li  1  charts  of  his  voyage,  by  which  others 

e-n  enabled  to  pursue  his  track. 
fviii  tl'.e  kite  tumults,  now  that  the  rebels  were 
flitted  as  evidence,  were  all  turned  into  matters 
|cousuion.     They  were  represented  as  spirited 

'"v.il  resistances  to  tyranny  exerci'ed  upon 
Icoioiiists  and  the  natives.  The  wel'-merited 
lishmeiits  inflicted  upon  certain  of  the  ring- 
Birs  were  cited  as  proofs  of  a  cruel  and  re- 
gclul  disposition,  and  a  secret  hatred  ot  Span- 


i.  lib.  iv.  cap.  10.  Oviedo, CH  Mufioz,  Hist.  N.  Mundo,  part  unpublished. 


iards.  llobadilla  lielievod,  or  .iffcrted  to  believe, 
all  these  charges.  He  had,  in  a  manner,  made 
the  rebels  his  confederates  in  the  ruin  ot  Colum- 
bus. It  w.is  become  a  common  caii.->e  with  them. 
He  could  no  longer,  therefore,  coiuhnt  himself 
toward  them  as  a  judge,  (luev.ira.  Ke(|uelme, 
and  their  fellow-convicts,  were  discharged  almost 
without  the  torni  of  a  trial,  .and  it  is  even  said 
were  received  into  favor  and  countenance.  Kol- 
dan, trom  the  very  first,  h.id  been  treated  with 
confidence  by  liobadilla,  and  honored  with  his 
correspondence.  All  the  others,  whosi:  conduct 
had  rendereil  them  liabl(!  to  justice,  received 
either  a  special  ac(|uitt.il  or  a  general  jijirdon.  It 
was  enough  to  have  been  opposed  in  any  way  to 
Columbus,  to  obtain  full  justilication  in  the  eyes  of 
IJobadilla. 

The  latter  had  nov,'  collected  a  weight  of  testi- 
mony, and  produced  a  crowd  of  witnesses,  suf- 
ficient, as  he  conceived,  to  insure  the  condemn.i- 
tion  of  the  prisoners,  .and  his  own  continuance  in 
command.  He  determined,  therefore,  to  send  the 
admiral  an<l  his  brothers  home  in  chains,  in  the 
vessels  ready  for  se.i,  transmitting  at  the  same 
time  the  iiupiest  t.iken  in  their  case,  and  writing 
private  letters,  enforcing  the  charges  made  against 
them,  and  advising  th.at  Columbus  should  on  no 
account  be  restored  to  the  coniniaiid,  which  he 
had  so  shamefully  abused. 

San  Domingo  now  swarmed  with  miscreants 
just  delivered  from  the  dungeon  .uid  the  gibbet. 
It  was  a  perfect  jubilee  of  triumphant  \ill,iiny  and 
dast.ird  malice.  Mvery  b.ise  s|)iiit,  which  had 
been  awed  into  obsequiousness  by  Columbus  and 
his  brothers  when  in  power,  now  started  up  to 
revenge  itself  upon  them  when  in  <  h.iins.  The 
most  injurious  slanders  were  loudly  iiroel.iimed  in 
the  streets  ;  insulting  p.isqulnades  and  inll.imma- 
tory  libels  were  posted  up  ;U  every  coi  ner  ;  and 
horns  were  blown  in  the  neiglil)orho(i(l  of  their 
prisons,  to  taunt  them  with  the  exuliings  of  the 
rabble.*  When  these  rejoicings  ot  his  enemies 
reached  him  in  his  dungeon,  and  Columbus  re- 
flected on  the  inconsiderate  violence  already  ex- 
hibited by  Hobadilla,  he  knew  not  how  far  his 
rashness  and  confidence  might  carry  him,  and  be- 
gan to  entertain  apprehensions  for  his  life. 

The  vessels  being  ready  to  m.ike  s.iil,  Alon.-:o 
de  X'illejo  was  appointed  to  take  charge  of  the 
prisoners,  and  carry  them  to  Spain.  This  officer 
had  been  brought  up  by  an  uncle  ot  I'onseca,  was 
in  the  em|)ioy  of  that  bisho]),  and  had  come  out 
with  r>obadilla.  The  latter  instructed  him,  on 
arriving  .it  Cadi^,  to  deliver  his  prisoners  into  the 
hands  ot  Konseca,  or  of  his  uncle,  ihinking  there- 
by to  give  the  malignant  ]irelale  a  triumphant 
gratification.  This  circumstance  •^avc  weight 
with  many  to  a  report  that  Hobadilki  was  secretly 
insfig.ited  and  encouraged  in  his  violent  measures 
by  Fonseca,  and  was  promised  iiis  ])rotection  and 
influence  at  court,  in  case  of  any  complaints  of  his 
conduct.! 

Villejo  undertook  the  officp  assigned  him,  but 
he  discharged  it  in  a  more  generous  m.inner  than 
was  intended.  "This  Alonzo  de  X'illejo,"  says 
the  worthy  Las  Casas,  "  was  a  hidalgo  of  honor- 
able character,  and  my  particular  friend."  He 
certainly  showed  himself  superior  to  the  low  ma- 
lignity of  his  i)atrons.  When  he  arrived  with  ?. 
guarti  to  conduct  the  admiral  froni  the  prison  to 
the  ship,  he  found  him  in  chains  in  a  state  of  si- 
lent despondency.      So    violently   had    he    been 


*  Hist,  del  Almirante,  cap.  G6. 

f  Las  Casas,  Hist.  Ind.,  lib,  i.  cap.  iSo,  MS, 


11Q 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGES  OF   COLUMBUS. 


trentrd,  nnrl  sn  savapp  were  the  jiassions  let  loostr 
against  hitn,  that  he  tcari'd  he  sliuuld  l)t' sacritict-d 
without  ail  opportunity  ot  hcinj^  heard,  and  his 
name  ),'n  down  sullied  and  disiionored  to  posterity. 
When  he  helieid  the  ortiter  enter  with  the  Kuaril, 
he  th()U),dit  it  was  to  conduct  him  to  the  scaffold. 
"  V'illejo,"  s.aid  he,  mourntully,  "  whither  are  you 

takinff  me  ? I'o  the  ship,  your  Kxceliency,  to 

emh.irk,"  replied  the  other.  "  To  emhark  I"  re- 
peated the  .idniiral,  earnestly  ;  "  X'illejo,  do  you 
speak  the  truth  ?"  "  l!y  the  life  of  your  Excel- 
ler.ey,"  replied  the  honest  otiicer,  "  it  is  true  1" 
Witfi  thesi!  words  the  admir.d  w;is  comforted,  and 
felt  as  one  restored  from  death  to  life.  Nothinjf 
t:\n  l)e  more  touchinj^  and  expressive  than  this 
little  collo<piy,  recorded  hy  the  venerahle  Las 
fasas,  who  dOubtless  had  it  from  the  lips  of  his 
friend  X'illejo. 

The  c.ii'.ivels  set  sail  early  in  Ortolier,  l)earinjj 
off  Columbus  shackled  like  the  vilest  ot  culprits, 
amid  the  sc-o!fs  and  shouts  ot  ;i  miscreant  r.ihhie, 
who  took  a  brutal  joy  in  he.ipinj^  insults  on  his 
venerable  head,  and  bent  curses  after  him  from 


the  shores  of  the  island  he  had  sn  riirentlv  r 
to   the  civilized   world.     Fortun.itely  tlvW 
was  favorable,  and  of  but  nu-derate  duration, 
WIS  rendered  less  disaj^reeable  by  the  <  (iiiilur  J 
those  to  whom   fie   was  ^'iven   in  cusindv 
worthy  X'illeio,  thoujjh  in  the  service  ot  rmn- 
fe't  deeply  moved  at  the  treatment  ot  Lnlmr, 
'1  he  master  of  the  car.'ivcl,  Andreas  .Martin. 
e(|ually  j^rieved  ;    they  tioth  treated  the  .nlir-j 
with   proiouiul   respect   and   assiduous  .iiiin:" 
They  would  have  taken  off  his  irons,  Imt  irj^ 
lie  would  not  consent.     "  No,"  s.iid  he  prritfi 
"  their  m.ijesties  commanded  me  by  lelttrto-.I 
mit  to  whatever  ISobadilla  should  order  in  iv 
name  ;  by  their  authority  he  lias  jnu  upon  • 
these  ch.iins  ;   1  will  we.ir  them    until   tlic,  c 
order  them   to   be   taken   off,  and   I    will  prtv 
them  .afterward  ;is  relics  and  memori.iU  ()lirt>| 
w.ird  of  my  services."  * 

"  He  did  s(»,"  adds  his  son  Fernando  ;  ' 
them  alw.iys  haiij^in^f  in   his  cabinet,  and  h;> 
([uested  that  when  he  tlied  they  mij^lit  be  !;'jr; 
with  him  1"  t 


BOOK   XIV. 


iiii 


li 


CHAPTKR    I. 

REN'S.\Tin>J  IV  KPA]\  ON  THE  ARRIVAL  OF  roi.l'M- 
liCS    IN    IRONS— HIS   AI'I'KARANCK  AT   COIRT. 

[IJOO.J 

The  arrival  of  Columbus  at  Cadiz,  a  prisoner 
and  in  chains,  produced  almost  as  jjreat  a  sensa- 
tion as  his  triumphant  return  from  his  first  voy- 
age. It  was  one  ot  those  strikinjr  and  obvious 
facts  which  speak  to  the  teeliiiKS  of  the  multitude, 
and  jireclude  the  necessity  of  reflection.  No  one 
sto|)pe(l  to  in(|uire  into  the  case.  It  was  sutlicient 
to  be  told  thai  Columbus  was  broujjht  home  in 
irons  from  the  world  he  hatl  discovered.  There 
was  a  jreneral  burst  of  indignation  in  Cadiz,  and 
in  the  powerful  and  ojiulent  .Seville,  which  was 
echoed  throughout  all  S])ain.  If  the  ruin  of  Co- 
lumbus had  been  the  intention  of  his  enemies,  they 
had  defe.'iled  their  ohject  hy  their  own  violence. 
One  of  tho:^e  reactions  look  jilace,  so  frequent  in 
the  public  mind,  when  persecution  is  pushed  to  an 
unguarded  length.  Those  ot  the  populace  who 
ha  I  receinlv  been  loud  in  their  clamor  against 
Columbus  weri'  now  as  loud  in  their  reprobation 
of  his  tre.itmeiit,  and  a  strong  sympathy  was 
expressed,  .ig.iinst  which  it  would  have  been  odious 
for  the  go\eriinieiit  to  contend. 

The  tidmgs  of  his  arrival,  .and  of  the  ignomini- 
ous manner  in  which  he  had  been  brought, 
re.iclied  the  court  at  Ciran.ida,  and  tilled  the  halls 
ot  the  Alliambr.i  with  murmurs  of  astonishment. 
Columbus,  full  of  his  wrongs,  but  ignorant  how 
far  thev  had  been  authorized  by  the  sovereigns, 
had  forborne  to  write  to  them.  In  the  course  of 
his  vovage,  however,  he  had  jienned  a  long  letter 
to  DoOa  Juana  de  la  Torre,  the  aya  ot  Prince 
Juan,  a  lady  high  in  favor  with  (^ueen  Isabella. 
This  letter,  on  his  arrival  at  Cadiz,  Andreas  Mar- 
tin, the  captain  of  the  caravel,  permitted  him  to 
send  off  privately  by  express.  It  arrived,  there- 
fore, before  the  protocol  of  the  proceedings  insti- 
tuted by  Uobadilla,  and  from  this  document  the 
sovereigns  derived  their  tirst    intimation   of   his 


treatment. t     It  contained  a  statement  of  v.r'A 
irans.ictions  of  the   island,  and  of  the  \vr(mi;i{ 
had   suffered,  written    with   his   usual  artlrsi't 
and   energy.     'I'o  specify   the  contents  wnii' 
but  to  recapitulate  circumstances  already  rr 
ed.       .Some  expressions,    however,    which  i 
from  him  in  the  wair.vh  of  his  feelings,  arc wp? 
ot    being    noted.       "  The    slanders   ot    unrih" 
men,"  says  he,  "  have  done  me  more  iniiin,!' 
.ill  my  services  have  profited   me."     SptMk;",'^ 
the  misrepresentations  to  which  he  w.ismiii' 
ed,  he  observes  ;  "  Such  is  the  evil  name  w'v; 
have  ac(|uired,    that   it   I   were  to  build  ^lo^|': 
and  churches,  they  would  be  called  dens  c: : 
bers."     .After  relating  in  indignant  tiriiis  tne  J 
duct  of  liobadill.i,  in  seeking  testimony  rcspec!! 
his  adminislr.uion   from   the   very   men  who' 
rebelled  against  him,  and  throwing  hini>('i: 
his  brothers  in  irons,  without  letting  tl.iiii  t 
the  offences   with   which  they  were  ch;iri,'f(i, 
have  been  much  aggrieved,"  he  ;ukls.  "  in  tki'l 
person  should  be  sent  out  to  investigate  mycl 
duct,  who    knew   that   if  the  evidence   uhicr. 
could  send  home  should  appear  to  be  ot  a  stra 
n.ature,   he   would    remain   in    the   govcrnmr: 
He  complains  that,  in  forming  an  opiiiini',  ci 
administration,  allowances  had  not  been  WMxi 
the  extraordinary  difficulties  with  which  licK.fi 
contend,  and   the  wild  state  ot  the  coiiiiiryi 
which  he  hatl  to  rule.   "  I  was  judged,"  heelwr/ 
"  as  a  governor  who  had  been  sent  to  t:ikf  >  "^ 
of  a  well-regulated    city,  under   the   doming' 
well-established  laws,  where  there  w.is  no  <'J'; 
of  everything  running  to  disorder  and  ruin  ;  ^-i 
ought  to  he  judged  as  a  captain,  sent  Id  suiiii' 
numerous  and  hostile  people,  ot  manners  .ini!' 
ligion  opposite  to  ours,  living  not  in  ngulartOJl 
but  in  forests  and  mountains.     It  ought  Ui!)f. 
sidered  that   I   have   brought  all   tlieie  umk'4 
jection  to  their  m.ajesties,  giving  ilieni  ihmi\ 


cap. 


iSO,   M-i 


*  Las  Casas,  Hist.  Ind.,  lib.  1. 
t  Hist,  del  Alniirante,  cap.  S6. 
\  Las  Casas,  Hist.  Ind.,  lib.  i.  cap.  1S2 


BUS. 

ind  he  had  so  n.Tcnily  ,v' 
rUI.  Foriimiitfly  the  \f,, 
t)f  l)«t  DK/dfralc  (luralicn., 
lisajj;rcL'al)lt;  liy  tlic  ((iiHluf 

was   j(iveti    in  cilslddy     ' 
i^h  in  the  scrvicf  ot  lum- 
It  the  trealmfnt  of  (.'filuiT. 
caravel,  Andreas  Martm 
hey  l)oth  treated   the  .niir-l 
)ect   and   assichious  aikn,' 
aken  off  his  irons,  tiut  vr 
.■nt.     "  No,"  said  lie  proci| 
mmanded  me  by  Utter to.,\ 
)l)adilla  should  order  in 
ithority   he   has   put  ii]mir  ■ 
II  wear  them    until   tlnv  -■ 
taken  off,  and   I    will  pn^- 
relies  and  memori.Us  o|  ut 
^."  * 

ds  Ills  son   Fernando  ;  "h 
inji  in  his  cabinet,  and  k 

he  died  they  mijjlu  be  LurJ 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGI'S   OF  COM'MBUS. 


177 


itained  a  statement  of  t  r 
:;   island,  and  of  the  \vni:i;> 
ten   with   his   usual   artlcw 
sjiecity   the  contents  wiu' 
circumstances  already  re 
ssions,    however,    wliiih 
iim'h  of  his  ieelinijs,  anu"- 
"  The    slanders   ot    \\'<rt4 
lave  done  me  more  inHiry! 
ve  profited   me."     Spe.iki";] 
ions  to  which  he  was  siili' 
Such  is  the  evil  name  ws; 
It   if   I   were  to  build  liiw 
would  be  called  (Uns  ni : 
in^  in  indi^jnant  terms  ti'c 
II  seeking  testimony  ic.mh;: 
from   the   very   men  w!"' 
lim,  and  throwm;,^  hiiiisf,: 
ns,  without  letlinj,'  tl-.iiiu'1 
which  they  were  ch.ivijfl. 
.jgrieved,"  he  adds,  "inthi' 
""nt  out  to  invesli};ate  myc!| 
|hat  if  the  evidence   whicr 
iioiild  appear  to  be  ot  a  str' 
remain   in    the   jjovtrnnir-J 
|t,  in  formin;^  an  opinim'f' 
wances  had  not  been  iii.'- 
itticulties  with  which  lif  i~' 
ivild   Slate  ot  the  country" 
.   "  I  was  judged,"  hedlw: 
lo  had  been  sent  to  lake  (Ml 
city,  under   the   (loiiiinff  i 
|vs,  where  there  was  ni'  (- 
ng  to  disorder  and  ruin  ; 
as  a  captain,  sent  to  s.i 
lile  people,  of  maf.neis  .>i 
lirs,  living  not  in  regular wn 
iiountains.     It  ouglu  IoIk'- 
brought  all   these  under >. 
Ljesties,  giving  them  donun^ 

Ind.,  lib.  i.  cap.  iSo,  MS 
Inte,  cap.  S6, 
Ind.,  lib.  i.  cap.  1S2. 


re  1" 


ir  .molhcr  world,  by  which  Spain,  heretofore 

|r  has  suddenly   bei  onie   rich.     Whatever  er- 

1 1  ;nav  li  ive  t.illen  into,  they  were  not  with  an 

intciilioM  ;    and   I  believe  their  majesties  will 

j,t  what  I  say.     I  ha\e  known  ihem  lo  be  mer- 

|\i,  [hose  who  have  willuUy  done  them  disser- 

■   ,im   convinced    th.it    they    will    h.ive  still 

iiiilul''i'iu'e   lor   me,  who   have  erred   inno- 

lllv.  (ir  In  compulsion,  as  they  will  herealier  bi; 

fully  inlornied  ;    and    1   trust  they  will  con- 

fcr  mv  1,'riMt  services,  the  advani.iges  ot  which 

(everv  lay  more  and  more  .ipp.irenl." 

hen  tills  letter  was  read  to  the  noble-minded 

.iiid  she   found   how  grossly  Columbus 

hern  wronged  .ind  the  royal  authority  .abused, 

Ihca't  w.is  tilled   with   mingled  sympathy  and 

■I'liati'in.     file   tidings   were  conlirmed    by  .1 

Vtmni  tlie  alcalde  or  corregidor  ot  C.idiz,  i'nlo 

Le  hands  Columbus  .md  his  brothers  had  been 

Ivcivd.  until   the   pleasure    of    the    sovereigns 

111  lie  known  ;  *  and    by  .inother  letter  from 

|n/ii  de  \'illeio,  expressed   in   terms  .iccord.mt 

iliisluiniane  ;ind   honorable  conduct  low.ird 

liilibiriinis  prisoner. 

In.cviT  Ferdinand   might    have   secretly   felt 

Kf  I  aijaiiist  Colund)us,  the  momentary  tide 

piihlic   tcfliiig    was    not    to    be    resisted.       Hi; 

lei  uitli  Ills  generous  (|ueen  in  her  reprobation 

;•  trcitiiieiit  ot  the  admiral,  and   both  sover- 

,  hastened  to  give  evidence  to  the  world   that 

I  imprisonment    had    been    without    their    au- 

titv,  and  contrary  to  their   wishes.     Without 

liiij;  to  receiv'e  .any  documents  th.it  might  ,ir- 

Itroni  liobidill  I,  they  sent  orders  to  Culi/,  that 

j prisoners  should   be   instantly  set   at  liberty, 

treated  with  all   distinction.      They  wrote  a 

Ir  to  Colunihus,  couched  in  terms  of  gratitude 

laftfction,  expressing  their  grief  at  all  that  he 

Isiittired,  and  inviting  hir.i  to  court.     They  or- 

at  tile  same  time,  that  two  thousand  ducats 

iiii  lie  advanced  to  defray  his  expenses.! 

he  loyal  heart  of  Columbus  was  again  cheered 

his  declaration  of  his  sovereigns.     He  felt  con- 

b  of  his  integrity,  and  .anticipated  an  imme- 

rt'stituiion  of  all   his   rights  and  dignities. 

Appeared  , It  court  in  (iranada  on  the   17th  of 

itnibir,  not  as  a  man   ruined  and  disgraced, 

mchly  dressed,  .'ind  attended  i)y  an  honorable 

fcue.    He  was  received  by  the  sovereigns  with 

laliticd   tav(U-   and    distinction.       When    the 

kn  lichckl  this  venerable   man  approach,  and 

ght  1)11  all  be  had   deserved  and  all   he  h.id 

Ireil,  she  w.is  moved  to  tears.     Columbus  had 

le  up  linnly  .igainst  the  rude  conllicts  of  the 

hi— he  li.id  emlured   with  lofty  scorn  the  in- 

iaiid  insults  of  ignoble    men  ;    but  he  jios- 

I  strong  ,ind   (piick  sensibility.      When   he 

hiiiiselt  thus  kindly  received   by  his  sover- 

,  and  beheld  le.irs  in  the  benign  eyes  of  Is.i- 

k.  his  long-suppressed  feelings  burst  forth  :  he 

himselt  on   his   knees,   and  for  some  time 

I  lun  utter  a  word  for  the  violence  of  his  tears 

Jsiiiihiiigs.]: 

rdinand  and    I.sahella  raised  him   from  the 

1,  and  endeavored  to  encourage  him  by  the 

(,'iacious  expressions.     As  soon    as  he  re- 

I  self-possession  he  entered  into  an  elo(|uent 

fiigh-minded  vindication  of  his  loyalty,  and  the 


Pviedo,  Cronica,  lib.  iii.  cap.  6. 
Us  Casas,  lib.  i.  cap.  182.     Two  thousand  duc- 
F  two  thousand  eight  hundred  and  forty-six  dol- 
[fquivalent  to  eight  thousand  five  hundred  and 
Might  dolLirs  of  tJie  present  day. 
Hnrera,  decad.  i.  lib.  iv,  cap.  10. 


zeal  he  iiad  ever  lelt  for  the  glory  an<l  adv.nntage 
of  the  Sjianish  crown,  dei  l.iring  tli.it  it  at  anv  time 
hi'  h.id  erri'd,  it  li.id  been  throiigli  ine\peri<'iu c  in 
government,  and  the  extr.ionlm.iry  (biticulties  by 
which  lie  li.id  been  surrounded. 

There  needed  no  vindii  .itioii  on  his  |).irt.  'I'he 
intemper.mce  cd  his  enemies  h.id  been  his  best 
aiboc.ile.  He  stooil  in  presence  ol  Ins  sovereigns 
a  deeply-injured  m.m,  ;ind  it  rein.iined  tor  them 
to  vindic.ile  themselves  to  the  world  Iroin  the 
charge  ot  mgralilude  tow.ird  their  most  deserving 
subject.  They  espresseil  their  indigntition  .it  the 
proceedings  of  llobadilla,  wliicli  they  dis.ivoAed, 
;is  coiitr.iry  to  their  instructions,  and  decl.ired  thiit 
he  shouhl  be  immediattdy  dismissed  from  his  com- 
mand. 

in  f.ict,  no  luiblic  notice  w.is  taken  ot  the 
charges  sent  home  by  liob.idilla,  nor  of  the  letters 
written  in  supjiort  of  them.  The  sovereigns  took 
every  occ.ision  to  tre.it  Columbus  with  tavor  and 
distinction,  assuring  him  that  his  grievamts 
should  be  redressed,  his  properly  restored,  and 
be  reinst.'iled  in  all  his  privileges  and  dignities. 

It  W.IS  on  the  latter  point  tb.it  Cidumbus  was 
chielly  solicitous.  Merceii.iry  coiisiilerations  ha  I 
scarcely  any  weight  in  his  mind,  (ilory  had  beei\ 
the  gre.it  object  ot  his  ambition,  .ind  he  telt  th.'t, 
.IS  long  as  he  rem.iined  susjiended  from  his  employ- 
ments, a  tacit  censure  rested  on  his  name.  He  ex- 
pected, therefore,  th.it  the  moment  the  sovereigiiS 
should  be  s.iiislied  of  the  riciitude  of  his  conduct, 
they  would  be  e.iger  to  111, ikc  him  .imenils  ;  that  ;i 
restitution  ot  his  viceroyalty  would  immediate  ly 
take  place,  and  he  should  return  in  triuiiipb  toS.in 
Domingo.  Here,  however,  he  was  doomed  to  ex- 
perience a  disappoin'.ment  which  threw  a  gloom 
over  the  remainder  of  his  days.  To  .iccount  tor 
this  flagrant  want  of  justice  .ind  gratitude  in  the 
crown,  it  is  expedient  to  notice  a  variety  of  eveiiir> 
which  had  materi.illy  affected  the  inti'rests  of  Co- 
lumbus in  the  eyes  of  the  politic  Fcrdinanil, 


CIIAl'TF.R    Il.x 

CONTEMPORARY   VOY.VC.l'.S    OI"   msCOVF.RV. 

TllK  general  license  granted  by  the  Spanisli 
sovereigns  in  1405,  to  undert.ike  voy.iges  ot  dis- 
covery, had  given  rise  to  v.irious  expeditions  by 
enterprising  individuals,  chielly  persons  who  h;i;l 
sailid  with  Columbus  in  his  lirst  voyages.  The 
government,  unable  to  lit  out  niany  .irm.iments 
itself,  was  pletised  to  have  its  territories  thus  ex- 
tended, free  ot  cost,  and  its  treasury  at  the  same 
time  benetited  by  the  sli.ire  ot  thi;  jiroceeds  of 
these  voy.iges,  ri'served  ,is  a  kind  of  duty  to  the 
crown.  Tliese  ex|)ediiions  had  chielly  taken  pl.ice 
while  Columbus  w.is  in  ])artial  disgr.ice  with  the 
sovereigns.  His  own  charts  and  jouni.il  serve! 
.IS  guides  to  the  adventurers  ;  and  his  m.ignilicent 
accounts  of  I'.iria  and  the  adj.iceiu  eo.ists  b.ad 
chiefly  excited  their  cu|)idity. 

Besides  the  expedition  of  Ojed.i,  already  noticed, 
in  the  course  of  which  he  touched  ,il  .Xar.igua, 
one  h.id  been  undertaken  at  the  same  time  l-.y 
I'edro  Alonzo  Nif^o,  native  ot  Moguer,  an  able 
pilot,  who  had  l)een  with  Columbus  in  the  voy.iges 
to  Cuba  and  I'aria.  Having  obt.iined  ;i  license, 
he  interestecl  a  rich  merchant  of  Seville  in  the  un- 
dertaking, who  fitted  out  a  caravel  ot  fifty  tons 
burden,  under  condition  that  his  brother  Chris- 
toval  (iuevra  should  have  the  command.  They 
sailed  from  the  bar  ot  Saltes,  a  few  days   after  . 


178 


I.IFIi   AND   VOYACKS  OF   COLUMBUS. 


(ljr:la  had  snilivl  from  Culi/,  in  tli<  spiiii);  nf  i4o<), 
anil  arri\in>,'  (in  llir  coast  ol  Tfria  hirnia,  to  the 
S')ulh  ot  I'.iii.i,  ran  alonjr  ji  (or  sonic  ilistancc, 
|)as-,f<l  thi()ii>;h  tlic  (lull,  and  tluhd'  winl  one 
liundifd  anil  lliiil\  Ica^jiir-.  alonjr  the  shore  ot  llu: 
|)r('-.i;nt  rr|iu')lii  ol  C'olonihia,  visilinj^  wh.it  was 
aliorward  (  allrd  the  I'lMrl  Coast.  'I'lify  landed  in 
varioil.  plaies  ;  disposed  ot  their  lairope.in  Irilles 
t')  inimeu'^e  iirolil,  and  relnrnel  with  a  lar^e  store 
ot  );'old  and  pearls  ;  h.ivin^r  made,  in  their  dindnu- 
ti\e  hark,  one  ol  the  most  extensive  and  lucrative 
voyajffs  yet  ai  coniplisiied. 

Ahont  liie  sani(!  time  the  I'in/ons,  that  family 
of  hold  and  opulent  n.ui^ators,  titled  out  an  arma- 
nu'iit  ot  tour  caravels  .it  I'alos,  manne(l  in  a  ^;reat 
measure  liv  their  own  rcl.iiions  and  Irieiids.  Sev- 
er.d  espeneiiced  pilots  emharked  in  it  wIkj  had 
heen  with  Cohimluis  to  I'.iri.i,  and  il  w.is  com- 
manded hy  \'iccnle  N'.ine/,  |'in/on,  who  had  hecn 
c.iptain  (d  a  car.ivel  in  the  S(|uadrun  ot  the  ad- 
miral on  his  lirst  voy.i.ne. 

I'iiuon  was  a  hardy  and  experienced  se.iman, 
and  did  not,  like  the  others,  lollow  closely  in  the 
tr.ick  ol  L'olumluis.  S.iilin;.,'-  in  Decemliii,  l4i;o, 
he  passed  the  Can  iry  .iiul  Cape  de  \'erde  Islands, 
slandiilj;  south-wesl  uiilil  he  lost  si);lil  ot  the  pol.ir 
sl.ir.  llere  In:  encountered  .i  terrible  storm,  and 
w.is  exceedin;;ly  iierplexed  and  coiitounded  by  the 
new  asptcl  ot  the  heavens.  Nothing;  was  yet 
known  ot  the  soulhern  hemisphere,  nor  ot  the 
beautiful  constellation  of  the  cross,  which  in  those 
rejrions  has  since  supplied  to  mariners  the  |il;ice 
ot  the  north  star.  'I'hc  voyaj;ers  h.id  expected  to 
timl  at  the  south  pole  a  .star  correspondent  to  that 
ot  the  nonh.  They  were  dismayed  at  bcholdiiij,'- 
no  j^uide  of  the  kind,  and  tli'jU),dU  there  must  be 
some  prominent  swellinj;  of  the  earth,  which  hid 
the  pole  from  their  view.* 

I'in/on  (dntinued  on,  however,  with  jjreat  intre- 
pidity. Oil  the  2Cith  of  January,  I5CX3,  he  saw,  at 
a  distance,  a  jfreat  he.idl.ind,  which  he  called 
Cape  Santa  M.iri.i  de  la  Consolacion,  but  whiih 
his  since  been  named  Cape  .St.  .\u^nistine.  lie 
landed  and  took  possession  of  the  country  in  the 
name  of  their  Calliolic  m.ijesties  ;  beintj  a  jiart  of 
the  territoriis  since  calU'd  the  ISra/ils.  St:\ndiiii,r 
thence  westward,  he  discovered  the  Maraj^non, 
since  calli'd  the  Kivcr  of  the  Ama/ons  ;  traversed 
the  (lulf  ot  I'aria,  ;ind  coiUiiuied  across  the  Carib- 
bean Sea  ,'ind  the  Ciulf  ot  .Mexico,  until  he  found 
himself  amoiij;  the  PjalLimas,  where  he  lost  two 
ot  his  vessels  on  the  rocks,  near  the  island  of 
Jumeto.  He  returned  to  I'alos  in  Septtniber,  hav- 
infjf  added  to  his  former  )j;lory  that  of  beiii^  the 
hrsi  lluropean  who  had  t  rossed  the  equinoctial  line 
in  the  western  ocean,  and  of  having  discovered 
tlie  famous  kinj,^dom  of  lira.-il,  from  its  commence- 
ment at  the  River  .Maraj,Mion  tu  its  most  eastern 
point.  As  a  reward  hir  his  achievements,  jiower 
was  jjranted  to  him  to  colonize  and  govern  the 
lands  which  he  had  discovered,  and  which  extend- 
ed southward  from  a  little  beyond  the  River  of 
Marai^non  to  Cajie  St.  Au^fustine.f 

The  little  port  of  I'alos,  which  had  been  so  slow 
in  furmshiiiir  the  I'lrst  s(iua(lroii  tor  Columbus, 
v.'.is  now  ciintiiuially  ai.;itated  by  the  ])assion  for 
discovery.  Shortly  alter  the  sailin)r  of  I'inzon, 
another  expedition  was  titted  out  there,  by  Diej^o 
Lepe,  a  ii.itive  ot  the  place,  and  manned  by  his 
adventurous  townsmen.  He  sailed  in  the  same 
direction  with  I'in/.on,  but  discovered  more  ot  the 


*  Peter  Muttyr,  dccad.  i.  lib.  \x. 
I    lierrcr.i,  ilecad.  i.  lib.  iv.  cap.  12. 
N.  Muado,  part  unpublistieil. 


MuOoz,  Hist. 


southern  continent  than  any  other  voynjjcr  <,: 
d.iy,  or  lor  twelve  ye.irs  atterw.trd.     Iled.n. 
Capi!  .St.   Augustine,    and     .isciTtained   th.n 
coast   beyond    ran  to  the  south-west.     Hf  l.inj 
,'ind    perlormed    the    usu.il   ceremonies  of  t.iliJ 
possession  in   the  name  ot  the  Sp.inish  sovcri  -J 
and  111  one  pl.ice  c.irved  their  n. lines  on  am,!-- 
tent  tree,  ot  such  enormous  m.ij^niiiide  th.n  , 
eiitetMi  men  with  their  h.inds  joined  could  iii,|,. 
brace  tlu;  trunk.      W'li.it  cnliam  ed  the  incriii' , 
discoveries  was,  that  he  had  never  s.iiliil  un; ; 
liimbus.      lie  had  with  him,  however,  sevir,ii>, 
fid  pilots,  who  had   ai  loinpanied   the  ailiinr., 
his  voya>{e.* 

Another  expedition  of  two  vessels  s.iiliil  ;.. 
Cadiz,   in  ( ictober,    1500,  under  the  i  mnin.ii,-: 
Rodrij,'o    Il.istides   ot    Seville.       He    lAp'dml 
coast  ot    Terr.i    Kirma,  p.issinj;  Cape  ilc  l.i'i: 
the  western  limits  (d  the  presious  disi  iivtrir, 
the  main-land,  continuiii);  on  to  a  port  simci, 
The   Retreat,  where   atlerw.ird   w.is  loiindiil 
seajiort  of   N'ombre   de  Ihos.      His  vessels  If 
nearly  destroveil    by  the   teriilo,  or  wuriii  u: 
abounds   in   tliose   se.is,  he  li.ul  ^rcit  (lifliui!;. 
reachin'.f   .\.iraj;ua   in    llisp.iniola,  where  he 
his  two  laravels,  and    proceeded  with  liis  irtd 
land  to  S.in    l)ominj;o.      Here   he  w.is  sei/ciLJ 
imprisoned    by    llobidilla,  under   pretevt  iha;  1 
had  treated  for  ^,'old  with  the  n.itives  ol  ,\ari,'. 

Such  was  the  sw.irm  ot  Sp.inish  exptditioii. 
mediately   resultiiiK   from   the   enterprises  nh, 
lumbus  ;    but    others   were   also    underl.ik' 
forei).jn    nations.       In    the    year    1497,   .Sihjvj 
Cabot,  son   of  a   X'eiielian    inerch.int    residri; 
liristol,   sailing  in   the  service  ot   Henry  Vli  J 
laijrland,    navij^^ated   to  the   northern  seasui 
New  World.     Adoptinjf  the  idea  ot  Columl)i;-,:j 
sailed  in  (pKst  ot  the  shores  ot  Cath.iy,  and 
to  tlnd  a  north-west  passage  to  India.    In  1:11., 
aj,'e  he  discovered    Newfoundland,  coasted  L- 
dor  to  the  hfty-sixth  dej^ree  of  north  l.iiitiuiv, 
then  returninjr,  ran   down  southwest  to  ihc  F 
lias,  when,  his  jirovisions  be^inninj;  to  tail,  icJ 
turned   to   Kngland.J     liut   \a^ue  and  sc;in'.yi| 
counts  of  this  voyajfe  exist,  which  w.is  inipurJ 
as   including  the   lirst  discovery  of  the  nur;..:l 
continent  ot  the  .New  World. 

The  iliscoveries  ot  rival  nations,  houed 
which  most  excited  the  attention  and  leaLit). 
the  .Sp.inish  crown,  were  those  ot  the  l'ortii);:J 
\'asco  de  Ci.ima,  a  man  of  rank  and  tonsuiiwi 
talent  and  intrepiclity,  had,  at  lenjfth,  accoiuM 
ed  the  ^jreat  design  ot  the  late  i'riiice  lieiirj 
l'ortU}(al,  and  by  iloublinj,^  the  Cajie  ol  1  ( 
Hope  in  the  year  1497,  hail  opened  the 
sou^ht-for  route  to  India. 

Immediately  after  Ciama's  return  a  lleetof  JJ 
teen  sail  was  fitted  out  to  visit  the  maj;ni"'f 
countries  of  which  he  brouj^ht  accounts. 
expedition  sailed  on  the  9th  of  March,  ijoo.l 
Calicut,  under  the  command  of  I'edro  .Ahawl 
Cabral.  Having  passed  the  Cape  de  Wiilfhla 
he  souf^lit  to  a\-oid  the  calms  i)revalcnt  mil 
coast  ot  (iuinea,  by  stretching  far  to  the  »| 
Suddenly,  on  the  25th  of  Ajiril,  he  came 
ot  land  unknown  to  .any  one  in  his  S(|ua(lniii:l 
.'IS  yet,  they  had  not  heard  of  the  discovcrtf 
I'inzon  and  Lepe.  He  at  first  sup|)(ised  it;ij 
some  j.;  real  island;  but  after  co.istiiiijit  tariJ 
time  he  Ijecame  persuaded  that  it  must  bepj 

*  Las  Casas,    Hist.    Ind. ,  lib.    il.   cap.  2.    M:l| 
part  unpublisticd. 

;  Hakluyt's  Collection  o(  Voyages,  vol.  iii.  ?1 


s. 


LIFK   AND   VOVAGI'S   OF   COLrMIU'S. 


i;'.) 


1  any  other  von-.-ik't  '' 
■',  ,iticrwar<l.     lli'  dn 
;iiul     asi  tTlaiiRil   Ih.ii  , 
lie  somli-wist.     Ml-  U^. 

Ml.ll     I  frcllKlllitS    ol    l.iiij 

:•  ol  till'  Spanish  siivcrt:-] 
(I  ihi'ir  iiaincs  on  am.ii;' 
iinous  maKiiiuidi:  lli.ii  ,1 
liaiuls  joiiiid  (duld  111,1-1 
lit  t'liliam  I'll  ll»'  MUTiii: 
If  liad  lU'Vcr  hailed  uil;  J 
1  him,  liowi'vrr,  sl'Vi  i-,il.,| 
ciomp. lined   the  iiiln.i: 


joo,  uiuhr  tlu-  I  (1111111,11,, 

a,  jiassing  <-'ape  ilr  i.i  V- 

liie  pifviiius  dlsdivornv 

linKoii  I"  ''  P"""^  sinn  1,., 

aliiTwanl   was  Imimliil 

dc  l)i<is.     His  vtsselsl,! 

ihu  tureiU),  or  worm  u; 

as,  lie   liad  Rieal  dilVuu'.: 

1    llispaiiiola,  wlicre  lit 

1  proicfdcd  witli  his  in* 

1).      Here  he  was  sci/eiL 

i.iiUa,  unchT  pri'icU  ih.i; 

Willi  ihu  natives  ol  \:irn. 

■m  ol  Spanish  e\pfdiliiffl- 

from   the  enteipiiM's  i-t 

s   were   also    imdcil.ik.' 

n    the    vcar    1497.   ^t^''"' 

iietian   inerch.mi    rcsuir: 

ihe  service  ot   Henry  Mi 

to  the   nortliern  se.isu: 

iliiijr  the  idea  ol  Columk- 

e  shores  ot  Cathay,  and  b 

lljassa^e  to  India,    liitiin 

•  wfmuuUand,  eiKi^leil  L 

ejrree  of  north  liiiimi'--, 

down  southwest  In  ihi' ■ 

ions  he^{innin^  to  tail,  l::j 

lUil  va^jue  and  sciinx 

exist,  which  was  impor. 

'st  discovery  of  llic  nur;..: 

World.  , 

ol     rival    nations,    hom^ 

the  attention  and  iciiWi 

■ere  those  ot  tlie  rortu;;a 

an  of  rank  and  tonsum; 

had,  at  len^jth,  acconipi 

of  the  late   I'lince  Ueiu, 

.ouhlinjr    the   Cape  ot  i 

I4y7,    had    opened  the 

ndia.  , ., 

Cama's  return  a  lleeto.- 
out  to  visit  the  ma-n,- 
he  l)routrht  accuuiits. 
1   Iheolh   of  March,  i;oo 
,mmand  of  I'cdro  .\h,iK 
■d  the  Cai)e  de  N'enlt  bi.rj 
ihe  calms   prev.ilfiU  or. 
stretchinjj   far  to  ll"" 
hot  April,   lie  came  in=i 
anyone  in  his  s(|U.uiron  j 
t  lieard  of  the  di:,covt:r- 
He  at  first  supposed  H -I 
but  after  coastin;4  itt''f>f 
uaded  that  it  must  Ik  l« 


Lnncnt.  HavinRranRrd  nlonj;  it  somrwh.nt  hc- 

I'lli,,  Ijllnnlli   deijrce  ot  soiittiern   l.itiludc,  he 

li  Ird  ,a  a  li.ulior  which  lie  c.ilh  d   I'orlo  Sccuro, 

liikinil  p,)^se>-<innot  the  coimlry  for  the  crown 
||,„|.hi.mI,  (lis|).itclic(|  a  ship  to  Lisbon  with  the 
Lirt.int  iiilmus,*     In   tliis   w.iy  did  the  llta/ils 

nr  into  ll"'  |)o-.sission  ot  I'orliijfal,  l)(•in^,'  to  tlu; 
btwani  ot  the   conventional     line    settled    with 

am  as  the  boundaries  ot  their  respective  lerri- 
fjis  Dr.  Ko'iirtson,  in  recordin;,^  this  vovajjc 
ICdir.tl,  concludes  with  one  ol  Ids  just  and  ele- 

tit  remarks  : 

►•Liiiiniilm-^'s  discovery  of  the  New  World 
L'  hcolnerves,  "  thee'lfortof  an  active  jjenius, 
liilrl  1)V  evjii'iience.  and  acting?  upon  a  rejjiilar 

n  executed  with  no  less  couras.;e  than  persever 

:,..    liiitlroin  this  adventure  ot  the  I'ortuj^iiese, 
,irs  that  ch.ince   niinlil  lia\e  accomplished 


ini> 


Ind.,  lib.   ii.  cap.  2. 


MJ 


L.Tcat  de-.ij,Mi,  which  it  is  now  the  pride  ot  hu- 
InaMsoii  10  li.ive  formed  and  perlecled.  if  the 
l;i,m  of  Coliiinhus  h.id  not  conducted  mankind 
[Amcrici,  Cabr.d,  by  a  fortunate  accident, 
»ht  have  led  them,  a  few  ye.irs  later,  to  the 
owlcilgc  of  th.it  extensive  continent. "f 


CHM'TKR  HI. 

tiioi..\.s  DK  ov.wiio  .\ri'i)iNn;i)  to  supkrsede 

liOli.VDIl.I.A. 

[I  SOI.] 

IIK  mimerous  discoveries  briefly  noticed  in  the 

iccdnijj  chapter  had  produced  a  powerful  effect 

»n  the  niind  ot  I'erdinand.      His  ambition,  his 

Iri'c,  ;iiid  his  jealousy  were  e{|ually  inflamed. 

lichekl  hmindless   regions,    teeming   with   all 

nf  riches,  daily  openinjj  before  the  enter- 

^tsot  his  siil)jects  ;  but  he  lielield  at  the  same 

other  nations  launchiii}:f  forth  into  com|)eti- 

cmulous  for  a   share   of   the  fjolden   world 

Icli  he  was  eajfer  to  monopolize.     The  expedi- 

Isof  the  IJijjhsh  and  the  accidental  discovery 

lihc  brazils    by  the    I'ortujjuese  caused    him 

Vh  iiniMsiiies,'-,.      To  secure   his  possession  of 

Icontinent,  he  determined  to  establish  local  ffov- 

nenis  or  commands  in   the   most    imiu/rtant 

f(\  all  to  be  subject  to  a  jjeneral  fjovernment, 

klilished  at  San  Dominjjo,  which  was  to  be  the 

ropiilis. 

Ifith  these    considerations,     the    government, 

Itlot'ire  granted  to  Columbus,  had  risen  vastly 

niiiirtaiice  ;  and  w'lile  the  restitution  ot  it  was 

|more  desirable   in   his  eyes,  it  became  more 

I  more  a  matter  of  repugnance  to  the  selfish 

■e.nlous  monarch.    He  had  lonj;  repented  hav- 

ive>tL-(l  such  fjreat  powers  and  prerogatives  in 

[siih'i'ct,  p.iriicularly  in  a  foreigner.      At  the 

lot  '^'ranting  them  he  had  no  anticipation  of 

bouiulless  countries  to  be  jdaced  under  his 

im.iiid.    He  appeared  almost  to  consider  him- 

Icutwiitcd  by  Columbus  in  the  arrangement  ; 

'every  succeeding   discovery,  instead   of   in- 

isiiijjliis  grateful  sense  of  the  obligation,  only 

iim  repine  the  more  at  the  growing  niagni- 

lol  the  reward.      At  length,  however,  the  af- 

|o!  lirihachlla  had  effected  a  temporary  exclu- 

|"t  Cuhimbus  from   his  high  office,  and  that 

any  odium   to  the  crown,  and  the  wary 

1  secretly  determined  that  the  door  thus 


lion  of  Voyages,  vol. 


iii.  ?■  1 


Ij-afiteau,  Conquetes  des  Portugais, 
|i(obertson,  Hist.  America,  book  ii. 


lib.  ii. 


closed  between  him  and  his  dignities  •should  never 
ag.iin  be  opened. 

Perhaps  t'Crdinand  may  really  have  enterl, lined 
doubts  as  to  the  innocence  ot  Columbus,  witli  re- 
spect to  the  v.inous  charges  ni.ide  .ig.iinst  liim. 
He  may  ii.ive  jloubled  also  the  sincerity  of  hi; 
lovaltN',  being  a  sir.iiiger,  when  be  should  find 
himself  strong  in  his  i onimand,  .it  a  gre,it  dis- 
t.ini  e  from  the  |).irent  <  ountry,  with  immense  ;ind 
opulent  regions  under  his  control.  Columbiii 
himselt,  ill  his  letters,  alluiles  to  reports  circuhitefl 
tiy  his  enemies,  ih.it  he  intended  either  to  set  Up 
,in  iiHlependeiit  so\ creignty,  or  to  drlivcr  his  dis- 
coveries into  the  hands  of  other  potentates  ;  .'ind 
he  .ippe.irs  to  le.ir  that  these  sl.mdcrs  might  have 
made  some  impression  on  the  mind  o(  I'erdinaiiit. 
Hut  there  was  one  other  consider, itioii  whii  h  h.id 
no  less  force  with  the  mon.irih  in  withholiling  ihi:; 
gre.it  ;ict  of  justice  Columbus  w.is  no  longer  in- 
(iispensalile  to  him.  He  had  m.idi  his  great  dis- 
covery ;  lie  h.id  struck  out  the  route  to  the  New 
World,  and  now  any  (uie  could  follow  it.  A  num- 
ber (d  able  navig.itors  had  sprung  up  under  hi;i 
auspices,  and  ai<piired  e\i)erieiice  in  his  voyages. 
Thev  were  d.iily  besieging  the  throne  witli  offers 
to  tit  out  evpeditioiis  at  their  own  cost,  and  to 
yield  a  share  ot  the  ])r')tUs  to  the  crown.  Why 
should  he,  therefore,  confer  princely  dignities  ;ind 
prerogatives  for  that  which  men  were  daily  offer- 
ing to  pcrloini  gr.ituitously  ? 

Such,  from  his  ;ifier  conduct,  appears  to  h.ive 
been  the  jealous  jmd  selfish  |)olicy  which  actuated 
Ferdinand  in  torliearing  to  reinstate  (/olumbus  in 
those  dignities  and  privileges  so  solemnly  granted 
to  him  by  treaty,  and  which  it  was  ;u  kiiowledged 
he  had  never  forfeited  by  misconduct. 

This  deprivation,  however,  was  declared  to  be 
but  temporary  ;  and  plausible  reasons  wert'  given 
lor  the  delav  in  his  reappointment.  It  was  ob- 
served that  the  elements  ot  those  violent  factions, 
recently  in  arms  against  him,  yi  t  existed  in  th<: 
island  ;  his  immediate  return  might  ])ro(luce  fresh 
exas|)eration  ;  his  personal  s.'ifety  might  be  endan- 
gered, and  the  island  again  thrown  into  confusion. 
Though  ilobadilla,  therefore,  was  to  be  immedi- 
ately dismissed  from  command,  it  was  deemeil 
advisable  to  send  out  some  officer  of  talent  and 
discretion  to  supersede  him,  who  might  dispas- 
sionately investigate  the  recent  disorders,  remedy 
the  .ibuses  which  had  arisen,  and  expel  all  disso- 
lute and  factious  persons  from  the  colony.  He 
should  hold  the  government  for  two  years,  by 
which  time  it  w;is  trusted  that  all  .ingiy  jiassions 
would  be  ;illayed,  and  turbulent  individuals  re- 
moved ;  Columbus  might  then  resume  the  com- 
mand with  comfort  to  himself  and  advantage  to 
the  crown.  With  these  reasons,  and  the  ])romise 
which  accompanied- them,  Columbus  w:is  obliged 
to  content  himself.  There  can  be  no  iloubt  that 
they  were  sincere  on  the  ])artof  Isabella,  and  that 
it  was  her  intention  to  reinstate  him  in  the  full  en- 
joyment of  his  rights  and  dignities,  after  his  aji- 
parently  necessary  suspension.  Ferdinand,  how- 
ever, by  his  subseciuent  conduct,  has  forfeited  all 
claim  to  any  favorable  opinion  of  the  kind. 

The  person  chosen  to  supersede  ISobadilla  war. 
Don  Nicholas  de  Ovando,  commander  of  I. ares, 
of  the  order  of  Alcantara.  He  is  described  as  of 
the  middle  size,  fair  complexioned,  with  a  red 
beard,  and  a  modest  look,  yet  a  tone  of  authority. 
He  was  fluent  in  speech,  and  gracious  and  court- 
eous in  his  manners.  A  man  of  great  prudence, 
says  Las  Casus,  and  capable  of  governing  many 
people,  but  not  of  governing  the  Indians,  on 
whom  he  inflicted  incalculable  injuries.     He  poj- 


IM 


MFK   AND   V()VA(.i:S   OF   COLUMBUS. 


1     • 


Hi 


Rrsscd  fjrr.-xt  vfnrralinn  for  iusiirr,  was  an  rncinv 
tf)  avarirc.  sober  in  his  niodcot  living,  .ind  ol  siii  li 
hiiniilily  ill. It  vslu-n  lii'  rose  atli-rward  to  he  jjraiul 
( oinniandfi  ol  the  order  ol  Alc.mlara,  he  woiilil 
n<'\cr  allow  liiniscll  lo  Uc  aiidrcsscd  l)y  tlic  title  ot 
rrspei  t  attacheil  to  it.*  Such  istlie  |)iriure  drawn 
nt  liim  by  historians  ;  hut  his  fomliiit  in  several 
i!U|ioilant  iiisianiesis  in  tlireit  i-ontr.idietion  to  it. 
lie  .i|i|iears  In  have  been  pl.iusible  and  subtle,  as 
Well  as  llilenl  and  rotirieous  ;  his  luiniility  eon- 
ee.iled  a  Ki''at  love  ol  eoniniand,  and  in  his  ir.ins- 
a  tions  with  I'olumbiis  he  w.is  eertainly  both  ui\- 
];    u'roiis  and  unjust. 

Tlie  N.irioiis  arranjjenients  to  be  made,  according;; 
I  I  t!ie  new  pi, in  ol  lolonial  j;overnnient,  delayed 
I  ir  soiiu!  time  the  dep.irtuii' ot  ( )vand().  In  the 
nu'.in  time  every  arriv.il  liroii);ht  intellijience  of 
tlie  dis,»stroiis  state  ol  the  island  under  ihtr  ni.il- 
.ndininistration  ol  llobadilla.  lie  had  commenced 
his  career  by  an  onjiosite  policy  to  that  of  Colum- 
Inii.  linaKininjr  tlial  rij^oroiis  rule  had  been  the 
rock  on  which  his  predecessors  h.id  sniit,  hi- 
f.ni^'ht  to  conciliate  the  public  by  all  kinds  dI  in- 
duljjence.  Ilavinj,'  at  the  very  outset  relaxed  the 
reins  of  justice  and  moralitv,  he  lost  all  comm.ind 
over  the  community  ;  and  such  disorder  and  li- 
centiousnesi  ensuecl  that  m.iiiy,  even  of  the  op- 
ponents of  Columbus,  looked  b.ick  with  re(.jril 
upon  thi;  strict  but  wholesome  rule  ot  himselt  and 
the  .Adelantado. 

liob.idilla  was  not  so  much  a  b.id  as  an  impru- 
dent and  a  weak  man.  lie  had  not  considereil 
the  danjTi-rou  i  excesses  to  which  his  |)olicy  would 
lea  I.  Rash  in  j;raspinjr  autliorit)',  he  was  feeble 
and  tempori/^injj  in  the  exercise  of  it  ;  he  could  not 
look  beyond  the  present  exi).;ency.  One  danj^erous 
indnljjeiue  jrranted  to  the  colonists  called  for 
■".nother  ;  each  was  ceded  in  its  turn,  and  thus  he 
went  on  from  error  to  error  -showinj^  that  in  j^ov- 
ernment  there  is  as  much  d.inj^er  to  be  ap|)re- 
liended  from  a  weak  as  from  a  bad  m.m. 

lie  had  sold  the  farms  and  estates  of  the  crovn 
nt  low  prices,  observinjj  that  it  was  not  the  wish 
of  the  monarchs  to  enrich  themselves  by  them, 
but  that  thev  should  redound  to  the  protU  of  their 
.sii:,jecls.  ile  jjranted  universal  |)ermission  to 
work  the  mines,  exacting  only  an  eleventh  of  the 
])roducc  for  the  crown.  To  jirevent  any  diminu- 
tion in  the  revenue,  it  became  necessary,  of 
course,  to  increase  the  quantity  of  gold  collected. 
He  obliged  the  cacicjues,  therefore,  to  furnish 
eai  h  .Spaniard  with  Indians,  to  assist  him  both  in 
the  labors  of  the  field  and  of  the  mine.  To  carry 
this  into  more  complete  effect,  he  made  an  enu- 
meration of  the  natives  of  the  island,  reduced 
them  into  classes,  and  distributed  them,  accor<l- 
ing  to  his  favor  or  caprice,  among  the  colonists. 
The  latter,  at  his  suggestion,  associated  them- 
selves in  partni^rships  of  two  persons  each,  who 
were  to  assist  one  another  with  their  respective 
capitals  and  Indians,  one  superintending  the  la- 
bors of  the  field,  and  the  other  the  search  tor  gold. 
The  only  injunction  of  IJobadilla  was  to  produce 
large  (piantities  of  ore.  He  had  one  saying  con- 
tinually in  his  mouth,  which  shows  the  pernicious 
and  temporizing  principle  upon  which  he  acted  : 
"Make  the  most  of  your  time,"  he  would  say  ; 
"  there  is  no  knowing  how  long  it  will  last,"  al- 
I'.iding  to  the  jiossibility  of  his  being  speedily  re- 
called. The  colonists  acted  up  to  his  advice,  and 
•-,0  hard  did  they  drive  the  poor  natives  that  the 
eleventh  yielded  more  revenue  to  the  crown  than 
had   ever  been   produced   by  the  third  under  the 


government  of  ruliimbus.     In  thr  nio.m  tr 
unh.i|)py  n.itiM'-.  siiltiinl  under  all  1<iiuImi' 
tics  tiom  their  inhum.in  t.iskmasieis.     {.mi, 
to  l.ibor,  leeble  ol  constitution,  and  .11  (■iisioff,! 
their  be.intiltil  .ind  Uuuri.int  i-d.ind  lo  ,1  |i|,.„i, 
and    Ireedom,  thev   s.ink    under   the  IdiImi^^^ 
upon  them,  and  the  severities  by  \\hi(|it|,f, 
enlorced.     I,.is  C.is.is  gives  an  indign.int  piiti 
the  capricious  tyranny  exercised  omt  ihd 
by  worthless  .Spaniards,  m.iny  ol  uhimil,, 
tr.ins|)orted  convicts  Irom  the  dungi'iiiisnt  1  .,,■] 
These  wretches,   who  in  their  ow  11  loiinuMj 
been  the  \ilest   among  the  vile,  here  asMiiiin,! 
tone  of  grand  c.ualiers.   Thev  insisled  iipoi; 
.'itteiided   by   tr.iins  of   ser\.ints.       They  ii,i,J 


i  d.iughters  and   fem.ile    relations  ot 


c;ii|(|iird 


'"'  Las  Casas,  Hist.  Ind.,  lib.  it.  cap.  3. 


their  domestics,  or  rather  lor  their  inn. im 
nor  did  they  limit  themselves  in  nuinlicr.   \\i 
they   travelled,    instead   of   using   the  Iuhms 
miilci  with  which  they  were  pio\  iileil,  tlini.i  | 
the  n.itives  to  transport  them  u|)oii  their  shwiij 
in  litters,  or  hammocks,  with  others  aUi'iiilir(| 
hold  umbrell.is  of  palm-leaves  over  ilu-ir  1i-4ih| 
keep   off   the   sun,  and    lans    nt    tealliers  \di\ 
them  ;  and  l..is  C'.isas  allirms  that  he  liasswpj 
backs  and   shoulders  ot   die  unlorliiii.iic  Ir 
who  bore  these  litters,  raw  and  blee(liii|;  i;, 
task.     When   these  arrogant    iip'>t.irls  .irr' 
;in     Indian    village   they   lonsiinied   and  1.:, 
away  the    provisions  ot   tlur   inhabit. iius,  .1 
upon  whatever  pleased  their  caprice,  .mil  ii|i 
the  caci(|ue  and  his  subjects  to  d.ince  liehiir 
lor  their  amusement.      Their  very  plr.i'<iin< 
attended  with  cruelty.      They  never  adilic-M 
natives  but  in  the  most  degrading  teiiiiv  ..rri 
the   least  offence,  or  the  least  Ireak  ot  illhwi 
inflicted  blows  and  lashes,  and  e\en  (leiiih , 

.Such  is  but  a  faint  jiicture  ot  the  evils >i'| 
sprang  up  under  the  leeble  rule  of  lioli;i(li!i,i  i 
are  sorrowfully  described  by  Las  CaNas,  truirj 
tu.d  observation,  as  he  visitetl  the  island  niMiil 
close  of  his  administration.  Jiobadilla  liai!  ;■ 
to  the  immense  amount  of  goUl,  wriiiif;  trnit^ 
miseries  of  the  natives,  to  alone  tor  all  vmn 
secure  favor  with  the  sovereigns  ;  but  lie  hatj 
tally  mistaken  his  course.  The  abuses  iif  hi 
eminent  soon  reached  the  royal  ear,  anil  abcrJ 
the  wrongs  of  the  natives  reached  the  l)i'iirio4 
heart  of  Isabella.  Nothing  was  more  c^'.loui! 
to  arouse  her  indignation,  antl  she  iir(;ii!! 
speedy  departure  ot  Ovando,  to  put  a  slo|ilij;^ 
enormities. 

In  conformity  to  the  plan  already  mentionfi! 
government  of  Ovando  extended  over  the  l^ 
and  Terra  Firma,  of  whicli  Hispaniola  \v,is:f| 
the  metropolis.  He  was  to  enter  upon  tiieri 
cise  of  his  powers  immediately  upon  his  ami 
by  ])rocuration,  sending  home  Hobadilla  bvf 
return  of  the  tleet.  He  was  instructed  to  ind 
diligently  into  the  late  abuses,  punishing  ll^tl 
lincpients  without  favor  or  partiality,  and  reV 
ing  all  worthless  persons  froin  the  islam!. 
was  to  revoke  immediately  the  license  j;rant«^ 
liob.adilla  for  the  general  search  after  gold,  n*' 
ing  been  given  without  royal  authority.  He* 
to  require,  for  the  crown,  .t  third  ot  what  «ail 
ready  collected,  and  one  half  ot  all  that  shouiiij 
collected  in  future.  He  was  empowered  to M 
towns,  granting  them  the  privileges  enjnyrtj 
municipal  corporations  of  Spain,  and  'il'iifl 
the  Spaniards,  and  particularly  the  soldicr^j 
reside  in  them,  instead  of  scattering  themse^ 
over  the  island.     Among  many  sage  provii 


*  Las  Casas,  Hist.  Ind.,  lib.  ii.  cap.  i,  ms. 


^vpre  nthff*  inji 

krisii'  '>!  •'"  •'«'■ 
Kf  »iTL'  Imt  lull'-'  u 
iiiiiii-d  hySp.iiii  loll 
Liv  irdcil  iliein  .IS 
Viiiiiril  tinifs.     T 

,  ,,|  tlic  cidonies. 

|i„.,  there  (111    111 
ar  »i'>  a|i|"Miited, 

.„lit,iini>l  iiiiipliesi 
kii  n-scrvc  I  to  ilse 
iiii  till.'  mines,  but  ii 
let,  lit  eMr.iordiii.ir) 

No    SlIMllgl'I'S, 

[jfus,  were  pcnnitti 
Vc  hlanil,  nor  to  go 

ui'i'i'  siiaie  ot   ll 
[cli.Spain  iinpo-.ed  U|i. 
[t.illdwcil  up  l)>  otli 
Jnii.iii.ll  policy  has 

;  Imt  m.iy  not  tl 

.  iin|iosi'd  by  the  ni 
ihv  till!  wonder  and 
Cili'll.iw.ii  p.iriicul.ii 
jkiiid  treatment  ol  t 
leri'J  t.i  asseiiilile  the 
Ml  till-  sovereigns 
IuiiIlT  llu'ir  isjieci.i 
|tn  to  p.iy  tribute    ' 

11,  .mil  it  w.is  lo  be 
jjni-is  .iiiil  gi'iitlene-.-. 
til  III  tlii'ir   religious 

!>!■  twelve   Fr.iiicis 

a  pri'l.ili.'  n.inie  1  .\ 
bir  .iirl  |iKUis  man. 

il;ii:lK)ii  ot  the  Fraiu 

Ill  ilii-se  precautions  \ 
|t;  di'liMlcil    by   one  u 

niticil  tli.it  llie  India 
|k  111  tlie  mines,  am 
Illii-.  w.is  limited   to   I 

td  l)f  eii^.tged  as 
|lv  |Mi<l.    This  provi' 

ii|i|iii'ssii)iis,  ,111(1  wa; 
Ivin  ,is  could  have  he 

|ut,  with  that  inconsi; 
lliRt,  while  the  soven 
^m  liir  the  relief  of  1 

.1  jjruis  invasion  ot 

jtliir  r.ice  of   human 

|iou>  decrees  on  this  ( 

kciil  ik'|;n)  shivery  in 

niittfd  tl)  carry  lo  the 

pii^;  Christians  ;  f  that 

lilic  and  other  jiarts  o 

piii.laiits  of  natives  b 

|Si  ot  .Mrica,  where  : 

i  liccii  carried  on  by 

Be.    There  ;ire  sigiui 

ory,  which  sometime 

Ipiir.il  judjrinenls.     It 

)ii  ih.it  Hispaniola,  ' 

ntsiiiaffaiiist  nature  , 

|iui;c;l  into  the  New 

shibii  an  awful  retril 

imiil  the  various  con 

intiiiii  of  the  sovcreigi 

]wi.Ti.'  not  lorgoiten. 

•iiiiie  into  all  his  ace 

tl)  pay  them  off. 

l-asCisas,  Hist.  Ind. 
iHcrrcra,  Hist.  Ind.,  d 


T.IFE  AND   VOYAGKS   OF   COU'MIU'S. 


161 


the  mc.in  tlit,j 
•ill  klndsoi 
''i<'is.    I.iii;. 

>"'l  ■ii'iiiMon>,| 
iiul  Id  .ihtn 

tli<'  IimIs  in-til 
'V  w  Inch  ll.r  ,1 
uliUii.itu  |)  -J 

.1    "MM      lllf||,|;" 
III    W  ImmiI  I,.;,; 
lltK'"llll''lltl,iJ 

i)\\  n  counirM 

IH'I'C    .•ISStlllifi^ 

isihlfd  ii|)(ii  1 

'I'lll'V  I.,(,J 
s   fit   riu:i(|Ufij 

tlu'ir  fminih 
1  miinlicr  \\4 
a  I  hi'  li(ir.( 
\ulcfl,  tlii'V'i  ,, 
Kill  llinr  >|,(ii,(J 
llicrs  allciHirtj 
)\»'r  llicir  li'dcj 
:  (eat hers  lofL 
lal  lie  li.is  srtri 
itorlniiiiK'  InfJ 

lilccdilH;  l:,iTJ 

DU'll    ,111(1   I,:, 

iliahit.iiUs.  'f 
iricc,  ,111(1  !•]> 
ikincc  lic!(,:r 
•ry  |)lc.isiirc< 
•viT  ii(l(lrc-Mi  j 
lin)i  terms,  „rr| 
iTak  ol  ill-h 
(•\ en  (Iciili  :■ 
ol   llic  evils '1' 

of     Itlilllldlli,! 

s  Casas,  tidir, I 
V  island  msuii 
ladilla  hMllr.^ 


nil  I);  \rm\ 
r  all  eiT(irvi 
;  Init  he  hitj 
iiises  (if  b.< 
,  and  alii'.rJ 

the  l)i'ni-\pij 
more  ciilrua 
she  iirijdi 
t  a  stop  to'! 


y  nicntionfil  i 

over  the  ivi^ 

laniola  \v,istfl 

er  upon  therJ 

upon  hisarrif 

ioliadilla  tei 

ructed  to  int^ 

iinishinglht^ 

ility,  and  ra 

the  isliind. 

cense  i^raiilrtl 

(fter  j^iikl,  il^ 

ihority.    He« 

ot  what  w2i( 

that  sliou:i!J 

powered  loM 

ejjes  enjirteifj 

n,   and  nhiifj 

the  soklieM 

erinp  thrmstj 

sage  pioviiij 

p.   I,  MS. 


;v(TP  othrM  injurious  and  illilicral,  rh,\r- 
fhtu   lit  •111  ''K"'  wlieii  th:-  principles  oi  com- 
f  were  hut  lull'"  uiulerstiiod.  Iiut  wlin  h  were 
,|.i,l,.,|  l)v  Spain  liilij;  •liter  the  rest  ol  the  wmlil 
filiv  irdi'd  iliein  .IS  the  errors  ol  (l,irk  ,tn(i  un- 
Biiiiicil  tunes.      The  crown   inonop(di/e(l  tlie 
„l  iiie  (dlnnies.      No  one  could  carry  iiier- 
,.li,.',  there  (III   liis  own   account.      A    roy,il 
m  »ai  .ippiiinted,  ihroii);!)  whom  .done  wire 
toliiaiiiel  sUlMili'"*"'  •■.iii'M'«'''ii  artiiles.     'I'he 
III  reserve  i  to  itself   not  only  e\clusive  prop- 
J 111  llie  mines,  lint  in  precious  stones,  and  like 
bell  111  extr.uinlin.iry   \,ilue,  and  also  in  d>c- 
N'li  str.injjers,   ;ind  al)o\<'  ,ill,  no  Moors 
Ijeus.  were  jierinitted   to  e-.t.dilish   themselves 
V'hl^ind,  niir  to  jjo  upon  \dy,ij{es  of  (lis( overv. 
|h  ucre  some  ot   tlu:    restrictions   upon   tr.ule 
.1^11,1111  iinpiiscd  upon  her  colonies,  and  which 
:l,illii\ved  lip  li)  others  e(pi,dly  illiberal.      Her 
Inim  111  piilny   has   been  the  scoff  of  modern 
iiiit  m.i)    not   the   present   restrictions  on 
|c  liiiliosed  liy  the  most  intellincnl  n.ilions,  lie 
\\;\  the  wonder  ,ui(l  the  jest  ot  luture  ,•l^,'es  .' 
i,i!i;il,i\v.is  p.irticul.irly  careful  in  providiK};  f(jr 
ikiiiil  treatment  ol  the  Indians.     0\an(lo  was 
Wd  111  assemhie  the  caci()Ues,  and  declare  to 
hilliat  the  soverei;(ns  took  them  ,ind  their  peo- 
fuivler  tlieir  (speci,il    protection.      They  were 
\t,\  tj  pav  irilHile  like  other   subjects  of   the 
mi,  iiid  it  w.is  to  be  collected  with  the  utmost 
liiuss  .iiiil  Kenlleness.     (ireat  pains  were  to  be 
kii  111  ilieir  religious    instruction  ;    for  which 
•  twelve   I'r.iiuisc.in   Iriars    were  sent  out, 
a  prelate  n. line  1  .\ntonio  de  lispin.d,  ;i  ven- 
)li'  iii'l  pious  man.      I  his  w.is  the  first  lorm.il 
iJ'iition  ot  the  l-'iMticisi  an  order  into  the  New- 
id.' 

Lli  these  prec. unions  with  resjiect  to  the  n.itives 

It  (kte.ited   by  one  unwary  provision.      It  w,is 

liiiiied  th.it  the  Indians  mi^ht  be  compelled  to 

n  III  the  mines,   and   in   other  em|)loyments  ; 

llhis  was  limited   to   the   roy.il    service.     They 

I'l  lie  eiij^.ijred  as  hired  laborers,  and  i)unc- 

,  paid.      I  his   provision    led    to   y;n.-:i\.  al)U.ses 

iippressions,  and  was  ultim.itely  as  fatal  to  the 

|vis, IS  could  have  been  the  most  absolute  sla- 

lui,  wiih  that  inconsistency  frecpient  in  buriian 

duct,  while  the  sovereijjiis  were  making  re;{u- 

biis  tor  the  relief  of  the  Indians,  they  encoiir- 

la;;ri)ss  invasion  of  the  rij;hts  and  welfare  of 

Itliir  r.ue  of   human    beinj;s.      Amon^    their 

lous decrees  on  this  occ.ision,  we  find  the  first 

pol  iu';,'r()  shiver)-  in  the  New  World.     It  was 

liit'.iil  to  carry  to  the  colony  nej^ro  slaves  t)orn 

pi;;  Christians  ;  f  that  is  to'say,  slaves  tiorn  in 

ilic  and  other  parts  of  Spain,  the  chiklren  and 

Id-ii  lams  of  natives  broujjlu  from  the  Atlantic 

Isi  (il  .Mrica,  \»-here  such  tratlic  had  for  some 

liifii  carried  on  by  the  Sjianiards  and  I'orlu- 

i:.    There  ;ire  sijrnal   events  in  the  course  of 

ory,  which  sometimes  bear  the  appearance  of 

(P'lral  jud^riiiL-nts.     It  is  a  fact  worthy  of  obser- 

)!i  th.it  llispaniola,  the  place  where  this  lla- 

i  sin ,ijrainst  nature  and  lium.inity  was  tirst  in- 

Pui:c  I  into  the  New   World,  has  been  the  lirst 

piliitan  awful  retribution. 

IniKJ  the  various  concerns  which  claimed  the 

In'.iiin  of  the  sovi-reijrns,  the  interests  of  Colum- 

Miri'  not  lorjrotten.     Ovando  was  ordered  to 

liiini-  into  all  his  accounts,  without  undertak- 

lu  pay  them  off.      He  was  to  ascertain  the 

[LasCisas,  Hist.  Ind.,  lib.  ii.  cap.  3,  MS. 
Hcrrera,  Hist.  Ind.,  dccad.  i.  lib.  iv.  cap.  12. 


damages  he  liad  KUKtaincil  f)y  hin  imprinnnment, 
the  interruption  ot  his  privilc^^es,  ami  the  ( (iiilis- 
coition  of  his  effects.  All  the  pro|ierly  conlisciicd 
b\  llob.idiU.i  w,is  to  be  restored  ;  or  il  it  h.id  been 
sold,  to  be  m.ide  ^ood.  It  It  h.id  been  eniplnvc  | 
in  the  ro\.ll  ser\lic,  C'ldumblis  W.is  to  be  indem- 
lulled  out  ot  the  ire.isur)  ;  it  llob.idill.i  h.id  appro- 
prMted  it  to  his  out)  use,  he  w.is  to  k  ( nunt  lor 
It  out  ol  his  |)ri\atc  purse.  l-'.(pi,il  c.ire  w.is  to  be 
taken  to  indemnilv  the  brothers  of  the  .idmir.il  lor 
the  losses  they  h.id  wron){tully  sutleriMl  b)  their 
arrest. 

Columbus  W.IS  likewise  to  receive  the  .irreirs  of 
Ins  re\cnues,  and  the  s.iiik;  were  to  be  ptiin  tu.illy 
paid  Id  him  in  luture.  He  was  permitted  In  have 
;i  l.ictor  resident  in  the  isl.md,  to  be  present  .it  the 
meltinfj  and  markinj;  ol  the  j,'old.  to  collect  his 
dues,  and  in  short  to  attend  to  all  his  all.iirs.  To 
this  otiice  he  .ippointed  Alon/o  S.ini  he/  de  C.irv.i- 
jal  ;  and  the  so\crei^;ns  comm.mded  that  his  .iL;(iit 
should  be  treated  with  j,'reat  respect. 

Thir  licet  appointed  to  convey  t  )\ando  to  Ids 
jjovernment  was  the  larj^est  th.it  had  yet  sailed  to 
the  New-  World.  It  consisted  ol  thirty  s.iil,  {\vv 
of  them  from  ninety  to  one  hundred  .ind  lifts-  tons 
burden,  twenty-lour  car.-iv(ds  fnmi  thirty  to  ninety, 
.111(1  one  bark  of  twenty-five  tons.*  The  number 
of  souls  emb.irked  in  this  fleet  was  .iboiit  twctity- 
ti\-e  hundred  ;  m.iny  of  them  persons  ol  r.mk  .iiid 
distinction,  with  their  f.imilies. 

That  ( )v.in(lo  mi^fht  appe.ir  with  di;jnity  in  his 
new  otiice,  he  was  .illowed  to  use  silks,  brocade-;, 
|)recious  stones,  and  other  .irticles  ol  sumiitiious 
attire,  iirohibited  .it  that  time  in  Sp.iin,  in  coiise- 
(pience  of  tin-  ruinous  ostentation  of  the  nobility. 
He  was  permitted  to  have  seventy-two  es(piircs  as 
his  bo(ly-}.juard,  ten  ui  whom  were  horsemen. 
With  this  expedition  sailed  I)on  Alo;izo  Maldo- 
nado,  .-ipnointed  as  .•ilj,'ua/il  mayor,  or  chiet  jus- 
tice, in  pl.ice  of  Koldan,  who  w,is  to  lie  sent  to 
.Sp.iin.  There  w-ere  artisans  of  various  kinds  :  to 
these  were  Jidded  a  physici.m,  sur^;eon,  .ind 
apotheciry  ;  and  seventy-three  m.irried  men  f 
with  their  families,  all  or  respectable  char.icter, 
destined  to  be  distritiuted  in  four  towns,  .ind  to 
enjoy  peculiar  privilej^^es,  that  they  mifjht  form  the 
basis  of  a  sound  and  useful  ])opul,-ilion.  They 
were  to  displace  an  e(|ual  number  ot  the  idle  and 
dissolute  who  were  to  be  sent  from  the  isl.ind  : 
this  excellent  measure  h.-id  been  especially  urj^ed 
and  entreated  by  Columbus.  There  was  also  live 
stock,  artillery,  arms,  munitions  of  all  kinds  ; 
everything-,  in  short,  that  was  recjuired  for  the 
supply  of  the  island. 

Such  W.IS  the  style  in  which  Ovandn,  a  f.ivorite 
of  l-'erdinand,  and  .'i  native  subject  of  rank,  w.is 
tilted  out  to  enter  upon  the  jjovernment  withheld 
from  Columbus.  The  fleet  jiut  to  se,-i  on  the  thir- 
teenth of  February,  1502.  In  the  early  p.irt  of  the 
voya^re  it  was  encountered  by  a  terrible  storm  ; 
One  of  the  ships  founilered,  with  one  hundred  and 
tw-enty  passen^jcrs  ;  the  others  were;  oblif^tvl  to 
throw  overboard  e\-erythinjj  on  deck,  and  were 
completely  scattered.  The  shores  of  Spain  were 
strewed  with  articles  from  the  tleet,  and  .1  rumor 
spread  hat  all  the  ships  had  perished.  When  this 
reached  the  soverei^^ns,  they  were  so  overcome 
with  f,nief  that  they  shut  themselves  up  for  eitjlit 
d.iys,  and  admitted  no  one  to  their  presence.  The 
ruinor  proved  to  be  incorrect  :  but  ore  ship  was 

*  Mufloz,  part  inedit.  Las  Casas  says  the  fleet  con- 
sisted of  thirty-two  sail.  He  states  from  memory,  how- 
ever ;  Mufloz  from  documents. 

f  Munoz,  H.  N.  Mundo,  part  inedit. 


183 


E   AND   VOYAGES   OF   COLUMBUS. 


lost.  Tho  others  ns5cml)lp(l  apain  nt  the  island  of 
Ciomcri  in  the  Canaries,  and  pursuii';^  their  voy- 
ajjfe,  arrived  at  San  Domingo  on  the  15th  of 
April.* 


!!l] 


CHAPTER    IV. 

I'Koi'osiTinN   oi-   coi.i;miii:s   rf.i.ativf.   to  tiik 

KIX\.  .KRY    OF   THK    IIOI.Y    StP'JLCHKK. 
[1500    I  50 1.] 

Coi.UMnus  remained  in  the  city  of  Gran.ula  up- 
ward (jf  nine  months,  endeavoriniv  to  exlricale  his 
affairs  from  the  confusion  into  x.hicji  they  iiad 
been  thrown  l)y  the  rasli  condiu  t  of  Hoii.uiill.i, 
and  S(!licitinjj  tiie  restoration  of  his  ol'lices  aiul 
dignities.  Durinj;  tiiis  timt-  he  c  onslantiy  experi- 
enced tile  smiles  and  attentions  of  tiie  sovereij^ns, 
and  promises  were  rejieatedly  made  him  that  lie 
shouhl  ultimately  he  rei.istateil  iri  all  his  honors. 
He  had  lon^  ince,  however,  ascertained  tiie  jjreat 
interval  tliat  may  e.xist  hetween  jjromise  and  per- 
form.mce  in  .1  court.  Had  he  been  of  a  morbid 
and  repininjr  s]iirit,  he  had  ample  food  for  niisan- 
thropy.  He  beheld  the  career  of  >;lory  which  he 
had  opened,  th.ronged  by  favored  adventurers  ;  he 
witni.  1  prepar.itions  making;  to  convey  with  un- 
usu.il  pomp  a  successor  to  that  {government  from 
which  he  had  been  so  wronj^ffully  and  rudely  eject- 
ed ;  in  the  meanwhile  his  own  car<;er  was  inter- 
rupted and  as  far  as  public  emi)loy  is  a  >jau;;e  of 
roy.il  favor,  he  remained  ai)|).irently  in  disf^^race. 

His  santjuine  temperament  was  not  Ion:;  to  be 
(lepiessed  ;  if  checked  in  one  direction  it  broke 
l(i;lh  in  another.  His  visionary  imaj^ination  was 
an  intern.il  lij,'ht,  which,  in  the  darkest  times,  re- 
pelled all  outward  jjloom,  and  tilled  his  mind  with 
splendid  imajri's  and  jrlorious  .s])ecul,itions.  In 
this  tiir.e  of  evil,  his  vow  to  furnish,  within  seven 
ye.irs  from  the  time  of  his  discovery,  llily  thousand 
toot  soldiers,  and  five  thousand  horse,  for  the  re- 
covery of  the  holy  sei)ulchre,  rc'curred  to  his 
memory  with  peculiar  force.  The  time  had 
elajised,  but  the  vowrem.'iined  unfullilled,  and  the 
nu-.ins  to  perform  it  had  failed  him.  The  New 
World,  witi  ill  its  treasures,  had  as  yet  jiroduced 
expense  insie.ul  of  profit  ;  and  so  far  from  beinjr 
in  a  situation  to  set  armies  on  fool  by  his  own 
contributions,  he  found  himself  without  property, 
withcuit  power,  and  without  em])loy. 

Destitute  of  the  means  of  accomplishini;  his 
])ious  intentions,  he  considered  it  his  duty  to  incite 
the  sovereifjns  to  the  enterprise  ;  and  he  felt  em- 
i)oldened  to  do  so,  from  havinj;  orij^'intdly  ])ro- 
posed  it  as  the  great  object  to  which  the  |)rotits  of 
his  discoveries  should  be  dedicated.  He  set  to 
work,  therefore,  with  his  accustomeil  zeai,  to  pre- 
ytdvv  arguments  for  the  |)urpose.  During  ilie  in- 
terv.ils  of  business,  he  sought  into  the  pro|)liecies 
of  the  holy  .Scriptures,  the  writings  of  the  fathers, 
and  all  kinds  of  sacred  and  speculative  sources, 
for  mystic  |)ortents  and  revelations  which  might 
be  construed  to  bear  U])on  the  discovery  of  the 
New  World,  the  coMversion  of  the  (ientiles,  and 
the  recovery  of  the  holy  se|)ulchre  :  three  great 
events  which  he  su])])osed  to  be  jiredestinel  to 
succeed  each  other.  These  passages,  with  the 
assi-^tance  of  a  Carlhii'^ian  friar,  he  aiTanged  in 
oiJer,  illustrated  by  poetry,  and  collected  into  u 


''  I.3S  Casas,  Hist.  Indi,  lib.  ii,  cap.  3,  Ms. 


manuscript  volume,  to  be  delivered  tntleiJ 
eigns.     He  preparer],  at  the  same  time,  ;i  |ri»,] 
ter,  written  with  his  usual  fervor  of  spirit, .p.' 
plicity  of  heart.      It  is  one  of  those  hm.nji,f,. 
posit';ns  which  lay  ojien   the  visionary  njn, 
character,  and  show   the   mystic  and  spatt 
reading  with  which  he  was  accustomed  tu  i 
his  solemn  and  soaring  imagination. 

In  this  letter  he  urged   the  sovereigns  n^f I 
foot  a  crusade  for  the   deliverance  of  Jca.T 
from  the  power  of  the  unbelievers,     llcii.f.j 
them  not  to   reject   his   present  advice  as  tv- 
gant  and  impracticable,  nor  to  heed  the  lii^f.^ 
that  might  be  cast  upon  it  by  others;  rcn'is 
them  that  his  great  scheme  of  discovery  had  J 
inally    been   treated   with  similar  eominin;. 
avowed  in  the  fullest  manner  his  pcr.sii;iM(,|, 
from  his  earliest  infancy,  he  had  been  ( i  ,. 
Heaven  for  the  accomplishment  ol  those  twinJ 
designs,  the  discovery  of  the  .New  World, 
rescue  of  the  holy  sepulchre.      For  this  |  j-.j 
in    his  tender  years,    he   had   been  gimlcl 
divine  impulse  to   embrace  the  protessidiif,; 
se.i,  a  mode  of  life,  he  observes,  which  \tn:] 
an  inclination  to  in(|uire  into  the  mvsteriis  < 
lure  ;  and  he  had  been  gifted  with  .iciirimis.;: 
to  read  all  kinds  of  chronicles,  geographiai 
jses,   and   works  of   |)hiloso|)iiy.      In  nu-ij:; 
u])on  these,  his   understanding   had   heeii  »:;« 
by  the  Deity,  "  as  with  a  palpable  hand," 
discover  the  navigation  to  the  Indies,  andliri 
been  inllamed  with  ardor  to  undertake  \\\f  f] 
prise.      "  Animated   as   by   a    hea\"ii!v  i:r:- 
adds,  "  I  came  to  your  highnesses  :  all\Uiii' 
of  my  enterprise  nKJcked  at  it;  all  the  S' ic'>: 
had   ac(|uired   profiled   me  'uithing  ;   sew 
did  '  pass  in  your  royal  court,  dispuiini;  iha 
with  persons  of  great  authority  and  leiniud!; 
the  arts,  and  in  the  end  they  ilccided  that  .1. 
vain.     In   your  highnesses   alone   remains!  iJ 
and   constancy.     Who   will   doubt  that  this i J 
was  from   the  holy  Scriptures,  illumining 
well  as  myself  with   rays   of   marvellous  lir; 
ness  ?" 

These  ideas,  so  repeatedly,  and  soleiv.nlv 
artlessly  expresseil,  by  a  man  of  the  lervcn; 
of  Columbus,  show  how  truly  his  discovery ; 
from  the  working  of  his  own  mind,  and  wkA 
information  furnished   by  others.     He  nmsitti 
it  a  divine   intimation,  a  light  from  llcuv';! 
the  fulfilment  of  what  hacl   been   foretold  i: 
S,ivi(;ur  and   the   jirophets.     Still   he  rf;;iri 
but  as  a  minor  event,  |)re|)aratorv  to  the  ;.,'rc';;' 
ter])rise,  the   recovery  of  the  holy  sepiilrhre  ' 
pronounced   it  a  mirach;  effected   by  llcavfl 
animate  himself  and  others  to  that  holy  uiiileq 
ing  ;  and  he  assured  the  sovereigns  that, 
had  faith  in  his  present  as  in  his  iornitr  pr : 
tion,    they   would    assuredly    be    rewanlcil  »1 
ecpially  triumphant  success.      He  conjured  rl 
not  to  heed   the  sneers  of  such  as  niifjht  sis:| 
him  as  one  unlearned,,  as  an  ignorant  iiiarirt 
worldly  man  ;  reminding  them  that  the  llolv>^ 
works  not  merely  in  the  learned,  but  .ds)' 
ignorant  ;  nay,  that  it  reveals  things  to  niii- 
merely  by  rational    beings,   but   by  prodicsj 
animals,  and  by  mystic  signs  in  the  air  ami 
heavens. 

The  enterjirise   here  suggested   by  Colui^'l 
however  idle  and  extrav.igant  it  may  appcarr 
l)resent  day,  was  in  unison  with  the  temper" 
times,  and  of  the  court  to  which  it  waspro|'i< 
The  vein  of  mystic  erudition  by  which  it  «3il 
forced,  likewise,  was  suited  to  an  age  whKj 


MBUS. 

c,  to  be  rlclivcred  totlieJ 
retl,  at  the  same  linip,  a  ],■ 
lis  usual  tfrvor  iit  spirit ;,;, 
It  is  one  of  those  Miv^'uiir-. 
y  open   the  visionary  ii.in- 
ow   the  mystic  ami  spLitJ 
h  he  was  accustomeil  lu  : 
arinjc  iinaijina'.ion. 

urged    the   sovereifjiis  tii,! 
r  the   cluliveraiiee  nt  JlTu,;! 

the  unl)eiie\ers.  lleciii:' 
:  his  present  advire  as  .-v- 
cabie,  nor  to  heed  the  i.-J 

upon  it  by  others  ;  viiv 
It  scheme  ol  discovcrv  hi,; 
;(1  witii  similar  coiuiirir, 
est  manner  his  prrsuasmii  ' 
infancy,  he  had  been  dn,; 
:omplishment  ol  those  two; 
very  of  the  New  World, , in 
y  se|nilchre.  For  this  |  jr-,J 
irs,    he   had   f)een  ^u'uM 

embrace  the  protrssin!, 
e,  he  observes,  which  |r'. 
n(|uire  into  ihe  mysteries 
been  irifted  with  ;i  ciiriiPii,^:! 
if  chronicles,  fjeoj,na|ih; 

of   |)hilosophy.      In  mii:::,.] 
iiderstandiiijr  had   ht-cn  n;: 

with  a  palpable  hand,"  mi, 
;ation  to  the   bidies,  nnd  hr 
h  ardor  to  undertake  tin-  r- 
ed    as    by    a    heavnly  lire 
your  hiijjhnesses  :  all  uln 
mocked  at  it  ;  all  the  S'  i 
ifited   me  !ioihint(  ;   sfvii 
■   royal  court,  dispiuiiii;  li;::! 
eat  authority  and  leaniii!::| 
e  end  they  decided  that  ,i, 

ghnesses  alone  remaiiiiii 
Who  will  doubt  that  ths 
Scriptures,  ilhiiiiinin^  i 

th   rays   of   marvellous  lir.i 

repeatedly,  and  soU'irau 
by  a  man  of  the  tervtnt; 
how  truly  his  disciiverv' 
f  his  own  mind,  and  tvyA 
ed   by  others.     Her(.ns:.,*4 
ion,  a  li.t^ht  from  IIlmvii 
hat  had   been   foretold  li; 
prophets.     Still   he  rf;;,ir':*.| 
nt,  preparatory  to  llH";r;:.:f 

ry  of  the  holy  sepuK'hre 
nirach;  effected   hy  llcavr 
d  others  to  that  huly  iiKil;' 
ed   the  sovereigns  ihal,  iM 
esent  as  in  his  fornier  pr  TJ 
assuredly    be    rewanlt-;!  < 
success.      He  coniurci!;' 
:'ers  of  such  as  niii^lu  s'' 
led.as  an  ignorant  niarirr'i 
nding  them  that  the  liolv^j 
in   the  learned,  but  also;-j 
t  it  reveals  things  to  ciw.f.i 
beings,   but   hy  prodi;"r;| 
\stic  signs  in  the  air  ami 


here  suggested   by  Coluir.^ 
aravagant  it  may  appcan: 
unison  with  the  tem|Hri':j 
)urt  to  which  it  was  prop 
erudition  i)y  which  it  «iij 
;is  suited  to  an  age  whe: 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGES   OF   COLUMBUS, 


1S3 


Urie-iof  the  cloister  still  controlled  the  opera- 
sol  ilic  cahinet  and  the  camp.  The  s|)irit  of 
crusades  had  not  yet  passed  away.  In  the 
ISf  ,,|  ilie  <hurch,  and  at  the  instigation  of  its 
Uiaiifi.  fveiy  cavalier  was  ready  to  draw  hi; 
fcrd  ;  aiui  religion  mingled  a  glowing  and  de 
UiU'iulmsiaMn     '  '     '  '        .  /  ' 

rdiiKUul  was  a  religious  bigot  ;  and 


rtai'c. 


avalier  was  ready  to  draw  his 
^..m  mingled  a  glowing  and  de- 
with  the  ordinary  excitement  of 
Kcnl 
|(lc.iiiion  ot  Isabella  went  as  near  to  bigotry  as 
IliluTal  mind  and  magnanimous  spirit  would 
nil.  iioth  the  sovereigns  were  under  the  in- 
Inie  ot  ecclesiastical  politicians,  constantly 
iaii  their  enterprises  in  a  direction  to  redoimd 
oral  |)ower  and  glory  ot  the  church. 
.  renin  ii)iu|Uest  of  (iranad.i  had  been  con- 
Ire  I  a  lAiri)|)ean  crusatle,  and  had  gained  to 
rsiverclKOs  the  epithet  of  Catholic.  It  was 
lirai  t'l  tliink  of  extending  their  sacred  victories 
fliiiihcr,  and  retaliating  u|)on  the  infidels  their 
nation  of  .Spain  and  their  long  triumphs  over 
■cro-s.  In  tact,  the  Duke  of  .Medina  Sidonia 
1  ma  1l'  a  recent  inroad  into  Uarbary,  in  the 
I  which  he  had  taken  the  city  ot  Melilla, 
expedition  had  been  pronounced  a  re- 
the  liolv   wars   against  th:   inlidels    in 


■r>c  »i 


A     KOfRTH 


I'm  ol 
lea.' 

[here  was  nothing,  tiierefore  in  the  j)roposition 

lo.umliiis  that  could  be  regarded  as   preposter- 

L  eiiasiilering  the  period  and  circumstances  in 

|cii  It  w.is  made, though   it  strongly  illustrates 

a  eiiiluisiasiic  and  visionary  charactc.     It 

it  lie  ivcollected  that   it  was   meditated   in   the 

Ens  I)!  the  .Alhanihra,  among  the  splendid  re- 

Jn^  III  Moorish  grandeur,    where,    but   a    few 

s  iielore,  he  had    beheld   the   standard  of  the 

I  elevated  in  triumph  above   the  symbols  of 

Be.ity.    It  appears  to  ha\e  been  the  offspring 

liie  ii;  tluisi'  moods  of  high  excitement,  when, 

h'eii  oliierved,  his  soul  was  elevated  by  the 

ii])..i;ion  ot  his  great   and    glorious  ol'iice  ; 

ill  iie  considered  himself  under  ilivine  inspira- 

I,  ::ii;iailiiig  the  will  of   Heaven,  and  fulfilling 

Ihi^i  and   holy  purposes  tor   which  he  he  had 

liiedeslineil.v 


Irurihav,  Hist.  Espana,  lib.  xi-s.  cap.  6.  Among 
tions  t.xistinK  in  the  library  of  ihe  late  Prince 
^sii.m,  there  is  a  folio  wfiich,  amonj;  other  things, 
.1  jiapfr  or  letter,  in  which  is  a  calculation  of 
br  luiile  expenses  of  an  army  of  twenty  thousand 
I,  iTihe  roriqiiest  of  the  Holy  Land,  h  is  dated 
iJUKir  1510,  and  the  handwritin.i;  appears  to  be  of 
«.ii!ie  time. 

|C.'i.aiil,us  w.-.<-  ,int  singular  in  this  belief  it  was 
|rt:i;a,  I  liy  many  of  his  ze.dous  and  learned  ad- 
Irs  The  erudif;  lapidary,  J.iyme  Kerrcr  in  the 
wriuen  to  Columbus  in  149?,  at  the  command 
pe  sovereigns,  ohservcs  :  "  1  see  in  this  a.  great 
tlic  ilivine  and  inf.illilile  Providence  sent 

great  St.  Thomas  from  the  west  into  the  east,  to 
litest  in  India  our  holy  and  Catholic  faith  ;  and 
l>eiuir.  he  sent  in  an  opposite  direction,  from  the 
lima  the  west,  until  you  have  arrived  in  the  Ori- 
liiiM  llie  extrenv  part  of  Upper  India,  that  the  pco- 
Ini.^y  hear  (hat  which  their  ancestors  neglected  of 
Ir-achiiic;  of  .St.  Thomas.  Thus  shall  fjc  accom- 
P'l  ivh.it  was  written,  in  ciinitin  tcn-ain  cxilit 
*'  ■ '"  '  .  .  .  And  again,  "The  olVice 
>aii  hold.  Scnor,  places  you  in  die  ligtit  of 
Ipistle  and  ambassador  of  Cod.  sent  by  his  di- 
ruli;ment,  to  make  known  his  holy  name  in  un- 

»n  lands."— I.etra  de  Mossen  Jayme  Ferrer,  Na- 

pi!  Ciileecion,  loni.    ii.   decad.'6S.     See  also   the 
pon  expressed  bv   Agostino  tiinstiniani,  his  con- 

owry,  in  his  Polyglot  Psalter. 


CHAPTKR   V. 

PREPARATIONS    OF    COI.UMP.l'S     FOR 
VOVAOli   Ol'    Ul.SCOVERV. 

[1501-1502.] 

Thf.  speculation  relative  to  the  recovery  of  the 
holy  sepulchre  held  but  a  temporary  sway  over 
the  mind  of  Columbus.  His  thoughts  soon  re- 
turned, with  renewed  ardor,  to  their  wonted 
channel.  He  became  impatient  of  inaction,  aiul 
soon  conceived  a  leading  object  for  another  enter- 
prise ot  discovery.  The  achievement  of  \'asco  de 
Ciama,  (d  the  long-attempted  navigation  to  India 
by  the  Cape  of  Cood  Hope,  was  one  ot  the  signal 
events  (d  the  day.  I'edro  Alvarez.  Cabral,  lollop- 
ing in  his  track,  had  m;ide  a  most  successful  voy- 
age, and  returned  with  his  vessels  laden  with  the 
precious  conimoilities  of  the  Fast.  The  riches  of 
C.ilicul  were  now  the  theme  of  every  tongue,  and 
I  the  si)leiulid  trade  now  opened  in  diamonds  and 
precious  stones  from  the  mines  of  Hindostan  ;  in 
!  pearls,  gold,  silver,  amber,  ivory,  and  porcelain  ; 
I  in  silken  stuffs,  costly  woods,  gums,  aromalics, 
I  ami  spices  ot  all  kinds.  The  discoveries  of  the 
savage  regions  of  the  New  World,  as  yet,  brought 
little  rewiiue  to  Si)ain  ;  but  this  route,  suddenly 
opened  to  the  luxurious  countries  of  the  East,  was 
])ouring  immediate  wealth  into  Portugal. 

Columbus  was  roused  to  emulation  by  these  ac- 
counts. He  now  concei\ed  the  idea  ot  a  voyage, 
in  which,  with  his  usual  enthusiasm,  he  hopecl  to 
surpass  not  merely  the  discovery  of  \'asco  de 
(i.ima,  but  even  those  of  his  own  previous  expedi- 
tions. According  to  his  own  observations  in  his 
voyage  to  Paria,  and  the  reports  of  other  naviga- 
tors, who  had  pursued  the  same  route  to  a  greater 
distance,  it  appeared  that  the  coast  ot  Terra  Firina 
stretched  t.ir  to  the  west.  The  southern  coast  of 
Cuba,  which  he  considered  a  part  of  the  Asiatic 
continent,  stretched  onwarti  toward  the  same 
point.  The  currents  of  the  Caribbean  Sea  must 
jia.s;;  between  those  lands.  He  was  iier.-uiaded, 
theiehire,  that  there  must  be  a  strait  existing 
soniewhcre  thereabout,  opening  into  the  Indian 
sea.  Till'  situation  in  w  hich  he  placed  his  conjec- 
tural strait  was  somewhere  about  what  at  |)'esent 
is  called  the  Isthmus  of  Harien.*  Could  he  but 
discover  such  a  pass.ige,  and  thus  link  the  New 
World  he  hatl  {lisco\ered,  with  the  opulent  ori- 
ental regions  of  the  old,  lie  felt  that  he  should 
make  a  magnilicent  close  to  his  labors,  and  con- 
summate this  great  object  of  his  existence. 

When  he  tinlolded  his  plan  to  the  sovereigns,  it 

was  listened   to  with  great  attention.     Certain  of 

the  royal  council,  it   is   said,  endeavored   to  throw 

I  dilliculties  in   the  way,  observing  that  the  variou.s 

(.'xigenries  (d   the   times,  and   the   low  state  ol  the 

royal     iriMsuiy,     rendered    any     new    exjiedition 

highly  inexpedient.     They  intiniated  also  that  Co- 

I  lunibus  'lught  not  to    be  employed  until    his  good 

j  conduct  in  Hispaniola  was  satisf.ictoriiy  eslablish- 

I  ed  by  letters  from  Ovaiulo.   These  narrow-minded 

I  suggestions  f.iiled  in  their  aim  ;    Isabella  had  im- 

j  plicit  conliileiice  in  the  integrity  of  Columbus.    .\s 

to  the  ex|)ense,  she  felt   that  while  furnishing  so 

powerful  a  fleet  and  splendid  retinue  to  Ov.indo, 

to  l.ike  possession  ol   his  government,  it  would  be 

;  ungenerous  and  ungrateful  to  retiise  a  few  ships 

to  the  ilisco\ererot  the  NewWorUl,  to  enable  him 

to  prosecute  his  illuj  rious   enlerjjrises.      As  to 

*  Las  Casas,  lib.  ii.  cap.  4.  Las  Casas  specifics  the 
vicinity  of  Nombrc  de  Dios  as  the  place. 


184 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGES   OF  COLUMBUS. 


'  ,f 


.■■■I'! 


'': 


^!      '■■}] 


m 


'1' 


Ferdinand,  his  rupidity  was  roused  at  llip  idea  of 
huinjf  soon  put  m  possession  ot  a  more  direct  and 
safe  route  to  those  countries  with  which  the  crown 
of  I'ortu^ja'  was  oijeninfj  so  lucrative  a  trade. 
Tile  |)rojecl  also  would  occupy  the  admiral  for  a 
considerable  time,  and,  while  it  diverted  him  Ironi 
claims  of  an  inconvenient  nature,  would  em|)loy 
his  talents  in  a  way  most  henelicial  to  the  crown. 
However  the  king  nii};ht  doubt  his  abilities  as  a 
lej;islator,  he  had  the  hij^hest  opinion  ot  his  skill 
and  judgment  as  a  navigator.  If  such  a  str.iit  as 
the  one  sujiposed  were  really  in  existence,  Colum- 
bus was,  of  all  men  in  the  world,  the  one  to  dis- 
cover it.  His  ])roin)sition,  therefore,  was  promptly 
acceded  to  ;  he  was  authorized  to  fit  out  .an  arma- 
ment immediately  ;  and  reii.nred  to  .Seville  in  the 
autumn  ot  1501,  to  make  the  necessary  prepara- 
tions. 

'riioUifh  this  substantial  enterprise  diverted  his 
attention  from  his  romantic  expedition  for  the  re- 
covery of  the  holy  sepulchre,  it  still  coiuiiuied  to 
haunt  his  mind.  He  left  his  manuscript  collec- 
tion of  researches  amonjj  the  prophecies,  in  the 
hands  of  a  devout  friar  of  the  nameot  daspar  (ior- 
ricio,  who  .assisted  to  complete  it.  In  February, 
also,  he  wrote  a  letter  to  I'ope  Alexander  \'ll.,  in 
which  he  apoloj^izes  on  account  of  indispensable 
occu|)ations,  tor  not  h.avinir  repaired  to  f^ome,  ac- 
cordinjr  to  his  orif^inal  intention,  to  give  an  ac- 
count of  his  granci  discoveries.  After  briefly  re- 
lating them,  he  adds  that  his  enterprises  had  been 
undertaken  with  intent  of  dedicating  the  gains  to 
the  recovery  ot  the  holy  se])ulchre.  He  mentions 
his  vow  to  furnish,  within  seven  years,  fifty  thou- 
sand foot  ,111(1  live  thousand  horse  tor  the  ])ur|)ose, 
and  another  of  like  force  within  five  succeeding 
years.  This  pious  intention,  he  laments,  had  been 
im])eded  by  the  arts  of  the  devil,  and  he  feared, 
without  divine  aid,  would  be  entirely  frustrated, 
as  the  government  which  had  been  granted  to  him 
in  perpetuity  had  been  taken  from  him.  He  in- 
forms his  Holiness  ot  his  being  about  to  embark  on 
another  voyage,  and  promises  solemnly,  on  his  re- 
turn, to  repair  to  I^ome,  without  delay,  to  relate 
everything  by  word  ot  mouth,  as  well  as  to  pre- 
sent him  with  an  account  ot  his  voyages,  which  he 
had  kept  from  the  commencement  to  tlie  ]iresent 
time,  in  the  style  of  the  Commentaries  ot  Ca'sar.'- 

It  w.is  about  this  time,  also,  that  he  sent  his 
letter  on  the  sutiject  ot  the  sepulchre  to  the  sov- 
ereigns, together  with  the  collection  ot  prophe- 
cies.+     We    have    no   account   ot  the   numner   in 


*  N'uvarrctc,  Coler.  Viag.,  toni.  ii.  p.  145. 

f  A  manuscript  volume  containinij  a  copy  of  tliis 
letter  and  of  the  collection  of  prophecies,  is  in  the 
Columbian  Library,  in  the  Cathedral  <;f  Seville,  where 
the  author  of  this  work  has  seen  and  examined  it, 
since  publishing  the  first  edition.  The  title  anil  some 
of  the  early  pa^es  of  the  work  are  in  the  handwriting 
of  FernaniU)  Columbus,  the  main  body  of  the  work  is 
by  a  strange  hand,  proljably  by  the  Friar  Caspar  Gor- 
ricio,  or  some  brother  of  his  Convent.  Tfiere  are 
trifling  miirginal  notes  or  corrections,  and  one  or  two 
trivial  additions  in  the  handwriting  of  Columbus,  es- 
pecially a  passage  added  after  his  return  from  his  fourth 
voyage  and  shortly  before  his  death,  alluding  to  an 
eclipse  of  the  moon  which  took  place  during  his  so- 
journ  in  tli'  island  of  Jamaica.  The  handwriting  of 
this  last  i).i>>.ige,  like  most  of  the  manuscript  of  Co- 
lumbus, which  the  author  has  seen,  is  small  and  deli- 
cate, but  wants  the  firmness  and  distinctness  of  his 
earlier  writing,  his  hand  having  doubtless  become  un- 
steady by  age  and  infirmity. 

This  document  is  extremely  curious  as  containing 
all  the  passages  of  Scripture  and  of  the  works  of  the 
fathers  which  had  so  powerful  an  influence  on  the  en- 


which  the  proposition  was  received.  Fcr!-J 
with  all  his  bigotry,  was  a  shrewd  aii(l>l,,1 
jjrince.  Instead  of  a  chiv.ilrous  crusade;,  ] 
Jerusalem,  he  preferred  making  a  p.icitic  .ir't] 
mcnt  with  the  (Irand  Soldan  of  I'.gypt,  w  1 
menaced  the  destruction  of  the  sacred  ediS  j 
dispatched,  theretore,  the  learned  I'eterM 
distinguished  tor  his  historical  wriiiiij^'s 
bassador  to  the  Soldan,  by  whom  all 
grievances  between  the  two  powers  weres,;,! 
torily  adjusted,  ami  arrangenients  madi- : 
conser\ation  of  the  holy  sepulchre,  and  ih,  i- 
tion  of  all  Christian  pilgrims  resorting  to  i 

In   the  meantime  Columbus  went  on  ,. 
pre])arations  for  his  contemplated  voya;;c  : 
but  slowly,  owing,  .is  Charlevoix  iiuini.-nis- 
artifices  and   delays  of   Fonseca  and  his, 
He  craved   i)ermission   to   touch  ;it  the;-  -I 
Ilispaniola  for  supplies  on   his  ouiward  ,    | 
This,    however,    the  so\-c'reigns  forbade,  I,: 
that  he  had  many  enemies  in  the  isl.mil,  ,t:,i 
the  ])lace  would  be  in  great  agitation  Imnit- 
rival   of  Ovando   and   the   removal  ot  ll./i , 
They   consented,  howe\er,    that   he   shuuii! 
ther.)   brielly  on  his   return,  by   which  lii;;. 
hopeil  the  island  would  be  restored  to  iraiK,: 
He  was  ])erniitted  to  take  with  hiin,  in  ih:>ti 
dition,  his   brother  the   Adelantado,  and  h.-f 
I'\rnando,  then  in  his  fourteenth  year ;  .lis 
or  three  persons  learned  in  .Arabic,  tosi'r\V;J 
terpreters,  in  case  he  should  .arrive  attbi't- 
ions  ot  the  Gr.md   Kh.in,  or  of  anyntlui' 
prince   where  that  language  might  be  spni 
])arti;illy  known.     In   re])ly   to  letters  rc!;i;sl 
the  ultimate  restoration  of  his  rights,  and; 
ters  concerning  his  tamily,  the  soverei^'P.s 
him  a  letter,  dated  March  14th,  1502,  tiuiiiV; 
cia  de  Torre,  in   which   they  again  solcn;', 
sured  him  that  their  ca])itulations  with  h:i;i-;:J 
be  fulfilled  to  the  letter,  and   the  digiiiti;> 
ceded  enjoyed  by  him,  and  his  children  ai'.i:" 
and   if  it  should    be  necessary  to  contirn'  vj 
anew,  they  would  do  so,  and  secure  iIim;: 
son.      ISesides  which,  they  expressed  their  di- 
tion  to   bestow   turlher  hoiuu-s  and  rew.ini-.J 
himself,  his  broliiers,  and  his  idiiidren.    T:' 
treated   him,    theretore,    to    depart   in   pi.;- 
cimhdence,  ;iiid  to  leave  all   his  conceriii  in 
to  the  management  ot  his  son  Diego."' 

This  was  the  last  letter  that  Coluinlnisr 
from    the   sovereigns,  and    llu^   ;is^uranns 
tained    were   as   ample  and   absolute  as  i 
desire.     Recent  circumstances,  howi'Vcr,  ' 
p.irently    rendered    him    dubious   ot    the  ' 
During   the   time   that   he    p.issed   in  Seviiir,! 
vious  to  his  departure,  lie  took  measures  l'> 
his  fame,  and  ]n-eserve  tiu-  claims  of  his  l;i" 
]ilacing  them  under  the  gu.irdianship  ot  l.:i': 
country.      He  had  copies  of  all  the  letter^,  r 
and  ])rivileges  from  the  sovereigns,  appoin;::; 
admiral,  viceroy,  and  gcn-ernor  of  the  Indi.v 
led   and   authenticated   before  the  alcaKliv: 
ville.      Two  sets  of   these   were  transcri:)i- 
gether  with  his  letter  to  the  nurse  ut  I'ria'f.' 
containing  a  circumstantial  .and  e!o(]Uc:Uv" 
tion  of  his  righ.ts  ;  and  two  letters  to  tl;i':..' 


thiisiaslic  mind  of  Colunihus,  and  v,-crc  coiiftraj 
him  into  mysterious  prophecies  and  rcvcl.iii™^' 
volume  is  in  gocd  preservation,  cxccptini;  llut'l 
pages  have  been  cut  in;t.  The  writin.^.  llioinhc:! 
beginning  ol  the  lifieenUi  century,  is  very  dis 
legible.  The  library  mark  of  the  book  is  LsIj:;:| 
Tab.  13S,  No.  25. 

■■*  Las  Casas,  Hist.   Iiid.,  lib.  ii.  cap.  4. 


Gforgc,  at  C,en( 
irtvcniies,  to  be 
L,  (in  corn  and 
Lidit  and  patru 
let  of  the  poor  o 
[docunielits  ' 
I  his  triend,  Due 
Ibassadur  from 


kr.\RTVRF.  01-  roi 
i;i:-Ki,nsi;n  ai 

5AN  IKl.MlNOO— F 

|Ph>l. 


Act;  was  rapidly  i 
jibus  when   he   u 
b!,a'  of  discovery, 
jiiv-six  years,   and 
(re  and  trouble,  in 
ftime.    His  consti 
EiAtrenie,  had  bet 
piisurcs  in  every  cl 
r  the  sufferings  ot 
Iwrrtul  and  comm: 
aacf  of  strength  ai 
^s  vet  crazed  by  ir 
jsms  of   excrucia 
Irccb  alone  ret:iine( 
prompting  hii 
h[  men  seek  repos 
[dur  on  the  most 
jpcditions, 

IHis  s(|iiadron  for  1 
If'iiir  caravels,  the 
|e  lartfcst  not  excei 
Hoiiiitiiig  in  ;dl  tt 
fith  this  little  arma 
111  the  venerable  di; 
Iter .1  strait,  which, 
111)  the  most  remott 
Irc'jmiiavigation  of 
JIn  this  arduous 
lithlul  counsellor,  r 
|i,vliut(ir,  in  his  bro 

i  yi)ijn;,'er  son  Fe 
Btctionate  svmpath 
leiikh  cDintorts,  ti 
pi  ^tr:in;;er,  surrou 
BHUs  enemies, 
I  The  sqiradron  sai 
lay,  and  p.issed  01 
lor.n'co,  where  it  a 
landinij  that  the  I'o 
les:f^'e;lin  the  torlr 

;;reat  |)eril.  Coin 
leri',  and  render  al 

iiire  his  .arrival  t 
ptxnvernur  lay  ill 
•i.iiilt,  Ccdumbus 
li'.'i,  his  son  Ferna 
Snivels  on  shore, 
ptli  e\pressi(nis  ol 
prsof  the  service! 
Nil  message  gave 
paliers  were   sent 


•jtiti'j 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGES   OF   COLUMBUS. 


185 


Gfor-'c,  at  Hcnoa,  assigning  to  it  the  tenth  of 
r'cvcmics,  to  he  employed  in  diminishing  the 
L,  (It)  corn  and  other  provisions— a  truly  he- 
tuliiit  and  patriotic  donation,  intentled  tor  the 
Lf  of  the  poor  of  his  native  city.  These  two 
ii)f  (iociimenls  he  sent  by  liiffeniU  individuals 
j'his  friend,  Doctor  Nicolo  Oiierigo,  formerly 
ibassaclur  ironi  Genoa  ty  the  court  ot  Spain, 


requesting  him  to  preserve  them  in  some  safe 
de|)osit,  and  to  apprise  his  son  Diego  of  the  same. 
His  dissatisfaction  at  the  conduct  of  the  Sjjanish 
court  may  have  been  the  cause  of  this  precaution- 
ary measure,  that  an  ajipeal  to  the  world,  or  to 
l)osterity,  might  be  in  tlie  ))ower  ot  his  descend- 
ants, in  case  ne  should  perish  in  the  course  of  his 
voyage,* 


BOOK   XV. 


CHAPTER  r. 

PARTURF.  OF  COI.UMIIUS   ON    IMS   FOURTH  VOY- 
;i:— KIHSKD  ADMISSION  TO   THF.    H.\KIiOR  OF 
SAN  DO.MlNCiO— F.XI'OSKO    TO    A    VIOI.KNT    TK.M- 

[1502.] 

,r,K  was  rapidly  making  its  advances  upon  Co- 

nhus  when   he   undertook   his   fourth   and  last 

|\ai;u  of  (liHcovery.     He  had  already  numbered 

[tv-six  years,   and   they    were  years  filled   with 

Iri  and  troulile,  in  which  age  outstrips  the  march 

Itime.    His  constitution,   originally  vigorous  in 

extreme,  had  been  impaired  by  hardshi])s  and 

Ipusuris  ill  every  clime,  and  silently  jjrcyed  upon 

the  siifft-riiigs  ot  the  mind.     His  frame,  once 

Jwcrtul  and  loinmanding,  and  retaining  a  sem- 

aiKc  of  strength  .md  majesty  even   in  its  decay, 

ivclcnizedby  infirmities  and  subject  to  i)ar- 

ysnis  of   excruciating    parn.      His   intellectual 

Irccs  alone  retr.ined  their  wonted  health  and  en- 

H,  prompting  him,   at  a   period   of   life   when 

jost  men  .seek  repose,  to  sally  forth  with  youthful 

\i>r  on  the  most  toilsome  and  adventurous  of 

bcdiiions. 

[His  s(|u;i<lron  for  the  present  voyage  consisted 
jf'iur  canivels,  the  smallest  of  fitly  tons  burden, 
leiari;t!.t  not  exce(fding  seventy,  and  the  crews 
nouiuiiii,'  in  all  to  one  hundred  and  fifty  men. 
Jfitinhis  little  armament  and  these  slender  barks 
Id  the  venerable  discoverer  undertake  the  search 
Jter  a  strait,  which,  if  found,  must  conduct  him 
»)  the  most  remote  seas,  antl  lead  to  a  complete 
Irciimnavig.iiion  of  ihu  globe. 
Iln  this  arduous  voyage,  however,  he  had  a 
lithlul  counsellor,  and  an  intrepid  and  vigorous 
pljuliir,  in  his  brother  Don  ISanholomew,  while 
i  yoiin;,H'r  son  I^'ernando  cheered  him  with  his 
ntctionale  sympathy.  He  had  k'arnt  to  ajipreci- 
lesiiih  comforts,  from  being  too  often  an  isol.i- 
istraiiLjer,  surrounded  by  false  friends  and  per- 
JDious  enemies. 

iThe  smi.idron  sailed  from  CmW/.  on  the  9th  of 
lay,  anti  p.issed  over  to  Ilrcilla,  on  the  co:<st  of 
poriicco,  where  it  anchored  on  the  13th.  I'nder- 
amlini;  tliiit  the  Portuguese  garrison  was  closely 
|ts;e^'e;lin  the  fortress  bytheMoors,  and  exposed 
;;reat  peril,  Columbus  was  ordered  to  touch 
lire,  and  render  all  the  assistance  in  his  ])ower. 
Ift'ire  his  ;irrival  the  siege  had  been  r;iised,  but 
p^'nvernor  lay  ill,  having  been  wounded  in  an 
piiill.  Columbus  sent  his  brother,  the  Adelan- 
li!  I,  his  son  Fernando,  and  the  captains  of  the 
pivels  on  shore,  to  wait  upon  the  governor, 
|iih  expressions  of  friendship  and  civility,  and 
RiTMil  the  services  of  his  sfpi.idron.  Their  visit 
^ilniess.ige  g.ive  high  satisfaction,  and  several 
^lalieri  were  sent  to  wait  upon  the  admiral  in 


return,  some  of  whom  were  relatives  of  his  de- 
ceased wife,  Dofla  Felippa  .Mufloz.  After  this  ex- 
change of  civdities,  the  .ulmiral  made  sail  on  the 
same  day,  and  continued  his  voy.ige.f  On  the 
25th  of  May  he  arrived  at  the  (iraiid  Canary,  and 
remained  at  that  and  the  adjacent  islands  for  a 
few  days,  taking  in  wood  and  water.  On  the  even- 
ing of  the  25th  he  took  his  departure  for  the  New 
World.  The  trade  winds  were  so  favorable  that 
the  little  squadron  swept  gently  on  its  course, 
without  shifting  a  sail,  anil  arrived  on  the  15th  of 
June  at  one  of  the  Caribbee  Islands,  called  by  the 
natives  Mantinino.J  After  stopjiing  nere  lor  three 
days,  to  take  in  wood  and  water,  and  allow  the 
seamen  time  to  wash  their  clothes,  the  sepiadron 
passed  to  the  west  of  the  island,  and  s.iiled  to  Do- 
minica, about  ten  leagues  distant.?  Columbus 
continued  hence  along  the  inside  of  the  Antilles, 
to  Santa  Cruz,  then  along  the  south  side  of  Porto 
Rico,  and  steered  for  .San  Domingo.  This  was 
contrary  to  the  original  plan  of  the  admiral,  who 
had  intended  to  steer  to  Jamaica, ||  and  thence  to 
take  a  departure  for  the  continent,  and  exjjlore  its 
coasts  in  search  of  the  supposed  strait.  It  was 
contrary  to  the  orders  of  the  sovereigns  also,  pro- 
hibiting him  on  his  outward  voyage  to  touch  at 
Hispaniola.  His  excuse  was  that  his  ])rinci|)al 
vessel  sailed  extremely  ill,  could  not  carry  any 
ranvas,  and  continually  embarrassed  and  delayed 
"he  rest  of  the  squadron.'!  He  wished,  therefore, 
to  exchange   it  for  one  of  the  fleet  which  had  re- 

*  These  documents  lay  unknown  in  the  Odcrigo 
family  until  if)7o,  when  Lorenzo  Oderi^o  presented 
them  to  the  government  of  Genoa,  and  they  were  de- 
posited in  ihe  archives.  In  ihe  disturbances  and  re%-o- 
lutions  of  after  times,  one  of  these  copies  was  taken 
to  Paris,  and  the  other  disappeared.  In  iSifi  the  latter 
was  discovered  in  the  library  of  the  deceased  Count 
Michel  Angelo  Cambiaso,  a  senator  of  (ienoa.  It  was 
procured  liy  the  "^  ins  of  .Sardinia,  then  soverei};"  of 
tienoa,  and  given  up  by  him  to  the  city  of  Genoa  in 
1S21.  A  custodia,  or  monument,  was  erected  in  that 
city  for  its  preservation,  consisting  of  a  marble  column 
supporting  an  urn,  surmounted  by  a  bust  of  Colum- 
1ms.  The  documents  were  deposited  in  the  urn. 
These  papers  have  been  published,  tngetlicr  with  an 
histurical  memoir  of  Columbus,  by  D.  Gio.  Hattista 
Spotorno,  Professor  of  Eloquence,  etc.,  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  Genoa. 

{  Hist,  del  Almirante,  cap.  8S. 

i  Sefior  Navarrete  supposes  this  island  to  be  the 
same  at  present  called  Santa  Lucia.  From  the  dis- 
tance between  it  and  Dominica,  as  slated  by  Fernando 
Columbus,  it  was  more  probably  the  present  Mar- 
tinica. 

>;   Hist,  del  Almirante,  cap.  8.S. 

I  Letter  of  Columbus  from  Jamaica.  Journal  of 
Porras,  Navarrete,  torn.  i. 

*,i  Hist,  del  Almirante,  cap.  S3.  Las  Casas,  lib.  ii. 
cap.  5. 


ii; 


186 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGES   OF   COLUMBUS. 


i  I 


•.ii,  S; 


J'    M 


'1  !' 


s  ■ 

'  * 

^ . 

:>■■ 

^ 

^: 

-^    4 

l>l! 


ccntly  convrvfd  Ovantlo  to  his  government,  or  to 
purchase  some  other  vessel  at  San  Doniinj^o  ;  and 
he  was  persuaded  that  lie  would  not  lie  blamed 
for  (le|)artinj;  from  his  orders,  in  acase  of  such  im- 
portance to  the  salety  and  success  of  his  ex|iedition. 

It  is  necessary  to  state  the  siluati(3n  of  the  island 
at  this  monu'nt.  Ovando  had  reached  San  Do- 
mingo on  the  15th  of  April,  lie  had  been  received 
with  the  accustomed  ceremony  on  the  shore,  by 
15()badill:i,  .iccompanied  by  the  princijjal  inhabi- 
tants ot  the  town,  lie  was  escortetl  to  the  fortress, 
where  his  commission  was  read  in  form,  in  ])res- 
cnce  of  all  the  authorities.  The  usual  oaths  were 
taken,  and  ceiemonials  observed  ;  and  the  new 
governor  was  hailed  with  great  demonstrations  of 
obedience  and  satisfaction.  Ovando  entered  ujion 
the  duties  of  his  office  with  coolness  and  pru- 
dence, and  treated  ISobadilla  with  a  courtesy  to- 
tally opposite  to  the  rudeness  with  which  the  latter 
had  superseded  Columbus.  The  emptiness  of 
mere  official  r.uik,  when  unsustained  by  merit, 
was  shown  in  the  case  of  liobadilla.  The  mo- 
ment his  authority  was  at  an  end  all  his  impor- 
tance vanished.  Me  found  himself  a  solitary  and 
neglected  man,  deserted  by  those  whom  he  had 
most  favored,  and  he  ex|)erienced  the  worthless- 
ness  of  the  popularity  gained  by  courting  the  jirej- 
udices  and  passions  of  the  multitude.  Still  there 
is  no  record  of  any  suit  having  been  instituted 
against  him  ;  and  Las  Casas,  who  was  on  the 
spot,  declares  that  he  never  heard  any  harsh  thing 
spoken  of  him  by  the  colonists,* 

The  conduct  of  Koldari  and  his  accomjiliccs, 
however,  underwent  a  strict  investigation,  and 
many  were;  arrested  to  be  sent  to  Spain  for  trial. 
They  appeared  undismayed,  trusting  to  the  inllu- 
ence  of  their  friends  in  Spain  to  i)rolect  them,  and 
many  relying  on  the  well-known  disposition  of  the 
liishop  of  Konseca  to  favor  all  who  had  been  oj)- 
posed  to  Columbus. 

The  fleet  which  had  brought  out  Ovando  was 
now  ready  for  sea  ;  and  was  to  take  out  a  number 
ot  the  principal  (lelin(|uents,  and  many  of  the  idlers 
and  ])rof1igates  of  the  island.  Bobadilla  was  to 
embark  in  tin;  principal  ship,  on  board  of  which 
he  pi  t  an  immense  amount  of  gold,  the  revenu# 
collected  for  tlie  crown  during  his  government, 
and  which  he  confidently  expected  would  atone 
for  all  his  faidts.  There  was  one  solid  mass  of 
virgin  gold  on  board  of  this  ship,  which  is  famous 
in  the  old  Spanish  chronicles.  It  had  been  found 
by  a  female  Indian  in  a  brook,  on  the  estate  of 
Francisco  de  Ciaray  and  Miguel  Diaz,  and  had 
been  taken  'by  HolSadilla  to  send  to  the  king, 
making  the  owners  a  suitable  com|)ensaiion.  It 
was  saiil  to  weigh  three  thousand  six  hundred 
castellanos.t 

Large  epi.-intities  of  gold  were  likewise  shipped 
in  the  fleet,  by  the  followers  of  Roldan,  and  other 
adventurers,  the  wealth  gained  by  the  sufferings 
of  the  unhapjiy  natives.  Among  the  various  per- 
sons who  were  to  sail  in  the  jirincipal  shi|)  was 
the  unfortunate  (iuarionex,  the  once  powerful  ca- 
cique of  the  \'ega.  He  had  been  contined  in  Fort 
Conception  ever  since  his  capture  after  the  war 
of  Higuey,  and  was  now  to  be  sent  a  cajitive  in 
chains  to  Spain.  In  one  of  the  shijis,  Aionzo 
Sanchez  de  Caravjal,  the  agent  of  Columbus,  had 
t)Ut  four  thousand  pieces  of  gold,  to  be  remitted  to 
liim,  being  part  of  his  pro|)erty,  either  recently 
collected  or  recovered  from  the  hands  of  Boba- 
dilla.J 


*  Las  Casas,  Hist.  Ind.,  lib.  il.  cap.  3, 
f  Ibid.,  cap.  5. 


t  Ibid. 


The  preparation.?  were  all  made,  .nndthe' 
was  ready  to  put  to  sea,  when,   on  the  :,- 
June,  the  s(|uadron   ot  Columbus  arrivi'd'ai. 
mouth   of  the  riv('r.     He  immediately  seiuj' 
de  Terreros,  captain   of  one  ot   the  car.ivdi 
shore  to  wait  on  Ovando,  and  explain  toiiin-l 
the  ])urpose  of  his  coming  was  to  procure  a,  J 
in  exchange  for  one  of  his  caravels,  whii^vl 
extremely  defective.      He    recpiested    perm,, 
also  to  shelcer  his  scpiadron  in  the  harbor  ;ii 
apiirehended,  from    various    indications,  ,iV 
l)roaching  storm.     This  reipiest  was  refu*: 
Ovando.     Las  Casas  thinks   it    probable  iha;- 
had  instructions  from  the  sovereigns  not  to  a"; 
Columbus,   and   that   he  was   further  swavwi- 
prudent  considerations,  as  San   Doinini;o  v.J 
that  moment  crowded  with  the  most  viriilir,i-l 
mies  of  the  admiral,  many  of  them  in  a  hi^ 
ot   exasperation,  from    recent   inoceediiigi  .i-  j 
had  taken  place  against  them.* 

When   tlie  ungracious   refusal   of  Ovando 
brought  to  Columbus,  and   he  foiuid  all  bht;! 
denied  him,  he  sought  at  least  to  a\ert  thed:, 
of  the   fleet,  which   was  about   to  sail,    lit-;.] 
back  the  officer,  therefore,   to  the  goveriinr, 
treating  him  not  to  permit  the-  fleet  to  pm;, 
for   several   days,  assuring    hint  that  there 
indubitable  signs  of  an  impending  tempest.   Tl 
second  recpiest  was  ec|ually  fruitless  with  tht"::! 
The  weather,  to  an   inexiierienced  eye,  was : J 
and  tranci'il  ;    the  pilots  and  seamen  were  ijJ 
tient  to  de|)art.     They  scoffed  at  the  prediciii- 
the  admiral,    ridiculing  him  as  a  false  pri)|,'' 
and  they  persuaded  Ovando  not  to  iletain  thtr' 
on  so  unsubstantial  a  |)ret!;\t. 

It  was  hard  treatment  of  Columbus,  thiisiu:! 
denied  the  relict  which  the  state  of  his  ship; 
(juired,  and  to  be  excluded  in  timeot  distress:: 
the  very   harbor  he  had  discovered.     He  rit.-l 
froni  the  river  full  ot  grief  and  indignation.  \'i 
crew  murmured  loudly  at  being  shut  out  In; 
port  of  their  own   nation,   where  even  straii,rJ 
under  similar  circumstances,  would  be  adm;::.| 
They    repined    at  having  embarked  with  ao- 
mander  liable  to  such  treatment,  and  anticipa;; 
nothing   but  evil  from  a  voyage,    in  which  r;| 
were  exposed   to   the  dangers   ot  the  sea,  am;- 
pulsed  from  the  ])rotection  ot  the  land. 

Being  confident,  from    his  observations  n!:- 
naiural  phenomena  in  which  he  was  deeply  >v  - 
that  the  anticipated   storm  could   not  he  d'-'.r.l 
and  expecting    it  from   the   land   side,   Colunrf 
ke]it  his   feel)le  sepiadron   close  to  the  shoa,:;:! 
sought  tor  secure  anchorage  in  some  wild  ! 
river  of  the  island. 

In  the   mean  time  the  fleet  of  liobadilla  sc:^'| 
from  San   Domingo,   and  stood   out  contidcit 
sea.     Within  two  days   the  jjredictions  of  Cj!-'-I 
bus  were  verified.     One  of  those  tremeii(louM'.:| 
ricanes,   which  sometimes   sweep  those  l.itiuidr 
had  gradually  gathered  up.     The  baletul  ap;ci| 
ance  of  the   heavens,    the  wild  look  ot  the  occ;: 
the  rising  murmur  of  the  winds,  all  gave  noiii;  ] 
its  a])proach.     The  Heet  had  scarcely  rea<  hid : !| 
eastern  point  of  Hispaniola  when  the  tempest' 
o\er  it  with  awful    fury,   involving  everythiiii; 'I 
wreck  and  ruin.   The  ship  on  board  of  which  wtif 
Bobadilla,  Roldan,  and  a  number  of  the  most iriv; 
crate  enemies  of  Columbus,  was  swallowed  u|)«:.| 
all  its  crew,  and  with  the  celebrated  massotfi'^ 
and   the   principal   part  of  the  ill-gottt:n  trcasel 
gained   by  the   miseries   ot  the  Indians.     Maii):^ 
the  ships  were  entirely  lost,  some  returned  to,^^| 


*  Las  Casas,  ubi  sup. 


m 


us. 

were  all  made,  and  the  g 
I  stM,  when,   on  the  ; 
A  Columl)ii.s  arrival  ;v-m 
He  immeciialely  sent  Ivf 
of  one  of   llic  caravtl, 
i(lo,  and  exi)lain  to  hjn;- 
iiinjr  was  to  l)rocurea  ,;, 
of  his  caravels,  which' 
He    reciuestcd    pLTm;;, 
iiadron  in  the  harbor;  ,.^ 
arious    indications,  iv. 
his  rec|ncst   was  rclux 
thinks   it    prohaijle  ihv 
the  sovereijrns  not  to,-,:: 
he  was   further  sw;ui(: 
IS,  as  San   Doniiniju  v,:;. 
I  with  the  most  viriiler.i. 
iiany  of  them  in  a  hifjh.; 
I    recent   iJroceedinj^r^  -y 
1st  them.* 

ous   refusal   of  Ovando 
s,  and   he   toinid  all  iU. 
t  at  least  to  avert  thedr.r, 
las  about  to  sail.    Ili,.| 
efore,   to   the  ^jovcriKir, 
)ermit  the  fleet  to  puttij 
iUrinjr    jiini  that  then; 
n  iiiijiendinfr  tempest.   T-J 
jually  fruitless  with  ilit- 
ine.\i)erienced  eye,  \v,is  :.l 
lots  and  seamen  Wfre:r 
»■  scoffed  at  the  predict:!- 
iij;  him   as  a  false  prn;- 
K'ando  not  to  detain  iht-:: 
pretuvt. 

eiit  of  Cohimhiis,  thus: 
ich  the  state  of  his  sliiis-;| 
uded  in  time  of  distress;: 
lad  discovered.     He  re;.-: 
j^rief  and  indij^nation.  !;J 
ly  at  f)eiiitr  sluil  (lut  Ip:,| 
tion,   where  even  stranL;' 
tances,  would  he  .-idmirf.! 
n<;  embarked  with  lu 
treatment,  and  aiuicip;:;! 

a  voyajre,    in  which  i:: 
danjjfers   of  the  sea,  a!ii;:?| 
tron  of  the  lanil. 

his  oliservations  n[;r  - 

wiiich  he  was  deeply  sk;  : 

orm  could   not  he  (li-;r 

the   land   side,   Coiun:;, 

■on    close  to  the  shore,  :; 

lorage  in  some  wild  h,v, 


LIFE   AND    VOYAGES   OF   COLUMBUS. 


In: 


he  fleet  of  Hobadilla  5e:-i| 

nd  stood    out  confideniv 

tile  |)re(lictions  of  Co!;' 

of  those  tremendous  r..:l 
mes   sweep  those  latiiuic] 

up.     The  lialehd  appc; 
the   wild  look  of  the  oa.-i 
u-  winds,  all  j;ave  iiol:i 
t  had  scarcely  reachd ■.jI 
lola  when  the  teni|H'st'' 
y,    invohiii^  everylhin 
lip  on  board  of  which  '. 
I  nuniberof  the  most in.:;| 
)us,  was  sw;dlowedu|)»'.J 
le  celebrated  mass  ot 

of  the  ill-tjotlen  trc.M?.| 

of  the  Indians.     Mam  i 
lost,  some  returned  to  >" 


L^iP^o,  in  shattered  condition,  and  only  one 
L  ^.nabled  t'l  continue  her  voyage  to  Spain. 
Lione  according,'  to  Fernando  Columbus,  was 
"ueakest  ol  the  fleet,  and  had  on  board  the  four 
bu  Jnd  pieces  ot  gold,   the  projierty  of  the  ad- 

)iiriii|;  the  early  part  of  this  storm   the  little 

,|ij,„  III  (^dumbus   remained    tolerably  well 

Iclu-rcd  hy  ihc   land.     On    the  second   d.-iy  the 

t  iiicre.ised  in  violence,  and  the  night  com- 

',,■1  with  unusual  darkness,  the  ships  lost  sight 

each  otlur  aii<l   were  sejiarated.      The  admiral 

111  kept  clo-ie  to   the   shore,    and   sustained    no 

Inii'c.    The  others,  fearful  of  the  land  in  such 

llarkaiul  boisterous  night,  ran  out  for  sea-room, 

1(1  eiicduntcred    the   whole  fury  of  the  elements. 

;evcral  d.ivs   they   were  driven  about  at  tlii' 

Ircv  of  wind  .uid  wave,  fearful  each  moment  of 

in.vrcck,  and  giving  up  each  other  as  lost.     T'he 

ci;iin,ido,   who   commanded    the    slii|)  already 

fcir.ioiicd  as  being  scircely  seaworthy,  ran  the 

imniiiieiit  lia/ard,   and  nothing  but  his  con- 

►iiniate  sc.uuanship    enabled   him   to   keej)   iier 

Oat.    .-Vt  length,  alter  v;irious  vicissitudes,  they 

arrived  sale  at   I'ort   Ilermoso,  to  the  west  of 

In  Diiniiiigo.     T'hc  Adelantado  had  lost  his  long- 

at ;  and  .dl  the  vessels,   with  the  exception  of 

hint  ilie  admiral,  had  sustained  more  or  less  in- 

n\n>:n  Coluinbus  learnt  the  signal  destruction 
kt  h.id  overwhelmed  his  enemies,  almost  before 
iv\cs,  he  w;is  dee|)ly  impressed  with  awe,  and 

■ik-ii'd  bis  own  preservation  as  little  less  than 
ImcuIous.    lioth  his  son  i'"eriiaiido  and  the  ven- 

ilc  histori.ui  l-.'is  Casas  looked  upon  the  event 
[v'.\c  of  tlio^e  awful  judgments  which  seem  at 
jii,  to  de.d  tenth  temporal  relribulion.  They 
llicc  the  circumstance,  that  while  the  enemies  of 
MJniind  were  swallowed  u|)  by  the  raging  sea, 
ilv  ship  of  the  tieet  which  was  enabled  to 
Ir.iuc  her  voyage,  and  reach  her  port  ot  destina- 
In.  was  the  frail  bark  freighted  with  the  proji- 
lyof  CoUiiiibus.  The  evil,  however,  in  this,  as 
[must  circumst.uices,  overwhelmed  the  innocent 
Iv.cll , -IS  the  guilty.  In  the  ship  with  Bobadilla 
|dl<uld.-ni,  perished  the  captive  (iuarione,\,  the 
Iturluiiate  cacic|ue  of  the  Vega.* 


CIIAl'TKR  II. 

IvnVACK  AI.OXO    I'lIK   CO.VST    OF   tlONDURAS. 
["502.] 

'or  sevcr.d  d.iys  Columbus  remained  in  I'ort 
tniioso,  to  re|).iir  his  vessels  and  permit  his 
rvs  to  repose  and  refresh  thems(dves  after  the 
tempest.  He  had  scarcely  left  this  harbor 
Bca  he  w.-is  (diliged  to  take  shelter  from  another 
pm  in  l,ic(piemel,  or  as  it  was  called  by  the 
|an;,ir(ls,  I'ort  llra/il.  Hence  he  s.iiled  on  the 
llh  of  hily,  steering  fiu'  Terra  Firni;i.  The 
l.v.:irr  falling  perfeiUly  calm,  he  was  borne  away 
7  I'll'  curreius  until  he  found  himself  in  the  vi- 
J:t;  of  some  little  islands  near  Jamaica, t  desti- 
Itof  springs,  but  where  the  seamen  obtained  a 
Pp'y  »t  \\,iti-r  bv  digging  holes  in  the  sand  on 

iirach. 

Ihecalm  continuing,  he  was  swept  away  to  the 

1-3?  Casas,  Hist.  Ind.,  lib.  ii.  cap.   5.     Hist,   del 
i^rante.  cap.  SS. 
I  -Supposed  to  be  the  Morant  Keys. 


group  of  small  i.slands,  or  kcy.=i,  on  tlin  southern 
coast  of  Cld)a,  to  which,  in  1494,  he  had  given  the 
name  of  The  (iardens.  He  had  scan  ely  touched 
there,  however,  when  the  nind  sprang  up  irom  a 
favorable  quarter,  and  ho  was  enabled  to  make 
sail  on  his  destined  course.  He  now  stood  to  the 
south-west,  and  alter  a  few  days  discovered,  on 
the  30th  of  July,  a  small  but'  e!e\  ated  island, 
agreeable  to  the  eye  from  the  variety  of  trees  with 
which  it  w;is  covered.  Among  these  was  a  great 
number  ot  lofty  pines,  from  which  i  ircumst;uice 
Columbus  named  it  Isl;i  de  I'inos.  It  has  always, 
however,  retainetl  its  Indian  name  of  CiU.-inaja,* 
which  has  been  extended  to  :i  number  of  suialler 
islands  surrounding  it.  This  group  is  within  .-i 
few  leagues  of  the  coast  of  Iloniluras,  to  the  east 
of  tlir'  great  b;iy  or  gulf  of  that  name. 

The  Ad(danlado,  with  two  l.iuiuhes  full  of  ]K'o- 
ple,  landed  on  the  ])riiicip,-il  island,  which  was  ex- 
tremely verdant  and  fertile.  The  inhabitants  re- 
sembled those  of  other  islands,  excepting  thi.t 
their  foreheads  were  n;irrower.  \\liile  the  .-Xde- 
laiitado  was  on  shore,  he  beheld  a  great  canoe  ar- 
riving, as  from  a  distant  and  iniporlaiit  voy.-ige. 
He  was  struck  with  its  magnitude  and  con- 
tents. It  was  eight  feet  wide,  and  as  long  ,is 
a  g.dley,  though  formed  of  the  trunk  ot  a  sin- 
gle tree.  In  the  centre  was  a  kind  of  awn- 
ing or  cabin  ot  palm-leaves,  alter  the  ma;;- 
ner  ot  those  in  the  gondolas  of  \'enice,  aiul 
sulliciently  close  to  exclude  both  sun  and  rain. 
I'nder  this  sat  a  cacitpie  with  his  wives  and 
children.  Twenty-five  Indians  rowed  the  e.inoe, 
rmd  it  was  Idled  with  all  kinds  of  articles  of  the 
m.-inufacture  and  natural  jiroductioii  ot  the  adja- 
cent countries.  It  is  supposed  that  this  bark  h.'.d 
come  from  the  province  of  Yucatan,  which  is 
about  forty  leagues  distant  from  this  island. 

The  Indians  in  the  canoe  appeared  to  have  no 
fear  of  the  Spaniards,  and  readily  went  alongside 
of  the  admiral's  caravel.  Columbus  was  over- 
joyed at  thus  h;iving  brought  to  him  at  once,  with- 
out troidile  or  danger,  a  collection  ot  specimens 
of  all  the  important  articles  ot  this  partot  the  New 
World.  He  examined  with  great  cuiiosity  and 
interest  the  contents  of  the  canoe.  .-Vniong  vari- 
ous utensils  and  weapons  similar  to  those  aire.uly 
found  among  tlie  n.-itives,  he  |)erceiveil  others  ol 
a  much  superior  kind.  There  were  hatchets  for 
cutting  wood,  formed  not  of  stone  but  cojiper  ; 
wooden  swords,  with  channels  on  e.icli  side  ot  the 
blade,  in  which  sharp  Hints  were  t'lrmly  fixed  by 
cords  m;icle  of  the  intestines  of  fishes  ;  being  the 
same  kind  of  weapon  afterward  found  among  the 
Mexicans.  There  were  copjier  bells,  and  other 
articles  of  the  same  metal,  together  with  a  rude 
kind  of  crucible  in  which  to  melt  it  ;  v.irious  ves- 
sels and  utensils  neatly  tormed  of  clay,  of  marble, 
•and  of  hard  wood  ;  sheets  and  mantles  ot  cotton, 
worked  and  dyed  with  various  colors  ;  great 
cpiantilies  of  cacao,  a  fruit  :is  yet  uid<nown  to  the 
Spaniards,  but  which,  as  they  soon  lound,  the  na- 
tives held  in  great  estim.-ition,  u-.ing  it  both  as 
food  and  money.  There  was  a  beverage  also  ex- 
tracted from  maize  or  Indian  corn,  resembling 
beer.  Their  provisions  consisterl  ol  bre.id  made 
ot  maize,  and  roots  of  v,-irious  kinds,  similar  to 
those  of  Hispaniola.  l'"rom  among  these  articles 
Columbus  collected  such  ;is  were  important  to 
send  as  specimens  to  Siiain,  giving  the  natives 
I-Airopean  trinkets  in  exclian;ge,  with  which  they 
were  highly  s.itistl-d.  They  appeared  to  mani- 
fest  neither    astonish meiii    nor    alarm    when    on 

*  Called  in  some  of  the  English  maps  Uonacea, 


188 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGKS   OF  COLUMBUS. 


!:!!; 


hoard  of  the  vessels,  and  surrounded  by  people 
who  must  h.ivi;  hcen  so  slranjje  and  wonderful  to 
them.  The  women  wore  mantles,  with  which 
tlu'y  wrapped  themselves,  like  the  female  Moors 
of  Ciranaila,  and  iht;  men  had  cloths  of  cotton 
round  their  loins.  ISoth  sexes  appeared  more  par- 
ticular .about  these  coverinj^s,  and  to  have  a 
(juicker  sense  of  person.il  modesty  than  any  In- 
(li.ins  Columlnis  h.id  yet  disovered. 

These  (-ircumst.inces,  tof^ether  with  the  superi- 
ority of  their  imi)lements  and  manufactures,  were 
l)el(l  by  the  admiral  ;is  indic.itions  that  he  was  a|)- 
pro.ichin;,'  n>ore  civilized  nations,  fie  endeavored 
to  >;.iin  particular  information  from  these  Indians 
about  the  surrounding^  countries  ;  but  as  they 
spoke  a  diff;-rent  lan,t,maj^e  from  that  of  his  inter- 
preters, he  coidd  underst.md  them  but  im|)erfect- 
ly.  'i'hey  inlornicd  him  that  they  had  just  .arrived 
from  a  country,  rii-h,  culli\ated,  and  industrious, 
silii.itcd  to  the  west.  'I'hey  endeavored  to  im])ress 
hini  with  ;in  idea  of  the  wealth  and  m.it^niticence 
ol  the  rc^rion  ;,  and  the  people  in  that  cpiarler,  and 
un^ed  hun  to  steer  in  that  direction.  Well  would 
it  ha\e  been  lor  Columbus  had  he  followed  their 
advii  e.  Within  a  day  or  two  he  would  h.ive  ar- 
rived at  Yucatan  ;  the  (lisco\ery  of  Mexico  .and  the 
otlu'r  opulent  countries  ot  .New  Sp.iin  would  have 
necessarily  followeil  ;  the  .Southern  Ocean  would 
have  been  disclosi-d  to  him,  and  a  succession  of 
splendid  discoveries  would  have  shed  fresh  t;lory 
on  his  del  linini^'  :vj;i\  instead  of  its  sinking  amidst 
gloom,  ncf^Iect,  and  dis.ippointment. 

The  admiral's  whole  mind,  however,  was  at 
present  intent  upon  discoverin<r  the  strait.  As 
the  countries  described  by  the  Indians  lay  to  the 
west,  he  supposed  that  he  could  easilv  visit  them 
at  some  future  time,  by  running,'-  with  the  trade- 
winds  alon^the  coast  of  Cuba,  which  he  ima^jined 
must  continue  on,  so  as  to  join  them.  At  ])resent 
he  w.is  determined  to  seek  the  m.iin-land,  the 
mountains  of  which  were  visible  to  the  south,  and 
app.irenlly  not  m.my  leaj^ues  distant  ;"  by  keeping 
alouLf  It  stcidf.astly  to  the  east,  he  must  at  length 
arrive  to  where  he  sujijiosed  it  to  be  severed  from 
the  coast  ot  I'.iria  by  an  intervening  strait  ;  and 
])assing  throu;,;h  'his,  he  shoidd  soon  make  his 
w.iy  to  the  Spice  Isl.mds  and  the  richest  parts  of 
India. t 

He  w.is  encouraged  the  more  to  persist  in  his 
eastern  course  by  intormation  from  ilie  Indians, 
that  there  were  many  ])!.ices  in  th.it  direction 
which  .abounded  with  gold.  Much  ot  the  infor- 
mation which  he  g.ithered  among  these  peoi)le 
w;is  derived  Irom  an  old  man  more  intelligent  than 
the  rest,  who  appeared  to  be  .an  ancient  navigator 
of  these  seas.  Columbus  retained  him  to  serve  as 
a  guide  along  the  coast,  and  dismissed  his  com- 
])anions  with  many  presents. 

Leaving  the  island  of  Ciuanaja,  he  stood  south- 
wardly tor  the  m.iin-land,  and  after  sailing  a  few- 
leagues  disiovered  a  ca])e,  to  which  he  gave  the 
name  of  Caxinas,  from  its  being  covered  with 
fruit  trees,  so  called  by  the  natives.  It  is  at  pres- 
ent known  as  Cane  Honduras.  Here,  on  Sunday 
the  14th  of  .August,  the  .Adelantado  landed  with 
the  captains  of  the  caravels  and  many  of  the  sea- 
men, to  attend  mass,  which  was  jierformed  under 
the  trees  on  the  sea-shore,  according  to  the  jiious 
custom  ot  the  admiral,  whenever  circumstances 
would  permit.  On  the  17th  the  .Adel.mtado  again 
landed    at   a    river   about    litteen  miles  from   the 

*   Tournal  of  I'orras,  N'avarrete,  torn.  i. 
+  i.as  Casus,  lib.  ii.  cap.    2o.     Letter  of  Columbus 
from  Jamaica, 


point,  on  the  batik  of  which  I'le  displayed  iLe, 
ners  of  Castile,  taking  possession  ot  the  t  j  ■ 
in  the  name  ot  their  Catholic  Majcstits;  •• 
which  circumstances  he  named  this  ilii;  Ri,' ] 
Possession.* 

At  this  place  they  found  upw.ird  of  a  hunJ 
Indians  assembleil,  laden  with  bread  and  rr.ij 
llsh   and   fowl,   vegetaliles,   and   fruits  of  vji 
kinds.     These  they  laid  down  as  prisem>  iuj 
the  Adelantado  and   his  |).iriy,  and  diewLji 
a  distance   without  speaking  .1  word.    Thf.v> 
lantado  distributed  among  tliem  various  tr;uj 
with  which  they  were  well   ple.ised,  and  ap'.c.J 
the  next  day  in  the  same  pl.ice,  in  gre.iitr' 
bers,  with  still  more  abundant  supplies  ol-; 
sions. 

The  natives  of  this   neighborhooil,  and  ; 
considerable  distance  eastward,  li.id  liij,'lnr:J 
heads  than   those   ot  the  islands.       1  hey  wrtl 
different  languages,  .and  varied  Irom  <'.Kh  dihri 
their  decorations.      Some    were  eniiridy  n,uJ 
and   their   bodies  were  marked   by  iiR'ans.; 
with  the  figures  of  various  animals.     .Sunu:  , 
coverings  about  the    loins  ;    others  short  , 
jerkins  without  sleeves  ;  some  wore  trc'ssusi: 
in  front.     The  chieftains  had  caps  of  while  ;; 
ored  cotton.     When  .arrayed  lor  any  tcsiiv.i 
painted   their  faces  black,  or  with  stripes  d; 
ous    colors,  or  with   circles  round  tin-  eyes. 
old  Ind'an  guide  assured  the  admiral  tli.it  irr 
them  were  cannibals.    In  one  part  ot  ihcuiivj 
natives  had   their  ears    bored,  and   hi(leoU:.\ 
tended;    which  c.iused   the  .Sjianiards  to  1,1:, 
region  /a  Costa  dc  la  Oreja,  or  "  The  Coast-; 
i:,ar."t 

From  the   Ri.'er  of  I'ossession,  Coliimlii;; 
ceeded  along  what  is  at  ])resent  called  ihi 
of  flonduras,  beating  against  contrary  \\in(l>, i 
struggling  with   currents,    which   swept  tru;i.J 
east  like  the  constant  stream  of  a  river.    Iki 
lost  in  one   t.acl.  what   he  h.id   laboriously:;!, 
in   two,  frequently  making   but  two  k'aj;uc- J 
day,  and  never  more  than  five.      At  night; 
chored  under  the  laiul,  through  fetir  ot  jiidit 
along  an   unknown  coast   in   the   dark,  hi; 
often  forced  out  to  sea  by  the  \  iolcnct;  ol  li: 
rents. +     In  all  this  tim    he  experienced  iIumJ 
kind  of  weather  th.it  had  prevailed  on  tluinir; 
Ilispaniola,  .and   htid   attended   him   more  or 
for  upward   of  sixty  days.     There  was,  he  > 
almost  an  incessant  tempest  ot   the  heavens  '1 
heavy  rains,  and  such  thunder  ;ind  liglilnii;;' 
it  S(temed  as  if  the  end  ot  tlu:  world  was  at;. 
'fh.ose  who  know  anything  of  the  diciu-hin^'r 
and  rending  thunder  of   the  iropics  will  nut; 
his   description  of   the   storms   exaggeralcd 
vessels  were  strained  so  that  their  seams  (i]i;'*:| 
the  sails  and  ringing  were  rent,  .and  the  |irii.:> 
were  damtigeii   by  the    rain   and   byllu;leu^i 
The  sailors   were  e.xhausled   with  labor  :inii"4 
assed   with  terror.     They  many   times  ror.tri;| 
their  sins  to  each  other,  and  prepared  tor  liri] 
"I   have  seen   many   tempests,"    s.iys  Coluiit  t 
"  but    none  so  violent  or  ot  such  long  dura! 
He   alludes   to   the   whole  series  ol  storms  It:] 
ward  of  two  months,  since  he  had   hei'ii  rc;.> 
shelter  at  San  Domingo.      During  a  grtMi  1 
this   time    he    had    sulfered    extremely  frum 
gout,  aggravated  by  his  walchlulness  and  ai;*-' 
His   illness  did   not  prevent  his  atleiulini;  t 

*  Journal  of  Porras,  Navarrctc,  Coler..  tnm 
+   Las  Casas,  lib.  ii.  cap.  2r.      llist.   del  .\li'a:-'| 
rap.  qo. 

\  Hist,  dc!  Alinirantc,  cap.  So. 


IBUS. 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGES   OF   COLUMBUS. 


180 


of  wliich  ne  (lispl.iyt-d  lu,- 

killfj     poSSl'S.sioll    lit     lIlL'    (.,, 

heir  Catholic    Majcsijcs ;  ; 
CCS  liu   named  this  iliu  K,  L] 

icy  fouiul  ii|)\varil  of  a  lnj;  J 
I,  ladiMi  with  IjiTad  anil;i,,I 
ijelahles,   and    triiiis  o|  \  • 
y  hiid  down  as  |)ii?.cnti  i,, 
xl   Ids  party,  and  (hew  in , 
It  spuakin^r  a  word.    Tli ,', 
d  anion^r  iht-m  various  u.iJ 
ere  well   pleased,  and  ■d\i',tA 
lie  same  jilace,  in  ),frL'aicr' 
ire  alnmdant  sup|)hes  ol ':1 

this  neijjldjorhood,  and 
nee  eastward,  had  liifrhrr 
of   llii;   islands.      'fhcy  a^-.j 
s,  and  \aried  Irom  cieii  i 

Some    were  entirely  n.:,:-,! 
wero  marked   hy  niean>.:;; 
[  various  animals.     Suiiit:  ,i. 
he   loins  ;    others  short  , 
eves  ;  some  wore  ln■ssL■^l: 
L'ttains  had  caps  ol  while  ir 
-Ml  arrayed  lor  any  lestiwi  ■ 
i  blaek,  or  with  stripes  ■ ; 
h    circles  round   tin-  cyis. 
ssured  the  admiral  that  ii  ,,• 
ds.    In  one  part  ot  the  n.,,; 
ears   hored,  and    hideouri 
lused   the  S|)aniards  to  i ,,.  ■ 
/ii  Orcjii,  or  "  'J'he  Cua^t  : 

r  of  I'ossessioM,  Cdliniilic; 
It   is  at   present  called  tin 
n^'  aj^ainst  contrary  \vin(l> 
urrents,    which   swept  tiu;; 
ml  stream  of  a  river.     He 
Kit   he  h.id   hihorioii.'ily  ;i 
making'   hut   two  leajjuc- 
ore  than  five.      At  ni);h;  ;;t 
nil,  thr(iiij,di  fear  of  pnnca 
n   coast   in   the   dark,  hui  ' 
sea   by  the  \iolenie  ol  the, 
lim     he  exp<'rienee(l  thcjid 
t  had  ju'evailed  on  the  (n.-: 
attended   him   more  i-r 
ty  days,     'fhere   was,  he  ^; 
t  tempest   ol   the  heaveiiv  ij 
ich  thunder  and   lightnin;': 
end  of  the  world  was  ai  :.. 
nythiuLj  of  the  drcneliiii,': ' 
er  of    the  H'opics  will  lui; : 
the   storms   e\a,L;;.;eraleil.  .■ 
:d  so  that  their  si'anis  (i])'.:.| 
;.r  were  rent,  and  the  pro.,' 
the    rain   and    hy  the  \k\< 
■\hausted    with  labor  an: 
'i'hey  many   times  ch:::: 
)iher,  and   pre|)ared  fun- 
y    tempests,"    says  Coium > 
•lit  or  of  such  loii^f  (lur,i!: 
whole  series  ot  storms  lor .1 
since  he  liad   been  \CA 
iin;j;().      Durinj,''  a  ^n'eal  l ;'] 
suffered    extremely  fn'"' ' 
his  watchlulness  and  an^' 
t   prevent   his   alteiulin;,'  '■ 

s,  N.-ivarrcto,  Colce.,  torn.  ■ 
cap.  21.     Hist,  del  Aim:-- 

rite,  cap.  So, 


litj..;'  lie  had  .1  small  cabin  or  chamber  con- 
LiVd  on  the  stern,  whence,  even  when  confined 
fhis  bed,  he  could  keep  a  look-out  and  regulate 
I  ,,j|jn.r  of  the  ships.  Many  times  he  was  so 
>i,itlie  thouiiht  his  end  apiiroachin);.  His  an.\- 
iiiiiil  \^';''*  distressed  about  his  brother  the 
|,|..',iiU.ulo,  whom  he  had  persuaded  aj^ainst  his 
111  I)  come  on  this  expedition,  and  who  was  in 
L  V  jrst  vessel  of  the  squadron.  He  lamented 
Isj  hiving'  hrou^jht  with  him  his  son  Fernando. 
l,i,iv  iiim  at  so  tender  an  af,a'  to  such  perils 
L'j  hardships,  althouffli  the  youth  bore  them  with 
le  ej'.ira',fe  and  fortitude  of  a  veteran.  Often, 
lo  his  ilu)'J:,dus  reverted  to  his  son  Diejjo,  and 
L  ci-rs  and  perplexities  into  which  his  death 
li'hi  pluii^^-  him.*  At  lenfTih,  after  strut^K'linfr 
FupAird  ot  forty  days  since  leavinfj  the  Cape  of 
loii.iM^.  to  make  a  distance  of  about  seventy 
.j'le-.,  they  arrived  on  the  14th  of  September  at 
Iciii- where  the  coast,  makinjj  an  anjjle,  turiied 
Ircily  south,  so  as  to  ^'ive  them  an  easy  wind 
Jllirej  ii.ivi|;ation.  Doublinjj  the  ])oint,  they 
L';r.  off  with  (lowing  sails  and  hearts  tilled  with 
Iv;  an  1  the  admiral,  to  commemorate  this  sud- 
c:i  relief  from  toil  and  peril,  ^Mve  to  the  Cape 
Ic  iiaaie  of  Gracias  a  Dios,  or  Thanks  to  God.f 


CHAPTl.R    in. 

|ov.w;i:  Ai.nxr,   the    mosquito    coast,    and 

TRANSACITONS    AT    CARIAKI. 
['503-] 

.VrtFR  doubling^  Cape  Gracias  a  Dios,  Colum- 

Ui  sailed  directly  south,  alon<r  what  is  at  present 

the   Mosquito    shore.       The    land    was  of 

character,  sometimes  ru^'};ed,  with  cra^rj(y 

rnmiatoriesand  points  stretcliiiifr  into  the  sea,  at 

khr  places  verdant   and  fertile,  and  watered  by 

111 Liiit  streams.     In   the   rivers  jrrew  immense 

fc;li.  stiai  'iinv.;iof  the  thickness  of  aman'sthijjh  : 

[ieva'iijii  le  I  with  fish  and  tortoises,  and  allijja- 

)rsl)isl<el  on  the  banks.   At  one  place  Columbus 

•.el  a  cliHter  of  twelve  small  islands,  on  which 

|rc.va  fruit  resemblin;r  the  lemon,  on  which  ac- 

BJ'i!  he  calle  1  them  the  Limonares.  J 

.\;ter  sailin;j  about  sixty-two  leaj^ues  along  this 

Ju;,  i)ei:i.(  ;,^really  in  wiint  of  wood  and  water, 

5  I'll  Iron  anchored  0:1  the  i6lh  of  September, 

iracopio^js  river,  up  which  the  boats  were  sent 

nrjurethe  requisite   supjilies.      As  they  were 

[e'.raiii^  to  their  shijjs,  a  sudden  swellinjj  of  the 

.ru,!i:n„f  in  an  1  encounterinjc  the  rapid  current 

Ml- rivor,  caused  a  violent  commotion,  in  which 

n:  (i!  til;;  boats   was   swallowed    up,  and  all  on 

pirl  perished.      This    melancholy   event   had   a 

111.  etf^.vt  upon    the   crews,  already  disjiirited 

arew.irii  from  the  hardships  they  had  endured, 

Ca'.unihus,  shariuff  their  dejection,  gave  the 

Jlffini  ilie  sinister   ni\me  oi  El  rio  del  Dosas ire, 

fr'.:i^  River  of  Disaster.!) 

■uiii;;  this   unlucky   neighborhood,  they  con- 
(fJ-.l  tor  several  days  along  the  coast,  until  find- 


'  I."ttcr  from  Jamalc..  Navarrete,  Colcc  ,  torn.  i. 
i  '  Lis  Casas,  lib.  ii.  cap.  21.  Hist,  del  AI  irante, 
ia?  ')!. 

'  1'  Martyr,  decad.  iii.  lil).  iv.  These  may  have 
*°^  the  lime,  a  small  and  extremely  acid  species  of 
*■- lemon. 

>  I..1S  Casas,  lib.  ii.  cap.  21.  Hist,  del  Almirante, 
^?^  iji.    Journal  of  Porras. 


ing  both  his  ships  and  his  jicople  nearly  disabled 
by  the  buffetings  ot  the  tempests,  Columbus,  on 
the  25th  of  September,  cist  am  hor  between  a 
small  island  and  the  main-land,  in  what  appeared 
a  commodious  and  delighttul  situ.ition.  The  island 
was  covered  with  groves  ol  p.ilm-trcis,  coc('aiiut- 
trees,  bananas,  and  a  delicate  and  Iragr.int  Iruit, 
which  the  admiral  continually  mistook  tor  the 
mirabolane  of  the  I'.ast  Indies.  The  fruits  and 
flowers  and  odoriferous  shrubs  of  the  island  sent 
forth  grateful  jierfumes,  so  tli.it  Columbus  gave  it 
the  name  of  La  Huerta,  or  The  Ciardeii.  It  was 
called  by  the  natives,  (Uiiribiri.  Immediately  op- 
])osite,  ;it  a  short  league's  (list, nice,  w.is  an  Indian 
village,  named  Cariari,  situated  on  the  b.ink  of  a 
beautiful  river.  The  country  armmd  was  fresh 
and  verdant,  linely  diversitied  by  noble  hills  and 
forests,  with  trees  of  such  height  that  Las  Casas 
savs  they  ajipcircd  to  reach  the  skies. 

When'  the   inh.ibitants   beheld    the    ships,   tiiey 
gathered  together  on  the  coast,  armed  with  bows 
;ind  arrows,  war  clubs,  and  lances,  and  prepared 
to  defend  their  shores.     The  Spaniards,  however, 
made  no  altemjit  to  land  (luring  tli.it  or  the  suc- 
ceeding d.iv,  but   remained   (|uittly  on    bo.ird  re- 
pairing tne'shiiis,  airing  and  drying  the  damaged 
provisicjns,  or  reposing   troiii   the  t.itigues  ot  the 
voyage.     When   the  sa\ag(s   percii\e;l  that  these 
wonderful  beings,  who  had  arrive, I  in  this  strange 
manner  on  their  co.ist,  were  ])erfeclly  p.icilic,  and 
made  no  movement  lo  molest  tln'iii,  ilieir  hostility 
ceased,  and  curiosity   iiredomin.ited.     They  madi; 
various  pacific  signals,  waving  their  m;'ntles  like 
banners,    and    inviting   the     Spani.irds    to    land. 
Crowing  still  more  bold,  they  swam   lo  the  ships, 
bringing   off   mantles    .uid   tunics  of   cotton,  and 
ornaments    of    the    inferior   sort   of    gold    called 
guanin,    which    they    wore    about    tlieir    necks. 
These   they  offered   to  the   Spaniards.      The  ad- 
!  miral,  however,  forbade  all   tral'tic,  making  them 
j  ])resenls,  but  taking  nothing  in  exidiange,  wishing 
I  to  impress  them  with  a  favorable  idea  ol  the  liber- 
'  alityand  disinterestedness  id  the  white  men.    The 
i  ])ride  of  the  savages  was  touched  at  the  relus.il  of 
their  proffered  gitls,  and  this  supposed  contempt 
I  for  their  m.inutactures  and   iiroductions.      They 
;  endeavored    to    ret.iliate,  by    ])releii(liiig    like    in- 
I  difference.      On    returning    to    shore,    they   tied 
together  all  the  F.uropean  articles  which  hail  been 
i  given  them,  without  retaining   the  le.isi  trille,  and 
j  left  them  lying  on  the  str.ind,  where  th.e  Sjianiards 
I  found  them  on  a  subse(|ueiil  d.iy. 
'       Finding  the  strangers  still  declined  lo  come  on 
I  shore,  the  n.uives  tried  in  every  way  lo  gain  their 
conliilence,   and   dispel   the   disirust    which    their 
'■  hostile   demonstrations   niiglil    have   caused.       A 
bo.it  approaching  the  shore  cautiously  one  day,  in 
(juest  ot  some  sate  place  to  jirocure  w.iter,  an  an- 
;  cieiit  Indian,  of  venerable  demeanor,  issued  from 
■  among  the  iri'cs,  bearing  a  white  b.inner  on  the 
end   ot  a  staff,  and  leading  two  girls,  one    about 
fourteen  years  of  age,  the  other  about  eight,  hav- 
,  ing  jewels  of  guanin  about  their  necks.     'Idiese  he 
brought  to  the  boat  and  delivered  lo  the  Spaniards, 
making  signs  that   they   were  lo   be  detained  as 
hostages  while  the  strangers  should  be  on  shon_>. 
I'pon  this  the  Spaniards  sallied   forth  with  conti- 
dence   and    filled   their  water-casks,    the    Indians 
remaining  at  a  distance,  and  observing  the  strict- 
est care,  neither  by  word  nor  movement  to  cause 
any  new  distrust.     WIh'II  the  boats  were  about  to 
return  to  the  shijis,  the  old  Indian  made  signs  that 
the  young  girls  should   be  taken   on    board,  nor 
would   he  admit  of  any  denial.     On  entering  the 
ships  the  girls  showed  no  signs  of  grief  nor  alarm, 


mo 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGES  OF  COLUMBUS. 


;    I- 


:'!. 


'■k 


V  A 


tlioii;.;li  siirrounflcfl  l)y  Nvh;it  to  them  must  have 
liei'ii  uruoiill'i  .111(1  ((Hini(l:il)li'  hi'injjs.  Columbus 
was  cart'lul  that  the  CDiirKltince  thus  placed  in  him 
should  not  l)f  al)us<'(l.  Alter  feastinjr  the  younj; 
lemales,  and  ordtiinj,^  them  to  he  clothed  and 
adorned  with  various  ornaments,  he  sent  them  on 
shore.  'I'he  ni^lit,  however,  had  lallen,  and  tin; 
coast  w.is  deserted,  'i'hey  had  to  return  to  the 
shij),  where  they  remained  .ill  ni^lu  under  the 
carefid  protection  ot  the  admiral.  The  nextmorn- 
inj^  he  re.itored  tlu-m  to  their  friends.  'I'he  {dd 
Indi.ui  rtcei\fd  tluin  with  joy,  and  manifested  a 
jfr.itelid  sense  of  the  kind  treatment  they  had  ex- 
perienced. In  the  eveiiinj,r,  however,  when  the 
l)oats  went  on  shore,  the  younj,'  j^irls  .appeared, 
accompanied  by  .i  nuiliitiidf  of  their  friends,  and 
returned  all  thi'  pre^icnls  they  h.id  received,  nor 
tould  they  be  iirev.iiled  upon  to  retain  ;uiyoi  them, 
;dthoiif,'h  they  must  iiave  been  precious  in  llu'ir 
eyes  ;  so  >rre,illy  w.is  the  prid('  ol  these  s.iv.ij^'es 
piqiU'd  ,il  Iiavinj4-  their  trills  refused. 

On  the  followin;;'  day,  as  the  Adelantado  ap- 
jiroached  the  shore,  two  of  tlie  principal  inliai)it- 
ants,  enterinj^^  the  water,  took  him  out  of  the  boat 
in  their  arms,  and  c.irryinjr  jiini  to  l.md,  se.ited 
him  with  jrre.it  ceremony  on  a  {^r-issy  bank.  Don 
Bartholomew  endeavored  to  colled  information 
from  them  respectinif  the  country,  aiidorilered  the 
notary  of  the  sijuadron  to  write  down  their  replies. 
The  latter  imniedi.iicly  prep.ired  pen,  ink,  and 
l)aper,  and  proceeded  to  write  ;  but  no  sooner  did 
the  Indians  behold  this  strange  and  mysteriojs 
jirocess,  than  mist.ikin^r  it  for  some  necromantic 
spell,  inti-nded  to  be  wrought  upon  them,  they  lied 
with  terror.  After  some  time  they  returned,  cau- 
tiously scatteriiiLj  a  fr.i;fr.inl  powder  in  the  air,  and 
burninj^r  some  of  it  in  such  ;i  direction  that  the 
smoke  should  be  b'>nie  toward  the  S|ianiards  by 
the  wind.  This  was  ,iii|i.irentlv  intended  to  counter- 
act any  baleful  spi'll,  I  iv  tluy  ref,'-arded  the  sti'anj^fers 
as  beini^s  of  a  nnsterious  and  supernatural  order. 

The  sailors  looked  upon  these  counter-charms 
of  the  Indians  with  equ.il  distrust,  and  apprehend- 
ed soniethinL;df  mat;ic  ;  nay,  l-'ernaiulo  Columbus, 
who  was  |)rrMeiit,  and  records  the  scene,  appears 
to  doubt  whetlu'r  tliese  Indians  were  not  versed  in 
sorcery,  and  thus  led  to  suspct  it  in  others.* 

Indeed,  not  to  conceal  a  foible,  which  was  more 
char.icteristic  of  tin;  superstition  of  the  age  than 
of  the  man,  Columbus  himsi;lf  entertained  an  idea 
of  the  kind,  ;ind  assures  the  sovereif;ns,  in  his  let- 
ter from  Jamaica,  that  the  people  of  Cariari  and 
its  vicinity  are  threat  enchanters,  and  he  intimates 
that  the  two  Indi.m  j^^irls  who  had  visited  his  shi]) 
had  m.ii^rjc  powder  concealed  about  their  ])ers()ns. 
He  adds,  that  the  sailors  attributed  all  tin;  delays 
and  harilships  ex|)erienced  on  that  coast  to  their 
beinijf  imder  the  inlluence  of  some  evil  spell, 
worked  by  the  witchcr.ift  of  the  natives,  and  that 
they  still  remained  in  that  belief-f 

*  Hist,  del  Almiraiito,  cap.  91. 

f  Letter  from  Jamaica. 

N'ori;. — We  tirul  instances  of  the  same  kind  of  su- 
perstition in  the  work  of  Marco  Polo,  and  as  Colum- 
bus considered  himself  in  the  vicinity  of  the  countries 
described  liy  tliat  traveller,  he  may  have  been  inllu- 
cnccd  in  this  respect  by  liis  narrations.  Speaking  of 
the  island  of  Soccotera  (Socotra),  Marco  Polo  ob- 
serves :  "  The  inhabitants  deal  more  in  sorcery  and 
witcticraft  than  any  other  people,  although  forbidden 
by  their  archbishop,  who  excommunicates  and  anathe- 
matizes them  for  the  sin.  Of  this,  however,  they 
make  little  account,  and  if  any  vessel  belonRing  to  a 
pirate  should  injure  one  of  theirs,  they  do  not  fail  to 
lay  him  under  a  spell,  so  that  h-    cannot  proceed  on 


For  several  days  the  squadron  remained  ,11. ;,| 
])lace,  during  which  time  the  ships  were  l'v,iii;>I 
and  re])aired,  and   the  crews  enjoyed  repihc,' 
the  recie.ition  of  the  land.     The  Adel.ini.idii  ['. 
a  band  (d   armed   men,  made  excursions  (jn  ,,,,^ 
to  collect  iidormation.      There  was  no  |)urc 
to  be  met   with   here,  , ill   their  ornanuiits  v.Jr  ' 
guanin  ;  but  the  natives  assured   the  .Adt:,,!;!,., 
that,  in    |)roceeding   along    the    coast,   the  ,/ 
would  soon  arrive  at  a  country  where  gold  u,i,. 
great  abundance. 

In  examining  one  of  the  vill.'iges,  the  .Adi'Iitv  . 
h)und,  in  a  large  house,  several  sepuUlirt^.   i-, 
contained  a  hum. in   body  endialmed  :  in  -.nw:- 
there  were  two  bodies   wrap|)ed   in  cotton, ,,;, 
preserved   as   to   be    free    frimt  any   disiij;rt,,;;. 
odor.     They  were   adorned    with   the  (iiii.in.-, 
most  jirecious  to  them  when  living  ;  and  tlif-c.l 
chres   were   decorated    with     rude    carviiij;s 
paintings  re])resenting  various  animals,  aii(|M.,,| 
limes  wh.it  ap|)e,ireil  to   be   inti'iuled  lor  purr,. , 
of  the  deceased."'     'J'hroughout  most  ot  tlu^.i  i^.l 
tribes  there   appears   to    have   been  gre.it  viiit;..! 
lion  lor  the  dead,  and  an  anxiety  to  i>reserviMtfi| 
remains  undisturbed. 

When  about  to  sail,  Columbus  seized  sever.ai 
the  people,  two  of  whom,  apiiarently  the  ni(ii,iij.| 
telligeiit,  he  selected  to  serve  as  guides  ;  lher(s| 
lie  suffered  to  depart.  His  late  guide  he  liadd 
missed  with  presents  at  Cape  Cracias  ,1  Dml 
The  inhabitants  of  Cari.iri  manifested  umisua 
sibility  at  this  seizure  of  their  countrymen.  TrtJ 
throng  d  the  shore,  and  sent  off  four  ot  ilniri 
cipal  n  vn  with  presents  to  the  ships,  iniplor-l 
the  release  of  the  i)risoners. 

The  admiral  assured  them  that  he  only  tnokiirj 
companions  .is  guides,  for  a  short  distaiuc  ,i!(.' 
the  coast,  and  would    reston;  them  soon  in  xC'. 
to  their  homes.     He  ordered   various  presinii 
be  given   to   the   ambassadors  ;    but   neithi-r  ' 
promises  nor  gifts  could  soothe  the  griet  ,iiiili:-| 
prehension  ot  the  natives  at  beholding  their  tritffil 
carried  away   by   beings  of   whom   they  had  seal 
mysterious  apprehensions. f 


CHAPTER    IV. 

V0YAC;F,     along      COSTA      KICA  —  SPF.CUI..\TKd 
CONCKRNINU   THE     ISTHMUS    AT   VKRAGLA. 

[1502.] 

On'  the  jlh  of  October  the  scjuadron  dep.ineil 
from  C.ari  iri,  ;ind  sailed  along  what  is  at  prLr:".! 
c'llled  Costa  Rica  lor  the  Rich  Coast,  tn)iii;;J 
gold  ;ind  silver  mines  h)und  in  after  years  .inn',' 
its  mountains.  After  sailing  about  twc:ity;i:| 
leagues  the  ships  anchored  in  a  great  bay,  .il!'-' 
si.x  leagues  in  length  and  three  on  breadth,  full;: 

his  cruise  until  he  has  m.ade  satisfaction  for  the  dati 
.a.cfe  ;  and  even  although  he  should  have  a  lairi:;| 
leailing  wind,  they  have  the  power  of  causing  1:;: 
change,  and  thereby  obliging  him,  in  spite  nf  fcr.| 
self,  to  return  to  the  island  They  can  in  like  in.inr.rl 
cause  the  sea  to  become  c.ilm,  and  at  their  will  si 
raise  tempests,  occasion  shipwrecks,  ami  prcltal 
many  other  extraordinary  effects  that  need  not  t(l 
particularized. — Marco  Polo,  book  iii.  cap.  35. -'if 
translation  by  W.  Marsden. 

*  Las  Casas,  lib.  ii.  cap.  21.     Hist,  del  .Mmiraritj 
cap.  f)i. 

f  Las  Casas,  lib.  ii.  cap.  21.      Hist,  del  Almiw.-I 
cap.  (}i.     Letter  of  Columbus  from  Jamaii;u 


.^1 


■^^M^: 


■"'"SBSKltl  ICVINO 


///  //^y^/, 


rrmaincil  x4 
>  wtTt,'  vuu\:A 
■lyed   rc|iiht 
Vil<'l:iiilaili,,  " 
iirsioiis  oil  ,],..■ 
IS  no  puii.  ^  ' 
iianu'ius  v.rV 
tin;  Adcl.ui;, 
■iiast,    ihi:  ., , 

IITC    gull]  \vi,  I 

,  the  Adol.r,, 
t'puU  Inc.,.   i.,| 
fil  ;  in  iiiii)' 
n  collon,  ar.c.J 
ny   (lisatjift,,!^ 
the    (iril.:ii,::. 

;  and  il:i-~t;.. 
.'  carvings  ^ 
mals,  jindvv'.. 
(led  l(ir  |,i)r;r,; , 

OSl  ot  tlU'saii-; 

■n  {^rcat  vrntrJ 
to  pix-strvcihtl 

i  s('i/f(l  scver,(i| 
nily  tli('  nl()sll^l 
);uidus  ;  tl.ersl 
uidc  lie  liadiiivl 
(iracias  a  Itiii 
itcd  iiiuisuai.:- 
ntrynifii.    Trt 
)ur  of  tluiri':: 
ships,  iniplurrji 

le  only  tnokih 
'l  distance  aV- 
m  soon  in  sjit' 
■ions  prestnii:';! 
liiit   neilliLT  hil 
j(l'ift  anils;. 
mj^  iheirtrittcil 
ihuy  had  se] 


IMW^^^^i^^^^ 


m^^ 


-4 


■>  • 


1/-^ 


■'»■ 


Li 


•  SPIXn.ATInS'l 
VKRAGUA. 


ad  roil  (Icpaneil 
It  is  at  prrttJ 

last',  tnimil 
T  yL'ars  aiv,v-;| 
out  t\vu:Uy-;..: 

cat  bay,  a!v:;| 
hrcadth,  lul'.J 

on  for  the  (1j:| 
have  a  lairi-.;! 
of  causing  i":| 
n  spite  of  l^t'l 
1  in  like  inanr.;'. 
at  their  wills 

atiil    pto.lE:!| 
It   iiri-il  not  ;<| 

cap.   35,  -"if 


■*x.ri 


1^^- 


/* 


fi^- 


— '' 


..  s^i-JJ*^^.i^I*ifi^?a. 


m^m^:^'^ 


tMj#.« 


del  Almiran».^J«wiBs;;[7;^7;;jj- 

del  Almirr.:: 
maica. 


'  ■■■•"n>;v;* 


;;.i>t».^'*J*.v.'-- 


'^''ft»^'«i<v'^-.;-: 


CopvriQHt  I9fll  byPOLLAHO  AMOSS. 


V    ////////^//       ^/  ///^     ,     V/X///// 


^/^////'     ^//     ///////// 


///■    "/  f„/ll /!,'»/>    /',/,/,  /lio 


I 


til   |irrsriit   line 

III, I     liV    lIlC     IMtl 
KJMlri:   iPIII     '')     till- 

Ik"'  '■ 

flu      IIMIUI--     WIT 

kth  „' •'>''^,  '""I  '"'' 
hi!  iliuM'i-,      'Mil' 

I  (|ri|i  ,ill'l    h'c.'    Il 

|t)li^;  ihciii,    i>  il  :m 

'  sp.ii--  .mil  rii,'i;i 

till.  hv>  111  llif  tifi' 

Itnili'il  '>M  I'lit'  III   I 

Wl'lU',  iMItiifi.      Till 
Ac  Ircts       llclii;,'    (' 

Cnri.ii'i.  w  hii  .11  (  nil 

1KII1  .l>l\.l>li  I'  I  \Mll 
St  li'lll'  III!  t'lK  1  I 
leiiiiii'ii^  III  )iiiri' 
r),'!'  pl.iii  1 1ll  It  sti 
tHUiu  I  onis  tlii'v 
Ipl.tii!;!,  rU'lcly  sli.ipi 
i(cli.i:i;;i'i|  ,i  |il,ili'  i 
iuc.Us,  liii  llw'i'c  li,i\ 
'^•011    llic    Inlliiwili^ 

|e  iD.iiii'l.iiiil    II    il 

luniry  .inmml  v\,is 

jes   wiri'   i^i'iiri.ill 

hi'\  111'  I  u  itii  ii-ii  1 

<|ei'iilMlt  I  '.Mill  ;;  irl.i 

■rmi-i|  ol  the  ( l.iws 

binls  ;  t    „),,^(    ,,|    ,1,, 

thfir  m<  k^,  hut  iclii- 
J^.rii.iriK  lumijjlii  iv 
llrvi'  ,!>,  i^ti nil's.  ( ): 
Woriii  tiiuiti'cii  iluiM 
tWi'iity-inn  iliiiMi-. 
ttc  ''liMiij^frs  Ml  11 1 
thi'lii  il   w.is  to   lie   h 

disMlKC    (it     IWl)     i|,|\ 

TiriHiN  iiLiirs  .iliini; 
prui'in-il,  parti.  Ill, 11  ' 
tttcii'y  livi'  Ic.ij^Mi, 
Ti  I- I  Uliiilily  III    il 

fed,  ,111  I  thi'v   n\, 
r'f'i-,  Ini   ill,'.  ;|,|„ 
oil  ot   ihr   kiml. 

>P<'    ^'U'll,    .111,1     iiid, 

COiii.!r\,  .nil!  then  | 
fi-.i;  iilijfit    111    1,1 
ttra>! 

^  S.i,;,i,j,-  ,,'1   thr    i; 
or  niiirr   i;iil|,  |,c 
«|ii;nl  w.Mllh.siiin 
Wil  .niM   .s.nliiii;    al  . 
•  l''';i'  ii\i|-,  will,  h 
*'"    -       111  if,  ini    ih 
«"'  ■    ! Ml    !iiiii,|,-,.,l 
«1"'    .iniK'il    witii    , 
pall:,  u„.„|.     •i-ii,,  ,, 

«^:  v'Klrmnv  an 

Ult';;  ;)>ii,|i  warsijrn  , 

'>l"':f'":i-uai.K   I, 

':'"""■■;  'li(t  w.iin 
''■■''•■  Inii  wcri' 
■'"'  ''i     I'ltcrvciiiioi 
':•■  liaricri'd  a\ 


Will 


« 

Irii 
Colli 


'■'  ^'■iiif  lai^-lisli 
••"'^   T  C.irnalMro 
iliail:,!!-.  cmcrnl   is 

Wt!i.-M,u.li„f,he  A, 
7  ■'  iirn.il  of  I'orras, 
I'    \I,'irt\r,   ilcrrur 
'  ulu-liljus's  l.<  itui 


Ml  !■:  AM)  \()V.\(.i:s  oi    (.•(»!, r.Mi'.rs. 


J'.)  I 


Ills,  uidi  ilwiiinrU  oprniii;;  liilsv«'i'n  llum,  so 


It,  [iri'Mii 
(l|,.i|  In   ihc  ii.itivi's 


I  tliici'    or   tour  ciitr.mic^. 


It 


binlt'ii 


Cirili.iiii,*  ,it)(l    li.iil    lircM 
,,iii  '•>   till-  ii.tlivi's  111   Ctri.in  .IS  iilciiiilul 

lllllllls'     will, Hit, 


si'Vi'Mtiin  plati'S  of  jjiild,  uiiith  (iMc  liiiiiiliid  imd 
lilty  dm. Its,  lnr  a  Irw  tos  i  .iml  trillr-,, 

\\  hill  till'  Sp. mi, lids  n'tiiiiicd  the  ni\t  d.iy  tit 
riiirw  tlirir  tiMllii-,  tlii'v  liiiind  tin'  liiili.iiis  rr- 
l.ipsi  d    iiitu   iMisiiiiiy,  Miiinilih;^   tin  ir    drums   ;ind 


Ihc  isl,inM-   \M'H'   iH'.iuliliilly    will, lilt,  civiTi'il  sinll,,    iiul    nwlnii^'    torw.inl    tn  iitl.u  k   tin-  l)(i,its. 

4ilh  'r.m>,  .md  ^'■"'  '""''  ''"'  li'iK' '"" '"  "'  •"H'-'  [    An  .iimsv  Imhh  .1   i'n>-,-,d»i\v,  wliicli   woiiiidi'd  lUU! 

in>l  liortiT-'       I  111"  <  liaiiiii'ls   liftwri'M    tliiiii   Will'  !  Ill  lliiiu  111  the  .irm,  i  luikrd  tlii'ir  luiy,  ,iiid  lui  ll;i! 

»)  iiiM'ii  .iiid  Iri'.'  ti  'Ml   nil  ks  tli.it  till' ships  s.iiii'd  disili.iij^r,.    i,»    a    1  iiuiciii    liny    ll.'d     with    Inror. 

^       I.  * I.   ...  ii...  .1 ._  ..*      ...I.. 


tliiii"  tlu'in,   I-"  il  :"  '  ■iii'il''  III  I'l'"  slifi'ts  ul   ..  I  ity. 

Ill,,  ."jwis.iiid  n;,'«mv,'   lirusliiiiy,'  tlu'  Dvcili.iiij^iii;; 

"till.  Ins  III  till'  Uri-<  Alti'f  aiuliitniiK.  llu-  linals 
linicii  nil  iijif  111  ilii'  isl.iiids,  uiu'i-i'  lliiy  liiuiiil 
fc'i'Mv  i-.uiiir".  I  III'  l>'''>p'''  well'  nil  slum'  .iiniiiiij 
III'  iifi'S.  Ill-Ill^  cm  iiuiM^'id  l>y  llir  IuiImiis  ul 
mi. in,   wim  ,u  1  iiinp,iiiii-d     itn'    .S|i.iiii.irds,    ihiy 


I'liiiriit  till'  .S|i.iiii.inli  s|,i .111;;  nil  slinri',  pursiuii^ 
ami  c.dliii;;;!!!!!- tluiii.    riii\  ihiiw  iliiw  11  tlii'ir  wra- 

piilis  and  r.llllr,  .iwr  slnirk,  .Hid  ;',i  lltli'  .'is  l.Hlllis, 
li|-iliy;iii;,f  tlncr  plilr.  111  '^..Id,  .Hid  liiri'kly  and 
tli.iiiklull)'  rf(ri\liij;  w  li.iii  \  ir  wi-,  ni^i'ii  in  i\- 
I  li.iii'.;i'. 

<''iiiiiniiiii;;  .ildii'^  till' lu.i'.i.  the  admif.il  ai'.rliDi-- 

iiin  ,id\.iiiii- 1  vMili   I  iiilidi  111  !•.       Iliir.   lor  tlii'  |  rd  Ml  I  lir  imniili  nl  .Hmtlu'r  rivrr,  i-.ilK'd  till' ( '.itili.i. 

Irsi  li'tii'  I'll  iliii  111. 1st,  till'  S|i.iiii.irds   iiii't   Willi  I   lli'ri'  likrwisr  tin-    snund   nl    ilniin-.   and    iniirhi 

?(•  iDU'ii^  'il  jiiin'  (s'i'lil  ;  t'i«'  ii.ilivrs  ui'.iriiii;  '  Inuii  aiiioii^;  thi- turi-^ls  '^wr  iiniii  ,•  iji.u  tjic  uar- 
r;;i' iil.itrs  111  it  su-.pi'iidrd  rmiiid  \lirir  nri  ks  by  j  rmii  wirr  a^s^•lllllllll',,^  .\  1  .inni'  >niiii  i  .iiiu- nif 
ton-in  icinis  tlu'V  li.id  uriiainiiits  likrwisi-  nl  1  with  lun  Imli.ins,  wim,  allrr  im  li,Hi^;iii'^f  ,1  liw 
pi. 11111,  rudely  sli.iprd  liki'  I. i^lf^.  '  •!"'  "I  tluiii  '  winds  w  iih  thr  iiitrrpntiis.  iiiirnd  ilir  .idiniral'.s 
tlti!i"nl  .1  jil.ili'  nt  Hi'ld,  I'ljll.d  in  \.ilui'  to  ti'll  1  ship  with  tt'.irli'>-..  iiilllidrlH  r  ;  and  liriiij,'-  s.itistiril 
ciis,  till  diiiT  hawks'  lu'lls.t  |  id    llic    Iriiiidly  iiiti'iiliniis    nt    ihr    ■-ir.iii'^i'rs,    rc- 

Dii  ilif  liilliiwiiiu  (l:i\' till'   linils  iiroii'tdi'd    to      luriii'd    to   tliiir  r.iriiiiu'  wiili.i  l,i\or,dili'  riimit. 


«' 


II'  nv 
COuntrv 


nil  I. mil    It    ihf    linttiim    nl    .lir  li.iy,      Thi'      'I'lii'  Imats  i.imli'd,  and  tl 
inninil  w.is  lii;;h   ;iml   rnii;;h,  and  llii'  \il-  j   rnrivid    liy  tho  r.irii|iu'. 


.•^p.iiM.irils  wiTi'  kinilly 
i  Ir  W.IS  ii.iki'd  liki'  his 


ri'  i;''iii'i.illy    pi-n  hi'd    mi     tin-    hnijius.   !  suliji'it-.,  imr  lli■,linL;lll^lll•l|  n  .uu  w,i\' Inini  llinii, 
Tiii\  iiirt  with  ti'ii   laniu's  nt    Indi.ins,  their  he, ids  ;   rvi  ipt  liy  tlir  j^rr.it   ilrti  niii  r  with  wliiih   lu'  wa.i 


Mill  '.Mill  ;;  irl.inds  nl   llnwirs,  and  inrniiits  |   tri'.ilrd,  a 


ml    liv   a 


trilh 


alti'litii'ii    ii.'iid    to    h 


riiii'l  111  till'  1  l.iw's   111    lir.ists   and    tin- i|iiills  nt  1   |ii'rsniial  tnnilnrt,  Iniiii;    |iiiii.  riid    Innn  ,1  slmwrr 
jJIriN  :  I   nvist  nl  ilu'in   h.id  pl.itis  nt  ^'old   aliiiiii  I  111   rain   liy  .111  iiiiiiu'iiM'  Ir.it   nt  .1   inc.      Hi' had  a 


lull  iilii'^rd  t'l   |i.irl    w  ith   tliiin 


I. 


r^'i'  pi. Ill'  1. 


8p.i'<..ii'K  liii'ii;,dit  l\Mi  nt   tiniii  t.i   thr   .idniir.il  to      rh.iii^r,  .itid  juriiiitti  d  hi-,  pi'ij 
ier\r  ,1-.  l;iiiiIi'>.     i  >n(;   li.id   .1    pl.ili'  nl    ]iiin' j.;old   '    Niiuii-rn  pLitnid  |iiiri' i^nld  wn 


woriii  t:HiHi'i-ii   iluf.its,  aimthir   an    I'l'-ic    \Mirtli 


ill 


li    111'   IT. Mills    j;.iM'  in  i'\- 

li'   to  dn  till'  samr. 

r  |ilnrlirrd  .It  tllis 

till'  iHst  tililr  in  till-  .Nrw  W'nrlil, 


tWiiitv-I'Vi)  illlr.UH 


Si'i'illi;  ill' 


'  I  rat  \  .liik'  w  hii 


h      till' Sji. 1111. iiiK  iiir  iwilh  si'^ii-^  111  MMid  .•inliiti'ctiiri' 


he  ''ir.iiij,'i-rs  M'l   upnn    lliw    nn-t.il,  thry    .issun'd      lindiiij;-   .1  i;iiMt    lll.l•>^  nt    stiirin,  Inrnud  nl   stunt; 
thfiii  It  u.is  111  he   hid  ill   aliund.ini'r   within    thr      .iiid  liiiir,  .1    pin  r   nt    wlinh    w.l^    iii.iiiuil    lis'  ihc 


di: 


si.iiin'  nt  iwii   d.ivs'    jiiuriu'N 
il 


and    ini'iuioiii-d      adniir.il  a-,  ,1  snt  i  inu'ii 


Tarimis  pi. ins  .ilon^     thr    m.ist    wlu'in'i'    it    w.i-.      Imn   nt    lii'i   .ipprn.irh  to   rniiiitnrs   \\  Iuti' thr  arts 


insidrrin.^  it  ,'iii  iiiilir 
th 


roi  urn 


p.iriii  ul.i 


riv  \ 


ri.iLUi.i,  wlui'h  w.is  .iliout      wm 


Ittciil;  livr  Icimirs  ilist.iiit.i! 


ill 


in  .1  hiv;hi'r  st.itr  id  iiiUu'.it 
d  t 


111:1. 


titi'.l, 


i  !•  t  lijiiiliu  111   till'  Sp.mi.iri 


s    w-.is    ^ 


rr.ilK 


V  h.id  inliiidrd   tn  \iMt  nihir  rnrrs  .dun;;-  this 
inasi,  liiit  thr  wind  inliiiiiL;'  mi  1,1  liiuw   tirshiv,  he 


ba 


nil  I   ihiy   wnilld    j;l  iillv    h.i\r    rrm.iinrd    tn       r.iii  lirtorr  it,  p.issini;-  in  s!u;ht  nt  li\  r  inw  ii>,  w  hrrc 


r'' r,  but   till-   adniii-.il    duinuiM''ril   all   di 


his   intrrprrtrrs   assuird    him    lir    iiiii;lit    proiiin; 


tloii   111    III!'    kind.      Ilr    li.irrlv    Miii|^du    tn  rnlln  t       ^i'''''    i|il.inlitirs   ol    !.;tild.      < 'nr    th'".'    |inintrd  lUlt 
ipiTiiiirii-,  .iiid  mfiirm.ilion   lit    thr   rirhrsnl   tin 


'11,1,  \\liirl\  has  siiii  r  ''im  11  il~,  n.inir  tn  thr 


C01li;tr\.  .iiid  thru  prrssrd    lorw.ird  in  ipirst  nt  thr       whnir    prnMlli  r.       I  Ir  rr,  tl'i\    s.iul,  wrir    thr  lirh- 
gftM',  iilrii  t     n!    Ins    riitrrpnsr,    tlu;     im.ij^in.iry      r^t    iiiinrs,  and    hnr    nin-^t    nt    thr    |)l.nr-.   ul   i;iild 


ttruii 


i.iiiiii'f  ii'i 


j   wrrr   l.ilirii.itrd.      (  iii   thr   tnllnwiiiL;   il.iy  tliry 
till'    [7tli   nt  Oiinliir,  frnni  this  li.is.   '    rivi'd   iippii->itr    a    vill.i;;r  r.illrd   ('iiliij,M,  ,iml  h 


tirrc 


or  r.iilur  i.;iilt,  he    lirtj.ui    tn   mast   tins  rri;inii  nl      ( 'nliiiiilni-.    \s'.is  inlmnird  tli.it   tlir  r.  miitry  11 

repirril  W'lllh,  sim-r  lallrd  thr  rn.ist  nl   \'rr.ii;il.l  :       trnilin,itrd.+     ilr  irsnlvrd  Iml  In  rrUirn  tn  rxplnrr 

»n(l  .illri    N.iililin    .ilintit  twrUr    liML/llrs  arrivrd  .it       it,  roiisidrrill'^    it  .1-.1I1 

«  la 

Gu.i 

abiii 


,a'  I  urr,  w 


huh   hi-. 


s   .11111    I'rrn.inilo  rails  thr      1  iiin 


to  tl 


rlrl,  ,l!lil    lis  niiiir-.  sr- 
ir  rrnw  n,  .1111 1  luiii''  .iii\imi-,  i.i  ;irri\r  at 


lli'ir,  nil   thr   1)11. Its    lirini;'   sriit   to    l.uid.       thr   snpjinM-d    slr.iit,    wlnrli    hr    ll,i;irird     h.iinsrlt 


t    '.'Ml    luindrrd     liiiii.ins     .ippr.irrd     on      thr      i  niijd  lir  ,a  no  .v;ri'.it  ili-.l.iiii 


shnir.  .irmr  1    uit'i   1  in! 


IS,    l.Hli'r--,   .Hid    swnnis    nl 


In    l.nt.    iliiiHK 


lis    w  hnir    \  in  a''!'    ainii 


tlu- 


pall!, 


'1 


ir   tnr.'sls   i-i  linrd    with    thr  sound   ;   rn.ist,  hr    li.id   brril    uild'T   t!'i    iiiHiiriirr  nl  one  of 


^'iiiili'i  ilniMis,  .Hid  thr  hl.ists   nl 


fir  u>ii.ii  war 


rmii'h-shrlls 


his    trrijiirnt   drlusimis. 


sijfnuls. 


ilpl'i  llu'ir  waists,  hr.ind 


'I'hrv  riishril  iiitn  thr  sr.i   I   with   ;il    thr    isl.md  nt   CiU.iiiaj.i,  jusi   ariivrd  trotn 


1- rmii   ihr    Indi.ins    iiirt 
1  trr 


isIhiil;  tlirir  wrapmis. 


•plii^ii'ii'^'  tlu:  watrr  ,11   thr  Sp.ini.mls  in  tokrn  ot   I   and,  as   t.ir  .is   hr 
Wti.ini'i-  ,  JHii  wrrr  soon   pai  itird   hv  rriitlr  siirn>,   1   limi    in    thr    intrrmr. 
anil  il      ■  -  '    ■  "^  ^    - 


.ind   !    ^'lu•,ll.Hl,  hr  h.id  irrrivrd  .uronnts  of  smiir  irrr.it, 


nulil  iiiiilrrst.inil,  rivi 


Tl 


lis    iiiiiin.itmn    li.ul    hrrn 


li/ril 
I    1) 


Will 


ir    nitiTvi'titiiiii     nt      tl 


i'i|,'ly  haittrrd  aw.'.y  ilirir  uri 


mil  ipirtrrs,     an 


i.iinriUs,  riviiu. 


-'-*  1 
Jink' 
Colu 


n  '•i.iiH'  laiHJisii  maps  this  hay  is  r.illnl   Al 


T  L.irii.ili 


111)    li.i 


W)iumi.il-,    rllkTnl    is    hti 

Orthf  \l,i:i.lu,ftlic  Ailm. 
.I'nirn.il  of  i'nrras.  N 


ly.      1  111'    cli.i 
allril    I! 


rorrohnr.itiil 


as 


hr    nil, 11:1111" 


ly    tlu'    yarious 


■1  Al 


:i;iraiile, 


*: 


I'    \I 


'1  (-uluiil. 


irlyr.  (Icr:iil.    iii.  lij,    v. 


lyarrclr,  Inni.  1. 


s  l.<  tlrr  froi'.i  J.iiiiaii 


trilirs  with  wliirli  hr  li.id  siiur  rmiiniUniratrd. 
In  a  slllisii|llrlU  Ir'.trr  In  llu'  sn\rl"ri^llS  he  in- 
tninis  thrill  that  all  thr  Indi.ins  nt  tiiis  roast  roii- 
i  urrrd  in  r\tnllin^  thr  iii.i|^iiiliiriu'r  nt  thr  rinin- 
liy  111  Cij^u.irr,  ^itu.itril  at  trnikns'  journry,  by 
l.md.  to  the  wrst.  I'he  people  ot  ill, it  rej^ioii  wore 
crowns,  and    bracelets,    and    anklels  ol   gokl,  aiul 


Hist,  del  Almirar.lG,  tap.  92 


t  Ibid. 


m  ':\i 


' '  ■  rs 


m 


m 


Til  i:  AM)  \nv\(;i:s  ov  coF.rMiu's. 


J!li 


tiiiiill 


'  I 


If 


ft 


3'.' 
jit 

i't 


p.irmrntsrmlu'o.ilinil  V.  itliit.  'i'licv  iisid  it  fm-.tll 
lliiir  <li)inf.(ii'  |uii|i(>  t  •<,  I'VJii  to  llir  iiiii.miiMtiM;4 
.'Mill  iMuluwMiiK  111  iliiir  siMts  .mil  lalili's.  ( in  In - 
in>;  slmwii  hpimI,  lii  •  imliaiis  ili'il.iii'il  ili.il  tin' 
viimrii  lit  «.  i>;u.iii'  Willi-  I'.ii.ils  III  it  .ilimit  llnii 
luMiU  ;iiul  nil  k>.  i'r|i|iir  .iml  tilhrr  s|iii  i->  linn;; 
.slliiwil  llli'in,  Will'  ti|ll.iii\  .s.ml  til  iilmuitil  tlirli'. 
'I'lii  y  •If'iiiliril  ii  .!•'  .1  iiiimti y  nt  i  nimiuii  i-,  witli 
fjir.il  t.iirs  .iiiil  M.i|i<iil>..  Ill  wlii.h  ships  arrivfil 
arnuti  willi  r.iMiinii.  I'lii"  |)rii|ili'  \u  ii'  ss.iiiiki' 
alsi),  ;irmnl  likr  ilic  Sp.iiii, mis  with  sutinls,  luii  k- 
liTS,  i-||ilMi-.(S,  .illil  rrnss-liiiws,  ami  tiny  nmii' 
niiiimtril  nil  Imi-i  -..  Alit'Sf  all,  ful'iinliiis  umli  i- 
stiioil  Irum  iliiin  ili.il  ihr  mm  i  iiiuiiiiu'il  ruiiiul  in 
CiHuari',  .'.nil  till!  till  t!a\s  licwiml  it  w.i'i  ll'.c 
Ci.uiKfs, 

'I'lu'si'  ni.iy  Imii'  lu'i'ii  \aj,'iif  .iiid  waiiiii  iin;,'  lU- 
niors  I  dill  triiiiij;  tlu'  ilistanl  kin;;iliiiii-.  nl  Mcnuh 
;;nil  i'lTii,  .nul  iiiaiis  nl  tlif  di'tails  may  l-,a\f  lutii 
lillt'd  lip  hy  till'  im.iniiiatidii  ul  L'liimulius.  1  luy 
mailf,  hdWi'ViT,  .1  striiii)^  imprt'ssinii  mi  his  iniiui. 
Ill-  siippDscd  that  C'lmi.iri'  imist  lie  somr  prmiiui.' 
lii'liinjjiii;^  to  l!if  (iraiid  Khali,  nr  sunii'  dllur  r,i>l- 
irn  piiii'iU.iU',  and  .is  thi'  mm  rc.u  jit'il  it,  he  imi- 
ihalfd  it  w.i-i  (in  tin  iip|uisiti'  sidf  nl  a  pnimsul.i, 
lu'.innj;  tlir  s.inif  pu  linn  with  rc.>pfrt  tn  \  tiM^;u.i 
th.it  loiu.ir  ilii.i  i!  MS  with  'rmt«i>.i  in  .Sinin,  nr 
I'is.i  with  Wiiiif  ill  1;  .ly.  I'ly  pniifcdiii;,'  l.irilur 
c.istward,  tin  ir;.iic.  !,f  niiisl  mhhi  .iiiim'  at  ,i  str.iil, 
like  lli.it  lit  I  i'.lii'.ili.ir,  iluini;;h  w  huh  hi'  iniilil  p.iss 
iiUt)  anollur  sr.i,  aa  !  \  ...it  lliisiuiiutry  ul  (.'i^;ii.iic, 
and,  of  CDUisr,  arruc  at  thr  li.iiiks  nt  thf  (i.m^;l•^. 
lie  .u'l-mmiid  for  tin'  lin  iiiiisi.mrf  ut  hi^  h.iMii'^ 
.'irrivi'd  so  mar  M  l!i,il  ri\iT,  hy  thr  idea  wlm  h  l.c 
had  Imij,'  ciiiiri.imrd,  ih.ii  ^;i  ii;,Ma|)lirrs  win-  mis- 
t;ikrii  as  to  thf  riiriimtcrfnci'  ul  thf  j^lnhc  ;  that 
it  Wiis  sm.diir  th.ui  w.is  (^riirr.ilK  iin.i;,'iiird,  .iiid 
that  .1  dt'j;rir  nt  llic  fijiiimii  U.d  Imi;  was  lait  lili;,- 
six  niilfs  and  iwu  ihirds.  ■■ 

With  llii'M-  idi-as  Ciiliimlnis  dclirminfd  In  pios 
fiirw.ird,  If, ami;;  ihi:  rich  miimry  nt  \  tTai,'iia  i;n- 
cxpliircd.  Niiihin^  rciuld  rvmcr  ninri-  rli-.irls-  liis 
ijuni'rmis  .•imliilimi,  llian  hurruii;;  m  iln^  lui'-l 
manntT  almij;  .i  i  oast  wlurc  wi.uth  wa-.  lu  lif 
galht-rrd  .'it  cM'ry  step,  lor  the  purpose  ul  Mckii;;; 
a  stniit  whiili,  Ihiwivit  it  mi;,'ln  prndm  c  \.i^t 
hfiH'tit  til  ni.mkind.  i  uiild  yii'ld  little  tibc  tu  lunisi  It 
.than  thf  j;li'ry  ut  ilic  disc'uMry. 


CliAril'R   V. 

T  ISroVFRY  (ir  I'll  KTii  niMo  AMI  II  Kl  IKI  IK 
-  ((III'MIIIS  AllAMiiiSS  nil.  SIAKllI  AllIK 
1111.    S  IK  All. 

il502   ] 

On  thf  2d  (if  Xnvcmlifr  ihe  S(|iiadr(in  am  hnrfd 
in  a  sjiacious  :{ni\  <  nmnindimis  haihnr,  where  the 
Vfssfls  could  appro.ich  i  hise  to  the  shore  wiihuiil 
(lani^er.  It  w,i>  siirrmiiuifd  hy  an  i-lfv.iifd  coun- 
try ;  open  .md  <  iillivated,  w  illi  hduscs  wnliin  Ixiw- 
shot  (it  eai  li  nlher.  surrounded  liv  trmi-trees, 
jjriives  of  p.i]m>.  ,ind  helds  pniducin)!;  ni.ii/e,  \i  ;;- 
t't.'ihles,  and  the  dtlicKuis  pineapple,  so  tli.it  the 
whole  nei^^hliorhood  had  ihe  min;;le<i  ajijif aram  f 
of  orchard  and  ;;arden.  Columluis  was  so  plcasfd 
with  the  I'xctdlem  t  -,1  ilie  harbor  and  the  sweet- 
ness (it  the  snirinMiihn;;  coimtrv  that  lie  >;a\i;  it 
the  name  ot   I'm  no    Ikllu.t     It  'is  one  ot  llie  tew 

*  Letter  of  Columbus  from  Jamaica.  Nnvarrctc 
Coler.,  torn.  i. 

t  Las  Casus,  lib.  ii.  cap.  23.     Ilisi.  del  Alinirunic.    I 


pl.ufS  ;don(j  thi-*  roast  wlurhrn.iln  llic,,p|, 

^IVell     In     tllf    llluslliiills    lllsinvfier,      ll 
ic^'rcltid  lh.it  lh(>  h.ise  so  ^;tiier.dly  hen 
tlliiud,  ,ls  this    Wiie  sii  nllfii    leiitrd,  nj    .. 
in;;s,  .mil   ol   I  III  mii-.t.iiices  allemlm;,'  il. 

II  > , 

lor  scMll  d.i\  i  this  we  If  del.imcil  in - 
liy  hi'.ivv  iMin  .tml  slmiiiy  wt.itlirr.  Ih,  ' 
np.iiifii  Irntu  all  ipi. liters  ni  i.mois.  ,1 
Irmts  .Hill  Mn«t. lilies  .iml  li.dls  ol  i  uti.m,  1 1|.  •" 
w.is  Mil  li)ii);i  r  gold  iilleri'il  111  tr.illii  I  j ,  . 
ami  si'M'ii  III  Ills  piimip.il  chiett.tms  1,  . 
pl.ites  111  j;o|,l  li.in^;mn    111  their  nose,,  lu,>  ; 

III  the  n.ltlMs  .ippi.ir  to  li.ive  lieen  liisut:  , 
urn. imciits  ol  till  kind.  They  wite^iiui, 
ked  .111(1  p. Hilled  led  ;  the  i  .u  lijUe  .ilnlie  \t  . 
eil   lilaik.' 

S.illill^    ilelli  e,    on    ihe    t^th    ot    Numdi  ,' 
proceeded    linlit    le.i;;ms    In    ihe   e.islw.ii.;  ■ 
hoiiil   since   known   as    .Nniulire  de  Dins,   I 
inn  liriNfii  li.i'i  k  lor  soiiu-  ilisiaiue,  tlii\  .• 
Ill  .1  harliiir  111  the  vicinity  ul  three  sin, ill 
'Ihese,  Willi  the  .id|.ii  cut  country  ol  the  iim 
were   luliu.iiiil    Willi    III  Ids  nt' Inili.m  .- 
s.iiious  Iruil:.  and   ve^eUililts,  wheiuii.. 
I  .died  the  h.irlior  I'm  rto  de  ll.istnnenids 
ot  rniMsi'iiis.      Here  tlie\  lem.iim  d  m.iii  ; 
emle.iM)riii),j  til   n  |i,iir  their  xi'sseU,  wliii: 
excessively.    'Ihiv  were  pierced  in  .ill  p.ii', 
teiedii  or  worm   which   alioimds  m  ihi   ■ 
SI  .IS.      It  is  ot  llie  si/e  ot  .1  111. ill's  liii^iT,  .    . 
tlllull^;h   the   stoutest    pi. inks   .iiid    liinlir-   • 
soon  1  >  destroy  ,ii'\  vessel  ill. it  is  not  wei  , 
cd,       Alur    le.iMn^    this    jiort     liny    U>\u  ■ 
.iinillu  r  I  .died  l  lm;;.i,  w  lieie  .ilmve  tliur  ,, 
ot    the    natives    appealed    on  ihe  shore,  >' • 
provisions,    and    some    with    ^'nldeii    m:  . 
w  hii  ll  (liey  oftered  in  li.ii  li  r.     \Viilioul  in, .. 
si.iv,  howevi  r,  llie  .idmii.il  urjjed  his  u.i,  :  ,. 
hut  rnunh   .111(1    .liUerse    winds   .i;;,im   uh  ;■ 
to  t. ike  shelter   in   .1  sm.ill   port,  wiih.iiii, 
(r.llice,    not    .ihove    Iwelil)     p.n  es    wiilc,  !■-< 
e.ii  h  side  willi  it  its  nl    im  ks,  the   sli.ilp  ," 
which  rose  .ilio\c  llie  surt. ice.      Wilhin,  1 
not  room  lor  more  ih.m  live  or  six  ships 
port  w.ls  so  deep   th.it    tliey  luid    no  H'""    ' 
.i|;e,  unless  lhi\    .ippi  ip.ii  lied    near   jmhu;;,  . 
l.md  till  .1  m.in  lo  le.ip  mi  shore. 

I'roiii   ihe   sm. illness   ol   the  h.iilior,  '  • 
n.i\e   it   the  n. line  ol    /■./ /i'< //(•/(■,  or  lli'   '• 
lie   h.id  hcen  lietr.ncd    into  this  incoiai    1 
d.iii;;erous    port    hy    the    luisrepreseiiUili' ii'-'.; 
SI  .imeii  sent  to  ex. inline  it,  who  were  .ii\\.  .m.' 
to  come  to  .inchor  .md   li.ive  tommui.u ,. 
the  shore. t 

ihe   adj. Kent    comilry    was   lew!   .uul 
Covered    with    helli.i;;e,   Iml    with    lewli' 
p'lrt  w.ls  inlesiiil  Willi  .illij;.itors,  whiil    '■■»' 
the   sunshine   on    the   lie.ich,  tilling;   tin    1     ■  •' 
powtrtui  .md  musky  odor.     'I'liev  were  i:    '• 
.111(1  lied  on  hcin^i-  all. n  ked,  hut  the  iliih.ii-i  •."' 
id  ill. It  it  they  luund   a   m.iii  sleeping;  ci'.''  • 
they    would    sei/e    and    dr.iK    lii"'    I"'"  ■'•'■*'■'■ 
These  alligators   Columlms   pror.omn 'd  '''" 
s.ime  .IS  the  (  rocodiles  ol  the  Nile,      1  Cl  'i:v,MiM| 
the  s(|uadron    was   del. lined   in  this  pi'iH;;^'- 
liestmms  we.ither.      The  natives  ot  ihi-  i.,.i>i'«-| 
t.ill.  well    pro|)oi  Honed,    and   j;rai  elu'  ,   "!  C '  ■ 
.•ind  friendly  ni.inne;s,  a]\(.\  t)r(iii;;hi  wh.itc'" 
possessed  to  eX(li,in;;e  tor  iMirope.m  iriMKir 

As  lonj;  as  the  .idmii.il  had  control  u\i:'"-' 

*   F'etcr  .Martyr,  decad.  iii.  lib.  iv. 
f   Las  Casus. 'lib.  li.  cap.  23.      llisl    del  .\;niirJ« 
cap.  ij2. 


A..' 


ijrK  AND  vovA(ii;s  ur  (oi.lmhis. 


i;':| 


%)<]■  'l(  III'- 1 


ICIllllC 


i!ir   IikIi  Ills  \M'ri'   irriicd  wnli 


t 


si  I  (•  .Mil 


I  kiiuliu"'''.  ■•II' 


tllllll 


TIk'  VI,  I 
ilhiiiit 


\Mllt    DM    ,1111 


t\\ 


iilly    lit    ihr   •'lillM   t"  I.iihI,  111 
h 


lilt 


|lll)U'    lljll.ll     tci    111-,    lll)|)(-<,    III'     WcHllll    ll.lVC   U  llClf- 

Willi. il  til  Kiiiiii  to  .S|i.iiiMii  iriunipli.  .iiiil  Silt  111  (• 


tl 


ir     rtllln 


lilt   (iii'iiiK't,    rwii 


tllMU 


«ll 


sIkiuIiI  t.iil  III  tilt'  It.iiliii^  iili|i'i  I  III  Ills  t'X|ii'ilitiiiii, 
isf.     I  lif  iMliM's  rt'i  fivfil  tliiin  j       llrri',  tlwii,  ciuliil  thf  lull)  .iiitii  iiMtuiii^  wliu  li 


luillini;'  witli  il"'""  iiffiistimu'i 


111)  .|i 


I" 
t 


(ml  ill-'    i-'iiuh  .nlvrniiiriTs.  ii\>,li(,Mlt(l  Ity 


III. I, 


ill    ( luniiiittcd   ••\tfssfs   that 


I  Ihfii   K" 

ihi'iT  \\i' 

I    I'l.   (I.lll\ 


iifr<ni->   hosts   lo  rf\'i'tijjf 


I 


vti\ 


II'  111  i\sls  .mil   IikIiI''  "h  sliiiif,  .iml 
I  on  lioili  sii|i">.    I'lii'  iiiiinlit'i  ol  till' 


li.iil  clfv.ili'il  (.Dhinilitis  .tliiivf  all  tiu'ii  I'li.ii  \  iiittr- 
I'sts  ;  wliii  II  liail  madf  linn  ii-;^.iiilli'ss  ol  liaiij- 
sliip 


Mllps  .lint  ptrils,  .iii'i   ^;i\i  11  .1 


II  IniMic  iliaiMitiT  tl 


iii^iiif'i 


h  il  h 


irru.ils  troin  ilif  in- 


I'r.llllf     IllOlf     |MI\Mlllll   .Hill   tl.itilin 

x.isnt'rati-il  ;    ami    siiiiij; 


Ihi 

JK'i.inii-  ituiif  I 


th.i'  itii'  y't'ssfls 


lav  I  lost'  III  thf  short',  .i|i|i 


hid 


1    iiiinin 


It  iiiiiUiiii'lf  III  .ill,n  k  iht'in. 
.iilinr.il  iliiiiinlit  at  first  to  (lisjifrsf  llu'in 
II  without  li.ill,  lull  thi'v  wi'ri' 
ii';;,irilin)^  it  as  a 
u'\    rfjilu'il  to  il  liy 


iLirjiiii;  '  .iiiiiiiii 


l.ilid    U)    till"   s( 
iIhiikIi  r. 


lUllil, 


,it  n,iriui'-si 


itlN  aii'l  li(iA!in|i^,  hfalin^r  lliiir  l.uu  I's  ami 

»  .1  ...1    1...    I...      :.,    (...•......    .... 


hil. 

I  till'  lii'i's  anil   hiislii'-.  in  furious  int'n.ni-. 

tiMllDll  el    llli'  slu|is    so  ilosi'    to    the    short' 

I'd  ilu'iii  I"  .iss.iulls,  ,111(1    111. nil'   till-   hosiihlv 


ii.ilivi's  niiiisii.illv 


llv   t. 


nnnl.ilili' 


(  olniiili 


It'll  .1  sllii;  or  two,  tin  ii  lore',  to  lif  illsrli.ir^;i'i| 
llii'iii.     Wlii'ii   tht'\    s.iw  till'  li.ivoi'  in.iilf, 


hi ,  :lf(l  111  ici  111!'.  ,iii<l  otftTt'il  no  fnrtht'r  hostility.  * 
I  IV  I  iintinu.iiii  !•  Ill  slormv  wimls  Iroiii  llit'  t'.ist 
iiiirlli  I'.isi  111  .iililition  to  thf  I  oiisiaiit  oppo- 


Oil 


Illr' 


coil 

ion- 


s: 


em 


llir 


r  I  nrri-iiis,  ili-,hf.irtf  iiid  thf  i  iiiii|i.inioiis 


thf  f.irly  p.ut  ol  this  xoy.i^'f,  it  is  iriif,  lif  li.nl 
ht'i'i)  III  piHsiiit  III  ,1  nifrf  (  liinifr.i,  Inil  it  w.is  llu- 
I  liiiiif r.i  III  .1  s|i|fiiilii|  iin.i^iii.itioii  .iml  a  |ifiif- 
ti'i'iiiK  imlK""iii  It  hf  w.is  ilr-..i|i|ioiiiii'il  in  his 
fxpi'i  l.ition  III  liiiiliii)^  a  str.tii  iliroii^;li  tin-  hthmiis 
ot  D.iiifii,  It  w.f,  lifi.iiisf  n.iturf  lifr.flt  li.nl  liftn 
is.tppointfil,  tor  slif  iippt'.irs  to  li,i\f  atlfni|itiil 


to  lll.lkc  llllf 


liut  t 


)  li.iM'  .iiifiiipl''!l  It  111  v.im. 


CIIAri  IK   \I. 


KI.ICRN    TO    \l  K  A'.l    \ 


III 


MM  I  AN  I  ADO     y\. 


I'l  OKI  -.     I  III    t  ol    NIKS, 


IsOj 


I)i'ii'mlii'i  ('oliiml)iis  s.iilfd  hdni 


rfiiiiiiiiisiiiii' 


us   I  ouiNf   to   thf 


<)\  thf  sti 
Kl  Kttiftf,  I 
f.'sl,  ifUiiiifd  v.fstw.iid,  in  sf ,ui  li  o!  tlu'  K*'''l 
iiiiiifs  ot  \'t'ra);u.i,  i  >n  ihr  saiiif  t'Vfiiiiij;  hf 
am  liori'd   in    I'liiTto   11 


limit  tfii  li'.iLUifs  dis- 


!i:iiliiii,  .111  I  ilit'v  lirn.in  to  nuinmir  ,i);.iin'>i  j   I'lm  ;    \\ 


.iilicr  |ii(i  .i-i  iilion  ol 


th 


f    \o\,ij(i 


•jh 


drp.irtiii^;   on   thf  sinrffdin;;  d.iy, 


i!ii'ii;;!il   lli.il   smiif  hostilf  spfll  w.is  opi'r.it- 
,i!i:|  iiif  I  oinni.iiulir-.    rfiiioiisir.ttfd   aj,Miiist 
iniiij;  I'l  tone  llu  ir  w.iy  in  spitf  ot   thf  flf- 
ind  worm-f.itfii,  and 


wilh 


nips    11,1/1 


I 


thf  \siiid  suddenly  wiTi'd  to  ihf  wist,  and  l)i'^,Mn 
to  lilovs  tliifftly  aihfisf  to  the  iiiu  iiuirsf  hf  h.id 
adoptfd,      l''or  thrt'f   iiiontlis  lu'  li.id  lii'fii  lonj;in;^ 


in    \,iiii    tor  su 


ill  a  wind,  and  now  it  i  .uiif  nuTflv 


to  rontiadnt  hini.      Ilfir  w.is  .i  it  iiipt.iiion  to  rf- 


llll.lllV    111     ill'''! 


1  ol 


ifp.iir 


!•• 


fw  ol  Ills  loniii.in- 


sunif    Ins   routf   to  till'  f.isi, 


.iiipiihif  with  ('ohiinl)iis  in  his /fal      tru.l   to   thf   i  ontinu.iiu  i 


III 


lull 
thf 


iImI  i.ot  ilarc 


,hich. 


in 


ITC  .II-.1  .iMTV. 


TlifV  wfif  ,11  ni.itfd  l)v  niorr      tlus"   p,irts,  ap|)f,irfd    hut   siltloni   to   Mow  troin 


ill  liKiluf,.  .Hid   lookfd    li.ii  k    Willi  li';;rft  on 


Il  0 1,1st  1 1 

ini:iL'ui.ir\    ■, 


hit  1)1' liiiiil,  to  ^o  111 


inli 


ir,m.  It  IS  proli.dilf  tliU  C'o- 
.  hiiii-,1'11  !K';;.in  to  donlit  thf  ohjfi  i  ol  his 
isf  II  In  kiii'A  ihf  lift, Ills  ol  till-  rfifiit 
inu-.t  li.iM'  hffii  aw,in'  tli.it 


li.lsll 


.nri'.fl  Inini  ,in   oppo-,itf  ipi.irlfr  to  about 


th.it  ipi.irtfr.  lif  rfsohfd,  ihfif toll  ,  to  kff|)  on 
ill  thf  pri'M'iit  dnfftion,  tnisliiii;  ih.u  the  hiff/u 
would  soon  1  h.iii;;!'  a;;,iin  t  >  thf  f.istward. 


il 


1   a   lull 


wliili'  thf   wi 


lifLMii  to  blow  with 


tlri'.idlul 


\  lOlf  Illf 

iiiaiiin  r  as   to    b.ii' 


il: 


1    lo   shilt    .ibout    in    hui  11 
I'nablf  lo 


all  sf.ini.iiislii|). 


ri'.u 


h    \fr.iL;u,i,    the    ships    wrrt'   obli^fd    to   put 


■lie  wiicif  III, 11  nai  iii.itor  s 


f\plol|n^r   Viiv,lj;i 


li.nk  to  rmrto   11 


fro'  ,  ilie  i'.i>i  h.id  tfrniin.itfd  ;   i  onsf(|iii'iitl\  th.il   '   inlfrfd  th.it  h.irboi 


,ind   wlifii    tlifS'  would  li,ivt' 


Id. 


fur 


■>\;is  lull  littif  pioli,ibiliiy  ol  tlu:  i-visti 
;rait  111'  h.id  iin.i^infd.t 
.111  I'viiit-,,  lif  dfli i  niiiifd    t 


rin^;  til   llic  );. 


o  ri'liniiuisli  thf 


'T  iiriHi'iiiliin  ot  Ills  \oy,i);f  c.islw.ird  lor  thf   '.   po,-,fd    to    tin 


prirju,  ami  u,  rfiiirn  to  thf  lo.iNt  id  \\-i:\v. 


inu 


'i,f   niiiif.  111  w  iiiih 


u.i,  t, 
ird  SI 


t   I   ilio\f    thfiii    Iroiii    tin-   l.iiul.      Tor   niiif  d.iys  llify 
i   wfi'f    blown    ,ind    tiis-,fil  .ibont.  at    tin-  nii'ifv  ol  ,i 
hinons  ifnipt'St,  in  ,in  iiiikiioun  .sc':i,  .ind  otu-n  f\- 

ll  is 
I  ami 


,lul 


nffils  ol   ,1   Iff-siiorf, 


liil    open    \fisf 


wondfilul   ih.ii   SI 

dfiMVfd,    fould    oullKf    sill  11  ,1  run 


so  era/ft 
iiiiotion  ot  the 


1  .mil  SITU  so  ni,inv  iiidii-.itions.     .SIhmiUI  tlifv  I  flfniinis. 


.'owhiTf   is   ,1  siorni   --o  awlul  as  I 


I. lis  (_' 


taf 


1^,1'*,  liij,  II.  i:a 


P-  '-'3' 


Hist,   ill 


twffii  thf  tropii 


I' 


if- 

if  sf.i.  ,ui'ordin'i'  to  ihf  ilf- 


siription  ot  Columluis,  bojlfd 


,il  linifs  likf  a  cal- 


ilroii 


4  1; 


at  othi-r  iini-.,  It   niii   in  mountain  w.ixi-s, 


,ipp(;,irs  ,|.nilitful   whethi-r  C'oliimhiis 


Willi  lo.im. 


.\l 


iiiij^ht  Ihf  r.f'inij'  billows 


Sun  iit'ii  with  lilt' cxiut  p.iriii  III, irs  of  ,1^.^^  vov,ine,  as  ■    risfiiililfd   ;;rf,U   sur^fs  of  ihinif 
ic.  riiui.t  Si  ,,,  ,.i,.  I, ,,  „  ,,.,,,i,..,i   c.,,.;.,   ..,»..■.....!.,..  !   I,,,.,;,,,,,,.;    f  ;..i..^  ,,  i,,,i, I 


I 


iil'Isi  iro'lv  li.ni'   ri-acliL-d    S 

lint;. 


OWlll'. 


to  ill 


osf 


ly  H'l'Miiiikt 


'ii'lis  li.iil   lifcn  si'i/ 


iiri   prpv 
II 


Iv  t' 


luminous   p.ntiflfs  whuli   io\i'r  thf  surl,u  t-  of  thf 


Off' 


w,is  oil    liiMril   of    tliat    vi'ry    tli'fl 


ispanioj.i  i    w.itiT    I 


111  l)i 


IS  vvre,  kl  ,1  .it  iIk-  limr  thai  Columluis  , 


d 


III'  isi.ipfij  ihc  fatf  that  atlcti'lt'd 
'"1  I'ls  it.inii.inioiis  and  returned  to  Spain,  where 
'*'i.^  r.'iv.inli'il  t'v  dii; 


Th  .i^h 
tio<  1.)  tl,, 
«r;i.  nlf 
tra 


■f  h. 


.i-rci^jMs  for  his  ciilirprlM'. 


s  sf.iMR'n   had  riarliod  Sp 


iin  prc- 


f  s,iil.iiL;,if  Colmntnis,  .nul  h.-id  j;iven  a  Ren- 
iiL,'!*,  it  is  donlufiil   whether  lie  h;id 


ih 


'•'^"imi'il  liis  p.ipers  and   rharls. 


Oiir.iil  of  till'   vtiv 


orras,    in   his 


1  at  [lie 


trr 
Itriii 
toii.i'.l  sill 


.ilje  (1 


f   (• 


ilumbiis,  stales  ili,il  tliev 


n.itcil 


lil.ice  wlure  the  liisioveries  of   Mastide's 


Init  this  infiirnial 


isciiuerilly  al  San  Domingo 


ion  he  may  have  ol- 


ronr-,f   o 


11    th 

t   ti 


I'Sf     Sf.lS, 

If  ( 'lUlt  Stn 


.nil 


thi 


rouijdiout    tin:    whole 


thf  lifa\fns  j;io\\ id 
s.int  tlashfs  ol  liuhtn 


1.      I- 

tnni 


Ol-  a  ii.i 


V  and  iiij'hl 
itli  the  iiufs- 


;    w  Inlf  ihf    loud  rl.\|)S  of 
thundfr    Wfif    otttii    iiii-.i.ilvin     b\    the   ,iftrii,ditfd 
•nils   ol    distifis   from   tliiir 


tii.iniifis    tor   sn'ii.il 


iundfrinj.j  I'oiiip.inioiis. 


i)u 


I  III; 


thf  whole  tmif 


s.iss   Colnir. 


il   poured   down    tioni   the  skies, 


not   r.iiii,  but   .Is   It   were  a  seiond  dflutjf. 


rht 


M'aiiifii    wfif   ainiosi   di 


,nfd 


in    thfir  open  ves- 


sfls,      lla},rj^,iril  w  illi  toil  .iiiii  affrij^iit,  sonif  j^ave 
themselves   over    tor   lost  ;    thev   loiifessed   their 


sins   to  e,ich   other,  according   to  the  rites  ot  the 


I  » 


I 


1     f 


l'J-4 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGES   OF   COLUMBUS. 


I'.uholit-  it'lii^ion,  ami  iir('|i,u\'il  tlK'niMlNcs  lor 
death  :  main  in  their  ih-speiaticin.  ealleil  iipmi 
death  a>  a  w  eleiillie  rehet  tioin  .siieh  overwliehn- 
iiii;-  hiiiTors.  li\  the  midst  of  this  wiki  tiiimilt  i>l 
the  eh'iiieiits,  they  liehekl  .1  new  iilijeet  ot  alarm. 
The  iHcin  in  one  plaee  beeaiiie  stranj^ely  aj^itated 
Tlu'  water  was  whiiied  up  into  a  kind  ot  ]iyramid 
(ir  eone,  \\hile  a  h\id  cluiul,  taperini;-  to  a  point, 
hent  down  to  meet  it.  ioinuv^  to<;ether,  they 
tormed  a  v.ist  ■  iiliimn,  which  rapiilly  approaehed 
tlie  ships,  spinning;  alontj  the  siirlaee  ot  the  lU'ep, 
.md  drawin,;;  up  the  waters  with  a  rushinij  sound. 
Tile  altrii;hu'il  m.inners.  when  they  beheld  this 
w.uer-^pom  ad\'. iiu'ini;-  toward  tliem,  de-^paired  ot 
,ill  luinian  me. ins  to  a\ert  it,  and  l)e;^an  to  re|ie.it 
p.i-^s.i'^es  trom  St.  John  the  i'.\'.inL,'<'list.  The  water- 
spout p.iM>ed  I  lo->e  liv  the  ^iiip>  w  itlioiil  iiiiiiriiiL;' 
tiieiii.  .ind  tile  treml>lin;4  mariner>  .illrilniled  their 
e-.iMpe  to  the  nil  I'.u'ulous  crfu'.UA  'it  t  lieir  iplola- 
tioii-^  troin  tlie  Seriptiires.  '■ 

In  tlll^  s.ime  iiii^llt  they  lost  >i,;,dit  ot  one  ot  tlu' 
eara\els,  and  lor  three  d.irk  and  slormv  davs  j,'a\'e 
it  ii|)  tor  lo>t.  .\t  leiii^ah,  to  tin  ir  i;reat  rcliet,  il 
rejoiiU'd  the  scpi.idron,  haviiii;  lo-.t  its  Ixiat.  ami 
t)een  ol)lii;ed  to  eiit  its  eahle,  in  an  attempt  to 
anchor  on  a  boisterous  eo.i>t,  and  Ii.iniiil;  siikc 
iH'en  dri\en  to  aiul  tio  hv  the  storm,  l-dr  oiir  or 
twoda\s  theii-  w,l^  ,111  mteiv.d  ot  e.dm,  .md  ll',,' 
Iempe^l-to^-.ei|  ni.iriiiers  h.id  time  to  bie,i;he. 
Tiiev  lo'keii  upon  tins  tr.imjuillitv.  however,  .i-- 
(leeeittiil,  ,md  111  llieir  ;;loomy  mo  i,l  beheld  e\er\- 
tliiiiLj  with  a  doiibttiil  and  torebodin^r  e\c.  (ire.ii 
numbers  ot  siiarks,  so  abiiml.int  ;;ni|  r,i\enoiisin 
tliese  kititudes,  were  seen  about  the  ships.  Thi.s 
WMs  eoiistriiid  into  .in  e\il  omen  ;  for  amoiin;  the 
sliperslition^  ot  the  se.is  it  is  l)elie\-eil  that  these 
\oraeioiis  !ish  >  a:\  smell  de.id  boilies  ,it  .i  dist,-.n(e  : 
til, It  th.'v  h,i\e  a  kind  ot  preseiilinn'iit  ot  tlieir 
|irey,  .md  !ue,.  iboiit  vessels  whuh  h.i^e  si<  k 
|K'rsoiis  on  liM.iru,  or  wliith  .ire  in  d.inL;er  ol 
beiilij  w  reeked.  Sever.il  ot  these  lish  thev  >  aiis^lu, 
iNiii'.^  iai'.;e  hooks  Listened  tn  eh.iins,  ,iiii|  some- 
times b,iited  nirirly  with  a  pie.  e  ot  'dloreil  (loth. 
I'rom  the  m,iw  ot  one  they  look  out  ,i  living  tortoise, 
t:om  til, It  ot  .mother  the  he, id  ot  a  sh.irk,  ree,-ntly 
t.'irown  trmii  .iiie  ot  the  ships  ;  siieh  is  the  indis- 
enmiii.ite  vora.  ity  of  thesi'  terrors  of  tln' ore.m. 
Notwithsiamlin.,'  their  su|)erstitious  lam  ies,  the 
SI'  imen  wen  s^Lid  to  use  .i  part  ot  these  sh.irks  tor 
|:i''.l.  beiii;.;  very  short  of  provisions.  The  length 
ot  the  \ov.i;4c  li.ul  eonsiimed  tl;  •  .^re.itet  p.irt  ot 
tlieir  sea-stor'  s  ;  the  heat  .111(1  iiumiditv  of  thi 
(lim.ite  .iiid  the  h-.d^.i^r,.  ,,|  ,h,.  ships  had  d.im 
aL;cd  the  rem.iimlcr.  .md  tin  ir  biseuii  w,is  so  tilled 
with  wiu-ms  ih.,t,  notwithst,indin;j;  their  liun;4i'r, 
they  were  obli-ed  to  c.it  it  in  the  (I. irk,  lest  their 
stom.nhs  should  revolt  ,it  its   ippciramc.*- 

At  len:.4ih,  on  the  171I1,  thev  were  enabled  to 
enter  .1  port  rc^endilin-  .1  j;reat  e;in,il,  where  they 
enjo\ed  tlirec  il  i\  s  ol  repose.  The  n.ilives  ot  tins 
viiinitv  built  their  e.ibins  in  trees,  on  st.ikes  (u' 
poles  laid  from  one  br.in.  h  to  .mother.  The 
Sp.ini.irds  siipp.ised  this  to  be  tlirouj,rh  the  te.ir  ot 
wild  b'Msts,  ,,r  ot  siiipris.ds  IrMin'  iiei';hboriii^r 
tribes  ;  tlie  ditleivill  ILttiollS  oi  these  coasts  b-iiv- 
(Aireinely  ho^iilr  to  one  :mother.  It  m.iy  lia\e 
k"'en  ,1  |)ri-  , union  i-.imst  iiuiml.itions  (  ,iiiS'-(!  by 
Hoods  tidin  the  nioMMt.iins.  .After  Iciviii^j  th.'s 
pMrt  ihry  were  drivii  b.ickward  .iml  forward  by 
tlie  1  li.in','(Mlile  and  tcm|K"-tuous  winds  until  the 
d.iy   .(Iter  Cliristm.is,  when    thes    sheltered   tliem- 

*  [...^.  Casas,  lit,  ii.  cap.  24.  Hist,  del  .Mmirante. 
cap.  .,.1. 

t  Hist,  del  Almiranic,  cap.  (^4, 


seKcs  in  ,inolller  port,  where   they  reili.e- ,. 
the  .^1  ot  j.imi.iry,  150?,  rep.uriiij; due  .i|  1^  ,J 
V(ds,  .111(1  procurme    wood,  w.iier,  ,iih|  ,,  s;;u 
m,ii/e    or    Indi.in    (orii.       These    nie.isiin,'!  .1 
com|ile!ed,  they  .n^.iin  put    to  se,i,  ,iii,|  |,^  .|,^ 
ol    i-.piph.iiu,  to  their  L;re.it    joy.  .iin  luir,-,' ',.  J 
moiitli    ot    .1     ruer    c.llled    l)\     l"lu'    11, itivc^  '.,.,[ 
wilhiii  a  le.i.^iie  or  two  ot    the   ii\(i-   \  it,|..,; 
Ill    the   colinliv   s,ii(l    to    be    so  jiih  in  nv 
this    ii\cr,     tidiii    .i|-ii\inj.;    Vil     u    ,,:\    || , 
I'.piph.iiu ,   C'oluiiiluis   ^,i\c   the   ll.iiiu    (il   ' 
I'lellileliem. 

i'or  iie.irly  .1    month    lie   h.id  endcivdicii  • 
complisli  the  Xdy.ii^c   troiii    I'lierto   lle'.Ki  •,,\.!.| 
^Mi.i,  a  (list. Mice   ot   .ibout   ihirlv  h  .i:;!!,-,, ,;.:, 
eiu-ountered    so    m,inv    troubles     ,iiiil  ,ii|m-. 
Irom  ch,!iiL;i  .ible  w  inds  .md  currenis.  .ind  1.  ...| 
oils  tcmp(  st-,,   lh,,l    he    ^M\c  this    ihtiriiKV, 
ol   se.ibo.ird    the    n,ime    (d     /../    i\'y/,i  ,i. 
hitstiw,  or  tli    t'o.ist  ot  ('ontr.idiiiKiiis  * 

foliimbus    immedi.ilelv    ordered    ijic  11:1, •,;, 
the  ludeii,  .ind    ol    its    neij^hborine  mcii.l  \-n.l 
);u,i,  to  be  sounded.      'I'lie    l.illei    |M()Vci1  tin.'. 
low  to  admit  liis  vessels,  but  tlie  He'i  11  \ci-..t 
wli.it  dee|)er,  an<l  it  w.is  thought  ll'e\  iir.^i  ■  ■-. 
i;    v.dli    s,itet\.      .Seeinj;    ,1  \  il!.ii;e  on   :|;il   :,. 
the  lielen.  the  admir.d    sent    the   bo.,',  en  ,:,•: 
|>iM(iire    inhHiii.itioii.      (  »n    tlieir   .ipp'e.ii  ii  :i»  •. 
h.ibil, lilts  issued  liMth  \v  illi  we.ipons  111  li.ii.d  :i.  , 
]iosc  their  Lindiiifi,  but  were  le.idiiv  p.ic  lini    \-. 
siemed    imwilliiii^'   to   >;i\e   ,iii\    m'lelliMi  nc.i  . 
llie  edld    mines;     but.  on    bein^   inipiirtiiiicd '• 
(l.ired  that   tiiey   l.iv  in  the   \icinitv  it  ilic  rv 
\'er,ij;ua.       To    tli.it    ii\er    the    bo, it,    •.\f'c    \ 
]i.itehed  <in  the  followmj.;  d,i\ .       I'hex  met  u  '.'  ■■ 
rece])tion    so    fieijueiit    .ilon;;     this     1  e.i^t    '.■,'•• 
m.in\   ot    the    tribes  were    lieiic.md    v,,tiKf,- 
,ire    supposed    to    h,i\e    been  ol    (   ,ir:|i  (ir'^;'' 
the    bo. Its    entered    the    ii\er,     the    iliIiv  ■   •    ■ 
torth    ill    their   ciiioes,  and    o'hers   .issiirl'i 
men,i(  in^;     st\le   on    the   sli.,   .  The   .'^i    ■  .r  • 

however,  1 1.1(1  brought  w  illi  them  ,111  !ii(li,i!i  ,'  • 
i'i,ist,  who  put  .III  end  to   this   slmw  i.t  hii~n  '  '  I 
.issurin;;   Ills  i-oUlltlN  111(11    tll.lt    ll:e    sImI'l;!:- 

oiiU  to  Ir.iltic    with  them. 

The   \,irioUs  .11  1  oUIltsol   the    in  hesol  llr.'-dj'- 

.ip|)e.ii((l  to  be    loiilirmed  b\   wh.il   the  '"i-r  ■- 
s.l'A    .ilid    hcird    .imon;^'    these    peopir.       I    i 
(ilieil    in    e\ili,inL;e    lor    the    \eiiisi    ii;!''-"    • 
pi, lies    ol    ;;o!d,    with    scxer.il     pipe--    ct    l!'-"- 
niet.d,  ,ind  (  rude  ni,isses  ot  ore.       I  i  e  Iih 
loriiK  d    thrm    th.ii    the    mines    l,iv  .iiiuir.L, 
niounl.iins  ;   ,ind   th.it   when  tlie\  w(i:tMi 
It   liiev  Were    (ililjeed    to    pl.iitlie    i'L;iir"i:- 
.111(1  (imtiiiem  e.f 

The  l.u'orable   report   brotinlil   bv  '.he  ' 
lermiiied   the   .idniir.il   to   rem. 1111  m  tie ''  ., 
hooii.      The  ri\er  Helen  h,i\iiii;  the  i;rc,iii  '<.'■" 
lAo  ol  the  (  .ir,i\  els  eiiteri  d  1 1  on    I  hi    otli  n!  j;'- 
ar\-,  .iml    the   two   other-,    on    the   toll(i',Mii_: 
hil^h  tide,  winch  on  th.it  co.isi  does  rut  r 


*   llist.  did  Ainiirnnte.  rap.  ()4. 

f  A  siipcrslUioiis  notion   wiih   respci  t  le  Ci'  - 
pe.irs  to  liavc  liecn  very  prevalent    iiii(iii<  tlu:  n.i;.."'  1 
The  Indians  of  llispanioLi  ohserwd  tlu-  Siiiiif  p' • 
tions   when   they  s(iiij;ht   for   it.  alist.iiiiin^;  Iniin ' *- 
and  from  sexual  intercourse.    Coliiiiiluis,  wliii '««• 
to  loiik   upon   vt'ild  .is  one  of  tlies.icrel  an  I  m'' 
treasures  of   the   e.irlh,   wisticd   to  ciiidui.igr  *"  ■ 
oliservani  cs  .-iiiioiij;  th<;  Spaniards  ;  exliorlini;  ''if' 
purify   themselves   for  Ilic   rcscan  h  of    itii'  """'■ 
fasting,   pr.iyi-r,    ami    (h.islily,      it  is  s' .irct'ly  "'''■  I 
sary  to  add.'th.it  his  a(lvi(  e  was  liut  little  attendcii"| 
by  liis  rapacious  and  scnsuai  followers. 


IHPM  ■,  eiidly  inaniie 

ill, ,,  Willi  whicii   I 

pu-li;    also  ^'(ildcii 

niMiu'd   111  allirni 

leiii    :'u'  iM'i  wis  p 

Ti  -  Adekint.iiiu.  ^^ 


Hrji 


set  i)lf  i'!i  ll 


well     MC  I,  III  asi  eml 
and 


twn 
atte 
wa.- 
Ik 

ciqiir 
oni.i: 
nifio 


ill,  to  the  re-'i 
u'n  .      riie  I  111 
.1   liaii    iic.ir 
I  hv  his  suhii 
11!  pi)Wi'rtiil  Ir 
xvxw   was  e\ 
iV>eilU'cl   the   . 
■It-  wluih   he 
iiiescnl-.  a  lev 
Birir  I   iiuilii.llly  wel 
dlY  1 1     11,111  Vl.ilted  It 
|ljtii:i  ,   (iiiertaiiicd    b 
Qlly  .  Miiuaiiu  .lie  by 
ms  '■•'   t  '.  u'lliirii  am 
terv  ■  '   was  not  ot 
Tiail     -n  scicr.il   pre 

aci  •  exrh.lll^e  '  II 
am  ,  ■  :le>,  :ind  <  »'iil 
oerti ,  1  '■'. ,  ll'  hi''  hi"i> 
0  I  ■  :4;iiiit  I, ma, 
ing  '  Mf  r;\cr.  i'lii 
tJK  i  '.ar  Ilia*  a  v, 
fore   I  iMiii  dieir  an 

sHr,  ill    Invell  .l;4.iiM 

|,  of  til  ,  laiir.d's  ve^^el 

whu  ijii.iiiran  W.IS  1 

wrei  Willie  espiise 

thti  -w  preiented  li 

viOi'  ilalill.  .iDii    l)\ 

tipii;  VIC   li.ir.     'I'hls 

Colli  IN  .llliillllted 

am.)  .  ':ii'  r,iiii;e  ol   1 

ht  !i  s^iven  the   11. ill 

Chr  ...ll.     The  hi-h 

tr.'  I  ■  !■  ;i!i'  ( liniils.t 

T  .\e.idicr  coiitini 

levc  .liv..     .\t  len; 

thf  -  i:::;;;-  loieraht 

tWii  ay  si\ty-ei,i;!it 

is  I::  1  I, its  to  e\pliii'j 

Wpi  iiiiiics.     W'hc 

dre  ir  u>  tiie  vill 

the  -  1;  ,1  liili.  the 

ban  i  iii-'t  hiiii,  w, 

^1-  :i;.iraie  !.    and 
'     "■  I-.  11. iked.  ,1 

i;iiiti\,      ( iii( 
~'.a:,.-  oiii    (,;    [j 
It  c.irelully, 

1  'asell    .Is    |||)i 

'  i.iiaadii  with  ). 

■  -'.  •iiiil  ir(>ii  tor 
111' I'l  .ir.d   CO 

■1  U'    ,ilh|    ies| 
:i|  ii\  lio'.vevei 

■  W  l^    .IW.lkell 
'^     lllti)     Ills     |( 

't    iny  open   . 

i  I    die    wishi 

'  '''^il  the  iiiti 
'I    li-l  .\!mir.nti 

'  ^.1S.IS,   lllj.il. 


ml) 
teal 
tile 

t 

of  I 

insi' 

Th, 

Mr,, 


♦  •'■■'■r  M.irtvr, 


deca 


•si  a 


LirE   AND   VOVAGKS   OK   COLUMBUS, 


105 


to  th 


til 


[a  f.illi'im.*  Hie  nativi->.  lanu-  to  them  m  the 
_gttnciiaiv  maniuM,  hiinj-inj,'  ^n\a  <iuantilics 
Ifls'i.  \vim  wiiH-ii  tliat  liver  .ibximtled.  '1  hey 
L.  ill  il-'C  (^tilili'ii  Din.imcnts  to  tr.illic,  l)ut 
Kti'iiiH';!  10  allMiii  ih.il  Wimku.i  w.is  the  pl.iie 
leiur  tin:  oif  w.i.s  i)rinureil. 

The  Adel.iiii.Kli).  wilh  liis  M-.iial  aitivily  and  en- 
j,p,.,,J  ,,'t  cilt  I'll  lilt--  third  day,  with  the  ho  lis 
well  .iii;u- 1,  ill  as.  fiid  '.he  X'era^nia  aboul  a  Ici^-iic 
and  .1  iiill.  I"  l'^''  if-i'li-iue  c)l  ( juiliiaii.  the  pniui- 
pil  I  u  (j'.if.  riic  (lufltaiii,  heariii';  ot  his  inten- 
Son,  met  hiin  iKar  tin:  entrance  ol  the  river, 
tHemlM  1)V  liis  subject-,  in  scM-ral  ^■an(lt■^.  lie 
wasi.iil.i)'|)i)vverliii  traiue,  and  warlike  demeaiior  ; 
the  "lUiva  ^\  was  fviremely  aniicable.  The  ca- 
ciqiif  ]iri'-t!iii'il  till'  Adflaiit.ido  with  the  >;i)ldei) 
Otn.iiiiriU-  wlmli  In-  wore,  and  received  as  inaj^. 
iciii'.  pii'Sfiii-.  a  lew  lairopean  trinkets.  They 
rtcl  muiu.illv  well  i)leased.  On  the  tollowin^f 
f  I  till!)!. Ill  vi.iiled  ilie  .slii|)s,  where  he  w.is  hos- 
jb'y  cniiTtaiiuii  In  the  .iiiiiiiral.  They  couhl 
lyciKiiiiiaiiK.ite  by  .si^iis,  and  as  the  (  I'lielt.iin 
iot  a  ihiliirn  and  i  .mtioiis  character,  the  m- 
xkw  w.H  ii'it  o!  loni;  duration.  Cohiinbiis 
|ili- lii;n  si'icr.il  pn'^ciu.s  ;  the  lolloweis  ot  the 
I  ||Cii|'.ic  e\.  h.iii;.^'' '  luaiiv  jewels  ot  yold  lor  the 
BBij' irillf-^,  and  iHiibi.in  returned,  without  much 
eer(.'inii:u .  lo  ins  home. 
0.1  III'-  :4lii  i>!  |, Hillary  there  w.is  a  sudden  swell- 
iililu' ri\fr.  I'iie  waters  came  rusbiiiL;  Iroiii 
inici;iir  lil>e  .i  v.ist  torrent  ;  the  ships  were 
jcpil  tiaiii  llieir  anchors,  tossed  Iroin  side  to 
le,  and  driven  .iij.unst  each  other  ;  the  lorem.isi 
Ithi' .lilaiiiMl'.-,  \c^--el  w.is  (Mriieij  aw,i\,  ,iiid  the 
lo'.c  .-(I'Miiroii  WIS  111  imminent  dan);er  ot  ship- 
le^^,  While  e\|i)-.cd  to  this  peril  in  the  liver, 
lifiey  wt'ie  |)re\ented  lioai  running-  out  to  se.i  bv  .i 
jlfiil  ^Iiiiii,  .111:1  by  the  bre.ikeis  which  be. it 
|on  uif  li.ir.  '{'Ill-,  sudden  riiiii;.;-  ut  the  ruer 
ilu:ir)iN  .iiinbuted  to  some  he.ivv  tall  ot  r.iin 
Uloii..' nil-  r.iiiLje  ot  (list. ml  mount. ims,  to  which 
hehil  t;;\eii  t'le  n.une  ot  the  mount. iiii-.  ol  S. in 
ChrbMv.ii.  Tliehi^lie.t  ol  tlie.-.e  ro^e  to 
lir  .i;)j\i'  ;iiL'  ( loiuK.  I 

Til.'  wt.illier  coiitiiuied  evticnielv  boisterou-;  lor 
leveiM.us.  .\t  leii'^ih,  (in  the  Oth  ol  Febru.irv, 
thf  >-i  hciiv^r  loler.ibly  c.iliii,  the  .Adel.inl.ido,  .it- 
:  tpldrthv  M\iy-ei,:;!il  men  well  .irmed,  proceed. -d 
:iii'.-.  !(i  expi.iie  ibe  \'er,inua,  .md  seek  its 
iHpii'' I  iiiahi.  \\  lull  he  .i-,cended  the  river  ,ind 
'^"  '''  'I'  1"  liic  vill.iire  ot  (.Hiibi.in,  situated  on 
'^''  '■  '■  a  lull,  the  c.ic  i(|ue  c.iiiK-  down  to  the 
nk  ;  1  ni-i  hini,  with  ,i  |;reat  tr.iiii  ot  hi>  ,ul)- 
fcti.  iiii.iraifd.  and  m.ikmi,'-  sii;iis  ot  pe.ice. 
m  in  WIS  n.iked,  ,ind  paintrd  .liter  the  t.isliion 
111"  caiimiy.  One  ot  hi-,  attend. nits  drew  a 
■i:  sl'i:;-  diit  o!  the  river,  ,ind  washed  ,uid 
loi' d  II  cirelully,  upon  which  the  chielt.iin 
«ai  ;Hi  laselt  a-,  upon  a  throne. t  lie  receiveii 
Ue.ilrl.ii!:,,,!,.  wiili).ie.iteourtesv  ;  lor  the  loliv, 
^f"  ni-i,  .,;,d  ir.Mi  torm  ot  the  latter,  and  his  lo.ik 
I  mc.'i  ,i;-,i  cmm.md,  were  calculated  to 
wsp'  .ive  ,uid  lespect  in  ,in  iiidi.m  w.irrior. 
*«>■•' -I'l^iae.  liie.vever,  was  warvaiid  iiolitic.  ills 
"">i'V  w.is  awakened  bv  the  mirusi.ui  ot  these 
?'i'-!i'r^  into  his  territories  ;  but  he  s.iw  the 
'""yit  any  open  attempt  to  resist  them,  lie 
•f'lH  1..  ihe  wishes  of  the  .Xilelant  ido.  tli.-re- 
'■'"  ''sit  the  interior  ot   his  dominions,  .md 

lh-;i    U-l  .Mmirante,  cap.  95. 

t•a^  U1S.1.S,  |,b.  ii.  cap.  25.     Hist,  d'-l  Alrairante, 

'VaT  M.irtyr.  Jecad    i;i.  l,b.  iv. 


pe.ik 


at 


■  lurni-^hed   him   with  three  guides  to  conduct  liim 

to  the  mines. 

I       l.e.iviiij^   .1   number  of    his    men    to  >;u.ird    the 

I   boats,  the   .\del.int,ido   dep.irted   on  toot  with  the 

I   rem.iinder.       .\lter   penelratin.i.(   into   the   interior 

j  about  lour   Ici^tues   .md   .1   h.ill,  they  slept   tor  lli« 

first  iii};ht  on   the  banks  ot  a  river,  wliiili  seemed 

I  to  w.iter  the  whole   i  ountry  w  itii   its  wmdiiij;s,  ,is 

j  they  li.id   crossed    it   uiiw.ird   ol   toity   times.      On 

I  the   second   d.iy    they   proceeded    a   lea)4tie  .and  .1 

li.ilt    l.irther,  and    arrived    .Miion^^    thick    lorests, 

I  where  their  ijuides  intormed  them  the  mine-,  were 

j  situated.     Ill   l.ict,  the  whole  sod    .ippe.ired  to  be 

j   impre^nateil   with   |;old.     They  j^.ithered   it  Irom 

I  .inioiij;   the   iiiot-.  ot   the   tree-,,  which   were  ol  .111 

immense  luii^lu  .iiid   majjnit'icent  ioli.i;>;e.      In  tlu! 

I  sp.ice  ol  two  liours  e.icli  1,1. in  h.ul  colh.-cted  .1  little 

I  qu. unity  ol  j4old.  <,Mthered  Irom  tile  surt.ue  ot  the 

I  e.irlh.      Hence  tilt;  j;uides  took  the  .Vd-l.uu.ido  to 

I  the  xiimnut  ol  a  hiy;li  lull,  .md  showing  limi  ,tii  i'\- 

I  lent  ot  iDuntry  .l^.   t.ir  ,is  the  eye  could  re.uii,  as- 

!  sure, I  him  th.it  tin-  whole  of  it,  to  the  dist.M-.,e  of 

!  twenty    d.iy-.'     journey   wf-,tw.iid,     .iboiiaded     in 

!  jjold.    iniiimg   to    him  sever, il    ol     the     priiici|),il 

I  pi, u  <■-..*      The  .\del, lilt, ido  ^M/ed   with  eiir.ipturevi 

J  eye   over   ,1   va-.t    wildeine>>   ot   I'ontiiuietl   forest. 

I  where   only  here   and    there   .1    brij^ht   column    of 

smoke   Irom   .imid   the  trees   g.ive   sit;n   ol   some 

I  s.u-.ij;e  h. unlet,  or  solit.iry  wigw.im,  .md  the  wild, 

I  nil. ippr.ipii, lied    a-,pccl   ol    this  j^oldcii  countrv  de- 

}   li;^lued  him  moi"e  th.in  il  he  li.id  iielield  it  cineied 

'  with   towns  ,iiid   cities,  anil   adorned    with  .ill  the 

^;r.icfs   ol    cultiv.iti()ii.       lie    reiurned     with     hi-, 

p.iriy,  ill    lii>;li   spirits,  to   the   ship-,,  and    rejoiced 

I  the  admir.il  with  the  taxorable  report  ot  his  c.vjje- 

dition.       It    W.IS   soon    disco\-eir(|,    however,    tli.it 

the    jiolilic    'Uiibi.in    li.id    deceived     them.        Ills 

guides,   by    111-.    Illstructiolli.   luid    t.lkell    llie    .S]),lll- 

i.inU  to  the  males  ol    .1  iieii^hboniiL;  1  .11  iipie,  with 

whom  he  w.is  .it  w.ir,  hopiiii;   to  di\crt  llu-m   inio 

the    territories  ot    iiis  eneiiu  .      The    re.ii    mines  of 

\  er, 1:^11.1,  it  w.is  saiil,  were  ne.irer  .md  nuich  more 

we.iltn\ . 

The  unlet, itii;ab'e  Adel.mt.ido  set  lorth  a^'.im 
on  the  nail  ot  I'ebru.irv.  with  .in  .irmeil  b.md  of 
tittv-iime  men,  m.irchin^  alon;,^  the  co.i-,t  we-.t- 
w.ird,  .1  bolt  with  fourteen  men  krepiii;;  p.ici; 
with  him.  In  llus  excursion  he  esploird  .111  ex- 
tensive iiMCt  ol  country,  and  \i>iied  the  dominions 
(d  \.ir;ous  ciciipies,  by  whom  he  w.is  lio-ipit.ibly 
eiiieit. lined.  He  met  continu.illy  with  pmotsof 
abund.ince  id  ^old  ;  the  n.iti\es  ^eiieralK  wc.iriiijr 
.Hie.il  pi. lie-,  ot  It  sii-^pendcii  louinl  th.eir  necks 
by  cotton  iiird-..  I'liere  wci"  tr.icts  ot  l.iiiil, 
.ilso,  cuiiiv.ited  with  liuii.m  lorii  —one  of  which 
continued  tor  the  extent  ol  six  le.i^ues  ;  and  the 
country  aboimdeil  with  excellent  tiiiii^.  lie  ;i^Min 
he. nil  ol  .1  n.ition  in  the  interior,  ,ul\Miici:d  in  ,irls 
.md  arm-,,  we.iriiij;  clothiiiL;',  .md  belli;;"  armed 
like  the  .Sp.ini.irds.  I'.ither  ihe.e  were  we^ue  .md 
ex.ijij^er.ited  rumors  concerning;  the  i^re.it  em|)ire 
ot  I'eru,  or  the  .Adel.ini.ido  h  id  misuiKlersiood 
the  si);ns  ot  Ins  intorni.ints.  He  returned,  .ilter 
;in  absence  ol  -,e\ei.'i  d.iys,  with  .1  ijrc.it  ipiainily 
ot  K'old,  and  with  .mim.itini;  .ucoimts  ot  the 
countrv.  He  li.id  tound  no  port,  howe\er,  eipi.il 
to  the  ii\er  ol  Helen,. iiid  w,is  (  oiuinced  tli.U  L^old 
W.I-.  nowhere  to  be  met  with  in  such  .ibund.uice 
.IS  ill  the  district  ot  \'eragu.i.j 


*  Letter  of  the  Admiral  from  Jamaica, 
f  I.as  (.lasas,  lib.   ii.  cap.  25.    Hisl.  del  Almirante, 
cap.  93. 


'i^  iiij 


::i!l-  !'.! 


ill 


'.:■■:. 


li't  il  ('. - 


19G 


LIFE   AND   VOVACtKS   OF   COLUMBUS. 


« 


CHAPTKR   \II. 

COMMF.NCF.MF.NT  or  A  SKTI'IIMKNT  0\  TIU' 
RIVKR  IIKI  i:\  -t'l)N--I'IR.\CV  dl'  lUr.  N.MIVKS 
— KXPIDI  riON  Ol"  IHK  ADKI-ANTADO  TO  STU- 
}'H\>\.    i.iril;lAN. 

f' 503-1 

TilK  reports  l)iinij;nt  to  Cohinihus,  from  every 
side,  ut  the  wealth  of  tlie  neighborhood  ;  tlie 
jToldeii  tr.u-t  ot  tueiity  d.ns'  journey  in  e\t(i)t, 
siKiwii  til  his  hrotiier  from  tlie  nioimtain  ;  the 
niinors  ot  a  rich  and  civih/ed  country  at  no  j;real 
distance,  all  convinced  Www  that  he  h.id  reached 
one  ot  the  niosi  favored  parts  of  the  Asiatic  con- 
tinent. Ayain  his  ardent  mind  i<ind!ed  up  with 
jTlowin;:^  .mticipalions.  He  t.mcied  himself  ar- 
rived at  a  toiintain-liead  of  riclies,  at  one  of  the 
sources  of  tlie  uni)ounded  we.dth  of  Knii;  Solo- 
mo!i.  josephus,  in  his  work  on  the  .inluiinties  of 
the  Jews,  had  evpressed  .in  opinion  tli.it  the  j^old 
for  the  liuildin^  of  the  temple  of  jeriis.dem  h.id 
been  |)!-ocured  troiii  tlie  iiiines  of  the  .Aiirea 
(.'hersone-.u>.  Columbu^  supjiosed  the  mines  of 
\'er,ii;u,i  to  he  the  same  They  l.iy,  ,is  he  ob- 
ser\-ed,  "  within  the  s.ime  distance  troin  the  ])oie 
and  from  the  line  ;"  and  it  the  iidormaiion  which 
he  fancied  he  h.ul  ri'Ceived  from  the  Indi.ins  w.is 
!i)  be  depended  on,  they  were  situ.Ued  .diout  th.e 
same  distance  from  the  ("lani^es.* 

Here,  then,  it  appeared  to  him,  was  a  pl.uc  at 
which  to  found  .i  colony,  and  establish  a  m.ut 
that  should  become  the  eminirium  ot  a  \ast  tract 
ot  mines.  Within  the  two  lir^t  d.iv-i  .iltei-  his  .ir- 
rival  in  the  t\)Untrv.  .is  he  wrote  to  the  so\'ereii;ns. 
he  had  seen  more  sii^ns  of  ^;old  th.m  in  Ilispamola 
durinj^  four  vcars.  That  i>l.ind.  so  lonjr  the  o|)- 
jei't  ot  his  pride  and  hopes,  h.id  been  t.iken  from 
him,  and  w.is  a  scene  of  contusion  ;  tlie  pearl 
coa-.'  ol  i'.iri.i  w.is  r.ivatjed  by  mere  adventuicrs  ; 
all  his  pians  concerning-  both  had  In-en  dete.Ued  ; 
i)ut  lu-re  w.is  a  t.ir  more  we.ilthv  re,i;ion  than 
either,  and  one  calcul.ued  to  c(m~.ole  him  for  all 
his  wron;.;'s  .md  dejiriv.itions. 

Dn,  consuliiiij;  with  his  brother,  therefore,  he 
resolved  immediately  to  commence  .in  t-st.iblish- 
nunt  here,  tor  the  purpose  of  seturint^  the  posses- 
sion ot  the  country,  and  exploring;  anil  wotkinif  the 
mines.  The  .Adelant.ido  .ij^rreed  to  rem.iin  with 
the  (greater  |iart  of  the  people  while  the  .idiinr.il 
bliould  return  to  Sp.iin  for  reinforcements  .md 
supplii-s.  'i'he  i;re,itest  dis[).itch  was  emploved  l\\ 
c.irryin;,^  this  ])l,in  into  immedi.ite  oper.ation. 
I-jj4hty  men  were  seleited  to  rem.iin.  Thev  were 
sep.ir.ited  into  p.irties  of  about  ten  each,  .md  com- 
menced building  houses  on  a  sni.ill  t-minence, 
situated  oi'  the  l)ank  ot  a  creek,  .ilwuit  a  bow-shot 
within  the  mouth  of  the  river  lielen.  Tin-  houses 
Wert'  of  wood,  tliatched  with  the  le.ives  of  palm- 
trees.  ( )ne  larj^er  than  the  rest  w.is  to  serve  .is  a 
m.ij,M/ine,  to  ri-ceive  thtar  ammunition,  .irtillers-, 
and  a  |)art  of  tlieir  provisions.  The  priiK  ipal  p.irt 
w.is  stored,  for  j^M'e.iter  security,  on  bo.ird  of  one 
of  the  c.iravi-ls.  which  was  to  l)e  left  tor  the  use  ot 
tlie  col')ny.  It  was  true  they  had  but  a  scanty 
.supply  ol  l-airo|)erui  stores  remainiiij,'.  consisting.' 
fhu-lly  ot  bis(-iiii,  (  licese,  pulse,  wine,  oil,  .'ii-.d 
viiu-Ljar  ;  luit  the  country  producrd  b.m.in.is, 
lilain.iins,  i)iiu-,ipples,  coio.inuts,  and  other  fruit. 
There  was  also  m.ii/i-  in  .ibund.ince,  toj^i-ther 
with  varioa-.  ro us,  smh  as  were  found  in  llis- 
p.miola.  'I  he  ruers  and  sen  o.ist  atiounded  with 
tish.      The  natives,  too,   made  beverages  oi  vari- 

♦  LfUcr  of  Columbus  from  Jamaica.  "^ 


or.s  kinds.  (Ine  from  the  juice  of  tlu-  iiini'ji--', 
ha\in!,r  a  vinous  flavor  ;  .mother  Iroiii  in:iu.  .i 
semblinj;  beer;  .md  another  from  the  Injr.  ^l', 
species  ot  palm-tree.*  'I'lu-re  a|)pe,ire(l  ;  j  !j..,| 
d.inj.;er,  therefore,  ot  sutteriiij;  troin  1,1111:;^.  VJ 
lumluis  took  p.iiiis  to  concili.ile  the  j.;,}n(l.,v  ■,, 
the  Indi.nis.  tli.it  they  might  supply  the  w.ifj. 
the  colony  durin_^  his  absence,  ,md  he  ai.ilr r-.i'j 
present-,  to  (  Hnbi.in,  by  w.iy  ol  iiciiaci.iir-'  ■ 
this  intrusion  into  his  territories. + 

'I'he  necessary  arraiigenunts  b:-':  ^'^  - 
the  oilony,  ami  a  number  ot  the  hu^l^■•^ 
rooted,  and  sutficiently  linished  tor  n  ,  i:  ' 
the  .-idmir.il  prep.iied  for  his  ilep.irtiai-  r-. 
an  unlooked-ior  obstacle  pvi-seiited  it^i-ii,  '\ 
he. ivy  ^.lin^l  which  liad  so  loiii,'  distre:,>ed  Ivi  -. 
ing  this  t-xj)edition  had  recently  ce.ised,  i  ■ 
rents  from  tlie  moimt. litis  were  o\t-r.  ;  ; 
river,  which  h.id  once  put  him  to  such  ii-,-:  ;■  jl 
sudden  swclliiitj,  li.id  now  beconu-  sn  mi.;; 
lh.it  there  was  not  above  hall  .1  l.iil'Din  \v.!!rrii| 
the  bar.  Thou^jh  his  vessels  wcir  sni  1'',  i^-i 
impossible  to  draw  them  over  tiie  -.ir  ,s  \  ; 
choked  the  mouth  of  the  river,  lor  ilui;-\\.;ij 
swell  rolling  and  tumbling  ii|ioii  tl'ciii,  ciini-; -J 
d.ish  his  worm-e.iten  b.irks  to  pit-rt-s.  lit  5 
obliged,  therrfore.  to  w.iil  witii  p.ilieiii '-.  .r.ii  :-j| 
tor  the  return  ot  tho-,e  r.iiiis  whicli  lu  ..,■.>.  ,...^ 
deplored. 

ill  tht'  uie.ni  time  (hiibi.m  bi-lu-lil,  niii  ••-•; 
je.ilousy  and  indignation,  these  str.inmTM-'.-;." 
liabit.Uions  and  m.initesting  .111  inieimo'-.  ./>•/. 
lishing  themselves  in  his  territoiics.  .;■«.:••:; 
bold  and  warlike  spirit,  and  had  ,1  i^rc..'.  ;.i',i-i 
w.irricirs  at  his  comm.md  ;  and  beiiii;  iL;i'ii  rr 
the  \Mst  Miperi(M-ity  ot  the  l-airopeaii^  in  •,!;i:j-.:| 
w.ir.  thought  it  e.isy.  by  a  welbcoiiceili-;;  .if  n 
to  overwhelm  and  destroy  thriii.  lit-  v-'r>f| 
sengers  round,  and  ordereil  all  hi>  ti;;;.I: ;  la 
to  assemble  at  his  resitleiice  on  the  rivt-r  \  r  ,;..i 
under  |)rete\t  of  m. iking  w.ir  upon  a  m-v!  1«  ;; 
province.  Numbers  ot  the  w.irrior^.  iii  !'>•"■; 
to  hi-^  heatl-quarters.  p.issed  by  the  |-.aiii 'r.  M 
hUs|)ici()ns  ot  their  re.il  de-.igii  wt-ii-  eii;irt.:'!l! 
bv  Columbus  or  hisoftict-rs  ;  but  tlitir  iiip  iir'j 
attr.icled  the  .itteiitioii  ot  the  ihiet  iioi.cv  !i-.'i 
.Mendez,  a  man  ot  ashrt-wi!  .md  pr\  ;'ig  1  h.irj.x 
aiitl  /e.ilouslv  devoted  10  tht-  .ulmii.i..  |ii":i.:ri 
some  trt-.icherv,  he  commuiin  .lieil  his  mh'-  -'.>;i 
Columbus,  anil  ottereil  to  i  oast  aloni;  ;  1  .1:  .'"•; 
tio.it  to  the  river  X'eragu.i,  .and  rt-i,i'i  i.  ■- 
Indi.m  camp.  His  offi-r  w.e>  accc|i; d  .  <; - 
s;illi(-d  Ironi  the  ri\t-r  .h  coriling')  -'  •• 
sc.ircelv  ;id\anced  a  IcigU'-  w  l;i'ii  lieilivi.r.. 
large  force  ol  liidi.ins  on  the  shore.  '■■i-''i 
alone,  and  ordering  lint  tht-  boat  sluir  1!  - -■' 
afloat,  he  (-nteiid  among  them.  'Iit-.f  - 
about  a  thous.ind.  .irmi-tl  .md  supph'-'l  »  ;r"t- 
visions,  as  il  lor  an  exiieditmn.  |  |e  ctt'-iiMio'- 
comp.iny  them  with  iiis  armed  bo.it  ;  liisr"'';^ 
dec  Imi-d,  with  evident  signs  ot  itiipiHO'"  i** 
turning  to  his  boat,  he  ki-pt  w  .itrli  iipi'ti -^f"" 
night,  until  seeing  thev  were  vigiianii\  '■'■•'r. 
they  returned  to  X'eramia. 

.Mendtv  hastened  back  to  the  admiral    .-  .''• 
it   as  his  opinion   thai  the    Indi.ins   hail   '■"'■' ^■ 
tliiir  -vv.iv  t  )  siir[)rise  the  .Sp.inianls.     1  ;•  ■"  '  " 
was   loath   to   believe  in  such    treacherv, 
desirous  ot  obt. lining  t  le.irer   inforiiiatu 
he  look  .mv   step  th.il    might    intt-rnipt  "'    ''*■ 
ently   good   uiiderst. Hiding   th.it    e\i-'i''!   -■ 
iiati\es.      Mende/   now    undertook,   wit. 1  ■'-••• 

*   I  list,  del  Alinirante,  rap.  <)t, 
f   Letter  from  Jamaica. 


.^ii« 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGKS   OF   C:OLUMlJi;S. 


157 


kiriunion,  to  pcnrtiatf  bvl.uul  to  the  lu-ad  <|u..r- 
Vs l)'l  "iiilji.in,  ;iiul  ciuliMvor  to  asi  (.-rlain  his  m- 
Itions"  Accoiiip.inicdliyone  Rodnj^u  do  I'.mo- 
Ir  hi' priK-ft'dfil  nil  loot  .ilonj;  tlu-  si-.il)(),ii(l,  lu 
loia  tlio  uncled  toiu.-,lh,  .md  aniviiiK  ;.l  tlw 
lOiith  .)(  ihc  \  iTi^Hi'.  touiui  two  I  .mots  willi  lii- 
Bi,',  wii'tm  ik-  (Jifv.iik-d  on.  Iiy  prcMiUs,  to  con- 
hlm  and  Ins  uimpanioit  lo  llu-  \dlaf,'e  ot  ihe 
IriKif  li  •^'■'■'  on  iIh'  t)ank  o(  tlic  river  ;  the 
Lv.s  \v>T.'  'Iria.  iK'd  and  mter.-.i)cT.si-d  anion;; 
Li  riica-  w,i^  a  hustk:  cd  warlike  |)rei)a;-,ilin;i 
flhc  pi.i.c.  .iiid  tlic  arrival  ol  the  two  Spaniards 
■  jfidruK  •.■\'  i'"''  surprise  and  uneasiness.  The 
.  Bsi>iciia'  111  tin:  .:aci(|UC  was  larKer  than  the 
LaihiMs,  and  siliiait-d  on  a  hill  which  rose  tnini  tlu: 
Blt'i's  fili;e.  (Uiil)i.in  was  coiilnied  to  the  house 
nntlisp;)-!li''ii.'liavin;;  heeii  wounded  in  tile  lej;' 
|m!1  ariM.v  Meiule/  j,mvi'  hiniselt  out  as  a  sui- 
feoii  o)'iic  10  curt-  till-  wound  :  with  K''<-'at  dilli- 
ilivaiul  hy  lorre  ol  |ireseiils  lieobtained  perniis- 
pn  U)  pi'iVee  I.  (h\  the  eresl  of  the  hill  and  in 
pnt  ul  tilt-  .aiii, tie's  dwelling  was  a  broad, 
_Jvcl,  opi^n  iilace,  round  wliii  li,  on  posts,  were  the 
he.ii>  ot  thri-e  lunulred  enemies  slain  in  battle. 
Un.i  ^m.ivi'd  i)v  till-  disiii.il  ,irray,  Meiide/.  and  his 
COiiiiiiiiiii'i  I  I"  '^■■ed  the  pl.iee  toward  the  den  dI 
,  this  .^run  warrijr.  A  number  id'  women  .md 
fhil.irtii  alioiit  the  door  tied  into  the  house  with 
^eviii;;  crie-i.  A  voun^f  and  powerful  Indi.in, 
■nof  Uif  cacicpu-,  sallied  lortli  in  .i  violent  ra;;e, 
pchuuck  Meiidi'.;  .i  blow  whuli  lu.uie  him  rL-euil 
Iver.il  paces,  fhe  l.iliei  |),tcilied  luin  by  pri- 
nts and  a-isiir.iiices  th.it  he  e.ime  to  cure  hi-^ 
Ithcr  s  wound,  in  proid  ol  which  he  jirdducLd  a 
^x  lit  oinimeiu.  it  w.is  impi)>.-,ible,  howc\i'r,  to 
JBiii  .icce^s  U)  the  cacKpie,  and  Meiide/.  retui'iici 
jitll  all  ll.i^te  lo  die  harbor  ic.)  report  to  the  ad- 
lir.i;  what  hf  li.id  ^eeii  and  1<-. lined.  It  wa,-.  e.  i- 
leiv  ihcif  \\ai  ,1  d,in;;eii)U->  |)li)t  impending  dver 
ie  ^paai.ird.i,  and  a>  l.ir  .is  .Meiide/.  coiihl  le.un 
ro:".i  u.:  Indian-,  who  h.i  I  l.iken  him  up  tin-  rivrr 
11  ;:ii'ir  c.iaoe.  the  b.i  K  ut  .i  lh(ju,->,uid  w.irriois 
|Hi:.!i  h-,:  li.id  siea  .in  his  previous  reconiKnterin.; 
IspdiiKin  li  1 1  ,1  til. illy  been  on  .i  hostile  eiuer- 
Irh-a^'ain^t  ih'  h.irlior.  but  li.ul  j;iveii  it  upon 
ndi!!^  iIk-mimUo  ub^t-rved. 

pTnii  iiikirin.ition  w.is  coiilirmed  bv.m  Ind.,in  nl 

n;'|i;'iharli,i  i,l,  who  li.ul   become  .iit.uiird   lo 

leS]i.iiii:inls  .ri  1   .icii'il    ,is   iiUerprctci .       lie  la.- 

•'■■i  t'l  llu-  .admir.d   the  de-.i^n^  ot  his  eouatrv- 

:".  iviii.h  iif  !i  1(1  overlie  ird.     (.Miibi.m  iiiti-adrd 

MirpriMe  the  li.uhoi  .it  iu,:;ht  wiih  a  j;re.U  t.jr.  .-, 

1  'h:-  ship,  .md    hou-,1  ■,,  .md 

la-'HT.      d'iuis 


.md    make  a  ^laiera 
ioifw.inir  1,  (.'olunibiis  immedi 
He  .  Nfi  a  <1  liihic  w.iu  h   upon    tlu' 
!■*!  Mrs    spirit   ,,|    llu 


,i on    till'  harbor. 
.\:K-l,mt,i  lo 


1 


ne 


ll'.i    l'a•1^  Ui-i.iycil  l)v  III-,  woiini 
liiii-  hi  v.ould  inaiiit.iin  tlu 
■ill 


F»n 


sembl.ince 

I  lie   .\  Itl.int.idi)   drtcrmined    to 
ini-  re,ideiire,  c.ipuue 
If' 1   p.ii  u.inior-.,  send 


md  in  the  nie.m 
'■■■■■■•  .d  Iriend- 
ni.irch   at 
um.  hi-,  l.imil'/,  .md 
them   pri-.onfri  lo  .Sp.iin, 
*ii':;.-'.'  p:»^r,M„ii  ol  his  vill.iu.-. 

*^'''i';  III  ■  .\dcl.iiu.ido,  lo  conceive  a  pl.tii  was  to 
;t^''  '  .'  ':uii  iminedi.ite  evecuiion,  and.  in  l.ict, 
W  mipi-uhii;;  d,iii-<-r  .idmilled  ol  no  dchiv. 
'•'>ii;;\viih  iiiiii  si-vfiitv-toiir  men,  well  .inned, 
ini.i;.  v.mini  was  Dn-^o  .Meiide/.  and  heme  ac- 
'■''■li''iiie  1  hv  the  Indi.in 
.'fii'l  tin-  pliH.  h( 
Ifi  iial^,  lo  tlur  moum  Ol    iiu-   \it.i..ii:i    •i<,,.iiii,.(| 


^,"1!    iry   .■spirit    ol     the     .\dc-l,mt,clo    ■,u--c,'a.i    .i 

5*0  I'TcxpciliiMU.  'Idle  iu>^lile.pl.m  ol  (  Hiibian  w.is 

U'l   iC,....  . I,. ;,...., 1  I...  1.:     1     ...  I  :":.  .L 


n   iiUerpreier  wlio  h.id  re 
.  .      .  he  .set  ot(  on   the  50tli  ot  .Man  ii. 

'"  "al\  to  Uur  mouth  ot    the  \'er.i-ua,  ,i-,cende( 
Prajmh^,  ,ind  h,-to,f  ihc   Indi.ms  i  ould  have  uo- 
jjf'-ai  h:s  niovrmtnls,  l.inded   at    the  tool  ot    the 
ni'|"i"hKh  th,.  house  ot  Ouibi.m  w.is  situated. 
■  ^tbi  ihc  lacKjiie  should  "take  alarm   .md  llv  at 


the  si;.;lit  ot  .i  huge  iorce,  in-  ;isciiule(l  the  lull,  ac- 
iiMiip, lined  b\,  onl\'  ti\c  men,  among  whom  w.i:* 
iJiego  .Meiidez  ;  urdiring  the  rest  lo  eoine  on,  wilii 
gre.il  caution  ami  seerei  \',  two  .it  a  lime,  and  ;it 
.1  disi.iiu  I-  triuii  e.icii  ollui .  <  iii  the  disch.irge  of 
an  .ir(|Urbuse,  lliey  werr  to  suiruuiul  ihe  dwelliuy 
and  sillier  no  one  lo  esi..ipe. 

As  the  .\del.mt.ido  drew  ne.ir  to  tiic  house, 
( Uidu.iii  lame  forth,  and  se.iling  hinisidf  in  llm 
poil.il,  (lesireil  the  .Ailel. lilt, ido  lo  ajipi'LU  h  singly. 
1  )oii  r>.iriluiIoniew  now  ordered  I)iego  Meiide/  .incl 
his  tour  conip.mions  lo  lem.iin  al  .i  little  (list. nice, 
and  wlieii  the)  should  see  him  Like  the  caciipie  by 
the  arm.  to  lUsh  iinmediateU' lo  hisassistanci-.  lie 
then  .idv.mced  with  Ids  Indian  interpreter,  through 
whom  .1  shorl  com  ers.ition  look  place,  itl.ilive  to 
tlie  surrounding  eouniis.  'l'!i<'  Adelaiit.ido  then 
.id\'erted  to  tlu-  wound  of  the  c.iciipie,  and  pre- 
tending to  e\aiiiine  it,  totd-;  him  b\-  the  arm.  .\t 
llie  (  oiii  cried  sign.d  four  ot  the  Sp.ini.irds  rushed 
toiw.ird,  the  litili  disch.trged  the  ar(iuelHise.  '1  lie 
cKUcpie  aitemiited  to  get  loose,  liul  w.is  lirml/ 
held  in  the  iron  gr.isp  ot  the  Adelani.ido.  iSeing 
liolli  men  ot  g:e,it  niii-i  ular  power,  a  violent 
struggle  ensued.  I)oii  ilnrtholomew ,  however, 
m.iilU.iilK  (1  the  in.isleiN ,  and  I  )iego  Mende/  and 
his  comp.mioiis  eomiiig  to  his  assist.mce,  niiibiaii 
W.IS  i)ound  h.iud  .ind  to.ii.  Al  the  report  ot  tiie 
.iriiuebiisi-,  the  main  bod\-  ot  the  .Sp.mi.irds  sur- 
rounded the  house,  .and  seized  most  ot  tiiose  wlio 
were  within,  I  onsi;,iing  ol  titty  persons,  (dd  .nnd 
\oUii;;.  Among  these  were  the  wi\eS  and  (  hil- 
dieii  o!  (Uiibi.m,  ,ind  si-\er.il  id  his  ]uincipal  sub- 
jects. No  (ii'.e  W.IS  wounded,  lor  there  w.is  no 
resisLince.  and  the  .Xdel.int.ido  iie\er  permiUed 
w.mtoii  bloii(l-,hed.  W  hen  the  |!o:)r  s.uages  s.iw 
their  priiue  .1  i',ipli\e,  they  Idled  the  air  with 
i.iment.itions,  imploring  his  release,  and  oflering 
tor  his  r.insiun  .i  gie.ii  ire.isure.  \\  huh  lluy  said 
l.i)  1  oni'e.ded  in  a  neighboriiig  lori--.t. 

Ihe  .Adel.mt.ulo  w.is  de.lt  to  their  sU]>plic.llionS 
,md  tiu'ir  .liters.  lUiibi.m  was  loo  d.mgerous  a 
toe  to  lie  ■-!  [  .It  liberty  ;  as  a  prismu-r  he  would 
be  .1  host.ige  I  ir  the  securit)  ot  the  seillemeiit. 
AnvioUs  to  SI  line  his  prize,  he  di'termiiied  lo  send 
llie  I'.iciijUe  .md  iilher  jirisoneis  on  bo.ird  ot  ilie 
l)o,its,  wiiile  lie  rem. lined  nn  shore  wilh  a  part  of 
his  men  to  puisne  the  Indi.ms  who  h.id  I'scaped. 
Ju.iii  .S.im  he/,  tile  priiiei]),d  pilot  td  the  sipi.idron, 
.1  poweilul  ,md  spirited  ni.iii,  volunteered  lo  lake 
1.  li.iige  ot  the  c.ipiue-..  (  'n  commilting  llu'  chitd- 
l.iin  lo  his  I. ire,  tile  .\ilel.iiit.uio  w.irned  him  lo  be 
on  his  gu.ird  .ig.imsl  ,iny  .ilteinpt  al  rescue  or  es- 
e.ipe.  I'iie  suird\  pilot  replied  lli.it  il  the  c.iciipie 
got  out  ot  his  h.mds,  lie  would  gi\e  them  le.ive  to 
pluck  mil  his  be. lid,  li.iir  by  li.iir  ;  with  tliis  '.aunt 
lie  de|).iried,  be.iring  idf  (}uibi,m  biuiiid  h,.nd  .md 
toot.  ( )n  .irrixiie;  ,ii  the  bo, it,  he  secured  him  by 
.1  sirong  .Old  to  one  (d  the  beiudu-s.  it  was  a 
dark  night.  As  the  bo.it  proceeded  down  tlie 
ri\er,  the  c.iciiple  comp.. lined  piteoiisly  ol  ihe 
p.iintiilne-^  ot  his  bonds,  'idle  rough  he.irl  ot  the 
pilot  w.i^  tinii  hed  with  com[i.issioii,  .md  lie 
loosened  the  cord  by  which  Ouibi.m  w.is  lied  to 
the  bcm  !i,  keeping  the  end  ol  il  in  his  lumd.  1  he 
\\\\\  indi.in  watched  his  oppoilimity,  and  when 
.Sanche/  was  looking  another  w.iy  plunged  mio 
the  w.Uer  .md  dis.ippeared.  .So  sudden  and  vio- 
lent W.IS  his  plunge  thai  the  pilot  had  to  let  go 
the  cord  lest  he  should  he  dr.iuii  in  alter  him. 
'idle  darkness  ot  the  night  .md  the  bustle  which 
took  |)l.ii  e  in  preventing  the  esc.ipe  ot  the  other 
prisoners  rendered  il  impossible  lo  ]nirsue  theca- 
ci(pie,  or  e\in  to  ascerl.iin  iiis  fate.  Juan  Sanchej 
ha  ,teiufl  to  the  ships  with  the  residue  of  the  c.ip» 


:-d 


l;'i  11' 


!      1,1 


'I      ;!'■* 


\'''M 


!l! 


m 


■  i   -   H 


",    i 


;  t- 


198 


LIFE   AND   VOVAGKS   OF   COLUMBL'S. 


vt 


lives,  (Ircply  mortified  .U  Ikmii;;  tliiis  outwiucd  by  I  t  Icmciit.     I'lunj^mi;  to  liir  hoiioii 


r 


I 


ft  s.i\Mj;c. 

The  Adi'lant.uio  ri-ni. lined  nil  nii;ht  on  shore. 
The  lollowin;^-  morniiij;,  wiu'ii  he  beheld  the  wild, 
broken,  .md  iiKunitaiiious  n.uiirc  ot  the  eountry, 
and  the  se.utered  silii.ition  ot  the  liabitatioi-.s 
jK-rehed  on  ilittereiU  heij;hts,  he  .i;.i\e  up  the  search 
;ilter  the  bidia:is,  and  returned  to  the  ships  with 
the  sjiods  ot  the  eaeii|iie's  mansion.  These  eon- 
sisted  ol  bracelets,  .-inklels,  and  massive  plates  ot 
jjold,  such  as  were  wurn  round  the  n<'ck,  toj;elher 
witii  two  i^olden  coronets,  The  wliole  amounted 
to  the  \alue  ut  three  hunilred  dui-.its.*  ( 'ne  litih 
nt  the  booty  was  set  ap.irt  tor  the  crown.  The 
residue  w.is  share(l  anion;,.;  those  concerned  in  the 
cnterpris''  To  the  Ailel.intado  (Mie  ot  the  c oro- 
nels  waa  ■isieui;d,  as  a  iiophv  ul  his  e.\i)!oil.t 


CII.\riKR   VIII. 

Ms.\.STKRS    ni'   TUF,   .^K  1 -II.li.Mr.NT. 
['503.J 

It  was  hojied  by  Colunibus  tli.nt  the  \'isr>rous 
measure  o!  the  Adel.intado  would  strike  terror 
into  the  Indians  ot  the  nei,i;hi)orhooil,  ami  prexnit 
any  turther  desi^nis  upon  the  settleini-ni.  (^uibian 
iiad  probably  perished.  It  he  survived,  he  must 
be  (lishe.iit'-ned  by  the  ca|)ti\ity  ol  his  tamily,  and 
scNeral  I't  his  ]irincipal  subjects,  and  te.irlul  ot 
their  beii\i;  made  res|)onsil)le  toi-  .inv  .icl  ot  vio- 
lence on  his  part.  The  hea\\-  r.iins,  theretore, 
wtdrh  t.iil  so  frf(|uently  alnon^;  the  moiuUains  of 
this  i^tl'.nius,  having;  aj;ain  swelled  the  river,  Co- 
lum!)us  in.ide  his  tinal  arran,i;ements  tor  the  man- 
agement (it  the  colony,  ami  h.nini;-  tjiven  much 
whoiesdine  i-,iiinst;l  to  the  .S|)ani,irds  \sho  were  to 
remain,  an;l  t.ikeii  an  affectionate  le,i\e  of  iiis 
brother,  ;;oi  uiuler  wei^h  with  three  of  the  c.ir.i- 
Vels,  le.um^-  the  fourth  tor  tlie  use  of  the  settle- 
ment. As  the  w.iter  wa>  still  sh.illow  ;it  the  h.ir. 
the  ships  were  liyhti'iied  of  a  s^re.it  p.irt  ot  their 
cargoes,  .uiil  towed  out  by  the-  lio.its  i;:  cilni 
weather  grounding  repeatedly.  When  fairlv  re- 
leased from  the  river,  and  tiieir  c.irg.ies  reship- 
ped,  they  anchored  witk.in  a  league  ol  the  shore, 
to  await  a  f.ivorable  wind.  It  w  is  the  intention 
of  the  .idmiral  to  touch  at  Hisp.uiiola.  on  his  wav 
to  .Sp,.in,  ;ind  send  thence  supplies  and  ninlorce- 
ments.  The  wind  coiuiiuiing  ad\'erse,  la'  sent  .1 
bo.-it  on  sliorc  on  the  0th  ot  .April,  under  the  loin- 
mand  ol  l.'iego  Tristan,  capt.nn  ol  one  of  the  ear- 
a\eis,  to  ])rocure  wood  and  water,  and  m.ike 
sonv.'  eonimunic.itions  to  the  Adel.intado.  The 
experlition  of  this  boat  proved  tat.il  t'j  its  crew, 
but  was  ])rovidential  to  the  settlement. 

The  cacicpie  I  Hiibi.m  h.id  not  iierished  as  some 
had  su|iiK)-.ed.  Though  botli  hamls  ami  feet  wer.- 
bound,  yet  in   the   w.iter  he  w.is  ,is  in  Ins  n.itural 

*  Equivalent  to  one  thousand  two  hundred  and 
eighty  one  dnljars  at  the  present  day. 

j  Hist,  del  Almirante.  rap.  oS.  I. as  Casas,  lib.  ii. 
cap.  27.  Many  ot  the  particulars  of  this  chapter  are 
from  a  short  narrative  t,dven  bv  Die^o  Mendez,  and 
inserted  in  his  last  will  ,ind  testament.  It  is  written  in 
a  strain  of  simple  cKtaism,  as  ho  represents  himself  as 
the  prim  ipal  and  al.oiost  the  sole  actor  in  .very  aftair. 
The  la'ls,  however,  have  all  the  air  of  veracity,  and 
bcinn  niven  on  such  a  sokmn  oecasion,  the  dociiinent 
is  eniitied  to  hiuli  credit,  lie  will  be  found  to  distin- 
guish himself  on  another  ha/ irdous  and  important  oc- 
tas.on  111  the  course  of  this  history.— V'iJc  Navarrete, 
Colec,  torn,  i. 


low  the  surf. ice  until  sullicicntly  dist.ini  •,      ' 
(d   \iew   in   thed.iikness   ot    the   ni;;lii,  ..•,,,' 
emerging  made  his  way  to  shore.      I  IumIi-,ijx.. 
(d    his    home,  and    the   c.ipttire   ol   Ins  \\i\.-,  * 
children   tilled   him   with  aiigiush  ;    Imt  v.;,-  ] 
saw  thi-  vessels  in  which  the\  were  lui.i    : 
iiig  ttie  ri\er,  and  be.iring  them  oil,  1.,   ,  ,,, 
ported  with  fury  and   desp.iir,      beteiir.; 
signil   \enge.mce,    in'   assemiileil  a  ^re.i'  ■ 
id  his  w.irriors,  and  came  .secretU  iipun  'j ; 
ment.     The    thick    woods    by   wliieh   a  \. 
roundel!  ell. ibled  the    indi.ins  to  .ippiuii  , 
within   ten    p. ices.       'I'he   Spani.iids,  ilm:,, 
enemy  completely  discomllted  .iiul  (Iis|h;~i 
|)riti'i-tly  ott  tlu'ir  gii.ird.     Some   h.a!  Mr,;, 
tln'  se.i-shore  to  t.ike  .1  tarewell   look  .a  iinV  ;, 
some  were  lui   board   (d  the  car.ucl  iniiii;:.. 
others   were  scattered    about    iiie    hmiM',;     ; 
sudden   the   indi.ins   rushed    from   tiu'ir  in:,,:, 
ment   with    yells    ,ind    huwliiigs,    l.iiiMthfi,  ..;; 
i.nelins  through  the    roots  ot  palmieaves.  i,,,.:a 
them   in   at   the  windows,  or    thrust  ilieia  i:jrv..-;| 
the  crevices  of  tlu'  logs  which  compi/seil  ihc  ,\j.,..| 
.\s   the    bouses   were   small   several  ol  liic :; 
t.ints  were  wounded.     (In  the  liist  al.uin  1 
el.ilU.ido    seized    a    lance    and     s.ilbei!   iu:' 
se\-en  or  eight  (d  lii-<  men.      lie  w.is  miih;;; 
go    .Nlendiv    and    scxcImI    id    hi-.   C(aii|i.ii;h 
they   drove   the   eiieiiu    into  the  l^)^e^l,  I,:. 
wounding  se\er,il  (d   them.      TIa-  liu;i,ii,>  ,.-, 
a  brisk  t'lre  id  d.irts   .mil    arrows   li.,iii  ii:i.;, 
trees,  and    made    lurious   s.illies   will,  11,1  ,r 
club-,;    but   iheie    w.is   no    w  ithstaiidiiii;  t.'.i 
edge  ot  the  Sp.inish  we.ipolis,  and  .1  tuc  : 
hound  being  let   loose   upon  them  1  oinpir:. 
terror.      'I'hev    lied    howling   throiii;h  liii  : 
le.iving  a  number  dead  on  the  lield.  li.c:;.,, 
one   .Sp.ini.ird    and    wounded    eigl;t,      .\;r',:,, 
latter   w.is   tile   .Adel.ml.ido,  w  ho  reiciMril .. - 
tiiriist  (d  a  i.i\eKn  in  the  bre.ist. 

l)iego   Trist.in    .arrived    in    bi->  bo. it  I'li-;": 
eiinlest.  but    le.ired  to  Jipproai  h    the  l.iiiil.  ■;- 
Sp.mi.irds  should  rush  on   board  in  siiiiiii:: 
.IS  to  sink  him.     When  the  Indi.iris  h.id  hn  1;  1 
thi^ht   he    ]iroceeiK'd    U|)  the  rixer  in  (Hir-.t 
water,  disreg.irding  the  w.irnings  ol  tli'isr, ; 
th.it    he    might    be    cut    ott    by    the  eiiiM. 
canoes. 

'l"he  ri\cr  w.is  deep  ;ind  n.uiow',  shut  :!i  '■ 
banks    ,ind    overhanging   trees.       Tin    •  :  - 
e.uli   side   were   thick   and    iiiipeneli.iti!( . 
there  W.IS     no     l.mding-pl.iee    excepli!  .;    I 
there  wliei'e   a  tiiot|).ith  wound   dowiii  '-. 
ing-groun.l,  or  some   place  where  the  1.  c,  • 
their  canoes. 

'I'iie  boat  h.id  ascended  .ibout  .iK  igt  c.,: 
village,  to  a  part    ot    the'  river  w  here   it   \ci^ 
)ile;rJv   o\  er-.h,i(lo'Ai'(l    bv   lott\'  banks  ami 
ing    trees.     .SuddeiiK    \ells   and   w:u-wii''' 
bl.isis  ot  conch-shells   rose  on  ivery  -^'dr. 
c.iiioes  darted  torth   in  c\er\  dire,  ii.iii  i:  ' 
liolliiws  ;ind  overhanging    thn  kels   e.u  11  '• 
\y  man.iged  by  a  single  s.i\age.  while  oiI.l:!   • 
up  br.uulishing  and  hurling  their  lances.     '. 
swre   1, mm  bed   also   from   the  b.mks  ol  i 
ami  the  br. inches  o!  the  trees.      'I'luTi'  ■^i^'^  ' 
s.iilois   in    the   boat,  and  thri-e   soldieis.     '.'. 
and   Wounded    bv  d.irts  and   arrows,  cnnl"- 1^*| 
b\  the  yells  and  bl.ists  ot  conchs  and  tlu-  !>• 
\\liieh   thu  keiied   from  every  side,    th.'}   "~ 
presence  (d  mind,  neglected  to  use  iitiicri..; 
tire.irms.  aiifl   onl)    .sought   to  shidter  thcin't^l 
with  their  bucklers.     Diego  'I'Tistan  h.d  '  '^ ';' 
several   wounds,   but  t>tiU    displayed  i, rc.it  .5" 


in,l  was  en-' 
I  j  ivelin   pier 
,,il.      I'he  c. in 
^rncrai  iii.i'.s.ic 
,d,  iiKinde  %■)■■ 
OM'tliinrd   in 
11  the   hottolil, 
jik  ol  il)c  n\e 
1  \n   ;n  ihe   set 
,,s-.i,re  .it  his  t', 
'  S|i.-iiiiar.N  wer 
;  nnnix'r.  s'-v'c 
1,1  ;-!'V  were  nt  ihe 


|v<'.; 
Ihni 


lir  m.ire  net 


iln-y  had  i)"en 
in,'  r.^ii.tiMiit  .■)!  tf 
y.  vMti-')tit  yi"i'lin 

ilii,     IM-   hdt    t  )   -111 

Ifi  •  >'  h.irliT.v.i .  1 1 
-  inho-ipitaMc 
line  I  1.1  I. ike  1 
•  1  them,  and  .il 
I'l.iatado  r-m. 
.;  wTiliI  ciini  -n 
■nv.       Il-re    a 


(Ir  i  I  i-ir 


iKivnvj 


,', .  Ill  I  it  wa> 
■M"-  t:;i-  h.ir. 
ii'.vl  Id  hear  ti 
■  !,  :i!i  I   iinplo'f 
lit  I'; '  wiad  w  1-.  h  <\- 
in  1    I  h".iv\-  siirt 
le  ill.  Kii  .il  til:'   rivt 
pttii:.; 'i';t.     fl  )rri)rs 
^ai'i;:!'  I  li  idi''->  ot   I. 
In'"  ;1 1  ;iiiig  down 
tiif  nirhor,  witi 
irnvi  h:r,|s,  tfediii;; 
irriiiii'ii;,  .md    hglilii 
Irkii'i  >;),uii  irds  i;i)ii 
liui.l'riiii;  ;    it   ajjpe.i 
ttt. 

fin  til'-  inc. in  time  tht 

nph  ./'."r  the  crew 

psi:;i!jis.       Whoops 

(ftht-r  l;)in   v  irious    p 

The  ij.i  11, li  sound  ill  i . 

|i|eep  n-jm.it  the  woo 

1  t!.;'flUinv  w.is    (  rV.I 

oui  I  rush  lorth  oci 
Brti-sjI.Spani.iids,  at 
ti  iij'i>es.  It  was  c 
Air  .111  ,;i  til-  si".tlen 
WrDiii  I  !t  !)finga  . 
Af'-'in.  The  .\del 
^1'  ;'..cf  01)  thesiiori 

Ol'  1       Here    tie    .  .lUs 

Silf   )•  die   boat  nt 
fm^^  .cid  .,iniiiar  arti 
pen    I,    "mbrisiires 

&";'•■"!  I.i'i t-,,  or 

m  I  iiKiiiii.-r  ,is  to  cr 

ill",  little  fortress 

^'^■^■<i|);  its  walls  we 

oil  the  (iar-,  and  , 
lO-.ly  tllev  depended 
fU'i'l  nl  .vhich  SI  rue 
IP'''!|  '•)  ulien  thev 
I'""' -11";  .iiid  i-eiidir 
N  ruiviii.,^    h.Uiir    Ir 

ai^'.V";-,.  imis  |.;,.|„  ||. 
plfiivl  iioni  \,.n;iirii 
panMnis,  tvh.iiisied 
rf^-.;ini    al.irins,    .ml 

■"•■n  liieir  .iniinuiiiiir 


^ 


]AVK    ASD    VOVACI'S   C)V   COM'.MIU'S. 


109 


Air..;, 


ridiiv    in,l  wns  (Mv'cnv'irin;;  to  ,iiiim;iU'  Ins  men 

Wh.!i  .-i  livcl  '    '  ' '     '■ 

kill' 


IT' 
«S 
ill 

di. 
th. 


Iiii  pifiit-il  hi'- ii.i,^lit  (■>•<•  .iiul  struck 
Icji'l.  riuMiinofs  now  i  loscd  upnii  tin-  ImmI, 
''erfraima>s,i.-i-fr)siif.l.  lint  onr  Spiiiii.inl 
•r,!,  ItMiiilf  Nova,  aiMopiTot  Seville.  Having; 
OMTlio.inl  ill  till-  mi.Kt  ot  tlie  ai  tion,  he 
10  ihi'  liDtliim.  swam  iiiuler  water,  j^ained 
Milk  ot  the  ri\ei  iiiipeneiveil,  anil  made  his 
^;a  i.nvn  ;o  die  s.-ttleiiieiit.  hrinniii),'  ti(linj,'s  nl 
*f  I  .isvun' •'(  ins  caiitam  and  .nmradrs. 
ri"  S|);ini:ir.is  were  coiiipleteiy  disn\ayed,  were 
.V  ,11  pumiicr,  several  ot  them  were  wounded, 
1,1 :  -i-v  were  in  the  midst  oi  tribes  ot  e\as|)ir,ited 
■  •s.  hrniore  tieree  ,ind  w.irlike  than  those  to 
:  thfV  ha^l  o'en  ai  •  iistomed.  'l"he  .•idmir.al, 
'  i'^'ii.iraiit  of  th"ir  mis!  irtiiiies,  wonhl  sail 
,"  \utr,')tit  yi'i'linfj  them  assi.-,taiu c,  and  they 
iif  h'tt  1)  "ink  b-'iUMth  the  overw  helmiiii,' 
)t  JKirinrra  .  I  )"s,  or  to  perish  witii  liun^,'-er 
.<  inhi)^pita')le  ■  >ast.  In  their  despair  they 
iini' I  1.1  take  the  e.iravel  whirh  had  been 
::i  liu'in.  ind  al)an(l(in  the  place  alto^'ether. 
.\ii'.l.i!Uado  r-monsirated  with  them  in  v.iin  ; 
:  ^'wiujil  Clint  -nt  them  bnt  to  |)ut  to  sea  im- 
rr]\.  jjiTe  a  new  ,ilann  .iwaited  them. 
ii'ii;--  liavini;  siibsi<led.  the  rixiT  was  .ij.,Min 
i,\.  .ml  it  U..S  inijvissihle  tor  the  c. travel  to 
pa"  'VC"  til'"  har.  'I'hey  now  took  the  bo.it  nt 
ih-  '.  ri'.il  to  hear  tidinjjs  ot  their  daie^er  to  the 
ad'-  I  il,  an  I  nnplore  him  not  to  .ili.mdon  tliem  ; 
bi;;  ."w;!i;l  \v  i-,  I)  )isteroiM,  .i  lii^'h  se,i  w.is  ri)ll- 
inu  ml  I  h'.MV\-  surf,  tumbhitjr  .unl  brcakimj  .it 
th-j  n.  r.ii  .)l  tiif  river,  pri-\enieil  the  bo, it  trom 
get;  ■:.;  .)',:i.  H-)rrors  incre  ised  upon  them.  The 
nii'i.lc'l  h)(lies  ot  DifLjo  'Prist, m  .iiid  his  men 
eaiv-  lliitiiii;  down  tile  stre.im,  and  drilling 
abo'-  <iv  '.u'bor,  witii  lli<.;hts  ot  crows,  and  otiier 
car:  v.]  h;ri|s.  tt-i-din.,,'  on  them,  .iiul  hovi-riiii;,  .iiid 


»■.■■ 

Wil-' 

bf; 

|\v- 
wo:. 
fol 

on 

it' 

Itli 
Th' 
no; 
ni!" 

Tlv 


•cr- 
for 
sh:j 
fa'.r 

]■ 

ho- 

Otlv 


■;,...- 

B  th" 

m.  Of- 

-;■'■<■■'•' 

H  «',' 

It  \\.i^ 

H^  "'^ 

s  :iiiii  •' 

H^'Ca^ 

-Ul''.    • 

B  ^~ 

,m!.-,      . 

^m  coi. 

,,11  1:  .::. 

^m  ill' 

ii  11  <i--\" 

■  In 

i.'.i.ci-- 

B:     It' 

ttici  siiouid 
tood.* 


hi\en   lortli  by  hunger  to  ^eel;  lor 


'iii'i'.^.  ,ind  fi^htin'4  about  their  piT\.  'jhe 
■1  sp.ini  irdr)  ciimempl.ited  tins  si  ene  with 
!■  i::i.;  .    it  .inpe.ired   ominous   (jI   their  own 


nif.in  time  the  Indi.ins.  elated  bv  their  tri- 
,rT  the  crew  ot  the  bo, it,  renewed  their 
s.  WhcioMs  jnd  \clls  ,iiiswerei!  e.iih 
nil  \iiii)us  p.irts  lit  the  nei^hborliood. 
Thf  M.-.  11. i',  sound  ol  comhs  ;ind  \s.ir-di  iiins  in  the 
iet  I  noniol  the  woods  showed  th.ii  the  inimber 
Bi  •  liuiiiv  W.IS  (  oi-.iiim.iilv  au^.jnvntin^'-.  Tiu-v 
*o:.  1  rush  torth  occasion, illy  ii|)on  str;i(.(i;lin,i; 
p-i:  "sj!. Spam, on--.  ,ind  make  p.irtial  att.icks  upon 
th::  !,H^es,  It  \.,-,iv,  c  msidered  no  longer  sate  to 
ftn- .  :i  ,;i  til-  si'Uli-mcni,  the  close  forest  which 
Wf  i:i,ir,|  !t  Ijfiii;;  a  covert  tor  the  ajiproaches  of 
•■m.  Tlie  .Adel.iiu.iclo  clio-^e.  liieretore,  ,in 
1.1' <•  on  till- .shore,  .it  some  di^t.ince  from  the 
Here  he  I  aused  a  kind  ut  biilw;trk  to  be 
)*  the  ho.it  ot  the  c.ir.ivel,  and  ot  chests, 
■I'l'i  .>iniilar  articles.  Two  pi. ices  were  lelt 
1^  "mhr  iMires,  in  which  were  pl.iceil  .i 
•"*  l.ilioic'N,  or  sm.ill  pii'ces  of  ariiller\-.  in 
'  iii:imifr  .is  to  comm.ind  the  iieiL^hborhood. 
•^  little  fortress  the  Spaniards  shut  them- 
'ip  ;  iis  walls  were  siitlicit  nt  to  screen  them 
"O-'  tht;  (i.ws  ,„ul  arrows  nt  the  Indians,  but 
'»•' ■  V  tiii-v  ilependeij  upon  thnr  tire.irms,  ilie 
•"'"i  nf  .vhicli  struck  dism.iv  into  the  savages, 
»!'  mA  Hlu-n  they  s.iw  the  elfeci  ol  the  balls, 
»P"  •i-ii'^  .111,1  rendini;  the  trees  around  them, 
»«  ■•irivino  h.nor  to  such  a  distance.  The  In- 
IN'.V";-,- tnus  kept  ill  check  lor  the  pn-sent,  and  I 
ileiTcl  !rniii  venturing;  imm  the  forest  ;  but  the  ! 
'''  i"l;i,  exhausted  bv  constant  walchiiv^'  and  i 
'-.Til  .il.irms.  anticipated  .ill  kinds  .of  evil  I 
hmn  'iior  .iniinunition  should   be  exh.iusted,  or  i 


in: 


rn.M'Ti-.K  IX. 

KlSTKIs-.;    OF     lllK      \IiMlk\I,   ON   ItO.VKD   or    HIS 
SHll'-  11,1  I.il.MI.    KM. in-    OK    rilK   si  1  11  I  Mi  N  I  . 

Willi. K  the  ,\del,uit,iilo  ,ini!  his  men  were  ex- 
posed to  such  imminent  peril  on  shore,  ^riMi  an.\- 
iety  presided  on  bo, in!  nl  the  ships.  ij,i\  Jitter 
(l.iy  el.ipsi'd  without  the  teinrn  ot  l)ie;,oi  Tii-,t,iii 
.■Hid  his  p,irty,  ,iimI  it  w.is  Icired  some  d ^.ister  hail 
betalli-n  tin-m.  (olumbiis  ssouid  h.i\e  si  ni  on 
shore  to  make  ini|Uii"ie>,  bm  there  \\,is  oiii\  one 
bo.it  remainiii;,'  tnr  the  sei\ueot  tin-  siju.idroi), 
,inil  he  (hired  not  ri-^k  it  in  the  nui^di  sc  i  .nul 
lie,i\y  surl.  A  dism.il  circumstance  oci  in nd  to 
incre, ise  the  L;loom  .mil  uiie,isine-.s  ol  the  crews. 
<  'n  bo.ird  ol  one  ot  the  c.ir.ivels  were  conlined  the 
t.imil)-  and  household  ot  the  c.ici(|Ue  (Uiibl.in.  It 
W.IS  the  intention  ol  Columbus  to  c.irrv  them  to 
Sp.iin,  Inistiiii^f  th.it  as  Imi^  .is  tliev  n-m.iiind  in 
tlie  power  ot  the  S])ani. nils  their  tribe  would  be 
deterred  frmn  further  hostilities.  Tlii\'  wen-  shut 
up  .at  niijllt  in  the  forei  .istle  of  the  i  .ira\el,  the 
h.itchway  ot  which  w,is  secured  bv  a  strong  i  h,iin 
,ind  p.iilloi  k.  .\s  several  ot  the  crew  slept  u])oi\ 
the  h.iti  h,  ,ind  it  was  so  hi;^h  as  to  be  cfmsidereil 
out  c)l  reach  ot  the  prisoners,  they  nej^lected  to 
tasteii  the  ch.iin.  The  Indi.ins  discovered  their 
nei^li^'cnce.  Collectiii};' ,i  qu.intitv  ol  stones  tioni 
the  b.ill.ist  ot  the  vessi-l,  ihev  made  a  ;;r(  :U  hcip 
directly  under  the  h.itidiway.  Se\er.il  ot  tin-  most 
powertul  w.irriors  mounted  upon  the  top,  ,iiul 
beiulinj.;  their  b.n  ks,  bv  a  sudilen  and  simultine- 
(His  e'tort,  forced  up  the  hatch,  tlin<;^inj;  the  sea- 
men who  slept  upon  it  to  the  opposite  side  ot  the 
shi|i.  In  ;in  iiist.mt  the;,Meater  partol  thelndi.ms 
sjir.!!!;;  torth,  plum;i'd  into  the  sea,  and  swam  tor 
shore.  .Sever. il,  howiwer,  were  ])reviiited  tioiu 
s.illyin^f  torth  ;  others  \s  ere  seized  on  the  deck  and 
forced  b.ick  into  the  torecisile  ;  the  h.itcluv.iy 
w.is  ciretullv  ch. lined  down,  and  a  ;^ni,ird  w.is  set 
for  the  rest  ot  tin-  niu;!il.  In  the  morniii;;',  w  hen 
the  Sp,ini;ir(ls  went  to  e\. inline  the  captives,  they 
were  all  found  (le,id.  Sunie  li.id  h.uiLjed  them- 
sidves  with  the  ends  of  ropes,  their  knees  tonch- 
inif  the  tloor  ;  others  li:iil  str.m^led  ihem-elves  by 
sIiMiniiiL;  the  cords  ii.:;hl  with  their  teet.  Such 
was  the  tien  e,  unconqiler.ible  spirit  o|  these  peo- 
ple, ,111(1  their  h.orror  ot  the  while  nlen.^ 

The  escipe  ot  the  prisoners  (ucisioned  i^M'eat 
.inxielv  to  the  admir.il,  tcirinir  they  would  stiniu- 
l.ite  their  countrvmen  to  some  violent  ;ict  oi  \cn- 
j^^Miice,  and  he  trembled  lor  the  satety  o|  his 
brother.  .Still  this  |i,iinlul  nusteiy  reii^ned  cuer 
the  I. mil.  The  bo, it  ot  I)ie;;o  Trist.in  did  not  re- 
turn, and  the  r,i;;ini;-  surl  iire\-ente(l  .ill  comimiiii- 
cation.  .Vt  len;,;th,  one  I'edio  I.edesm.i,  .i  |ii.oi  ot 
.Se\-ille,  ,1  m,iii  ot  about  lorty-ti\c  years  o!  ,il;(.', 
■iiiil  ot  ^re.it  stren;4th  ot  body  and  mind,  olleied, 
it  the  bo.it  would  t.ike  him  to  the  edi;c  o;  liie 
sill  f,  to  swim  to  shore,  and  briiij;  off  news,  lie 
h.id  lieell  pi(|Ued  by  the  .ichievement  ot  the  Indi.in 
captives,  in  swimmiiij^  to  l.md  at  a  leaeue's  dis- 
t.ince,  in  deliaiice  ol  se:i  .mil  surl,      "  .Surelv,"    he 

■*  Hist,  del  Almirante,  cap,  11"^.  I,.as  Casas.  \'.\i.  il. 
Letter  of  Colurr'nis  from  Jamaica.  Relation  ol  111- 
ci;o  Mendez,  N.ivarrete,  torn.  i.  Journal  of  I'urras, 
N'avarrete,  torn.  i. 

f  llisi.  del  .\lmirautc,  cap.  <)<). 


•i  K. 


i?Wii 


•it  1  'Cf!,)!! 


liT  i 

it)   < 


100 


I.IFI'    AND   VOVAGF.S   OF   COIJ'MBrS. 


sniil.  "  if  tiuv  dare  vt'ntmr  so  nuuli  to  pnuiiic 
lihiriifs,    1    otij;ht    to    brivt-    .it 


tlu'ii'    indiMilu.il 


lij>t  ,1  part  III  tlu-  ilaii),uT,  to  save 


thf  li\ 


.t  s,. 


Ii.irdships,  nnri    iiiodiictMl   a    fever  nf  t' 
wliiili    lif   was  Milled  liv  one  ot  those 


illations  deemed  Itv  liini  iiivst 


nil!!' 


inaiiv  eiiin|)aiu(ms 


ilis  otfcT    was   ifladly    ae-  |  natural.     In   a  It-tter  to  tin'  soven 


erioils  ,!;■ 


I'JIl-i 


eeiiU 


l>v    tlle 


Iniiral,  and   was   hoidlv  aceoni-  |  sulemn   arcoiint   nt   a   kind  ot  \  isimi  liv  w^ , 


,.li 


d.     Tl 


le  l).>at  a|ipi(ia('heil   with  him  as  near      was   eo 


mkirted    in    a  dismal 


,du. 


"  hen 


tl)  the  siirl  as  satetv   would   permit,  where   it  was  <  (les]ion<len(y  and  tossiiv^  on  a  Cdueh  nl 


to  aw 


ait   his   rett 


lere.  strippiiiij  himsi 


■If,  he 


l)li'.iij;ed  into  the  sea.  a 


nd  .liter  huftelini;'  tor  some 


tune   with   liu* 


1)1-, 


thi 


akers,    sometimes   risini;-   upon 
t 


leir  suij^es,  sometimes  hiiiieil  t)eneath  them  aiii 


W 


shiml) 


eiried  .mu  si^;hin^r,      s.us  he 
I 


)er,when  I  he, nil  .i  piteous  vdu'c  s;i\;;'. 
,ind  slow  lo  believe  .md  serve  llivd 


is  the  Ciod  ot  all  !  What  did  he 


more  tor  Md 


(i.ished   upon  the  sand,  he  sueeeeileti  in  le.Klim^;  |  lor  his  serv,int  D.ivid,  th.in  he  ha-- ('oiic  i(, 


tl 


le  shoro. 
He   lou 


lis  eounlr\nien   shut  up  in  their 


r  for- 


I'lom  the  time  ot  tiiv  birth   he  ii.\ 


under  h 


lorn    tortress,    l)ele.ii;Uere( 


I     1 


IS  pel  tiliar  care.      When  lu*  s, 


s  ever  ii,i(ii>l 


iw  tl-. 


I\'  s 


n'.»i;( 


oes. 


le.irnt  the  ira.Ljie.ii  l.iliMjt  Die^^o  Trist.in  and  his 
comp.mions.  M.iny  ot  the  .Sp.miards,  in  theii 
lioriiir  .md  desp.iir,  h.id  tiirown  otf 


littin.i,'  ,n;e  he  made  thy  n,ime  to  resoiiml 


suhonlin.i- 


lousU     tl'rou'Mimit    till 


e.irtl 


.ind    ihi, 


()l)eveil   in   m,iny  lands,  and  didst  .uiniJiv  j-ir,., 
le  t.ime  amon^- Christi.ins.     CI  the  ^aw- 


th 

erate 


to  the  sh 


the    1> 


when   the  wea 
1 


the 


slioi 


lid 


IllOl 


at   ot    the   caravel    bem;r   too   sma 


'lelivereil 


thee      the 


tlie 


tiuii,  letuseil  to  assist  in  ,uiy  measure  tlial  had  in      deean  .Se,i,  shut  up  witli  siieli   mi^diiv  rl 

view  .1  loniinu.mee  in   this  |)l.iei',  nnd  tlioiii;lit  of 

iiinhin_L;  but  ese.ipe.     When  tliey  beheld  l.edeima, 

i\  niessenijer  trom  the  ships,  they  surrounded  him 

with  tr.mtie  e.ij^erness,  urt^iiiL;  him  lo  implore  the 

ailniii.il   to  t.ike  ihein  on    l)o.ird,  and    not    ab.in- 

(lon  them  on   a  eu.ist  where  tlieir  di'striu  tion  w.is 

inivit.ible.     The\    were   prej)arinif  eanoes  to  t.ike 


weallliy    re;,Mons   ot    the    world,  lie   '^.wc  ■ 
thine  o\\  n,  and  em|)ow cred  thee  to  (lispuM-i ; 
to   others,  .leeordmi;  to  thy  |)le,isure.    W 
lie  more  tor  the  >^vv^\l  people  ot  Israel  w her  Pr  si 
them   torth   trom    l-'^'yiit  ?      (trior  D.imi!    ^ 
trom    l'em;4    a    sheplierd,    he    ni,nle    .i    ,,■<  _ 
|ude;i  ?     'lurn    to   him,    then,   and    :u  k; , 


thine  error  ;  his  mercy  is  inliiiiir 


uul 


swure  iii.it,  it  the  .idmir.il  refused  to  take  them      ara!    \;ist    inheritances    vet   in    r 


i'ser\f. 


on  I'o.ird.  tiiev    would    embark    in   tl 


souii  as  !l  I  ou.d  !)e  extrici 


ted   t 


u'  c.ir.ne 
loni  the  ri\er. 


as  1  to  set 


k  tl 


lell). 


Vh 


d  !  t 


me  .ii;!'  sli.ill    he  i.o  in',|ic 


abandon    tiiemselves    to    the    mert\    ot  tlie    se.is,   I   hundred   ve.irs   when 


o  ;u'.\  <'r<Mt  undert.iUinij'. 


Ill' 


Abr 


iii.im  \v,i~ ,1 


rather  than  rem.iin  upon  th.it  t.d.il  eo.ist. 


.Sarah  vou 


II 


la  I   to 


IVIIlLT    he. 11' 


1-d 


th.it 


ioi-h 


irn  ii)uiur\nien  i  suci or. 


thtul 
Answ 


■I 


imi    lllu'est    ill" 


|)eni:i|'i; 


■r  I    w  ho    h.itli    .iftiii  !ril    e 


iv,  and   eommunieated   with  the  Adel, 


m- 


mu 


eh,  nnd  so  nianv  times  ?— Ciod,  or  tin 


tailo  and  his  otiicen 


,edi-sma  set  out  on   Ins  | 


I'he  ])ri\  ileiies  and  priMiiises  w  hii 


he 


iliiUi  return.      He   ,i'Min    br.ned    the  surt  and  the  i   thee  he  hath  never  broken  ;  neither  halli  !• 


b 


ireakers,  r 


liim,  .md    was   co 


e. Hilled  the  iio.it  which  w.is  w.iilin<;  lor  j   alter  havinj,'  recei\'ed  thy  services,  that 


Ih 
dis.istidus  luiiiiQs  from  the  kind  tilled  the  heart  ot 


liveved    back   to  the  si 


the 


admir.'il   wini  ''riel 


.ini 


1  al, 


irm. 


■1^ 


le.i\  e 


Ills 


l)rothi  r  on   shore   would    be  to  ex])Mse  him  to  the 
nuitiiu'   ol   his   own   men    and  the   terocits'  ot   t 
sa\ai 


;es.     He  could  sp.ire  no  reii 


the 


the 


,t  T 


e  crews   hein^'^  so  much  we.ikeiied 


le 

meat  triMii 
•  bv 


was  ditterent,  ,ind  to  be  understood 
eni   sense.      He   nertorms  to  the  \er\  lii;. 


lultil 


tli.il    he    pron 


.iml    with  ir 


.Sui  h  is  his  custom.      I    h.i\e  sk.own  tket 
Cri  .*ilor  hath  done  lor  tin 


Tl 


P 


and  wh.it  he  ci 
•nt   is   the  rew.ird  ot  tlie  i; 


ristan  .•mil  Ills  eom|i,iiiions, 


Katlu 


■itlemt 


illOllll 


hroken    ui 


dlv 


lis    peoiia' 


li.ive  ;oilu-d    tlie 
but   in   such  i  .i 


lel.iiit.ido  with  .'ill 
low  could  inlelli- 


periis   thou    hast    endured    in   serviii;^ 
he.ird  ;dl  this,"  adds  (.'olumbus,  "  :!s  i 
de.id.  and  had  no  power  to  repl\  to  \uii 
evceptintj  to  weep  tor  niv  errors.     \\  I;m 
tli.it  si), ike  If)  me,  tinislied   bv  s.ismij, 


«:'•'"  '■ 


e    I'oll'.fNed    lo   tile    soM-reiLI'lls  ot    this  iin-   I    ColirKle 


All    these   tribukilions  ai. 


jioitaiu  d:s(_o\er\',  ,ind 


t. lined    tron 


tlVl 


Spam 


how   could  siijiplics  lit'  ob 
"lleie  .ippcired  no  allem.i- 


m.irble,  ,ind  not  without  cause.' 
Such  is  the  sinu'iikir  statement  w  li 


llierrtore.    1)11'    to    i-mb.nk    ail    the    people,    I  i^AVv  to  the  sovereigns  ol   his  supposeil  v 


;ib,iii(lon   the  seitlenuiit   tor  the  ]iiesint,  .mil    re-   '  has  been  sui;s;esttil  that  ihis 


was  .1  men 


turn   al  some  fu'.i 


d; 


will 


to  Like 

.St. Ill 


secure   |)i)ssession  ot 


1  a  lorce  com|)t.tent   .  tiction,  adroitly  devised  b\  him  to  cuini 


th 


e  (ounlrv.'*     'I'h 


.»   th 


weather    lenderei 


th. 


praelu  .it)i 


lit\ 


to   his   jinnre 


but 


ith  1 


lis  cli.ir.icier. 


Ill 


«'Ven  ol   this  pl.m  (loubltul.     'I'he  wind  i  ontiiuied 


li 


an   Kit  .1 

w.is   too  i! 


With   rt  \  'O 


the   se.i  roU"li, 


no    ho.ii  could 


ii.iss 


be- 


tween the  s(|u.iilroii   .ind   the  I. mi 


■Jlv 


tl 


le    sill  IIS  w.is    1 


Iselt 


f  siuiation 
a  ni.ittrr  ot  extreme  solici- 


lurle. 
readv  to 


I  eiiiv   m.aiiiie 


t.dl  11 


cra/ei 
tl 


1     I 


)v   storms,    and 


|iiici  ^  Ironi  the  r.i\,iL:i's  ot  thi-  te- 


redo, thi  \-   wen-  ,nii  liored   on   .i   lee  stion     with  a 
1 


w  ith  awe  ot  the  I  )eiiv,  .in 

so\  ereij^fii,  to   m.'ike   use  ot   sui  h  an  .ii'i 


iken  t 


o  liim    liv  the  sii 


words  iiere  sp 

•  ire  trutlis  which  dwelt  upon  his  m: 

his  s|)irit  durin;,'  his  w.ikin^  hours. 


th.it  thev  should   r 
hi>  I 


ecur 


everish  die.ims 


,ind   in   ill  .1 


,  1.1 . 

llM'., 


loistiioiis   wind   and    se.i,  in   a  dim. ite  subject  t.)      iiv.;  a  dre.im  one   is   uiiconsciousK  apt 


teirpesls.  ,.nd  where  the  le.isl  ;iusfnieiil.ilioii  ot  the 
weather   miL;hl  drive   them   amon'r   the  breakers. 


hit! 


cotierelli  V. 


i; 


emu    beliet   th.it    he   w; 


Colimilu'.s  i 
s   .1  [lecilli.ir  in-''! 


'.very  hour  mrrt-.tsed  ihe  .iiixietv  oi  ('olumbus  tor  '  the  hands  of    I'rovidem  e,  which,  t 


.Iher,  1 


Us    Iji-opii 


d  h 


Is  ships,  .md   eai 


deep    tin;4e   ot    superstition    common   I  .  t 


lour  .ippe.in-d   to  render  the  impemlmi;  d,in;;ers  '  nijide  him  prone  to  mist.ike  every  *■ 


^iriK  I'; 


lllnri 

and    niLili 


ts  u 

consiuiition 


liiieiit.      Days  ot  const. ml  peiiiirb.iiion  '  lor  .i  revelation.      He  is  not  to  b 


f 
iroke 


slei  ijless 


.inxiitv    pieyid    upon    .i   ,  s.ime   st.itid.ard    with    ordmarv    nun    u'   "'' 


'>• 


'e,    bv    m.d.idies, 


.uu 


eiri  unisiances. 


It 


IS   ( 


lilticull  lor  the  niinili'  ''- 


I.eiier  of  Columbus  from  J.imaica. 


i/e  his   silii;ition,  .md    to   conceive   ll 
ot  spirit  lo  which   he   must   li.ive  In 


.11  mh 


iilli'ss  manner  in 

ivriri^nis,   lie  mint;! 

Lull,  111  Ills  iin.i.nui.i 

(uiul  iir.'Chcal  oliM-rv 

itli.i  Miul  ol  scni'ii 

I.e.    IS    iilie    III 

oii,.r.  ,1  ili.iiM''tcr  ri. 
_l.irv  .1  I'l  .ipiiai'ciitly 
^■lnvii'lMti'\  .liter  ll 

uliir.i;  '!■'  «'!   ''Ill''  '' 

Jh'ti'-  k  'i"-'  ■^'■'  '"'''' 
|iti,.):i  with  til"  l.md 


npi 


t.)    extric. 
hut  t 


,:„  [;i.    river 

ir;!i,4  i:'  'i'''  l«'"l"'-  ■' 
hou.il  '<■  .1  return  oi 
ter'.i.)!!-  a;  tiie  .■e.iKni 
em.y  e  I'li'-ni.     "■'  i' 

Crin'i;  I  I.-  ,lich   an   t  i 
lUi"I(  ;.1C  cal.ivel,  lie 
lie  iiis.iia.   He  I.ished 
.]).ir->.  s.)  tli.il   tl 

'tlif  '.v.ive-,  and  nui 
■e  .ll  Miii.i.iini;,'  a  i; 
\i[  '.  11  l.uliil  rejieal 
ml  ninuiii.tiiiii.  wnic 
nd  wiiii  the  turiiituri 
ntiifA  ilism. Hilled. 
tvVL':|  I).'  tile  ho.it  to 
bibt.iiu  .111.1  sU'eple 
KO  il.iv,.  .ilinosi  evei 

Driiil  all  l)i).ird  the  ■■ 
hail  till'  liiill  ot  ihe 
ni!  Ml',  ll,-,'  in  the  rive 
tniii'd  t:ii'  vvh.ile  ein 
latcntn'iiii'-is  ,in;!  .u  liv 
bns,  ul-i'v  ill'.'  I.isi  ll 
pi  i.i;,''  i  .It  their  peril. J 
he  ai);:un;,'  with  llie  1 

N.itiiiii;;'  could  ei|U.d 
fctrib.  niieii  iliev  lound 

o.irl  a!  the  ship.-.,  ant 

l^\n  tiieai   .'ilid    thus 

Ki-iiln;   ilotined    to   1) 

th;  r  .'iiinrailes  seemet 

111  ihi-  |)i-nls  ,iiiil  liar, 
kd  Ik- 'a  Were  tor^fotti 
ir.itiri.!;;.iii,,  I'lu  .ulii 
fcilii  a  M  use  ol  the 
Dii';;)  M'  lule/.  lliroiit; 
ail'l  .ii^.;-.lrr,  lll.il  he 
the  .Mr.ui.l.  .'.11  Mill  by 
Dk'^i  '!  visi.iii.' 


CII.N 
Dnvi'icur,  ik.iM  T 

am;  IV  VI,      VT      I.A.M, 


Thi-  ■vilii|.itl,-n;;tli 

blN  M-l   s.1,1,  l,)\\.||,|  ih 

asiri„i>.  I. us;,, I  \rl.i- 
Ot-.ii.  -M'ps,  the  elllee 
^"''  "  'I'  .t\  .i|  provisii 
til'-'  I'll  111  his  vv.iv  to 
relit  Iiis',-,M-U,m,|  pi 
tortile  v.iv.i-e  Id  Kui'i 


Bib 


Hist,  ilel  ..\Iniiraii 
1.  ^.»p,  ;i|.  RtLicii 
"I  <  'luinhiis  from  [ar 
»aui:n,',  eoitc,  lorn.'  i. 


LIFE   AND   VOYACiHS   OF   COLUMBUS. 


SOI 


n .  uilfis  ni.rint'r  in  wtiiih,  in  liis  IctUT  to  tiic 
"viVhmis.  he  min(;lcs  up  tin-  rhiipsodics  and 
■,"01  ins  ini.i,i,nii.iti()n,  with  sinipii-  l.ii.ts,  :ini| 


fc.un 


Uii.i  |.r,.('lic;il  ol.^i'iv.iliuns,  pouring'  tlu-ni  lorth 
li  ,1  kiiul  cil  >(rii'iiii,il  suli-nmiiy  and  poetry  oi 


In.irv 


ini  i:ii 


t.\f 
ac: 
pa: 

»•:■ 

t 

ta:. 

an 

an 

en' 

to 

tO'l 

tv 

pnr 

Ih., 

ID' 
if.) 
«. 

io' 

ail 
thi 

iai 
b.. 

tu 

«tl 

th' 

an 

M 

g' 

ft; 
1). 

ai. 
th 


in.Mi'ii'i"  IS  .MIC   i)l    tlif    "><>■''  ^t|■'l^lnK    illnsiia- 
""    *  1  ih.ir.i'-lcr  nciiiv  lonipdundfd  ot  cMi.ior- 

ii|  ,,')ii,iiijiuly  ((MUr.uluioiy  I'lfnu-iits. 

l;r,',i  •  li  111  A  ■itiiT  liiiN  .siippiiM'd  vision,  and  alter 

,1 ,,,,;  u:i  ti!   'inic  (lays,  tlie   Imisierous   vveallier 

[I),,].- 1,  till!  SIM  iH'cainf  c.ilm,  and  the  coinnuini- 

11 11  With  the  land  was  restored.      It  was  loiind 

I'f   to    cslrKaie    the    reniaininj;    eai-.ivel 

iner ;  l)ut  every  exertion    w.is  ni.ide    t(j 

r  ):tini'  people  and  the  properly  belore  ilierc 

',1    ir  .1  return  ol   had  weatiier.      In  this,  the 

in- Dl  tile /imIdiis   I)ie;;o   Mellde/   wcreenii- 

,  (•  luii'ilt.      He  liad  heen  lor   some  ilays  pre- 

;;  I  ir  siK-h  an  eineri^eney.     CiUlinj,'   up   the 

.'  :  i.'  I  navel,  lie  made  ^'re,U  sacks  to  reieixu 

,.,i;i,   lie  I. lulled  two  Indian  e.inoes  ti)^;ether 

■  Iiiiy  so  til  It  they  eould  not  he  overturned 

•  A,nr<,  and  made  a  pl.ittorin  on  iheni  e.ipa- 
1  Mist.i.nin^  ;i  i;reat  hurdeii.  'I'liis  kind  of 
.1-,  l.ulen  repeatedly  with   the  stores,  arms, 

I  u:miiiiiii)n.  wimli   had   heen   lelt  on  shore, 

'  ith  thi'  tiunitiMe  ot   the  <."ar.ivel,  which  was 

V 'iisniaiulcd.     When  well  Ireij^hted,  it  w.is 

:  111  tile  liDiit  to  llie   .ships.      Ill  this  wiiy,  liy 

iiu  iiiid  sleepless  exertions,  in   the  sp.'ee  ot 

iiv-.,  almost  everythiii).;;   ot   v.iliK-   w.is  tr.ms- 

1  nil  lio.ird  the  sipiadron,  and   little  else  kdt 

liif  liiill  1)1  till'  caravel,  stranded,  decayed, 

111  ii,L,Mii  the  river.      iJiejjo  Meiuie,^  siiperiii- 

I  111'  wh.ile  emharkation   with    unwtMried 

iuliii'is  ,iri:|  ,uii\itv.      He  and  tivi- C()ni|i.iii- 

ui-re  tlv'  l.i-il  to  le.ive  the  shore,  reinainiiij^ 

;' 1  .It  their  perilous  post,  ;iii(|    enilMrkiii);  in 

1  liiiiiii;  Willi  the  List  c.ir^o  ot  eliects. 

i  iiii^- loiilil  ec|U.il  tile  triiiisports  ol  the  Sp.in- 

niieil  thev  louiid    themselves   once   nmre  on 

0'  ihe  ship-.,  and  s.iw    .1  sp.ice  ol   oce.in  he- 

I  Hill  ,111.1   those   forests   which    h.id   latelv 

:  ile^lined    to   'u-   their  j^'r.ues.      'I'he  joy  ot 

o:iir.i(l(s  si  eiiie.l  little  inferior  to  thrir  ow  11, 

•  ."-Ills  .mil  lianlslii|)s  which  \et  surn>und- 
.1  Aeic  lorfrotteii  lor  ;i  time  in  niutu.il  011- 
:'•'■  111^  The  .idniir.il  was  so  nuicli  impressed 
1  s'  use  ol  the  hi>;h  services  rendered  by 
M  Mile/,  tiiroiij^hout  the  l.iie  timeol  d,ini;er 

ii^iitT,  tliiit  he  );.i\e  him  the  i  omm.uul  ol 
i!.i\ii,  .-.u  uit  hy  the  death  ut  the  uiiloriunatc 

■  1  ri-ii.in.' 


J)!i 


1 1 
Dii-  ■ 
a- 
0: 

t' 
tii 
rr 

1(.  • 


111- 

0' 


CII.M'II.K    X. 

^•:'K1      IKiM     llli:     tOASf     OK    VKkACtlA- 

l;i\  \l^     AT     .lA.MAK.A  ^  STKANDI.M;   OF     1  111'. 

1!  1'.'. 

l'5o.)-] 

■1    ntMl.itlrn^'lIi  hecomin^r  f.ivor.ilile,  Cuhim- 

•'.  s.i.l.iow.iidlhe  end  ol  .\pril,  Irom  the  dis- 

iMo.isi,,!  \ei.i-ii.i.   The  wretched  condition 

"ll'jis,  the  enleeltled  st.lte  ol    the  i  rews,  ;illd 

irr.tyot  provisions  determined  him  to  m.ike 

■  ^tot  his  u.iy  to  llisp.iniola,  where  he  nuKlu 
IIS  ■  t-,^el^  ,1,1(1  procure  the  iiecess.iry  supplies 

■'  'ov.ii,re  1,1  llurupe.     To  the  surprise  ol  his 

'•!"'    'Ifl   .Mmiranle,   cap.   og,    100.      Lus  ("asas, 

■•My--').     KeKuidii  pur  DicjTo  .Memlez.      Letter 

'^m  >iis  from   l.iniaica.     Journal  ot  I'orras,  Na- 

•i-a',  Coiec,  loin.  i. 


pilot  .111(1  crews,  however,  on  makin;;  sail,  he 
stood  ii|;,iin  .ilonj;  the  coast  to  the  eastward,  iii- 
ste.id  ol  steering'-  north,  which  they  considered  the 
direct  route  to  llisp.iniola.  'I'hey  l.incied  that  lit* 
intended  to  proceed  immediately  lor  Spain,  .iiui 
miirimired  loudly  at  the  madness  of  attemiitino  so 
loii^  ;i  voyaj^c,  with  sliljjs  destitute  of  stores  ,iiid 
(oiisumed  liy  the  worms.  Columluis  .iiid  his 
hrother,  howcvir,  h.id  studied  the  navi^Mtion  of 
those  se.is  with  ;i  niort;  ohserwint  and  experienced 
eye.  They  considered  it  .advisable  to  >,'•''"  ''  '"H* 
sider.ible  distance  to  the  east,  before  standing 
■across  tor  I  lisii.miol.i,  to  avoid  beiiio  swejit  away, 
l.ir  below  their  destined  ])ort,  by  the  siron;j  cur- 
rents SLttiiiK  constantly  to  tin-  west.*  The  ad- 
miral, however,  did  not  ini|i.iit  his  re.isons  to  the 
pilots,  beiiif,''  anxious  to  keep  the  knowledoe  ot  his 
routes  as  nun  h  to  himself  as  possible,  seeiiii,''  that 
there  were  so  m. my  adventurers  crowding  intothe 
field,  .111(1  ready  to  follow  011  his  tr.ick.  llee\eii 
took  from  tlu'  m.iriiiers  their  charts,!  and  boasts, 
j  in  a  letter  to  the  soverei^Mis,  that  none  ol  his  piloti 
would  be  .able  to  retr.u  e  the  route  toand  Irom 
\'era;iua,  nor  to  describe  where  it  was  situated. 

nisrej^ardinj;  the  nuirnuirs  ol  his  men,  there- 
fori',  he  continued  alono;  the  10  ist  e.istw.ird  as  far 
as  I'uerto  liello.  Here  he  w.is  o'tiioi-d  to  leave 
one  of  the  c.ir.nels,  bein^f  so  pierced  by  worms  that 
it  W.IS  imiiossible  to  keep  her  atloat.  .All  the  crews 
were  now  i  rowded  into  two  i'.ira\els,  and  these 
were  little  better  than  mere  wrecks.  Tiic  utmost 
exertions  were  necess.iry  to  keep  them  Iree  Irom 
water  ;  while  the  incess.mt  l.ibor  ot  the  pumps 
bore  li.ird  on  men  eiiteebled  by  s.  .iiity  diet  and 
dejected  by  various  h.iriishipi.  CoiUiiuiinj;'  on- 
ward, they  passed  I'ort  Kelicte,  and  ,1  number  ot 
islands  to  which  the  ■idmir.il  j;.i\(  llv  n.ime  ol  Las 
IJ.irb.is,  now  termed  tint  .Mulatas,  a  liule  besoiid 
I'oint  111. IS.  Here  he  supposed  th.it  he  h.id  ar- 
ri\'e(l  .It  the  iinnince  ot  .M.in^i  in  the  territories  of 
the  t'lr.ind  Kh.iii,  described  by  M.irco  i'olo  as  .id- 
ioiniii;;-  to  Cith.iy.i  lie  coiuiiuied  oil  .iboui  ten 
le.ij;Ues  t.irlher,  until  hi'  a|)pio.ii  hed  the  elitr.ince 
of  wli.il  is  at  prestnt  c, died  the  ( iult  ot  D.irien. 
Here  he  h.id  .1  lonsultatioii  with  his  c.ipt.uns  and 
j)ilots,  ssho  icnioiistiMteil  .It  his  peisisiini;  in  this 
stiii.i;i;le  .i>;,iiiisi  contr.ii'y  winds  .iiui  i  urreiits, 
re|)resentilij.J  the  l.imeiit.ible  pli,i;!il  ot  the  slii|)S 
and  the  inlirm  slate  of  the  crews. ;(  lliddiiii;  t. ire- 
well,  iheretore,  to  the  ni.iin-l.ind,  he  stood  norih- 
w.ird  on  the  isi  ol  M.iy,  in  (past  ot  llispaniola. 
.As  tlu-  wind  W.IS  e.isU  rl\ ,  u  ith  a  strong;  current 
setting;  to  the  west,  he  kept  as  ne.ir  the  w  ind  as 
piMsible.  .So  little  did  his  pilots  know  ol  their 
situ.ition,  tliiit  they  supposed  themseht'S  to  the; 
e.lst  ol  the  C'.iribliee  Isl.uids,  \vhere.is  the  admiral 
le,ire(l  ih.it,  with  .ill  his  t  xertious,  li.'  shouhl  lall 
to  the  wcstw.ird  ot  1 1  isp.miol.i.  His  apprehen- 
sions |)ro\cd  10  be  well  luuiided  ;  foi.  on  the  loth 
nf  the  monlli.  he  c.ime  in  sii^'ht  ol  t^\o  sr.i.ill  low 
islands  to  ilie  north-west  ot  Hisp.ini.ila,  to  which, 
fr.im  the  ;.;ie.it  (pi. unities  of  tortoises  seen  .about 
them,  he^;.i\c  the  iiameol  the  Tortui;;is  ;  they  .ire 
now  known  .is  the  C.iym.iiis.  I'.issini;  wide  ot  these, 
and  continuing;  directly  north,  he  tound  himself, 
on  the  ;,otli  ot  M. IV,  ar.ioiio- ihe  cluster  ot  islands 
on  the  south  side  ot  t'uli.i,  to  which  he  li.id  iornier- 
1)  ;.;U(ii   tlie  n.iiiu:   ot   the  (  Uleeli'-S  li.irdens  ;   hav- 

*  1 1  ist.  del  .Mniirante.    Letter  from  bini.iiiM 

I    [oiiriuil  ol  I'orras,  Navarretc,  Colec,  torn.  i. 

*  Letter  from  I.miiiica. 

i  Toslinuiny  ot  Pedro  de  Ledesma.  Pleito  de  los 
C'oliines. 

;   Letter  from  lamaic.-v. 


ill"  i; 


Mil  ■ 


i^: 


203 


LIFE   AND   VOVAGKS   OF   COLUMN'S. 


in^' I't'pn  rnrried  hctwrpn  fi,:,'lit  and  nin(Mlf),'rccs 
wisi  ot  his  ilfstlncd  purl.  Wvw  he  cast  ;iiK-|uir 
nf.iroiu'  (it  the  keys,  idK'Ut  ten  ItM^jiu-s  taini  the 
main  island.  His  trews  Wfre  suttcnii^,'  i'\cfs- 
sivclv  tliroU),di  SI  aiuy  picivisitinsand  ^yv.a  tati.i;iif  ; 
nothing;  was  Ictt  ot  tlif  sca-stori'S  luit  a  liltif  ins- 
ruit,  od,  and  viru'i;ar  ;  and  tln'V  wvw  ojili^cd  to 
lahor  inci'ssantly  .it  tlic  pumps  tn  keep  the  M'ssrls 
atloat.  ThfV  iiad  scani'ly  antluiii'd  at  liu'si- 
islands  wlun'  thtiv  c.inu!  on,  at  midni^fhl,  a  sud- 
den tempest,  vi  such  violeme  that,  aeeordinj^  to 
the  struiij;  exprissum  ot  C'dliunhiis,  it  seemed  as 
it  ti.e  world  would  dissohi'.*  They  lost  three  ot 
their  ant  hors  almost  immediately,  ami  the  earavil 
liernuida  was  driven  with  sueh  violeiuc  upon  the 
shi|)  ot  the  .ulmiral  th.ii  the  l)ow  ot  the  one  and 
the  stern  ot  the  other  were  ^M-eally  sluillereil. 
The  sea  running'  hij^h,  and  the  wind  bem^;  lnuster- 
ous,  the  \essels  eliated  and  injured  eaeh  other 
(Ire.idtiilly,  and  it  was  with  ^real  ditlieulty  that 
tliey  were  separated.  One  ancluu- only  reni.uneti 
to  the  ailmiral's  ship,  and  this  saved  him  tnuu 
bein;4  dri\i'n  ujion  the  rocks  ;  hut  at  daylii;ht  the 
cable  was  tiHind  nearly  worn  asunder.  II.ul  the 
darkness  continueti  an  hour  lon^ir,  he  could 
scarcely  ha\'e  esc.ipeil  shi|)wreck.t 

At  the  end  ot  six  days,  the  weather  liavinij 
moderated,  he  resumed  his  course,  st.milini,'  east- 
ward tt>r  His|),ini'il.i  ;  "  his  peciple,"  as  he  s.ivs, 
"  dismayed  and  dt)wn-hearted  ;  almost  all  his 
anchors  lost,  and  his  vessels  liored  as  lull  o(  holes 
as  a  hoiieycomti."  Alter  stru^^j^lin^'  as,Minst  con- 
trary winds  and  the  usual  currents  trom  the  ea>t, 
he  reached  Cape  Cru/,  and  anchtired  at  ;i  villa,t,re 
in  tin;  province  ot  Macac.i,J  where  he  had  touched 
in  I4t)4,  in  his  voya;^e  alon^'  the  southern  coast  i>t 
Cuba.  Here  he  w.is  detained  by  head  winds  tor 
sever, d  da\s,  during  which  he  was  su|iplied  with 
cass.iva  bread  by  the  natives.  M.-ikini;  sail  a|,f,iin, 
he  endeavored  to  beat  up  lo  Hibpauiola  ;  but  every 


elfort  was  in  v,\in.  The  wiini;  .ukI  (  nrrc- 
tinuetl  aihi'rse  ;  the  le.iks  t  t)iuinu,dl\  i;,ii'',  ■ 
his  \essels,  lhouj;h  the  pumps  wtiV  l,i  ■  i  .,  I 
.  s.intly  K"i'iK.  J>'"'  '''»'  seamen  vww  liaile.l  uiv*! 
out  Willi  but  kets   and    kettles.       Tlie  .uinir   .  I 

1  '  ' I  dl  Fit  1 B 

I  stottd,  in  desp.iir,  lor  the  island  ot  JaiiMi.  .i 'f^,.  I 

[  some  secure  \)ov{  ;  tor  there  \vas  iininni  :i;  ii,.  I 

j  ol  tounderiiij^-  ,it  sea.  On  the  e\f  ol  M.  |,.i:r  ...I 
:;,d   ol    June,  they   put   into    Tueri  >   lUnnu 

I  called  Dry  Harbor,  but  met  with  iKnc  .,1  nl- 
tivi's  tnmi  wht)m  they  lould  obtain  pi-i\M„ii, 
was  there  .my  Iresh  w.iter  to  be  li,i(|  i;i  ih.-  ,  . 
borhotul.  .Sutlenii;.;  Irom  huiii;ir  isul  lliir,-!  :-fl 
s.iileil  eastward,  on  the  ttillow  iii,n'  d.iv,  tn  .isfcj 
h.irbor,  tti  whuh  llie  atlmir.d  tiii  hi-.  Ium  >iv;'i 
the  isl.md  h.;  I  ^iven  the  li.ime  ol  I'.ri  >,  , 
I  don. I, 

Here,  al  l.'ist,  Colundiiis  li.itl  In  ;;ive  ui' ■:,.,  , 
and  artlutius  slriiy;j;le  a)i;.iinst  ihe  unrihiUM';; -f. 
secution  ol  the  eli'meiits.  Ills  ship^.  ii,  n,.^  .j 
mere  wret  ks,  could  no  loni.;er  keep  llu'v.i  jj 
were  ready  to  sink  even  in  port,  lie  m  -•.• 
tlu-Mi,  theretorc,  tt)  lie  run  a^'rcumd,  \\  niiin .' ;.,. 
shot  ot  the  shiM'e,  .and  Listened  toxetlifr.  M.lrt 
side.  'I'hey  soon  tilled  with  \v, iter  to  liic  .'.-,1 
Thatcheil  cabins  were  then  erected  .it  ilirirjj 
and  stern  (or  the  .u fommod.ition  nt  the  cr-:,^ 
and  the  wreid<  was  pi. iced  in  tin  lii^!  !■  ^.  . 
state  ot  detence.  Tluis  castled  m  i; .  - ,;  . 
trusted  to  be  able  to  reptl  any  sudtltii  ,i"  u^i 
the  n.itives,  and  ;it  the  same  time  to  ki  i  [.  h,^  ifj 
irom  rovinj(  about  the  nei}^hbt>rhoo.|  .u.il  i;;.;;;. 
111;.;  in  their  usu.il  excesses.      No  one  \\,ii  .ilmj! 

.  to  j;o  on  shtire  without  especl.d  lit  tii.^c.  oj'.'t 
utmost  prec. union  was  taken  to  prevent  ,in\  "!;«;(! 
beilii;  j,nveii  to  the  Imliins.  .\i;y  ex.isjiir.i'.i.D'i 
them  might  be  tatal  to  the  Sp.tni.irds  in  thuirp-s. 
ent   torlorn   situation.      A    tirebr.iiul  ilirow"  ::; 

,  their  wooden  loriress  mi,L;l.t  wr.ip  itiii  tli:,.!-  •; 

'  leave  them  ilelencelesb  aimJ  hosule  llijua.ii.-,> 


BOOK    X\l. 


CHAPTER  I. 


riiit;(>    MiMu-/    wnii   -nil- 
■    I'KfivisioNs — m;m 


ARRANT-.tMINT     OF 

C.\tltjll.s    IllR    sll'I'I,II>  (IK    ........,.,.., „,,.,. 

1(1   SA.V    liO.MlM.tl    llV    COl.U.MIil'S    I.\   (JL'KST   i^V 
KKI.ILI-. 

[ '  5«3 


l)r(;\ 

ing  among  the  ,.,  .,,...      ^, 

happy  effect  in  promoting  .i  peaceful  intercourse. 
The  stores  thus  lurnished,  howe\-er,  coming  from 
;i  limited  ni-ighliorhood  of  improvident  beings, 
were  not  sullicier.t  tor  the  necessities  ot  the  Sii.in- 
iards,  ;ind  \\fre  i^n  irrcgul.ir;is  olteii  lo  lca\f  them 
in    pint.hing   want,      'i'hey  teareil,    Kjo,    that    the 


'■^  Letter  (rom  I.imuica. 

+   Iliv*.  (iel  .Mrnir.iiitt;,  cap.  loo.      Letter  uf  tiolum- 
f'us  frurn   l.imiiiia. 

^   H.sl.  ilt'l  -Mrnir.inte.     Journal  of  T'orras. 


iieinldKirhood  might  soon  be  rxhaiHted.  in  v.f 
case  they    should    be    retluced    lo  t.ilniin'     1"' 
emergency,  I  )iego    Meiide/   st(|>ped   t.irw.inl  "i  I 
!iis  .accustomed   /e.il,  .ind    \ njuiueeir.l  tnv.:' 
with  three   men,  on   a   tor.iging  ('vp.Miiuei. ..  ■ 
the   islaml.      His  otter   being  ghidl)    ■■'' 
the  .atlmir.d,  he  de|).irted  witn  his  ioair.,i!' 
.'iriiied,      He  w.is    ex'ervwhere  tre.itti'  Ail!,  ll'.' " 
most  kiiitliiess  b\  til"   nati\cs.      Tlu\    i»<k  :i''' 
their  houses,  set    me  it    and    drink  bi-|.irt  I'.iin  i^H  I 
his   comp.iniotis.    and    perlmaned   all   il.c  I'l""'' 
s.iN.igf   hoipit,'dit\'.       NIendtv     iii.Kie  .ii.  .irM'.' 
tiient   with    the   t  acicpie  ot   a   luimertui-- 'r;'ii 
hi-,  siibiects  should  hunt  .iiul  tish,  and  iii.ii." '  '- 
\.i  lire, id,  ,ind  bring  a  (|U.intil\'  (>l  jirtn  I'-h'II'-i  "' 
d.iy   to   the   h.trbor.      Thev  were   lo  rei^eio 
ch.inge    knives,  combs,  be.itis,  li--li-ho  .ks.  I'.'.''^ 
bells,  .ind    tither   arlicles.    from    .i   S|iiiii.ii'i. 
wai  to  reside  ;imolig  them  tor  th.il  |iuii"'-i'.     '  • 
.•igreemeiit  being  m.itle,  Mendtv  thsp.itt  n'"!  on:" 
liis   comrailes   lo   apprise  the  atlmir.il.     H''  ■"' 
pursilfi!    his    inurney    three   leagues  hirlliM.  "-Ij 
lie   m.ide   a   simihir  ;irr,^iigemeiit,  and  (iis|i..i''™ 


•.\-i 


.•mother  of   his  comnanitins  to  the  aihnir.il. 


Yd. 

ceedilig  onward,  about  thirteen  le.lJ;la•^  ti'|'''''  '• 
ships,  he  .arrived  at  the  residence  ol  aiinti'''  i- 
ciijue,  called    Huaico,    where   lie  was  gcnci'*' 


i^trcmui 


nUTLuned.    Thr  ra< 
le,;,!,,'  p.iKl  hi'"  ^"' 

leiib  ti'i-  ■>  I'l^'; "'; 

l,,u.-lu-a  Ins  <l'i''' 
the   tulmiral.   r^V^ 
■rriii  nii^lii  tie  ^-f" 
wiii.ir  lU'iiveries  ol 
rMfHile:  u.H  II""  ' 
(■mer|inM-  ili.u 
He  (.■qiirste.l   >it    the 
Oiiiii.inv    liiiii   t"   ''>" 
jrrv  lii'^  pmvisnin- 
anim.H'.  or  calttm  i. 
eiiv;    ^'r.i'iteil,    he 
MoiiiJ  iIk'  '■»:•"'   ""' 

ol    j.lllllhM, 

lie  ii.iau' 
|Uin-.uii  stiiritv  gi'iMl 
|l,riiur  with  the  >a\ 
,ecinu'  Kre.it  triem 
ikml.it  liike'-.  ot   br 
ai;M  nun  to  tiirn.sh 
lin  liui'^'ir.  an  excell 
ji'trli  lie  ^,Mve  .1  sp 
.Oik'ir  c.i^-'ock.  and 
orni'.'  i  liis  stiK'k  ot  h 
him  with  M\  Indi.ms 
jhc.'  iiiirtf.l  'iitiiu.iUy 
lo.i^li:  I  hi-,  w.iy   b  ic 
\\rf^  wliiTi"  he  h.id 
Oiinl  the  Sp.iiiish  ,ig' 
O.iili'  I  iii-i  1  itioe  will 
|rnim|ili  to  the  hark 
^'i\'.\  .11 .  l.iai.ititiiis    h 
ppen  .It 111'   by  the  a 
DMi^lu  were  .1  inos 
)i;i  ,irii   were   absi 
joi'AMnl  liidi.iiis.irrivi 
f'm.iMvA'iuh  lie  li.id  !■' 

'W•^:u^  111    Ills    people 

luiini'  reviilved,  m  1 

ol  s""'i"ri  hum  this 

yon  I  ihr  p.^sibilitv 

mnr  ■)'.  .lav  tiiinrt- 

th''  -ii  ri'-  ol  .1  s.iv.ig 

sei     Tile  iiio^i  hkeh 

|,6fi  1  lialh  e  ijl  Ins  siti 

or  it  .s.i.i    l)i»!niiigo, 

'•^-|•l  !i)  his  rebel. 

Ito  PI-  lonvese  I  .'      I'l 

lanl  lli'i>  iieol.i  w.as 

S\vf;)i  ()v  I'oair.u'y  cii 

f''*ol  ';  iiii|))i;ing  a  ni 

■C.i:i  !'■ .  Ill  liie  s.iv.ige 

S(i    .M  doa-  a  vov.i) 

iS'J  I  I'Mi  y  I  at'  ule.i  ( 

yaw  lie  ii  1 1  rf'-enilv 

Ithi'  Miiiid  o;  I'ohinib 

liiri'ii.ilitv  o    Mea  h 

|bv  iMv  ll.l'.ir.l  )iise\] 

flivx'  hccldresvd  hi 

tov.iinil.i'.e  his  zeal 

(Ir  ir'ii,i'!t  gives  an 

fei'.i'i^  I  Olivers. itioii, 

1);|'J>0    NU'iultv, 

[admiral,  "  uoiii-ot  t 
|sU!ll  ihe  i;ie,t!  p.-i 
ceptitiL;  voa  anti  nn 
[«'i4ihise  i.iv.ige  1 
I  ami  irniahle  iiatur 
ttlifv  may  throw  M 
[coiiMitiie  IIS  111  on 

RlUcicjii  por  Di 


it^i 


LIFE   AND    VOVAGKS   OF   COM'M15US. 


'M3 


blcriuned.  The  rnritiuc  onlcrcd  liis  siil>|i'.  ts  to 
Ljp,,'.,  large  qii. milts  «'i  |)ru\  isioiis,  loi  ulii.  h 
■eii(kv  p.iid  111'"  on  the  sjiot,  and  iii.kIc  .iir.m;;c- 
lents  Itir  .»  l'l<''  ^ui'l'lV -'l  stati-cl  inliTvals.  Ik- 
IsDiuhtil  lus  tliini  ((iiiip.inion  with  this  .siipply 
,  tiir  admiral,  rfi|m'slinK',  as  usual,  that  an 
ofiii  niij;lii  '«'  ^'''"  '"  '■fii'ivo  and  |).iy  k)r  the 
taiiLii  (loiivcrifs  (.1  piovisions. 
f .  Mcnilf,:  vv.is  now  k'tt  alone,  liiit  he  \v,is  lond  ot 
t,|n  cniiMiirise  that  ^avc  iMdivuliial  (lislinctioii. 
|ij,;  i,.;|,i,-,'i-(l  III  the  ia(i(|iif  two  Inili.ins  to  .ir- 
^iiin.my   liiin  to  the   end  ol    the    isLiiid  ;    one  to 

{ arrv  his  provisions   am!   the   other   to    he.ir   the 
amm.ii'.  or  CDltiiii  net   in  which  he  slept.      'I'liese 
Tifceiii"    "r.iiUeil,    he     pushed    resolutely     forward 
.  ,^i;):i'f  the  I'o.ist    until    heieatlied    the  eastern  e\- 
triMUH   ()t  JaniiiiM.      Mere   he    tound   .1  powerlul 
^tii|i|i'  (it  the  name   of    Ameyro.       .Meiide/.   h.id 
luovani  spiritv  ^nMt  addre-.s,  and  an  in^;rati,itiM.t; 
haiMUT  with  the  sav.t^fes.       lie  and   the  e.i(i(|Ue 
lee iMU' great  Ineiids.  e\eh,uiL,'ed  n.inies,  whiili  is 
i-jlv'i;|i>l  inker,  ol   brotherhood,    and    Meiide/ en- 
''■*ai;i'l  mm  to  tiirn.sli  pioM->ions  to  tlu-  ships.      He 
'  Ihci  liiugh;  .111  exielleiit  ( .iiioe  ot  the  1  aenjue,  for 
»ii'  !i  he  g.ive  a  splendid    hr.iss    h.isin,    .1   j.hort 
iro,  k  (ir  r.issoc'k.  and  one  of   the   two  shirts  which 
yoiai'.'l  his  stock  ot  linen.      The  eacii|Ue  furnished 
Kim  Willi  si\   Indians   to  n.ivi^jate    his    h.irk,    and 
jShi.  pir^c  I  'iraiii.illy  well  pleased.    Die^^o  Mende/ 
^jtoi'.i'l  '11^  w.iy   hack,    touchiiij,'    at    the   v.uious 
^OpLn--.  wIktc  he  had  m.ade  his  .irr.in^^enu-iUs.     lie 
t  join  I  the  Spanish  a;;enls  ,ilre.id\-  arrived  at  them, 
rJoi  ii' I  ins  (  aiioe  with  provisions,  and  returned  in 
|- tri'.:m|ili   to  the   harbor,    where    he    was    recei\'ed 
jV:' 1  .iiil.iinatioiis    bv   his     comrades,    .and    willi 
■  e|)(-i  anii^   by  the  admiral.       The   provisions   he 
bni^lu  were  ,1  most    se.ison.ible   suppiv,    tor  the 
iSpci.irds  wiTc  absolutely   t.istin).j  ;  .iiul    iheiice- 
,ior,\,ird  Indians .irrived  daily,  widl  l.ideii,  from  the 
iiniiihwaicli  he  h.id  est  iblished.*     The  iinmedi.ite 
Wc:ii^  1(1  Ins  |)eople   bein^j  thus  iJro\'ided  t(H',  l"o- 
luii  i:i>  ie\-.iive  I,  in  his  anxious   mind,  the  me.ms 
0:  .(Ming  tnnu  this    island.      His   ships  were  be- 
V)'il  the   po-,->ibihiv   of   rep.iir,  .ind    there  was  no 
h'lir  ill  .iny  chilli  (•   s.iil   ,irri\  inj^  to  his  ndiet,  on 
tl!- -!i)iis  ol  ,1  s.iv.ige  isl.ind,  in   an    untre(|uented 
Sti      I'hf  mo^t  likelv  nuMsure  .ippe.iied  lo   he   to 
Sr  1 1  miiue  ol  his  situation  to  ( )\.iiulo,  the  ^fovcrn- 
or  .1'  .S.ia    D.inungo,  entre.iiiiiir   bi.n    to  disp.itih 
a-s-rl  to  !i!i  relief.      Kut  how  was   this  messa},^' 
M  ic  i.)'ue\e  I  .'      The  distaiHar    between    J. 1111. lie, 1 
am  III, [1,11  1)1,1   w,i>    lorlv    lea^,nies,   .icros'i  .1  ^\.i\\ 
Sivrjii  'ly  i-o:iir.iry  1  iirreiits  ;   there  were  no  me.ms 
0!  ':  iiis|))riiiig  ,1   mes-,eii^er,  except    in   the  lij;ht 
'■'i"'^  o!  llie  s.iv.ii-e-,  ;  ,mi|  who  would  undeit.ike 
:«;i'M  d.ius  a  vov.i-<-  m  a  Ir.iil  bark  cd  the  kind  ? 
iiiili'iiy  til.-  ulc.i  of   Dici^r,,  .Mriide/,  :ind    the  ca- 
I'"' lit' had  iventiv  |)iir(h,isei|,  prcrsented    iisidf  to 
n:iid  h;  Ciliiiiibiis.      lie   knew   the   .ardor  .icd 
'  liiv  M    Mea  le/,  ,ind    his    love  ol   distinclioti 
H  ii.i'.inl  Ills  exploit.    T.ikiiii,' him  aside,  there- 
■K:a  I'IrcsM-d  him  in  .a  manner  calciil.ited  both 
"iiyec  his  /eal  .ind  (latter  his  sell-love,    .Men- 
•I 'iiv!  jfives  an  .irtless  account  ot    this   inter- 
-;  "iiivcrsation,  whi(di  is  full  ot  character. 
^''■i^'iMeiKle/,    my  son."   .s.iid  the   veiier.ilde 
''"'■'■■  ■■  aonrot  those  whom  I  have  here  under- 
■■    'line  gre.ii    peril  m  which  we  are  pl.iced.  ex- 
'    ;■  '!'-;  yoa  and  myself.      We  are  few  in  number. 
»  I  "ie,e  sav.ige  Indians  are  many,  and  ot  hckle 
;'/'  irrilahle   ii.itures.      On   the  le;ist  provocation 


|:i 


tl 

>  Con 


■■""    "'iiiiies.      oil   tne  least  provocation 

■   may  throw  hrebr.inds   from   the   shore,  .am 
'^•mie  (is  111  our  slr.iw-thatched  c.itiins.     Thi 

*  Rclacion  por  Diego  Mendcz.     Navarrctc,  torn.  i. 


arr.in^jemeiit  whit  li  )()U  have  m.ide  with  them  for 
proviMoii-,,  aed  wliuh  at  present  they  lullil  so 
I  heertully,  to-morrow  they  may  bre.ik  111  their  ca- 
)rief,  ami  in.iy  reluse  to  briii};  us  .111;,  thiii^  ;  nur 
lave  WL'  the  iiu-.ins  to  (i)in|)el  tlnm  b\  louc,  but 
arc  I'Mlirely  at  llieir  pleasiiie  I  h.ive  tlioU),du  of 
a  remedy,  If  it  meets  with  jour  mias.  In  ihj.s 
c.iiioe,  wlii(  h  you  have  purch.ised,  iiiie  one  m.iy 
p.iss  ()\»-r  lo  llis|)anJola,  and  procure  a  shij),  by 
wIikIi  we  m.iy  .ill  be  (hdivcicd  Irom  this  j.;reat 
pi  III  into  whiili  we  have  t.ilieii.  Tell  nievour 
opinion  oil  the  111. liter." 

"To  this,"  says  Die^o  Mende/,  "I  replied: 
'  .Sefior.  the  d,iii;;er  in  which  we  are  pi, iced,  I 
well  know,  is  t  ir  j^re.iter  ih.m  is  e.isily  1  uiiccivei!. 
As  to  passing' froiii  this  island  to  Hisp.uiiul.i,  in  jo 
small  a  \essel  as  a  cinoe,  I  bold  it  not  iiierel)'  dilii- 
(  (lit,  but  impossible  ;  since  It  is  lucess.iry  to  '■  IV- 
<  ise  ,1  ^ull  ol  lorly  leagues,  and  between  isl.llllis 
where  the  se.a  is  extremely  iiiiprUiou-.  ,iiid  selilotn 
in  repose.  I  know  not  wholhiie  is  would  ad- 
venture upon  so  extreme  ,1  peril.' 

C'oluinbus  made  no  rejnv,  but  troiii  his  looks 
and  the  ii.iture  of  his  silence,  Meiiihv  |d.iilily  piT- 
ceived  hinisill  to  be  the  person  whom  the  admiral 
h.nl  in  view;  "  \\diereu|KHi,"  tdiitiinie-,  he,  "I 
added  :  '  .Sei'ior,  I  h.ave  111. iny  time-,  pir.  m\  lite  in 
peril  of  de.ith  to  s.ive  \o(i  and  .ill  iho^e  who  are 
iieie,  and  ( iod  h.is  hithi  iio  preserved  me  in  a  nii- 
r.uuloiis  m, inner.  Tlieie.ire.  nevertheless,  imir- 
muiers.  whos.iylh.it  your  l'..xiellency  intrusts  to 
me  all  .lit. lirs  w  herein  honor  is  to  be  ^^.lined,  while 
there  .iri'  others  in  your  coin[).iny  wlm  vMuihl  e\e- 
(  lite  them  .is  well  as  I  ilo.  Tluietoie  1  bei,^  th.it 
yi'U  would  summon  .all  the  peo|ile,  ,ind  pro|io.-,e 
this  enterprise  lo  them,  to  see  it  ,11111111;.;  tlieiu 
there  is  anv  one  who  will  uiiileii.ike  ii.  wiiuli  I 
doubt.  If  .ill  decline  it,  1  will  iheii  ci.iiie  tnrw.ird 
and  risk  my  lite  in  your  service,  as  I  111. my  times 
h.ive  done.'  "'' 

The  admir.il  j;ladly  humoreil  the  wi-^hes  ot  tlie 
wairihy  Mende/,  for  never  w.is  simple  i';;oiisiTi 
.accompanied  by  more  ;;eneroiis  .iiid  di  vuied  loy- 
,ilty.  (  >n  tin;  loilowiiin'  moininj;  the  crew  w.is 
.assembled,  and  the  proposition  ])ubl:ciy  nia>le. 
I'Aerv  one  drew  b.iik  at  the  thoiiv;lus  c,|  it,  jiro- 
noiincini;  it  the  height  ot  r,isline-.s,  I'pon  this, 
l)iej;o  Meiule/  stepped  lorw.ild.  "Si  nor,"  s.iid 
he,  "  I  have  but  OIU'  llle  to  lose,  \et  1  .illl  wiiilll;,;' 
lo  venliM'e  it  lor  vour  service  .iiul  tnr  ihe  ^ooil  i.it 
.ill  here  pie>enl.  and  1  liiisl  111  the  plMteclmn  iif 
(lod.  vvhhh  1  li.ive  experience  1  oil  s^  1  111. lliy  other 
occasion-,." 

Columbus  embr.iceil  this  /e.iliuis  lnllovver.  who 
immedi.itelv  set  about  preii.ii  iiii;  tor  his  ex])e(li- 
tion.  Drawini^  his  canoe  on  shore,  he  ])iii  on  a 
t.ilse  keel,  n.iileil  w e.illler-bo.irds  .iloiii;  the  bow 
and  siein,  to  prevent  the  se.i  from  bre.ikin^  over 
it  ;  p.ivi-d  ii  with  a  en. it  ot  lar  ;  liirnislied  it  with 
;i  m.isl  and  s.iil  ;  .ind  iiui  in  provisions  tor  him- 
self, a  Spanish  comrade,  and  six  hnli.ms. 

In  the  mean  time  Columbus  wrote  letters  to 
()v,iiiilo,  reipiestim^  th.it  a  .ship  mi^lu  be  immedi- 
ately sent  to  briiii;  him  and  his  men  to  Hisp.mi- 
ola.  He  wrote  a  letter  likew  isi'  to  llu'  soverei!;iis  ; 
lor,  .after  liiliilliiif,^  his  mission  at  .San  Domingo, 
l)ieL;o  Mende/  was  to  proceed  to  Siiaiu  on  the  ,id- 
nvral's  atf.iirs.  In  the  letter  to  the  sovereii,;iis 
Columbus  depicted  his  deploialde  situation,  .and 
etitre.ited  th.it  a  vessel  mieht  be  (!is|). itched  to 
I  lisp.iniol.i,  to  convey  hinisell  and  his  crew  to 
Sp.un.      I  le  j^.ive  ,1  compii.  I'.eiisive   account   ot  his 

*  Relacioii  por  Diego  MenJcz.  Xavarrcte,  Culcc. 
ti.ni.  1. 


r  I'f' 


I  I' 


;'M 


;M!rfI|||n 


■Hr-V/ 


'I     i; 


204 


LIFE   AND   VOVACKS   OF   COLUMBUS. 


1 

» i 

i    • 

m. 

' 

W 

rv 


voyajjr,  mnsf  parliriilars  of  wliiili  have  alri'.uly 
l)c(.ii  iiuoi  iJinalcd  111  lliis  liisliiiy,  and  lie  iiiMilcd 
j;ifall\  on  the  inipoilaiui'  ol  llu-  iliscoNciy  I't  \'f- 
raj,'Ua!  lie  ^mm'  it  a-,  his  upinmn,  tliat  hcii'  Wfie 
the  niiiifs  1)1  thr  Auiim  Chcisoiu'Mis,  wlicmi'  Sol- 
onion  hail  ik-rivfil  muIi  wrahh  tor  tin-  huiUhii);  nl 
thf  Tcmph".  Ill'  intn-ati'il  that  this  j;oUlcn  Kiast 
nii);lu  not,  like  othiT  i)lai'i'S  which  In-  had  discox  • 
eii'il,  hi-  ab.iiuluiifd  U)  ailvi-ntuiiTs,  or  plai  rd  iin- 
(Ilt  till-  >,'i)\frnnu-iit  ot  nu-ii  who  li-lt  no  intt-ii-sl  in 
iht' caiisi-.  "This  is  mil  a  ihild,"  hi- .idds,  "Id 
he  aliaiuJiiDi-il  to  a  slrii-mutlu-r.  I  iu-\i-r  lliiiik  nl 
lli.ilianiola  and  r.iria  wilhmil  \vi-i'|)in>;.  'I'lR-ir 
case  is  ile>i)tiaii"  and  past  iiire  ;  1  hope  tlu-ir  ex- 
ample m.is  i  aiise  this  lej^ion  to  lie  treated  in  a 
tlilleient  manner."  His  ima^;inatioii  l)eeoim-s 
lieati-il.  lie  mai;mties  the  supposed  import. Hue 
ot  X'era^iia,  as  lianxendinj;  all  his  lormer  dl^- 
coveries  ;  and  he  alludes  to  his  lavoritc  projei  t 
lor  the  (lrli\t-iaiu(- ol  the  I  loly  Sepulehre  :  "Jeru- 
salem." he  sa\i,  "  and  Mount  Sum  aie  to  he  ir- 
l)uilt  hy  the  hand  nt  a  (.'liristian.  \\  ho  is  he  to 
lie?  (lod,  liy  the  mouth  ot  the  I'loplut,  in  liu- 
iourteeiith  I'salm,  ih-t  lares  it.  The  aldioi  jo- 
aehinV^  s.iys  ih.it  he  is  to  eome  out  ol  S|),iin  " 
His  thought-,  tlirii  revert  to  tin-  aiuiiiil  story  ot 
the  Cir.md  Kh.m.  who  had  reipiested  th.it  s,i;;e-. 
Iiiii;ht  Ik-  sent  to  in-^triu  t  him  in  the  C'hri.-iti.iii 
l.iilh.  Columhu'i.  thinking'  lh.it  he  li.iil  been  iii 
the  very  vu  iiiity  ot  {'.ilh.iy,  exel.iims.  with  sudden 
7e.il,  "  Wlio  will  oiler  hiniM-H  lor  this  t.isk  .'  It 
our  Lord  in-rmit  nu-  to  return  to  .S|i.im,  I  ein;,i^'e 
to  t.ike  him  there,  ( Jod  heliiin;;,  in  s,iltt\." 

Nothiiii;  ii  mori-  i  ii.ir;u  terisiie  ot  (.'olumlnis 
than  his  e.irnest.  .irtless,  at  times  eloi|UeiU,  and  .it 
times  almost  iiuohereiU  letters.  \\'h.it  an  inst.iiu'e 
of  soarintf  enthiisi.iiin  and  irrepre.-.silile  eiiter- 
jirise  is  liere  exhiliitil  !  At  the  lime  th.il  he  w.is 
mdulijinj,''  in  these  \isions,  .'ind  propo^inj;  new  .iiul 
romaniie  enierpri^es,  he  was  broken  i,.)uii  l.v  .i^;e 
cTiul  inllrmities,  r.ukeil  b\-  |i,iin,  eontined  to  In-. 
lied,  and  shut  uji  in  ,i  wrei  k  on  the  ^•o.l^t  ot  a  n- 
niole  and  -^.iv.ine  i-.l.ind.  No  stroii^'er  pietun-  i  ,iii 
he  friven  ot  his  situ.ilion,  ih.m  iji.il  which  slioitU 
lollows  tlii>  tr.msient  \iU>\\  nl  e\.  iti-iiieiU  ;  ulieii 
with  one  ot  his  sudden  ir.msitions  nl  ihou;;ht,  he 
aw.ikens.  .IS  it  Were,  to  his  .ictual  condition. 

Hitherto,"  s.iys  he,  "  1  h.ive  wept  tor  others  ; 
l)Ul  now,  ha\'e  piiy  upon  nie,  he.ueii,  .ind  wtip 
tor  Die,  ()  e.irih  1  In  my  lempor.il  com  ems. 
without  a  t.irlhiii;..;  to  offer  tor  .i  m.iss  ;  c.ist  .iw.iy 
here  in  the  Indies  ;  surrouiicU-d  b\  cruel  .ind  |u)s- 
tile  s.^-.i^c  ;  i^ol,lted,  intirm,  eN|)ei  lini.j  e.ich  d.iv 
will  be  my  list  :  in  spiriuial  concerns,  se|).ir,it((l 
from  the  fioly  s.icraments  ot  thecluinh,  so  th.il 
my  soul,  it  p. tried  here  from  iii\-  bi"K.  mu4  be 
iore\er  lo.it  I  Weip  |,)i-  me,  whoever  h.is  ch.irit\-, 
truth,  and  ju-^tice  '.     1  came  not  on  this  voyage  io 


*  Jnachim.  native  of  the  tnir^fi  of  Celiro,  nr-ar  Co- 
zenz.i,  tr.ivelled  in  the  Ib.ly  I. .ind.  Returniru;  to  Cu- 
l.il)riii,  he  tool;  ilip  luiliit  of  the  Cistercians  in  ttie  mon- 
astery of  Ciira/zo,  ol  whiili  he  Ijecamc  prior  and 
abbot,  and  aiu-rwanl  rose  to  higher  monastic  impor- 
tance. He  diccf  in  rjo2.  havim;  .ittained  sevenlv- 
two  years  ot  aye,  lea\in(r  a  nre.it  number  of  works  ; 
amoni;  the  most  known  are  commentaries  on  Isaiali. 
Jcremi.ih,  and  the  .Aporalypse.  There  are  also 
prophecies  Ijv  him,  "  whirh"  isays  the  Dictionnaire 
Historiquei.  "  diirin)T  lijs  life,  ni.-'idc  him  to  be  ad- 
mired by  fools  and  despised  by  men  of  sense  ;  at 
p'-sent  the  l.ilter  s..niiirunl  prevails.  He  w.is  either 
V.  ly  weak  or  very  presumptuous,  to  Halter  himself 
that  he  had  tlie  keys  of  things  of  which  God  reserves 
the  knowledge  to  himself."— Diet.  Hist.  loin.  ■;,  Caen, 
1705. 


j;.iin  lionor  or  est.iti",  that  is  most  ceri.i  [i 
hope  ol  the  kliui  w.is  alle.idy  tie, id  willi;:i  ' 
c.mu-  lo  serve  voiir  in,i]estii>,  with  ,1  M.m,. 
lion  .Hid  .III  honest  /i-.il,  .mil  I  ,pe.ik  110  1 ,: 
It  it  should  ple.ise  ( iod  lo  ili  liver  iii.'  ' 
humbly  siippbc.iie  \inir  m.ijesiies  u>  prn, 
rep.iir  lo  Kome,  .iiul  perloiin  olher  ph>;i,ii 
The  disp.ilches  belli);  n-.id),  .mil  i|i(.  | 
lions  ot  the  c.moe  conuileled,  i  )ie>;ii  Mi :,. 
b, irked,  vMll)  his  ,S|).iiiish  i  oini.ide  .mil  1,  ■ 
ill. Ills,  .111(1  dep.irieil  .lloll^  the  lo.i.t  n,  ' 
w.ird.  Tilt-  vov.i^i-  W.IS  loilMime  .mil  ;i 
They  li.id  to  m.ike  lluir  w.iy  .i^.un^i  ^ll. 
rents.  ( )iice  they  wen-  lakin  by  ruvaij;  , 
Indi.iiis,  but  m.ide  their  i-si,i|)e,  i.iid  ,11  ii 
lived  ,11  the  end  ot  the  isl.ind.  a  (lisi.irn  i  1' 
lour  le, lollies  liom  the  li.irboi .  Here  lliev 
cd  vv.iilini;  lor  i.iliu  we.iiher  loventu;eii 
bro.id  ijull,  wlii-n  llu-y  wen-  Middenlv  >iii  1 
.md  l.iken  prisoners  by  .1  nundier  ot  1.' 
ill. Ills,  who  c.inied  them  ult  .1  disiancrii 
ic.i;;nes,  wlieie  tliev  deleiniined  in  k;.i  '.,.:.| 
•Some  ills|)iiie  . I  rose  about  the  div  isioii  ot  ihe-'kil 
l.ikeii  IriMii  the  Sp. 1111. 11  lis.  whereupon  tin  ....(.jj 
.ij;reed  to  sellle  it  by  a  ^.'.ime  ot  i  h.ui.  c  i\  ,(l 
they  vvi-re  thus  enj^.ij^eil,  iJiego  Miiidi-.'  im,.;-i,| 
louiid  his  w.iy  to  liis  cinoe,  emb.ii  Led  ,;,  ■;  .,.1 
returned  alone  to  the  h.ilbor  attei  ti!u  1 1:  1,., ;  I 
.ibsence.  W  h.il  bee. line  ot  his  i  ciiip.ii;  ( i,,  d 
dots  not  inciition,  bi-iiij;  seUloni  .ipi  in  -;i,.,i: 
'■■■*    '■■ ''      This  .1(1  (lUiu  ii  '.ui 


.01)    person    but   hiniselt ..,,.,.,, 

trom  the  ii.irrative  inserteil  in  his  l.isi  will  .ii.i, '.c 
t.inient. 

l.'(j|unibus.  though  ^Micvcd   at   tin-  l.nii:!'  1 

-•-    ^  •' --il  .It  the  esi  .ipe  ol  tile  :.:..,„. 

nothing;  d.iuiiteil  hv  lu  ;<::• 


nies-.ij.;(-,  W.IS  ri'ioui 
Meiule/.      The  l.lllt 


.Mcniie/.  uie  i.iuer.  iioiiun^;  ii.iuiiieii  iiv  iu;<r:- 
lis  .mil  h.irdships  he  li.ul  lllidei  ;;o;ii-.  olleni;'  e- 
p.irl  immedi.ilely  on  a  senmil  .ilteinpl,  jrin.  cl 
lie  (diiiil  h.ivi  |)ersims  to  .K  I  imip.iiu  liiiii  .',.! 
end  ot  the  isl.iiid,  ,iiul  protect  him  irun>  i;,f  t- 
lives.  This  the  .Xdel.iiitadi)  ottered  to  iiin'cri.,.; 
with  a  l.ir;.;e  p.irty  well  .iinu-d.  i'.aithdh'nc,',  t- 
es((),  .1  liciuic^e,  who  li.iil  been  (  ap'..iai  11!  1  lit', 
the  c.u  .ivcls.  w.is  .issoi  i.ited  with  .Miidi' 
s(-(ond  t-\|)e(lition.  He  was  a  ni.inol  i;i'. 
strongly   .iii.u  lii-il    to   llu;  adinir.d.  .mil  nin.- 

,  t( ciiu  d    bv    liim.      ImU  h    h.id   a  l.irge  ( .ami-  .  i^f 
Ills   coinm.inil.  in    vshuli    wen-   si\  ^|  .ii,  .' 1  ■ 
tell  hull. Ills      llu-  l.ilti-l   wen-   to   sel  v  e  .i>  i..:- 

!  The  (.inoes  were  to  keep  ill  (oiiip.iiiy.  <';.'.....■ 
ing  ilisp.iniola,  l-'iesii)  was  lo  leiurii  iiiuiuil:.''-; 
to  J.im.iica.  to  relieve  the  anxietv  ol  the.iiii.'. 
ami  his  (  rew,  by  tidings  ot  the  ^..t!(■  .in  iv.il  1  ■ '  ;' 

uii'ssciitM-r         In   till*  mi'. 01   toiw  I  lircn  M»  !,i 


iiu-sseiigcr.  In  the  nie.iii  nine  ....  .,  •  ■ 
lo  piiKi-ed  to  .San  l)oliiingo.  tlclivei  iii->  .:  - 
t  'v.mdo.  |)ro(  lire  and  disp.iti  h  ,1  slap,  .iiiu  ■ 
dep.irl  lor  .Sp.nii  -.vith  a  letter  to  the  suvin  '^■ 

.All  .irr.iiigemelits  being  iii.ide.  d.c  h' 
plaied  in  the  c.inoes  llu-ir  Irug.il  p-in  isioji  ■ . 
sava  bread,  and  e.ich  his  calab.ish  ol  w.iM 
.Sp.-mi.irds,  besides  their  bre.id,  h.id  a  siippa  '■ 
tlcsli  ot  utias,  and  each  his  swonl  .mil  t.ii:-:i'' 
this  way  they  launched  torth  upon  their  imis, 
l)crilous  \-o\age,  tullowed  by  the  pi.ivci'^  i'' ■ 
(  ouiitrynien. 

The    .Xdel.inlado.    with    his   armeil    I  .1: '' 
pace  with   them   .(long   the  co. 1st.      1  hi n- '■\■■ 
att(-mpl   ol    the   natives   to   moiest  iheiii.  .'M  ' 
arriv(-d    in   satety   .it  the   end  id  the  isi.nid 
they  lemaiiiefl  ihrcf  (l.ivs  helorc  the  sci  v^.i^ 

cii-nl  Iv  r:iliii    Inr    them    In     vi'iilnir    tiirlh     r 


(  ieiitly  c.dni   tor   ihein   to    venture 

feeble  h.irks.      At  length     •' ' 

serene,  they  hade  t.iievsc 
'  rninmittcd    themst-lves    to    tlie 
i  Adelaiuado  rem. lined  watching   them 


tiirlh 
-\l  length,    the  we.dher  hi  in;,": 
lo  their  1  ollir.id'^ 
iro.id    sea. 
UlU.i 


Laiiu- mere  specks 

■^  ,1,  111  lioii>  I""'  ^" 
I;,,  niurii  to  tia 

I, ..II  llie  w.iy 

J'e'go.Klvwll"'  il'c 


lA  uH, 


T.iriC  AM)   VOVAC.liS   or   COLUMHUS. 


Ii05 


IrinunuMT  spicks  on  till' o.cin.  and  tlir  vKvnm^ 

!,rm  In.m  his  vu'W.     Tlw  iirxt  .!..>  h.- sd  .ml 

lii^  riuirii  to  iIh-  h.iilupr,  stn|.|)m«  ,u  v.uinii, 

llii-H,  ,,;i  111.'  w.iv,  and  riukM\tjrmi;  to  cuDliiin 


CIIAITIK    II. 

MIIINV    "I     I'liUKAS. 
1 1  W  I 

i:Irmi'4!it  have  lii'cii  tiioiii;lit  that  titf    advcrsf 

fcrtj:n,'''.\liirh  had  so  loiivj  iMT-.f<-iitcd  ColtimUiK 

Waiivrvi-Nhaii'tcd.      The  envy   sslm  h   had  mu  c 

^dxwA  .It  hi-,  yloiy  and  iirosptrily  cDuid  m  arci'- 

ly  I  .vf  li'visct!  tor  liiMi  a  moif  ti)rh)rn  luTilat,'i'  in 

lie  \v, II  1.1  hi;  had  (hsi  "Vi'icd.      TIil-  tenant  id  a 

Ifn  k  11.5  .1  s.iv  ijif  roast,  ui  an  untravfi'srd  uci'.m, 

iH',1' ni  r.  y  ot  n.iihaton-.  hurdcs,  who,  in  .i  nio- 

lifi'.i,  ti  I II  |.i-r(ari(ius  tricnds,   Mli^ilt   In;  tr.ins- 

ifcrim' I  i;ito  tfinriou-.  ineniies  ;  .iflhrlcd,  too,  iiy 

xnai.iiii;,'  maladies  which  conlined   iiim  in  his 

11' I.  .11. 1  h\  die  pains  and   intliiniliei  whieli  li.ird- 

ihi.i  a;i  I  aVsiety  h.ui   lieapcd  uimn  his  adv.iiuin;; 

Ig/     ,;;i:  li-  h.id  n.it  yet  e\hau-.led  hiseiij)  ol  hii- 

r-r-.-..     lie  I'.id  yet  lo  t'\perieni<'  an  f\il  wm^e 

an  sn;in,  or  shipwreck,  or  bodily  an;;uish,  or 

r  viilieiceul  sav.i'^e  horde^i  — the  peilidy  ut  ti\o-.t' 

in  "  'Kiiii  he  cinrided. 

Mrii.Kv  and  i''iesc.)  h.id  not  Ion;;  dep.irted  when 
thi  Spam  iiiU  in  the  wrei'k  l)ej,Mn  to  j^row  sickly, 

{:ii'!v  !nin  the  toils  and  exposures  ot  the  recent 
0.  !;.,'(■.  [i.n'tlv  iroin  \)v\n'^  crowded  m  n.ircow 
qu!;!i'r^in  a  in oi-it  :\nd  sultry  climate,  aiul  jLirily 
^r,':ii  w.iiit  oltheir accustomed  tood,  lor  they  could 
o;  inliit'.l.Uc  themselves  to  the  vegetable  diet  ol 
iiili  HIS.  Their  ni.d.idies  were  rt'iulered  more 
In-  !p]VM't.il)le  hv  ment.d  suffei  in^;  bs  ih.it  suspen-.e 
*ii;-ii  tret",  the  spirit,  and  th.ii  hope  delerreil  whiili 
toiiodrsthe  he.irt.  Accustomed  lo  a  lite  ol  bustle 
viii'ty,  iluy  hid  tiow  notliin^''  to  do  but  loiter 
i;  the  (Ire.iry  hulk,  lo.ik  out  upon  tlu:  se.i, 
h  t  ir  'he  .'.llliie  lit  l-'iesco,  wonder  .11  its  prn- 
■  I  .I'l.eii  e,  ,ind  d.iubt  its  return.  A  Ioiil; 
el  ;ll^e;l,  mucli  more  th.m  sutliLieiU  tor  tin; 
;,"•,  i.at  n  nhiie.,'  w.is  seen  or  he.ini  ol  the 
■■■.  I'car.^  were  enti-rt, lined  th.it  their  mes- 
Si:;>T  h.ul  peri-.hid,  II  so.  how  lonj,j  were  ihes' 
to  -iii.c!!  here,  v.iinly  looking  lor  relict  which  w.is 
r  Id  .irri'.e  ?  Sonu'  s.mk  into  deep  ile-.pi)nd- 
,  lUlurs  h.'caine  peevish  ;inil  inip.itieiit.  Mur- 
> '')ii)Ke  torih,  and,  as  usu,,l  with  nun  in  dis- 
.  imirnuirs  uf  the  most  unre.ison.ible  kind. 
••.;i  ol  sym|)ithi/anti   with  their  aL;ed  ,ind  in- 


d.r. 

0' 

V 

1> 

0' 

t 

!■ 
c 
t 

t! 
v.: 
C 


|>iir!ii  conim.nidei,  who  was  involved  in  the  .s.ime 
^Ciicnity,  who  111  suffering  transcended  them  .ill. 
ail!  \i-i  wii)  w,is  incess.inily  studious  ot  their  wel- 
iti-v  he--aii  to  rail  ,ij;',iinsi  him  .e>  the  c.iu-,e 
I  ih-ir  miitortuiies. 

"'•  I.I  timis  leeliii^-  ot  an  imreason.ible  nudtilude 

'!  1  h-  ot  little  importance  it   lelt  to  itselt,    ':;d 

■''■■■■  I   in   i.lu.   (  l.imor  ;    it    is   the  indiuiry  ot 

If  !v. :'  evil   s'pirits  which   >,rt.|K-r.illy  direct.-,  it 

■  i'>i  •c;,  and  m, ikes  it  mischievou.s.      Anions; 

""'.'■r,  ,,t  (.'.iliiinbns  were  two  lirnilu-rs,   l''ran- 

I'l  I'li-L^.j  .If  I'nrr.is.     They  were  rel.ited  to 

1''^  il   lree,i.rer   Mor.iles,    who    li.nl    m.irried 

■'■""'■'■•  ami   h.id    made   interest  w  itli    the  ad- 

■I  '■■'  -.[^y  diem  siinie  employment  in   the  e\pe- 

)  i^raiilvtln-  treasurer,  he  had  appuint- 


in.- 


cd  I'r.im  isco  df  I'orras  (•.■ipl.iinot  one  of  the  c'lra- 
vels,  and  Ii.kI  obt.imed  tor  his  brother  l)ie^ci  tin; 
iitu.iiion  (d  not.iry  .ind  .n  count. mt'^'ciier.U  ol  tht- 
sipi.idron.  lie  had  Ire.iled  them,  .ii  be  dii  Lire-., 
with  the  kindne-is  ol  ri  l.ilucs,  though  both  i)ri)eei| 
incompiieiu  to  their  situ.itnms.  The)  were  v.iin 
;ind  indolent  men,  .mil,  like  in, my  nihers  whom 
Colundius  li.id  beneliied,  rei|uued  lii.i  kindnesb 
with  bl.ick  iiij,'ralitiidc.* 

These  men,  tlndm^  the  t  ommon  people  in  .1 
hij,dily  iinp.ilicnl  and  discontenteij  state,  \vrini;;ht 
upon  them  with  si'ditioiis  in-.inu.ilions,  .[^.suriii^ 
them  th.il  .ill  hope  ol  ndiet  ihrou^^h  the  .n^^ency  ot 
Meiidc/f  was  idle  ;  it  beiii;,'  a  iiuri'  (h  liisioii  ol  the 
admir.d  to  keep  them  ipiiel,  .Hid  render  them  sub- 
serweiil  lo  his  purposes.  He  h.ul  no  desire  nor 
inteniion  to  reHirn  to  Spain  ;  .mil  in  l.i't  w.is 
b.mislied  thence.  1  Iis|),iiuol,i  \\,i-,  ei|'a.illy  ilosed 
to  him,  as  iiad  been  proved  by  the  e\clu->ion  ot  his 
sliips  troin  its  harbor  in  a  time  ol  peril.  To  him, 
.It  |iresi'iit,  all  pl.ici's  well'  alike,  ,iiid  he  w.is  con- 
tent  to  rem.iin  in  Jamaic.i  until  ili.^  liiends  could 
111. ike  interest  :it  court,  and  |)rocin  •  his  rec.ill 
from  b.inishniciit.  As  to  .Meiiile/  .md  l'ie-.(  o, 
they  had  been  sent  to  Sp.iiii  liy  tjolumbus  on  his 
own  priv.ite  .iff.iirs.  not  to  procure  .i  ship  tor  the 
rcliet  ot  his  lidlower-..  It  this  were  iint  the  case. 
why  did  not  the  shi|).-.  arrive,  or  sshy  did  not  !•  i- 
csco  return,  . as  had  been  proini,!d?  *»ril  the 
canoes  h.id  re.illy  been  sent  lor  succor,  the  lonj.; 
time  ttial  had  fl.ipsed  without  tidiiij^s  ot  them 
j^.ivi:  re.ison  to  beliese  they  h.ul  |)eri.-.hed  by  the 
w.iv.  In  such  c.ise.  their  only  alternative  would 
be  lo  take  the  c.inoes  ot  the  Indians  ,uid  ende.i\or 
to  re.ich  I  li-.i).iniol,i.  There  w.is  no  hope,  how- 
ever, 1)1  persuadinj;  the  admir.'.l  to  siu  h  .m  under- 
taking ;  he  was  too  old,  and  loo  helpless  trom 
the  K"iit,  to  expose  hmiselt  lo  the  hardships  ot 
such  a  voy.iKf.  W  hat  then  ?  were  they  to  he  s.ic- 
riliced  lo  his  intensis  or  his  iniirmilie.s  .'—to  jL;i\e 
lip  their  only  chanie  tor  escape,  .ind  lin;;er  and 
l)eri-.li  with  him  in  this  desolate  wreck  ?  II  they 
sill  ceeded  in  re.icliinj,^  liisp.miol.i.  they  would  be 
til.'  liiiii  r  received  tor  h.iviiii.;  li.it  y\,x-  .idinir.il  be- 
hind. t)\aiido  was  secretly  liosiile  lo  him,  te.ir- 
in^  til, It  he  would  rei;.un  the  ^overnmeiil  ot  llu: 
isl.ind  ;  on  their  arriv.il  in  ;-ip.iiii,  tie.-  liishoj) 
FoiiM'c.i.  trom  his  eiimit)  to  (.'oiumbus,  would  be 
sure  to  I, ike  their  jiart  ;  ihe  brothers  i'orr.is  had 
|)owi'rlu!  tiiiialsand  rel,ili\  es  .it  onrl,  lo  counter- 
act .my  represent. itions  that  mi;;ht  be  iii.ide  by  the 
.idmiral  ;  and  they  eiied  the  c.ise  ol  Rold.m's  re- 
bellion, to  show  ih.il  the  preiu.iices  o!  the  |)ubiic 
and  of  men  in  power  \',iuild  .i!wa\.i  lie  a;;,iiiist 
him.  N.iv,  ihey  insinuated  liiat  the  soverei,!;ns, 
who,  on  ih,U  occasion,  h,.d  depri\cd  him  ut  |)art 
ot  his  (lii.;nities  and  pri\  ile;.;es.  wmiid  lejoice  at  a 
pieteM  tor  stripping  him  ot  llie  rein. under. + 

Columbus  W.IS  aw. ire  lh.it  the  min.ls  ol  his  peo- 
ple were  emhittered  aj^.iinsl  him.  lb  h.id  repe.U- 
edly  been  treated  with  iiisoK  nl  impatience,  and 
repro.iched  with  bein),^  the  ciuse  ot  their  dis.islers. 
Aci  iisiiimed.  however,  to  the  unre.isonableness  uf 
men  111  aihersii\,  ,ind  e\erci-.t.'d.  bv  many  tri.ils, 
in  the  ni.istery  of  his  pas.-.iiins.  lie  bore  with  their 
petul.ince.  soothed  their  iriilalion,  and  endeavor- 
ed lo  cheer  their  spirits  by  the  hopes  ot  siieedy 
succor.  A  little  wdiile  loii;,^cr,  and  he  trusted  that 
l-'iesco  would  .irrive  with  i;()od  lidiie^s.  wdien  the 
cerl.iinlv  ot   reliel   would    put  an  end  lo  all  these 


!'M 


1,  . 


III.  ' 


'i      •,! 


I  'i.  'I 


m 


i  1 1 1 


\      h  11 .1 


i  1 


jh-'.  ikl  .A'ir.ir.inte,  cap.  loi. 

t  Ibi'l..  r.u,.   i,jj. 


*  Letter  of  Columbus  lo  his  son  Diego.     Navarnftc, 
Cnlcc. 

t   llisi.  del  Ahnirantc,  cap.  102. 


I. 


W4 


Jot] 


T.IIM-    AM)   VOVAGI'S   OF   CDH'MIU'S. 


ii.in)  M's. 


Tl 


inisi-i\ 


hi.f.   1 


inWi'MT,    VV.Is    (Ii'cprr 


th.in    III'  ;i|i|in  liciulfd  ;    .i  iiHuplrti'     imiiiny     li.ul 


mil  il,   tlicy   \MUil(l  (li.iw  npnii   tlicnu,! 
\i  ii'sl  niiiiishmcMt  tiiiin  ilir  MiMTfi''ii> 


iH'i'ii  cir^j.iiu.'t 


Ih 


11  •iiiU.itiiiiis  niitilt Mtfi 


« >u  the  :!il  (it  jimiary,  l>04.  I'l"  ^^•'•'  '"  I""*  sin. ill  i  li'mc  nl  ilu-  iuuIuu'its,  .md  tlu-y  iin\s  i 
r;il)in,  iM)  tlif  •>tirn  III  Ins  \t'>M'l.  liiMii^  tmiiiiu'il  til  In  i.iriy  thfir  pLms  mlu  caci  iiukh  | 
his  IumI  liv  llu- umit,  wlm  h  had  now  H'ihUtimI  hii\)      imiidoi,  which   tin-  .uliuii.ii   li.ui   piiiili,i. 


a  I'limplfti'  riipplf.  While  lumm.iliiiK'  on  his 
tli>.islioli-.  silii.iiion,  Kr,iin.ls(  ()  ilr  I'nriMs  siultlili- 
ly  I'ntiTfil.  Ills  ,il>!upt  .mil  a^it.ittd  manner  lif- 
traved  the  evil  nature  ol  his  visit,  lie  h.id  the 
lit  ,1  m.in  iliiiiil  tl)   iieiiH-irate 


tliirned  iinniidi 


Indians,  ihev  emli.irkeil  in  them  uii 


nil 


ultatmn  as  it  iiti.iin   i>t   imnudi.iiiK 


tl 


le   '•Mures  •• 


t  Spai 


n.     <  MluMs.  who 


eiim  lined   in   the   miitms ,  seeiiij;  r,ii  i,, 
ilep.iitiPj;,  mil  te.irin^;  tn  rem.iiii  lulm;. 


reiUuei 


1  in 


iiiimhe 


h.islilv  1  (illiilnl    t 


d  ellti  iPd   likew  IM'  illtn  the  I'.ilii 


II 


an  o|ien   eiiiiie.      Ilie.ikmv;    Inrlli   int>i  Inller  eniii- 
pl.linls.  al  thi'l'  111  111^;    kepi,  week  .itliT  week,  ,ind 

ninnih  .liter  mnnih,   to   peri-.h   piecenie.il   m  lli.ii  j    t'irtv  li^ht    .ili.indoneil    the  admir.il. 
lieMil.iit'   pi  lee,  he   .uiiised   the  .idmii  .il  ut  h.tvinj;  ,    thn-ii'   uiiii   reni.iiind    were   unly  di  i.iii  i . 

ness,  tor  h.id  they  heen  well,  mn->t  ni  |i . 
limp. lined  llu-  deserters  t     Tin 


no  inteiitiiui  tn   retin'n  li>  Sp.iiii.     I  uliinilni".  siis- 

peeled  sumelhinj;  sinister  trnm  his  uniiMi.il  .iir.i-      h.ue  ,i 


H.mie  ;    lie   ni.iint.uiuil 


liuw 


ever,    his   i.iimiieis, 


■m. lined   t.iithtnl   to   the  admir.d 


and,    r.iisnij;   hintselt   in   his   hed,   ende.ivureil    in  '    whnirawlid  fnrlh  tnini  their  e.iliiiis, 

re.iMin  with  IVirr.is.     He  pmiHed  nut  the  imiin-M-  p.irtiire  o|  the  mutineers  with  te.irs  .i 

liilily   nf  deii.irtin^  until   those  whi   h.id  j^nnc  tn  '    tmns.   K'\i"K'   themselves   \iji  tnr    li  «: 

His|i,iniiil.i  shntili!  send  them  vessels,      lie  repre-  j    stindini,' his  m.iladv ,  (nhimlius  leli   ii 

sented  how  mnih  mnre  iir^jeiit  must  he  his  di-sire  ^hii^;   .mmn^   thnse   who  were  Inv.il,. 


til  ilep.iri,  siiue   ne 


h.id  not  nierelv  his  nwn  s.itelv  '    th  ^se  whn  were    ill,  cnde.ivnrm 


III    pliividi'    Inr,   but    W,IS    .uinunt.ilile    tndod.md    ,    iheer  .liul  iniuhirt  them. 


II 


e  enii  iM 


li.ll! 


his  sovereiLrns  tnr  the  well. ire  nl  .ill  whn  h.ul  heen  '    their  trust 


in 


dnd, 


w  hn   wiiiilil  \et  n  II' 


enmmitted   t'l  his  ehar^;e.     He  reminded  I'nrr.is  '   and   he  prnmised,  on  his  return  tn  Sp.u 
that  he  hid  .ilw  i\s  ennsulled  with  them  .ill,  ,is  in  j    himself   .it   the   teil  nt   the  i|Uiin,  iip 


ihe  me.isiins  t.i  l)e  t.ikeii   tnr  the  eommnii  s,i 


fetv 


lnv,iltv   ,md    1  (insi.iiuv'.    and   olit.r.ii   1. 


and   ill, It   wii.ii   he   h.id  dmie   had   ln'cn   with  the      w.'uds  th.u  shuuld  emnpens.ite  tnr  .ill 
j,'ener.il   .ipprnli.itinn  ;    siill,  it  any  other  measure      i 


appe.irei 


I   ,id 


vis. line. 


IL'   reeommciidi'd   th.it   thev 


slmuld  assemlile  tnj;eiher,  and  loiisult  upnn  it, 
and  .idopl  vvh.Uever  cour.sc  .i|)pe.ired  must  judi- 
ciiuis. 


In   till'   me.in  time 


I 


r.im  isi-n  lie 


]'■ 


iillciwers,  I 


I)  then  siHi.idinii  ot  i  anin  s. 


islam!   tn   the  eastv 


•  I,  t. 


Inwiliv:  tlie  ri/.ll' 


liv    Meiiile/   ,111(1    I'ieseo.      Where 


riie  nil  isurrs  nf  riirr,is  ,ind  hisenmr.iilis,  hnvv-  I    thev  i  nmmitted  oiitr.-ij^es  upon   the  li 

liMij;  them  lit  their  prov  isioiis,  .11,(1  III  V.I 


ever,  were  alre.i  u    iDiuerteil,  a 


ml 


w  hen  men  .ire 


determined  on  nuitiiiy  they  are  de.it   m   re.is.iu 
He  hUiMllv  replied    th.it  there  vv.is  nn  time  Inr  tnr 
itiniis.     "  limli.irk  immediatelv  nr  re 


ther 


eon 


-uli 


mam  in  ( )< 


s  n.ime,  were  the  niilv  altern.itives. 


■nr  mv  I). lit, 


s.nil 


ne 


Uirninj^  his  haek  Ujion 


the  admir.il,  and  elevalini,;  his  voice  sn  ili.ii  it 


United  of  their  i  ftecls.  I  hey  eiiilr  .\  •  i  ' 
in.ikf  their  own  i  iimes  redound  tn  ilie  |i:-x, 
nl  c'l'lumtuis,  pretending  tn  act  under  lii>  ..,:;- 
iiy,  .mil  attirnun^j  th.it  he  would  pay  \'>\  <■.- 
tliiiin    liiey   took.      If   he  refused,  they  In 


al 


souniled 
tiiose  whn 


iiT   the   vessel,    "  1  .im  tnr  C.istile 


tivi- 
imp!. 11', L 


tn  kill   him.     Thev   represented  I. 


lie   toe    In   the   Indi.ms 


Li-^e  111. IV  fiillnw  me 


Slunits  .irnse 


imnu'diaielv   Imm   .i 


11 


tvr.mnued  over  other  isl.iiiils. 


;is  HIT 
'siMi;  1 


sales. 


I  will   tnl 


n\v  \iiu 


an 


d    ile.itli  of    the  n.itives,  ,llii!  wlinnliK 


and    1  I    and    I  :"      .Numhers  of  the  crew  spi.injj  t   j;  im   i  sw.iy  h<-re  Inr  the  puijiose  ot  mil;' 


Uixiii    the    most    cnnspiruniis    parts    nf    the    shii) 


hr 


milislim^j     vveapuns, 


d 


I  .il.imities. 


tnre.ils  all! 


utiermj;     mmj. 


H. 


nl    rehellinn.      Some  called 


IV  mi;   re. II 


hed    ih 


e.istern    e\tri-iii 


unnn 


d,  thev    w.iiled    until    the    we.ithn   ^! 


I'orr.is    lor   nnhrs    wh.u    to  do  ;    others   shoiile  1       pi  itei  tlv  i  .dm    hetnre  they  ventured  t'l 

■ '     '  Hein^;  unskilled   in   the  man.iK'nin 

thev  nrniured  sever. d  Indi.ins  in  ,i' i 


T'l)  C.istile  !  In  Castile 


w 


hii 


e,  .imu 


the 


jell- 


erU  uproar,  the  vo 


Mill. 


le.iri 


I  ni 


Mces  ot   some   ilesper.ulnes  w  ere 


en.icin'f  the  life  of  t! 


le  .Kimir. 


d. 


Columbus,  liearini,'  the  tumult,  leaped  fn 


them. 


r 


lieiH' 


at 


•IIL'lh    llll.le 


d,  ill 


and  iiitirm  as  he  was,  and  tottered  nut 


tliiy   set   t'lrth    upon   their   vny.i^i'.     .'si  ai 


tlie  cahm,    stumliliii''' 


lopin)^- 


bv   1 


lis  iires' 


,ind   fallin;;  in  the  e\ertin;i, 
iiieers. 


tins     lirnceeileil 


line  or  four  nl   his  f.uthfui 


eiice   tn    pacify   the  mut 


I  ontr.irv   vvi 


SW  e 


ml 


tnlir 

arose 


Iciunes   tn 


m   l.iiiil  w't" 


anil 


the    w.ivi- 


Thev  turned  immedi.ilelv  tor  s|i  n' 


fearih;;  some  v  iolelice  mijr|,t  be  offered  him,  line 


ullu-reius,  however,      i  .nines,    from    their    \\^\n    strui  lure, 


lil'l   t»; 


u-mselves  betvven  him  .md   the  thr')!)'',  and  t,ik- 


tl 
in 

to  his  caliiii 
The  .\i 


11'-. II  Iv  rnuiul  .ind  w 


Ithnlll    keels.  wiMe 


iiirhc' 


.nul    rcdUired 


tn 


le   i.irelnlU 


hi 


111    in    llieir   arms  lompullud   him    to   return       Ihev    were   now   deeply    frei,i;hled    1 


)V  ir.i  li  I" 


,int  II 


dill'-rent   n:nii' 


ikew  isf 

e   pl.inti-'l   hi 


Inrth,  hut 


mself. 


111  ,1 
with  l.iiii  (■ 


custiimed  tn  them,  .iml 
(juentlv   Irt   in    the  w.iter. 


le    SIM    liiM' 
lie  Sp.iMi.iri' 


I  t'i 


.il.inni 


.1.    and    endeavored    to    li>,dit' n    ll:'' 


111  hand,  in  a  situ.iiiDn  to  take  the  whole  brunt  nl      thrnwin^^   overboard    evervthin;;    th  il 
the  ass.iuU.     Il  was  with  the  Kfeatest  diriicuhy  th.u      spind  ;    ni, lining;  only  their  arms  .mi 

pe.ise  •  their    provisinus.       The   danj^er   au^; 


si-ver.il  ol  t!:e  loy.il  part  nt  tlie  i 


revv  could    111 


tui\ 
we.ij/nii, 


id    pl-e\-,n|    upnn    liim    tn  relnupiisli 


retire    to    tlie   c. 


liev  now  eiiTeMled  Vnr 
part   I 


)f 


t\H 


d.     T'h 


ev   now  compeiiei 


ue mil. I'll  « 


I  he 


Ins  hroiher. 


r.is  .and  his  i  nmp.nnniis  t.i 


le  u  e.iDiv,  since  no  one  souirht  to  o 


them.       .\  )   advanla.Lfe  could    be  j,m 


Aim 


ciice  ;   hut  should  lliev 


nied 


DV    VI')- 


I.as  Casa<;,  Hist.  Ii 
ir.'inte,   cap.   in2. 


lib.  ii.  cap.  32. 


y  cause  the  dciUi  ul  tlie  a 


+    Ili-t.  del  Almirante.  raj).   102. 


1   Las  Cas.is, 


ib.  ii.  cap.  2-- 


tn  liii  I  till-  MM,  e\ 
h  ,.'a'.v,ryton. 

nut.  I.  tlx'V  'I'-'V 
»,.   ,,!    lllf    svvnril. 

Unnv  -  h'"  il"'  '' 

tiKii'  sir'i>>!>'V   , 

|r,i,):v,  ;.ikitu  h'«id 

L..-;.i-.||"l  """^ 
Itiiili''!  till'  h."l-«i'^ 
n^T-  i  llii'ir  ovi-iiu 

^ir  111'''!-'  ■""'  ''"■'''' 
Sinu'  ui"l  I'v   the    IV 

glff,    ttiTC    rdl.lU'.ti 
Jvi."-.    '.I"'^  luhlei'i 

jjiii-i-  ilic  c.iiini 

^Vn:'ll    till'   ^1'''"'  ' 
^ni'il:.  .l''i''C  .IS  1 
X.SU.'.       ^'!''C    Wrl' 

Siiii.il  i-i.iiii  '!"•  ^^' 

fu.,,i;  ili'.'V  iiiiKhl  '■ 
ll,-|i,iiU')Li,  i"h' 
kji  1  ,iM.l  iii.iki'  till 
\(  tr  1:11  iiim  vvh  II  I 
Iviii;  ihpi.vii  .iliivi'-t 
tir  i.ilc  il.iiii;ei.  ' ' 
|li;it  !  I  CI'Dis  nvcr 
y,l  dlUlllI  heC'MIll 

■'Tir-  1 1^1  .I'lvicc  w  e 
;,i  Ih  iinh  ,it  .in  In  I 
iiiil  11:  the  isl.illd,  llv 
Sltn,^.  an  I  tre.itin^' 
Id  '  i|irn'ii)iis  111  nil 
fil'liiT  l)i'.,lllie  seie 
i]i'.  'ill  wre  .14.1 
[in  I,.  l.'Mini;  .ill  I 
fc.ii  ^,  lit  til''  inter 
ill  .  ml  Miurned 
,  i.i  vill,i«e,  a  I 
|p|i''!in^  tlieiliselve 
r,l.;i:;  !■<  they  met  vv 
■1:1^  like  .1  pesllleli 


(Tl  ' 

JC'       l;V     n|       I'KiiVl 
I      !l;;   -    M     .UUAl 

^     '■  1.  I'  ivra-  .nil 

,*r      '.iKll    ilrsper.lle 

!*h  ;  iiiru'ls  the  .d 
hill  1!^  iH'eseilteil  the 
to  !■  '^  iiul  In  11 
'kn:  .\\i-  .i;i'|  (iillicil 
■:  ■  1  h,  the  he.il 
,  1:  r.>'iii,  he  ever 
;i".!i:'  iiitirm  at 
.  "'il.  ke,;,'.ir(ll( 
v-  .'  is  Diily  alt 
Th    lew  who 

1  1'  iii'iunt  ^1 
111"  . '  k  ;  tiien 
■■.       I'll'.'  si  1  up 


1) 

:% 
to; 
fe 

,  dii- 
vi> 

Co  '  I  1  t  !:iaillt.iiiiei| 


tlv 
Ot  , 
til) 


tai' 


'lid  II. nv  their 
I'isioiis  were  h 
.  whiili   he   pu 
'11')--!   p.ll.il.iblc 

lii'it.  ilei  Almirai 


:.^ 


TJIK   AND    VOYAC.KS    OF   COKl'MIirS. 


207 


,p  Ini.  tlK'  M...  rx.-rplmK'  n>"  l>   •'-   nv-I''  ..1. -n 

uiiK  I    thrv''li'>v<-   Ihi'in    oNftlln.inl    wilh    the 
X    't  ihf  ;w.'nl.     'I  tu-   Imlt.iiiH   wnr   skiltiil 
iJniW  ■'   l"ll  the   ili-.li'li'«'  l>>  I.IM.I  \v.»^  Uui  j;l.Mt 
r  >iitiint'i.      riu'V  kf|)t  .ilimit  till' r.iiini's. 
kri.ir.'  ukiii;  hold  ol  iluMii  luiasiim.illy  l<i  ri-.t 
...!■-,  ana  rf.(i\fr  hir.ilh.     As  llu-ir  Wfi>;ht 
(he  li.il.iiui'   I't   ill''    imhoi-^,    ami    ru- 
in Tfitlifir  .ncitiiriiiiii,'.  ilif  ,Si..ini.inN  ( lit  ntf 
ihfH  lu.i.K  ;ui.|  -.i.iUlitMl  Ui.MU  \Mtli  tlwir  swi.r.K. 
Stni    iiiMi  liy  till'   vvtM|iMiis  (it  tluM'  iiuil  incii, 
««), -s  ui'if  .■di.iii''ti''l    ami    sank    lii-ncith    tin- 
,  t^Ms;  iluu  ii.'htfcn    iiiiishrd    iniscr.ililv,   .md 

:g|lir  s'll-k'IVfJ    lillt    sill  ll    .IS    ll.lil  hcfll   Ul.dlicii  I') 

(iliit^;f  llii'  iMiiiH'-i. 

.A\'ifii  llu'  S|i.iniaii|s  ^'ol  li.uk  to  l.iml,  dilfrrcnt 
Mill  111-  ii'iHc  as  h)  what  loiirsc  the)  sliniild  iiiM 
Xv>i.',  Suae  wi'ii'  liir  iTossin^;  to  Cuba,  Ini 
fill,  :i  i'>i  in  I  ilif  wind  was  tavoialilt-.  it  was 
A)ii,.ii  ilv.'V  niij^ht  easily  i-ntss  llu-mi'  to  tlu'  iiid 
ll  lh^|Miiiiii  1.  <  ithiTs  advised  tiiat  tlicy  slidiild 
ntii:  1  .ml  niaki'  tlicir  |ir,iic  with  tl>«'  adiiiir.d,  nr 
ilkr  tram  liim  ^\liil  rt'iii.iiiifd  nt  .irms  and  sioii'-,, 
fc|i,:i^f  llinivn  alniDsl  cviT)  tiiinj;  (PVfrbn.inl  diinii)^ 
the  i.itf  il.iam'i.  Others  (•niiii-.ellrd  annther  .it- 
Kri,i!  ti  I'i'iis  ovr  to  llisp.iiiidia,  as  sunn  as 
ftc  >'',i  ^h•llllll  hefumr  tr.ini|uil. 

Til!-.  Ii^l  .idvu'c  w as  adojited.  'riiey  remained 
br  .1  111  iiiih  .11  .111  indi.iii  vilia^je  near  tlie  e.istern 
join;  "I  I'll' ••'land,  living'  on  tlie  siihst.incc  nl  the 
Mti.i'v  aiil  treating'  ihein  in  the  iiiosi  arhiir.iry 
Uiii  i',i|incums  Milliner.  When  ,it  leiii;tli  llie 
tt'.iiiei'  lii'-.ilne  serene,  lhe\-  ni.idi-  >\  set  mik!  .at- 
ft;n;i',  Iril  \vie  a^f.iiii  driven  i)a(  k  liy  adverse 
fill  I..  l.oHini;  ,dl  |i,itieiue,  therelnre,  .mil  de- 
h  1^  iif  th"  enterprise,  they  aii.inilonrd  ilieir 
1  it  >,  111'!  reiurned  we?>lw.ird,  w.mdeiin^;  linin 
la^.'  la  vill.ijjf,  a  dissolute  and  lawless  ^;,lll^^ 
iniirtm^'  thiniselves  l)v  lair  nie.ins  or  loiil,  ae- 
ci  ii;,'  i>  lluy  met  with  kindness  or  hostility,  and 
pav'iij;  :iki  ,1  pe-iiileiKe  through  the  island.* 


«•!■ 
«■', 

lu:; 

to 

h;i: 

■•toi 
■fer., 

.  dii- 

h 

WP' 

t  Vi> 

ico'i 

:1k- 

Ilinic 

iTi„- 


ClI  M'TI'.K   III. 

ll\'    n|      rkMVl>|(iNS-  STKATAfj-.M     (if     n  i- 
■llil  -    lo    iilUAlN     .Sl'I'IM.IK.S    lUDM    nil.    N.,- 

.  I>. 

('504.1 

:'!'.K  I'lrr.i-  .mil  his  crew  were  rai^iiv^'  about 
tll.lt    ilr-,|M  T.ile     ,iiid     joyless     lieelltiousness 
'.  atlni'k  the  .ili.inilonnieiit  of  prineiple,  Co- 
in iiri'M'nteil  the  oppniiie  |iii'ture  ot  a  in, in  true 
'^ler^  and    to    hinuell,    :in(l   .suiiported,  ,-iniid 
i':ii|i>  .md  diHieuliies,  by  consiioiis  reetitude. 
'tf  i  111  llie  liealihtid   .uul  vij^oroiis  iiortion  ot 
,'iir.^nii,  !i,.  everted    hiniselt  to  sonihe  ,iild  ell- 
■.;i"'i    uiiiini  .iiiil  des|)ondiii)^  reiiiiiaiit  whii  li 
'  "'I      Ke,^,irdless   ot   his  own  painful  niala- 
'ii;'  1^  iiniy  attentive  to  relieve'  their  sufter- 
lai:  h-w  who  were  fit  for  servire  were  re- 
'■ '  '  '  nvmni    ^ii.ini    on   the  wreek  nr  attend 
"1"  . '  k  ;  tiiere  were  none  to  tor.iL;"e  for  pro- 
'•■^-     III'.'  sirupuloiis  ^ood  t.iith  and  .imie.ible 
iii't  Maintained   by  Cohimhiis  tow.iid  the  n.i- 
■  ii.i.l  n.nv  iheir  elfeet.     Consider. ible  supplies 
"i'.i--iiMis  weie  brou)rht   bv  them  tron".  lime  to 
^^liiiii   he   purch.-e,ed   at  a   re.isouable  ratt 


■tap.  y: 


p.il.it.il)le  and   nourishing;  ot   these,  lo- 
'i^'t.  ilei  Almirante,  cap.  i02.     Las  Casas,  lib.  ii. 


^elher    VMlll    the    Mllall    sloi  k  ol    I   llinpran   bi-^rilit 

lll.ll    reinailied,  lie   iirdeli'd    tn    III     .ippiMpi  i.ited  to 

the    ^ll'.iteli.ilii  e      ot      the      lllllllll.         Knowing    liow" 

j    MUK  111  the  bmly  is  .ittetted  t)\   the  Ojielatlons  lit  tlu' 

I   niiiii!,  lie  elide. iMired  to  rouse  the  spirits  anil  an- 

I    JUl.ite  the   hopes  of  the  droopiiij;  sutft  lers.      Con* 

I   cimIiiik  liis  own  anxiety,  he  in.iini.iined  a  sen  no 

I  ami  even  eheerliil  i  uiiiitename,  tin  oiir.i^jiin;  lii* 

iiieii  liy  kind   words,  ,iiid  holding  torlli  >  oimdent 

.iiitii  ip.itioiis  of  speedy  relief.      Ii)  hi,-.  Iiiendly  and 

e.iretul    tre.illiienl,    he    soun     reilUlled     butll    the 

[    he.iltll  .111(1  spirits  ot  hi",  people,  .Hid  briilli,'lit  ihein 

I   into   .1    (oiidition  to  i  Dhtribute   to    the   eoiiimoii 

s.itety.     Jiidii  lous  refill. itions,  (  .iliids    bill    liniily 

eiilon  ed,   ni.iintaineil  everylhiii).;  in   older.      'Ihu 

men  bee. line  sensible  of    tile  adv  i  lit.l^^es  ol  whole- 

'  some  dis<  ipline,  and  pi'reeived  tii.il  the  restraints 

imposed  ujion  tluin  by  their  eoiiim  imhr  \vei'e  tor 

their  own  nooil,  and  ultini.ilely  pru-Uietive  ul  their 

own  comlort. 

C(dunibus    h,i(|    thus    sueceedeil     in    ^u,irdiii;f 
a^^.iiiist   intern. d   ilK,  when  al.iriiun;^'  evii>   be>,'aii 
to  iiieiiate  from  SMthoiit.     The  liidi.ms,  unused  to 
l.i\    iij)  .my  stoek  of  provision^,   .iml  unwilliti;;  to 
subject  thellisidvi's  to  evtr.l  l.lbur,  lullliil  it  dltlieult 
I   to  furnish   the  ipi. unity  ol  food  d.nly  ri  iiiiired  lor 
I  so  many   liuii>;ry  men.     '1  he   iaiiiipe.ui   trinkets, 
I  iinre  so  precious,  lost  their  \ahie  in  proportion  as 
they  bee, line   more  common.      I  he  import. nice  of 
:   the  .idmir.d   li.id   been   j^re.uly  diminished  by  the 
desertion  of   so  many  ol   his  loll.iwer.i,  ami   the 
m.ili^n.int  instij;.itioiis  of  the  rebtds  had  .iswikeiieil 
jealousy    and    eiimily    in    sever.il   ol   the  vill,i;.;es, 
I   which  had  been  .iccustoiiied  to  turnisli  pro\i-.ions. 
I         |i\   de^nees,  therelnre,  the  SUpplle-.  tell  ott.     'I'he 
1  arr.inv;ements   for  the   d.iily  delnery    of    cert.iin 
(|U,ilitltieS,   ni.lde   by    lliem)    Mellde/,  were  iire;;U- 
.   l.irly  attended    to,  and   at  lenj^ih  ce.istd   entirely. 
j  The    Imli.iiis   no  longer  throiij^'ed   to  il-e   h.irbor 
I   with    pro\asi(ms,    and   idieii    retiised    tlifin    when 
applied    lor.      The  .Sn.illi.irds  were   nl)il;;ed  to  tor- 
;i;;e  about  the  nei^jhoorhood  lor   their  il.iily  lood, 
but  found  more  and  more  ditia  uliy  in   inorurimr 
it  ;  thus,  ill  addition  to  their  other  causes   tor  ile- 
spoiideni'v,  thev  beg. in  to  I'lUerl.iin  horrible  appre- 
hensions ot  tainine. 

'i'he  admir.il  lle.ird  theii'  melanehol;,-  lonboil- 
ings,  and  beheld  the  growing  evil,  but  w.is  at  a 
loss  tor  .1  remedy,  'i'o  resort  to  In.  e  was  an  ;d- 
terii,iti\e  lull  ot  danger,  and  ol  hut  tempor.iry  elli- 
c.icy.  It  would  reipiiri'  all  tiio-.e  who  were  well 
I'liough  to  bear  .arms  to  sally  loiih,  while  he  .md 
the  rest  ol  the  mt'irm  would  be  left  iletem  rle^-i  on 
board  ol  the  wreck,  exposed  t  i  the  \  eiigcuicc  ot 
the  il.itives. 

In  the  mean  time  the  siMrcity  d.uK  incre.ist-il. 
'i'he  Indians  perceived  the  wants  oi  the  white 
men,  and  liad  le.irnt  from  them  the  .in  ol  ni. iking 
b.irgains.  'i'bey  asked  ten  tinu  s  the  toriner  iiu.in- 
tity  ot  I'.uro])e.in  articles  lor  .ir.y  amouiu  n!  pro- 
visions, and  brought  their  suppliers  in  mmiU)  (|U,ui- 
tities,  to  eiih.ince  the  e.igeriio-.  ot  the  hungry 
Spaniards.  .\t  length  even  this  nliet  m  .ised,  and 
there  was  an  absolute  distress  lor  t.io.l.  'I'he  jeal- 
ousy of  the  natives  h.id  been  imiver^. illy  roused  by 
i'or'r.is  and  his  followers,  and  they  withheld  all 
provisions,  in  hopes  either  of  st.irving  the  .admiral 
.mil  his  people,  or  ot  driving  them  from  the  island. 
in  this  extremitv  ;'.  toriun.ite  idt.i  presented  it- 
self to  Columbus.  From  his  knowK'dge  ot  as- 
tronomv,  he  as'ertained  lh.it,  within  tlivee  days, 
there  would  he  .i  tot.il  eclipse  ot  the  moon  in  thu 
e.irlv  p. Ill  of  the  night,  lie  sent,  iheref'sre,  an 
Indian  ot  Hispaniola,  who  served  as  his  interpret- 
er, to  bummon  the  principal  caciques  to  a  grand 


1       '"  t 


hilii 


208 


LIFE   AND   VOVAGi:S   OF   COLUMnrS, 


I    ■ 


>«! 


ii 


confori'tirr.  npiviiiiMnix  ("i"  if  the  clay  cf  t!ii>  I 
eclipse.  When  ,ili  were  asx'iiihlcd  hi-  tulil  tlu-in 
by  lii^  iiitfi-prflrr.  th.it  lie  aiul  his  (oliowtTS  were 
•.V(>rshi|ipcrs  ot  a  I'rUy  who  dwelt  in  the  skies  ; 
whii  tavorc  i  such  as  did  well,  but  punislied  all 
traiisi^fessi'is.  That,  as  they  niiist  .ill  havi'  no- 
ticed, he  had  protected  I  >ie^M)  Mendez  ;md  his 
coiiip.inidns  in  liieir  vi)y.ij;e,  i)ecaiise  they  went  in 
obedience  i-i  t!'e  urders  of  tiu'ir  conuii.inders, 
but  had  visited  I'urra.s  and  his  c()nii)anii)ns  with 
all  kinds  c  f  ;;!"!lictions,  in  consei|uence  of  their 
rebellion.  'I'lii-.  ijre.it  Deity,  he  .added  was  in- 
censed a,:j,i:n>l  ti:e  Indians  who  refused  to  furnish 
liis  laith!'.)!  \\(ir>iiipi"  Ts  witii  provisions,  and  in-  | 
tended  to  ch.istise  tl.  -in  with  I. inline  .and  pesti-  ' 
Icnce.  I.e.-.:  they  should  disbelieve  this  w.irnin,^'. 
,".  siL;:ial  would  be  i;i\'n  ;hat  ni^^ht.  They  would 
behold  the  moon  ch,\nt;e  its  color  aivl  ^r.ulu.illy 
lo-.L'  its  lij^ht  ;  a  token  ot  the  tearful  punishment 
wliich  aw.n'icd  them. 

M.my  ot   tlse   Indi.ins  wi're  alarmed  ;it  the  pre- 
diction, ot!iivs  ire.ited   it   with  derision    -all,  how- 
ever,   awa'.ifd    witli   solicitude  the  coming  ot  the  ! 
nij;ht.      W'!-.'  '•,  tlie;,  betield  .1  dark  shadow  sle.abrj; 
over  the  n.  mr,   thev  bej;.in   to  tremble;  with  the 
proj^ress  of  tlie  eclipse  their  fe.irs  incre.ised,  and  : 
when   they   s.iw  a   nusterious  darkness  coverinj,' 
th.''  whc>le  f.ice  of  ii.i'ure,  there  were  no  bounds  to 
tluir  terror.      Si  i.'in::;'  ujion    whatever  provisions  ! 
were   .it   h.'..id,  lliey   hurried   to   the   ships,    threw  i 
theniseb.es   .1  the  feet  of  Columbus,  and  implored 
him    to    intercede  with    his  Ciod  to  withhold   the  , 
threatened  c.,!.iniities,   ;issurin<,r  him   they    would 
du'iiceforth  bv\'\)j;  him  wh.Uever  he  reepiired.     Co- 
limibus  s'uit  hini.^elf  up  in  his  cabin,  as  it  to  com-  ' 
iTione  wr'i  i'v.-   Ijeitv,  ,ind   remained  there  duriii}^  ' 
the  incrc,    ■  of  tb.e  ecli|)se,  the  forests  and  shores 
all   the   V.    iic   n'soundin;.^'  with  tlu;  bowlines  .and 
.'-■upplications  of   the   sav,i;jes.     When   th<;  ecii])se 
was  about  to  (iin-.iai:;!.  he  c.ime  forth  and  intormeil 
the  nnli\(.s  that    his  Cod   had  deij^ned  to  p.irdon 
them,  on  c.n  I'ti-  n  . if  their  fullillin;^  their  pr  mi-  ' 
is''s  ;     in    ■  ini    ,,|    wli'.ch    lie   would  withdr.aw  the 
da.-kne-'-.  Ii     i;  tj-  ■  -v  >n. 

When  the  liid:  'is  s,i\v  th.it  planet  restored  to 
its  liri^ditm  -.s.  ,  •■  '  n ■'.iini;  in  all  its  be.auty  thro:i_;!i 
the  lirm.iniint,  lliey  overwlielmed  the'  adniir..; 
wi;h  til. inks  t  •  1  ,  intercession,  and  rep.iired  to 
their  home-,.  ■  pylid  .it  ii.ivim.,''  escaped  such  j;re.it 
dis.isters.  i<:  i^.irdiii;,' Columbus  with  .awe  and  rev- 
ert' '  •'  ■  I  in;in  i:)  the  jieculiar  t.ivor  a.nd  coiiti- 
(lei  e  1.'  'he  Deity,  since  he  knew  upon  I'.irlh 
w'-.,ii  W'.  ]i.issin,i,'  i;i  the  heavens,  they  hastened 
to  i)ro[>  Mte  him  wiili  ;;ifts  ;  supplies  a^.iin  .ir- 
rivfd  d.i  '  .-it  the  iiarliur.  .iiid  from  th.it  time  for- 
ward tin  n-  \v,;s  no  w.int  o!  provisions.* 


'   iiAI'll.K    IV, 

m;ss.i.n  (ii  miiat  iii-,  kscmkak  lo'inr.  aiimik.m.. 

[ ' 504- : 

F.Ii;nr  niontlis  had  now  el,i|)sed  since  the  de- 
parture ot  Mriidez  ,111(1  I- lesco,  without  .any  tidin^'s 
of  their  t.ite.  For  .1  loiij,'  time  the  .Spani.irds  h.id 
kept  a  uistliil  look-out  upon  the  ocean,  thitterin^- 
themselves  ili.it  every  ln(li,in  -anoe,  {(lidin^r  .^  a 
distance,  inijjiit  be  the  ii.irbin^^er  of  deliver.ince. 
The  hrjpes  of  the  most  saii^,niine  were  now  fast 
sinking'  into  desiiondency.     What  thousand  perils 

*  Hist,  del  Almirantc,  cap.  103.  Las  Casas,  Hist. 
Ind.,  lib.  ii.  cap.  33, 


aw.iitcd  such  frail  b.irks,  and  so  wcik    ;,  • 
an  ixpedition  ot  the  kind  1     J''.ither  iii  ■  iiij,. 
lieeii  swallowed  up   by  iioisterous  \vavl^  ,;■; 
\erse  currents,  or  theircrevvs  li.ui  perisiiMi;  ^^ 
the  ruj;>;ed    mountains   and   sava;.;e  inlrs  • 
p.iniola.       To   increase    their    desponiji', 
were  iniormed    that   a  vessel    iiad   bi  en  , 
tom  uiiw.ird,  drittiiij;  with  the  curreiii^,, 
lo.isls  ot  jamaici.     This   nii_i;ht  be  ilii'i.,,^' 
to  their  relief  ;  ,ind  if  so,  all  tlieir  1iii|H's  v  r, 
wrecked  with  it.     This  rumor,  it   is.ilii'". 
invented  and  circiibited  in  the  isl.iml  hvt'.  '^ 
th.it  it  iiii).jlit  re.ach  the  earsof  those  whi.r,  v 
t.iithful  to  the  admiral,  .ind  reduciil  the;,  | 
sp.iir.*    It  no  doubt  h.id  itseffia  t.     I.n.:'^ 
ot   .aid   from   a   ilist.ince,    and   coiisii;!:' 
selves   abandoned   and     for).jottcn    hy  t'u   ■. 
m.inv  s,Me\v    wild    and    i]es|)er.ite    in   tj,,  ■  : 
Another  conspir.icy  w.is  formed  b\  mu'  1,-; 
.111  aiiothecary  of  \'alenci,i,  with  two  CiMii'-; 
.Aloii.o  de  Z.imor.i  .iiul  I'edro  de  Xilkiio. 
(hsii^'ned  to  sei/e  upon  the  nni.iiiiiiii,' i   : 
siek  their  way  to  Hisp.miol.i.f 

The  mutiny  w.is  on  llie   very  |ioint  1' 
out,  when  one  eveniiiL;,  tow,ird  dusk.  .  • 
seen  st.indin;;  tovv.ird  the  h.irbor.    T!i'- ;;■.:,. 
ot  the  poor  Sp.mi.irds  111. ly  be  more  c  ,ilv    •■ 
ill. in  dccribed.      The  vessel  was  ;it  ^ii;., 
kejil  out  to  se.i,  but  sent  its  bo, it  to  viiii  ; 
lAery  eye  w,is   ea^'crly   bent  to    hail  ll  c 
n.inces  of  Christians  .ind   d.-Ii.erers.     .\^i  v 
.appro. idled,  they  descrit'd  in  it  Diej.;i' ile  1 - 
.1  ni.in  who  had   been   one  of   the  nmsi  .vs.-: 
feder.atesof  RoUlan  in  his  rebellion,  vvlie  !•  ,1' 
condemneil  to  death  under  tlu-  adinii!- -v 
Columbus,  and  p.irdoiied   by  his  siu  .'l^-    1 
dilla.     There  w.is  bad  omen  in  such  a  ir  ■^-l 

Comiiij;  .ilonj^side  of   the   ships,  1'.m.:.c 
letter  on    bo.ird    from   Ov.indo,  ^uvtrinr    • 
p.miola,  together  with  ;i  b.irrel  ot  wiiu-.i'i. 
ot    b.icon,  sent   .as   presents   to   the   aihini,. 
then  drew  off,  and   t.ilked   with  Coliiinl '  -  :: 
dist.in.e.      lie   told   him    that   he  w.is-     ' 
^'overnor  to  e\|)ress  Ins  j^reat  com  (  re  , 
fortunes,  and    his   rej,'ret    at   not   h.r.ii. 
v■e^sel  of  siilfici<'nt  si/e  to  brini;  ott  I  ;";•'  ' 
people,  buttli.it  he  would  send  one.-.- 
si!)!e.      I'scobar  gave  the  .idmir.il  .i'~--i:''. 
wise    th.it   his  concerns    in    Ilisp.iiiiol .  I 
taitlitiilly   .attelldeil    to.      lie    reqilesteii   I  ■ 
h  id  .inv  letter  to  write  to  the  j^roverii'T  i" 
,:;ive  it  to  hini  as  soon  .is  possilile,  .i^  !.i  ' 
return  iinmedi.itely. 

There   was   soniethiiiL;    evtremely    s:':^ : 
this  mission,  but  there  w;is  no  tinieloii   ■  '    '• 
Fscob.ir     was     urgent      to     dep.irl.       >  i   r'  -i 
hastened,  therefore,    to   write   ,1  repK  i'    <   -' 
dejiicting  the  dangers  and   distresse-,  i ;  :  - 'i'»i- 
tion,  increased   .is   they   were   by  the  n  <r  '.i,:i: 
I'orr.is,  but  ex|)ressiiig  his  reliance  on  h;-rMi!Si 
to  send  him   relief,  coiilidim;   in   wliicli  :>  5"i.'-;< 
rem, nil    p.itiently    on    bo.ird    ol    his   ^vr;-l^.  - 
reconriiended    Diego   Meiule/  and    liar.)' i"T*' 
Fiesco  to  his  favor,  ,issuriiig  him  iliu  r<'  '••"'■I 
not  sent  to  San    Domingo   withaiiv    iri!iii   ■■."' 
Inn  sini|)ly  to  represent  his  perilous  ■^iiii,!;. 
to  .apply   for  siua-or. ^      When    Fscob.ir 
this  letter,  he   returned    imniedi.itely  1" 
his  vessel,  which   made  all  sail,  and  s'' 
|)e.ired  in  the  gathering  gloom  of  tlie  111.1,1  '• 

If  the  Sp.iniards  had  h.iili'd  the  .nrn.i; '!  ■■■'' 

*  llist.  del  .Mmirante,  cap.  lo.}. 

■f  Las  Casas,  Hist.  Ind.,  lib.  ii.  cap-  33 

I  Ibid.,  ca]).  34. 


fc5«!  with  tr.uispo 
lie  mvsierioiis  cniul 

Ion  K- •  •II"'  '"""'''' 
am  .ill  coiiinuiiiic.i 

Lir-.!  in  ihci'  ^^••" 
,rtun.s.      uilniid.i 
(l„.;-,.,l  ill   their  i 
insiv,icm-cs.     lie 
sn-l'ihcirsii-^aicio 
iili  tin-  ciiininunic. 
,1  .isMiniiK'  diem  tl 
ti..i-ilniii  ;i!l  aw 
11,1,  he  h.ul   d.'cliii 
-.uisc  Ins  vessel  w 
Ireicnnir  '"  '■'''"•" 
It,  cvl  ici'l  disp.it 
jiat  no  half  iiiigiit  '' 


m 


rhe>c 
.11  ini-ir  situation 
iriTcl  the  he.irts 
Min   revived,  am 
er  oiillie  point  o 
•  ilsiunccrted. 
Ill  H'Cict,  however 
1 


t  i 


l^di^'i.iiit  ,it  the  coil 

'  'lim  I'lr  m:iiiy  months 

•er,  iiid  nio^i  ihstre; 

,f  no^tililics  ol  the 

en.  .cul  the  suggcs 

laL  .it  ieii.ijth,  sent  a 

m  111  kiiKvvii  to  be 

ii!i  a  iiii'siMit  ot  (001 

leiviH'il  intend''  1  to  n 

Ciilunilius  Delievei 

,ei;'ri'lc(l  hull.  Iiopiii 

fisli'i  I.  h'Miig  aiijirehi 

fln^.iN'.y.  lie  would 

~  (■]■  111  llis[iaiiiol,i 

iTr;v  as  ;i  spy  sent 

I'  .iiiil  his  crew,  .11 

:s:~',tii'a'.     Lis  C.isj 

i;i.;(i,   I'vpresses   si 

pth:!',   llsriihai'   vv.is   c 

Iter:  111!  th.il,  from  at 

Jno  -',  iiip.i'hv  tor  the 

(Ir    :  not  I'l  i;o  011 

1,1       Hi-alier  W.IS   \v 

ar    '•'  llic  I  lew,  nor 

th    ■  ot  the  admiral 

n;    ■  ^rnilt  to  collect 

'  1  .:ii  h.ive  ascrih 

to  ■    irllle  c. union. 

ti'     '.'■iliiiniiiis.  irrit; 

(1 .,  i,i'.  ^  hv  the  coiu 

f^'     -1  ilevvlv  di-.covi 

0:      ^  ii.UiM    repub 

jPi  ,. :      .Such  r  niioi 

their  recent  circ 

lu  i'S  in  Ins  letter  se 

iJi'-i  I'.v.    The  inosi 

■tli.c.  'tv.iivid  W.IS  ah 

in'-riiH,  occupied  i 

Ith.i;  ihiTc  were  no  s 

Icii'iu  aiirdeii  to  t.ik 

ISpnn.     ll"  ni  ly  h, 

jcomi-  iiMvsiile  hir  ai 

^''Jeii'ii  I- the  a  hiiiral  w 

.  .iorcit.n-.ivur  to  ni.iki 

pHn  I  ■lll^o(|llence  of  tl 

iSli;;  resiiiiMit  there, 

ftur'iuleiii'f  might  Iv 

'  I"isC.vs.as,  Hist, 
Almirante,  rap.  103. 
,  t  t..-    '".asas,  ubi  si 


«4i  i..  t 


LIFE   AND   VOVAGKS   OF   COLUMBUS. 


209 


.esc!  with  tr.iii^port,  its  siuUlfii  departure  and 
be  niv^lt-riou.  idikIucI  ot  Ksfohar  inspired  no  less 
Lidr-  ami  roiistern.ition.  lie  had  kept  aloot 
0111  ill  (iininuiiiiiMtion  with  them,  as  it  he  tell  no 
L-rtst  111  their  weltare.  or  svmp.uhy  m  their  niis- 
tum-v  UiUimbiis  saw  the  -loom  that  had 
tatli<-ic(i  ill  their  counteii.iiues,  and  feared  the 
'on-n!;i(*iHi"^-  He  ea^;erly  sout;ht.  theretore,  to 
'ihi-ii- sii^;iu'ions,  professing  hiniselt  satished 
bjih  the  faiiiiiuini.Mtioiis  received  tnim  <  )van(lo, 
nd  asMiriiij,'  tliem  that  vessels  would  soon  arrive 
Hake  ihim  all  awav.  In  eontidenre  of  this,  he 
he  had  dei-lined  to  depart  with  Mseohar, 
eraiisc  his  vessel  was  too  small  to  take  the  whole, 
e'lLTiiiij;  to  remain  with  them  and  siiare  their 
Kt,  and  hail  dispatrhed  the  caravel  in  such  haste 
Hat  Ml)  time  niiijht  he  lost  in  expediting  the  iieees- 
arv  ships.  These  assurances,  and  the  certainty 
haitht'ir  situation  was  known  in  San  Dommgo, 
hecreil  the  hearts  of  the  people.  Their  hopes 
run  revived,  and  the  consiiiracy,  which  h.id 
Set!'  III!  the  iiomlot  iireaking  forth,  was  comiilele- 
jj  (Isrimii  rird. 

I,  liihccit't,  however,  Colunihus  was  e\ceedin,;,;ly 
rdiLjiiant  .It  the  conduct  of  Dvando.  lie  li.id  left 
ftim  tor  maiiv  months  in  ;i  state  of  the  utmost  dan- 
kei,  ami  mo^t  distressing  uncert.iinty,  exposed  to 
tht  hostilities  ot  the  n.itives,  the  seditions  of  his 
me  I,  and  the  suggestions  of  his  own  desp.iir.  He 
hi  I,  .It  ienijtii,  si'iii  a  mere  taiitali/iiig  message,  by 
8  11111!  known  to  he  one  of  his  bitterest  enemies, 
gdhilli  a  present  of  fond,  which,  from  its  scantiness, 
ee'iied  inteivh'  1  to  nioi  k  their  necessities. 
Cdluailnis  iielieved  th.it  Ov.iiido  had  iiurposidv 
ne.,ierled  hiiii,  hoping  that  he  might  perish  on  tlii; 
isliiil.  Iviiig  .ippreheiisive  that,  should  he  reluen 
inviN'.v.he  wmild  he  rein'".'ated  in  the  govern- 
nit  r  (it  llisjiaiiiol.i  ;  ,in  d  he  considered  Ivscob.ir 
Hi  ely  as  a  spy  sent  to  ascertain  the  st.ite  ot  liim- 
itl'  ,ind  his  crew,  and  whether  they  were  yet  in 
|\-'.eiiee.  l.is  Cis.is,  who  was  then  at  S.ui  Do- 
ni  i:,'o,  expresses  simil.ir  suspicions.  lie  s.ns 
th  t  Ksrohar  w.is  chosen  because  Ov.indo  w.is 
r  nil  that,  from  ancient  enmity,  he  would  have 
r  viiip.uhy  tor  the  admir.il.  'Tli.it  he  was  or- 
<l  I  "Ot  I)  go  on  ho.ird  of  the  vessels,  nor  to 
ii  ',  neither  W.IS  he  to  hold  conversation  with 
(it  the  I  rew.  nor  to  receive  an\  letters,  e>;cciu 
~eot  t!ie  .adinir.d.  la  a  word',  th.it  he  w.is  .i 
'•  sroiit  to  collect  intijrm.ition.* 
);liers  have  .iscribed  the  long  neglect  ot  ( 'van  lo 
^ireiiie  ciuiioii.  There  was  a  rumor  prev.dciii 
.  0)luiiii)iis,  irritated  at  the  sus|ieiisioii  ot  his 
;'iiiii.  ^  h\  till-  court  of  Spain,  intended  lo  tr.iiis- 
nis  neuiy  (li-,ciivi-red  '-ountries  into  the  li.iii  1-. 
IS  native  republic  (ienoa,  or  of  some  otier 
|: P'lxr,    .Such  r  iniors  had  long  been  current,  .i:i  I 


pto 
■li 

t:  . 

l; 

t'    : 

r 

,s 

t  ■ 

(I 

ir 

s; 
tf 


■II 


the  situation  of  Columbus  in  Jamaica,  while  it  dis- 
posed of  him  «)uietly  until  vessels  should  arrive 
from  Sp.ain,  could  not,  he  may  have  thought,  be 
haz.irdous.  He  had  sutticieiil  tone  and  arms  i(jr 
defence,  and  he  had  made  amicable  arr.ingements 
with  the  n.itives  lor  the  supjily  ot  pro\isions,  as 
Diego  Mendez,  who  h.id  made  those  arrange- 
ments, had  no  doutit  informed  him.  Stuh  m.iy 
have  been  the  re.isoning  by  which  ( J'.ando,  i.ndcr 
the  re.d  inlUieiice  ot  his  interest,  may  h,•l^■J  recon- 
ciled his  cons(  iioK  e  to  .i  measure  which  excited 
the  strong  reprobation  ot  liis  contemporaries,  and 
li.is  continued  to  draw  ujiou  him  the  suspicions  of 
mankind. 


■iiir  recent  circulation   Columbus  himsell 
s  in  his  letter  sent  to  the  sovereigns  bv  Diego 
'  hv.     The  most  plausiiile  apologv  given   i^:, 

'Ivan'lo  w.e,  .iliseni  for  s-.-veral  months  in  the 
■■■w,  occupied   in   wars   with   the  natives,  .and 

'here  were  no  shins  at  San  Domingo  ot  suTti- 
'  ''^liMen  t(.  t.ike  Coiumbus   and    his  crew  to 

'■  il"  II'.  I y  h.ive  'e.ired  that,  should  tliev 
•■  I'l  leshle  lor  .inv  length  of  time  on  the  isl.ind', 

nhealniiral  would  mierterein  public  .itf.iirs, 
■''''■■'■■or  t  >  make  a  party  in  his  f.iv.  r  ;  (ir  that, 
'nsecjiiepce  of  the  numtier  of  his  old   enemies 

rpKlint  there,  former  scenes  of  faction  and 
'J.ence  might  he  revived.!     In  the  mean  time 

'  I  .cs  C.is.as,  Hist.   Ind.Jil^.  ii.  cap.  33,     Mist,  del 
A'mirante,  ,ap.  103.  ^ 

.  '  '-  ^asas,  ubi  sup.    Hist,  del  Alrairante,  ubi  sup. 


CHAl'Ti:ii    V. 

VOVAf.F.   CtV   TilIC.il    MlNDi:/     .AND    11 AK IIKILOMEW 
IIRSCO    I.V    .\   C.V.Ndi:    10    11ISI'AN1()1,,\. 

['504-] 

Ir  is  proper  to  give  here  some  account  of  the 
mission  ot  Diego  Mendez  ;ind  llanli  domew  Fi- 
esco,  and  ot  the  circumst.inces  N'vli.ch  prevented 
the  latter  from  returning  to  Jam.iica.  Having 
t.iken  le.tveot  the  Adelant,ido;it  the  e.ist  end  ot  the 
isl.md,  they  continued  all  day  in  a  direct  course, 
anim.itiiig  the  Indi.uis  wlio  n.ivig.Ued  their  canoes, 
.and  who  tre(|Uently  p.iused  at  tiicir  l.ilior.  There 
was  no  wind,  the  sky  was  willioul  .1  cloud,  .and 
the  se.i  jierfectly  calm  ;  the  lie.it  wa.s  intolerable, 
and  the  r.ays  ot  the  sun  retlected  from  the  surt.ice 
of  the  ocean  seemed  to  sidrc!i  thrir  very  eyes. 
'I'lie  Indians,  exh.uisted  by  In-, it  .iiul  toil,  would 
otten  le.ip  into  the  water  tocf.ni  and  icliesh  them- 
sel\es,  and,  after  rem. lining  there  a  short  lime, 
\sould  return  with  new  \igiir  to  iluir  labors.  At 
the  going  down  ot  the  sun  they  lost  sight  ot  land. 
During  the  night  the  Indians  look  liiriis,  one  halt 
to  row  while  the  others  sle|n.  The  Sp.iniards,  in 
like  manner,  dixided  their  forces  ;  while  one  half 
took  repose  the  others  kept  guai'l  w  ii!i  their  wcip- 
ons  in  hand,  ready  to  defend  themselves  in  case 
of  any  perl'idyon  the  part  ot  their  s.iwigc  compan- 
ions. 

W. Itching  ;iiid  toiling  in  this  \\a\-  througii  the 
night,  tliev  ssere  exceeclingly  l.iligued  at  the  return 
ot  d.iy.  Nothingwas  lo  be  seen  lull  se.i  .and  skv. 
'I'heir  trail  canoes,  liLMviiig  up  .nil  down  with  the 
swelling  and  sinking  v\  the  ocean,  seem'.'d  sc.irce- 
!)•  c.ip.ible  of  sustaining  the  broad  undula'ions  of 
,1  c.ilm  ;  how  would  they  be  able  to  li\e  .iniid 
w;i\es  and  surges,  should  the  wind  ari^.e  ?  The 
conini.inders  did  ,ill  they  cmi!!!  to  keep  up  the 
ihigging  spirits  of  the  men.  Som;  nmes  they  jier- 
mitted  them  .1  respite  ;  .11  other  L:  e-,  ihey  took 
the  p.iddles  and  shared  their  toils.  Ikil  labor  and 
t.iligue  were  soon  forgotten  in  ;i  new  source  of 
sutlermg.  During  the  precefling  sultry  d.w  .incl 
night,  the  Indians,  ji.irched  and  fatigued,  h.uj 
drunk  up  all  the  water.  They  now  beg.m  to  ex- 
jierieiice  the  lornieiits  o'i  thirst.  In  proportion 
as  the  d.iy  ;ul\aiiced,  their  thirst  increastd  ;  the 
calm,  which  favored  die  na\  igation  ot  the  canoes, 
rendered  this  misery  the  more  intense,  'fhere 
w.i-^  not  ;i  brec/'e  to  t.in  the  air,  nor  counteract 
the  .'  (hilt  r.iys  of  a  tropical  sun.  Tlu-ir  sufferings 
were  irritated  by  the  prospect  .around  tliem-  noth- 
ing hut  water,  while  they  were  perishing  with 
thirst.  At  nii'l-dav  their  strength  t.iiled  them, 
.111(1  they  could  worix  .,0  longer.  I'orlun.ilely,  .it 
this  time  the  commanders  of  the  c  mocs  found,  or 
l)re   •nded  la  tiiul,  two  small  kegs  ol  water,  which 


I*  i|. 


i^'i 


im 


m 


^\i. 


t|i 


;J 


210 


LIFE   AND   VOVAGKS   OF   C0LUM13US. 


Il  ^^f 


thev  had  peilinps  'Jccnnly  rpservc^d  for  siirli  nn  ex- 
tremitv.      Administfnnj,'    tlie    piciioiis    coiili'ius 
Irom  lime  lo  tinu-,  in  spaiini;  niouthUds  to  tiicir 
coni|);inions,  and  iiarticularly  to  tlit-  laboring:,  In-   | 
dians,  thcv   i'nal)l(.'d   ilicm   to   rt'sume   tlu-ir  tods,    j 
TIk'v  clH'Jivd  them  with  tlic  liopi's  ol  soon  airiv-  j 
iiij;  at  a  small   island   calli'd  Navasa,  which    lay 
directly  in  tlu'ir  way,  and   wis  only  i-i_;;lit  IcajjiifS 
irom  riis])ar.iola.     Hen  ilicy  woiddbeable  to  pio-  ^ 
cure  water,  and  niii;ht  take  repose. 

For  the   rest  ot   tlie  ilay   they  continued   l.iintly   j 
and  wearily  laborinj^  lorward,  aiul    keepini;   an 
anxious  look-out  lor  the  island.     The  day  jiassed 
away,  the  sun  went  down,  yet  there  w.is  no  sij,n\   j 
ot  land,  not  even  a  cloud  on  the  hori/un  that  niii;lit 
deceive  them  into  a  hope.    According  to  their  cal-   j 
cidations,  they   had   certainly   come  the  ilist.ince 
irom  Jamaica  at  which  Nav.is,    l.iy.     They  be;,Mn 
to  tear  that  they  had  devi.it'  il  troin  their  lourse. 
I!  so,  thev   shouKl   miss  the   island   eiuirely,  .mil 
perish   with   thirst   betore   they   coidd   reach  llis- 
paniola. 

The  niL^ht  closed  upon  tlicm  without  any  sii;ht 
of  the  island,  'ihey  now  des|iaired  ot  touching;  at 
it,  for  it  was  so  small  and  low  that,  even  it  they 
were  to  ])ass  ne.ir,  they  would  sc.ircely  be  able  to 
perceive  it  in  the  dark.  One  of  tlie  Indi.tns  s.mk 
and  died,  under  the  accumulated  sutfermijs  ot 
labor,  heat,  and  raiding  thirst.  His  body  was 
tnrown  into  the  sea.  <  Uhers  lay  panting  and 
gasi)ing  at  the  bottom  of  the  canc.es.  'I'heir  com- 
paiiions.  iroul)lcd  in  spirit,  and  exhausted  in 
strength,  feebly  contiruieil  their  toils.  Sometimes 
they  endeavored  to  cool  their  jjarclied  |ialates  by 
tciking  sea-w.iter  in  their  mouths,  but  its  brinv 
acrimony  rather  ini  reused  their  thirst.  Now  .md 
then,  but  ver_\' sparinglv,  they  were  allowed  a  drop 
of  water  from  the  kegs  ;  but  this  w.ts  only  in  c, i-.es 
ol  the  utmost  extremity,  and  princi|),dly  to  tlm^e 
who  were  employed  in  rowing.  'I'he  night  h.id  l.ir 
advaneeil,  but  those  whose  turn  il  was  to  take  re- 
pose v.ere  un  il)le  to  slee]).  from  the  inteiisitv  ol  their 
thirst  ;  or  it  they  slejjt,  it  w.is  but  to  be  t.intab'ed 
l)y  dreams  of  coo!  hiuni.uns  and  running  bmoks, 
and  to  .'iw.ikrn  in  redoubled  t'irment.  The  last 
drop  of  water  h.id  bio!i  dealt  out  to  the  Indi.m 
rowers,  but  it  only  served  to  irnt.it.-  iheir  suttcr- 
ings.  They  .>i;ari;e  could  move  their  paddles  ;  one 
after  another  ',^.i\-i^  up,  and  it  seemed  imi)ossil)le 
they  siiould  live  to  reach  nis]),iniola. 

The  comiii.inders,  by  admir.ible  man.igcment, 
had  I  itheri )  ke|it  up  this  weary  struggle  with 
sulfering  nn.l  desp.iir  :  they  now,  too,  l)egan  lo 
despond.  D'ego  MtMnhv  s.it  watching  the  bori/on, 
whiiri  W.IS  gi.iilually  lighting  no  with  those  t.iiiu 
rays  which  precede  the  rising  of  tin-  moon.  .\s 
that  jilai  ft  nse,  he  perceived  it  to  emerge  from  be- 
hind .some  d.irk  mass  elevated  above  the  h'V.l  of 
the  r/ce;.n.  lie  immedi.iiely  gave  the  anim.uing 
CIA  of  "  l.ind  '."  His  almost  expiring  comp.inious 
were  roused  hy  it  to  new  lite.  Il  proved  to  In-  the 
island  ot  N.r.-  is.i.  but  so  small,  .and  low,  and  d's- 
tanl,  th.it  li.i  i  it  noi  been  thus  reve.ded  by  the  ris- 
ing ot  the  ill:  11,  they  would  never  have  discov- 
ered a.  1  I'  rror  in  their  reckoning  with  respect 
to  the  islan  I  li.id  arisen  from  misi  .ih  ul.iting  the 
rate  of  s.iilmg  ot  the  canoes,  .anrl  trom  not  m.iking 
sulticienl  .illow.ince  tor  the  fatigue  of  the  rowers 
and  the  o|)p.i>'tioii  o|  the  current. 

New  vigor  W.IS  iK)w  diltused  throughout  the 
crews.  They  exerted  themselves  with  feverish 
impatience  ;  by  the  dawn  ot  day  they  reached  the 
land,  ;ind,  springing  on  shore,  returned  th.mks  to 
Clod  tor  siK  h  signal  deiivi-ranci'.  'I'he  isl.im'  was 
a  mere  m.iss   of   rocks   halt  a  league  in  circuit. 


'Ihere  was  neither  tree,  nor  shrub,  nor  hfrl> 
nor  stream,  nor  loum.im.  1  lurrving  nbdm  .*" 
ever,  with  anxious  scare  h,  they  touiul  lo  i,-  !| 
abuntiance  ot  rain-water  in  the  luillnws.'' 
rocks.  M.igerly  scooping  it  up,  with  iln - 
bashes,  they  cjueiniied  their  burning  tleisiiA 
moderate  dr.iughis.  In  v.ain  the  nmrc  |ir']|,t,,i 
w.irned  the  others  ol  their  danger.  1  i^.  v 
i.irds  were  in  some  <legree  restiaiind  ;  Im; 
p.ior  Indians,  whose  toils  had  increased  tiir  ;.|,| 
ot  their  thirst,  gave  way  to  a  kind  ot  Iraiuiuri;-! 
gence.  Sc\cral  died  ujion  the  spot,  .uul  u^.J 
li-U  d.mgerously  ill." 

Having    allaye<l  their    thirst,  they   mw  ';i,oj(,| 
about  in  search  of  food.     A   tew  .sli(  I:  lis!-  \,c,l 
found  along  the  shori',  and    Diego  Mi  nilc,  ji- 1 
ing  a  light,  and  gathering  drilt-wrjiid,  iluvvt 
enal)led    to    boil    ihem,  and    lo   make  ,i  iKixiwjl 
b.iiKpiet.      All  day  they  remained   reposing- 'r,:. 
shade   of   the   rocks,    refreshing   tlieniseUi.s  .;-,-; 
their  intolerable  sutferings,  and   ^''''ii'k'  ii|ii"!i;i. 
|i,iniola,  whose  mnuntains  rose  above  ilu-iiiir;/.- 
at  eight  le.igues'  (list. nice. 

In  the  ("Old  of  the  evening  they  once  iim''  t-.l 
barked,  invigorated    by  repose,  and  .inuc;',,:; 
.It  L'a|)e  Tiburon  on   the  tollowing  d.iy,  liu  :r.r' 
since  their  departure  tidin  Jamai(.\.     lliTt  :■;; 
l.inded  on   the   b.inks  ot    a   be.amilul   river   ■,  •■ 
they  were   kindly  received   and   treated  h'.  ■      . 
ti\(s.     .Such   are   the    p.irtii  iilars.    ici'i   '■ 
diltereiit    sources,    of    this    ad\entuim;.  , 
teresting     \o\.ige,    on     the     precarious    yr .r^ 
ot     wl'.uh     ilepended     the    deliveraiu  c  ot  C'!::::.. 
bus    and    his     crtws.t     Tlie    vo\.i);eis   iciri;.-'. 
tor  two  d.ivs    among    the    hospitable   ii.Ur.;?.]! 
the    I). inks   of     the     ri\er   to    iflicsh    thcir.ic'. 
1- lescd  would    have  returned  to  J.ini.m  ,i,   ■ 
ing    to    promise,    to    gi\e    assuraiuc   in   : 
miral   and    his   lomp.inions   ot   ihe  s.de.uri    ;| 
their  messenger  :  bui  both  Spaniards  .iiid  i:'i. ri 
h.id   suttered   so   much    tluring    the   \.i\,i:;f.  ;■:; 
nothing  could  induce  them  to  eiicuunter  lit- it:..i| 
.  nt  a  return  in  the  c.moes. 

Parting   with     his   comp.anions,    Dn^n  M;':: 

took  six  Indi.ms  of  the  isl.iml,  and  set  ott  !> ':■■ 

i  1\-  lo   CO, 1st    in    his  canoe  one   lumdrei!  .iiu;  ir; 

I   leagues    to   San    Domingo.      Alter   pniciiili, .:;: 

:  eighty   le.igues,  \vith   inlinite   toil,  aiw.ivi   i'..-^' 

I  the  currents,  and  siibiecl  to  perils  timii  tii-i,,',.; 

inbrs    lie  \\,i.s  informed  th.it  tlx'  goM  inor  r..ii.i;;' 

p.irted    tor   X.ir.igu.i,  titty    leagues  disi.im     ^.. 

,  und.iunteii    by  t.iligues   .md    dillicuilies.  In  .;  '"• 

j  doned    his    canoe,    and    pioceedeil    .ainiie  .ii'i!  .i 

toot  through  torests  and  over  mount. iins,  iiiit;."! 

arri\cd    at    Naragu.i,    achieving  one  nl   I''  i'*^' 

perilous  expeditions  e\'er  undertaken  \'\  .i  '-^^^^'^''■ 

iollower  tor  the  s.iletv  ot  his  c  omniaiii:f-. 

•  i\,indo   rei'eived   him  with  gre.u  kimiin'v  ii' 
prr.sing   the    utmost   concern   at   t':e  iintiir"'-''i'" 

!  situ.ition  ol  Columbus.  He  made  m.iiiv  |ii"i;  *!^* 
ot  sending  immediate  relief,  but  sultirii!  I'.h 
week  .itler  week,  and  even  month  alt;  r  ..' nr 
I  el. i|);)',  without  carrying  his  iiromise-.  m'l  i'!''- 
I  He  was  at  that  lime  completely  .-ngrooiil  l\  -i'^ 
;  with  the  n.ilis'es.  .-md  had  a  read)  plr.i  thi'. '>■  " 
I  were  no  ships  of  sutlu  ienl  burden  at  Sail  l-'"""'';'' 

*  Not  f.ir  from   tho  is'and  of  Navas.i  ili'-io  ;;:;-"'• 
'   up   in    lh(      ea    a    pure   (ountain  of    fresti  w.iH'  '■ 

j   sweetens  tlie  surface  foi  soil)','   distance  ;  tlv-  I'l  -'^ 
i   stance  was  ';f  i  oiirse  unknown  to  tlic  Sp.uiian.s  j 

tiiiie.     (O\ic(io,  Croiiira,  lit),  vi.  Ciip.   l -'  '     , 
1        f   Hist,   del   Almirante,   cap.    lo;.      I.i^*  '•*"', 

ii.  cap.  31.     Testament  of  Diego  Mcndc/.    N.c.if" 

lorn.  i. 


ad  lu>  felt  n  pmiier 
ianri:ihl<''L'>hiiiil 
6,1,11,  cif^ht  nu.iuhs, 
[not  ot  dehversig 
bst  ol  conveying 

U  >il]iplli-s. 

[TIu-  l.'.ilhtill  Mend 

iN.ir.iK'i''!. '''■'•"'"^'' 
'ov.ind'i.  who  w.' 
orced  loS.m  Dona 

iini  ins  li.ivav^'  so 

oyed  111  ^>'''-''  ■':■;'■' 

[from  a  desire  t  >  tl 

his  oiitaiiiir.g  the 

(j.iil.v  impiiriiinits 

[,)  Sell  |ioniiie.,'c 

jin  sliijis  wiiicli  wi 

hscd  t.i  purchase 

liriil.     lleinine'di 

Srvelliy    le.lgll'  - 

■in:;  lia^'Ugh  ticesl 
BU.l  bv  hostile 
as  iiliv  r  ins  ilep.i! 
ke  i.u  ivei   coniin: 
)nci<\,r:    ea    duit    si 
hicli.  in  li'e  eyes  ot 
jerr  MOiihng  cx]iei 
leiitn;, . 


(11. 

luAli:  \     Ol      IllK 
[ami  111^   inl.lnwv: 


jWiiiv  C'lliimii.is 
lie':'.  ■!  :  1^  ail  r.  at  the 
nd  Ml  Id-n  de|).irtur 
\\\<-\\    the    e\cnl    tl 

leht-;-  lit-  knew  tht 
BeMi.dde  niisere's  ai 
lltf  iili-  ;  tli.it  111. my 
id  IjLlUt  p.illi  ot  dui 
an!  st-eiiii;  how  he 
\o:v^  t!.'-  luilives  li 
|ar  ills  idiiinate  tri 
leaiiif,     .V   t.aviirabl 

OW  ;ir'jsenl''(l  11  p  I.iki 
111;  in  i;ii,tli-  iiie.iii 
yii;:.ii;.  e.       I  li'    SI  III 

M-r  •  iiHi-.t  iiiiiiii 

th:        ■  ;    ■.  ir  li-i  rllt  .1 

ft  '  .c  l'iii\eriior   ( 

a-  !y  deliver.iiue 

fti  ilree  p.irdiin,  k 

V''  iiii  Ml  liieexpec 

iir  :;,i;  •    reiuni   li 

tiv:  u!  ihr  .lined 

P-i  ;  tae  h.ico'i  wl 

'        !llr    .!pp;-  l.lCIl 

CI-      'f  l'.i:-i:is  c  ;imi 

P''       '    s  .Irly    bv    .1 
■P-'  lie    Ului^Ule 

p'    ■'-  '.I  ■;!->  linm  th 

ol  ■'  ■■■w  heaig   he.ir 

I   ^^"      m  t'leir  diss. I 

V'  :  i  he  likely  tod. 
-it  'id'i'i.  li.ivin^; 
0^  '  ii'is  liriiii^hl  b 
C'  ■  li'llli.il  eo'idede 
''V  '  'I       I'l  itidioii 


'iti  tit'. 


LIFK   AND   VOYAGIiS   OF   COLUMUUS. 


211 


ad  he  felt  .1  pminT  z<m1,  Iidwcvit,  for  the  safety 
ni,,i:i  likcColumhus.  It  would  have  lu-t-n  t-asy. 


a  ni.ii 

thill  oi^lil  inoiilhs,  to 

n,,t  n\  (IflinT'iii,'   hiin 

to  liiiii  ample  rcintorc  eiiK'iUs 


have  ik'Visoil  some  means, 
from   liis   situation,    at 


or  seven  months 
various  pretexts 


■Will-' 


th, 
fr 

a- 

h 
in  \ 


ti>, 


.  1 


uo!i  which  ii.ul  iieeii  lirou^hl  liy  lls- 


rp'' 


*|'iM  !„•  hki'lv  to  (le-,ert  hini  (.n  the  least  i 
*'■  :  ir-'"i.     liaMiii- 


St  cil  colivevin 
,(!  .Mlpplies. 

Tlu't.iithtiil  Memle/  remami'd 
X.inu'U.i,  ilrl.iiiie.l  thire  uiuU 
Ov.in'ii.  \\l'o  \''-''*   unwiUinjr   that    he    shouUI 
c'lJ  to  San  Don.in^n)  ;  partly,  as  is  intimate'. 
Dm  his  hiiviiii,'  some   jealousy  of  his  hein^^  em- 
lovri  ill  M'eni'a.L,^er,cy  for  the  admiral,  and  p.irt- 
rtiMir.  a  diMie  I  I  throw  im|)ediments  in  the  way 
i.iit.iiiiii  .;   the  re(|uired   relief.      At  lenj^nh, 
(Lilly  importtimiv,  he  obtained   permission   to 
t.i  Sui  |)iiniitit(o  and  await  the  arrival  of  rer- 
un ships  wiiiiii  were  expected,  of  which  he  pro- 
bsi-d  t.i  piircii.ise  one  on  the  .leeount  of  tin:  ;id- 
liral.     He  iiiiiiicdiately  set  out  on  foot  a  <list:!nee 
suvciuy  leaijiifs,  part  of   Ins  toilsome  jinirney 
lin"  thr>'ii.i,di  to'ests  .iiul   amoni,^  mountaias  'w- 
aW'i  I'V  hosiiie    and    exasjierated    indi.ins.       it 
as  ;iltir  Ills  il'-pariure   that   Ovando  iiispatched 
|e  uiiiMl  coinin.mded    by   the    paidoii'-ii    lehel 
Ibcobar,   (la   that   sin.uular   and    e(|'  , vocal    visit, 
tiich,  HI  the  eves  ot  C'climihus,  had   the  air  of  a 
lerc  MOiitiM,:;'  expedition  to  spy  into  the  ^anip  ot 
I  cneiii , . 


(11  AI'TIIR  VI. 

riKirKi-  (II  c.'i.rMr.rs  lo  tiik  MfTi\r:r,Rs -  ■ 
I:An!I     ol      illK     API  I..\N  TAIK)    Willi     I'OKKAS 
M  ANii  111>   inl.l.uWEKS. 

['503] 

C'liiiinii'is  had  soothed  tlii'  dis.ippoint- 
;i:'.  '!  :  I-.  aii  r.  at  the  brief  and  uns.itislacttu'v  \isit 
il  su-hlrn  departure  ot  I'.scoliar,  he  endeavored 
larii  the  event  to  S'liiie  .ulv.mtai^-e  with  the 
bi'U  He  kiu-w  them  to  be  dishe.irlened  by  the 
ptnii.ihle  inisei!"s  altendmj^  i  lawless  and  disso- 
iiti"  lite;  tli.U  in.iin  Iciiiijed  to  r<turn  to  the  sate 
an  iiUict  |(ath  ot  ilulv  ;  and  that  the  most  m.ili^- 
fla' ■  sfeiiit;  how  he  h.id  foiled  al!  their  intriL^ues 
»n;  :i;.;  t!/-  luitivi'S  to  produce  .1  tamine,  be.i,Ml'  lo 
ills  iiliiiii.uc  trium]ih  and  eonsei|uenl  ven- 
eanrr     A   ta'.nraiile    op|)ortuni'y,    he    thought, 

OH  jilL-.!  iil"d  in  lake  ,ld\  .mtaj,re  I  t  these  leelm^S. 
^1.:  i)\  f;i  iitlc  mean-,  to   briii^  them  bai  k  to  their 
',i»lu\;',ii!i  e.     llr  Milt  two  ot  his  people,  llierel(ni', 
ver  ■  aiiist  iniini.ite  with  the  rebels,  to  inl(H-m 
e!  ;  u-  111  fill  arriv.il  ot  l-^scob.ir  wilh  letters 
l:.f  ii.ivtrii.ir  lit  liispanioLi,  promisiiii;  him 
■'•  !y  (leliver.uice  Iroiii  the  island.      I  le  now  ot- 
..ititr  p.irdon.  kind  tre.umeiu,  and  .i  passaj^e 
'mil  111  tile  expected  ships,  on  (  ondition  ol  their 
niiudia;  ■    rctuiii    to    obc-dience.       '1' 


lo    conviiui'  I 


pa:'  ot  tac 

Co     I-, 

''"■  •'•|'|''.'i,ieii  ot  these  .imbass.idors.  l'"r,in- 
f^^i   'i'e  i,i;ias  (  aiiie   forth  to   meet  them,  .ucom- 
anii'.l  ;,,;,1\    l,y  a  \^.^y  ,,(   the  rin^le.iders  ol  his 
!'•■"■'•      lie   ini.i^iiifd    tii.it    there   mi^ht   he  some 
"iM'.i  ,as  lioiii  the  .admiral,  and  he  was  leartul 
.at  'heir  hciii;;    heard  by    the    mass  ot    his  |)eoi)le. 
■Wi;      ia  tiicir  dissatislied   .md    repentant    mood, 

irosjiect 
„  isteiud  to  the  tidin^fs  and 
0^'■r''lP  ^  l,r,,ii-hl  bv  the  nu  .^eii^rers,  lie  and  his 
tO'i;i  iiitKil  c(.nleder.iies  consulted  for  some  time 
lo^'-tiHT     t'ertidiou^  in   their  o' 


suspected  the  sincerity  of  the  admiral  ;  and  con- 
scious ot  the  extent  ot  their  olfeiicis,  doidited  his 
haviii)^  the  magnanimity  to  jiardon  Ihem.  Deter- 
mined, therelore,  not  to  contide  in  his  proffered 
amnesty,  they  replied  to  the  messen},'ers  that  they 
h.id  no  wish  to  return  to  the  ships,  but  prtderred 
liviiiL;  at  larj;c  about  the  isl.md.  'I'hey  olfercil  lo 
eiii.;ai;e.  however,  to  conduct  themselves  peace- 
ably ,ind  amieabl),  on  rcceivin^f  a  solemn  promise 
from  the  admiral,  that  should  two  vessels  arrive, 
tli.'-y  should  li.ive  one  to  ilepart  in  ;  should  but 
one  arrive,  th.il  halt  of  it  should  be  ^r.mled  to 
them  ;  and  that,  moreover,  the  admiral  ^.houlll 
sh.iri'  wilh  them  the  stores  .md  articles  of  Indian 
ralfi.-  remainin),(  in  the  ships  ;  bavin;,'' lost  .ill  that 
tiuy  h;id,  in  the  sea.  These  deinaiuls  were  jiro- 
nounced  exlr.iva^f.mt  and  in  idmissible,  u|)on 
■which  they  replied  insolently  tli.it.  it  they  were 
not  peaceably  loiiceded,  they  would  take  iht.'m  by 
force;  and  with  this  nieiKico  they  dismissed  the 
ambass.idius.* 

This  conference  w.is  not  conduited  so  jirivately 
but  that  the  ri'Stot  the  ri'bels  learnt  the  purport  of 
the  niission  ;  .md  the  (jffer  of  pardon  and  deliv- 
erance occasioned  ^reat  tumult  an<l  .limitation, 
''orra;..  fearlul  ot  their  ilesertion,  assured  them 
that  these  offers  of  the  admiral  were  all  deciitlul  ; 
th.it  he  w.is  n.itur.dly  cruel  and  vindictive,  ;in<l  only 
sought  to  ^et  llu'in  into  his  power  to  wreak  on 
ihem  his  veiij^'eance.  Ileexhoited  them  to  pi'rsist 
m  their  opposition  to  his  tyranin  ;  reiiiindin^ 
them  that  those  who  had  fornu'rly  done  so  in  llis- 
p.iniol.i  had  eventually  triumphed,  and  sent  liim 
iioine  in  irons  ;  he  ;issiired  them  that  they  miL;ht 
do  the  s.inie.  and  .'i^.iin  made  vaunting'  |)roniises 
ot  pi'oteciion  in  Sp.iin,  throuj^h  the  iiilluence  of 
his  rel.itives.  ilut  the  lioldLStot  his  assertions  was 
with  respect  to  the  c.iravel  of  Mscobar.  It  shows 
the  ii,nu)rance  ol  the  ajjje,  and  the  superstitious 
awe  which  the  common  peo])le  entert.iined  with 
respe<'t  lo  Columbus  .•>iid  his  .istronomical  knowl- 
edge. I'orr.is  assured  tluni  lh.it  no  ri';il  cai.ivel 
had  arrived,  luii  a  mere  phant.asni  conjuii'd  up  by 
the  admiral,  who  was  deeply  versi'd  in  necro- 
m.iiu'v.  In  proof  ol  this  he  adverted  to  its  .-irriv- 
in,!,r  in  the  dii-.k  ol  the  eveniii)^'  ;  its  holdin;;'  coni- 
munic.ition  with  no  oiii'  but  the  admiral,  .iiid  its 
sudden  disap|)e.ir.ince  in  the  nitjht.  Il.id  it  been 
a  re.d  carave',  the  crew  would  have  SMU:;ht  lc> 
talk  with  tlu'ir  c  mittrymen  ;  the  admir.d.  Ins  son, 
and  brother.  wm:Ul  have  eaj;erly  emb. irked  on 
bo.ird.  and  it  would  .'it  ;uiy  rate  h.ivc  rem.iiiud  a 
little  while  in  pert,  and  not  have  v.mished  so  sud- 
(!  •Illy  and  mysteriously. t 

llv   these    and   similar    delusions     I'orras    suc- 
ceeded in  Wiukiiii;'  upon  the  teelini;s  .iiid  ii'i'dulity 
ot    his    followers.       l^'earlul.    however,  /th.it    tliey 
mi.Lcht  yiidd  to  after  reiki  lion,  .uid  lo  turther  otters 
trom  the  admiral,  he  determined    to  involve  them 
in  some  .ictol  violence  which  wi.^'.ld  commit  tluin 
!   bevoiid    .ill    hopes   ot    fori;iveness.       lie   marched 
I   them,     therelore,     to     an     Indian     vilhe^e     c.dled 
\   Maima.j    .iboui   a   i|U.irter  ot   .1   le.ii^u,-    trom  thi! 
'  ships,  intendiiij,'  l'>   plunder  the  stores  rem.imini^ 
on  board  the  wreck,  and  to  take  the  .ulmii.d  pris- 
oner.i> 

Columbus  had  notice  ot   the  desii^n^     t  the  reb- 

;    contined    by 


els,  .'iiid   ot    their  .ippro.ich.      1) 


)wn   nature,    they 


*  I. .as  C.isas,  lit),  il.  rap.  35.  Hist,  del  Almirnnte, 
cap.   10(1. 

t  Hist,  del  .Xlmirantc,  rap.  lof).  Las  Casas,  lib.  ik 
cap.  3?. 

{  At  present  Mammee  Bay. 

•^  llisi.  del  Alrniruntc,  ubi  sup. 


1  ,  I 


!i 


'''  If 


II 


:ii:::-i:' 


■y  i;-!! 


010 

/v  1  ^ 


urn  AND  VOYAGKS  OF   COLUMHrS. 


his  inliniiilics,  lie  sent  liis  Ijtotlicr  to  cinleavor  w  illi 
mild  Wdnis  to  lu'i^iiailc  liu  in  troin  tl  rir  pinpo.sc, 
aiul  'Mil  t'u^ni  to  ohi'difiur  ;  hut  with  .siilluiciU 
toiii;  to  nsist  any  violincf.  The  AiU-laiitailo. 
\sho  w.is  a  man  rather  ot  dreils  than  ol  word^, 
took  with  hini  littv  lollowcrs,  iiu-n  ol  tried  re?<olu- 
tioii.  and  ready  to  li,:;lit  in  any  eaiise.  Tliey  were 
well  aimed  and  lull  of  eouraf,'e,  thoui;!)  many 
Wire  pale  and  dfl)ilitated  troni  ri'eenl  siekiies^, 
and  Irom  loiij;'  eonlinemeiit  to  the  ^hips.  .\rii\- 
inij  on  the  Mde  ot  a  hill,  within  a  how-siiot  o\ 
the  \illai;-e.  the  Adelantaihi  diseuvered  the  i\  hels, 
and  di^i  ateheil  the  same  two  messenj^eis  to  treat 
with  them,  who  had  already  enrried  them  the 
(liter  ot  panlon.  I'orras  ami  his  h'llow-leaders, 
howtver,  woidd  nut  permit  them  to  a|)])roaeli. 
'I'luy  eonhded  in  the  superiority  ot  their  luim- 
Inrs,  and  in  their  nv.'U  l>ein^',  for  the  most  part, 
hardv  sailors,  rendered  rolnist  and  viijorous  l>y 
the  rovmi;  lile  tiiey  h.id  been  leading;  in  the  toresis 
.md  the  open  ,iir.  'I'hey  knew  that  many  ot  those 
who  were  witli  tln'  Adei, int. ido  were  men  liroiii;lu 
up  in  a  softer  mode  of  lite  Thev  jiointed  to  their 
p.ile  eounten.mees,  ,ind  per>ua(h'd  their  lolli)\ve.-s 
that  thiv  were  mere  household  men,  t.iir-we.ither 
troo])s,  who  eould  never  stand  helore  them. 
I'hev  did  not  retleet  that,  with  such  nuii.  pride 
,111(1  loit\  s|)irit  ohrn  m<)r(>  th.in  supply  the  place 
(il  lindiK  turct',  and  thev  for^'ot  tli.it  their  adx'er- 
saries  had  the  incalculahlc  ,ul\-.int.ii,'e  ot  justii'e 
and  l.iw  u])on  their  side.  lleluded  l>\-  their 
words,  their  followers  were  excited  to  .i  transient 
i;low  ot  cour.ijji',  .and  lirnndishin^  their  we.iiions, 
refused  to  listen  to  tlie  messenj(ers. 

Six  of  the  stoutest  rebels  m.iiiea  lenj^ue  to  st.iiid 
liy  one  .mother  and  att.ick  the  Adelaiit.ido  ;  tor, 
he  lieinL;  killed,  the  rest  would  he  easily  dclc.ited. 
'I'lie  m.iin  body  formed  ihemsebes  into  :i  sipi.id- 
ron,    (Ir.iv.intr    their   swords    and    shakini/     tlu-ir 


l.mces.      Thi'v   did    not   wait  to  be  .issjul 


Init, 


utieriiiL;  shouts  .ind  men.ices,  rushed  n|)on  the 
enemv.  I'lltv  were  -^o  well  received,  however, 
that  at  the  first  shock  tour  or  ll\f  were  kiili-d. 
most  ot  them  the  confedrr.itc-  whoh.id  le,iL,'Ued  [u 
.itt.iek  the  Adelantado.  The  latter  with  his  own 
!i;ind,  killed  Ju.in  Sanclu-/,  tin-  same  powtitul 
m.iriaer  who  h.id  carrieil  off  tlu-  c.ici(iue  <  hiibi- 
.'111  :  and  Jii.tn  liarber  .dso.  w  lio  had  hrst  drawn 
.a  sword  ;ii;-ainst  the  admir.  1  in  this  rebellion. 
The  .\dil.iiit,ido  witli  his  usu.d  vi^or  and  iiuira;^e 
w.is  dciliiiLl  his  blows  about  him  in  the  thu  kest 
of  the  alfr.i\-.  where  several  lav  killed  ,ind  wound- 
ed, wlii-n  he  w.is  .iss.iilcd  Iw  J-  r.im  isco  dc  I'orr.is. 
'Idle  rebel  with  a  blow  of  liisswurd  cleft  the  bui'k- 
ler  ot  Don  Ilartholomew,  and  woundi-d  the  h;iiid 
whi(  h  v:rasped  it.  The  sword  remained  wi-dtr,.,] 
m  the  shiVld,  and  brtore  I'orr.is  could  witlidriw 
it  till.'  .•\d<.'l.mt,i(lo  closed  upon  him,  ^'r,ip|)li(| 
him,  .md,  bcint;-  assisted  bv  others,  .iltcr  a  severe 
stru^;,de  took  him  prisoner.- 

When  the  rebels  beheld  their  li.ider  ,i  captive, 
their  tr.-iiisieiit  cour.a^'e  w.is  .it  .-in  emi,  and  they 
tied  in  contusion,  'i'lie  Adel.mt.ido  woiiM  h.ive 
pursued  them,  but  w.is  persu.ided  to  let  them  es- 
c.ap.-  with  the  pnni^hmi  lit  tlu'v  h.id  re(  ii\ed  ;  cs- 
|ieci;illy  .as  it  w.is  iiecess.ny  tu  ^ii.ird  .ii;.iin^i  the 
possiliility  ot  .111  ait.ii  k  tron'i  tlie  Indi.ans. 

riie  Latter  h.id  taken  .iim,  .and  dr.awn  up  in 
battle  ;irr,iy.  t;a/in^r  \\\{\i  .e-tonishnient  it  tins 
tl-ht  between  while  men.  but  witlviul  t.iklll,;,^  |,:iit 
on  eiih.  r  side.  When  the  baltl'-  w  .is  over,  they 
appro.icJud   the   liehl,  ;;a/in;,f  ujioii  tlie  de.id  bod'- 

*  Ili-^t.  del  Almirant-:,  Ciip.  107.  Las  Cusas,  Hist. 
Ind.,  lib.  ii.  cap.  35. 


ies  of  the  beini^s  they  h.id  once  f.itii  icd  ;ii,;r - 
They    were    curious    in    e.xaminini.;    the   \\»]' 
made    by    the    thnstian    weapons.      .\iii„... 
wounded    insur;.;i-nts    was    I'edio    j.cilivi, " 
s.ime  pilot  who  so  bra\'ely   sw.iiu  .ishnif  n  V" 
j;u.i,  to  prccuii'  tnlin^s  of  the  coloiu.     ][■  ,', 
m.m  ot   prodij;ioi.is   nuiseul.ir  loree  ainl ,.  1   „ 
deep  voice.       As   the    Indians,  who  iIkhi.  "^ 
dead,  w ere  inspectin.i,'  the  wounds  wnii  vm,; 
was    liter.ally    eoNcied,    he    suddeiilv  liti.;. 
ej.iculation  in  his  tremendous  voiu.  ..t     ;  ., 
of  whiih  the  s.iv.ij;es  lied   in  ilism.iy      1    .- 
Ii.ivinj4'  fallen   into  a   cleft  or  r.iviiu  ,  ,■  , 
lovered    by   the   while  nun   iiind  tine 
the  loUowinjr  (la\',  havinj;-  remained  ,il,  ,:  .; 
witluuit  .1   ilrop  of  water.     The  luiinl,;-!  .;■,: 
\eiiiy   ol   the   wounds  he  is  said  to  l,,ivi- nvr:' 
would    seem  incredible,   hut  thev  ;irc  im-;,:; ; 
by  l''ernando  Columbus,  who  w.is  an  cm.-. 
and    by    l.;is  Casas,    wT.o    had   the  a(M.:.'-:: 
I.edesma  himself,      i-dr  w.iiit  ol  prnpi ;  a-  .• 
his  wounds  wi're  tre,ited   in  ti.e  roaiji.t-^  ii,,r-| 
yet.  through  the  aid  ot  a  vij^mous  ioiim  ;;•.; 
C(Mn])lettdy  recovered.    I-.is  C'.isas  idiuirvi. 
him   several  ve.irs  afterward   .it  Sevilli'    v.  r 
(d)iaiiu'd  tr<uii  him  v.irious  ])articiil.irs  n  ■  .• 
this  vov.e^i' ot   t'olumbus.      Some  ft  u  e.  ■. 
this    coiners. iiion,    l.owe\a'r,    l;e    he. nil  i:.r, 
desma  h.id  l.iUen  under  the  kiiite  ol  .iii  .-.,- 

The    .Adtd.inl.ido    returned    in    ir.nir.i:   • 
sh.ips,  where    he    was    recei\ed    b\  lla'  .iiir.v- 
th<'    most   .ille(  tionate    111. inner  ;   th.mkii:^  ' 
his  delivt  ler.      lb'  broiij^ht    I'orr.is  .ir.d  •■:.'■ 
his   tollowiis    ]aisoners.      <  )|    his  cv.n  •.,■■. 
two  h.id  been  wounded  ;   himsell  in  li.e  l.i /, 
till'   admiral's   stew.ird,    who   had  re.n.n   . 
p.ireiulv  sliij;ht  wound   with   .1   l.iiuf.  m|  ,.1!  ■ 
ot   till-  most  iiisij^iiilicant  ol   those  with  \w 
desma     w.is    covered;    yet.    in     s|)ile   i!     ^ 
til  .itment.  he  died. 

<  )n  the  next  d,i\ .  the 
sent    .1    |>elilion    to    the 

tlieir  names.  Ill  which, 
tessed  .ill   their  misdeeds    .md  i  rlK■l!H■^  ..u.- 
iiitentKiiis.  snpplic.atini^   the   .idmir.d  i-^    :  ■■  ' 
on  them  .md  p.irdon   tlieni  tor   their  nli.. " 
whiili   (iod    h.id    already   ]'unished  thiiii     !• 
ottered    to    rettirn  to    their  oliediellce.  .1111!  ■    -.■' 
him     t.iilhtulU-    m     tutiire,    m.ikint;  .ai    ■  i'' 
th.it   effect    upiin    .1    (  ross    .and   .1   niis^.n,   ' 
p.mied    b\     an    imprecation    wortl.\'   n'   <•'  . 
coriled  :    "'I'hev   laiped,   slaaild   il  ev  !i:i,k  • 
oath,  tli.ii    no    priest    nor    other  ('hr;-!i.  n  'i . 
e\cr  (olltess   tlie'il  ;     th.ai    repentance  n,  '  • 
no  a\Mil  ;   tli.it  t'lev  mij;ht  be   deprived  c'' 
s.acranieiits   e!    the   chun  h  ;    th.it   ,it  i';  "' 
thev  mis,dit   nceni-  no  beiieiit  Irom  I  ■  ..■  '' 
dulj^'ences  :    th.it   their   bodies  nii;^hl   I-    '■' 
into    the    I'ndds,  like    those    ol    Iv  letcs  ,;  1' i 
^^ldoes,  inste.id  ot   lieinj^  buried    in   ln'l'.  lT' ■ 
.mil    that    thev    mi^^dit  not  receive  ahsnlu'Mi. " 
the   ])ope,   nor   from     .irdin.ils,    nor  .'iru-i'^ 
nor   bishops,  nor  anv    oilu-r  C'hnsii.in  ;i,m'- 
Such  were  the  .awful  imprecations  hy  v\l'!i    ; 
men  endeavored  to  add   validit\  to  .111  ■  ■"'     • 
worthlessness   ol    .1    man's    wnrcl    1,1. iv     !■ '  •'■' 
known    bv    the   extr.iv.iLj.ml    means   |icii-'>; 
tori  e    It. 

The   admir, il    saw,  Ir,    the   abject  ii.i'i:!!'' 
petition,   how    complelelv    the    spirit  ol   tlir^'" 

jruided  men  was   broken;    with   his  vniitr'l"' 
n.animity.  he  re.adilv  granted  their  jir.ivcr  .I'.i'  ;■ 

*   Las  C.isns,  Hist.  Ind.,  lilj.  ii.  rap.  ?5 
t   lljid.,  cap.  32. 


20th  fd   May.  i!.e 
adr;,ir.il,    si'^tiei 

S.IVS     1„IS   (    .IS, IS     ' 


,,l„nd  di'ir  oflem 
tl,  I  iiii.i;c,idei,  I- 
a '  !i..)iH'i'. 

i,  it  was  dillii  I 
01;  ..iiril  I't  '•"■  ■''' 
nn  I  iictvveeil  per 
a;  jius,  Culuiidu 
r,, ,  .Killer  the  -uni 
„,  ..  ind-ivaii; 
|Kii  .mil  les  liir 
„■  :  r  ll.ltlVes,  illl 
,s:    1  I  iliiiil  the  I'M 

,V.  Icllj,flli,   ill'-'' 
ah  I  I'npiiiidciii  V . 

■\\  -  iiiviiiily  il'-'i" 

1,1  ;  ill  i;  into  till- 
C.I  I, id  ,iiid  wi 
tl.  laiiiMl.  by  ill 
c-  .  Mciulr/  ,  the 
fr-,1  out  bv  Ov.m 


(J 

ALi.MIN'IsI'li.VMfiN 
(il'i'Ki:ss|( 


hiiMki:  rcl.itin;; 
11,-"  iiii'.i.i,  it  is  pr> 

Ii''  1!  ir.  'iiai'lices  'V 
li:<  i 'r  liu-  ;;iivel!lllli 
0'  .  hriiturers  ol  \ 
tl  '  i-.i;.;cr  specul. 
I)  <  ;-ii-..li)VVH  ^ellll 
a  -vjH-'iMi;  lo  eiir 
1-  -III  A  Here  ;4oal 
s;:,;  Tl-  lit  the  Mill  I 
I)   1  i:-,^.       1  iiev    h.i 

(     ..l>.    V.llll    .ICCOIl 

r    .   .'11   liurned    1 

''.'■  .'.k-i  ihsl.llli  e. 

1'  ,-  -iviili  .ube'itiii 
h  ;  ;  :i;-.  kii.ips.n  k  s 

''i  ■.   'iiiiij;   iiiipleii 

•  i.;a^.  Ill'  >;i'iuli 
c  \  till  a  bili'ilens 
a  '  lii'kv  vv.i^  lie 
1  ,  !ii'  .viUild  be 
i '  !  .it  irci-^aie. 

'    ,  -!  whii  ^h'lUid 
'.      ^lll,i;  tliey  h.id  1 
I  ■  <■■■:    ru  lies  ; 

•  I-,  "  that  L;old 
■   '  r'MiliU  ,is  Iriii 

'■  -i,  liDiVi-vi-r, 
'        iliat  it   vv.i.^  I 
I       lawi'ls   lit    die 
"'  '  i'.-:ii  h.id  lu'vi-r 
'    ''-■!  e\iierieni'e  , 
'    '■'■  :  III. It.  Ill  f,u 
'•''  '^  e\ci-ediiiL;lv 
'    I' I'  .111(1   much 
'       it  iiiicert.imtv 
'    '■,   Inn    toiiiul 


'  w  liy  their  im 
'1  ri.-tin-iiei|  u 
llii-ir  labor, "    s 


'4 


.«*.* ., 


I.IKI':    AND   VOVAdKS   OV   COLUMBUS. 


213 


Hnncil  llK'ir  nffcncos  .    hut  on  one  roiulitinn,  that 

ilK-iiiinj,'.'''"''i.  Ki-.iiuisa)  I'on-.is,  should  nin.iin 

a  pris.mri-. 
'     A',  it  \M-> 'lilli'iilt  '"  '"•I'l"'""  ''"  '"•'">■  l"''^i'i>'^ 

bn  iKunI  ol  lla'  sliips,   iiul  .IS  (luarrcls  miKlit  tal«- 

hluv  lu-twi'rii  |nTsons  who  I. ad   so  recently  liciii 

ftt'hious  C.Uinihus  iKil  the  late  lolUiwers  ot  I'or- 
^tisin4r'r  ihe  .■oniinuiil  ot  a  disereet  and  laithdil 

mm'  ui.lui^'i'J^''"'"^  >  li.ii-,;e  a  (Hiantityot  I-airo- 
"pean  •II'"''"'  lor  tin- imipose  ot   purdiasui^;  tood 

bf  ilii    ii.itivis.  (hreiliil   hint   to   foia^je  ahout  the 
j|,„iil  iinlil  till'  e\])r.-te(l  vessels  should  arrive. 
Al  lcii;,'ili,   ilKi'  ■'   I""'-;   yearot   alternate  hope 

anil  I  ■■-.li'iii'li'ii' '•  ''!'■  '1 'n'i<^  "'  ''"■  Spanianis 
•^vciv  iivliilly  ilis'pelled  hy  the  si^d\t  ot  two  vessels 
•5,;,i„|,,j,   1111,1   ih.'   h  irho'r.      Hue    proved    to  he  a 

sluii  iiavJ  .Hid  well  vielualled,  at  the  expense  ot 
'tlv.'.itliiur.il.  In  the  taitliiiil  and  indetati^jahle  Di- 
Vi'ii  MiMiili''' ,    the  other   had    heen   suhsefpiently 

lltcil  out  by  Ovaiidu,  and  put  under  the  conimand 


I  of  Die^jo  de  Saleedo,  the  adniiral's  aj^ent  emplny- 
I  eil  lo  ( olleit  his  rents  in  San  lJomin;;o. 

riie  hnit;  neglect  ol  Ovaildo  to  attend  to  the  re- 
liet  (it  (oluniluis  had,  it  seems,  roused  the  puhlu 
indignation,    insoniueh   that   aniniaiKersions   had 
been  made  u|)on  hisionduct  even   in   the  jiulpils, 
I'his  is  attirmetl    liy   Las  Casas,  who  was  al  Sai) 
Domiiij^^o  at  the  time.      It  the  j^overnor  had  realh 
:  t'litertaiiied  liopes  that,  (iurinj^  the  delay  ot  reliet, 
Columhus  mi^dit  perish  in   the  island,  the  report 
lirouj;l;t  h.u  k   hy    i;s<-ol)ar  must  liave  completely 
disaiipomled   him.      .No  time  was  to  he  lost   it  he 
\\ished   to  cl.iim   any  merit  in  his  deliver.ini c,  oi 
to   avoid    the  disj.jrace  ot    haxiiiLj  tniallv  nej,decte(l 
him.      He   e\;erte.l    himselt,    theieloie,  at  the  elev- 
enth  hour,   and   dispatc  hed  a  caravel  at  the  sanu 
time   with   the   ship  s(  nt  hy  Die^o  Mende/.      The 
latter  havin^j  faithtuUy  discharged  this  pari  ot  his 
i  mission,  and  seen  the  ships  depart,  proceeded  lo 
;  .Spain  on  the  further  conccrnii  of  the  admiral.* 


I 


BOOK  XVII. 


■ 


CHAPTF.R  I. 

AD.M1N'I>I'RAII'>N    "f    OVASli')    IN'    I1ISP.\N10I.,V — 
lil'l'KI  s.lON    UK    I  III-:    .N.MIVKS. 

liKloRK  relitiiiL:  the  return  ot  Columhus  lo 
HisiMiiii.Li,  it  is  iiroperto  nuiice  someot  the  prm- 
cipil  nil  urrences  'vhicli  took  pl.ici-  in  tli.il  isl.ind 
tiii(|i-r  the  ^rovermneiu  ot  Ovando.  A  ^reat  crowd 
,0\  .1 1,1-iuiirfrs  ol  various  r.iiiks  had  thnmj^ed  his 
flivt  ii;.;'er  speculators,  credulous  dreamers,  ,ind 
l)r'iKf;i-.lo\vii  nfiulemen  ot  desper.ite  lortnnes  ; 
.'i'.!  i'\|)i';:l!aj;  to  eiirjrh  themselves  suddeiiK  in  .in 
I--'. 111(1  w Mere  ijoid  .\,is  lo  l)i;  jiicked  up  Iroiii  the 
surlier  (it  ihc  -^oil  or  gathered  from  the  mo.iiit.iin 
1):  i'i:-.>.  I  iicy  li.id  si'.ircelv  l.mded.  sa\s  l.js 
C.i.i.i^.  v.lio  accDinp.inied  the  expedition,  when 
tVv  .'li  liiirried  lilt  t.)  the  mines,  .ihout  eij;ht 
ifi;riu->  (hsl.inii',  'I'he  ro.ids  sw.irmed  like  , nu- 
ll:,iS,  wiih  .Khe'itiircrs  ot  .ill  cl.isses.  l-",\-ery  one 
h,i  I  ill',  kii.ips.nk  stored  with  biscuit  -r  tlour,  .md 
h  -  i.'iiiiiiL;  iiii|ileinents  on  his  shoulders.  'l'lio,e 
hiM.i^ii-.  (ir  i;ciitlenieii,  who  h.ul  no  serv.in' >  lo 
c,iir\  llK  ',1  liiir.iens,  hore  them  on  their  own  1>  i.  ks, 
a'l  I  lurkv  \\,i^  he  who  had  a  horse  tor  Uie  joiir- 
II-.;  !ii'  Ao'.hd  In-  .ilile  to  lirini^  h.ick  the  ^re.iier 
lnl.il  •iici-^are.  'I'liev  ill  set  out  in  hii;h  spirits, 
'■'■ri  \\ii"  should  tirst  re.ich  tlu;  j;i.lden  l.ind  ; 
'.1.  iikiii;.;  iliey  had  hut  to  .irrive  .ii  the  mines  and 
'■Ici;  ndies  ;  'tor  they  l.incied,"  .s.iys  l„is 
•  :>.i'.  "  that  i,'ol(l  w.is  i.'i  l)e  ij.ithereri  as  e.isilv 
■i.l  n-.uhlj  .is  Iruit  tiom  the  tn'-es."  When  they 
■I  '''•'■■'i.  lu)»vcM-r,  they  discovered,  to  their  dis- 
"'■i^  !i):it  it  u.is  necessary  to  dii;  p.iintullv  into 
tilt  :iiuvcls  (il  ilie  earth-  -a  labor' to  which' most 
"' 111' 111  ill. I  iiev'T  heen  acci-Momed  ;  th.it  it  re- 
<|  I  I'M  (.•\|)c|-icn(-,.  .111,1  sa;r,-i,ity  to  detect  the  \cins 
"''■'-':  tiwit.  Ill  t.iit,  the  whole  |)rocess  ot  mining; 
^^i-i  L-xccnliiiL^lv  toilsome,  demanded  vast  p,i- 
L'  .111(1  much  experience,  .md,  .after  ,ill,  w.is 
't  iiiK  eri.nntv.  d'hev  di^^L;-ed  e.i^;erlv  lor  a 
t|iiif,  1)111  toimd  no  (ir(-.'  'fhev  grew  i'luiij^rv, 
':'tw  liy  ilten- im|ilenicius,  sal  ilown  to  e.it,  aiid 
|;i;^ii  ix'tin-ned  to  wurk.  It  was  all  in  v.iin. 
ll'iiii-  l.ilioi,"    says    f..is  C.isas,    "g.ive   litem  a 


I'-ii, 
1 


keen  appetite  and  (piick  dii^ostion,  but  no  gold." 
'I'hey  soon  consumed  their  provisions,  exhausted 
their   ]).itience,    cursed    their   inhituation,    and    in 

*  Some  l)ricf  notice  of  tlic  furtlicr  fortunes  (.f  Diego 
Menifez  m.iv  lie  iiUere.stIng  lo  the  renter.  When  Kin)^ 
l'"er(lin.in(i  heard  of  his  faitliful  services,  says  ( )vie(l(i, 
he  tiestmved  rewards  upon  Mendez,  and  jiermilteil 
liiin  loheara  canoe  in  his  coat  of  arms,  as  a  ineincnto 
of  his  loyally.  He  oiuiniied  devolcdiy  alt.ichetf  to 
th(?  admir.d,  servim;  liini  ze.ilously  after  his  return  t(i 
.Sp.iin,  and  durinj;  Ins  last  illness.  Columluis  retained 
the  most  Rr.iteful  and  affectionate  sense  of  liis  tiilel 
ity.  C)n  his  de.uh  l)ed  he  promised  .Mendez  lh.it.  in 
rew.ird  for  his  services,  lie  should  he  a|)poiiited  prin- 
cip.il  altjiMzil  of  the  island  of  Hispaniohi,  an  eni;aRe- 
nienl  wtiich  the  adiniral's  son,  Don  Die.ijo,  who  was 
present,  cheerfully  undertook  to  perforin.  A  few  years 
.ifterw.ird,  wlien  the  latter  succeeded  to  ihe  ollice  ol 
liis  fattier,  Mendez  reminded  him  of  ll«;  promise.  Init 
Doll  DicKO  informed  him  th.it  he  had  ^;i\en  ttie  otfue 
to  tiis  uncle  Don  Uartholoinew  ;  lie  .issured  liiin,  liow- 
ever,  th.it  lie  sliouUl  receive  sotnethinu;  e(|uivaleiil. 
,Men(Jez  shrewdly  refilled,  thai  the  e(iuiv,iient  li.id  bel- 
ter be  Kiven  to  Don  H.irtlioloniew,  and  the  ollice  to 
himself,  accordini;  to  av;reeinetu.  i'he  promise,  liow 
ever,  remaiiu-d  imperfornied,  an  1  Dieijo  Mendez  un 
rew.irded.  He  was  aderwan.!  eti.n.i^ed  on  voyai;es  of 
discovery  in  vessels  of  his  own  but  met  willi  m.iny 
vicissitudes,  .ind  appears  to  tiive  died  in  iinpov- 
erislied  circumstances.  His  List  will,  Irom  which  these 
o.irticul.irs  are  princip.illy  ^'.utiered,  was  dated  in 
\'aIl.idoliil,  the  ii;th  of  June,  isjO,  by  whidi  it  is  evi- 
dent tic  must  have  liceii  in  ttie  prime  of  life  at  the 
time  of  Ills  vovaL;e  with  the  admir.il.  In  this  will  he 
re(|ilesl<:d  that  the  reward  wtii,-|i  ti.id  licen  promised  lo 
liim  sliould  be  p.iid  to  his  ctiildren,  by  maUini;  tiis  eld- 
est son  princ  ip.d  altjuazil  for  life  of  the  city  of  San 
Domingo,  .md  his  other  son  lieutenant  to  the  .admiral 
for  the  s.inie  cuy.  It  does  nol  appear  wliettier  this 
re(|uesl  w.is  complied  witli  under  llie  successors  of 
Don  Diego. 

In  another  clause  of  his  will  he  desired  th.it  a  l.irge 
stone  sliould  lie  pi. iced  upon  liis  sepuUhre,  on  which 
slioull  be  engrave, 1.  "  Here  lies  the  lionorable  C.iva- 
lier  Diego  Mendez,  who  served  greativ  the  royal 
crown  of  Spain,  in  the  conciuesl  of  llie  Indies,  willi 
the  .idmiral  Don  Christopher  CoUimlius  of  glorious 
memory,  wlio  made  the  discovery  :  and  afterward  l)y 
himself,   with  ships  al  his  own  cost.     He  died,    etc. 


i     ! 


:'■  f};. 


:i'r'f 


.i-il.k 


214 


LIFE    AND   VOYAGKS   OF    COLUMBrS. 


Vk 


■\  ; 


.  I " 


eiSir 


iilil 


if    f- 


cii;tU  (lays  sit  off  dronrily  (in  t!icir  rfturii  aloiii; 
the  roacU  tlu'V  liatl  l.iti'ly  tnnl  so  cMiltinnly. 
Thcv  arrived  at  San  niiiiiini;()  witlunit  an  oiiui  c 
(it  j;ol(l,  halt-taniishcd,  downcast,  and  dcsnaii- 
Imj;.*  Suidi  is  tcio  olttii  llu'  case  of  tiiosc  who 
ikjiiorantiy  t'n;,M};i'  in  nuninLj  nt  all  s|HTnlations 
tnc  most  brilliant,  ])roinisins;,  and  t.dlacious. 

I'oMTly  soon  Icll  upon  tlu-sc  niis,L;iiidcd  nvn. 
Thcs  txliaiistrd  the  lutlc  property  lirciiij^lu  Iroin 
S|iain.  M.inv  ^iillercd  eNtrenu-ly  from  luini;('r, 
and  were  ohli|,^ed  to  exchange  even  their  a|)p,irel 
for  hread.  Some  tornied  connections  with  the 
old  settlers  ot  the  island  ;  hut  the  j;reatir  \i.\\{. 
were  like  men  lost  and  bewildered,  and  just 
awakeneil  trom  a  dream.  The  miseries  dt  the 
mind,  as  usual,  heightened  the  sufferings  dt  the 
body.  Some  wasted  .aw.iy  and  died  brokeii- 
liearted  ;  others  were  hurried  off  by  raging  le- 
vers, so  that  there  soon  perished  upward  of  ,i 
thousand  mm. 

tU.iiido  w,is  reputed  a  m,in  of  gre.it  |)rudence 
and  sagacity,  anil  he  cert.iinly  took  si'\eral  judi- 
cious nu-asures  tor  the  regul.itidn  of  the  isl.md 
.■\ni|  the  relief  of  the  colonists.  He  ni.ide  arr.nige- 
ment-^  tor  distributing  t!ie  m,ii-iied  persons  .md 
till  t.imilies  which  h.id  come  out  in  his  fleet,  in 
tour  towns  in  the  interior,  granting  them  impor- 
tant privileges,  lie  r(\i\fd  tile  drooping  /e.il  lor 
mining,  by  reducing  the  loy.d  share  ol  the  prod- 
uct trom  one  half  lo  .i  third,  and  shorth  atlei-  to 
a  lifth  ;  hut  he  em|)owereil  the  .Spani.irds  to  avail 
themsi'lves,  in  the  most  oppri'ssixc  manner,  ol  tin; 
labor  ot  the  unhappy  n.itives  in  working  the 
niines.  Tile  charge  ol  treating  the  n.tlive-,  with 
severity  had  been  one  ol  those  chietlv  urged 
against  Columbus.  It  i-.  iiro|)er,  therefore,  to 
notice  in  this  respei-t  the  conduct  ot  his  succes- 
sor, .1  man  chosen  lor  his  jirudeiu  e  and  his  sup- 
posed ca]iacity  to  goM-rn, 

It  will  be  recollected  that  when  Columbus  w.is 
in  a  m. inner  compelleil  to  assign  lands  to  the  re- 
beiliou.-.  followers  of  I''r.uuisco  Roldan,  in  l-H)'.), 
he  had  made  an  arringemeiu  th.it  the  c.ici(|ues 
in  their  vicinity  should,  in  lieu  ot  tribute,  turnir,!i 
a  number  ot  iluir  suliieds  to  assist  them  m  culti- 
vating their  estates.  Thi-,,  as  has  been  obii-rved, 
was  the  comniencemein  ol  the  disastrous  sssiein 
o;  repartimienio,,  or  distributions  of  Indian-,. 
When  liob.idill.i  .idministered  the  government,  he 
constrained  thecaciipies  lolurnish  a  certain  nuin- 
lier  ot  Indi.ans  to  e.ich  S]ianianl,  tor  the  purpose 
ol  working  the  mines,  wheie  they  w»-re  employed 
like  beasts  ol  burden.      Ik:  made  ,in  enumer.itioii 


cir.     Ifestow   in   charity    a   Palcnioster,  and  an   Ave 
Maria." 

He  iir:lcied  that  in  the  midst  of  thi?  stoiir  there 
should  he  carvcit  an  Indian  raiioc,  as  jjiveii  limi  by 
the  kinc;  for  armorial  (jearinKs  in  nicniori.il  of  his  voy" 
aije  from  Jamaica  to  I  iisp.miol.i.  .mil  above  it  shnuld 
\)c.  entjr.ived.  in  huxc  letters,  the  word  "  C.WOA." 
Ho  enjoined  upon  Ids  heirs  to  he  loyal  lo  the  admiral 
(Don  IJicno  Columbus),  and  his  lady,  and  g.ivc  them 
mu'h  ghostly  counsel,  mingled  with  pious  hcneilii  - 
tions.  .Xs  an  heir-loom  in  his  family,  he  hcquealhed 
his  library,  consisting  of  -  few  vniiimes,  which  ac- 
I  impanied  him  in  his  wancii-rinRS— vi/  :  "  The  ,\rt  of 
Holy  Dyinn,  by  I'.r.istmis  ;  .A  Sermon  of  the  s.imc 
author,  in  Sp.inish  ;  The  I.iri;,'iia  ami  the  Colloi|uies 
ol  the  same;  The  History  of  losephus  ;  The  Mor.il 
Philosophy  of  Aristotle;'  The  Hook  of  the  Holy 
Land  ;  A  Mook  railed  the  Cor.t(.-nipl.ition  of  the  I'.is- 
sion  of  our  Saviour  ;  A  Tract  on  the  \'enne.inre  of 
the  Death  of  A),'anieinnon,  ami  several  other  short 
tie.itises."  This  (  uriotis  ami  char.icterislic  testament 
is  in  ihe  archives  of  the  Duke  ol   \'cra,.;ua  in  Madrid. 

*  Las  Casas,  Hist.  Ind.,  lib,  ii.  cap.  d. 


of  the  n.ilives,  to  i>re\i'nt  evasion  ;  rnhi  ..i 
into   cl.isses,    .111(1    distributed     them   aninr 
Sp.inish  inh.ibil, lilts.     'I'he  enorm.ni',  imnrpC,,,.  I 
which    ensued    h,l\e    been    lloticeil,       i'lm  :„ V 

the   indignation   (d    Is.ibell.i  ;  and   when'iiii.i. 
was  sent  out  to  supersede  l!(d),idil|.i.  in  i;t  ■ 
natives  were  pronounced    free  ;   the\  inii'ii 
refused  to  l.ibor  in  the  miiK-s. 

(  K.indo  represented  t(.  the  Sp  lllisii   ,(iv(  r.-'i 
in  1303,  th.it  ruiiii  'is  coi!se(|Uen(  es  rcMriirri  in-, 
C(dony  trom  this  entire   liberty  granted  to  tl.,.u, 
di.ins.      He   sl.ited    that    the   triiuue  1  milil  n-iA  | 
collected,  lor  the  I  nib, ins  were   \a/\    .iikI  inim 
dent;    th.it    they    could    only    be   kept  lri:ii\;^| 
,ind  irreguharities  b\' occupation  ;    th;ii  tlnv  ;•» 
kept   aloof   from    the  Sii;ini.irds,    ;iiid   hn:' 
struction  in  the  Christian  faith. 

The   hist   represent, ition   h.id   ;in  iiilknii'i- \ii:!  I 
Is;ibella,  ;ind    drew   ;i    letter  from   the  sdvi-vitnj 
to  ()v.imlo,  in    1503,111    which   he  w.is  iiri!(rvi:;i  | 
sp;ire  no  |)  lins  to  .itt.e  h   th.e   n,ui\-es  to  li,  >■ 
ish  n.itioii    ,iiid    the   Catholic   religion.      !•■ 
them  labor   iiioder.iteiy,  if  absolutelv  es^  : :  , 
their  own  good  ;   but  to  temper  autlioril\  >.\  ■.' 
su.ision    .111(1    kindnesr,.       To   p.iv   them  it,;. 
and    f;iirly    lor   their   l.ibor,  ;ind    to  li,i\c  i:,,:.- 
structed  in  religion  on  cert.iin  d.iys, 

Ov.indo    ;i\.iiled    himselt    ot   the    pcwu     . 
him  bv  this  letter  to  their  tidiest  cMcin.    I: 
signed  to  e;ich   Cistili.in   ;i   cert.un   nii::i!n  1 
di.ans,  ;iccording  to  the  (pi;ility  of  the  :iji|i:;.  r; 
tlu'  iKiture  of  the  ap|dic,ition,  or  his  own  \t    .<■: 
It  w.is  .irr.ingcd  in  the  term  ol  .111  order  u,;  ,;  .• 
ciipie  tor  ,1  i  eit.iin  number  ol   Indi.iiis.  w    ■  .,- 
to   be    |),iid    by  their  employer,   iind  ni>irii.;M; 
the  C.ithobc   i.iith.      'I'he   ]):iy   \v.is  si)Mii!,.>: 
be  little  belli'r  than  noinin.il  ;   the  in-.lriii  li  :  >  ■ 
little   more   tluin    the   mere  cereiiior.y  oMm  ii.- 
;ind  the  term  ol  l.ibor  w.is  ,it  liist  ^i\  lno;l:l.^,  . 
then   eight   moiul.s   ill   the  ye.ir.      I'lidrr'    ■■ 
thii    hired    l.ibor,  intended    tor  the  goml  ;  : 
their  bodies  ,md  their  souls,  more  iniolir.i'i..' 
w;is  e\:icted  froni  them,  .ind   more  horiih!''  ".• 
tici  wvw  intlicted,  th;in  in  the  worst  d.u  >  ■  ■  n 
;idi!l.i.      Thi'\    were   sep.'UMted   olleii   thci! -'i 
ot  sever.il  d.i\s'  journe)  trom  their  \m\c,  c 
drill,    ,ind    ilooiiu-d    to    intoler.iblc     1  ih'r 
kinds,  extorted  bv  the  cruel   intlictioii  ni  '.Ir  .;■ 
I'or  lood    they    h.id    the  c,iss.iv;i   bri  .id,  .111  :>. 
stanti.il  su|)port  for  men  obliged   to  l.ih.n  .  ^  : 
times    :i    sciiity    ])ortioil    ot    pork    w.is  ill-.!;  ':.' 
among  a  gre.it  number  of   them,  sc.irce  .1  ;:'.i-  ■ 
lul   to   e;ich.     \Vhen    the  Spani.irds  wIujm:;"' 
tended   the   mines   were   ;it   their   r(  pi^l    •■  ■- '■ 
C.is.is,  the  himi.ihed  Indi;ins  scramliled  iii' :•;■.• 
lablr,    like   dot;s,    for   any   bone   thrown ',11  ;::f 
Alter    they    li.nl     giKiwed     ;iiiil    siu  kcd    i'.  ■■  ■ 
])ounded  it  bilweeii  stones  .mil  mixed  ilv.r.ii;' 
iMss;i\.i  bir.ul,  tluit  nothing  ol  so  |)rii  Mil'.-.  '-  '"  ' 
sel   might    be   lost.      .\s  to   those   w.l'o  l.tli.    ■■ 
the  fiehls,  thev  ne\er  t.l-^^l■d  either  lli  ..i  e''  '■"     ■ 
little  c.iss.uM  liread  and  ,1  lew  roots  were  thr:r  .'.i:- 
))ori.       While    the    Sp;inKirds    thus    wiiiilin'i  '• 
nourishment  necessary  to  sustain  their  lic.iit'  i" 
sti'ciigth,  they  ex.icted  a  degree  of  l.ibol  siiil '  ^  ■' 
to   bre;ik   down   the   most    vigorous   man     1''' 
Indi.ms  lied   from   this   incessant  toil  am! 'r   ■ 
ous  coercion,  .iiid    took    refuge  in  the    iin''"   •  " 
they  were   hunted   out   like  wild    be:isti.  m  '  '~' 
111    the    most    iiihum.in    m, inner,    .md   ladin  '•*■■ 
(  hiills  to  |)re\ent  ;i  secoild  esi-.lpe.       .M.my  1 ' ''' 
ed  long   bidore  their   term    ot    labor   had  I'V 
Tliosr    \slio    sui'\iveil    their   term   ol   si\  ci  •!> 
months   were  permitted  to   return  to  their  I.  " 
until  the  next  term  coiiin.eiu cd.      Lut  thvir  1:  '•' 


Ur,  (liter.  Iciiv.  '^i'' 
fh,,  i'.i.l  nnthingl 
I,,,.  Mit  ;.  tew  i| 

„,ivd'|-''.l'l-    W' 

ar(Mil|'^  ■■vl'"'!'  M 
„,.„o;.ii-  111  --iistaij 

iiviioMii  the  lo'-irl 
hv'ilu'  wav  .  -  mic 
[j,  |..|-  I  he  sh.ide  ot  i 
\\  ir  ^lielier  tro'ii  t| 
je,i,l  111  th'Toad,  ' 

,,.  iimlcr  the   tree^ 
lentil,  liindvciTiiig| 
»•!,,>  iiMclicil  their 

h,..,:  ilcsiil.ae.      I'J 
jjii  'M-i'ii  .ihsen' 
lith.T  iirri^lu'il  01    \^ 
ihii',  llvv  ilep'.-ti'ii- 
L,.],.   :inl    iKillini;] 
lovMi,  exhausted   anl 

hroii-'M  lit  their  h  i| 
It  ;,  iii)i)ossii)le  i| 

lire  ilrnvii  hy  the 

L-h..;  liL-  hill  he.ird, 
iur;'  I'l  1  hain.inity 


if 

S't:' 

ill- 
a- 
ki 

Oc 

51; 
a 

f;.. 
e:' 


tint,  so   11 
:  1,;-,  mllicied  i; 

'  .   e,  th.lt   thev 
•  AiTc,  Iroin   I' 
,  liiciiiselvtS   Ii 
.line  the  power 
,  d  the  inlants 
:,   1)1  wretchedii 
IV, 1  since  the  di^ 
iiiiii.lreil  tiiou, 
iienslie  I,  miser 
■;.i'  ol  the  while 


CF 


n:\--\cui:  .vr   x.\i 


II K  siilterings  o 

.  Ill  Ov.indo  ha 

ii  to  '^nve  ,1  con 

.'■.  Ill  this  conr, 

;•  e.uiy  luston.i 

••  .1   purtion    <i 

1 1  \\\\\  he  rei  ou 

•  ntiiiu-s  ot  ( 'o! 

lorDii'^di  suhiu 

(s\;,|,  e\t''rnnii.itioi 

[All  i  lii-,t,  we  must 

|lte,i;iiit;il  pruviiii  e  1 

\Ui'-\\'.  the  rehlge  ol 

ot   li'.e   Lite   ul    lilt 

ioihe  liie  ])rule   ot 

{fr:i"i  I  ot  white  inei 

lii'hi'ihiu.  liie  ;in 

[he'll',;  ilf.nl,  .\n.ic.i 

Id  I  U'  Doverninriu, 

slie  ii:ice  manliest 

[Rr'Tiv  we.ikened 

I  proliKeJ  in  her  c 

;Ri  V  lA.iihite.i   in 

the  !r/.:.'nvers  ol   I 

lthcli)Vi->ot  her  hi 

I  with  the  young  S 

'  has  Casas,  Hi- 

i  I'jid.,  libi  sup. 


A*%JA,-    ■', 


LIFK    AND   VOYAGI'S    OF   COLUMBl'S. 


ai5 


Ifer' 


(ilicr, 


fditv,  sixty,  and  ci^^tUy  lf.ii;ucs  distant.    [  liad  alsd  causrd  her  ^(rral  aflliclion  ;  and,  finally, 


flu",  h.iii  iiiiliiiii.w'  '"  ■'' 


isi.iin    thciii    iluoiinii  till 


burnr' 


In.t 


;i  ti'w  mots  or  .i^\ 


)c|)|)cis,  or  a 


littl( 


s-,iv,i  iiriMii 
ariWii|is,  w 

hc.ipi!>l('  "' 
lionii 


Wiiin  (louii  liy  Idii)^  tdil  and  cruci 
huh  their  IccMf  i(m-.tiliitii)ns  witc 
siistnmiiij,', 


any   h.id   not  slmi^^ili 


hi'  loiiriicy,  1)111   sank  down  and  dici 


Ijv  {]][■  wav  .  Si  line 


l)V  till-  side  in 


i 


ivl-r  1 


iH'sha.li'  ot  a  iri'i',  whtrt- 


a  l)r()i)k,  others 
tlu'V   h.id  rrawl- 


.hi'iicr 


trivii  till-  sun.    "  1  have  loiiiul  many 


HtMil  III  lIl'Til.l 


savs 


IS  C.as.is, 


)liicrs 


KMsp- 


IfC  ihf  tifi's,  and  others    in   the    |i.in^;s  o 


d 


tlie  \anous  and  enilurmj.;  hardships  inihrted 
on  lii'r  oiue  liappy  sMl)|e(  Is  by  the  ;.;rindilii(  sys- 
tems ot  l.ihor  eiiloixed  l)\   iioli 


iiad  at 


idilla  am 


I   ()\ 


eiij^'tli,  It  is  said,  coiuertcd   her  triem 


Isl 


111) 


nil' 


Ivcrvinti  lliin,t;er  I  hmij,'er 


Th 


into  ahsohile  detest, ili 

'I'iiis  (hs;{ust  w.is  kept  alive  and  a^^Mav.iled  i)y 
the  S|).im,inls  who  lived  in  her  immedi.itt;  nei;,Mi'- 
horhood,  and  h.id  obtained  grants  ot  land  there  ; 
.1  remnant  ot  the  rebel  t.iction  ot  Kohl. in,  who  re- 
t, lined  the  ;.;russ  lii  enlioiisness  ailii  open  protli- 
leeii   indul},'ed  under  the 


;;.ii'y  m   whieh  they  hai 


jiio  iv.ichnl  dien- 


honi 


es  most  I  iimmonlv  loum 


hem  ik'siiL.tv. 


Diirin'r  the  eivht   months    tluv 


■ad  liri-n  .ihsent.  duir  wives   and    eluldreii 


had 


lith'.T  pfrislifd  or  wanderei 


iw.iv  ;  the  fields  on 


•-^-hic'i  they  depfii 


led  lor  loud  were  overrun  with 


lose  misrule  ot  th.it  rommander. 


and   will)  made 


themselves 


lious    to    the  inleriur   etc 


aiK 


UjUl 

'1'  ' 


i'xaitini,'-    servKcs    tyr.iiinnally 
under  the  b,inetul  system  ot  rep.iriimientos. 
1  he    Indi.ins  ot   lias    proviiue  were   unitor 


by 

isly 


miv 


epresented  as  a  more  intelligent,  polite,  and  ^vn- 


.'iiiit  no 


thin^   w.is    left    them     but    to  lie   I  eious-s|iirui'd  r.ue  th.m  ,iny  others  ot  the  islands 


lo«n.  fxhaiisted  ;ind  despairing. 


d   ill 


It  ll 


le 


h|■^■^^^lill  0 


t  ihfir  ha 


bilatii 


rsue  anv  farther  the  pi 


Th 


.■re  thi 


ne  to  feel  and  resent  ll 


l!  IS  iinjiDssihle  to  pu 
■,ture  'iriwii  bv   ihe   veiier.ible   l.,is  C.is.is,  not  ot   |  the  ciiiipies  and   tlu 


overbearini,'   tre.ilmeiit   to   which   ihey   were  sub- 
jected,     (hi.irrels  sometimes  took  pi, 


ice   t  let  ween 


wh.u  he  h.iil  Ikmi'iI,  hut  ot  wh.it  he  h.ul  seen  ;   n,i- 


tiii;'  I'l  I  hiiniamtv  revolt  at  tlie  d( 


t.iils 


Sullii 


itM   - 

8iitt-r!' 
ill"  r.ic 


lit,  so   iiUoler.i 


Ilk 


were   the   toils  and 


iiitlicled  upon  this  weak  and  unolteml- 


th.it  thev  s.iiil 


der  them,  dissolvi 


t  uxTf.  Ironi 


the 


)t    th 


e   e.irlh.      M.mv 


kiiii  1  ihfitiselves  in  despair,  and  even    mothers 
ime  the  powerful  instinct  of  nature,  and  de- 
il  their  breasts,  to  spare  them 
welve   years   had    not 


over 

str'n..-(! 


the 


iiilants 


ir  opjiressors. 


Tl 


lese   were 


immedi.itely  rejinrted  In  the  j^roveiiior  as  d.m^ar- 
ous  mulinies,  and  ,i  resistance  to  any  capricious 
.ind  extortuin.ite  exaction  was  m;i<;nil"ied  into  a 
reb(dlious    resistance   to   the  authority  ot  f^'overn- 


meiit. 


ompl.unts  o 


f  tl 


lis 


kind 


were  contmu.illv 


pourinir  in  upon  l)\-.indo,  until   he  w;is  nersu.ided 


l)y    some   .al.irmist,   or   some   desij^nmj;   misi 


hiet- 


mak( 


thit    there    w.is 
tl 


-laid 


conspiracv 


a  ii!f  III  \vreii'iie(niess. 


fl.ipv 


inil 


and  sev- 


I  siiue  the  discovery  of  the  isl 

iiii.lii'd  thousand   ot  its   native  inhabit. ints 

1.  |lL■l•l^!u•  I,  iniser.ible  victims  to  the  grasping 


among  the   Indians  ot   this   pioMiice  to  rise  u| 
the  Sp.miards. 

Dv.-mdo  immedi.itely  set  out  for  X.iragu.i  at  the 
lieail   of  three   hundred   tnoi-soldiers,  ,irmed  with 


av^rici' 


ol  ll 


e  while  men. 


Cil.M'TKR   II. 


.-v\CI;K    XV    \.\RAi;tA    -1-ATI-:   of   A\.\C.\()N.\. 

!>5o3l 

I'llK  suttering.i  of  the   n.itives   under  the   civil 
iv-;.  iilitvanilo  have  been  brielly  shown  ;    it  re- 


;:h  '.')  "ive  ,1  conii 


A  th 


se  view  ol  the  miiit.irv  oner 


IS  comm.inder,  so  lauded   b 


swords,  ,iri]uehuses,  ami  cross-liows,  .ind  seventy 


llorsemeii,  with   cuirasses,    bucklers. 


ll    h 


He  pretended  that  he  w,is  going  on  a  mere  \isil 
of  triendship  to  An.ic.iona,  and  lo  make  arr.inge- 
meiits  about  the  payment  ot  tribute. 


\V 


A 


n.icaon.i    he.ird   ot    tlie   intiiu 


led 


\i.-iit, 


she   summonei 


al 


her    tributary   cai 


iijue- 


principal  subjects,  to  .issemble  at  her  chief  town, 


th.il   they   might   rec 


en  e 


th 


e    commander  o 


f   ihe 


.Sp.mi.irds  w  iih  I 


leroming  luimasre  and  ilisiinction. 


;'u'  i-arlv  historians  tor  I 


y   cert.iin    >  tem.ih 


As  ( ly.indo.  al  the  he. id  ol  his  little  armv,  ap- 
pro,iched,  she  went  forth  lo  meet  him,  according 
to  the  custom  of  her  nation,  .ittended  bv  ,i  great 
train  ot  her  most  l.li^tinguislu•d  subiecls,  \nA\v  .tiul 


puriion 


till 


lis  prudence. 


Hv  tl 


,h 


li.is   been  lietoie  obser\cil. 


•nttui 


isuirv  ot   this 


■al  willbe  recounted  which   is  connect 


lUiiu-i  of  Columbus 


d  which 


ed  with 
cnmiirises 


noted   tor  superior  trrace   ani.1 


oe.iuis'. 


Tl 


ceiveil   the  Spaniards  with   iheir   popul.ir  arcvtos, 
their  nation.ii    soii^js  ;    the   youn;>-  wiimen  waviiiLT 


:i'irmi<,di  subjugation,  and,  it  may  almost 


ii.ilm    lir.inches  .im 


I   (I 


inciii'./    before  them,  in 


th 


'.'vti'ninn.ition    of    tht 


native     mh.ibitants. 


way   that   h,id  so   much   charmed  the  followers  ot 


lii-^l.  we  must    irr.ii   ot    the  disasters  of   tin 


Uu 


AiU 


.in 


t.ido,  on  his  tirsl  visit  to  the  iirnviiu 


"''■li  i>nivmcc  lit   X.ir.igua,  tlie  se.it  of  hos 


mac. ion, I   ire.ited   the  irovernor  \\itli   thai  nat- 


iMf  rcliiife  ot   the 


I.Ut' 


-It    ll 


suffering  Spini.irds 


pi-   I  ur.il  gr.iciousiiess 


.mil 


disjniU'   for  which  she  w: 


f  Uie 

tI  ot 


liride  ot   the   i 


le    female    cacicpie.   A 


lebr.itei.1.     She  g.ive   him    the   largest   house  in 


Willie  men. 


sland,  and    the   generous 


la,    ]  the   place  tor   his   residence,  and   his 


■•ii'iiiiu.  iiie 


■iiu.  iiie  ancient  'Mciipie  of  this  province, 
;'i'-.id,  .\n.itaoiM.  his  sister,  had  succeeded 
i^,i;i)ienimriu.  The  marked  partiality  which 
'.•"■'•  manitesied  lor  ihe  Spaniards  h.id  bee 


(pi.irlereil    m 
tl 


the   I 


louses  adioinm}. 


peop 
For 


ll 


eniert. lined  with  alf  ihe 
afforded.      N.i- 


davs   the  Sp.mi.irds  une 

ii.itural  luxuries  that   the  province 

lional    songs    .and    dances   .iiid   g.imes   weic  pci- 

tormed  lor  their  amusement,  .incf  th'  u-  was  meiy 


'V  WfMkened  by  th 


outward   demonstration   o 


t   th 


le  same   luispiialitv, 


I  hired 


e  gener.il   misery  they  h.id   [  the   same   .imity,    that   Anac.ion.i   had   unitormi 


111  lier  country,  and  by  the  I 


irutai 


irolli-  ;  shown  to  while  men. 


^;^_^'nme.l   in   her  immediate    dominions   by  I       Noi wiih->t.indinir    all    this    k 


'.vers  o 


I   Kold 


.1  I 


unh 


indness. 


and 


>• 


not- 


Ul.' 


HT  bt-autitul  iLiii'-hter  II 


VliUll; 


S|),iniard   llern.imki  de  (luev.ir. 


ppy  story  ot      withst.indm 
i''uen.imola,       .n 


uniform   inii 


nly   ot   coiuluct. 


.,is  (. 


'•Jill.,  ubi  .'jui 


''sas.  Hist.  Ind. 


jp.    14,   .MS 


111    open   gi'iuMosity   ol    ch.ir.icler,   <  ivamlo  was 
■rsuided  that  Anac.ion.i  was  secretly  meditating 


icre  ot  himself  and  his  fiillnwer- 


IlisloM- 


ans  tell  us  nothing  ot  the  grounds  for  such  a  be 
lief,    ll  W.IS  too  ))robal)ly  produced  by  the  nusrep 


.Iti 


2  It'. 


MFK  AND  VOYAGKS  OF  COLUMBUS. 


rcscntatioiis  of  llic  mi])!  :ui  iplcti  advciuurcis  who 
inlotfil  lilt'  pniviiu-f.  Kvando  shoiilii  li.ivi' 
paiiM'il  and  Vfllft  tcil  ln'toic  lie  acU-d  iiiniii  it.  Hi- 
sliiuild  liavc  1  iin^idi'ii'd  the  impnibalnlily  ol  stirti 
ail  aUi'inpl  l>y  ii.ikcd  Indians  ai;ainst  so  lar^,'f  a 
1  in  (■  lit  >t('fl  il.id  troops,  arnu'd  with  I'.iiiopc  ii, 
\\ca|)oiis  ;  and  lii-  slunild  have  rclk-ilcd  upon  llu' 
};fni'ral  liiaraiUT  and  londiiit  ot  Anaiaoiia.  At 
anv  iMtc,  tlif  fvaniple  sfl  icpcalfdly  by  t'oliinihiis 
anil  his  hrolluT  llu'  Adi'laniailo  should  have  (on- 
\iincd  liiin  that  it  was  a  sulliticnt  satf^;uaid 
;i).jainst  the  iiiai'hiiiations  ot  llic  nativt's,  to  sti/c 
ii|ion  tii<-ii"  caiitiUfs  anil  detain  tlicni  as  liosta^jt's. 
'l"hf  pi)lu-v  ot  (K.iiido,  lio\vi-\i'r,  was  ol  a  more 
rash  and  sanguinary  naluif  ;  lie  ailrd  upon  hus- 
pii  iiiii  as  upon  coiuution.  lie  dcttrniint'd  to  an- 
tiiipatc  the  allcj;ed  plot  hy  a  eounter  artilii'e,  and 
to  overwiielni  this  deteiu'eless  people  in  an  indis- 
iiiminate  and  bloody  venj^jeanee. 

A-.  the  Indians  had  enlerlained  their  ),Miists  with 
various  national  jjaines,  Ov.mdo  invited  them  in 
rrturii  to  witness  certain  i;.unes  ot  li:-^  louii- 
tiy.  Anmni;  these  was  a  tdtini;  niateli  or  lousi 
withrerds;  a  ohi\Mlrous  j;anie  whuh  the  Span- 
iards luid  learnt  troni  the  Moors  ot  dranada.  The 
Spaiiisli  eav.ilry,  in  those  days,  wire  as  reiiiark.i- 
ii!e  tor  the  skiltul  nianai;enient  as  tor  the  osteii- 
tatiou^  rap  ■  i'lsnii  nt  their  horses,  Aliioni;'  the 
trooi)s  brouj^hi  out  troin  S|),nn  by  <  >\-,indo,  one 
horseman  had  disciplineii  his  horse  to  pranie  and 
curvet  in  time  to  the  music  ot  a  viol.*  'The  joust 
was  a|)poinled  to  take  iihue  ot  a  Snnd.iy  alter 
dinner,  in  the  i)ublic  sciuare,  betore  the  house 
where  (  »vando  was  (piartered.  The  c.ivalry  and 
loot-s,)ldicrs  had  their  secret  instructions.  'I'he 
t  inner  were  to  p.irade,  not  inerelv  with  reeds  or 
blunted  tiltinjr  lances,  but  with  wea|)oiis  ot  a 
iiiiire  de.idly  character.  Tin-  loot-soldiers  were 
to  come  apparentiv  as  mere  spectators,  but  like- 
wise armed  and  re.ulv  t.ir  .ution  at  a  concerted 
sij^nal. 

-At  the  ap])oiiUed  time  the  s(ju.ire  was  crowded 
with  the  Indians,  waitinii;  to  see  this  military 
spectacle.  'I'he  cu  i(|Ues  were  assembled  in  the 
hou->e  ot  I  iv.indo,  which  looked  U|)on  the  sipiare. 
None  were  armed  ;  an  unreserved  coiitideiice 
prev.'iiled  amon^  them,  totally  incom])atil>le  with 
the  tiark  treachery  ot  which  they  were  accused. 
'I'o  prevent  all  suspicion,  and  t.ike  ott  all  ajipear- 
ance  of  sinister  desij^n,  ( >vando,  alter  dinner,  was 
])layin;4"  at  (juoits  w  itii  some  ol  his  princip.il  cilticers, 
when  the  cavalry  having  arrived  in  the  s(|uare, 
the  caciques  bej^j^ed  the  j.jovernor  to  order  the 
joust  to  commence. +  Anacaon.i,  and  her  lir.iuti- 
tul  d.iU!,diter  Hij^ueiiamot.i,  withse\er;d  ot  lur  te- 
niale  attendants,  wen  present  and  joined  in  the 
re(iue-it. 

< 'wnido  lett  his  ;^Mme  and  came  forward  to  a 
cons))icui)Us  place.  When  he  s.iw  that  everv- 
tliint,'-  was  disposed  ;iccordin^'  to  his  orders,  he 
^M\e  the  tat.il  sitjnal.  Some  sav  it  was  bv  t.ikiii^ 
hold  of  a  |)iece  of  j^^old  which  was  suspended 
a!)out  his  neck  .X  others  by  lavin^^  his  h. mil  on  the 
cross  ot  Alcantara,  which  w,is  embroidered  on 
his  habit.;!  A  trumpet  was  immediateh'  sounded. 
'1  h('  house  in  whii  h  An.icaona,  and  all  the  princi- 
|).il  caci(pies  were  assembled  was  surrounded  by 
sohlicry,  commanded  bv  I)iet,''n  \'elasc|Ue/  and 
Kodri;^''o  Mexiatrillo,  ,ind  no  one  was  permitted  to 
escape.       They  entered,  .uul   sei/iiij.;    upon  tlu;  ca- 

*  I.as  Casas,  Hist.  Ind.,  lit),  ii.  cap.  q. 

+  (  Ivieilo.  Cronica  lie  his  Indias,  lil).  iii.  cap.   I2. 

I  I.as  Casas,  Hist.   Ind.,  lili.  ii.  cap.  c|. 

■J  Cliarlevoi.x,  Hist.  San  Uomiiigu,  lilj.  xxiv.  p.  235. 


I  cupies.  bound  them  to  the  posts  which  Minp,>,| 

j  tile   root.       An.ic.nm.t   w,is   led   tortli  ,i  |,i„„i|j.'' 
The  unliappv  c.icii|ues  were  then  put  to  h.irri;,! 

I  tortures,  mud   some  ol   them,  in   tlu' e\i|.  :„-, 
.iiii^uish,    were    made   to   accuse   their  i|ii  r.iivl 
tliemselM-s    ot    the    plot    with    whiili    tn,  ,   ,, 

,   ch,il|;ed.      When    this    cruel    IlKukeiv   0!    ji, 

i   torm    h.ld    been    exi'i  Uleil,    inste.ld    ol    in.,.. 

1  them    tor   atter-e\.imiiiation,    lire  w.i>  s,i;, 

j  house,  and  .ill   the  cacuiucs  peii>hed  iiiki  r.iii,,;| 

'   the  ll, lines. 

'        While    these    b.irb. nines    wile    pr.i,  ti-,  ;  ; 

i   the    chietl.iins,    .1    horrible    m.iss.icre    i,,,,^  j 
amoni;    the    popiil.ice.      .At    the  si>;n  d  nl  tn,,  ,,i  I 
the  horsemen   ruslu  d   into  the  inidsi  di  i|„  i.^jjl 
.md    defenceless    throng;,     tram|ilini;   lliiin  i,r,;.;| 
the  hoots  ol  their  steeds,  cultllii;   them  (li.vii  i:;;J 
their  swords,    and    tr.iiisli.xmL;    them   w.iii  t-' 
spe.irs.      No   mercy   w.is  shown    to   ,i^f  iimj,; 
w,is  .1  s,i\,ij;e  and  indiscrimin.ilc  buiiiuiv.  .\ , 
, ind  then   .1  .Sp.inish   liorsetn. in,  either  ihioiij;!;!: 
emotion  of  pit\  (ir  .111   impulse  ot  a\ .irnr,  ..ly;- 
up  ,1   child,  to    bcir   It   ott    in   s.ilrt\  ,    l)u;i!»ij| 
b.irli.irouslv  inerced   by  the  iaincs  o'  las .  ,'n'i;:iv 
ions.      llumanitv   turns   wiih    .iori..|    tii.in  ,,;■ 
atrocities,    and    would    t.iiii    discredit   tiuai,:.; 
they  are  circuiiist.iiitially  and   still  more  mini,'.t,,  | 
recorded   bv  the  venerable  bishop  I. a  C.l^,l^,,: 
was  resident  in   the  island   at  the  tunc,  .iiii' cr 
\ersant  with  the  principal  ai  tors  111  tins  ir.i^:.! 
He  niav  have  colored   tlii'  picture  stionniy.ii  : 

1  Usual  iiidij.jnalii)n  when  the  wronj;s  ol  tlu- hidaj  | 
are    in    question;    yet,    from    all    i  oiu  urr.'^; ,. 
counts,  and  from  many  jirecise  t.u  ts  wKii:.  Mr.> 

'  for  theinseUes,  the  scene   must  li.ivc  Imii  ;■,• 
s.iiii^uinary  and  atrocious.      ( )viedo,  wlin  n  ,. 

I  in  extolliii},^  the  justice,  anil  devotion,  .iiid  ui,!,-,:. 

i  ,uid  meekness  ot  ( >\ando,  and   his  kind  trir.r.t 

I  of  the  Indians,   ,ind   wlio  visited  the  jirnM.u  . 

I  X.iraj^'ua  a   few   \ears  afterward,   recnriU  •••,.':. 

I  ot    the    precedinjr    circumstances;    (■■•pci  i.i. »  ' 

j  cold-blooded    ^.ime   ot   ipioits   pl.iyed  hy  ;:.••; 

I  ernor  on  the  \cij;eot  siuh  a  horrible  mii:i-,.". 

!   the    bnriiin;;-    ol    the   (.niipK>.  to   the   lUiiii'n; 

'  s.iss,  ot  more  th.in  forty.  lJ:i'i;o  Mcii'K,', '•■ 
w,is    .it    .\.ir,ij;u.l  .It    the  time,  ,llid  (louhl!i-^  j':- 

;  ent   on   such   an    import. iiit  oi'i  .isioii,   s.i,^  ::.  ■ 

\  dent.illv.  in  his  List  will  and  testament,  th.'.'  V: 
were  eighty-tour  caciques  ei'lier  burnt  or  1.1;.'- 
I,as  f.is.is  says    tli.it  there  were  eighty  v.i-.'  I'li;.' 

I  ed   the   lioiisi'  with  .An.icaona.     Tlie  sl.uLit:- 

'  the    multitude    must    h.i\e    been    ^n'e.it  ,     'M  ' 

!  w.is   intlicted   on     an    unarmed    and    up.'^i>i 
thronj;.     .Several  who  esc.iped   from  the  :''.ivM 
fled    in    their    i  .moes    to    .111    isl.md    alu '-i'.  ' - 
le.i;,nies    ilist.oit,    c.illed    ( 'lU.in.ibo.         1'-.    - 
pursued  .mil  taken,  .md  condemned  m  ^  .u:. 
As  to  the   |)riiicess  An.ic.Kma,  she  w.'-    J 
in  ch.iins  to  .S.m    l)omin,L,'o.      The  inini.''!' 
trial  w.'.s  j^iven  her,  in  which  she  w.is  toisn':  v 
on    the   confessions  wrun;;   by  torti.res  li'i 
subjects,  .Old  on  the  testimony  of  their  )>u;-   ■ 
and   she   w.is   i^nommiously   hanijed  in  '.■'■:'■ 
eiice  of   the   iieoplewhoin   she  h.ld  so  lo'i'.,  in: ' 
si^jnally     belriended.+        Oviedo     h.is    s.ii..;i'. 
throw   .1   stin'm.i   on   the  ch.ir.icter  ot  thi^  i.ii'^ 
n.ite   princess,    acciisintr   her   ot   ^real   li'   Al- 
ness ;    but   lie   was   |)roiie   to   itimm.iii  ''" 
;icler  ol   the    ii.iti\e    princes,    who   tell    \i'!.''~ 
tlie    in^;r,ilitude   and    injustice  ot   his  ciicinn  :'• 


bnu'iiipornry  wriil 
nil,  111  red  m  rcpr-f 
Jl,,  .  ,r  lier  M.itne 
l.ircii  hv  h<  1' 


'till 

iiiiiiin  over 
hr.idicr  ;  she 
„ii.'4  tin-    in- 
i!i'i;i   am'.   Ill 

S 1 

IC'i' 

ml  ' 

iM  lining;  ll''' 
nin.n'kcil  .111 

r.illiy    ll.ld    111 

i  Ihi 

lOlb 
ICPt 

If  ' 

i.ink  and   h." 

siv:i,;e  and  t 

spirii  W.IS  CI 

(li  llu'  while 

r.uf   t  .loil.lbo 

th 
be 

iiii!-  ;  and  ■! 

:i|ic,lti'illy    111 

ill 
n  ■,  ■ 

laini'llnlis. 
,•',1   ill  s.ite  I'l 
viriini  to  the 

■     ,l,llllSt     I'll 

,,1  men,  seven 

Sir 

n;  '.'<  have  ■-' 

k; 

ill. Ills. 

r  tlic  iii.iss.ic 

til" 

,:  It-,  inh.ihit.iir 

it. 

;,llr\V     !■!     .\ll 

'.,1  llril  to  the 
liMsi.    until    ' 

h.l , 

1.     I'nr  si\   !• 

Ui 

11! 

'  iv.v^in^'  llic   1 

:     ni\-tr\t     ot      ' 
.;'■!■  tile  attri;4 

ti-.' 

:-sji,iir.  lirrdin 

la 

ssis  n|  the  1110 

111 

■,L-nil)liiij,'  ill  ■" 
li.iviii.ij  :it  111 

re  ■ 

.:ts,  destroyed   1 

v  - 

Ui  tile    must   d 

s;: 

:^slllll.  th.i     whi 

w.- 

nnslilrrcl    .IS 

in 

nauiiKir.ition  ( 

f.  .■ 

iiil  .1  town   ne;i 

S 

1  .M.iii.i   lie   la 

;: 

i'riii-  I'iMcc).* 

h  IS  the  tragic 

1; 
1 

'!  .\, 11, 1411.1,  .itl 
■-■i)le.    '.\    pla 

i.va  ,1'i'Hint, 

V 

:;,   }:\   ilic'ir    vi 
:  iii.l  ilesol.Uic 

*  Nehicion  hecha  por  Don  Die^o  Mendc/. 
rele.  Col  .  toin.  i.  p.  31.}. 

1  Ovifilo.  I'ruiiica  de  las  Indias,  lili.  ii'- 
Las  L'asas,  Hist.  Ind.,  lib.  ii.  cap.  9. 


S'a 


cap 


CF 

WAR   Willi     I  1 


T:iK  siil.iu;;ation 
ll'  •  'it  llispaiiiol.i, 

s  C;  iijties,  have   bei 

ai  iiinistr.itioii  of  ( 
tl.  a<mnt,dl  nl  11 
[""icni  dis'rii  Is  . 
|'!-i-il  ihi-  eastern  1 
I'm-  \'i;ny\i-  ot  1 
s;:!;i  tLin  iliii^e  i 
ll  iiu-il  tlu-  ellcctl 
fi'iut-in  contests  w 
\v  rr  jjiivi-riied  by 
Ll  C.is.is  dcicribe 

*  OvIedo,  Croiiici 


''■'A  dk 


LIFK    AND    VOVAGl'S   OF    COLI'MIU'S. 


J17 


()nii-mpf'"ry 


Oiirtirrfi 

Be  I  "■ 
las.i'liirfi 


^ritfrs   ol    ^,'rc;it    ;inllH)iily    li:iv 
I  iii  n  |iri-i<''iti"K  An.iiMoti.i  a.-,  icm.iik 


CI-  ii,ili\i'   (.mpiifty  and   dignity 


I  |,v  111  r  si)li|f.'ts,  SI)  as 


to  \\ 


She 
kind 


,|,;iiii!i:.ir.  ii*''i" 
[hi;  liMlliiT  ;  s 


tlicni  cviii  (liirin),'  the  liti-iinic 
111' IS  said  to  have  lift-n  skMlcd  in 


bmi 


iHlli! 


the  .ircNlos,  or   k-jji'ndaiy 


ball. 


n.iii'i!!.  .nil' 


may 


I  iiiuliucd  nun 


h   u 


im 


liinnj,'  that    suiicrinr    ilt 


i;iit'   iif     rclini' 


ilii",!  ri'iu.irki'i 


.iiiiiiii^,' 


r  i)i'ii|)if 


I  III-    Kf 


iiciiiiy  h.nl  miiii'  I"'''  minwiird  thnuij^jinm 
sl.iiv.i.  .Mill   li'iii   I'Xtiti'il   the  .idniiiMlKin  hiilli 


thi' 

If  ihr  sivi^i-  .1 

Both  shinl  w.is  I'MMi  CI 


ml  thi-  Sp.miai 


11 


t-r   111. mil, mi- 


I    iM   hiT   anui-.iJilf  iriMi- 


tll'lU   II 


1  til!'  wliitf  nii'n,  .il 


lIlI'llL 


h    Ml 


1°   liiisliand, 


thi-  I 


ir.uc  t-  ii'ii.iiiii.  Ii:i(i   pt-rislifd    a   prisniicr   in 


III 


.lliil  ilrliMiri'lcs>   I 
I 


i.irtics  nt  tlicin 


ivpr.iti'illy  III   liff  powiT,  and    lurd  .it  1. 

lions.     .AliiT  liaviii^'  lor  scxcr.ii  yi'ai'' 


'!■«'• 


jit-r  il'inii 


leL'Inir 


s.itf  iippnrtiinitics  i)t  vi'ii^cini't",  she 


viriiin  to  tlu-  alisiinl  i  h.ii-|;i'  ot  li.niii!,' 


piri' 


,1'iiiist  .■Ml   ariiu' 


d    I 


loilv    o 


I    iic.irU' 


ivfiitv  lit  lIu'iM  horsmifn  ;  .i  lorcc 


luiiilri-'i  iiu'ii.  si 

|ui;i.!-Mt  ',11  h.ivc  siihiiiijMtfd  Lu'l;!' armii'- 

id  liuli.iiis 


>l  11,1- 


.\!iir  tlir  in.i.i.-i.n'rL'   u 


f     \ai- 


u'll.i    the    dc-.trui 


Ion  (it  Its  iiili.iliitaiits  still  con 


timicd.      Tlu'  t.i\iir- 


Be  i-.q 


hrw 
•111. 


.\l 


Lic.inii.i,    the   c,uii|iH'   ( iii.ior 
■  hki- 


il  1.1  the  mmmt.iins,  w.i^,  luinirc 


VI, .1   i'L-as'i 


until 


was 


lakci 


and 


iki 


lai;; 


•I. 


■nr  >i\   niniit 


iis   the  Spaniards  coiitin 


pe.l  r.i\.i''iiiLr  the  count rv   wi 


th    I 


lorsc   and 


loot, 


pmlir  ]ii\-tr\t    111 


liicll 


in;r  .insurrt'ctioiis 


111  re 


vtT  the  alliij,ditc.'    n.itivcs    took    ri'tiij,;f    in 
jjhcirilt^ji.iir,  hiTiliii'^nn  disin.d  c;ivfrii.s  and  in  tin; 
si;ii'Ssts  "I  llic  miuint.iins,  they  wi'i't;  rcprt'sci 


ted 


ts  i^-ii'iiiiiliii''  III  arms  to  m.ikc  .a  lie. id  ot  relic 


lie 


.ii 


•ni^dli  luintcil  tlicni  out  ol  their 


iei:i-.its.  ilesir.iveit   manv,  aiu 


I   redi 


Itie  siir\  I- 


Irors  1(1  ti 


II..1-.1  diplor.uik'   misery 


.'ind 


ali|ect 


lU.'inissiiiii,  th.    whole  ot    tli.it   jiart  ot   the  isl.md 


w.ii  consHlcre. 


or.ler  ;  .ind 
in  (.niiiieMioriitiDii  lit  this  ^rc.it  triumph  (  K.indo 
fc:n(lc.|  .1  t.iwn  i 


.is   r. ■^tored   to  ^i 
th 


lear  to  the 


S.I 


.M. 


ke.  which  11.'  c.iiicd 
.1   I'.i/.  (St.  M.irv  ot 


th'  Trill-  IV. u  CI. ' 

■^.ich  IS  the  tra^jic.il  history  of  the  (Iclitjhtful  re- 
C  :Mit  .\.ii.i.;ii.i,  .ind  ot  its  aniiahlc  and  liospil.i- 


w:;.h,   l.v   il 


.\    place   wliicii   the    Kuro|H'a 

,v:i  .!•  i.iiim,  loiind  a  jxTlect  par.idi- 


ii->, 


Mir    \ne 


'  1!!.!  iltsnlation. 


passions,    they    tilU'd 


liiit 
:ith 


CliAl'TI'-.l^  III. 

WAR   WITH     IIIK    .SATTVKS    (H'    IIIC.UKV. 


I'lf  ■illl.iij.Mtion  oft. 


1504-1 

ur  of  the  Indi.in  soverei^n- 
llisp.niiol.i,  and  the  dis.iitrous  f;ite  ol  their 
^'ilies,  have  lieeii   alre.idy    rel.lted.      I'mlerthi' 
iiiiiisliMtii.n  ot  (  ivaiido  \s;is  also  accoinnlished 


^lownhill  ,i| 
'iiiit  hstrii  u 


li^,niev,  till'   last   (if  those   indi 


I'i-ihI  th.-  e.l-, 


s;:r;l  ti 


■  1  tertile  province  wliicli  loni- 
crii  e\ti-.-iimv  of  the  isl.ind. 


pi'.ipi 


.t   II 


luiies   were  of  a  more  wai 


Il    'IICll    ill, 


.in  ;iiii-,c  ot   the  other   provi 


nces, 


fi. 


a-ciu.il    Use   ( 


if  tl 


'|i'('inc,iiiie,i,  wiihth.'irCa.ril 


leir  w('a|H)ns,  troiii 


1  mvadrrs. 


T 


:i('v 


L„L- 


Ll'iVenie. 


IV  .1  I  ai  iiHie  named  C'ot.ili,in,im,i. 


'■-•is  ilccrilu-s  this  chieftain   In 


om  actual  oh 


Ovii-iiu,  (.; 


ruiiica  dc  las  Indias,  lib.  iii 


cap 


sir\.itioii,  and  dr.iws  the  picture  of  ,t  n.nlivc  hero, 
lie  w.is,  he  sa\s,  the  stroli};est  ot  his  tlihe,  and 
more  perfectly  toriiu'd  than  one  in. in  m  .1  tlioii- 
s.ind,  ot  any  n.nion  whatever,  lie  sv.is  taller  ill 
stature  ih.in  the  t.illesl  ol  liis  countrymen,  .1  \,ir(| 
in  liri'.idtli  tioin  shoulder  to  shoulder,  and  tlu; 
rest  of  his  liiidy  in  admirahlc  proportion.  His 
aspei  t  W.IS  not  h.indsome,  hut  ;;rave  and  cmir- 
ayjeotis.  His  how  W.is  not  e.isily  in  nt  liv  a  com- 
mon man  ;  his  arrows  were  three  pronj,'e(l,  tipped 
with  the  hones  ol  lislies,  ,ind  his  weapons  appe.ir- 
ed  to  he  intended  tor  a  t;i.int.      In  a  word,  In-  was 


pioporlioned    ,is  to   be 


th 


e  admiration 


III 


lards 


|'.1\ 

even   ot   till 

While    Columbus   w.is   en^Mj,M(l    in    his    iourtli 
\oy.it,'e,  .111(1  shortly  alter  the  .iccession  ot  (ivando 


itlice 


there 


was  .'in  insurrection  ol  this  c.ici(|uo 

A  sh.iUop,  with  eii^lit  Spani.irds, 

as  surin  ised  at  the  small   island  id  Saoii.i.  .idj.i- 


iis  iieoiili' 


w 


cent    to 


II: 


;iiev, 


and   .'ill    the   cr 


cw   sl.iiij,ditere 


This  w.is  ill  ie\eiiL;e  lor  the  (le.ith  ot  a  c.n  upie, 
torn  to  jiieces  by  a  dot;  w  .iiitonls'  set  iijion  him  by 
a  Sp.ini.iril,  and  tor  wliu  h  the  ii.ilui  s  li.id  in  \aiii 
sued  tor  redress. 

<)\.indo  ininieiliately  (iisp.ilc  ind  ju.in  de  llsipii- 
bel,  .1  cour.ij,'eous  otliier,  at  the  lu  .id  ot  t.iiir  luiii- 
dred  men,  Ivt  ipiell  the  insurrection  and  ininisli 
tlie   massacre.     Col. ib, in. una 


is'^eniiiied   his  war- 


d 


liir     \\: 


iiroiis 


resistance, 
i.ini.irds,   the 


1  listrusttul    ol    the    mercy   o|    ihe   S] 

chiettain  rejected  .ill  overtures  ol   pe.ice,  and  the 

war  was   iirosecuted   with  some  aih'.iiu.ij^e  to  tlu; 


natives. 


1  tie 


li 


nil. ins   h.id   now    o', ercome   ilieir 


su|ieistitious  awe  ot  the  white  men  .is  supernat- 


ural l)eiiii,fs, 
tht 


ind  tl 
.1  I 


loUijIl    tliev   CO 


uld 


w  ithstand 


e  superiority  ot  I'airope.iii  arms,  they  manitested 
;i  cour.ij,fe  and  dexterity  that  rendered  them  ene- 
mies  not   to    be   despised 


L. 


IS  Cas.is   and  other 


lisiori.ms   relate   a   bold  and   roni.iniic  e 


between   ;i  sin;;l 


U'rs  n.inu'i 


ncounler 
Indian   .ind   two  mounted  cavi- 
ewdr.i,  in  which 


I  Wilteiubro  and  I'ori 


the  Indian,  tliou;^h  pierced  tliroui;li  the  body  by 
the  l.inces  and  swords  of  both  his  .issailanis,  re- 
t. lined   his  tierceness,  and   continued   the  combat 


mil    he   fell   dead    in   the 


u 
we.ipons. 


possession  ol 


al 


their 


Tl 


ns  ^Mllant  action,  says 


Las  C; 


was  puhlic  and  notorious. 


The   Indians  were  soon  defeated  and  driven  tr 


their  mount. iin  retreats. 


The  Spani.irds  pursued 


them   into   their  recesses,  discovered   their  wives 


.mil 


■hild 


re  11,  wrea 


ked 


on 


th 


eir.   the   n.ost  indis- 


imin.iie  sLumhter,   and   committed   their  chiet- 


l.iins  to   the  tlimc' 


Al 


1   .11 


;ed  female  c.ic 


uiue  o 


gre.it  distinction,  named  Ilii;u.uiama,  beiiii; 


tak 


en 


prisoner,  w.is  h;illj;e( 


det.iclinu'iU   w.is  sent   in    a   caravel    to    the 

for 


si. ind  ot  .S.iona,  to  t.ike  ]).irtic 


the  de 


struction  of  the  shallop 


ular  \en;;('ance 
;iiul  its  crew. 


Tht 
Tl 


le 


ii.itives  made  a  desper.ite  detence  .ind  lied, 
isl.ind    W.IS   mountainous   .and   full  of  c.iverns,  in 
w  hie 
or  se\'en 


h  the   Indians  v.iinly  souujht  for  refuse.     Six 


hundred  were  imprisoned 


111  a  iiweiiin<r 


111(1  all  put  10  the  sword  or  poniardi 


T 


losi-  o 


habitants  who  were 


the  111 

as   slaves,    .ind    tl 


ired 


were   c. lined  olt 


si. ind 


lelt 


.ite 


and 


deserted 


f   Hi!,''uey  were  driven  to  des] 


The  n.itives  o 
seeiii}.;  th.it  lliere  w.is   110  esca|)c 
the    bowels   ot    the    e.irtli  ;  t  thev    sued  tor  pe.ice, 


lair, 


or  them  even  in 


h   was  ^r.inted   them,  .ind   protei  timi   pn 
Iti       ■ 


)in- 


i->ed  on  condition  oi  ttieir  cultiv.uiii)^'  a  Lirj^e  tract 
ot  l.iml.  .Uld   p.iyin^  a  j^re.it  iju. unity  ot  bread  in 


*   I. as  Casas,  Hist.   Ind. 
f    Ibid.,  ubi  sup. 


ib.  ii.  cap.  S. 


I  •< 


vvy 


ii'-rf'\ 


i 


i 


If 


M\ 


i 


1: 

,11 


118 


LIFl'    AM)   VOYAGI'S   OF   COLl'Mni'S. 


tril)Ut>'.  Tlio  pi-aiT  l)i'lnj;  CDiuludi'd.  Ciit.ih.i- 
nam.i  visiicil  thf  Spanish  caini),  where  his  ^ji- 
ijanlii-  prii|)(irtii)ns  and  mailial  deineaiinr  maile 
nini  an  ohjeit  dt  euriositv  and  admiration,  lie 
was  rtii'iM'd  with  i;ri'at  (iistiiutiun  In-  I'.sipnhcl, 
and  llu'v  i'\i-hanj;eii  names,  an  Indian  ie  ij;m'  nt 
tr.iternity  and  pnpeiiial  trieniNlnp.  'I'lie  natives 
thenii  torward  eailed  the  oacupie  Juan  de  I'.s- 
(pnhil,  and  the  Sp.mish  eonimander  (Utalia- 
naina.  l^scpiihel  then  luiili  a  wnoiU'ii  tiirtrt  ss  \n 
an  Inihan  \ill.ii;c  near  llu'  sea,  and  h'lt  ni  it  nnie 
men,  with  a  captain,  named  Martin  de  \illaman. 
Alter  this  the  tripojjs  dispersed,  every  man  return- 
int;  hiiiue,  with  ins  proportion  of  sl.ives  i;,\ineil  in 
this  expedition. 

The  p.ieiriiation  was  not  of  loii),''  continii.inei*. 
About  the  time  that  siiecors  were  sent  '.ti  C'ohunluis, 
to  rescue  liim  trmn  tlie  wrecks  of  his  \cssi'ls  at  J  i- 
maic.i,  a  lU'U  revolt  liroke  out  in  liij,jiiey,  in  con- 
se(|uence  of  tlie  o|)pressions  ot  tlie  Si).iniards.  .ind 
a  violation  ol  the  tre.ity  m.ide  bs  ISipiibel.  Mar- 
tin de  X'lll.iman  demanded  that  the  n. Hives  should 
not  only  r.iise  the  j;raiii  stipiil.ited  lor  by  the 
tiiatv,  but  cniucv  It  to  San  !)ominf,'o,  ;iml  he 
tre.itcd  them  with  the  ^^reatest  severilv  on  tin  ir 
rtlus.il.  lie  connived  als)  at  the  liceniious  con- 
duct ol  liis  men  toward  the  Indi.m  women  ;  the 
Spani.irds  often  t.ikiiiL;  from  the  natives  their 
(!.ui.i;luer.-i  and  sisters,  and  even  their  wives. " 
'I"he  liidians,  rousi'd  at  last  to  ftirv,  rose  <)n  their 
tyrants,  slauLjhtered  thetn,  and  luiriu  their  wood- 
en I  irtress  to  the  ;,'round.  •  >nlv  one  ol  the  Span- 
i.irds ex'.iped,  .iiul  bore  the  tidinjjs  of  this  c.itas- 
irophe  to  the  tity  of  S.m  I)oniinj,'o. 

(  KmikIo  )^.ive  immi'iliate  ordi-rs  to  carry  fire  .and 
r.word  into  the  province  of  lli^uev.  The  S|)anish 
foops  mustered  from  various  cpi.irters  on  the 
conlines  ot  that  province,  when  Ju.in  de  I'.scpiibel 
took  the'  comm.md,  .and  had  a  j^-reat  number  of 
fnilians  with  him  as  .allies.  The  towns  ot  Ilii^'Uey 
were  ^'riifrally  built  .•imonir  the  moiini.iins. 
Those  inoLint.iins  rose  in  terr.ices  from  ten  to  t"if- 
teen  le.ii,'Ues  in  leni,nh  and  breadth  ;  rou>;h  .ind 
roiky,  interspersed  with  Ljleiis  of  ;i  reel  soil,  re- 
m.irk.iblv  fertile,  where  ihev  raised  their  cassav.i 
bread.  The  ascent  from  terrai  e  to  terrace  w,is 
;ib:iut  t".fty  feet  ;  steej)  and  prei  ipitous,  forme(l  ot 
the  livin^^  rock,  and  resembliiv.;  ,i  w.dl  wrought 
with  touls  into  rou^h  di.imond  points.  l'..ich  vil- 
l.i.ije  had  four  wide  streets,  a  stone's  tlirovv  in 
K'n^uh,  formin;.^  a  cross,  the  trees  lieiii;,'  cleared 
avv.iy  trom  them,  and  from  a  public  si|uare  in  the 

Cl'lltre. 

Wli  n  the  Spanish  troops  arrived  on  the  fron- 
tiers, .il.irm  tires  .ilonj^  the  mount. lins  and  col- 
umns ot  smoke  spread  the  intellii^a-nce  by  ni^dii 
and  (lay.  The  old  men,  the  women,  and  chil- 
dren, were  sent  off  to  the  forests  and  c.iverns,  .ami 
the  w.irriors  iirejjared  for  battle.  The  Cistili.ins 
jjaiised  in  one  of  the  plains  clear  of  forests,  where 
their  horses  could  be  of  use.  'I'hev  m.ide  |)rison- 
ers  111  several  of  tile  n.itives,  ami  tried  to  le.irn 
trom  thent  the  plans  and  forces  of  the  enemv. 
■fliey  .ijiplieil  Kjrtures  for  the  pur]iosc,  but  in  vain, 
so  devoted  w.is  the  loy.ihy  of  these  jjeople  to  their 
c.u  iijiies.  'fhc  Sp.mi.ards  peiietiMted  into  iht-  in- 
ti'rior.  'fluy  tound  the  w.irriors  ot  several  towns 
.issenihled  m  one,  and  dr.ivvn  up  in  the  streets 
with  ih.-ir  bows  and  arrows,  but  jierfectly  n.iked, 
ainl  without  lietensive  armor.  Tliev  uttered  trc- 
mi-iidous  yells,  and  disi  h.iri^ed  ,i  shower  of  ar- 
rows ;  but  ti-om  su(  h  .i  distance  that  thry  hll 
bh(.!rt   ot   their   toe.     The  Sp.mi.irds   rejilicd   willi 

*  Las  Cusas,  ubi  sup. 


tlu'ir   crossbows,  .and    with    two  or  tin, 
buses,  tor  at  this  time  they  had  but  |i\\  lir,  |f,j 
Whin   the   Indians  s.iw  sever. d  ot  tlinr . 
t.lll    ilead,  tliev    took    to   lll^lit,  raie'y   v\  ,  • 
the  att.ick  witli  ssvor<is  ;  sonie  ol  tin  u,  „ 
whose  boilies  the  arrows  from  the  c^o^v  . 
penelr.ited  to  the  very  le.ltller.  drew  lllr'u  ■  i' 
their  h.mils,  bioke  them  with  their  lei'ii,  |..  > 
in^   them   at   the   Sp.ini.irds   with   i:r]i. ;, 
tell  de.ld  upon  till*  spot. 

The  whide  lorce  ot   the  indi.ms  w.is  n, 
dispersed  ;  e.ich  l.miily,  or  band  ol  nnj;li! 

•ts  own  dirvction,  and  conce.iltd  \\-~<  .\ 
f.istness  ot  llu:  motintains.  The  Sii.ini.'> 
sued  them,  but  tound  the  chase  liillin, 
the  close  forests,  and  the  broken  .i;i ; 
hei),dUs.  They  took  several  prisoners  .!>,  r,  ,„  1 
.111(1  inllicted  incredible  torments  en  in,:;; 
compil  them  to  heir.iy  their  ( (luntrvnii",  i:,h| 
drove  them  before  them,  secured  bv  mr  ]-.  !„>!(■. 
ed  rmind  their  ne(  ks  ;  and  soineni  lian,  ,i,;:t; 
|),issed  .ilon^j  the  brinks  ol  precipiKS,  m,  itlirr 
threw  themselves  hcidloli).;  down,  iii  \  "',,i:<  i; 
dr.i),'^i,'inv;  alter  them  the  Sp.mi.irds.  \\:.r:,i 
length  the  pursuers  c.une  U|j(in  the  iiii!i.i|,n  l;. 
dians  in  tluir  i  inicealmenis,  they  s|', ned  i'.i:;r.;: 
.i^'e  nor  sex  ;  even  pr«'>;nant  wonitn,  .md  ;iiui::tn  I 
with  inf.mts  in  tluir  arms,  l»dl  beiuath  tlnirr-;:. 
ciless  swords.  The  i old-blooded  .icts  el  act:;. 
whiih  followed  tliis  tirst  slaii^ht'  r  vviual  ;• 
sho(  kinj;  to  rebate. 

Hence    l-'.sipiibel    marched    to   atle  k    ihc' !  v.- 
where  C'ot.ib.inam.i   lesidecl,  ami   where  lin;  n. 

'  cicpie   liad    (ullected    a  K'''''^  foria'  to  i' ;ii>'. ;,;: 
1  le  |iro(  eeded    direct    for   the  pl.ace  .dull;,,' |I,ih, 

I   co.i.st,  and    came   to   where   two   id.n's  l.-cl  ;i;i: . 
mount.iin    to    the    town,     t  >ne    ot   \\,r  im.,.  • 
open  aiul  inviting'  ;  lint  br.iiu  lies  ot  the  ir,> 
iii^'^  lopped,  and  all  tlie  underwood  clciic.  .n 
Here  the  iniii.ins  h.ul  stationed  .m  .iiniuiM.c.c' 
take   the   Sp.mi.irds   in  the   re.ir.      llu- eilurr  i 
was  almost   closed   up   i)y   trees  and  lKi^i.!>.-; 
dcnvn   .and   thrown   ai  ross  each  ollu  r.     I  v..  i. 
was  w.irv  .and  distrustlul  ;  he  suspe(li(l  f,'  j':.' 
.11,'em,   and    ihose   the    encumbered   in.il.     F. 
town  W.IS  about  a  !e.i>;ue  and  a  h.ilt  trcim  li.c.'r. 
'I'l.e  Spaniards  m.ide  tiieir  way  wiiii  i;r-,i'.  u? 
(  ulty   for   the  t'lrst  halt  iea^'ue.     The  it-:  .it  r 
ro.ad    was   free   from   all    embarrassnuiu    «'.- 
conlirmed  their  suspicion    ot    .i  str.it  i,;iiii.    !  .< 
now   advanced   with  ).jre.il   r.ipiditv,   ui'i.  i'''  - 
.irnved  near  the  vlll.ij^e,  stiddenly   luriu 'i  ii-  '  ■ 
other  road,  took  tlie  party  in  .imiiusii  bv  -u::,- 
.iiid   made  j,na-at  h.ivoo    amonj.;    them   wj':   "■ 
(  ross-l)ovvs. 

The  w.irriors  now  sallied  trom  I'.cri'' 
melit,  otilers  rushecl  out  ol  the  iioUscs  nil'. 
streets,  and  disi  h.ir^'ed  lii;,dits  o!  .utiav--. 
from  sucli  a  dist.iiic  e  as  gi  nerallv  '.' 
less.  ■      ■  ■ 

stones 

the  Use  of  slinks.      Insle.id  of   bein^  clis.'.wt'' 
seeini.;  tlieir   companions   l.ill,  it  r.i'.li'-r  i''"''' 
their   fury.     .An   irregular   b.ittle.    luoh.i' '.    ' 
else  tlian  wild  skirmishin;,'  and  bush  li;,'hl.  .,■  ' 
ke|)t    up  trom  two  o'clock    in  the  .dtci;^    '■''^' 
nii^ht.      I.as  C'asas  was  present  on  the    "^  '^^ 
:'.iid,  from    liis    account,    the    indi.ms   iiuiV>  -■ 
shown  inst.uKcsot  ^rc'at  pi  rson.il  br.ivcry, 'i' '- 
the    inleriontv    cjI   tin  ir  weapons,  .md  llic '•*-'■' 
.ill  deteiisive   armor,  reiideiicl    their  v.ili-r  ''■<'■' 
ineffectu.il.      As  the  evening'  shut  in,  their  h'^'' 
ties  ;,n-adually  ceased,  and  the\  disaiipe.inii  '■'i' 
prolound    gloom    anil    close    ihickets  ol    'i'' 
njuiulmjr   forest.       A   deep   silence  suc-cccil-'i' 


They  then  approacln^d   ne.iier,  .ml  '  -' 
.  Willi  their  hands,  bein^'   unac|U,i;:ac  - '^^ 


Lr  veils  .in'l  w.i| 
L\u  'du-  Spoiiarl 
B,s  .siua  (..t  ilic  c  I 


fi\-  il'.c  ni'>rnii :., 
^,is  In  he  SClll       l| 
hill,  t'litahanain  i, 


hi-1' 


UVCSs  111    t'x' 


»,.■ 

-ntcst  111  ilcsp.i 

Ti 

s;i.ini.iril-.    '-CI 

u 

1  iluni  with  ill 

\.,s  t(i  s'  l.'i-  ihe 

iIm 

laill.i       I'IhV  '■' 

e;i' 

1  |u;hs  Ici'liiv^ 

li- 

a^niVi's    h.ld 
c-.uiti.ius  an  1 

re,!! 

lajj,  trcidlii^'   1 
;Ti-iitv  vviiuld  n 

■V 
hi.  ■ 

acppiii^;  so  li.; 

:_;,■  ;    vet    there 

11^  liichaiis  th.i' 

uirn  111  .1  with 

tracks  cil  a  llio 

■■\'  ciuiltl  scent 

whic-h   tl'r    hi 
!,  ,ind  thus  ih 

111' 

■111.,;  se.  ret  ll.HI 

;|,U- 

'l.ivvii  .1  sir,ij,'v;li 
laicii'.s.  'a   bet 

fe 

,iimi>iis,  hmiliii'.; 
1  ,1^.  .1  jjlliclc     W 

Hf '. 

•^f  ]llai es  ot  rel 

Phf 

i.lirin,  with  leeb 

i'ir 

they  ra.is-.,icrei 

fcn  '■ 

1  to  inspire  ter 

■"' 

■.,'hlen  llv  whole 

Wir 

:l  tlie  h.iiids  ol 

a; 

:v,  ,iiid  s-iit   I 

til 

as  I'.iurs  t)  1 

SI 

■  !cr.      Niimbe 

C 

^  nhcisi-  li.mds 
\J  iv.aiiv  ot  tilt 
'. •■;.■,  thmu^h  an 

' 

■  •■  1  ii!lc:',;;  v.irs  d 

a 

'i:;ciuijus  c  riifl 

I 

'■\[\\\  ilivir  bl') 

1' 
h 

'-  ImiL;'  .111(1   l 

1  . 

■"'.i;.     I'l.ev  h.li 

c,  s.iys  till'  iinlii 

e 

■  I'liir  .111  1   tile 

',  ^' 

'.s    were    slls])t 

:  I: 

■1  i'ic,n    with 

S!' 

ji'a  (ii  liicir  .irn 

,  0, 

Til'  V  wr.cppei 

tl. 

.   'ire  1  )  i(.  inn 
■■ta;;.,nv 

. 

1  i^i   uT'    i-.iirril 

■0' 

laJic'.'s  s'iil   m 

;  1,1 

■  1  riUMi  a  iiui.i 

;  *' 

MI'll-s-,.       !!,■  VV 

;  C" 

■  '  iiit-m   in   his  ; 

;'■  th 

-,>."  s  lid  the  V 

.1 

'  '1!!'.;  i'l  hiini.ii 
'•  .  .Hid   iijw    1 

44 


T.IFK  ANT)   VOYACF-S   OF   COI.rMHrs. 


219 


lioir  veils  .iiu 


1  \v,ir-vvliiio|is.  .■itnl   tliioiii'iiii'.!!  till-   '  sc.irif   lulicv  inj^'    myself,  or   ulicilur    t    li.uc   not 


ijlfhi  ;lu-   S| 


>  nil. wis 


ri  in.iMR'il    in    indistiirlitd      driMiiit  tlicm 


.■>iio 


1  ut  ihc  \ill.i^;i 


CL'-f. 


(■HAITI, K  IV 


,1.    iHi     \v\K     Wiril     IIKU'KV— lATK    i^F 
Ciil  AI'WAMA. 


I  ;,(i4. 


Tin  -.1'  (let. Ills  wnlilij  li.i\r  liicn  witlilii  Id  Irom 
till'  |ircstiil  worl;  ,is  (li^^r.icihil  to  h'iin;iii  ii.iturr, 
.ind   ficiin   an   iiiiw  illm),'iii  s-i  to  .idv.mi  c  .in\  tliinj' 


iliifli    iiii^;lit   ruiiNcy    ,i   sli;,'m.i  iijioii  a  lMa\c  .u 


n 


j^cinToiis  nation,  lint  it  would  \h-  a  (Icp.irtnrc 
tnun  historir.d  vcr.ii  ily,  ha\inj^  the  doiiinitiits 
Ix'lori'  my  eyes,  to  p. is-,  siliiitly  over  tr.uisai  tions 
so  ati'oi'ioiis,  and  vouclifd  lor  liy  wiincsu's  hcu'iKJ 
.ill  sii-.|iiiion  of  l.ilscliood.  Su(  li  (K  I  iinciucs 
sliow  tlif  I Atrcinitv  lo  ulm  h   l.iim.ui  i  i  in-lts'  in.iv 


(•\tcnd,  wlun   stjiiiul.itiMJ   In  .i\i(li!\  of 


•in,  !)V  .1 


5:5  OS  the  nvirninj;  .i 

UMS    111    In-    M  Til 


fiiT  the  li.ittli'  not  an  Indian   ,  I'l   I'l"'   M'>ly 


ihii-it  of  vcni^tMinc,  iir  r\(n    liy  ,1  |iiT\<Ttf<| /cal 


cuisc  o 


t  nil 


i;v 


Khulin^'  tint   even   their  yjrM      m  turn  furnished  prools  ot   this  di^^^r.u  etui  trut 


erv  M.ilion  h.is 


chul,  Cotali.iti.iin.i,  w.is  in 


.ililf  of  \  viiiji  uill 


.As   in    tli( 


present    instanec,  tiiey   .ire  1  oinnioiily 


he  pnuM'Jis  I 


t  ilie  white  niiMi,  they  h,id\'iven  up   I  'he   erimes   i.f   induiduils    r.ither  th.m  ol  th 


Be  on 


test  ill  ili'sp.iir,  .ind  lied   to  the  mount. lin^.   |  | 


N't  t  it  l)ehoo\e' 


.11  Miiient>  to  krip  a  vij;- 


.S|i,ini,inl>.   seiiariliii'^    into    small    ii.irlies,   ]  il.mt  e\e  ujion  those  to  ulmm  they  dele- Ue  power 

their  oh-      in  remote  and  helpless  colonies,     h   is  the  impe- 


unlfd  iliim  with  the  utmost  (lili;;enet 


let  n.i")  Id  sei/i' 


ih 


|ll),in;im;i.     Tlicy  explor 


e  e.ii  iipies,  am 
ed  all  the 


I,  above  .ill,  Co-      rious  duty  of  the  hi-.lori.in  to  plaee  tliev-  m.itl'-T-; 


•Mens  :\\M]  eon- 


uiion    rerun 


I,  th.;l    ll 


eaifa  p.i 
he  lu^,'itiv>-, 
lerc  c.uiti'iiis 


hs  liadillL:  into  thi-  wild    reeesses  where       heacons  to  futun>  ^;riier.ition 


■V    in.iy    serve   ,is    warning 


I, id    t.ikeii   relii'. 


The     Indi.ins 


.and  ste.ilthv   in   their  mode  of  n-- 


Junn  <le  I'.sipiiliil  found  that,  with 


111  Ills  se\'er- 


ities,    it    w.iulil    lie    impoisihle    to    sulijuuMte   the 


eating',  tri.uliii;,'  in   e.ich'  other's   footprints,  so  I  tribe   of    lli;.;uev.ii    loiij,'   .is   the  laii  (iie  Cotaha- 
hat  twfiitv  wniild  make   no  more  ir.nk  than  om 


n.ama  was  ,it  l.iive 


I'll. It 


eliiejt.iui  had  retired  to 


In:'  slcppiiij,'  so   h^lilly   as  si-.irre  to  de 

he:'!},'!';   vet  there  were  Sp. mi. irds  so  skilled  in   j  the    coisi    ol 
uMiiii;  liu'li.ins  th.it  thev  nuild   trace  them  even   '  .'imid   ;i    l.ibyriiith    of 


~h 


Mirb  tlu'   '  the  little  isl.ind  of  S.ion.i,  about  two  lea;;ties  troin 

ili^'Ues,     111     ll;e     celilre    of     wjliill, 


|0( 


.111 


I    h 


>l- 


lie 


h.KJ 


lyi'n-  tiii'iml  .1  wi 


then' 


d  le.it,  .Old  .imoiiL!  the  coii- 


tr.uk 


,1  tlioiis.md  .num. lis. 


Tlv 


I'V  ciuilii  see 


nt  al.ir  off  .also  the  smoke  ( 


it  till 


■(•■;  whuh   tiu'    Iiidi.ins    ni.ide     wheiie\-er     tin 
ih'.J,  ,inil  tluis  thev  \M)uld   come  upon  them  i 


t.ik(  n  .shellfr,  with  his  w  ile  .iiid  <  liildi  fa.  in  .1  \\;st 
cavern. 

.\  c.ir.nad,  recently  arrived  Irom  the  city  of  S.in 
I  )om;ni;o  w  itli  supplies  lor  the  c.imp,  w  .is  employ- 


ed   bv  l.sijUibi  1  to  elltr.ip  I: 


le  ciCKiU^ 


He    kl 


% 


111  iiU'Sl  SCI  nt  li.uints.     .Sometimes  thev  would   1  th.it  the  l.itler  ke|it  ,1  viijil.iiit   look-out,  stationing; 


huR!  tluun  .1  sti.i;;i;liiii,f  Indi.in,  and   compid  him, 
bv  iiirmcnts.  i.i   betr.iy    the    hidini^-iil.ice    ol    his 


lomp.iiiioiis,  hnuliii'.;   him  and  dri\iiij;'  him  before   ,   by  muhl.  tlier 


scouls  upon   the  lolly  rocks  of   his  island  to  watcii 
the  movements  of  the  c.ir.ivid.      I'.sijiiibi  I  dep.arteil 

ollow- 


ire,  in  the  vessel,  with  I'lttv  f 


nen  a.s  .1  j;iiiiie. 


ftl' 


When'ver  thev  discovered  one   ,  crs,  ,iiid  keeping;  under  the  (let  p  sh.idows  cast  fiy 


use  |llilres  o 


t  nhi;;e,  filled  with   tl 


llic  infirin,  with  leehle  women   .and   helpl 


d  .and   I  the   land,    .arrived   at   .Saon.i    uniiercei\ed,    at    the 
t    niornin''.      Here    he   .aiu'hored    (lose    in 


ess  cliil- 


(I.IWII     o 


flr-.thev  n.iss.icred  the 


ithout 


mercv. 


Thev       with    the 


simre,  liK 


I   liv   its  cliffs  and  forest 


s,  aiK 


'»i-'nl  to  inspire  termr  thnni^hout  the  land,  :\\u\      l.inded  luriy  men,  before  the  spiesol  Cot.dianama 
tri;'liUMi  the  whole  irihe  into  submission.    Thev      had  t.iken  I'lu  ir  si.ition.     Two  of   these   were  sur- 


lui  ni'f  the  ii.iinls  ol  those  whom  thev  took  rmini; 


It  Mr^'f,  ,ind  sent  liii-m, 


as   th 


ev  s.iid,  to  (leliver 


Ik- 


'  .IS  I'.tters  to  their  friends,  demandinj;-  their 
r'vlcr.  Numb'iiess  wa're  those,  savs  I. .is 
is.  niinsr  !;,mdi  were  .imputati-d  in  this  nian- 

d    died    bv 


:i"..l  i--..iin- 


.1  tl 


lem  s.ink   dov 


'Ih'  '.,•",•,  thpiu'jh  ;iii''iiish  and  los.s  of  blo^ 


(•  coiuii:! 


.li'.;elllou-,    cruellii 


delij^hted  in  cxercisinj;  stranj^e 


liev    mingled 


It     ■  uiiii  their  blnoii-thirsiiiiess.     Tl 


horril 


Ti- 


led 
111(1    low,  so  th.it  the  feet  of  the  sut- 


lev  erei 


rised    .and    brought    to    l'.s(piibei,     who,    li.ivin 
.iriit   Irom    th.em   that   the  c.iiiipie  w.is   .it  li.iiid. 


pom.arded  one  of  the  spies,  a 
m.ikimj'  him  serve  as  "iiide. 


nd   luiuad  tiie  otlcr, 


A  number   o|   Spam. nils   ran    in 


.ailv.mce.  e.ic 


niMoiis  to  sit;iia!i/e  himsell   liy  the  capture 


the 


I  iciijUe. 


h 


lev  came  lo  Iwd  id.ails,  .1111 
l>. 


d  the  wl 


party  pursued  th.ii  t.)  t!ie  11  ;iit.  cm  e|ilinj.j  nnv 
liian  l.op.e/,  a  powiTlul  m.n  skiltui  m  Indian 
W'.irf.ire.      lie   jiroceeded  in  a  iootpath   lo  the  lett, 


windiii!,'    amonj,''    little    hi 


Is.    so    thick'v    w( 


'  rir.',,'. 


I  ihe  ^q-ound,  and  their  (hath  be      th.it   it   w.is   imjiossible   to  s'  e  aii\-  one  .it   the  ilis- 

■     1.     Suddeiilv,  in   .1  n.irrow 


ie\  li.iii''i-il  iliirteen  to;'cther,  in  rev- 


t.ince  ot 


,llt  .1  Dow-slio 


;  V'  ■!•. 


if!  -"ihiiir  .iiid   the  twelve 


'the  in(lii;i),int  L.is  Casas,  of  our  bless     I  p.iss,    (uershadowed    by    rocks   .iiid    trees,  he   en 


istles.      While  their   I   »  ounteled    Iwelvi 


Ind 


V;     :n 


d    slill     ll 


s  \vere  suspended, 
■1  lIUiH  with  their 
^l:i<ii  liira  .inns  and  the  edee  of  tlieii 


ds,    t 


they 


liows    .111(1    arrows 


(1    with 


oliowiiu:    each    other    111 


lan    w.irriois.    .nnu 


o    prove    the 


weap- 


II'  '.   W  r.ippei 


til  .'   ! 


th 


II'''  1  '   it.  lennin.ited    i| 
^1  i\:'n\:\-. 


em   in   dry  str.ivv,  .an  1  set- 
leir  e\isience  bv  tl'.e 


ornlile   ilelai 


s,  vel  a  veil  IS  ilr.avvn 


ih 


..!l„- 


s",i   more  delest.ibl 


tev'  wiiae- 


LC(i; 


They   .ire  re- 
s,  v\  ho    W.IS  .111 
le  w.as  vtnin'r  at   the   lime,  but    re- 


i''Hni.i  iiuiallv  bv  Las  C.is.a 


'  iiieiii  111   hi-,  advanceil    vear' 


All    ll 


■  na  ilie  veiier.il 


le   bisluip.    '  .nul  others 


hit 


onliii'j'    tl)   ilieir  castom. 


The   In- 


di.ins   Wire    lonlolliuletl     .11     the    si: 


■h!    of    I. 


im.ii;iiiin;4   that   there   must  be  .1  p.nty  ol   soldiers 


btdiind  liii 


r 


■V   niii'lu    re.ulilv   li.ivf  trans 


tixeil 


lim  with  iheir  arrows,  but  they  had  lost  all  pres- 


•iice  ol  mind 


le  ilemaivlfil  their  t 


hitdl; 


Tht 


replied    ih.il    he    w.is    behind,  .iiid   opining;"    to  let 
him   p.iss,  I.oiuv.  beheld   th'    c.iciipie  ill   the  rear 


At 


It    ot    the    .S| 


iniard   Col.ib.inama   bent    his 


;i)^Mniic  bow,  and   was  on  the  poiiii  ot    l.iun 


it  his  three  proiiL;t'i 


I  .irr 


OVVS.    l)Ul  l^o 


iL 


's  i  I  liMiii.in   ii.iuire,  dill  mv  own  eves  bt 
"»1    ii^w    1    alinu^jt    le.ir    lu'  repe.it'  them, 


)[KU  rustic 


Las  Casus,  lib.  ii.  cap.  17,  Ms. 


sir"' 


•■  'if: 


Mm 


1  111 


ii:      II 


M: 


Z'iO 


Mil':  AND  \()V.\c,i:s  or  e'oM'Murs. 


uii.'ii  liini  .ui.l  WDim.Iril  Iiini  \s,  .1  lii'i  >»\\ii|il.     'I'lif  ■  |ili  .1   nl   its  iiiiKiii.il    mli.iliii.ints,   ,inc!  nvfij 

Oilu'i  hull, Ills,  Nlriiik  uilh  I'.mK,  h. Ill  .ilii. Ill)  ill  il.  m.uiinliil   MilimiNsimi    .iiul     imiir  iIi-im,.- >^|, 

Cot.ili.m.im.i,  iliMu.iMil    .It    tlif   kifiinf.>   nl    ilir  upMH  ilir  m  .miv  uiiinaiit  lli.il  Mir\ui,| 
.swunl,    iiiiii   nut    ih.il    iu'  u.is  Jii.iii  ill!  l'.-.t|iiilHl,  >Mii  li   \N.is  \\\f  iiillilf>s  ss!iltiii  \Oiii  .1  !,.i! 

cl.iiininj;  iiipi  1 1  ,!■>  h.i\  iiij;  I  si  li.iii);i'il  iiainrs  w  itli  imi-iuiil,  ihii  m^;   the  .iliiciui'  n|   i!ic 

till  .S|i.iiusli  I 'imm.uulir.      \.o\n-'  »ii/nl  luiii  vsilli  llw    i  .ir.iii.iniiir   lU.iiiiln;    lln  .    inn 

oiu-   li.iml   l>y   tlif   li.iir,  .iikI  uilh  iIt  iillu  I  .iimiil  |iiiiilih.c   .iinl    inmlii.itinii,  \s  Im   w.i-, 

a  lIuiiMt  .It  Ills  Im(K  ;  liut  ilif  vMi  nine  ^iiiu  k  iliiwii  hum    iIh'  .iIhim"»  i>t   llw  i-.i,iiii|.  ai|il  .iim 


i:  n 


thf  swiinl  with  lu>  li.iiiij,  .mil,  v,'im|)|'1iiik  nmiIi 


lllll  !■■.% 


lIu'   wiiiii;;-.  Ill   the  n.ilni  s.      I'j 


iini.iniiiu>l,    tlirt  \v   liim    uitli    lii>.    li.u  k    u|miii  tlu'     ol  (iilumlui^  m,i\    li.i\r   luiriic  li.inl  ijk 
nil  ks.     As   tlu'y    wrw    jmili  mm  ut  (;iimi  )i(i\\ir,     ili.in-.,  Imrii  .iiul  luuu^lil  U|>  iii  iimiskul 


til 


f   stril;;;^li'    w.is    Inn;;    .llul    Molclit. 


ill 


r  NWnIc 


Ilia    It   W.IS   iirMT  riiu'l   imr  •<,in;;iiin,wv 


W.IS  lifiif. nil  thiiii,    lull  (.'ill. ill. in. im. I,    .-.ri/ui^;  tin-  llu  ifil   tin  w.intuM   iiiiiss.urrs  iim  viniiiii 

,S|).mi.iiil  In  llu'  lliiii.il  with  his  mi^litv  li.inii,   ,it  i>luiu'iils  ;  hi-,  ili'sii-f  m  is  In  iIk  iish  .u,  | 

lcin|iti'il   to  ^tl.ul;;l^•  liim,      I'lic  miuihI   nl  till'  lllll-  ilif   hull. Ills,  .mil  In  rcmliT  tluni  iim  !iil  „i 

ti'sl.    lil(iu,;;llt    tin-    nllur     .S|i,mi,llils    tn    the    s|int.  lint  In  n|i|ili's.,,  .mil    liilsft  lltf,  .mil   i|;  -.1 


II  1.1  U, 


TIli'V    jiiunil    tlu'ir   i'()lll|Mlllnli    WlltlllllLJ  .lllll  '.;. IS))-  W'lu'Il  In- lululil  thiMlrsnl.iluili  ih.a  ll.iilsw 

iii^j. '.lllll  .ilniiist  lie. Ill,  in  ihf  j;ii|u-  ul  llif  ;;i(;.iniii'  Imm  the  l.iiul  iliinii);  lii<.  Mispi  nsmn  iinin  ,,;;; 

huli.iii       'I'luy  si-i/iil  the  1 .11  ii|iH',  liniiiul  hiiii,  .mil  ,  ii>,  hf  iniilil  luil  ii  sir.iiii  the  siinii;;  .  v|ii' n,i'v 

iMliicil   him   r.i|)ti\(.'   Ill    .1  ilisrrlt'il  hiili.iii  \ill.i;;r  hi-,  hclin^s.      In   .i  iiltcr  w  ritli  n   In  tl.r  ki  ,. 


in  tlu"  vji  iiiiiy.     'I'liry  Imiiiil  ihc  \\.i\  in  his  m'i  rci      1 

C.i\i',    Init  his   will'   .mil   rhiMii'ii  li,i\in;;  iii  I'ucil      the   siili|ril 


111  irllll  II  In  .S|i,iill.   hf    Ihu  -    i\|iri 


rill'    hull. Ills  III   II 


i^ii  111. 


iiului' i)t  his  iMpiiin-  liy  the  lu;;iti\i'  hiili.iiw,  h.iil      .mil  .iic  llu' rii  Ins  ut  ihr  isl.iiul  ;  I  >!  ir  i,  r;,,.>  ■ 
l.iki'ii  rilu;;r  ill  annihcr  |i.irt  nl  llu' isl.iiul       In  llic      iiiUi\.iii'  .mil   luikr  ihr  liii'.ul  .iiul  ll 


i.r. 


cni'i'ii  w.is  tniiiul  ilu'  ill, nil  \Mtli  whiih  .i  luiiiiln'i'      Inr   ihf  lliiisiii 


)l  Inili.m  iMiiiiM'-.  h.iil  hci'ii  hniinil,  wlm  h.ul  ii-.in 


lis  ;     \\  111)    ill^ 


,iiii|  |i>'i  liirm  .ill  till'  nil 


Ih. 

ll  1   s   , lllll   I  1^ 


trn 


upon  .111(1  si, nil  tliii'i' S|i.mi.inls  who  h.ul  ilicm  m  n|   nun  .in. I  hcisls,     I  .iiii  intniiiu'l  lli.ii.  v: 

ill. ir^',  .iiidli. 1(1  111, iilc  tliiir  c.-M'.!!)!'  ti)  tins  ill, mil.  Kit   this  i-,l,mil,  >i\   |i.iits  mil  nl    .i  \iii  nt  th. 

TliiTt;  wi'i'c  alsi)   the  swonli  of  ihi-  s.iiiic  S|).ni-  ,  tiu-.  .iic  ili'.ul  ;  .ill  tliiniinh  ill  Hi  .iiiurm  y., 

i. nils,  wliicli  llu'y  h, 1(1  liroii^lU   nlf  .is  trnphiis  m  himi.mily  ;    snmi'   In    tin- sAoid,  ni'u  i.s  l.y! 


lliiir 


c;u'U|U( 


r 


ni.m.ult'  Cm. ili.in. 1111,1 


11'   ill. nil  vs.is    llnw    iiuplnu'il    In      .lllll    cnii'l    lls.i^f,  (itliiis    tlirnll'^h    ;.',|i|';i'; 


;ri'.iiir  p.irt  li.nc  piTish 


I'll     111    llir    lllll. Ill' 


Thf   .Sn.iniaiils    iufp.iif  I    In  fSfOUtf  llu- i!-,ift-      ^Kiis.  whither  lliiy  h.ul    lliil,  liniii  'm!  1 


H'Dl-' 


t.iiii  on  tlif  spnt,  111  Itif  ifiitrf  I 


I  thi 


li'-'orti'il  \  1 


1-        In  Ml] 


linrt  lllf 


!• 


ur   tins    pni'pn-.f    ,i  pyre  w.is  hui 


it  nl  ln;;s        ll 


II'  mipnsfd   llpnii   n.i'ni. 


IIS  own   p.nt,   111'  .iilili'il 


.tlthlillj^h    I; 


u  w 


ut  wood  lai'l  rinssw ,i\-.,  in  tnini  nl  a  j;i'iilirnn,  mi      ni.niy  liuli.iiis   tn  Sp.nn   tn  he  snM,  n 

.hirll  llf  W.ls  In  hf  slnwly  lilnilfil    In    (li'.ith.       <  'll        W  Itll  .1  \lf  W   tn  llliir  lie  ill;;   niitl'lli  Ir  I  ill  llli  I; 


furtl 


IT  tnnsiilt.itinii,  linsM'Vf r,  thfv  wci'f   iiiilui  111      ti.in   (.litli,  and   in  ( i\ili/fil   .nt 


ti)    tori'! 


'()    the 


I'LM-h. 


plf.isiiii' nt  this  liiiniblf  .-..u  iiih  f.      .iltf  rw.ird  sent  h.uk  In  tliiir  isl, 


s     .11.. I    IW. !»,■■■ 
lllll    I.I  .l.1^i1t  ; 


IJls  tlU'V  tlinll;;lll  thf  iMiKlllf  tnn  im]ii)lt,mt  ,l       lll.'lll;,'  thiir  inUlUry  lllf  ll. 


iHTsunagf  to  lie  cxfciilfd  tlui:>  oli-^i'iiicly.     I'.r.int-  'I'lif  hiul  \ifw  that  li.is  liccn  ;; 

in;;  liini,  thfrcfni-f,  a  liMiisient  ifpiic\f,  ihry  inn-     nf  ( iv.iiuln  on  i-crtain  iinint-.  mi 


urn  1. 1  tl:.' 

w    ,1.  h  I.r. 


\fyfil  hiin  tn  lllf  (MiMVil  and  siiii  liini,  limiiid  with      w,i^  ifiisuicd,    may   eii.ilih'   thf   n.niii  ti 
hf.ivv  chains,  to  San  liomiii'M.     (»\.mdns,iw  him      mnic  inri'fi  il\-  o|  ihf  iniuliu  t  nl  tin   !.iil' r. 


in    ll 


us    iiowfr,    .111(1    una 


harm  ;  hut  In-  li.id  not  tl 

a  t.iUfii  f  llf  111',,  whosf  onlv  rrinu'  w.i;,  the 

ot  his  ii.itiw 


p.llllf     (it     dnlll;;      turllur       li'il    In    lie    nifasUlfil    hv  lllf  si  nid  ml  III  r:^ 

f  m.i;;n.iiiimily  in  lnr:^'i\f      wmiiv;  fst.ililiT.hfil  in  the  presf nl  mnri-iiili; 


W 


f  nuist  foiisii 


Ifr  I 


mil     111   inllllt'i  'I'  11 


,md   liwlul  If  rrilnrs .     I  Ic  onK 


thf  cr.i   111   will!  ll   llf   liM'il 


fil  linii   In  111'  plliilliiv  ll.ill;;i'( 
V 


I  lik 


f  a  iDiiimnii  fill-      nif.isiirfs  wi 


th  ll 


iy   ciiini'.ir;'';. 


iiiNf  men  ut  Ins  ow  :i  liiiu'^ ;  r. 


ril.*     Ill   this   i^noiuiii 


Li<)Uf  Colah.ni.im.i  f .\fi  iitc 


inii^   iii.iiiiifr  W.IS  lllf  1  .1-      Inr  thiir  \  irtiic-.  .nid  .iliihtifs,  pi, u  til  iii  pi 


(1,    the 


la-,1   III  thf  li 


Ins  own   sitii.iiioii,  .mil    pl.u  fil   lli'if  ix|' 


soVfrfi;;ii    priiii'fs   ot    llayli.      His   dciih  w.istnl-      inrri-il    his  I. mil.-.,  \\f  sh.ill    lir   llu-  hiUii 


Inwfd  liv  lllf 


1  nmiilftf  sul);uL;.itiiin  ot 


lis  pfojilf,      ni.l;,;i-  linw  \  iiuinu-.l\'  .md  wi-.i'ly  un.Ii  r  t 


.mil  se.ilfd  thf  last  stru;;',ijlf  n|   thf  ii.iii\r,i  .i;^.im-,i      i.ir  i  iri  iiiiist.nn  cs  ot   thf  c.isf,  hf   iiuiy  hi' 
their  opprfs^.or-..      The   isl.md  w.ir.  aliiin-.t  unpi-o-      fred  in  lia\f  ;;ii\f riicd. 


*   Las  Cisa.s,  Hist    hid.,  lib. 


II.  cap.  li. 


*  Las  Casas.  llisi.  hu!.,  Ill),  ii. 


cap.  311. 


ifr.iafsi"  <'f' 


III 


[Tin  :iii'n  H 
iiiiiii.iii'l 


't    '    Hi 


b 


!||     l|l,'    .1111    it 

.  1'  iHi'  «n  '  '^ 
,'il,  aad  l.'.i- 
-.iiili.',  Ii  ll  I"" 

,MP'    "'!.■■     II  1 


iiilitin;;  li".\ 


iiiiiiii 


tv  ut  .1  11' 


i|.        1,  iillil  wiin  ii,. 
.    I'hi' ;;i'iif ;  ' 
vi'ii;;i'  111  till' 
Is  iiohlf  s.iti 
,i'ii  \, iili  r.s  ( 
ii'M-i'  li:li.'ily, 
;nrll  ;  hi'  I'i'.is' 
"Ml  they  h.id 
,1   iiiilv   Illllill' 

Jir.i,  1''.  l.iiniU  ''" 
i  ili'ir  nrics-.ii 

;    'linl  |.l  Sp  lili 

.iiiisl)  r.'iiiiii' 
t|.      i;;iis.     Fr.iiii 
If!     1'  r.  '■•>  ill'  trii'l 
[tr 

n  -I.,  .isiliri's  Us 
;ii  lull!  lllf  i|i'|i.i 
[C'l  ■,  li'r;ri',,'llu:ii  ,1-.  I 
!  Ill  iiiiur.ri.  It  Is  iriif 
;  ii ,  II  'iNt  , lllll  ;;i'i 
ib'     1!-  ;  ,1.1  1  till.'  all' 

V  'I'li'  Ki;'..',  Ill.lllit 
:  ll..'  r.  il[isf.  111 

;  b      i>  iiimi'  ill, 111   I 
i  B'      i.iii-,  lo  tlii'ir  :sl 

Ili'        ll.r.  .1  l.iwli'ss  ;; 

■  I;    •  lin  11   i.iii;;:!!;; 
^1.1     .  v.i!.!i.iur);i\  in;.; 

fill  :    li'li.irtUlr. 

"   llu-  :Sili  lit  I '111 
'I)     'i-.i.      Thi'    ai 

i  V  ';  III   I'lipuM'  1  ( 

l  S'     '     I    IA|ir,lll||.|l    Ml 

A        ,1    wi'iry   sir 
r      "I  n'l  lllf  ;,d 

I'l   lilr  I  I)  l-,t   I 

1:1  I  S  111    i  iiuii 
'  ll  \''s^i  l>  .iri' 

f  r  .     '1  snllirii  hi  win 

'  s      n     Ill-Ill  f  I  'ill 

I         '..1   <  Kllidii.  I.i 

la:  ;ii  Ti'iuir. .■   1  m 

V  -v  villi  ll  JK  ha 
I*  ■■l.Ii'lt:ii|..i-  I  hy  I 
E^'     i'.  in  il,|.  |.,|.in. 

':  r'liii.fs.  In  il 
■.'.  ll  A  iiinih  ai 
jbii  .ii-'iv.r.iMi  I',  u  In 
[S"  !■  1  .'  :irii\,il  III 
P  ::.i'l  -ii.iiM-lv  hi 
I'll!  I'.iri'ly  timi-  lo 
Nihil-  '.viiul   sprin 


iiini^ 

i    U,  ..   ;    ». 

LiKi;  AM)  \»)V.\(;i.s  (»i    coMMms. 


HOOK    Will 


SSI 


nil  vKirn 


(  HAITI  K  I. 

|,-  nh"  (111  I  Mlil^   I'lK   >-AN   lio.MIXf.l) 
III.    Kl  II  k.N    h»    -I'M.N. 


lU.nlr    s.ill,  air 

ill  till'  Imi'Iiiii'  Cit  S.in  I  )iiiiiii 


■  II   the  I  ;ili  "f  Au;;u.i, 


iii'il 


'        ll  It  Is  till'  Ini  1)1  |iiip-.|ii  I  ily   l'>  au.iki  n  iiwy  ,ini| 

I'M  ill' ilctiMi  tiipii,  ll  I,  I  i'it,iiiii\  till' I'lt  III  mi'iliir- 
liiiif  tn  .itinu' Inr  a  iiiultinnli' lit  t.uilts.     San  l)ii» 


111   iiru  I 
, , mil. 1. Ill 


1  :a  l.iiiiaii  .1  lit  tMo  twi)  vrssils  iituliT      iiiiiiv;n    hail    luiii    th>'    M  rv 


hnt-hril 


irllltMIl 


TrfM' 

(,,   ,i'.ur  I'll'  "lit 


I  .i|    S.lin-ili 


I  li.t'l  I  aiitcil  ,t  jus  III!    ic 


III  ihr  aula 


Ijiniili 

ft  ■  ic  ■«IM|>.^ 

|l,i-V    UlTi' 


11  list  t  'ip|iiiiiliu>^  ill  llir  (lay  oi  Ills  I  (i.M  |-  ;   he  ha^l 

liiiii  ,iKiihiiiiliii!i.     lie  liasli'iH'ij  I   lii'<ii     Iniiiiiil     Innii     it    m    it;iiiiiiiiiiiuiis    i  liains, 

k  Ml  wlm  ll  III' liail  luTli  Ml  iiiiiK'  I  '"""'    ''"■   ^l"""''   'iiiil   laiiiit-t   lit  .lu'    li  luiuphaiil 

ii'Mrii  III  iilir       r.ilililf  ;     lir    liaij    In-Ill    I'Mlllijr.l    tinm    its  hailinr 


I   Imisliiii;   Ills   Hay;   III! 
I,  ll  IS  ll  llii  lait'ir  ot  «'ntii|piisi.'  an 


I   I  wl 


It'll,  as   1 


!iiiiiaiii|i  I'   lit    a    '.iniailinii,  lii-  iTasci 


>.i:isii 


tl'Hll 


•  t'.  Ml'  ■>'"!''' 


iiiiifi'   ii|ii'n    to    liiin.       I'lii;    lati-  '   slultn     Innii    .\\\    iinpi  luliii;;    1.  iii|ii  ,1  ;     liiU    now 

,  wliiii  llii'S  III' 11(1  lit  llii-  arrival  '  lli'H    ln'  arruiil  in  iis  wati'ts,  a  hniiMn  ilown  ami 

lliil  ami   aliiri  t  to  the  liar-      slii|i>v  rnki'  I  man,  ail  past   liosiiliiy  was  (i\  criidW - 


11)11'    \Ms 


i.lai''  li.iA    lar  ilu'V    miKli 


I   triisi   to  till'     iiril   In    till'    iiiipiilar   si'iis,'  nt  liis  |,iu-  (li,ast 


rr- 


■  t\.\  'ii.Hiim 
ill  iiv  I, 


IV  lit  a  in  111  \sliiiiii    tlii\   liaM  so  k''''' 


ail 


Illy 


■|1 


icri'   was   a    iiMininlarv  Inn  A 


iitliusiasiii  in 


Hill   Will 


1  hail  now  ,\n  ip|i|iortuni!v  ot  vcn-  i   nis  ta\or  ;  what  hail  licin  lU'iui'il  li  his  inrrit  was 


rill'  ^ciir;  Ills  iniinl,  Iihwcm 


r,  never  liar-  '  ;;iantei!   to  his  inislnrinni 


Mill  f\\:\  till'  elU  I'ltis, 


\i-iiL;r  III  the  hoiii  III  riiiirnin>;  iirosiicrity  ;  '  ajipeaseil  liy  Ins  prcseiu  n-versci,  seiini  Iti 


*iir  tnls  iii.lile  s,iii-.lai  lion   in  sharai;;  lis  happi 


liiin  liir  lia\  iri'f  mu  e  hei'ii  s'>  triumph  int. 


»i-  fi 


■11  V, illl  Its  elli' 


mil's.     C'oluniliiis  loivot,  in  j       'I'lu'   >;iivi'rn.n-   anl    |)rini  ipal   inlialiit. mis  came 


that  lie  hail  siillercii  Irom  <  (nth   to  meet  him,  ami  rei  eivnl 


lih  'iri'v'iii  liilii'ily,  al 

tli.  -','  men  ;  he  ee.i,->eil  ti 

til    ih.il  iliiy  lial  lost  the  power  to  injure  ;  a 


Inni 


ith  siy;nal 


)  (onsiiler  tlnni  (.'nemies, 


istini  lion. 


II 


r  W  ,IS  |oi 


l;;eil 


IS  ,1  i^lli  si    la  llie  l.iUlsl! 


m 


I     lit   (ivamlo,    who    iie.iii'ii    hiin    uiili   tic    utmost 


he  iiu  Hilly  hillilleil   all   th.il    he   hail    promised  [  i  oiirtcsy    ami    atlentmn.       'I 


o'.eniiir    u  ll 


l.ikiML'  llielll 


ili.'ir  nil  essi 


on  lio.inl  the  ships,  Init  n 


hrif  w  nirn 


ties  liiiin  his  iiwn  luirse,  tiiilil      ier  ;    lint   tin 


shrewil    ,iiii|   ilisi  reel   m.in,  .iiiil   iiuii  h  ot  .i  i  ourt- 

rc    WCi   ■    c.Ulses  lit    jea'.iillsv  ami  ills- 


MS| 


Mill  ;  .mil  .ilterw.inl  lonU  iinwe.i- 


triisi  lietwceii  him    iiil  Cnhimlin^  i 


«\rni.;ll> 


iiisii  rii  iiiiinieiiil  Ihem  lo  llie  Ihhiii 


i\  (it  the  I  mil  111  lunliil  inteiiiiur*>i'.     'I  he 


■p  to  per- 


.iiiiiiii  ii  .imi  111-4 


■  r.iiii  isei 


)  I'lirr.is  alone  I  i-ntiiiiieil  a      son   Ki-riLimlo  always  pronimiueil   t 


ivilitv  of 


fcriMiinr,  iM  ill- tneil   liy  the  irilmn.ils  ol   liisiuiin-  1  Ov.milo  uverstr.iineil  ami   hypornii' .il  ;  intemleil 

to  iililiii-r.ite   till-    reiiu-mlir.im  e   it    ii-t    ip ''lei  t, 


.issures  Us 


th.il    the    Imli.ins  went  whe 


ll  t 


mil  til  I  111 


n  imI  hirkiiij;  enmity. 


W 


ii,e  111-    Miiless 


tiv.    ill 


llie  ili'p.irture  111  the  Sp.mianls  ;  still  :  eil   tin-   utmusi   In 


»0i  ilili-rili'.^'lhein  ,1S  l)emj;strom  the  skies.      I' 


leliilililp    alil    symjia 


il.v   tor   till! 


Imir.il,  he  set  .it  lilierlv  the   tr.iiliir   I'liriMs,  who 


iii-.iilimr.ii,  It  is  true,  lliev  li.n 


1  e\ 


pilieneeil  liolh-       w.is  s 


bg  kit  JMst  .mil  M,.|itl(.  ii'i-.iiiiu'iit,  .ami  lonlinn.il       II 
Knrlil'- ;  ,iii  I  tin;  all- 1  ot  his  imnieiliate  lull 


till  a  p 


inr,  to  lie  i.ikeii  to  Sii.iin  tor  tri.il 


1. like  I    (it    punishini;'    ih 


miral  s    pi  npie    w  in 


I    h.nl    t.iki  :i    .111 


i|      tlu'      .111- 

11-1    ill    his    ile- 


k'itnlii- Del'.V,  lil.mitesteil  un  the  inellliir.ilile  (lee.l-       telire,  .iml    ill    the    .llfras     .it     J.il 


nail  a    ii.ii 


lit  ll- 


ei  iipse.  111. 


Ii.ive  111  nil-  Iheiii  eiiiisii 


Ier       sever.il    ot    the    imililleiTs.      'I'll 


kllle.l 
1  ill  liinst.imes 


.1'  iiiiii'  111. Ill   Inim.m,  .iml    In-    pii-.i-iue   a- 


■le  lomllv  eompl.iim-il  of  hv  (,'oliim! 


hut.  ii\ 


pfi  -iii'ri;>  |.)  l;irir 


mil 


tint  ll  ii  mil  e,is\  111  In 


I.H  I,  theV  lose  111 


It  of  ,1  question  III  iuiisilii 


lion  I 


)('■ 


l.iwlessj;  111;;  jike  lll.lt  ot     I'orr.lS  loulil        I'.Veell   llimalul   the  ^^oVerilnr.       'riiell    p  iWiTs  Were 

ir   months  .inunn,^  their  \il-      su  iiiKleliiii  .1  as  to  i  lash  with  e.u  h  olher.  ami  they 


;ii.r.  ,1 


Illl  a   lali-'iiiL 


V, itliiiu!  ■J,i\ 
.lf|i.;rlii;i. 
iiie  :S|li  III   j'liie    ihe    v 


ir  the  ^;reatesl  Joy  .ll      vvere    Imni    ills 


poscil    to    lie  exlrellli  ly  pum'lilioll 


( 'v.imlii  .issumeil  a  rii;ht  to  t.ike  i  iii;ni/.inei'  i 


esseis 


t.ill 
thi 


he    .iilverse    wiiuls    ami     cnrrenis 


set  s.iil  fill-  San      ir.iiis.n  liiiiis  al  J. mi. ma  ;  .is  ti.i|ipe:i;n:;  wiiliin  the 

the 


limits 


i\(,-rnmeiil,    wliieh  im  Imliil  .il 


'Ppiise  I  (.■(iliimbus  tliroiij;hiiut  this  ill-      isl.im 


■  lit 


It'll  siill  lontiiuieil   lo  h.ir.iss  liim. 


Is  .iml  'I'err.i  I'liina.   Ciilumlui.,  mi  the  ullier 
rieil    the   .ilisiiliiie   iiiinm.iiil,    .mil    the 


ll.llUl,      .ISSl 


wiiry    sliu;^i;le 


if     sever, 


ll     Wi-( 


tin-   vl   ot  A 


ks    he      lurisiliction   both  i  ivil  .iml  i  rimih.ii  j;i\intohitn 


Ul'll^t,  the   lltlle  isl.iml  o 


'H  nil-  eo.isl  III 


I  111    I  111 


111 


lisp.miol.i. 


111! 


t      liy  th 


e   soverei;;! 


■r  .ill  1 


lersiil'.s  Wilis  llie 


ween 


ihis      his  e\|Hiliti.>n.    from   the   lime  of  ilep.iiinre    nniil 

■  jiro.luit'il 


inm;;o   ihe  t  111  rent-,  .ire  so  VIM-      their  iiiiirn  t-i  Sp.im.     1  u  prove  llu 


1  U  ,ire    iitlen    (|i-l, 


iineil  nionihs.  w.iii 


■Iter   ft    iiistruileiii- 


p. 'M -.iriii,  1,1, t  wind  t.i  enable  llu-m  111  stem  the      him    uilh    ^re.it    lourtesy    and    a   smilin-- eounte- 


d'h 
I 


i\'elilor 


he.iril 


i:n      lieiMt-  r, 
'.1  I'l  11,  I...  I. 

Ill   I'-lliu 


oilinilius  (lisp.ilelied  .i  letter  bv      ii.ime 


luit 


th  It  tile  letierwt  iiist  nnlions 


1    mtorin   him  ot  his  .iiipro.n  h. 


Ins 


IVe 


.iiithorilv  within    till 


iiiinls  1 


if  his 


■ri.iiii    ibsurd   suspiiions  ot 
d   I 


'rnmeiit.         He   re!int|iiislieil   ilu-    ii|.-,i,    h.u 


'"■i"  ll   111    had    le.iriu    trom    S.iliedt 


-re      evt-r,  ot  investe^.iun^'  the  eo 


'•I  t'-ilaii;f  I  hy  llu' |;iivernor  ;   who   te.iretl  his      ufColnniluis 


an. I  seiii   I  urr.i- 


ml'.nt  ot   ihi-  followers 
to  Si'  liii.  tu  be  e\- 


in  tlu-  isl.ind   miiiht  produee  t.n  turns  .iml 


th 


ho.Uil    W 


hiel 


I    li.nl    I  iLii'Lie   t 


it    tlu 


'ir'i  III.  t- 


n    till.-.   It-tier   he   e.\|ires.st 

i^ii^iiil  A  iiiiuh  and  simplieily,  the  joy  h 


Willi      alf.iirs  of  the  Indies. 


HlMirMV  r 


i\  Illl  h  \v. 


'■ '  "•  .irMv.il  (ll    1)1 


It  at 


so  I'll-. It,  he  s.i\s,  lli.it. 


r 


le  soiouri 


1   of   Columbus  at  .S, in  I  i(i!nin''o  w.is 


lull  llllle  ( 


.ill  111. lied  to  \  It 


Id  I 


lim  s  iiislii'iiiiii. 


Ik 


h 


■wl  MMrii-K-   1 


tie  .S.ilei-dii  with  siii'ior.       w.is  ^ih-m 


It  ihe  desohition  of  llu;  isl.ind  bv  the 


i-i-n    .ible    tn  slei-j). 


d'! 


■Her 


IVDl 


'■|';liely    lull,-    t,,    pic, (tie    the    writer,   hir.  .1  t.l- 


■iVilul 


Letter  of   Columliiis   to   liis  son  Die},'o,  Seville, 


sprinyin-    up,    ll 


le     Vessels     a; 


.liu      Nov.  21,  1504.      Nav.irrete,  Colec,  loni. 


■!:(.: 


rr-ti 


M 


LIFK    AM)    VOVAC.HS   OF    COM'MIU'S. 


onprcii-.ivc'  trcatnicn 


t  i.f  tl 


ic    Il,\tl\rs.   .1 


;i(l  tlic  hur- 


nlilc   massMiTc   whirh    h.iil    lu-cii    pn  pcUMiccI    \>y 


(  K.iiuli)  ;i!iil    his  .iL;rm> 


li.id  tiiiulls'  luiju'd 


;it  line  liiiu',  t  >  uiicicr  the  ii.itivo  ii\ili/iil,  iiuliis- 
tihi'.is,  .;iul  irilnii.irv  Mil)icil?»  to  tlif  i  vw  n,  .iiu!  to 


(Utivc  trum  liuir  vMll-ri-^iilalrd  l.i 


D.ir 


;rc,il  .UK 


su- i.ly  i\'\iiuif.  !lii\v  (hiliTi'iil  h.iil  Ixiii  lIu- 
i\tlil  1  riu-  li\f  j;ic.il  ll'ilics  whicll  jifdiilcil  tlu' 
vs  .It  till'  limi'  ol  thi'  (li->- 
tul 


nioiim.iiiis  .111(1  ilK-  valk' 


coviM'v,  .ni'l  IT 


nilfi' 


t(i 


1)V  their  nim>!k(l  towns  .i 


vi!l.ii;fs  .i:ul   tr.uis  nt   iiiltu'.ilKHi,  the   ru'h  Icvfls 
(it  the  vfL;,is  s  )  m.iiiy  "  ii.iintfil  j^.irdcns,"  liad  .li- 


fter 


in  inters. d  'it  .iliimi  tmir  \e.ns    i- ' 
111 


.1 

indiii'eil  t)\  (illier  eirciiinst.inic-. 


d  t 


1)  11 


ro|iiti.ite  tlie  nidiLUi 


tru( 

eiuic  troni  th>'  island. 

'I'he   (otitimi.il    r,iisiiii(lerst,in(hnL;s  In - 
adinir.d  .ind  tlie  ^overiuir,  lhoti;^li  ,ilu.i\^ 


llie  part  (d    tlie  latter  widi  t;i 
dliced    I'dluillliUS   to  h.lstel 


(Ml 


his  departure  tr'im  the  isla 
he  h.id  retiiriii 


1  .is    Iiiiin 


ml 


II 


lltlei 


iilil, 


riieii  troin  J.ini.iiia  \s 
and    |uit    under   1 


ic  ^ll.l 


ulelaiit.Kln 


iiiiither   V 


le    inn',n; 
essel    w.is    ii, 


nidst  .u 


.iw.iv,  and  tne  ii.ilive  princes  li.ul 


\\ 


hieh  ('idumluis  eniliarked    willi  In-, 


eri  >!lci 


■h 


iv  \  KileiU  or  I'MUinuiiKUis  de.itlis.      ddiiiestics. 


Tl 


;re.iler 


|i.irt    ,it   li 


iinduN  r. '.jar. led  tlie  .illairs  ot  tlie  isl.in.l  with   i  reni.aiiied  .it  San  I)diiiiiiiMi  ;  .is  iIhv  u 


.1   i;i!tirelU  r\c  !|ii;n  (  l\  .Uldd. 


II 


e   ll.id  .1  p.itern.il    i   pm-eity,  lie  relie\cd  ttier  iiei  esMin  ,  in;,,  |, 


feelili;^'  In:'   its   |iriispe:  it\-,    .ind    hi-;   tnitiiiirs   were    !   juirsr,  and   .uhaneed    the   liinds  ni 


lir.jilhMte. 
('diiiiil.iin. 


ei,'..       II 
ill    su!ise(|Uellt    letters     to     the    Sd\- 


i;i     lis    jLiduidiis    r.i.iiiayi-ni 


\(pV.l'j;e  hdHie  (it  thdse  wild  cluise  In  ii'i 


tl 


Ills    relle\i-(l 


l.v    I 


lis  <reller(isitv  li.iil    111! 


ih.ii   .ill   thi 


nuIiiU" 


.ill. Ills    were    ll 


eim- 


lUlti:d 


til. It    tne   lire  ciilleete 


:1     !, 


.i''\re   (Hi.intiiies    in     lioiises    s! 


i\  uii'' u.inled  in 


litiv 


Imilt 


d 


the  tlV'st  \ldlent  dt  the  .•(•liels 
( )n  the  I  :ih   dt   Septeiiilier 


le  Si  t  s  I 


scarce  I V 


lett  tlu- 


.irhdr 


wlieii.  in    ! 


ihalched,  iiu  itiili;'  di  ]) 
iinpdpul.ir,    lae    |ii-dpie    \\  (  re    ( 


red.itidii  ;  ih.it  t^v. null    w.is   ■  the 'mast  dt 


Ills  sliip  w.is  c.irrird  .w 


.ilel\'    wmi    wiih    In 


s   tamil 


V    ell 


prdp'riv    dl    tlie    i  row  n    .mi 


\V 


iitinu.d  ris 
tl 


k  fn 


lissiiliile,    .111.1    tllf       I 

the    secu'-ilv  dl   the       \essel  cdinin.inded  U\-  the  Adel.iiil  h 

i.i^cd    ship   Id  poll, 
inumlidiit   the   Mn.i 


ini  nuitii  \  and  sedition. 


ii.tT  h.ick  the  da'; 


e   lie   ',i\v   .ill   this,  tie  h.id  no  piwer  to  inter-       Ins   cdiirse 


It 


tele,  .iiul  .iii\-  d!iser\'atidn  iir  leaiotisir.ince  on  Ins 


li.irt  -.x.is  ll!  receiM'd  hv 


th( 


dV(  riior. 


(  111  ed    tlie    Ilidsl    tellipeslUdiis    wc.illi. 
siorir.  tile   ni  imni.ist   w.is  siiriiiie;  in 


1  le  loiiii. 
ediitiisidii. 


!iis  d\\  !i   iminei 


hat 


c  collet  riis  in  j;re,ii 
is    I'enls   .iiid    (lues   were  either  nu- 


ll 


e    W.IS    eiintined    to    his   tied    at  llli-  Ii 


out 


111,-  Ins  ailMce,  howcxei,  .iiii 


I    V 


collecte; 


he;  could  not  olit.iin  .i  i 'e.ir  .iccniint      tl..'  .Adel.iiit 


iild,  the  {l.ainat 


w.is  si.inii. 


(1    a   f 


ud    lii|Uid.itii)n    of    them. 


Wh.'tever 


lie 


ih 


st  was  shortened  ;   the  '.\r.ii,  r 


CoU 

of  tl 


ll   cdilei't   \\.u  .ipjirdpri.iied   to  the  titling;  mit      tdriitied    hv    wdml    t.ikeii   troin    ih, 


which  wei'e   t'l  ion\''V  hiiiiselt  an 


h  th 


le  \  <'ssels  in  tlldse 


..is  crews  1,1  Sp.iin. 
siihseciiient  U-tte 


H 


e  accuses  <  H-.indd,  in  his 


ins,  w  I'll 

npuv  .mil  stern  ;  and  the  >\  In 


iM 


dt  liavilV'  nt"'!ecte; 


it  n  it  s.ic 


'V   cdrus. 


r 


lev    were   stil 


riliced,  his  inteia-sts  duriiv. 


t  h, 


ivin;j-   impede  1   thus 


Ins  loll;;  alisiiice,  an. I    ,  suci  eedin;,;-  tempest,  m   wlm  h  I 


o 

attend    to 

•jrounds  tor  tl, 


wli'i  w  el'' 


.S    (  iilU'erils. 


T 


ipji' 


ited  I')       f 


drem.ist.      Ill  tins  irqipled  st.ile  iluv 


I. It 


,1'Veii    hunilreil    iea'-iies  c 


it   :\ 


se  i  oni]il. lints  \\  dUid  .ippe.ir  tioin       l-orlMiie  conliiuied   to   jiersei  ule  (  o  iiir:'!,''ii: 


two  letters  still  ext.iiii.-i-  written  l>v(Hieen  Is.ihell.i      en 


.1    till- 


ast  .mil   nidst  dis.is;r 


to    '  >\;mi 


n   tl 


■ll 


wrncli  ,sl.e  ailorms  liim 


1    d 
if  tl 


1    .\ 


o\em!ier,    150 


3",>. 


Ill 


tide 


!■ 


or  se\cr.il  Weeks  lie  w.is  triai  r-: 


le  comp 


■  lint  of  .Alon/o      MilteriiV'  .it   the  same  time  tl 


Sanclie.^  de  C.irsMJ.il,  tii.il  he  w.is  impede. I   in  col-      ii.iins  from  his  m.ikxiv 


le.  t 


until 


le  miisl  1  \i  111' 
11   till-  -I','  ' 


iiiLT   the    rents 


comm.inils 


<  iv,m, 


if  ti 


0  to  d!)si-rv( 


ie   adnnr.il 


a.l  expresslv       of     N'dVemlier,   his    (  r.i/v   ami    sh.itli 


thi 


C    (  .l|l|tUl.ltlo|ls 


chored  in  ttie  li.ii  tiop  o 


.S.iii  l.u.  ir. 


j^r.mted  to  Cohmiliiis  ;  to  res])ei-t   his  .i-eius,  .ind      himself   coii\-e\ed    t"   Seville. 

to   facilitale,  iiisle.id   of  olisiiui  liji;,^-   his  (  iiiict  rns.       eiiMiv  repuse  dt  mind  and   body,  ,iii- 

1 'u  se   letii-r-),  while  they   imply  uii;.;eiierous  1  on-      he.ilth  atur  siieli  .1   loii;^    series  ol 


duct  on  the  '.cirt  ot  the 

trioiis    Jilt  de.-essi.r,    i'\  ince    !ike-Aise   llie    |iei-son,il 


overnot    to-,\,ir'l  his  illiis 


eti 


es,  .md  h.irilship 


iiUen-si  t.iken  hv  Is  iiiella  in  tne  att.iirs  of  ( 


)us,  (lur. 


ins  .iDselice. 


Sht;  had,  in  t. 


OlUIll-     I 


Iiei 
'ic- 


ier disple.isure   at  his  lieiii';-  excluded  trom 


CIIAI'TI.K 


p'lrt  (I,  .s.in 


I), 


imuiL 


'ir  sill  1  III-  I,)]-  Ins  squadi-dii. 


.im 


•11  h 
I   tl 


e  apiiliei 


th 


.-I  stdrin,  .11 


1   1 


I  re 


shelter  trom 


ii.i.NKs.s  OF  riii.t.Mr.rs  \i  si  \  u 


u- 


i.id  it'iisured  <  K.  I  IK  to  111  r  11.  it  t.ikiii 


Ins  ,iil\-ii  1-  .mil  delainiii''  the  11 


t  ot  1; 


vviiicn  It 
And  h.-r. 


,i|    ii.rve   (S,  .iped   Its  ili- 
il.iv  he   oiis,|-\ed  tli.it  th 


li.iilill.i,  l.y 
strous  t,ite.+ 
e  s,inj,juin.iry 


.•icts  of  (  i\- indo   luNv.ird   the   n.ilise-,,  in  |i.irticiil.i' 


I'll    I  !IK     rkoWN      I  1  iK    A    Ul'Sl  I  Ii    '  I'  N 
llD.Nul^s    -  in  A  I  ll    >  <{■     IsAI'.l  I  1  A. 

[1504.] 

IlUuKlN  hv  a',re  and  inlMinitn-s,  an  I  '• 


tlu;  m.i-,-,,icie  , 
the  uiitonnn.ih 
rm-  .ind  iiidi;.;n.iiii  11  in  Is.ihell 


,ira;.;ii.i   .-iiid    thi- 
ll. 


exei  lltion    of 


ly  ih.e  tolls  .-md  h.irdship 


his  It 


n  ll  .loii.i,  .-iw.ikeiied  ei|iial  hor-      I'olumlnis   h.id    looked    torw-.iri 


111'"'  on  111 


aili-l)t  1 


I  ;  sr.e  w.is  l.in^^Miisli- 
lell   she  receivfd  the  intel- 


I     to    >(  ' 

.iven  ot  rest,  where  he  mii;lit  repos-  1 
his  trouliles.     ("are  .ind  sorro\\-,  howesii 


'  itli   her  d\  iii'i  hrea'li  si 


le  ex.icled 


iim    hv   se.-i   .-mil 


ml.     in   v.ir\  iin;  h 


promise  lioai  Kir, l;  Ferdin.ind  th.it ' 'v.iiido  should      hut  v.-iried   the  ii.iture  of  his  disln 


imniedi.it.  i\- 


li-(  .ille.l 


'11 


It 


promise  w.is  i.irdilv  .-md  relua.inilv  tul'illed, 


his    ^liveriiiiient.      sdine   d.ivs   .ind    nights"    were   .ipp'H! 


or   tlie   n-iii. under  of   his  iilt 
;iii  of   his  ''i.ise  was  destin 


mil  i!^;-vr-vi 


ei 


1  to  h 


str  vi 


I.etl'T  -if   (  oiunilius  tr 


illf,  y[  I), 


iv.irretc,  ( ' 


+  N 

{   llcrrer.i,  Hist.  Ind, 


o  Ins  snii  I)ief;n,  li.ued  Sev- 
|.      .Nnvarrclc,  tnni,  i.  p.  341. 
ilor,,  loin,  ii.,  (Iccad.  ici,  i;2. 


thorns. 


i,  lit 


),  V,  c.ip.  12. 


Ind. 


Hist,  del  .Minir.iiitc,  rap.  loS,      i 

111),  ii.  t.ip.  3(1. 


i'c!  ,!!    ll.r    midst    I 

I  w.L,  ni-.n-  solicii 
ftni;  ll  l!l.iii  ol  lllllls 
:'.|iv  ;o  t!ie  SI 
.  '.:  llii'ir  arif.i 
■  .1'.  1  ouil,  to 
111-  ;i'i  1;,"  s 
.tils  since  ll 
r.hinil  iiiliiu 
!.v:,iii,ilile  tiili 
'  1  ^ive  til, ink 
iiliiii;-  hi-,  l; 
kill Av  st-\er 
;  r.,iy.  that 
ll-  disposed 

'Uil    W.IS    tl 

l^ii  IS  Mr^ivinj;-  (In 
ff  Till  >,iiii,.  /cai,  ;d: 
hei;:  -,  ^viiitli  had 
I'nv  '  I  ■'Will  his  ol 
|pi  'ilrl,  111  his  1 
ii  it  the  roy 
ill. si:  iiion  c 
irc  l,i\  ini|)ri) 
^'1  'i.iliii  In  ik'iireii 
'1.  .i:iii   (inr  w 


^ 


■ki..! 


Lll'Ii:   AXn   VOYAGES   OF   COLUMBUS. 


'■■I'S,    ,111  I  , 

:  lor  ( I   , 
1.  Uy  :„„,■ 

[Ua'.v..., 
I'i'.it  ,  i,':i 
'  iniiiii  ,, 

Thr   ,1.,, 

VV.IS    I;  I 
.'.IS      li,    ^ 

th  liK  .,1 

.'t     Ins    ;.,■ 
lhl-»    u,  ;■,. 

111  ,  rss,!-, 
(■  III  ri  1|;;' 
lull    111,., 

Si  I  s  I'' 
II    .1    Mll'll" 

■<l    ;l^^  ,y. 
y    I'll    h.  ,.; 
nil. nil',  .I'l. 

Mirt,  !•■;,:. 
^cilh'  w 

I.l;'    ill    I  r;;; 
:it  ihf  l;!l'. 

nd  I'll'  ., 

is  sl,il!i. 
.(•  ^\l■.l^  I  ;: 
he  1  ,,-.!!  > 
I  vs  •    r 

IV  il,.:;:  „- 

.■.!:,;_. 

llilV  ii.i'l 

M    v;.,!-ii;', 

C'li  llll-.!. 

S.1--II'   ..' 

l'Iillr«'.  ■ 
list  I  \.  ! 
Ilir  M,^ 

til-;--.; 
li   ■ 
I'l-  I 
111'!  •  ■ 
i|  ;.'.•  .  ::• 


inc" 

inth.. 

Jf  ,■, 

(SStn: 

»-    - 

"  '       the  s. 

;mi  I  A 

ii'  1 

1    .'M  '    ! 

IS-,-     f.  , 

Wf,  1  I 

I"  I' 


.a.;  (- 


'isiiin.     KvLT  J-iiKc  'ii'  li.ui  Ih'cii  sent  home 

,  troiii  Snii  Doinin^c),  wlnii  his  hou.c  .iiui 

i,iil  lici'ii   t''l<ii>   imsscssion   <>t    by    Hnha- 

i^  rciiis  :inil  dues  hail  never  iieen  pnipiTly 

,1      ,,,|,|   sill  h   as   hail    been    ijalhered  had 

i.ii'iu-ii  III  ihe  liaiids  ol  the  ^'(nernor  Ovan- 

I  n.ue  much  a-xatioii  from  the  go  verier," 

,-  in  .1  ierUT  tu  his  son  Die^i).*         "  All  t(dl 

.   I   h.ne  there  eleven  or  twelve  thoiisaiid 

!i;.s  :    and   1  have  not   received   a   (|iiarti>. 

I    know   wi'l  that,  since  my   departure 

,i    have    rrieuid     Upward    ol    live  tliou- 

,  ,!i  llanos."      He  entreated    thai    a    letter 

,-  wniteii   by  the  kin^',  fommandin^'  the 

t  et  these  arrears  without  delay  ;   tor  his 

vol  ill  iioi  \eiiture  even  to  speak  to  t  )vandi) 

i!  II  t,  uiiliss  empowered  by  a  letter  trom 

bluiai'iis  w.is   not  ot  a  merrenary  spirit  ;   but 

rank  .'nd  sitiiatioi.  re(|iiired  large  e.\|)enditiire. 

...nriil   ih, night    hini    in    the     possession    ol 

,r^•^^  (4  nie\haiistili!e  wealth  ;  but  as  yet  those 

rci  .  had   liirnished   him    init    precarious    and 

int\    itie.i'iis.     His  last  voyage  h.id  exhausted 

tin.iiuf.^.   .nil!   invoUed    him    m    perplexities. 

thai  he  had  breii  .dile  to  collect  ot  the  money 

to  liiin  111  llis|)anii)la,  to  the  amouiU  of  twelve 

(hv'i  rasielhiiDS   had  been  expended  in  bring- 

huiiii  11  ,iii\    -!  I'lis  l.i'e  crew,  who  were  in  dis- 

,s :   and  tiT  ihi.  grt.iter  jiart  ot   the  sum  the 

iwn  liiiiaiiied  his  debtor.     Wl.-'.e  struggling  to 

111  ill-;  nure  pecuniary  dues,  he  w,is  ab.soliite- 

SiiitiiiiiL;-  a  digree  ot   penury.      He   repe.itediy 

■(:- till- h  \essit\  ot  econoinv  to   his  son  1  )iego, 

.11  !ii'  i.iii  (liit.iiii    I  restitution  ot   his  pfo|)ertv, 

till"  p.ivnient  o\  his  arrears.     "  I  receive  iio'ii- 

(i:  thi'  n  v'-iiue   due   to  me,"   says  he,  in  one 

ler ,   "I  ii\r   by  borrowing."      "  I.iuie  have  1 

ititi'^l,"  i  r  adds.  111  .mother,  "  bv  twenty  years 

:Si:r\i;  I.   Willi  such    tolls   and  perils;    since,  at 

cut.  I  111  lint  own  a  root  in  S|).u'        It  1  di'sire 

'ea;  nr  sin  |i,  I  h.ive  no  resort  but  an  inn  ;  and, 

tile  111  1--1  tunes,  h.i^e  not  wherewitii.ii  to  pav  mv 

iHl." 

;i.;Yctiii  the  midst  of  these  personal  distresses 
|tt  wi3  111-. re  solicitous  for  the  |iavment  of  his 
||imi;ii  ih.in  111  liiinsell.      He  wrote  strongly   and 

_lMliili\'     io     till 

dlarL.'.-  o!  ll.fir  ar 
whn  w.is  a;  1  mi  It 
"Th;v  ail-  jio  i: ,' 
thru:   K-lls   sine: 

havf  iiiihin-il  iniiiiii,- 

,|riii;' mv;,iiial;ie  tidings,  tor  which'  iheir  majesties 
,  Iglit  !-)  ^;iv  ih.ink.s  to  Cod  and  rejoice."  Not- 
'liilaM.iiuliiig  iii-,  generous  solicitude  tor  these 
Ben,  I,-  kiu-\-,  se\er.il  o!  t!icm  to  have  been  Ins 
Blena-s ;  ii.iy.  that  some  ot  them  were  .it  this 
Wr\  lam-  dispo.sed  to  do  him  h.irm  r.ither  tli.in 
Joiii! ;  ^'icli  w.is  the  m.ign.inimitv  ot  his  spirit 
•ii'l  tils  liir^iving  disiiosition. 

Till-  s.iiiie  zeal,  also,  for  the  interests  of  his  sov- 

«:ei;,'i;s,  wiiicli  had  ever  actii.ited  his  loval  mind, 

%'itil  with  his  other  causes  of  solicitude.      He 

pi  •s.-iiii-l,  111  his  letter  to  the  king,  the  misman- 

1  ill  Ml   il  the  roy.il  rents  in  llispaniola,  under 

('-aliniiiisii  ition  ot  Ovando.     Inimeiise  qu.uui- 

MS  lit  ore  lay  unprotected  in  slightly  built  houses, 

*  -  li-dik  111  depied-itions.      U  required   a  person 

--■'I- and   one  \\ho  had  an  iiidividu.il  interest 

'•<-•'    beviile,  13   Dec,    1504.     N'avarrcie,  v.  i.  p. 


sovenioiis,  entreating  the  (Its- 
Mrs,  ,ind  uigi'd  Ills  sou  Diego, 
to  exert  himselt  in  their  ludi.iU. 
s  lid  he.  "  and  it  is  iio,v  liearK' 
tiiev  lelt  tiieir  ht'ines.  TlieN 
tods   and    perils.  ,ind   th  'X 


in  the  ])ro|)erty  of  the  island,  to  restore  its  affairs 
to  order,  and  draw  trom  it  the  immense  re\inues 
which  it  W.IS  c.ipable  ot  yieliling  ;  and  Columbus 
|)lainly  intimated  that  he    vas  tlii;  proper  person. 

In  tact,  as  to  himselt,  it  w.is  not  so  much  pecu- 
ni.iry  indiMunit'ication  that  he  sought,  as  the  res- 
toration ot  his  t)ttlces  and  dignities.  He  regarded 
them  as  the  trophies  of  Ids  illustrious  achieve- 
ments ;  he  had  received  the  ro\al  |)romise  th.it  he 
should  be  reinst.ited  in  theni  ;  and  he  hit  lh.it  ;is 
Ion-'  as  they  were  witldudd,  a  tacit  (ensure  rested 
upon  l-.is  n.ime.  H.id  he  not  been  iiroudly  impa- 
tient, on  this  subject  he  would  havi-  bjlied  the  lolt- 
iest  part  ot  his  cliarac'er  ;  tor  he  who  can  be 
indiftertiU  to  the  wreath  ot  triumph  is  del'icienl 
in  the  noble  ambition  which  incites  to  glorious 
deeds. 

The  uns.itisf.utory  replies  rec(-ived  to  his  letters 
dis(|uieted  his  mind.  He  knewlh.it  lie  had  active 
enemies  at  court  re.idy  to  turn  all  things  to  his  dis- 
advant.ige,  and  felt  the  imiiortance  ol  being  there 
in  person  to  deteat  tlu'ir  machination-^  ;  but  his 
inlirmities  detained  him  at  .Seville.  He  i^i.ule  an 
attempt  to  set  forth  on  the  journew  but  the  se- 
verity of  the  winter  ;in;l  the  virule:;.  e  ot  his  m.il- 
ady  obliged  hiii  to  rtdinipiish  it  in  despair.  All 
that  he  could  do  was  to  reiter.ite  his  letters  to  the 
sovereigns,  and  to  entreat  the  intervention  of  his 
few  buttaithtul  friends.  He  feared  the  disastrous 
occurrences  ot  the  last  vovage  might  be  repre- 
seiUi-d  to  his  jirejudice.  The  gre.it  (>bject  ot  the 
expedition,  the  tlisco\-ery  of  a  strait  ojiening  trom 
till-  Caribbean  to  a  southern  S"a,  h.id  tiiled.  'I'he 
second.iry  object,  the  acquisition  ot  gold,  h.id  nut 
Iveen  completed.  lie  had  disco\eiid  the  !.'^>1(1 
minis  of  \iT.igua,  it  is  true  ;  but  he  had  tin. light 
home  no  tre.isure  ;  because,  as  he  said,  in  one  of 
his  letters,  "  1  would  not  rob  nor  outrage  the 
countrv  ;  since  reason  re(|uires  th.it  it  should  lie 
settled,  .ind  then  the  gol!  ma)'  be  |)rocui  td  w  ithout 
violence." 

He  w.is  especially  apprehensive  that  the  violent 
scenes  in  the  isl.inii  ol  Jamaica  might,  by  the  per- 
versitv  of  his  enemies  and  the  etfroiitery  of  the 
deliiupieiUs,  l)e  wresteil  into  m. titers  of  accusa- 
tion ag.iinst  him.  as  had  Jieen  ihe  c,;se  \sith  the 
ridiellion  (;t  Rold.in.  I'orr.is,  the  rinile.ider  of 
the  l.ile  f.ictinn,  h.id  been  sent  home  b\  (  Ivando, 
the  bo.ird  ot  tin-  ladies,  but 
seitiii.-    torth    the 


to  a|)pear  belore 
without  an\  written  proi  ess, 
offences  ch.irged  .igaii  st  him.  W  iiilr  .it  j.iinaica 
("olumbus  h.id  orilered  an  inquest  ol  the  .itl.iir  to 
l.iken  ;  but  the  not.iry  ot  ilie  sqii.idrou  who 
)k  it.  and  llie  p.n>"rs  whirh  he  dn-w  up.  were 
the  ship  in  wliicli  the  .idmir.il  h.id 
h.id  luit  back 


bi 

took   it,  am 
on    boari 

sailed   trom    Hisp.mi.) 

dism.isted.      No  I'ogni/ance  (d  the  c.ise,  therelon 

of   th 


but  which 


w.is  taken  bv  the  I'ouncil  of   the  Indies  ;  and  I'or- 
:irmed  with   the  |)ower  and  the 
t.      Heing  lel.ited  to  .Mo- 
had  .iccess  to  people 
(it    enlisting   their 
nd    iirejudices  on   his  side,     (olumbus 


r.is  went  at  large 
disposition   to  do  mischie 
r.iles.  the  mv.il  treasurer,  h 
in    pi. ice.    and    an   o|)portunity 

opinions   and    prejudices  on   h 

wrote  to  Morales    iiu'losing  a  copy  ot  the  petition 
'     the    ridiels    had    sent    to    him    when    in    j.i- 


which   tuey  acknowledged  their  ciilp.i- 
I. ,.-.,. i   I.I.;   (.,i-..;.-..i...^t  ■    (iiii  I),.  i.|i. 


which    the 
m.iica,  in 

bilitv,  and  implored  his  forgiveness  ; 
tre.ited  the  treasurer  not  to  be  swa\ed  by  the  rep- 
resent.itions  ot  'vs  relative,  nor  to  |)ronoiince  .m 
opinion  unt.ivoi.ible  to  him,  until  he  h.id  an  op- 
portunity (d  being  heard. 

The  taithtul  and  indefatigable  I  )iego  .Mende,; 
was  .it  this  time  at  the  court,  as  well  .is  .\loii/o 
S.mchez  de  Carsajal,  and  an  active  trieiul  of  Cu- 


I 


5  -I  :'■; 


ill  l!l 


]  I  t!1 


!      i; 


it  III: 


ul:i:i.Milf 


;  :!5 


r 


:,i  f; 


lUaiS 


>i  a 


!         I- 


OOl 


Lin-    AND    VOYAGi:S   OF   COLUMIU'S. 


lumhus  nnmeil  doronimo.  Tlu-v  I'ould  hear  llu- 
most  ini|)i>rt,uU  ti^tiinciiy  as  to  his  coiKluct,  and 
he  wrote  to  his  son  Diego  to  rail  ii|)on  ihein  lor 
their  goi.d  oliiees.  "  1  trust,"  said  lie,  "  that 
thi' truth  and  dilit^enee  of  Dietjo  Mende/ will  he 
ot  as  nuu'h  avail  as  the  lies  of  I'orras."  Nothinj;- 
can  surp.iss  the  alfeetini^  e.iri'e  ness  and  sim- 
plicity ot  the  ijeneral  deel.ira  ol  loy.iliy,  con- 
tained in  one  ot  lii^  letters.  "  1  nave  served  their 
majesties,"  sa\s  he.  "  with  .is  imich  /e.d  ;uul  dil- 
ijjence  as  it  it  h.id  heeii  to  },Miti  I'.ir.idise  ;  .ind  it 
1  have  taileil  in  anyihiiiL;,  it  has  heiii  hecause  my 
kno\vled;;c  and  powers  went  no  turther.  " 

While  reading  these  touching  .iiipe.ds  we  can 
scarcely  realize  the  tact  tli,\t  the  dejected  individ- 
ual thus  we.irily  .iiid  vainly  applying  tor  uii(|Ues- 
tion.ihh'  rigl'.l^,  and  ple.uiiiig  .ilnmst  like  a  cul- 
prit, in  ( Mses  wherein  he  had  heen  ll.igr.intly  in- 
jured, w.'.s  tlie  same  who  hut  a  tew  ye.irs  pre- 
viouslv  had  heen  received  at  tlds  v;ry  court  with 
almost  reg.d  honors,  and  idolized  as  a  national 
henet.ictcir  ;  that  this,  in  a  word,  w.is  t'oluinhus, 
the  discoverer  ot  the  New  World  ;  hmkeii  in 
health,  and  iin|io\er:shed  in  his  old  d.iy^  h\  his 
very  discoveries. 

At  length  the  cai-.i\-el  hringing  the  ullici.il  pro- 
ceedings rel.itivet)  the  hrotlurs  i'<irras  .iriivtd  at 
the  Alg.irves,  in  I'orlugal,  and  (.'oliinihus  looked 
forward  with  hojie  that  all  matters  would  soon 
tie  placed  in  a  jiroper  light.  His  anxiety  to  gei  i-i 
court  hec  imr  everv  day  more  intense.  .\  litter 
w.is  |)ro\ided  to  convey  him  thither,  and  w.is  act- 
ually at  the  door,  hut  the  inclemency  ot  the 
weather  ind  his  incre.ising  'iilirmitiis  oliliged 
him  again  to  ahandon  the  journev.  11  is  resource 
ot  letter-writing  heg.in  to  f.iil  h.im  ;  he  c mid  only 
write  at  night,  tor  in  the  das  time  tlie  S'\i-niy  ol 
his  mal.ii'v  deprived  liiin  of  the  use  ot  his  ii.iiids. 
The  tidings  trom  the  couit  weri'  ever\  div  more 
and  more  adverse  to  his  hopes  ;  the  intriguer  ot 
his  enemies  were  prev.iiling  :  the  cold-he, irteti 
Ferdinand  treated  ,ill  his  a]ipli(  .itions  with  indil- 
ference  ;  the  generous  I-.,\liell,i  l.i\  d.ingerously 
ill.  <  »n  her  jnstice  and  magn.mimitv  he  still  re- 
lied tor  the  full  restoration  ot  his  'ighis,  and  the 
ri'dress  ot  ,i!l  his  grievances.  "  M,iv  it  nie.i',, 
the  llolv  I'niiilw"  s,iy>  he,  "  to  ri's'.ore  oi.ir  so\'- 
ereigii  ipuen  to  hr.ilih  :  tor  h\'  her  will  i\cr\- 
thing  he  ,i(''Usted  vvhi -h  is  now  in  contusion.  ' 
Alas  I  while  writing  th.it  letter,  his  nolile  heiie- 
f.ictress  was  .i  corpse  ' 

The  he.ilth  ot  Is.diell.i  hid  long  luin  under- 
mined l)v  the  shoe  ks  ot  rejieated  domestic  c.il, un- 
ities. 'I'he  death  ol  her  only  son,  the  I'rinee  jn.in  ; 
of  her  helo\e(l  (l.iughter  and  hoscmi  Irieiid,  tlu- 
I'rincess  Is.ihelia  ;  and  of  her  gr.iivUon  .and  pros- 
pective I.eir,  the  rniici  Migucd,  h.nl  been  three 
cruel  wo'iie's  to  a  he.iri  t.ill  ot  the  tenderest  seii- 
sihility.  To  these  was  ailded  the  const. int  griet 
caused  hv  the  evi  lent  iiitirmitv  ot  intelleet  other 
daughter  |u  in  I,  .ind  tin- domestic  uiih.ippiness  ot 
th.it  prim  es-,  with  In  r  hiish.ind,  tl'ie  ,ircli(luke 
I'hilip.  The  desolation  whnh  w.ilks  through 
ji.alaces  .admits  not  the  f.niiiliMr  svmp.ithies  ami 
sweet  consol.itions  w  hich  ,ille\i.ite  the  sorrows  ol 
common  lite.  Isahell.i  pined  in  st.ite,  ,imidst 
the  ol)se(piious  honi.'iges  of  a  (niiri,  surroundeil 
by  the  trophies  ot  ,i  glorious  .and  siu cesstill  reign, 
.•ind  placed  at  the  summit  ol  e.irlhlv  grandeur. 
A  dee|)  .111(1  inciiralile  inel.iiK  holv  settled  upon 
her,  which  undermined  her  i  onstitution,  ,ind 
g.a\('  .1  f.il.d  .iciiti'ness  to  her  hoiliU-  III  ll.ulies. 
Alter  tour  months  ot  iMinss  she  (IIimI,  n]\  tlie  2'iih 
ot    .No\emher,  15CJ4,  at  .Mediii.i  del  C.impu,  in  the 


fifty-fourth  year  of  her  age;  hni  !nr,.i  J 

eyes  closed  upon  the  world,  lur  he  iri  io|,  ^^ 
on  .ill  its  pomps  .and  v.anities.      "  Lit  iin  1,^, 
s.iid  she  in  her  will,  "  he  interred  in  ihr  hm,;  ,  .J 
of  .San  Francisco,  whicli  is  in  the  .Mh.mi  r.i'y  J 
city  ot   dranada,  in  a  low  sepulchre,  w '■•„;;■. 
iiKuiument  except  .a  plain  stone,  with  lliviiij--. 
tion  cut  on  it.      Hut  I  <lesire  and  c.nni.i.n  f,.' 
it  the  king,  my  lord,  should  choose  a  mi  ;,, -r. 
,iny   church   or  monastery   in  anv  cilir    r 
pi, ice  ot  these  my   kingdoms,  nu    Ikm'v  :,•;-,.; 
ported  thither,  and   huricd  heside  the  iim:;  • 
liighness  ;    so    th.it    the    union   \\i    li.ivfi!'. 
while   li\ing,   and   which,    through  ilu-  ;■,:,■'-, 
(iod,  we  hope  oursouls  will  experii  nci 
111. IV  he  repriseiited  by  our  hodies  in  1 


ll    r,:!' 


Such  W.IS  one  of   sever.il   pass.iges  ivi 
this  admir.ihle  woman,  which  hespukc  ii.c  c  .| 
teiled  humilitv  of   her  he.irl  ;  and  in  \\liii;i  ,s  , 
heen   ^vell    oliserved,    the    atleiiimis  .,:  rr\ 
love  were  delicately  entwined  with  |ii(  u.  ..;,j', 
the  most  tender  mel.incli(dy.+     Sin   \v,i>  -ir,,: 
juirest  spirits  that  ever  ruled  o\ir  the  csii-.i^ 
a  n.ilion.      ll.id    she   heen   spared,   lar  '•!;;■ 
vigilance  wiiuld   have  prevented  ni.invi.- 
horror  in  the  coloni/ation  of  tin    New  Win. 
might    li.ne    softened    the  lot  ot   lis  n.ii.\i  :; 
t. lilts.      .As    it    is,  her    t.iir    n.iiiie  will   i\i:. 
w  ith  C(  lesti.il  radiance    in    the  d.iw  uiiil;  n:  ;- 
torv. 

i'he  news  of   the  death  of   Isahell.i  nMih-i 
lumhus   when   hew.is   writing  ,1  lettrrtnii 
I  liego.      I  le  notici'S  it  ill  a  ])ostscript  or  ;i.i'i,-. 
dum,  written  in   the  haste  .and  hie\itv  't  iii. 
meiil,  hut   111   he.uititullv   touching  .iiu!  n.or 
terms.       "  .\   mciiiori  d,"    he   writes,   "  1  r : 
mv   clear   s.iii    |)iego    of   wh.it   is  .itinrMn;: 
done.       Tile  |)riiicip.ii  thing  is  to  (  oinim  i.ii  ,: 
tioilatelv,  .Hid  with  great  dex'olioii.  thi  --"ii    ■ 
(piecn    our   sovereign    to    (iod.       Her  lit-  .(•■ 
w.ivs  c.iiliolic   .and  liolv,  .and  prompt  In.di;' 
111   his  hulv  serxice  ;    for  this  re  isnii  wr  !ii,i\ 
.issured  th.it  she  is  receiwd  into  his  gl.iiv,  r. 
\i)nd    t!ie   c.ires   (d    this    rough   and  we. in » 
!'he  next   thing   is  tow.itch  and  l.iher  ii  >': 
tea's  lor  the  ser\  ice  of   our  soM'relg"  i:  •   ^l', 
to  endeavor  to  alle\  i.ite   his  griek      Hi'  '■'■'■'-•' 
the    lieacl  of   Christendom.      Keiieiii'irr  ','••: 
erh    which    s.us,    when    Itie    he. id    siil!':-'  ■■ 
nieniheis  sutler.      Tlieia  tore,    all  '^  in;!  I  !.rs'. 
should  pr.iv  for  his   he.ilth  and  1  irg  h!i  .  ;i 
who  .are  in  his  em|ilov   <iuglit   liioie  ilii!;i;e 
do  this  w  itti  all  studv  anil  diligein  v.'  ] 

It    is    impossihle    to    read    tins   nanniitii:   ' 
without  heiiig  moved   hv   the  siiii|i'    t  'uiy 
artless   l.mgu.ige     in   which   Coin     ''iis  •'•■'■ 
his  tenderness  fiU'  the  memory  ol  In  1  lu  I'.i'-'' 
his  weariness   under   the   gatherae.;   >>;;■-' 
ot  lite,  ,ilid 
low.ird    the 
neglecting 
I  oiilidenti.il 
lumhus. 


Ills  peisiwering  .iiiii 
sovereign  who  w.i^ 
lim.  It  IS  in  die. 
leiii  IS  th.ii  we  re, I 


ij'iiiii  ^ 
.so   ir  ,ri' 

Vlli-llill:' 


(I    the 


■"'  Tlie  ilyiiiLj  roinin.uid  of  Js.iliell.i  has  !  < 
The  author  of  tjiis  wo, .,  lias  seen  her  1 
ro\.if  (  hapel  of  the  Calh  .iral  of  (iraii.i' 
ler  reinauis  arc  interred  with  those  ot 
'{"heir  etrijiies,  si  ulptiired  in  white  in. irl'ii. 
si.le  on  a  inaRniti'cnt  sepulchre.  1 1  " 
ch.iprl  is  adorned  willi  W.is-reliels  ri'| n 
<  oiuniesl  .in<l  surrender  of  (iranaila 

f    ldoi;i()   ,|e   la    Reina   (  atoliia  I"'i 
meiichi.      Illuslralion  Ii). 

;    Letter  to  his  yon  Diego,  Dec.  3.  lr"4 


1.!  -n 


lir.: 

llIU 


I).  III. 


COlIMlU's    Al^KIM' 

:;;c.\TioS   T" 


T:!  il.'.itli  ot  ls.l 
j,,..  |.,,s  ot  Coliiiiih| 
ev,    ;!-!nK  le  anticP 


■m 


iier  ri.u.ird 


,,;•  his  sia-\i'i| 
di.v  :,ter.     Wii'i  h| 
(SI-    i.ul  laiigiii-lic'' 
jell      lilt'  justice  .inj 

II  ,,'ig  llic  reiiiai!| 
of;   spring  he  '"il 

Sai:  ■/?  illness,  audi 
r,'.  Irein  the  ^:ovei| 
His  ii'iiher  the  .Ad 
vrii  i'.i.s  acciisini'ii 
thp  ..:li  ;ill  his  irrilsj 
to     ■  1  lite  rests   I  ik 

yo;:   ,   r  snll    k  t ni.l 

te<       The  killer,  il 

ed'    ;:iin'seiits  10  I. 

it:     iiulmg    in:]   C'la 

ijiv,  lis  :    .lad   iiniil 

Iti'i  :iir.i-m,  allndiiig 

But    -t  llliise   slliliily 

ore  -iiiiin  which  st.iiii 

I'T  I  tliy   hrotlur   > 

'Jro  :.i.r  sliouM  unti 

;-itl  r'-,  and  I  pr.iise  I  '< 

ho  ■  'lii'il   llecil.      Tei 

na:       Inr    lllee.        .N 

jrif  i  to  riLtlii  or  hli, 

..    "Hi;  t'le  [KTsoiis 

at  I-.   llMle    in    his 

Ar  :,:;a     Wspiiici. 

«\i  ■.  Iiiil  iiiitoriiiii.ii 

ii  ii  as  he  deserv 

vl:  .ill  alwavs  heen 

Til  His  object  ill 

k  ''Cill   III   prove 

m  ■■111  la'  ha.l  ]ur]\ 

thi  '-w  W  aid  ;   \'es 

,,pp  ,  tile  s.iii.e  I  i.ist, 

!':'■  ciiiailllst.mi  a- 

III  i  a  git  .1111   11!   ho 
[l"';ily  |)rns|Hrls.      i 

itiie  lime  hisho 
Ut  urt.  This  W.IS 
|ia :  iiilod  Iniii  1  1  ,11 
1^  I  of  le.iiiie  I  inei 
fli''  i  liiin  .villi  Ids 
|)lo  ,1  til  tile  Sp.inis 
or  '  li".l  and  111. eh- 
llv  ;,ijl  yet  liei  ll  in 
Ml!  's  his  s  "A  1  ),ei. 
fth'  .vnrtli,  piekite^ 
':    'lire  |iarn  ul.ir  ; 

ftl'      I'll'.  ■:,     ,\|l,,     1,     II 

jlii: ;  inii..  riling  me 

p.Jlhl.:  lllshnpnt   I': 

at  their  higliiiesse 

pli-'S,  wlia  indu.ed 

"11  till-  ro.id  t  ) 

fk    .^■^:  '■  11  the  lii- 

;.«r    -ulil  arrivi',  tell 

J  ''it'll  hy  Ills  pro 

|;h      knl-r  with  liis  i 
'•t'^i-r  et  Deccmli 


'nit  tit-lj 


iiMin  'II,   fXi 

!      ■   I       ' 


\)    lit. 
"4 


LlFi:    AND    V()VA(',i:S    OF    C0LUMI5US. 


oor. 


fnAI'TKR  III. 


hn'MIUS    AKI:l\r>! 


AT   ciiiK  I  — I  KTi  ri.r.ss  .\I'- 


1505. j 


liiK    Kl  HKl-ss. 


nril  invilc  iiii'.  for  we  imist   return  to  Oiir  anriL-nt 
tr.iii'iii.il  iilti-ciiuii." 

TliL'  inccs-iiiiit  .iiiplicitioiis  (if  ('Dhuriljus,   Ixitli 
bv   letter  ami    hv  the   iiiler\(lUii)li    ol    Irielids.  ,ip- 


P 


■ar  to   have 


•n   listened  to  with  cool   inditft 


iTiii-  fl''' 


til  c: 


a  w.is  a  latal  blow  to  the 


Irtuiu's  (i: 


(  C'eliimluis. 


W 


llle   .sMe    lived 


enec.  No  <'oni|)lia!ice  w.is  yielded  to  his  re(jii(.sts, 
and  no  detereiue  w.is  |i.iid  to  his  oiiinions,  on  va- 
rious points,  concernin;^-  xvhiih  he  intirest^d  hinv 


•jOSlli 

tudi' 


tliiiiir  te  ;iiitii'i|).ite   troin 


her  1 


H'di  sense  ol 


It.      .\ 


ew  mstruetions  were  sent  out  to  Ovando, 


iiiT  r:\i.n 


1  lor  her  roval  wonl,  her  ^r.it 


{  but  not  a  word  ol   their  purport  \v,is  mentioned  to 


11.,  services. 


d   her  admir.ition  ot   his 


the  admiral.      It  w.is  innposed   to  send  out  three 


bar.u'tcr 


\Vit!i  her  illness,  however,  his   in 


^       ,  Inshops,  and  he  entreated  in  \,iin  to  he  he.inl  pre 


li,iil  l.in.^'ilislied,    and    whei 
',0  tlu'  iiislice  ,ind  ^jeiierosity 


she  died  he  w.is 
ot  I'erdinaiiil  1 


\ious  to   their  eleclKin. 


In   short,  he   w.is  not  in 


iDunni;- tlic  icin.iindcr  ol  the  winter  and  a  p.irt 
]thf>|ii 


mlinued  ,it  Seville,  liet, lined  b\ 


.iiKl    jiide 


vorinir    to    oht.tiii    re 


Jiiihil  illiic 

CSS  fnun  llic  i;'i\ eminent   by   ineffectu.il   k'lters. 
hrdilin-  ill''  .Adel.iiilado,  who  supjiorled  him 

devotion 


Ith    lii^ 


a(ciisiiinuHi 
Is 


hiiulness 


.im 


aiu'  w.i\-  consulted  in  tho  ;ill:iirs  of  the  New 
Wdrlil.  lie  felt  dei'ply  lliis  ii(L;iect,  ;ind  bec.ime 
e\'ery  d  iv  more  im|i,iticnt  ot  Ins  .ibseiicc  from 
(iiiirt.  To  enable  hmisell  to  jierlorm  the  journey 
with  more  e.ise,  he  a])plied  tor  iiermission  to  use 
.1  mule,  ;i  rov.d  ordinamtr  h.iviiiL,''  |irohil)ited  the 
ose  anim.ds  under  the  saddle,  in 


ilo\iiieiit  of  th 


|roiit;li  all  liis  iri.ils.  \ 


proceeded  to  lolirt 


to   itti'iid      ci)iise<iuence   ot   their   iini\irs.il    use  h.i\ini(  ooci- 


hh  interests   tikin;;   wiih    him    the   admir.d's 
fcuii'^T  smi   l-'cni.mdo,  iheii   at:ed   about  seveii- 


ioned  .1  decline   in   the  breed  ol  horses.      .A  roval 


perm 


ission    was   .u'cori 


lin-K 


■r.iiued   to  C'olum- 


Jen. 
Ilv  I 


lie  l.itlfr,  I.- 


itfection.ite   f.ither   I'epe.it- 


('|in'sciits  to  his  smi 


1) 


lei/o  .IS  .1  in, 111  in  un- 


hus 


;ncap,ui 


in   lonsiiieration  th.it   his  .u,'e  and  mlirmities 


t.ited  him  from  ridinir  on  horseb.ick  ;  but 


|rst;iiuliii,L,f  iii;l  conduct,  thouj^h  but  ,1  stripling- 
irs  :  .1:1.1  iiiciilc.iies  the  stronj;est  tr.itern.ii 
aii.i.  iiii'.riil,  .illn  hiii;'  to  his  own  brethren  with 
one  111  ilidsf  siiii,ilv  elo(|Uent  and  ,iffeclinj|  e\- 
nre-.Moiis  wliicii  si. imp  Ins  heart   upon   his  leiler' 


it  w.is  a  consider.ible   limt;   before   the  state  of  hi 


he.i 


ith 

1. 


WOl 


lid  permit  him  ti 


ail  himselt  ot  that 


privilei^fi 


■|- 


le  l(n'<'''oin''-  p.irticiii.ir- 


ii'ane< 


if  C'oluml 


His    receii 


Ilv   (I 


IsCMVert 


I  trom  letters 
how  the  real 


{T(i  til 


Hdlller    Ci 


induct    th.-sidt   as    the  elder 


st.iti'    of   his   atf.iirs,    and    the    mein.il 


d  bodil-v 


Other  should  unto  the  youn^LT.     Thou  hast  no 
LT,  anil  I  pr.iise  dod  tliat  this  is  such  a  one  ,is 


I  (IdSl 


'Vvi\   brothers   wiiuhl    not  be  too 


attliction  sust  lined  by  him  durini;'  his  winter's  res- 
idenci-  at  Seville,  on  his  return  ti'din  his  last  dis- 
lle    li.is  eeiier.illv  been    repre- 


.istrous    \()vaio' 


ail\'  lor   ihee.       .\e\er    h.i\e    I    found    a    belter 


S( 


I'.ted  .IS  reposin'j-   iliei'i'   liiiin   his  toils  and  trm 


Bend  1(1  riLjIit  or  It 


It,  tl 


i.in  ms' 


brotli 


ers. 


lit 


N 


[AiiKini; 

this   h! 


tile  jicrsons  whom   v.oluinhus  emploved 
lu-  111   his   missions   to   the     i  (Uirt   was 


ever    w.is 
ited,  more  desirt-d. 


llMU 


iblt 


reiiuse   more   nier- 


enio\e( 


1'  was  not  until   the  month  of   .Ma\  th.it  he  w 


\'i 


fspllCl-l. 


lb 


ilescr.lie- 


him     .as  .1 


m  companv  with   Ins 


r.inliut  iiiit.Mluii.ite  in.m,  whdh.id  not  prolited      ''"•    '','   •"■'"mpbsh    his   1 


imiitii 


Iho 


IS  lie  (leser\C(l  bv  his   uinU 


•rtakii 


ILTS.  ,ind 


time    htdd    at    Sei 


Is 

brother  the  .\delant.i- 

ourne\'   to  idurt,   at  th.it 

w  ho   but  a  tew  vears 


10  li.Ki  always  Incn  disposed  to  lender  him  sei- 
Ict.,     Ills  (ihiei-l   ill    ein|ilovinj^   him    ajipears   to 
Vi-  lifcll   to   jirove   tl 


belt 


h.id   entered    the   (  ;i\-  (d    H.ircelona  in  tri 


iiniph,  .itteiided    by    the    nohility    an 


hivalrv  ut 


hd  ih.u 


le  v.ilue  ot  his  List  vow 


Sp.iin,  ,ind  h.iiled  with   i.i|itiire  by  llie   multitiuk 


In-  iMil   llceil   m 


|ie  .New  W'lrld  ;   \'espiic.  1 
Kin  the  s.iiiii:  c  i.ist,  in  .1  vov.iet 


the  most  (ipuleiU  jKirts  ol 


now   ariiN'ed    within  tr.e 


Se^(i\l,l,  a  \».iv- 


ti.ivin'i'  since   touihed 


i^i'  with 


111! 


(-■  circi.mstin.  e  (.cc\, rred  .it  this  time  w'ii(  !i 


wdiii,  melanchoU',  and  iiei^lecled  m  in  ;   oppressed 

more  bv  sorrow  than  e\cii  b\- his  year-^  .ind  inlirm- 

ilies.      \\lien    he  presented   himself    ,it    court    he 

I  ■  .1       nut   with    mine   of    th.it   distinguished    .itteiiiion. 


lonso  lie 


led  a  j^U.iii 
(loimi)  |ir(is]if(  I-, 


1   (i!   hope    ,ind    consolation  o\-er  his 


tli.it  cordial    kindness,  that  i  herishmi;  sympatl 


l)i( 


!)e. 


lad  hceii 


or    line  uine   bishop  u\   I'.ilenci.i,  w.is  expected 


hd 


mrt. 
iidcd  I 


Ills   was   the   same    wairtlU' 


tl  i.ir  w  ho 


paid  (if  IcMiiic  I  1; 


iini   I  I   .idviH  .lie   iiis  theorv  ludore  tin 


which    hi' 
suflerin;^s 
dhe  .s'e 
ser\"i('es, 


ilhded    services   aixl    his    recent 
i  had  merited.* 
llish  l-'enlin.ind   h  id  lost  siidit  of  his  past 


in    wli.it   appeal! 


,1    lo    I 


len  .11  S.d.im.inc.i,  an 


pri'senl  ile:n,ind 


iiin   .villi  lii.s  purse  when   iiiakin;,'  his  pn 


■•3  to   tile  S 
d 


i.iiiisu  t  iiur 


t.      lie    had 


St    b 


lii 


'f''i(iiu!|  and   iii.ule   .\i,hbishop  t 
'■  'wt  yet  bet  11  installed  in  otl"n 


if   Se 


:s  h 


•,    liut 
( 'olumbus 


till-  woril 


is  s '11    liicno   to    iiiirusl    his   interests 


iiin  tl;e  inconven- 
I  Ic  rci  fi\etl  hint 
with  m.inv  ]irofessions  ol  kindnes-.  ;  but  with 
those  cold,  ineffectua!  smiles  v.liith  p.lss  like 
wintry  sunshine  o\cr  the  couiUrn.ince.  .mil  ton- 
\''V  '"1  w  .irrith  to  the  hcari. 

The  , idmir.il   now   i;.i\e  a  p.irtitul.ir  .u  coum  of 


IV    prel.d' 


T 


tl 


iinijs, 


s.i\s    lie 


his  Lit 


e  \(i\  aijc.  ( 


lesci  iliiiiLj  the  ere.it  tr.ict  of  'I'er- 


:-tl 


'   iiiirc  |i.ii-i,  til.ir  attention. 

'     |llf'M.   wh, 


ascertain  \>.  helher 

liow    w  itli  ( 'lod,  h.is   said    .iiu  - 

(dill criipi^  me  in   her  tesi.mient,  .lud  stim- 

.i!(  IK  i.i,  he  who  W.IS  the  c.iUse 


r.i  I'lrm.i,  whu  h  he  had 
ot  the  p!o\in<'e  ol  \(a,ii; 
dis.istia'  suslaine  ' 


e\ploreil,  .iinl  the  riches 


so  I  he 


le  rel.l 


te.l   al 


in    the  islai 


.im.iica  ;  the 


|air  tia 

at  t!„.|r  h,.j' 
kdi 


■pol 


messes   oht.iinc 


iiisurrei 


lion   ol    tht 


.ind   their  o.iiu 


possession  01 


the  o'.lu  r  I' riels  and  troubles  o|  ihis  uiitorlun.ite 


I'-'SwIn  iiidii.-ed    ne  to  reiii.iin  in  Cast 


f-'^'iil  lla-  i.i.nl  t 


It 


1  iea\c  It. 


!  .s.i\'.s : 


^  iiulil  iiiriM 


He  when 
n  .mother  Utter 


evpeiluiou. 
ill    the    kill; 


lie   1 


l.id 


lul   a   t  iilil-he.irtial    auditor 


and    the  lii.niL'nant  Is.i 


liell 


I  was  n.) 


ghMifil  l.y  hi 


lo'J" 


llu;  Ilishop  ol    I'aKaici.i    h.is  arrived, 

tell  him   how  mill  h  I 
s   .inisiientv,  and   tli.it    if  1 


:i,i\i.'  iHcii 


more  .11  li.md  to  soo 

liess    or    .1    te.ir    ol    ^.\  mp.illu'. 


liie   hiin  \\  ilh   .1  smiie  ot  kind- 


llie  \aaier.l 


l.lel. 


as  C 


IS. IS. 


1    know   not. 
wli.it  coultl  cause 


ith  h 


IS  ^(r.ice,  even  thoU;;h  he  slioiil 


dik 


e  .ml  this  w.iiit  ol  priiu'elv  laiunu  n.uu'e 


'  cltcr  (if  Dcicinlicr  21,  iftq.    N'.iv.irrele,    li 


\. 


C'.isas,  liist.  Ind..  Uh.  ii.  cap. 


llerrera, 


Hist.  I  nil.,  dccaii.  i.  lib.  vi.  cap.   i. 


i 


f!l   W 


S36 


in  the  ki 


LIFE   AND   VOVAGI'>:   OF   COLUMBUS. 


toward   nm>  wlio  li.id   rciuliTcil  liim 


siicl'  iiri'-iniiiu'iit  bnnlits 


inltss  it  was  iliat  his 


niiiul  was  swayid   by  llu'  false  trstimoiiics  wlucli 
liad  bi-i'H  liiMUL;ht  a''ainst  the  achiiira 


hi'fi)  cnahlcd  to  li'arn 


I  havi 

sons  niiuli  in  l.i\cir  with  thf  soxrrcii^ns. 


ot  which 
soini'thinL;  Iron)  pcr- 


Attcr 


S    SlMt    111 


a   lew  il  1 


hi 

he  had 


\s  h  id  claiisi-d  (.'olunilnis  lUf^fd 

t;  ol  all   that 

n  promised  him 


u-nuiunnj;-  tlie   km 
all  that  had  bee 


under  the   rnval  wonl  and  seal,  and  siipplieatiiij. 
tliat  the  restiuiiinns  and  indenmitiiations  whieh 
had  been  so  Irrqueiitly  st)li(ite(!,  niij;ht  l)e  awari' 
eil  to  him 
(levo 


vailing  solicitation,  during'  whii  h  lu^  ronin,|..., 
rei\'i\e  oiilward  demoiisiralions  ot  rcsin-i"  • 
the  kini^,  and  due  .mention  Irom  ( ,ipliii;i|  v. 
nes,  Arehbishop   ot   'I'oiedo,  ,ind   hiIht  nnl 


])erson,ii;es  ;  but  he  li.id  h-arned  to 


i'tiiii 


(listriist  tlu'  ho 
were  ri'teired  t{ 


How 


eivihties  ol  .1  rdini,  \\: 


tnb 


dl< 


ot   th 


e   disi'harij'i'S   ol    the    ronsrienc 


ceased    tineen,  .ind   of  the  l< 


ol  tribunal    commonly  know  n  h\  tlic  i 
junta  de  Descarj^os,  lomposed  ol 


ilfcriiiLr  in  return  to  serve  his  majestv   !  complishmeiit  ot  the  last  w 


ited    bv   tl 


riii: 


i.ini-  ■ 
piTMii;.  I  - 


le  soverei;;n,    to   siipeniit, -kI  ili- 


.1 


teilh-   lor   tlu'   short  time 


h, 


111  \et  to  hve 


d   il 


Ttl!; 


le   iliscM.iri 


ot 


lis   (lelils. 


and  trustiii'',  Irom   wiiat  he  lelt  within  him,  and    |  tioiis  were  held  b\'  this  body,  but  I'oih. 


from  what 
rend 


tl 


iou'J:ht  he  knew  with  cert.imlv,  to      termiiied 


er  servici  s   w 
ad  yet  jierlormed 


Inch  should   surpass  all  that  In 


he   wishes  ol   the  kii;;'  WiTr 


viiow  11  \r  he  thwart'ij 


It 


was 


a  hundred-lold.     T 


le  kini;,  in 


I.asC 


isas, 


that   il   the  ki 


I'llKVC'l 


Ulll   h. 


reply,  acknowledj;cd  the  greatness  ol   his  merits,    :  with  ,i  s.ite  conscience,  and   witlauit  ilc!'- 
and   the  import.mce  of  his  services,  but  oltserved 


ih  U,  tor  the  more  satisf.ictor\-  adjustment  ol 


his  lame,  he  would  have  respccti 
tile   iiri\ile};es   which   he  and  the  ijii' 


claims,  It  woul 


be  ,iil\  isahle  to  rclcr  .il 


Muini-i  m 


ded   to   the   admir.d. 


i!isi)Ute  to  the  decision  of  some  disi 


Ic  I  justlv  merited. 


5L'rson. 


Th 


arbiter  his   iriend  tlu- 


e  .iilmir.il  immediately  |iropi)-,eii   as 


t 


olumlnis  stil 


tint 


.hbish 


>t  .Sevil 


I). 


b 


ered  Inmsclt  th.a, 


il  such  import.ince,  .and  tone 


I) 


iej;;o  lie 


He 


men   about   tl 


le 


th 


e  contidence  ot   tin 


le  of  the  most  able  anil  upii,:;ht    ,  of  sovereii^nty,  tin-  .idjustment  ot  ll 
liiijh     111      only  |iostponeil  by  the  kin;.,'  until  Ic 


ourt,   cle\oteillv   Ion.iI 


-illlL, 


.111  1  one  svlio  11 


.  take 


II  ^re.ii  inti'rest  ill  the  .ili.iirs  ol  the  Ni 


ad  al-    !  wath   his  d.iu^hter   |iiar,.i,  w 


i-r   mother  as   '  Hieeii   o 


h.o  h 
t   Cislili 


World.     The    kiiin    consented    tu   the  .irbitration,    ,  daily  exju'Cted  Irom    l"l.inders  w  ii!'.  lu-r  hi 
hut   artfulK'   iNteiuled    it    to    (luestions    which   he       Ki'iK'   I'lnlij).      lie  indeaxiUTd,  tlvn-tniv. 


^ould  iicviM'  be  put  at  i.^siie   by  Columbus  ;       his  delay-'  with   p.itieiice  ;   but   he  IlkI 


111' 


amonj; 
ilVi 


tht 


as  his  cl.iini  to  the  restor.ition  ot  his      the   plnsical   streiii;th   and   j^lur 


loas  aiiiii'iii,; 


olVicc  of  vicer.)v.   To  this  C'llumlnis  objected  with    !  which  once  sust.iined  him  throiij;li  hi-.  In 


becoming  spirit,  as  comprouiisins^r  j  rii;ht  which      cation  at  this  court. 
was  too  cleirlv  ditiiu'd  and  soleinnlv  est.iblislied 


l.il 


e    ilsell   \\;,s  i!: 


,1  close 


t'j   be   put   lor  .1  moment  in  dispute.     Il  was  the 
HUeslion  ol  reins  .and  revenues  alone,  he  ol)ser\f'l, 


II 


e  w  as  once  mo 


ro  confined  to  l;is  hi-il  i 


e  was  williiiL;'   to  suhmit  l' 


which  h 

a  learned  in.in,  net  ih.it  ot  tlu 

Indi':fs.     .' 

em!)rai:in; 


the  d 


Hinir   att.ick   of   the  ^;out,  a^ 
1  di 


ecision  ol      sorrows. and  di-,.ippointment 


'ii\ernmi  nt  ol  tin' 


his   heart.      !■' 


tile    nii.'l.ircli    iieisi 


.ted,    I 


iiiwcver.    111       ilresseil  one  nior 


boln  i|uesi:'ins  m   tlie  .iibilr.ition,  tin. 


II 


p'.'oposec.  me.isuie  w.is  i  e\er  ciriiei 


1  into  effect. 


e   no   loni;t  r   |ietitioiiec 


th 

e  .ipjie.d  to  the 
I    for   h 


'hi.h 
ot  .1!; 
iiMi'- 


•e.ltth 

'I;    :!• 


Ills  son 


P 


NiU'   did    he  dwell  iliieil 


It  was.  in    fact,  on   tlv.    subied  ot  his  diijiiiiie' 


iii.irv  (lues;   It   W.IS  the  noiior.a 


lb!e  tl 


alone  that  Columbus  v.-.i 
matters  he  (■oiisidered  oi 
a  con\ers.ition   with   the  k 


S  teriai  lolls  ;  .i;l 
minor  import. un 
ill'''   lie   .ibsiplute-l 


'tiler 


services  w 
in  his  f.u 
niiLdu  be 


voweil  all  wish  ot  entering;  into  anv  ^.uit  or  |)lead-      meiit   of   which 


hi(  h  '  '■  wished  to  set  lire  ,i;vl  :> 
lib  .      1  le    entreated   th.it   la. 
ijipninted,  in    his   pl.ice,  in  tl: 
h.ld    been    so    \'.  l"!  ■. 


inn'  as  to  I. IS  jieiamiary 
offered  to  put  all  1 


on  tiu^  contr.irs',  lu- 


lls privi 


le.j 
the 
the  dues  .irisiii''  ii'iin  tin  in,  w 


d. 


T 


,1111 


aaiuls  o 


t  hi 


writini,rs  into 
s   sovereisjn,  and    to  receive  out  of 


^<1V 


hall 


mi.i^ht  tliiiik  jir- 


concerns  my  hnn 
ni.ijestv    m.av   tliiid 
t  t 


as  to  .ill  the  rea, 
propi  r  ;    va  r  or  v 


IS  maiestv   ;  m.iv  be  most  t  u"  \iiur  iiUiaa'st,  .im 


11  .iw  .ird 


1  d 


ithoiu  (pi.iiiiii  .iti'iii  cr  reserve,  were  his  otli-      this  .dt.iir  is  the  jirincipal  c. 


M.llle: 


d  t'.l 


ma  iiiuler  the  ro\.i|  se.il 


111  t! 


solemnit\ 


ed 

c:a 

with 

at  all 

be  li 

dilate  ot  nnser.ible  suspense,  ,iiul  enabled  to  retire 


th.it  he  i  l.UIll-    :    tent,       I   believe  the  .llixietv  c.Ulsed  1  vl'^il' 


m\ 


<t  .1  tre.ltv. 


II. 


entn-.ited 


I   .\  petition   to   tlie   same   purpose  v\  is  | 


II 


le  s.inie   iiiiie 


I) 


leiro.  I'llc! 


events,    th.at   these   matters 


ini 


eht 


Speedily 


llh 


lim  such  piasons  lor  coiins 


ecided,   so  th.at   he   mi'dit  be  rele.ised  irom  a 


■.hoiild 


Th 


I 
ippoint,  .tint  tl 


lie  Ki 


iU-A 


ese  petitions  wan.'  treated 


liv  l-'i  rr 


to  some  (p!i"i  corner,  in  scan  h  "f  that  tr.impiillity  '  his  usual  protessions  .and   ev.ision 

'    i   lati-ues  and  his  in-  '  .ap|)licalions    were    ni.ide   to   him,' 


and   reiio 
lirmities. 


,irv  t- 


o  this  Ir.mk  ;ipp  -.ll  t.)  his  juslii  e  .and  ;;cneri)S- 


.1 


w  nil   iii.inv  laiurlt  uis  ex- 


pressions. 


ad  with  tl 


Cas.is,  "the  miii'e  l.unr.ilily  did  !>''  '' 1 
still  he  di'l.iyed,  hojiim,',  by' e\k  oislm-  ! 
tience,  to    indiiic    them    to   \v,ive   t'.ea  p.' 


ose  j^eiua'. 


ises  which  bej^ruile  the  ear   of  tl 
but  cunvev  no  conilnrt   t  i  las  In 


ev  .isiv  e 
ourt 


•i-(av. 


nul 
ipplicant,   I  C.istil 
.\s  f.ir  as      the  ki 


.accept    111    pl.ice    tliereii 


t    tit' 


( 


olumlnis   reji 


cted 


actions   Went, 


olpservc.T 


1. 


IS   C.as.i 


the 


kin 


lid   with  iiidij;n.ition. 


111. Ill" 


iim  no  siL'iis  ot  l.ivor,  but,  on 


mm    as    much    ,as 


not  mereiy  showai 

the  contr.iry,    discounteiiaiu  ei 

possible  ;  yet  he  was  never  w.aniini;  in  coniplimi  nt- 

ary  ex|)ressions. " 


.\I 


my  moiitir,  w.  re  passed  by  f.nlumbusin  una- 


Las  Casas,    Hist.  Iiul.,  lih, 


up,  37,  .Ml,. 


promise   those    tnleS 
his  .achievt-mi  tits, 
furth 


which    well-   tic 
I  le     s:iw,    l.'i.'i  ■' 


er  hope  ol  redress  Irolil 


rom   the 


d   to   which  he  w.is  <  iii!i:i-' 


tliessed   .1   leiler  to   his  constant  liui 
l>e.M,     e\|)ressive    ot     his    llesp.lir. 


i   1),- 


Las  Casas,  Hist.  Ind.,  1 


ll).  11.  c:: 


that  his  m.ajcstv 
^hiri  liC'  \^'l''  •'' 
;«rainiM-il  iiH'  h^'  \'' 
{ml  liir  the  '  oat 
the  uiiul,     I    ii'i^ 
\t:\\c  llH'   !■•  '^t   ;o 
•rojiiiii'i'^ '"  mc  ' 
„  Tnr  C'lld  'Hid  '  I 
illii^Tiiuis  111.111  sn 
jjei-iuciied  by  th.ii 
ihc  :i'.',irt  sick." 
Bli'!'  'lisappoiiiliiu 
of  ;:.;ratitiulc,  ,inil 

ll'eii;.!  ilMSe  to  lie. I 
Jro:a  the  just  cl.iilii 
ip  ii.isin^'  to  he  us- 
hav   become  imjio 


(. 

PI-  \ri!l 

b  '.lie  midst  111  i; 

bof,  iilv  .mil  iKil"' 

Cc'i'iiiius,    ,1    new 

\ih'-'\  lip  fur  tin:  nil 

pr     ill'  lu  ird  \vi' 

li'.ij)  .ill'l   i]ueen 

Dm  fhiivlers  ij  t 

[Cisli!.-,     Inlheil 

lici  niari-  to  find  a  ; 

er.iai.iml  .mil  all  t! 

Ii'fi.r  t!r.   vnlltlilul 
ll  '■,  lia','-  d'i'v  ll 
i  '3   iieil    hy   a    si 
eiti ar  111  his  p,iiiilul 

!il,:j)011Se  with  the 

Jii;,'),     His  hmllier 

|s  ;■,'  I'll    (lepemliai 

:  til  rt  present  bin 

|l(I  cun^jr.itiil.itions. 

'  "rvv  kin^aiid  (pif 
in;,  ;  ■laa'liled  hy  illii 

ai.k'.st  Ills  devotiol 

I  [•wvxv:^  the  tiiosi  I 
»p.'-s,i|  ,1  liiipe  ih 
in  i^  the  i-estitiiti.ii 
|d  .ii^are  I  till  111  tl 
'■M-at  liy  dise.i 
!tn,:  r  ihem  services 

«!-■     witnessed. 
. '"-    ll  w.as   tin:   l.is 
iiiiUHTahle   spiiil 
|ifl  iniirmiiies,  and 

:';n:|lls,    s|i'ike    t 
iianleaee    ii,'    Vi 

,.;rt  .I'r  r  enievpr 

:  ".Is  lite   h-jere 

til-    ol  his  'irotlit  r 

-1^.1111.  aii'l  set  I 

\^'    -V--       lb-   eNI 

;«;'!'■.      Tiieilai: 

'"''     ''.:i  'J re. I',   .men 

yU'    :.  aiiilil.itienii-- 

1  -isjiei-inis  terir, 

ilic  iiie.in  time 

j.w-    1^  ■■•!  re  (jr.ivvin 

m    ill-  'vliiJi    had 

lljl'','  i'Cil  hvaccunii 

IJC   alter  ilu,.  (lepa 

""  ■■'  iniaeased  m 

Nav,arrc'lc  Colcc. 


LIFE   AND    VOYAGES   OF   COLUMBUS. 


2-11 


I  his  majesty  docs  not  tliink  fit  to  fulfil  th.it 
ioM  lif  wilirthc  (|iufn,  wiu)  is  now  in  kIoit, 
nuMd'nii-  I'v  won!  .iixi  simI.  Vvr  iiu-  to  con- 
(1  i„r  the  '  oiitr.iiv    would   be  to  coiUcrKl  with 

le  uiiul.  i  li.ivt'  done  .di  t!i;it  1  cdidd  do.  I 
llif  rest  io  liod,  wlioin    1    iiavc  fvcr  louful 

■op.iuiiis  t(,  MU' ni  my  ii.cfssitii'S."*        ,    ,  ,    ,  . 

Thf  i-'ild  and  oiili-id.ilini;  I'cnimand  hidudd  tins 

lusirioiis  m.in  smkiiv^  uikKt  iiiliniiity  ot  body, 
huiK'd  I'V  that  drlcri-fd  hoju'  wliirh  "  inakflli 

le  hi'.irt  sK'k."     A    little    niori'    dt  lay,   a    liltU' 

ioidlisa|ipniiitniont,  and  a  liltli-  loiij^rr  iiilliction 
iii';r;itiiiKlr,  and  this  loyal  and  },rciuToiis  heart 
iul?l  ii-ase  ti)  heal  ;  he  should  then  he  delivered 
mtiic  i^l^'t  claims  ot  a  well-irieil  servant,  who, 
a.isitif;  to  he  useful.  w,is  considered  by  him  to 

W  hcconie  iniportun.ile. 


■4 


CHAI'ri.R   IV. 


PI-  \I  H     (IF    Cdl.r.MI'.fS, 


IIn  tlip  midu  iif  ilhu'ss  and  (K".|if)iidenry,  when 
llth  lilv  ,iiul  luipe  were  e\|)iriii^    in   the  hosoni  of 

)li!iiiim-;,  a  new  j^li'ain  w.is  awakened  and 
la/ivl  i!p  f"r  the  nionienl  with  characli'ristie  fer- 
Br  ilc  luird  wiih  joy  of  the  landini^  of  Kinjf 
hi'iip  and  ijiieeii  Juana,  who  had  just  arrive<l 
bm  ri.uvlers  tu  lake  ])ossession  of  their  throne 
IC.i^liK'.  In  the  daughter  ol  Isab-'lla  he  trusted 
Icc  niiirf  t'l  find  a  jiatroness  ,ind  a  tri'-nd.  Kin^^ 
inlin.uid  and  all  liie  court  rei)air<d  to  Laredo  to 
Iceiic  th'.  yoiithliil  soverei^nis.    Cohinibus  would 

lil'y  ha\"  don-'  the  s.mie,  but  \v  was  confined 
hi3  iunl  hy  a  severe  return  of  his  nial.idv  ; 
lluT  in  his  painful  ,ind  hrl|ilcss  situation  could 
i(l;-poi!sc  with  the  aid  .ami  niinisii'v  of  his  son 
le!,'a.  His  hnithrr,  the  .\drl,intado,  therefore, 
h  v.r.un  dcpcndnvr  i'l  a.ll  eniern'cncies,  w.is 
Int '.a  rcpre^ciu  hini,  and  to  present  his  honiai;e 
id  cnn;;ratul.itions.  t'ohunbus  wruic  by  him  to 
|e  iii'w  kin^.'.nd  (pieeii  expressing;  hisLjrief  .at  be- 

f  prevented  liv  illness  f|-om  commi;  in  person  to 

ar.ili^t  liis  (le\c)tiiin,  but  bci^^^inj^- to  be  cniisider- 
J?:iii'i'4  the  niii^i  l.iithfid  of  their  subjerts.  lie 
iprc-<.il  ,!  li:,|ie  tiiat  h-  should  receive  .at  their 
m\<\-,  liic  n-stuutiun  of  his  honors  .iiicl  istates, 
|d  .isvuiv  I  thein  iliat,    though  cruelly  tortured 

:  prt-hcni  !)y  dise.ise,  he  wmdd  vel  be  aide  to 
|ndfrilnni  services,  the  like  of  which  h.ul  nexaa" 

Kl!  witMfsseil. 

ISui-h  was  the  last  sally  of  hi-,  s.mijuinc  and 
Jcotupacr.dtle  spirit  ;  which,  d;sreL;,,'rdinj,'-  a:;c 
Id  niliimities,  ;i;i(|  all  p.ist  soia'ow  ,  ,ind 'dis.ip- 
lin'aiuius,  spiike  from  his  ilvni^^  bed  with  .dl 
le  iM.Uidince  n;  yiiulhful  liope  ;  .irid  talked  ot 
s'n.ii'.r  enterprises.  , IS  it  he  h.ul 'a  lonj^- and 
CniMus  li!,'  h,.f,.re  him.  The  Adel.uit.ido  t.)ok 
lavr  of  liir.  'iroiher,  whom  he  was  never  to  be- 
""■  .i;,'.ini.  and  set  out  on  his  mission  to  the  new 
|BUTtiL;ii,.      11,.  esperiencetl   the   most  j,r.u  ious 

fta  '''  '  '''"  '  ''"""•'^  "'  ''i''  ;idmiral  were  tre.it- 
m  ''M'.:i  ;.;reai  .iitention  by  the  vouni,^  kine-  .uid 
|e'H.  Miiilll.itlerin--  hopes  were  f^'iven  of  .i  speedy 
|(l  |ii  'siiei-'iu-  lernvwiation  {•,  his  suit. 
I'ii  i:ic  mean  tune  the  car-,  and  troubles  of  ("..- 
|nio_ib-.,en- dr.iwin;;  to  a  clos".  Phe  numient- 
.  "le  whkh  had  n-.inim.ited  him  w.is  soon 
en'-.-.cd  hy  ac,  unuil.itinj(  infirmities.  Immeili- 
1*1}  ■il'.er  the  departure  of  t!ie  .\del,iut.ido,  his 
m;,^  UKre.ised   HI   violence.       flis   last    voyage 


j       N"av.irictc  t'olcc,  tor 


had  shattered  beyond  repaira  frame  already  worn 
and  wasted  by  a  life  ol  liardsfiip  ;  and  continual 
an.xielies  robbed  him  ot  that  sweet  repose  so  nec- 
ess.iry  to  recruit  the  weariness  and  debility  ot 
aj,re,  'I'he  cold  inj^ratitude  of  hi.s  sovereij;n  chill- 
ed his  he.irt.  'Ihe  continued  suspension  ot  his 
honcMs,  and  the  enmity  and  del.imatiun  experi- 
enced at  every  turn  eeni'.  d  to  tlirow  a  sh.tdow 
over  that  f^lory  wl-.irii  had  been  the  '/jvaI  object 
of  his  ambition.  'I'his  shadow,  it  is  true,  could 
be  but  (d  transient  dur.ition  ;  but  ii  is  dilliculi  tor 
the  most  illustrious  man  to  look  bi'yond  the  pres- 
ent cloud  whii  h  m.iy  obscute  his  t.ime,  ,ind  antici- 
pate its  perm.anent  lustre  i:i  t!;e  .admiration  ot 
posterity. 

Heinj;-  admonished  bv  f.iiliiiL;'  stren,;th  and  in- 
ereasiiiL;-  sufterintfs  that  his  end  wa  >  ,ip|)roa(diini4', 
he  prepared  to  le.ive  his  alf.iirs  in  order  tor  thu 
beiielit  ol  his  successors. 

It    is  s.aid    that  on   t!ie  .^th  of    M.iy  he  wrote  an 
intorm.al  test.iment.iry  codicil  on   the   bl.ink  \r.i'^c 
of  a  little  brevi.iry,  t,Mven  him   by  Pope  .Mexanderr 
\T.      In   this  he   beciuealhed  th.it  book  to  the  Re- 
piiblir  of  ('ienf)a,  wdiich  he  .also  apj);)inted  success- 
or  to   his  privilcLjes  and  di^tiiii''s,  on   the  extinc- 
tion  ot   his   male  line,      lie  directed   likewise  the 
erection  of  an  hospital  in  tluit  city  with  the  prod- 
uce ot  his  possessions  in  Italv.     Thi-   authenticity 
ot  this  document  is  (]UcstioiKd,  and  lias  become  a 
point  ot  w.arm  contest  .imor.j.,'-  coinmentaioi's.     It 
is  not,  however,  ot   much  imponance.      T.ie  pa- 
per'is  such   as   mii,''ht    re.iililv   ha\e  been  written 
i>y   a   person    like  L'idumiius   in   the   paroxysm    of 
disease,  when  he  im.aifined   his  end   suildenK'  ap- 
proaidiini.j,  .and  shows  the  aft\'<'lion  with  w  hich  his 
thoujrhts    were    fient    on    his    ii,iti\a'    cily.      It   is 
termed   amoiiL;  commentators  a    military  codicil, 
bec.iuse  test.imentary  disiiositions  if  tliis  kind  are 
I  exeiaited    b\     the    soldier    at    the    jjoint  of    death, 
I  without  the  usu.il  form.ilities  recpi;rt\l  by  the  civil 
'  law.      .About  two  weeks  afterward,  on  the  eve  of 
:  his  death,  he   executed   .i   liiial   and  re^ul.irly  au- 
j  thenticatt'tl   codicil,  in    which    he    beciue.ilhed   hi.s 
!dii;iiilies  .and  estates  with  beltt'r  judejiiu-nt. 
!       In    these    last    and    .awful    moments,  when    the 
:  soul    h.is    but   a  biatd   space  in  whudi  to  m.ake  up 
its    .aciMunts    between    he.i\eii    and    I'.irlh,  .all  dis- 
simul.ition  is  at  an  end.  ami  we   re, id  uneciuivocal 
'  evidem  i-i   of    character.     The    last    codicil  of  Co- 
lumbus, madi'  at  the   vary  \erL;e  ol    the  i;rave,  is 
I  st.amped  w  ith  his  rulim;'  ]),issiiin  .an  1  his  benieiK.nt 
!  virtues.      lie  repe.its  and   c'nfirv'es  sever.al  cl.iuses 
ol   his    orii^in.il    test.inient,   cop.stituiim,''    liis  son 
j  nie;.;o  liis  univers.al  heir.   'Idu- eiU.iiled  inherit, uice, 
or  mavora/;^  ),  in  c.ise  he  died  without  m.ile  issue, 
W.IS  to;^i)  to  his  brother  I)oi\  I'ern.mdo,  and    from 
him,  in  like  case,  to  pass  to  his  uncle  I  )on  li.irtholo- 
niew.  desi ending'  alw.iys  to  the  ik  .iresl  male  heir  ; 
1  in  i.iilure   of   whiidi    it    w.is   to    p.iss  to  the   fem.ile 
I  ne.irest    in    iiiuxu^e   to  the   .idmir.d.      lie  enjoined 
upon  \'.  hoe\-er  should    inherit   his  est.iie   never  to 
.ilii'n.ite    or   diminish  it,    but   to   eiide.uor   by   .ill 
nu'.ans  t  >  .ailment  its  prosperity  ,',nd  im|iortam-e. 
lie  likewise  taijoineil  upon  his  l-eiis  to  be  prmnpt 
.md  devoted   at  all  times,  with  pei'sin  .and  estate, 
to  serve  their  sovereii^n  and  promote  the  Christian 
f.uth.      He  ordered  that  Don    Die;;!!  should  devote 
one  tenth  id  the  ri'venues  which   nii^ht  .irise  from 
his  est, lie.  when    il  c.mie   to   ft.-  j':-oducti\  e.  to  iho 
la'lk'l   of    ind:^c•nt   rel.ilives,  and   ot   other   |iersons 
111    nei  essiiv  ;     til, it,    out    ol     the     remainder    he 
should    \ield     ciaiain    ye.irlv    prii|)i>rtions    to    his 
brother   l)on    P'ern.indo,  .imi   his  uncles  Don  llar- 
thohmiew   .and    Don    l)iei;o  ;   and   th.il  the  p.art  al- 
lotted   to    Don    I'ern.mdo  should   bo  settled  upon 


fs! 


:';irf  iil 


%T'\'r: 


"ii<fi!i!; 


a   ::.. 


■^m 


i  ( 


838 


LIFE   AND   VOYAGES   OF   COLUMBUS. 


if. 
I 


if 


I-  m 


n  'r\ 


,i 


f 


him  and  liis  niali-  hrirs  in  an  ontaiicd  and  una- 
licnahk-  inherit. unf.  llavni^  tiuis  i)i(ni(U'd  tor 
till.'  niaintcnar,.i'  .uul  |Ki|ii'tuily  ot  his  ianiily  and 
(Uj;nilifs,  lie  oidiMcd  thai  Don  l)ii');i),  when  his 
e^.l.Ufs  siioul<l  lie  sutliiienlly  prodik  live,  shmUd 
erect  a  eha|iel  in  the  island  ot  Hisjianiola,  whn  h 
(iod  had  >;iven  lo  him  so  ni.uvellonsly,  -'t  the 
town  ot  Cun(ei)lion,  in  liie  \'e);.i,  where  ni.issis 
should  i)e  ilaily  nerloimed  lor  the  repose  ol  ijie 
souls  of  hiniselt,  his  taiher,  Ins  mother,  his  wite. 
•inii  of  all  wiio  dieil  in  the  tailh.  Another  el.iuse 
reconinuMuls  u  the  care  ot  Don  Diejfo,  Uealrix 
Knriciiie/,  the  mother  of  liis  nauiral  son  Fernan- 
do. His  connection  with  her  had  never  been 
sanctioned  l.y  m.itrimony,  and  either  this  circum- 
stance, or  some  nej^lect  ot  her.  seems  to  h.ive 
awakened  deep  compunction  in  Ids  dyin^^  mo- 
ments, lie  orders  Don  Diigo  to  proxiile  tor  iu.r 
resjiectalile  m.unten.uii-i-  ;  "  .iiul  let  tins  he 
done,"  lie  adds,  "  for  the  discharge  of  my  con- 
science, for  it  weii;hs  he. ivy  on  my  soul."  *  I'i- 
n.dly  he  noted  with  his  own  h.uid  several  nunute 
sums,  to  be  i).nil  to  jjcrsons  at  liifferent  and  dis- 
tant pi. ices,  without  their  bein^  told  whence  they 
received  them.  These  appe.ir  to  h.ive  been  trivial 
debts  of  conscience,  or  rew.uiK  tor  petty  services 
received  in  times  loni;  ji.iMt.  .\mon^  ihein  is  one 
of  half  a  m.iik  of  silver  to  .i  poor  Jew,  who  lived 
at  the  i^.ite  of  the  Jewry,  in  the  city  ot  Lisbon. 
Tiu'se  miiuiti:  pro\isions  I'vince  the  scrupulous 
attention  to  justice  in  all  his  dealinijs,  .uid  th.it 
love  of  |)unctiKility  in  the  fullilmeiit  ot  duties,  tor 
which  he  was  rem, irked.  In  llie  same  spirit  he 
j^ave  much  advice  to  his  stin  Diej^o,  as  to  the  con- 
iluct  of  his  aff.iirs,  enjoining  u|)on  him  to  t.ike 
every  moniii  .m  .iccount  with  his  own  h.md  ot  the 
ex|)enses  ot  hi>  iKUNehold,  and  to  si^ii  it  with  his 
name  ;  tor  ,i  w.iiu  ot  rrj^iil.irity  in  this,  he  ob- 
served, lost  both  jiroperty  .iiul  servants,  and  turn- 
ed the  la.it  into  enemies. t  I  lis  dyin^  beiiiiests 
were  made  in  ])resence  of  a  few  faithful  followers 
anil  serv. lilts,  and  anioiii;  them  we  liiul  the  name 
ot  li.irtholomeo  FicMO,  who  had  acc-omp.iiiied 
DicLjo  .Meiide/.  in  the  perilous  voyaj^^e  in  a  c  uvje 
from  Jam.iica  to  llis|),iniol,i. 

Havini;'  thus  si  rupuUjUsly  attended  to  all  the 
claims  of  .'.'fection,  loyalty,  and  jiNiiiH'  upon 
earth,  Colundnis  turned  his  thouj,dUs  to  he.iveii  ; 
and  ii.ivinj;  receive<l  the  holy  sacrament.  ;ind  per- 
formed all  the  jiious  ollices  of  a  devout  Christian, 
he  e\|)ireil  with  j^re.it  resignation,  on  the  day  ot 
Ascension,  the  2oth  of  May,  i  joT),  beiii;4  about 
seventy  ve.irs  of  ai;e.:[;  His  l.isl  \\  M'ds  were, 
" /;;  iihiiiu<  /iids  li,'iuiiu\  iomincndo  spiiituni 
vititni :"  Into  thy  hands,  t)  Lord,  1  comiiioul 
my  spirit.? 

His  body  v.as  deposited  in  the  convent  of  St. 
Francisco,  and  liii  obst'quies  were  celebr.iied 
with  funereal  pomp  at  \"all.idolid,  in  the  parochi.il 
church  ol  S.iiii.i  Nlaria  de  l.i  Antii(u.i.  His  re- 
m.iiii->  wi-ii.'  tiMu^porteil  .itlerward,  in  151.).  to  the 

*  Dic^jo,  the  soil  (if  the  admiral,  notes  in  his  own 
testament  lliis  heiie.est  of  his  fallier,  ami  s.iys,  that  he 
w.is  ch.iri^'cil  liy  liiin  to  pay  Hcalrix  Lnriiiiic/  lo.ooi) 
maraveilis  a  year,  whiili  fur  some  time  he  hail  faith- 
fully pcrforme'l  ;  but  as  he  helievcs  that  for  three  or 
four  ye.irs  previous  to  her  de.ith  he  had  ncRleried  to 
do  so.  he  orders  ih.il  the  detiriciirv  shall  be  ascer- 
tained An<l  paid  to  her  heirs.  Memorial  liuslailo  so- 
lire  la  prcjprieilad  del  niayorazgo  que  fondu  D.  Christ. 
Colon.  ^  245. 

f   .Memorial  ajuslado,  ;i  24S. 

i   Ciira  d(-  los  i'alai  ios,  cap.   I2(. 

■^  L.isCasas,  Hist.  Iiid.,  lib.  ii.  cap.  3S.  Hist,  liel 
Almiranic,  caii.  lo'^. 


Carthiisi.m  mon.istery  of  I.a.s  Cuevas  u!  Sr, 'e 
the    ch.ipel    of    St.  .Ann    or    of   SaiUo  (.n. , 
whiih  ch.i|)id  were  likewise  de|)oMte(l  iIukJ' 
son  Don  Die^'o,  wlio  died   in  the  vill.ij/f  ui  V 
.ilb.in,   on    the   2.}d    ot     I'ebruarv,    15:1..    ]-' 
ye.ir    I5,?f)  the   bodies  ol   Columlms  .null,.,, 
l)ie>,'o  were   removed  to  Hi-,p,ini(ila,  .iml  ,;',itr 
ill  the  priiicip.il  ch,i|Hd  ot  the  iMlhedr.il ,,;  i 
ot  S.iii  Doiiiiii).;!)  ;   but  even  here  the)  ilnl  r.^i - 
in  ipiiet,  h.iviiij;  since  been  aj^aiii  diMi.jc-rtl^ 
conveyed  to  the  H.iv.ma,  in  the  isl.iiiil  ut  (.'i.';, 

We  are  told  that  I''erdiii.ind,  .ilierihi- la; 
Colundius,  showed  a  sense  ot  hi-,  merits  livi;  ' 
injj  a  monumriit  to   be  erected  to  Ins  iiiciiM; 
which    wa-.    inscribed    the    motto   alrc.idv  c; 
which  hail  lornurly  been  ^;ranted  lo  hiin  In'ihcs 
erei^,Mls  ;     .\   ("asIIIIA   V    A   Ll.uN    M|-Viimi\ 
Ido  t.'i  ii.(  )\  (  I'o  Cas/iir  iiihf  /.i.'ii  ( \>/iiii:r;i.  ^ 
ti  >ii-7i'  7i'(v/,/i.      Howevi-r  >;rf.it  .in  hminr  ;i;:', 
mint   m.iy   be   for  ;i  subject  to  ii  cei^r.  1;  . 
l.iinl)-  but   ,1  cheap  reward  tor  .1  suvnc^- -. 
stow.      .As  to  the  motto  inscribed  ii|.(.ii  i;,  ■ 
mains  en^;r.ived  in  the  memory  ot  maiiivinii,  • 
indelibly  th.in  in  brass  or  m.irblr  :  .nxuro;  ■ 
f^re.lt    debt    of    ^'r.ltltude    due    to    the  dix.-i:: 
which  the  iiinn.irili  li.id  so  taillilessK  ik^iic..,. 
discharge. 

.Attempts  have  l)ecn  mad.  in  recer.t  il.iv- 
loy.d  .Spanish  writers,  to  vindic.iir  the  .  nniiv 
F'erdin.ind  tow.ird  Coliimluis.  'I'lu-y  wire  ik 
less  Well  intended,  but  they  h.i\e  been  U:i;'.v 
is  their  f.iiliiie  to  be  rei^retted.  Ti  s' lu:.  ■. 
injustice  in  so  emiiient.i  ch.ir.u  tc  r  linmiLi-  ■ 
batioii  ol  iii.inkind  is  to  (h|)ri\e  liist'iii  i-; 
ol  its  most  import. lilt  Uses.  Let  ilieiii.;r.i;,;ii.. 
l-'erdinand  st.iiid  recorded  in  i's  lull  e\u;,; 
(.■ndure  throui;hout  all  time.  'I'lu  il.uk  >.".. 
which  it  cists  ii|ion  his  brilli.uu  reiiiA:.  ■■ , 
. I  less  111  1(1  ,ill  rulers,  te. idling  them  v\''..i!  ;• 
|)orlaiu  t'l  their  own  tame  in  tiieir  uc. ■.;;;; 
illustrious  ineii. 


CHArTi;K   W 


(ii:si.inA  11.  i\s  (iN  mi  c  iiakai  iirou 


j  In  11,1  rr.it iie.^  the  storv  of  Cobimluis  .'  :  ,- 
t!ie  endiM\  or  ot  the  .on In  ir  to  pi:ii  e  Iiim  ;;.  .1  i» 
and  f.imiliir  point  ot  view;  t.ir  thi<  |i!ir;M- 
h.is  r<-jected  no  i  irciinisiaiice,  lioweu-i  ;;  ■ 
which  aiipe.ired  to  cMilve  s'lmc  |iiiii/.  1!  ■ 
.liter;  .11). 1  he  ll.is  soU;;lil  all  klluN  "' o  '■ 
tacts  which  mi;^du.  tlirow  li^dit  upon  li:s  \  ■  *• 

,  motives.      With    this    view    ,ilso    l.e  !:.!••  'ic'. 
m.iiiy    t:ii  ts    hitherto    p.isseil    o\i-r   in  sJ't.. 
v.i;^iiclv  iiiiti.ed   bv  historians,    ]iro!i.iM\  !■'.■ 
they  niinlit   be  deemeil   instaiu '-s  111  eniMv'' 
conduct    on    the    p, 11  tot    ((ilumbiis  ,    I'U!  . " 
paints   ;i   j^'re.it    m.in    merely   in  ^le.i!  li;' '  ' 
traits,  though  he  m.iy  jiroduce  .1  tine  rir.u'. 
never  present  a  f;iithful   jiortraii.     ( lie  11  "•':' - 
compounds  of  ^n:\i  ;md  little  (pi.iiilic^-    '    ■ 
nuii'li  of  their  };reatiiess  arises  troin  t!  c  i  ''■'■' 
o\cr  the   imperh-ctions   of  their  iiiln'c.  •" 
noblest  .u'tions  .ii"e  sometimes  siriiil<  loir  "' 
collision  ot  their  merits  .iiid  their  dele  I- 

In  Columbii-.  were  sin^ularU  1  i.ini'i;.''!! 
])r,ictical  ,ind  the  poetic. il.  His  mind  Im  * '.' 
ed  .ill  kinds  of  knowle(l;,'e,  whether  |)'"'''  ' 
study  or  obsi  rv.itimi,  which  bore  ii|"'n  '• 
ories  ;  imp.itieiit  ot  the  si  anty  ;ilimeiil  "'■  '"' 
"his  impetuous  .irdor,"  as  h.is  wcil  '"'' 
served,  "threw  iiim  into  the  study  c4  tin- !■'■  ■' 


if  the  (luirrh  ;    th 

lei,;  ^-...ij^r.iphers 

fjg  senilis,  luirsim 

Jien.i;.  horc  hiin 

Jjtciic'lii;'!^'!'''""  '■ 
^  1,,,  ciinclusions 

lia-i  nK't'inniis  .'un 

iq|[,  i  h'lim  the  cl 

g(,n,i,ir  path    of 

^t-.  iiiIikIi'i'"'''' 
"Jciiiicciurc  to  cci 
Irknr^swilh  whici 

8''' 

In  !:i''  pn),i(rcss 
Kni.ikcil  lor  the  e\' 
ibl,  •iisiiicss  with 
BOiii:  Ki  of  the  exti 
fer  I'l.iance,  nt  ten 
tjon  •  •  currents,  tin 
fai!_:  one  ol  the 
fti-  ,  \Mn,  the  tern  I 
irili:  rie  (list. 111!  e  lo 
JKfi(:c:nc  ot  iiicrid 
BOn.<  ill,  .is  tln-y  bn 
mrilii  AcHiilcrliil  quill 
tor  '  trihulc  iliipor! 
gt!',!  \il  kimuledi^e. 
qtiii ',  I  iiinertiltility 
nii>:    liiin  fnnn  the 
Bnv  cnier()rise,  iii^oi 
inj;  inlor  1)1  his  iiii.e. 
has  ^icrii  aili))ir,ibl\ 
^ut^'  III  ri'tlection. 

it  -1.^  hcfii  s.iid  ill 
Willi  iiic  .uiihitiDii  ol 
(da:  M>  with  llie  S| 
ava;.  imis.     'I'he  1  li.i 
jasi,     lie  ainie.l    .11 
jaiii-  jilly  spirit    in 
the.    .1  re  to   he  part 
mei  ;,  .i;ii!  |i,ilp.ible  ei 
We;-    ;ii  .irise  trmn  ti 
:  COV'  ■.  mil  he  .oinmi 
con  ■;i.iii  ('(.mill  be  nn 
oi  1'    >.iviTeii;ns  but 
'  hei  .;iril  ti)  j;ive   thei 
siiiri  tile  ui'.,';\it 
;  Sh'i     I   ill    iiii  ( .luntr 
Till  ■  '.illv  wiiuld    be 
-  .ilimlld    he    pre 
1:   pniduce    Do    t 
i:cs  iilliiD.ilelv 
I'le   lll.l;;iii|j(  rlii 
'  ti;   the  C.istili 
lint  rejoice   to 
but  he  did 
■:ill  .1  (lis;ippoint 
■'■ ,    on  his   nil 
;  iriiy  iimli nook 
iiilliilors.    ai  tn. 
''I'lic-  ch.ir^e  (it  t 
"  'V  ni  I, lit,  this 
lira  ileal  in, in  i 
■or,  which  en.il 
iri;,!-,  ini,,  ,|t^.^■ 


tn; 
lie 
wl- 
in:; 

SO' 


nil 


mi  'he  pel  am 
,.,MVf  le,isil)ilit\ 
il  t  1  (hid  the 
I'!"-  k'.uiis  th;i 
res  he  Intel 
'""  piinccly  .mil  |,ii 
'le'l.    'llcconti 


heiiev'ileiici 


Humboldt.     L: 


LIFK   AND   VOYAOES   OF   COLUMBUS. 


229 


»\w.  I.-; 

''  ( 

I-,:.  \  ■ 

III    -ii' 
(  Hi'! 


u:i'.  •" 

k  ''Mr 

1 .11 '  t  ; 

i-i  !i..   - 

iip"n  : 

III-:  I'' 

\  {  11   .'1 

the  iliiirrh  ;  the  Arrihian  Jews,  and  tlic  ;ni- 
^„, ,„r,i|)li<Ts  ;■'  wIliU-  his  darinj;  hut  irrcKH- 

irilmi"  biirsiiiii,'  fn.ni  tin-  limits  ut  inipcrlo  t 
lencc  iHiri-  linn  m  lonilusions  tar  hL-yond  liic 


KelloUial  vision  ol  liis  i-()ntcin|)i)rarifs 


^  ^  II  some 

iiis  i.iiuhisions  well'  crionfoiis,  they  wen;  at 
Lst  riL'tiiimis  and  splendid  ;  and  tlifir  error  ri'- 
llu.l  lioin  ihf  clouds  wlii.h  slill  juiii.i;  over  ids 
ciili.n-  p.ith  tif  fiiifrprisf.  Iiis  own  discov- 
(iestnliuliti'iifd  the  i^Mioranrc  of  the  a;;c  ;  «uid- 
JcoiiiiTUnv  to  <iii  nniv,  and  di'-;;ulifd  'hat  very 
|rknrss\\ilh'.\huii  he  had  liccnidjliged  to  slrii;;- 

lii  till'  nn)i,'ress  of  ins  discovt-rifs  lie  has  het'ii 

iii.irl>e(l  liir  tiie  evtrenu-  haj,'arity  and  liic  adiuir- 

(le  uistness  uitii  wiiieh  he  sei/ed   upon  the  phe- 

|nie:i;i  of  the  exterior  world.      'I'lic  variations, 

.•in^iaiire,  III  terrestrial    nia^nietism,  the  direc- 

jlnd!  airreiits,  tiie  ijroupuiLj.s  ot   marine  plants, 

h[r\'i  one  ol  the  j,'iaiid   climaileric    divisions  ot 

-:l|ie  •^|.■.lll.  die  temperatures   eiian,L;in^,'   not   solely 

'  |th  tliu  liist.nue  lo  ihe  e.piator,  Init  also  with  tiie 

Rereiicc  ot  meridians  :    tiiese  and   siniil.ir  jdu- 

Jnii'iia.  .IS  ihev  Inolxe  upon   idni  were  discerned 

:*;Kiilh  wonderliil  (|iiickness  ot  iii-riaptioii,  ,ind  made 

•  lilcinirihiite  important  principles  to  the  stock  (d 
'   Itniial  kiiouieilj^c.      J'his  lucidity  of  spirit,  this 

|ick  ((invertiliility  ol  tacts  to  principles,  disiin- 
lisli  linn  h'oiii  the  dawn  to  the  (lose  ot  ids  siih- 
ni"  enli'r|irise,  iii-.mtuich  tli.it,  witii  all  the  s.illy- 
inliirol  his  iiiiai;iii.ilion,  Iiis  ultim.ite  success 
jTs  III''!!  .iiiinir.ihK  (di.iracteri/ed  as  a  "  con- 
jje.si  ol  retlei'tion."* 

lit  iiiis  hceii  said  di.it  mercenary  \-iews  mini,'led 
Itii  the  .inihiiion  ot  Columbus,  and  tli.it  iiis  stip- 
l8atioii>  witii  tile  .Sp.misii  court  were  selii-,li  .iinl 
Iraiifiii'js.  The  cii.ir^fe  IS  inconsiderate  ,iiid  uii- 
^t.  lie  ainie.l  ,it  dit(nity  .and  we.ilth  in  the 
Imr  i'ltly  spnil  in  which  lie  soui;lU  reimwii  ; 
ht\  neii'  lo  he  part  ami  p.ircel  ol  his  ai  liie\'e- 
:  fflciu,  r.v\  |i,ilpaliie  e\ideiii-e  ot  its  success  ;  tiiey 
Wen  III  ,iiise  Irnin  tlie  ternlnries  lu-  should  dis- 
COVi  r,  mil  he  .'omnieiisur.ite   in  import. nice.      .No 

•  con. i'jiiiii  could  lie  more  ni>t.  He  asked  notiiiiiL; 
[  t'  ■  >jvereit;i).s  Inn  .i  comm.ind  of  the  countries, 
eiijifd  to  i;ive  them,  anil  ,i  sh.ire  of   the  profit:, 

:  tOs'ii'ii 'M  the  o,'.;ailv  ot  his  coiiuiiand.  it  there 
[ikvu'.i  1)1  no  (.luntry  disco\ered.  Ins  sti|)ulated 
|:Tici'ri\,illy  would  he  of  no  .iv.iil  ;  .iild  if  llo  rev- 
;:«1U:^  .should  he  pnulueed,  ins  l.dior  and  jieril 
'vroiii.i  produce  no  <^a'\\\.  It  his  command  and 
^viinies  ultim.iiely  proved  ni.iniiili'.-eiit,  it  w.is 
~l)m  the  m.i(;nili(  erne  of   tlie  rejourns   he  li.id  at- 

lfl';'l  lo  the  (.'.isiiIliii  crown.  Wh.it  nion.irch 
|fOiii(i  not  rejoice  to  ;,,Mm  empire  lui  such  condi- 
|;ton>:-  lUit  he  did  not  risk  merely  a  loss  ol  la- 
^wr,  aiul  .1  (hsappointnient  ot  amlntion,  in  the  eii- 
Sllinv  .  -  on  hi,  motives  hem:;  (|Uestioued,  he 
Wiii'i.irily  uiideriook,  and,  with  tlie  assistance  ot 
iWs  >n,idmi„r,,   .utu.div   detr.ived   one   ei-luh   ot 

m;  vhoiech,ii-,Mil  the' first  cNp.-dition. 

'''^'■:v  infut,  tins  r.  re  union   .die.idv  noticed, 

j"'''!' I'lMi  Ileal  m,\n  ot   hnsmesv,  witli   the  iioeticil 

;l"f"  'iiT   wiiiih  en.d)le<l   inm  lo  c.irrv  his  vjr.md 

feim< '!iri;,rs  into  dtecl  throuoh  so  ni.iiiy    diilictd- 

fc"     'nil  'he  pecuni;iry  c.ilcul.itions  .I'lid   cares, 

"I*'  1  ^'.ivr  le.isiliilitv  lo  his  schemes,  were  never 
:«'H«.-d  to  (hid  the  i^h.winjr  aspir.itiims  of  his 
i;M'J .  The  grains  il,;u  promised  to  arise  from  his 
fOiSHV,p,.s  he  intended  to  .ippropri.ite  in  the 
t«"'n'iii'iely  ,111.1  pious  spirit  in  whiili  tliev  were 

MiiMiuled.  Ilecontempl.ited  works  and  .ichieve- 
pf"ts.,t  henevoleiice  and  reli^non  ;    vast  conlri- 


F'  >'  Ihiniljoldt. 


Examcn  Critique. 


Initions  for  the  ndief  of  the  poor  of  his  native 
(  ity  ;  the  toiind.itions  of  ciuirrlies,  where  iii.isses 
sli(nild  l)f  s.iid  for  the  souls  of  tht;  de|)arted  ;  and 
armies  tor  the  recovery  ot  tlie  holy  sepuh  lire  in 
I'. destine.  Thus  his  aiiihitioii  was  trulv  noble 
and  lofty  ;  instinct  with  hi^ii  tli()iif,dit  and  prone 
to  ^en(;rous  i\vv(\. 

In  the  dis(  harf;e  of  his  ottice  he  ni.iintainefl  the 
st.ite  and  eerennnii.il  ot  a  viceroy,  and  w.is  teti.i- 
cioiis  (d  ids  r.aiik  ,iiid  ]irivilej;es  ;  not  from  .i  mere 
vulj^Mr  love  ot  titles,  but  beciuse  he  |)rized  them 
.as  testiiiKUii.iis  ;ind  trophies  of  his  achievements  : 
these  he  jealously  cherished  as  his  ^neat  rew.irds. 
In  his  rejieated  applications  to  the  kin^;',  lie  insist- 
e(l  .iierel)'  on  the  restitution  of  his  dignities.  As 
to  his  peeuni.iry  dues  .iiid  .all  (piestions  relative  to 
ir<'re  revenue,  he  offered  to  leave  them  to  ,'irlii- 
t.'atioii  or  even  to  the  .ibsoh  .e  disposition  of  the 
moi,  nail  ;  but  not  so  his  otVici.d  dignities  :  "these 
thill),'..,"  said  lie  nobly,  "  aflecl  m\-  honor."  In 
his  test.mient,  he  enjoined  on  his  son  Diej^o,  .and 
whoever  after  him  sliould  inherit  his  estates, 
wh,ite\(  r  dionities  and  titles  mioju  .dterward  be 
j^r.mted  by  tiie  kin^,',  aiw.iys  to  sij;;i  iiinistdf  sim- 
ply "  tiut  admiral,"  iiy  way  ot  perpetuatiii;^  in  the 
taiiiily  its  re.d  source  of  ^'.ealnes.-,. 

His  ((induct  W.IS  characterized  by  tlie  i;r.indeur 
of  his  views  and  tiie  ni.ij^n.inimit)  of  liis  spirit. 
Instead  ot  scourintj  the  newly-found  countries, 
like  .1  Kras|iin!^  aihcntiirer  eaj^'er  only  tor  imme- 
di.ite  },Min,  as  was  too  j^ener.illy  the  c.ise  witii 
contemporary  (lisco\erers,  he  souj^ht  lo  .isceriain 
tludr  soil  and  iiroductions,  their  rivers  .ind  har- 
bors :  he  was  desirous  of  coloni.<ini;  ;iiid  cidtiva- 
WWf!;  tlieiii  ;  of  (aincili.ilinir  and  civili/ino'  the  n.i- 
lives  ;  ot  buddiii)^  (  ities  ;  introducino-  tiie  useful 
,irts  ;  subjectiiii,'  e\  er\  liiiii);;  to  the  (untro!  of  l.iw, 
order,  .mil  r(dioiiiii  ;  and  thus  of  foundiii:;  reiju- 
l.ir  ar.il  |irosperous  eiiijiires.  In  this  ;;lorious 
plan  he  w.is  const. intly  defeated  !))•  the  di.ssidute 
r.ibliie  which  it  was  his  iiiisforlUP.e  lo  comm.i'id  ; 
witii  whom  all  law  was  tyranny,  and  all  order  re- 
str.iint.  They  intcrupted  all  us(dnl  works  by 
their  seditions  ;  provoked  tile  peacelul  Indians  to 
hostility  ;  ,ind  alter  tlie\'  ii.id  thus  drawn  down 
misery  .ind  w.irtare  upon  their  own  iie.ids,  .and 
overwhelmed  Columbus  witii  tiie  ruins  ol  the  edi- 
t'ue  lie  W.IS  buddinj;,  they  (  h.iroed  liini  with  be- 
injr  tile  cause  ot  the  contusion. 

\\'(dl  would  it  h.ive  been  tor  Sp.iin  ii.id  those 
who  tollowe;l  in  the  track  of  Columbus  possessed 
his  sound  policv  and  liberal  \iews.  The  .\e\v 
World,  in  such  c.ises,  would  ha\c  iiceii  settled  by 
pai  ilic  (olonists,  and  civilized  bv  (ailiL;htened  lej,r- 
islators  ;  inste.ad  of  beinj^  (werrun  lis  desper.ite 
adventurers,  and  desolated  by  avarici.'us  (Oii- 
(pierors. 

Columbus  was  a  man  of  (juick  sensibilit\\  li.i- 
ble  lo  i;re..l  excitement,  to  sudden  .and  strono  jni- 
pressions,  ,ind  powerful  impulses.  He  w.is  n.it- 
ur.dlv  Irrit  d)le  .and  impetuous,  and  keenly  sensi- 
ble lo  inj'.iry  .ind  injustice  ;  yet  the  ipiii  kncss  of 
ids  telll|ier  W.IS  counter.n  ti.  d  bv  liu'  bene\olence 
.ind  j;enerosit\-  ot  Iiis  iieart.  Tiie  iii.i^n.ininiily 
ol  his  n.iture  siione  loith  throui^h  all  the  troul)le.J 
ot  iiis  stormy  career.  Tiioui;ii  contiiui.diy  out- 
r.ii;('d  in  Ins  di^iiity,  and  bra\'ed  in  the  exercise 
ol  his  command  ;  thouj^h  toiled  in  his  pl.ins.  and 
cnd.inLicred  in  \v.s  person  by  tiie  seditions  ol  tur- 
bulent .ind  worthless  men,  and  th.it  ton  at  times 
will  II  sulleriiij.;  under  .mxiety  of  mind  and  .mo^uisii 
of  i)od\'  surticient  to  exasperate  the  most  i)atient, 
'.lined  his  \aiiaiit  and  iiidi    '  '" 


vet  lie 


iL;ii.int  siiirit, 


bv  tiie   stroiii;    |iowers  ot   his  mind,  and    brouolit 
hiinsclt  lo  forije.ir,  aiul  reason,  and  even  to  sup- 


^tmw 


'^m 


.m:. 


1   . " .' 


'.;!  ■  i1 


Ik 


)\ 


=  & 


!v 


ff-i 


:#t} 


130 


I.irF'    AM)   VOYAGES   OF   COLUMIU'S. 


plir.Uc  ;  nor  should  we  (ail  to  imt 


(•'•  now  iri'i'  Ml' 


ii'^cil    (or    their    coiivcrsii 


n,  .111(1  the 


was  froni  ,ill  ii'flni),'  ot  rt'\t'nj,'c,  iiow  rc.uly  to  tor-   I  |nini->litiiciiis  inllii  ti-d   upon   ihcii'  (il)siii<,,,, 
jfi\i'  and   lor^'ct,  on   tlir  I'Mit  si;^Mis  ol    if|u  iilancf   i   iiidict.       In    llii-.   spirit   ot    hiujotrN    hr  ,■,,;• 


u 
skill  111  (.diitrolliinj  oilier- 


111(1    atolU'liU'lil.       lie    has    been    extolleil    lor    his 

nil   tar  ^jreater  jiraise 
is  due  to  him  tor  liis  tii  iiiiu^s  in  j;overniny  him- 
selt. 
Ill 
all  kill 


hiiiisell  insiilied  in  inakiiii^  caplmsdi 
and    tr.in-,portin^;    them    to    Spain    la 


taiK'ht    the   doitriiies   ot  L'hri^tia 


niiv,  :ii>.i!> 


lH);  them  lor  sla\-es  il  they   liretended  in 
IS  natural  l)eni;;nity  made  Imii   acee-.sihle  to   '  inv.isions.      In   so  doin;^    he    simi( 
(Is  ot   pleasurable  sensations  troin  external   I  natural  ,i;oodiie>s  ol  his  iharaitei,  an 
"      •        lett  •■         ' 


objeits.      In    his   letters   and    |ournals,    instead   ot   i  leelini^s  whii  h   he   h.id  ori;;inallv  eiiicri.ni; 


(letailiivj;  ciroumstanees  with   the   tei  hniial    pr<'ci-      evpreN'^ed  toward   this  ^anile  and   |i 


ospit.il 


sioii  ol  a  mere  n.u  ij^ator,  he  notices  the  beautu"^  ot  ]  pie  ;   but  he  was  goaded  on  bv  the  nicii  i  ii,;r 

nature  with  the  enthusiasm  ol  a  poet  or  a  painter.  ;  tieiice  oi  the  crown,  and    li\  tlieMieiiS( 

As  he  ci.ists  the  shores  ol  tin-  New  World,  the  i  mies  .it  the  unprotit.ible  result  ol  his  ii 
r.achr  participates  in  the  enjos  nieiU  w  iili  which  It  i'  but  justice  to  his  idiar.icter  tn  dIiv 
he  describes,    in    his     iniperlect   but     pii  tiires(pie      the  eii>la\ cnient  ol   the   Indians  tliiN  tai, 


Spanis 


h,    tl 


le    varied    oDiei  ts     .irouiul    nun  ;    tlu' 


biandnr 


tie  w.is  ,U  lirsl  tipenly  countcnaiii  I  (I  In  ihc 
it   tile   temper. ilure,  the    purity   ol    the      and  that,  when    the  ipiestion   ol   riijhl  ( .iiin- 


almosiihere,    tlu'    li'aj^rance   ol    the    ,iir,    "  lull    ot      (liscusr,ed  .it  the   entre.ity  ol   I 


(lew  a 


nd 


sweetness,"    thi'  \irdure  ol    the  lorcst- 


le   i|U''t'll,  u'i 


the  m  i;ri.lt'icence  of  tin   t 


he  most  disiin^uished  )urist>  .in 


1  thi 


re(  s.  the  ;;iandelir  ot    the      \iic.ited    the    pr.'<'tic,';    so    tl'.a!    the  (|iic,i 


mount, lins,  ,md  the  limpi(lit\-  .and  Inshness  ot  the      tin.  My  settled  in  I. nor  ol  the  Indi.ms  si 


running;  streams.      New  (lelij;ln 

in  t'very  sceiu'.      II'  extols  c.icl 

more  beaut ilul  than  tlu 

beautiiul    in   'he   world 

earnestness,  he  tells  the  ;  ,i\("-eiL;!is    th.it. 


spniv's  up  lo.  iiiin      luim.miiv  ol   Isabell.i 


As  t 


le   VeiuT.il 


exto.s  c.ich   ic.'W  disc'i)\ery  .i  ■ 
and  e.ich  .is  the  mo-,; 


l..lsC 

ll.ive  ( 


is. IS  iihsi 


rvi'S,  where  tile   niosl 


loubtcd,  it  is  not  surjirisiiiij  ih.it  .iii  l- 


iint!l,    with    his    simp.e      ed  m. inner  should  err. 


spoken  s(i  II 
th.it   th( 


;hl 


n;i\  mil: 
vol  the  precr<|int'- i-,|.in<!s,  he  le.ir,' 


1 


u  se   rem. irks,  in   p.illi.i'  i'la 


I' 
( 'uliimliiis,  are   re(|uire( 


tlic 


'i\     C.llli 


will    not    credit   hiir. 


.  lien  r.e  (.ecl.irr 


I  1 


iw  him    n  ( (iiinection  .Mth  tl 


th.it    the    on 


e    he    IS   actuallv  ill -^ci  iliiii''-  snip. issr 


th 


em  .ill  in  excilleiu  e. 

Ill   the   s.ime   .irdcnt   and    unstudied  w.i\-  he  ex- 


!ie     liV'd. 
colisi.lcrei 

ir.t,  atio'i  ( 


\fM    Hie    errors   o 
1   ,is   his  individu, 


I    II 


!(■   lint! 
iiill- 


Mh 


ithor,  how(  V 


h 

er.  t'l  jiisi. 


|5re.' 


[fecti 
or    indijfnation. 
,1 


his  emotions  (111  v.arious  occ.isin,, ,,  icnlib       i)ii-.i>n  .i  point  \\  here  ii  is  iiiexi  us.dilc  in  ii; 


In'   impulses   ol 


ov  or  uri-d,  lit 


\\ 


pie  isuie       It  rein. nil    .i    blnl   on    his    llluslriolls  ii.ilin 


len    surroundeil     .imi     o\ci- 


whelmed  b',- the  ini/ratiiude  and  \i(i!ence  ot  wmi 


idler- 

We    1 


live  .1  lesson  trom  it. 


ess  men,  he  olteii,  in  the  ret 


iremeiit  ol 


I 


i.ive   alre.idy    hinted   .il    .i    priii. 


1  \.irieil 


fjavc   wav 


to   1 


Hirsts  ot  sorrow.    ;i 


111   rehiM 


Ills   ricli   an 

eiilhusi.isiic   im.ii'in.ition    winch   tliiru 


ch.iiMct    r  ;    I'l.il    ir 
I, 


t)Vei1.i(len    heart    bv   siirlis  .ind  ;:rii.in 


returiii 


Cll.llIlS     t) 


iireseiice   ol    Isabell.i,    instead    ol 
lollv 


d    hi- 

len  he       celKT  i>\cl    his  whole  course  ol  llii'ilijlU. 
Spain,  and    cinie   iiiin  lie      iiiiim.ites    tli.it    he    li.id    .i    ti'eni    Inr  jn 


W 


I   intinnni;,,    -.U  •       some  slight  tr.ices  ol   it  ,ire  mi  !•■  mil  n; 
pride  with   whicli   he   had  hiiheiM  sii,;  inr  1      ol  prophei-ir-.  \'.  Iin  h   he   preseiiied  toll: 


Ins   in)iiries,  lie   was   touched    with   •.■riej  .ind  ten 


s  i\  eleiiMls. 


(leri-e.-s  .It  her  sympathy,  and  biiisi  luth  into  subs      « i  raible  throui^hoiu   all  his  w  riiiii.,;s  .am 


liul  Ills  poilii  il  tem|ier.ir,ii 
1  h 


and  tv.irs. 


.ntion  - 


t    spread    a  j^olileii   .iih 


lie  was  devmuly   pious:    relii^ion   min^^le  1  w  iiii      armind  him,  and   tin;.'.cd   e\ervtliiii;,'  \m:I 
the  whoie  course  ot  his  t)ii)Ui,dits  ,iiid  .ictions,  .and 
.shone   forth    in    Ids   mo  .1   jiriv.ite   and    uiisiudiel 


orijeuis  colors. 


It   betr.ucd   liiiii  111' 


writiiv's. 


cr\ .  he 


Wh 


enever  lie  maile  .iiu'  'rrcit  di- 


le    voice    ot 


Tl 

from    h 
\Vorl;l. 


c-k  brated    it    b\    solemn    thanks    l<i  Cud 


speeul.aiolis,    which    subjecteil    l.llii    In 

il    men    ol    i  oolcr  .imi 


.mil    cav.ilaij, 

more   I'l'ic.  elim''-   mimls. 


Suil 


I     \'.  iTl'    111 


pr.iver  and    ineloih'   o 


lijis   when    tln-y    tiisi    beheld    the    New 

in;;  wis    (. 
(1 


lormed  on  ilie  cu.ist  ol  I'.o  i 


■  irlh,  .1' 


tlu 


>iiu.iti'in  o!  tin- 


Old    his    tirst    .action    on    l.md 


.iboiit    liie   mines  III   I  '|ihir  C'  c 


prostr.ite    iii'i-.sidf    uivm     the    eanli     and     ri-iirai      o!.i.  .m'  I  the  .\urc.i  ClierMinesii,  m  \  > 
th 


:inksi/n  iims. 


i:\ 


erv    e\cnin 


Ike 


S.i/;: 


J,'/;/!?     and    other    \esper    1 


nniiis    Well'   ehaiite 


.i-i   ill"   Ik  roil 
I 


■me  ol    .1   'I. 


\i  IV   ol    tlie   liolv  sepulchre 


t  mil . 


nis  crew,  and  m.isses 


titnl 
heat 


K  roves 
1(11  land 


bordi 


were  perlornied  in  the  be.m-      his  relijioii,  .111  I    tilled  his  mini  wit' 


ihi 


.\11  h 


sliore      (I 


IS  j(re.il  eiitci|'r  ,es 


Were  lill- 


Vlsloti  irv    lllei 

Scripture,,    ,11 


lit.it 
id     t 


ions  on    ni\  ^i; 


)e     sli.idow^ 


irolillecies.       It  ex. died    Ins   iiltice    lii 


(lert.iken  in  the  n.tme  ot  the  Holy   Triiiitv 

p.-irtook   of   the  communion    previous  to  emb.uka-      m.ide    Idni    i   uueive    himseil 

ticn 


II 


e  w.is  a  t'irm  believ(  r  in  t 
vo'\s  anr!  penances  .and  pilgrim  e^es 
to   th' m   in    tinvs  ol   (.illicidiv  .iiid  d-nver.      '!  he      ji\ 


le    ellic  11  y    ot        llpon   . I  sublime    .nd.iwiul     missiiill.    aUM' 

1  re-,iirie  I      pulses  .nid  siiiieri'atnral  intimatiniis  In  n 


reli^^ioii  thus  deeiilv 


SlKil    .1-,    tl 


se.ited  in    his 


sol 


llllu- 


volee    wi"ch    he  llll.i^l" 
!  ill' 


,vhiil 


)er    (lii^Miitv    .111(1    beiii'Mi    composure    o  er    hi' 


e   demi'anor. 


II 


•ru.i  rdc' 


m!    free   I 


IS    laiv'-u.it'-e    w  .1 


s    pni' 


rem   all    imprec.ition-.,  o.itii- 


I  1  liini  in  conii(M-t  .imidst    the  irn'.ihlcs  u! 
ola    ,.lid     in    tlie  silence  ol    tiie    m;.dil  en '' 
trulls  co.ist  of  X'er.i^ua. 


11. 


W  .Is   del  idedlv    .1    \-ision,ir\ .  hUi 


.11(1  oilier  irrev'icni  expressium 


a  .111  uncommon  and  succi 


dul  kinik     I' 


t    '-.1111101    be    denied,  however,  ih.at    his    pieiv      m-r   in  whiidi  his  ardeiil,  inia-in.iiiv 


\va  ,   iiiiii'^led    with  super-ilii 
He. 


biiidtrv  ol   the  ,i 


loll,  .111(1   (larkeiied  o\       rial    n.iture  w.is    coi 


a  roll 


e\  nil 


■ml 


\'  1  olli  111  1 1 


i 


I'd    bv   .1   I 


1. 1\\  iTilll 


in  the  opiniun.  that  all  n.Uio'is   which' did  not  ,ii  -  I   m 


nieiit,    am 


1    .1 


I  recti- 


Ule    s.r^  H: 


know'edea.    the    Chrisii.m   l.iitli  wa- 


ry le.iture  in  his  i  luiradif- 


re    destitute   ot 


natural  rights  ;  that  the  s'x-rnust   measures  miidit   '  it 


ost  (Xtraorilinary 

iverned,  his  im.i^jinaiion,  instiii!  '> 

sell  m  itik-  IliLdns,  lent  aid  to  his  ju 


l-m-'it 


ialilc'l  liii"'"'"' 
Cnds  iMiilil  i"'\^ 

|U1(1  Mill  pi'liCIV^ 

",)  Ins  iiucllci 

|e  si;;l|s  ni    llic 
ptiiii-^  .ind  re  I  CI 
,111  iiiikiiiiAii  \- 
r,-iil  |iivili.iiii 

yeiili  lii'i"  'II*'  \- 

j)jcrvi-s  .1  .Spini 

Be  111  uiiii'li  k''  Ii 

jre.ii  i-iiti  rpris;'  e 

jiVl'll    lisC    to    Ml 

V'  iii'i>ti-iv  111  hi- 

Wilh  all  the  MS 

Mildest  (Ire. I II 

[icil  ill  l,;;lliir,IIICl 

pvir\,     I'litil  111 
if.]  ill  It  lie  li.i.l  1. 

1*  Cl.iik-iv..     hive: 


LIFE   AND    VOYAGnS   OF   COLUMBUS. 


231 


1 1'  I 

III  ;'!' 
,1   {■!  ■ 
.ih'i  ■ 

,nv  t::. 

,1  .llur,: 

.f  I'p  • 
lill-  ,'- 
\.i  '. 

I   ■  1  ,;  -.1 


l:i  li.^  1 

1      i:'- 

1 ,   ^it ■  ' 

iiii.il;'' 

■ill  c.;i  r 

i\  '■,  •'■' 

N.i;4  1'  ;■'■ 

ll.lIMiiif     1 

,1   ,,l  vsh- 

■,  judjlli' 

aliini  liim  to  hirni  comliiMons  ,it  wliiili  idtnmon 
L|s..Kiklm'ViT  h.iVf  .irnvi'il,  n,.y,  uhuh  lluy 

UM  iml  IHMVnVC  wIk'H   |)l.|llll'(l  (.III, 

r,  ins  inuni'ilu.il  visum   il  sv.is  ^(ivcn  to  rci.l 

s|.iis  ot  till'  times.  .111(1  to  tiMCf,  m  the  coii- 

tiir(->.iiul  lOfiifS  of  past  URi'S,  the   iiulio.iti..ii^ 

,.|i,  unknown  wrld  ;  .is  sootlisayi-rs  wiTc  s,ii(l 

rri.l  |)rc(lictioii->  ill  '!"■  ^'•'i''^.  '""'  '"  ''"'i-"' ■;■ 

m,  ir.mi  the  Msioii.-.  ul  tlu;  iiikIu.    "  His  soul," 

siivcs.i  S|)iiii'ili  writer.  "  was  superior  to  the 

e  'I  wiiiih  !if  livi'il.     I'or  him  w.is  reserved  the 

e.i:  i:U(  rprisf  lit  liaveisini;   that  sea  wliiili  hail 

viii  ii-.e  to  so  mail)  l.iliies,  and  ol  (h'l  ipheriii^; 

i-  !n,4civ  "f  Ills  lime."* 

\'     ,  all  tile  visiii'i.iry  fervor  ot  his  iiii,ij,Mn.iti(in. 

,        lest  (JriMn'"  leli  short  of  the  reality.      lie 

,      .  i;,^ii(ir,iii((  'il  the  leal  grandeur  ol  hi>  di-.- 

I'lilil  his  List  hre, till   he  entertained   the 

I  I'lii  lie  had  iiiereK  opened   a  new  w.iy  to  lilt,- 

'itliiv.    Idvcsligaciones  hijtotias,  p.  ^3. 


old  resorts  of  opulent  rnmmorcp,  and  h.id  di.scov- 
e;ed  some  ol  the  wild  rei^ions  ot  the  l'.;ist.  lie 
supposed  1  l.sp.iniol.i  to  lie  the  .inticnt  <  )phir  which 
hid  been  visited  liy  tin;  ships  ol  .Solomon,  and 
th.it  L'uh.i  .111(1  'lerr.i  {•'irma  were  liut  rcniote 
ii.irts  ot  .Asia.  \\  hat  virions  of  ^jlory  would  h.ivt; 
lirokeii  upon  his  mind  could  lie  lia\e  known  that 
lie  h.id  indeed  distovcred  a  new  continent,  e(|u;il 
to  the  whole  of  the  Old  World  in  inaKniitucie,  and 
sep.ir.ited  by  two  vast  oceans  from  all  the  e.irtli 
hitherto  known  by  rivili/ed  man  I  And  how 
would  his  niaj^nanimou-.  s|)irit  have  been  1  on- 
soled,  .imidst  the  .iltliciions  of  a^^e  ,ind  the  i  ares 
ol  penury,  the  nej^lecl  ot  a  tickle  jiublic  and  the 
iniiisii(\'  of  an  un;;iMtelul  kinj;,  could  he  have  an- 
ticili.ited  the  splendid  empires  which  were  to 
siire.id  o\er  the  be.iutilul  world  he  had  discov- 
ered ;  ,111(1  the  n.itions,  and  tonj^ues,  and  lan- 
;;u.i;,'es  which  were  to  till  its  lands  with  his  re- 
nown. ,111(1  revere  .md  bless  his  luime  to  the  latest 
posterity  I 


«;■  -  :f 


APPENDIX: 


CONTAINING 


ILLUSTRATIONS  AND  DOCUMENTS. 


M 


V  III. '  m  .1. 


'.iiyiLjJii  i 


'1  -g  5: 


P  :      'i: 


njk 


,'^ 


m 


IK"M   Ml,    H' 

A,  til!'  tcrtniti.iti 
Span    m   I?)";,  all 
lilaiil  •'(  lll)^|>anl(>Ki 

^  -.iiW-'y   c'f   llic  tl' 

Kti  ii,|',.''liiiu'nt  of 
was  .li'iMiclifil  I'l 
comnMii^lt'il  !')■  1 1(111 
inlv'i'n'T il  !■(  ihi- 1"\ 
cem  'ir.  17)5,  lli.ii  n 
thai   in  1  ijiniTiinr,  . 
St  |i  ini'nj!'\  th.it,  I 

Ol  I'll'  filftiral;''!  .-I'lr 

lijr  ill  ihc  i.ii1i('c|imI  I 
oa  him  a-i  a  S|i.ifiiai^ 
hit  iiii|i">i\'s  s.|ii,iili 
tfinslatii'!!  (i|  till'  iis 
CbIm.  wliiih  li.i.l  lik' 
tnd  ivIiiTc  he  li.id  11 
cross  He  rxprcssci 
done  ntlii-i.illy.  ailil  \ 
(hat  i;  iris'lit  r.nt  rciti.i 
acaiflo*  iraiispnrta: 
lose  .1  relic  (niiilLM-|r 
lhein">'l  Hliiiimis  ci.i 
itmikihl  'ii-  Hi  inifi'stci 
^  iMi»'il''^iamliii;4  the  I 
[(Drall  hcnois  I.)  the 
idvcnltirciis  f;i'iii'ral  1 
thfin  when  llr-  \,irio 
the  >;  .iiiisli  ilmriiniDti, 
he  h  1 1  iml  liin-,  w:lh<i 
5olt  I'ie  suvcrc'yii  on  I 
the  1:  ivcrnnr,  ,is  rny 
hopi!,.;  lllat  his  solii  jt'a 
reiTM'Hdf  Ihc  ailiniril 
Ulaii '  'i(  Ciiha,  in  the  : 
T.V-  ^rncrn;is  wishc! 
Iliei  iviih  warm  nmiu 
wnii-  lie  liifnrmc'l 
Ver.^iKis.  liiie.i!  si|i-ic 
tn\': :  iliL'  sa-iie  si.jici 
that  ■  u:  iifiv>m.-irv  im 
";:  aivl  liiil  ,it  II 
"  lioni'N  ( f  tho  .- 
'"■i,  shoiil  I  iilicv 

;;"iiis  to  i,L-  put 

He  ''ie.l,that;.lthoiii; 
on  iV  Mihi-t.  v.-i  til 
»mu:!liiliem.i;vlnllc(> 
""e'  1^  with  the  roncn 

'III,  he  w.is  real 

111. 

''"aitn.iivi.mt  i;c 

'     ' 'iillitiiini(-;itloi 

"'irn.inlo    I'onin, 

>■!!  the  ,  irv   ,,(  s 

i'"''iian.  .■  anil  ai 

reply  of  the  arc 

■■"  coiirii-sv  invviit 

'•'■vercncc  f,ir  the 

■I  a  zeal   in   rcn- 

,  '"^pci  t  to  the  rei 

|^llrh:r,rthcKh,rvof|| 

■  !'<'rsons  cmpowe 

^  il'f  venerable  i 


expr:;- 
that  i:: 

Coluii; 

lns( 


the 

txeu.; 

Ani  ; 
Doi- 
Was  I 
his. 

of  h:. 

deep ; 
prts< 

and  : 

BUrl: 

Tir 
ftgUa 


A1MM-:\1)IX 


v.>.  r. 

fUNsI    HUll'N     flK      llIK     UI'MAlSi     oK      <ul.l.Ml;r, 
|K"M   M.    1"IMI>''"    1"   ■""■    HAVANA. 

f^y  111!'  t'Tfniii.ili'in  rt  ;i  war  ticiwi-fn  Franre  ari'l 
Snin  I"  iT'i'.  ""  ''"'  ^i'anisti  pnssi'Hsions  in  the 
ijlinil  1  (  lli«|ianiiil,i  wen-  (odcl  in  Franti-,  l>y  tlio 
iJniiiii'  I'f  llii'liiMiy  I'f  pi-aro,  'I'l)  assist  in  llu- 
JJjnnil  I'-liiiu'iit  iif  iliis  (■(•»sii»ii,  a  Sp.mish  scuiadnm 
^  (|,«i>,ailicil  t<i  llif  island  at  tin-  a|>i"imlcd  time, 
linir.,,11  l!''l  ly  I'oii  Cialiricl  i\v  Aristi/adal,  litiiiiii 
mt-tii-nTil  ((  ihi' r"Val  arniad.i.  On  the  iiihotDi' 
eun^.n  i;)?,  lli.it  lonitnandtT  wmtf  tn  the  ruld-mar- 
ikil  mil  i;ov>rii(ir.  i'lm  Iiia<|iiin  (larcia,  ri'sidcnt  .it 
Si,  piini  nj^M,  that,  I'cnm'  infurnu'il  that  tiu"  remains 
lit  the  1 1  K-lirat'.'d  admiral  D.in  C'liristophiT  tOhiinlms 
lljf  in  thr  i.illicilial  iif  ihal  (ity,  Ik-  (idt  it  incinnlicnt 
Olhimiia  S|i  iiuard,  and  as  cdniniandi-r-in  rtiici  (if 
hh  nuii'-iii's  si|iiadtiin  of  opcration-j,  in  snlii  it  tlio 
tnn«.l.i;.":i  nf  ilu'  asln-s  (if  that  hoio  tn  the  island  id 
Cuba,  uliiih  li.id  liktnvisp  hcon  disc  ovcrcd  by  liini, 
Ud  iilirri'  he  had  first  pi  inled  the  standard  of  the 
Cfoss  III'  rs;ir('ss('i|  a  ili'sirr  that  this  shmilil  lie 
done  iillit  i.ilU ,  aii.j  with  tjrcat  cart!  and  formality, 
that  i I  M'i^'lit  t.i't  remain  in  the  power  of  any  one.  hy 
ncarili "' traiis;iur(ation  of  thrsf  honored  rein,iins.  to 
loie  .1  n'ic  (iiiuicitrd  with  .m  event  wlti'  h  formed 
thenT'-t  nlotinus  epoch  of  Spanish  tiistory,  ,ind  th.it 
itniii;hi  ''(!  manifested  to  all  n.ilions  tli.it  Sp,ini,irds, 
IW«wUt'M,lii(!in;;  Ihf  lapse  of  .i.i;es,  never  te.ised  to 
piyall  inaims  lo  the  remains  of  that  "  worthv  and 
idvcnl'ircus  j;ener.il  of  the  seas  ;"  nor  ah andoned 
Iktm.  when  111-  \,irioiis  puhlie  hodies,  rcpreseiuinK 
lkS]uni<h  (Inininiiin,  emi^r.ited  from  the  isl.md.  As 
IWhal  rv.it  liiii'',  without  );rc,it  mconvenieiu  e,  to  ron- 
laltthe  suvcri'jjn  on  this  suliject,  he  had  recourse  to 
the  K'-'Tiior.  as  roy.il  vire  p.itron  of  the  isl.md, 
hopiti-  i!iat  h'.'i  solii  italion  iiii^ht  he  granted,  and  the 
!Wn.-irH  i|  the  adiniril  exhumed  and  <  (inveyed  tu  the 
illati't  nl  i'nW.i,  in  the  ship  S.m  I.oren/o. 

Thf,.iiicMas  wishes  o(  thi^  hi|,;h minded  Sp.mi.inl 
meiwiiii  w.irin  coniiirrenie  on  tlie  part  of  the  f;ov- 
wnnr.  lie  informed  him,  in  rejily,  th,it  the  Duke  of 
ye^a^'l^l^  lined  siiaessor  of  Colmnlnis,  had  mani- 
talcil  liie  sa'iie  solicitude,  ,in<l  had  sent  directions 
Hut  111.'  ni'cess.irv  measures  shniiUl  lie  taken  at  his 
ttpfibt :  and  li  id  at  the  same  lime  expressed  a  wish 
ft»t  III  •  liOiH's  (f  the  Adel.iniado,  !),,n  H.irtholomew 
Coluiiinis,  shoii'  1  likewise  he  exhumed  ;  transmitting; 
TOcrijitions  to  |,e  put  up'in  the  sepulchres  of  bolh. 
Headk'il,  thai  .ilthoui{h  the  kirn;  h.id  t,'iveii  no  orders 
OB  Ih"  '.iil)|-,  t.  vet  the  proposition  heini;  so  accord- 
«twiiht!iei.|,,t:..fi,||,.,.|ini;sot  the  Spanish  n.ition,  and 
meetiiv.;  wuh  the  cnrurrence  of  all  the  authorities  of 

twiMiil,  he  w.is  re.idv  on  his   pan   to   carry   it   into 

ttecutiiii. 

The  rn|„n,,„„i,i„t  j,,,„cr.al  Aristi/.,,,.il  then  made  a 
OTli„e  .MMinunicatmn  to  the  ar<  hhishop  of  Cuba, 
^n  h,-,:,,,nio  I'ortill,,  v  'lorres,  whose  metropolis 
ws  then  the  ,  ity  of  St.  Domintjo,  hoping  to  receive 
n»  OHinLcan.,'  and  aid  in  this  pious  iindertakini;, 

in.  rrjiiy  nf  the  ;.r.  hbishop  was  cou.  hed  in  terms 

w  nuh  r.imtesv  inward   the  Kall.mt  comm.inder.  and 

«ep  r^vrrcii,  r  for  the  memory  of  Columbus,  .and  ex- 

:JJ«^'I  a  it'll   in   rendering   this  tribute  of  Rralitude 

1  XiT'"^'.'  '"   ''"^   "'"lains  of  one  who  had  done  so 

I  (""f  •  '^'^  'he  Klorv  of  the  nation. 

'  1  ■  If  rsnns  empowered  to  act  for  the  Puke  of  Vc- 
"gua.-,,  U.e  venerable  dean   and  chapter  of   the  cathe- 


dr.il,  and  all  tli**  f  titer  p'-rsons  and  authorities  to 
whom  lion  (i.il)riel  de  Arisii/.ib.d  m.ide  simil.ir  i  om- 
niunii  .itions,  m.inifisled  the  s.mie  ea^;erness  to  assist 
in  the  pel  lorni.iih  e  of  ilns  solemn  .md   atteciiiiK  rite. 

I'he  wi'iihy  I  omm.mdrr  .Arisn/.ib.il,  ti.iviiiK  t.ikcn 
all  these  |irep,ir.itoty  steps  with  nie.it  form  and  pimc- 
tilm,  so  ,is  that  the  lerciiiotiy  should  be  perloniied  in 
a  public  .md  striking  m.inin  r,  suitable  to  the  fame  ni 
Columbus,  the  whole  was  i  .irried  into  ellid  with  1  e- 
((iniinjj  [lump  and  solemnity. 

On  the  2(itli  of  |)ccember,  i;'/^.  the  most  distin- 
j;iiishi'd  persons  of  the  pi, ice,  tlie  <ti^,'nii.iries  of  ihe 
I  huti  h,  and  civil  and  military  olhcers,  ,isset!ibled  m 
the  metropolitan  i  athedral.  In  the  prescni  r  of  lhi» 
aii^just  assemblane,  a  sm.ill  v.iult  w,is  ojieni  d  ;il  ovp 
the  (h.iniel,  in  the  princip.d  w.ill  on  the  rijjht  side  of 
the  IiIkIi  .illar.  Within  were  found  the  fragments  of 
a  Ici'len  »o|1in,  .a  number  of  liones.  and  a  ipi.inlily  of 
mould,  evidently  the  rem.iins  of  a  hum. in  body. 
These  were  larefully  (olleiled  and  |iut  into  .i  c.ise  'f 
gilded  le,id,  about  h.ilf  an  ell  in  U  ti^th  and  breadth, 
and  a  tiiird  in  hei);ht,  s<'(ured  by  an  iron  loik,  the 
key  of  which  was  delivered  to  the  an  hbishop.  The 
case  was  inclosed  in  a  cidlin  <iivcti(l  with  bl.uk  vil- 
vet,  and  ornamented  with  I. ice  and  frim;e  of  k''I'I 
The  whole  w,is  then  pl.iied  in  a  tcmpor.iry  lomli  or 
m.iusoleum, 

On  the  following;  day  there  was  .ntiotlier  Kr-i'"' 
((invocation  .it  the  calfiedr.il,  when  the  viv;ils  .ind 
m.isses  for  ihe  dead  were  sob  tnnlv  (  h.mled  by  the 
ari'hbishop,  aci ompaiiied  by  the  ( cmmanil.int  Ki-'ncr.d 
of  the  .11  m. id. I,  the  Doniinii.m  ,ind  Fr. incise. m  fri.irs, 
and  the  fri.iis  of  Ihe  Order  of  .\I( n  y,  loKvlher  with 
ihe  rest  of  the  diflinmiished  ass<  nil  l.ifje  .Alter  this 
a  funeral  sermon  w.is  pre.iched  by  the  aichl  i-.hop. 

t)n  the  s.ime  d.iy,  ,it  four  <)'(  lock  in  the  alternoon, 
the  (iillin  w.is  transported  to  the  ship  with  the  utmost 
st.ile  and  (eremony,  with  a  civil,  religious,  and  mili- 
tary priaession,  b.inners  wrapped  in  iiioiiininK, 
chants  and  rcs[)onses  and  discharges  of  artillery. 
The  most  distinnnished  persons  of  the  sever.d  orders 
took  turn  In  support  the  colhn.  The  key  w.is  l.iken 
with  ^;reat  formality  from  the  hands  of  the  ,in  hbisl.op 
by  the  governor,  and  ^;iven  into  the  h,inds  nf  ihe  com- 
m.inder of  Ihe  .irm.id.i,  to  be  delivered  by  him  lo  the 
^;overnor  ot  the  li.iv.m.i,  lo  be  hi  Id  in  depiisit  until 
the  ple.isure  of  the  kin^;  should  be  kn<'Wti.  The  ccllin 
w.is  received  on  bo.ird  of  a  briKanliiie  (.illtd  the  Dis- 
(overer,  which,  with  all  ihe  oilier  shipping',  displayed 
mourning;  si^;nals,  ami  s.iUited  the  rtmains  with  the 
honors  p.iid  to  an  admiral. 

From  the  port  of  St.  Doniintjo  the  i  oilin  was  con- 
veyed to  the  bay  of  0(  (la  .ind  there  iranslerred  lo  the 
sliip  San  Lorenzo.  It  was  accomp.uiied  by  a  (:orlrait 
of  COIumbiis,  sent  from  Spain  by  the  Duke  of  \'era- 
fjuas,  to  be  suspended  close  by  the  pl.ice  where  the 
rem.iins  of  his  illustrious  .mcesior  should  be  deposited. 

The  ship  immediately  m.ide  s.iil,  and  atrived  at  11a- 
van. I,  in  Cuba,  on  Ihe  ijlhof  J.inuary,  iTo'i.  Here 
the  s.ime  deep  feelini;  oi  reverence  to  the  memory  of 
the  discoverer  was  evinced.  The  priiui|'al  authori- 
ties rep.iired  on  board  of  the  shi(),  accompanied  by 
the  superior  naval  and  military  oflicers.  I'lvery- 
lliint;  was  conducted  with  the  s.ime  circumstantial 
and  solemn  ceremonial.  The  remains  were  re- 
moved with  gre.it  reverence,  and  placed  in  .a  felucca, 
in  which  tliev  were  conveyed  to  land  in  the  miilst 
of  a  procession  of  three  columns  of  felucc.is  and  boats 
in  the  royal  service,  all  properly  decorated,  contain- 


I  i'l 


V'f 


.u; 


I  1-i.i 


^'30 


Ari'Exnix. 


ini;  (listinf^iiislu-d  niilit.-irv  aiiil  ministerial  olTu-i  rs. 
Twd  (ciuc( MS  (olldv  I'd,  ill  (Mu-  of  which  w.is  a  in.iri'ic 
guard  of  honor,  wiih  inouriiiiijj  liaiiiit-rs  and  nuitticti 
drums  ;  and  in  iho  otIicT  wer''  inc  idiimiandaiu-j^cn- 
cral,  ihi-  piiiuijial  minister  of  mariiu-,  and  the  mili- 
tary staff.  In  passiiiL,'  the  vessels  of  \v,ir  in  the  li.ir- 
bor,  ilicv  all  |i.iid  the  honors  ilue  to  an  admir,d  .md 
c.iptain-t;ener.il  of  the  navy.  On  arriving'  at  the 
mole  the  reni,iins  were  met  by  the  >,'ovcrnor  of  thi! 
isl.md,  ai  ronip.iiiied  liy  the  j^enerals  and  the  mililaiy 
staff.  The  (olhn  was  then  coiueyed,  between  fdes  of 
soldiery  which  li  ud  the  streets,  to  the"  olieiisl.,  in  the 
place  of  arms,  where  it  was  received  in  a  iicarse  prc- 
pired  for  the  purpose,  lijietho  remains  were  for- 
mally ilcT  'ered  to  'ic  j;overnor  and  capt.iin  general 
(if  the  isi.inil,  the  key  given  up  to  him,  the  colliti 
opened  .md  ex.imined,  and  the  s.de  transportation  of 
its  contents  authenticated.  'I'his  ccrenionv  being  i(in- 
cluded,  it  w.is  convcvv'  in  grand  procession  .md 
witli  the  utmost  pomp  to  llie  cathedral.  Masses  and 
the  solemn  ceremotiics  of  the  dead  were  performed 
by  the  liishop,  .md  the  mort.il  remains  of  Columbus 
deposited  with  gre:it  reverence  in  t!;e  w.dl  on  the 
right  siiie  of  the  gr.itid  altar.  "  .-Ml  these  honors  and 
ceremonies,  '  says  the  document,  from  whence  this 
notice  is  iligested,*  "  were  attendeil  by  the  ccclesi.is- 
licd  and  secular  ilignitaries.  the  public  bodies  and  all 
the  nobility  and  gentry  of  liuvan '.  in  proof  of  the 
high  estimation  and  respectful  reniemlirance  in  which 
they  held  the  hero  who  had  discovered  the  New 
World,  and  hail  been  the  first  to  jilant  the  standard  of 
the  cross  on  that  island." 

This  is  the  last  occasion  th.it  the  Spanish  nation 
has  h.id  to  testify  its  feelings  toward  the  memory  of 
Columbus,  aii.l  it  is  with  ileep  s.uisf 'ciion  that  the 
author  of  this  worK  has  been  able  to  cite  at  large  a 
ceremonial  so  solemn,  affecting,  and  noule  in  its  ilc- 
tails,  and  so  hdiior.ible  to  the  iniional  character. 

Wheu  we  re. I  1  uf  the  rem.iins  of  Columbus,  th  is  con- 
veyed from  the  jxirt  of  St.  i)(jniingo,  after  an  interv.il  ol 
nearly  three  hundred  ye..rs,  as  .lacred  national  reli(s. 
with  civic  and  military  pomp,  .and  high  religious  cerc- 
moni.il  ;  the  most  dignitied  .md  illustrious  men  striv- 
ing who  must  shouid  p.iv  them  reverence,  we  canimt 
but  rellect  lli.it  it  w.is  fmin  this  very  jiort  he  was  car- 
ied  (jIT  lo.iiied  with  ignuinmious  chains,  bl.isted  ap- 
parently in  f.^nie  and  fortune,  and  followecl  by  the 
revilings  of  the  r.ibble.  Sui  h  honors,  it  is  true,  aic 
nothing  to  the  de.id,  nor  can  they  atone  to  the  he.irt, 
now  dust  .-md  ashes,  fur  ail  the  wrongs  and  sorro',.s 
it  may  have  sullcred  ;  but  they  speak  volumes  of 
(uinfort  to  the  li'.iisirious,  yet  slandered  and  pi'rse- 
cuted  living,  cncour.igiiig  them  liravely  to  bear  witn 
present  injuries,  by  showing  them  how  true  merit 
outlives  all  ilumny,  ;ind  receives  its  glorious  reward 
in  the  adinir.ition  of  after  ages. 


I 
No.   II.  i 

NOTicr.  OK  Tiir.  I'TxiMiANrs  or  roi.i^'.Mnus. 

'•s  the  death  of  Columbus  his  son  Diego  succrcdcd  i 
to    his   rights,   as   viceroy   and   governor  of   the  New  i 
W'orlil,    acccjrding    to    the    ex[)ress    cupitulations    be-  j 
tween  the  sovereigns  and  his  f.ilher.      lie  ajipears  by  | 
the  general  '.onseiit  of  historians  to  have   Ijeea  a  man  | 
of   gre.it  integrity,    of   rcspcct.ible    t.ilcnts,  and    of    a  I 
frank  and  generous  nature.    I  ierrera  speaks  repeatedly 
if  the  gi-nileness  .iiul   urbanity  of  Ins  m.inne.-s,  and 
pninounces   him   of   a   noble   disposition,  and  wlliout 
deceit.      This  absence  of  all  guile  frequently  laid    him 
open  to  the  siral.igenis  of   crafty   men,  gown  old  in 
<leception,  who  rendered  his  life   .i  (onlinued  series  ot 
embarrassments  ;    init   the   probity   of    his   char.u  ter, 
with  the  irresistible  power  of  truth,  bore   him  through 
dilliculties    in  whii  h     more     politic    ami    suljtlo    men 
would  have  been  entangled  and  cumplctcly  lost. 


♦  .Vivarreti',  Colcc.  loin.  ii.  p.  ^''ij. 


Immediately  after  the  death  of  the  .mIit,,  ,  ■ 
Diego  came   forward   as  lineal  siicccssiir,  a^r!, 
the    restitution    of    the    f.imily   oihi  is  .mij  r,,,j ,' 
which  had   been  suspended  during  llie  Lin,.,  ^'^S' 
his    f.ither's    life.      If    the  cold   and  w.uy  hny'. 
however,  could  forget  his  obligations  "| 'j.r^i|.J,,.' 
justice  to  Columbus,  he  h.id   less  dillitnliy  ;ri. ...  | 
a  deaf  ear  to   the  solicitations  of  his  suii     |  • 
ye.irs    Don    Diego   jiressed  his  suit  wiih  fruulesi 
i;ence.      lie  felt  the  app.irent  distrust  ot  the  a'. 
the    more    sensibly,    from    having   been  bruaj  '  i 
under  his  eye,  as  a  page  in  the  royal  lunisclioy  .,  .V 
his  character  ought  to  be  well  knovMiaiiuaprrtf  . 
At  length,  on  the  return  ol  Ferdm.iiul  hiimNa;V 
150S,  he  put  to  him  a  direct  (lucsiioii,  w;thihoh-| 
ness  attributed  to  his  char.icter.    He  ilem.indei 
his  majesty  would  not  grant   to   him   as  al.ivf; 
whiih  was  his  light,  and  why  he  hcsit.itcil  in  c - 
in  the  hdelilv    of  one  who  had    been   re.ire.i  •■I 
house."     Kerdinan.l  replied  '.Mat  he  could  (jllv  ^L 
fide  in  him,  but  could  not  repose  so  grc.it  .iirus;;;- 1 
venture  in  his  children  and   successors     Tuihih^ 
Diego  rejoined,  that  it  was  contr.iry  lo  .ill  xi\v(^} 
reason  to  .nake  him  suffer  for  the  sins  oi  li;jcr..;,''] 
who  might  never  be  born.* 

Still,  though  he  had  reason  and  justice  on  kiss; 
the   young  admiral   found    it   impo-sihle  tubrini;! 
wary   monar  h   to  .a  compli.mte.     I'iiidinK  ail  mA 
to  all  his  ide.is  of  eijuity  or  senlimenis  of  nentK? 
In  vain,  he  solicited  permission  to  pursue  hiSfiir: 
tlie  ordinary  course  of  law.     The  king  fiiulJr.,;:i 
fuse  so    reasonable    a  reijucst,  and   Dm  iJieso:;-,! 
menced  a  process  against  King  Ferdinaml  btlofc:: 
council  of  the  Indies,  founded  on  the  rcpeaidK 
lations  between  the  crown  and  his  t.ul'.iT.anccr.-il 
ing  all  the  dignities  and  immunities  ceiltil  bylitr 

One  grounil  of  opposition  to  these  cUims  iv.is,-; 
if  the  capitulation,  made  by  the  sovereigns  in  m,;-.; 
granted  a  perjietual  viceroyaltv  to  the  :;  linir.„a-,.:i| 
heirs,  suih  gr.int  could  not  st.md  ;  hciiii;  tmrni 
the   interest   of   the  state,  and  to  an  express Iwk>| 
mulg.ited  in  Toledo  in  14^0  ;  wherein  itw.isordKl 
that  no  oliicc,  inv<dving  the  administration  ol  p;; 
should   be  given    In   perpetuity;    lli.i'.  thcrdV", '.;i 
viceroyalty   granted   to   tlie   admir.il   ■  nuU  rr...  ...i 

been  tor  his  life  ;  and   that  even,  during  llulitr:,. 
h.id  justly  been   taken  from  him  for  his  niscoa,,;! 
That  such  concessions  were  contr.irv  10  the  .nb'sl 
prerog.itives  of   the  crown,  of  whirh  Uie  ^uvernT': 
iDilld    not   divest   itself.      Totals   D 'ii  Dit'Koiei. ..  | 
that    as  to   the   validity   of   the  capitul.uioii  :i  •";■ 
binding  contract,  and   notie  of  its  privileges ijii:;. 
be    restrii.tcd.      That  as   by    royal   si  he.liilfSCi:' ' 
\'llla    I'ranca,  June   2d,  1 506,   and   .Mm.i/an.  .i-. 
2.^th,  lyi;,  it  had  1/een  ordered  ih.it  lie,  I  ion  If:. 
should  receive  the  tenths,  so  eipialiy  oiii;h;  liie    ' 
privileges  to  be  accorded  to  him.   .\s  lo  llu:  .iliegiiij 
that  his  f:.ther  had  been  deprived  ol  his  viccriyi/vli'l 
bis    demerits.   It    was   cotilr.iry  l)   .dl  Iru'h 
been  aud.icity  on  the  part  (/f   ijobadiil.i  U)  seniicij 
nrisoner   to    Spaiii    In  I5ik),  and  contr.iry  l.ii!ir«i| 
and   command    of   the   sovc'e'gns,  a:-'  was  iri't -ll 
their  letter,  dated   from    \'alencia  de  1 1  hirreiiuiil 
in  wdiich  ihey  expressed  grief  at  his  trrest,  anilaS'-isI 
him    that    it   should    be    redressed,  lui'i  lii<H""'*"| 
gu.irded  entire  to  himself  and  I  is  .hi!  Irenf 

This  menuralile  suit  vi.in  conu  iciii  ed  in  ''"""I 
continued  for  sever.d  years,  l-i  the  inufJi;"''  '"'I 
claims  of  Don  Diego  were  dr. puled,  liktwisi.  "•'■''I 
plea  tli.it  his  f.ilher  w.is  n.it  the  ongiiu' ili'""*"""'j 
Terra  rirma,  but  only  siib'-c'i|iiently  of  u'rii.n P*i 
tions  of  It.  This,  ho.vever,  w,,.?  i  oiniilfltly '''«''*| 
verted  by  cTrwhelmim;  lestinionv  11"'  dai'iii«I 
Don  Diego  wen.  <i\i;iutcly  discussed  .iiid  ri<i;.>"'| 
amineci,  ..r.d  the  unanimous  decision  ul  llic  t»*j 
of  the  Indies  in  his  f.ivor,  while  il  rclUi  leil  li« 'j| 
the  justice  and   independence  of  that  iju'lv,  >*"' 

•  Ilenera,  I  list.  Iiid.,  ilec.id.  11    hb  vii.  cMi  4 

♦  llxir  ids  froin  the  iniiiutes  of  llio  pron-^a  UW"^'"  I 
liibti'ii.ii,  .\Iuiiui!,  M.S. 


pRnily  (if  \icerov,   i 


riiinaml  !)t;o:fji| 


Borec  nf  Dufia  ,         ,    i  i 

nd"  ilf^  Ttilciiii.  gr.wA  i  omniandcr  o(  Leon,  and 
Lre  i(i  Don  la'lrii|uc  Toledo,  the  celebrated  Duke  of 
in  chiei  (avorile  o(    the   kmj;.     This   was  aspirinR 

a  liii;li  count ttion.     The   father  anil  uncle  of   tiie 

dv  wiTC  the  inr  U   iDweiful  Rrandees  of  the  proud 

n'^dom  ol  Spain,  and  cousins  ^erman  to  Ferdinand. 

Lei;!;irv,  lunvcvcr,  which  (■(ilunilius  had  left  l)ehind, 

ateil  upon  his  children,  and  the  claims  of  Don  Die- 

p  rpcp:niy  ronfirmed   ■■')■  the  council,   involved  di>,'- 

ll'iesan.l  wealth  sulhcienl  lo  raise  him  to  a  level  with 

|o!lii«t  .illiancc.    He  found  no  ddhculty  in  obtain- 

itu-  hand  (.f  thr   lady,  and   thus  was  the  foreif.;n 

nilv  ol  I  olumhus  .uRratted  or.  one  of  the  proudest 
ices  of  Sp.iin  The  naluial  con.setiuences  followed. 
litgfl  had  sccund   th.it  magical  power  called  "  con- 

tlions ."  and  the  favor  of    l-'erdinand,    wliich   had 

tn  so  ionn  withheld  from  him,  as  the  son  of  Colum- 
ns, shone  upon  liiin,  though  coldly,  as  the  nephew 
't'hel'uke  of  .Mva.  'I'he  father  and  uncle  of  tiis 
tide  siacccLleil,  though  with  ^reat  dilhculty,  in  con- 
heriin;  the  repuK'naiue  of  the  monarch,  ami  after  all 
(but  ,i;r.uUod  in  iiart  the  justice  ti.ey  required,  lie 
fcded  1"  lion  Dic^o  merely  the  dinniiies  and  powers 
Bjoyt'd  by  Nicholas  de  Ovando.  who  was  recalled, 
Who  cautiously  withheld  the  title  ol  viceroy, 
flhc  rcc.ill  ol  Ovando  was  noi.  merely  a  measure  to 
lake  roiin!  for  Don  Dieno  :  it  was  thetar<ly  peiform- 
jDceol  a  proniire  made  to  Isabella  on  her  death  bed. 
hecxpirinR  (|ueen  h.id  demanded  it  as  a  punishment 
fcr  the  massacre  of  her  poor  Indian  subjects  at  Xara- 
|ia,  and  the  cruel  -ind  ijjnominious  execution   of  the 

nalc  laciqiu;  .Anacaona.  Thus  retribution  was  ton- 
inu.illv  K'lini;  its  rounds  in  the  checkered  dest'nies  of 
^is  island,  wliich  has  ever  presented  a  little  epitome 
[human  hislorv  ;  its  errors  and  crimes,  and  conse- 
beni  disasicrs. 
i  In  Kiniplyiiih  with  the  reijucst  of  the  queen,  how- 

tr,  1  cntinand  was  favoralile  toward  Ovando.  He 
lid  rot  led  ilie  same  ^;eneri)us  sympathies  with  his 
cinsort,  and,  however  ( )vand()  hail  sinned 
lainst  humanity  in  his  treatment  of  the  Indiarrs,  he 
I  been  a  vigilant  otlicer,  and  his  very  oppressions 
1  in  ;;cnfral  proved  profit. ible  to  the  irown.  l''er- 
Itoa.id  di reeled  tli.it  the  licet  which  took  out  the  new 
pvcrncir  should  retu'-n  under  the  command  of  Ovan- 

,  and  dial  he  should  retaiir  undisturbed  enjoyiuent 
(any  properly  or  Indian  slaves  that  IIli^;ht  be  found 
this  jiiissession.  Some  have  represented  ( )vando  as 
[man  lar  from  mercenary  ;  that  the  wealth  wriini; 
om  iho  niiseiies  of  the  natives  was  lor  his  sovereign, 
Ot  for  himself  ,  and   it  is  intimated  that  one  secret 

use  of  his  dis(;race  was  his  having;  made  an  enemy 
Itliea.l  powcrlul  .in.l  unforRivuif;  Fonseca.+ 
i  Thi'  new  admiral  embarked  at  St.  l.ucar,  lune  (|th, 
ISO),  with  his  wif;',  his  brother  Don  Keriiando,  who 
tsiiiiw  gruwn  to  man's  estate,  and  had  lieen  well 
flucaltd,  and  his  two  uncles,  Don    Martholomew  and 

on  ilii.'ivi      I  hey  were  accompanied  liv  a  numerous 
lavaliers,   with   their  wives,  and  of  youiii; 

flics  o|  1  .III;  'ii,,!  (i„||||y_  more  distinguished,  it  is 
Mmed,  It  hiijh  Mouil  tliaii  lar^e  fortune,   and   who 

tre  c,r.!  „M  to  find  wealthy  husbands  in  the  Nesv 
Uorld  ;  ' 

Ihc.iiq'i  ■ho  kiinj  had  not  j^ranted  Don  Diei^o  the 
Mnilv  uf  viceroy,  the  title  was  nener.illy  >;iven  to 
liir  bv  Cdi.rtesy,  and  his  wife  was  universally  ad- 
wsscl  by  that  of  vice-queen. 

U'ln  DiPi;.,  romnieiiced  his  nil-  with  a  dcRree   of 


T.irt!;, 

cii'tdim,.  i„  Anierigo  Ves|.iu'n. 

I    ..ailevdix,  HI  supra,  v   i   p.  273   id.  1-4 

'  Ui  tasas,  lib.  11.  cap.  4^   Ms. 


state  ol  ociety  hitherto  destitute  (;f  the  salutary  re- 
straint and  pleasing  decorum  jiroduced  by  female  in- 
lluence. 

Don  Diego  had  considered  his  apfiointment  in  the 
light  of  a  viceroyalty,  but  the  K.iig  soon  took  meas- 
ures which  showed  that  he  admitted  of  no  such  pre- 
tension. Without  any  reference  to  Don  Diego,  he 
divided  the  coast  of  Darien  into  two  ^;reat  provinces, 
separated  by  an  imaginary  line  running  through  the 
(iulf  of  Uralia,  appointing  AUuiso  de  ('uda  governor 
of  the  eastern  prov  nee,  wliich  he  (allid  New  Anda- 
lusia, and  Diego  de  Nicuessa,  governor  of  the  west- 
ern province,  which  included  llie  rii  h  (  oast  of  \'ea- 
gua,  and  which  he  <  ailed  C'astilia  del  Oro,  or  (iolden 
t'astile.  Had  the  monarih  been  swaved  by  principles 
of  justice  and  gratitude,  the  settlement  of  this  coast 
would  have  be-n  given  lo  the  Adel.iiilado,  Don  Bar- 
tholomew t'olunil)US,  who  had  assisteil  in  the  discov- 
ery of  the  cinintry,  and,  together  with  his  brother  the 
admiral,  had  suffered  so  greatly  in  the  enterprise. 
I'.ven  his  superirjr  abilities  lor  the  task  should  have 
pointed  him  out  to  the  policy  of  the  monarr  h  ;  but  the 
cautious  anil  calcul.iting  i'erdinand  knew  the  lofty 
spirit  of  the  Adehinlado,  and  that  he  would  lie  dis- 
posed to  demand  liigh  and  dignified  terms.  He  passed 
liim  by,  therefore,  and  preferred  more  eager  and  ac- 
c  o  111  moda  ling  ad  venturers. 

Don  Diego  was  greatly  aggrieved  at  this  measure, 
thus  adopted  without  his  pattii  ip.ition  or  knowledge. 
He  justly  considered  it  an  infringement  of  the  rapiiu- 
lations  granted  and  re|>catedly  conhrnied  to  his  father 
and  his  heirs.  He  had  further  ve.\atiiiiis  and  dilhcul- 
lies  with  resi)ect  to  the  government  of  the  island  of 
.St.  Juan,  or  I'orto  Kico,  which  was  conquered  and 
settled  about  this  time  ;  but  after  a  variety  of  cross 
purposes,  the  oliirers  whom  he  a|ipointed  were  ulti- 
mately recognized  by  the  crown. 

Like  his  father,  he  had  to  conteinl  wiih  malignant 
factions  in  his  government  ;  for  the  enemies  of  the 
father  transferred  their  eiir.iity  to  the  son.  There  was 
one  Miguel  I'.isamoiite,  the  king  s  treasurer,  who  be- 
came his  avowed  enemv,  under  the  support  and 
chiefly  at  the  instig.ition  of  the  Hislio])  Konseca,  who 
continued  to  the  son  the  implacable  hostility  which  he 
had  manifested  to  the  father.  .V  variety  of  trivial  cir- 
cumst.uices  contributed  to  embridl  him  with  some  of 
the  petty  officers  of  the  cidony,  and  there  w.is  a  rem- 
nant of  the  followers  of  Roidan  who  arrayed  them- 
selves against  him.*' 

Two  factions  soon  arose  in  the  isl.iml  ;  mie  of  the 
admir.il,  the  oilier  <d'  the  tre.isurer  I'as.imonte.  The 
latter  affected  to  call  themselves  the  parly  of  the  king. 
Tliey  g.ive  all  possible  niolestatioi;  to  Don  Diego, 
and  sent  home  the  most  \  irulent  and  absurd  misrepre- 
sentations of  his  conduct  .Xnioiig  oilir  s,  they  re|)rc- 
sented  a  large  house  with  many  wiii.ows  which  he 
w.is  building,  as  intetnled  for  a  lortrcss,  and  asserted 
th.il  he  had  a  design  to  make  himself  sovereign  of  the 
island.  King  I'erdinand,  wli  >  was  now  advancing  in 
years,  had  ilevidved  the  alf.iirs  of  the  Indies  in  a  great 
measure  on  l'onseia,+  who  had  su|Krintended  them 
from  the  lirst,  and  he  was  greativ  guided  by  the  ad- 
vice of  th.it  prel.ite,  wliich  w.is  not  likely  to  be  favor- 
able to  the  descend, lilts  of  Columbus.  The  <  omplainis 
from  the  colonies  were  so  artfully  enforced,  theie- 
lore,  that  he  est.iblished  in  1510a  sovereign  court  at 
St.  Domingo,  called  the  royal  audience,  to  which  an 
appeal  might  be  111. ide  from  all  senlenres  of  the  ad- 
mir.il, even  in  i.ises  reserved  hilherto  exclusively  for 
the  crown.      Don    Diego  considered   this  a  suspicious 

*  Ilcu'-r  1,  decad.  i.  hi),  vii.  cap,  u. 
t  Ibid. 


mi' 

1^' 

H'^ 

ijr 

1 

' 

m 

:  J ; 


m 


:<!■ 


1- 


«: 


Al'Pl'NDIX. 


ari'l  injurious  mcnsiiro   inteiideil   to 


(IclTll 


his  au- 


thority. 


rank,  opcti,  am 


isuspiiious,  the   youii);  ailniiral 


was   not   foriiu  li    for  a  mntost   witli   tlic  cr.ilty  pi 


iliti- 


cians  arravt'il  a^.i;tist  Mini,  wlio  w 


iTC  rcadv  ami  adroit 


in   scizim;  upon  h'S   sliylitcst   rrrors 


measure  would  have  liecn  tanen  .it  an  o.irli' 

I)/' 


was   now    too   late 


Illness  i)ri\i'iit(( 


mow   from   CNeiiilint,'   the   entirprisi'.  and 
ami  toilsome  life  was  dr.iwini;  to  a  cKisc 
Many   calumnies    li.ivin^;   lieen  seiii  Imm 


"  lUniK, 


ami 


matjnilviMi;   j    liy  I'asamonte  and  other  enemies  of   l)i, 


them  into  erimes.      Diilieullies  were  multiplied   m  his  I    various  measures   lieinj;  taken   by  ^over 
patli  whiih  it  was  out  of  liis  powei  to  overcome,      lie   !    he  ronceivcd  deroijatory  to  Ins  di>;nii 


time;- 


h 


lu   eniere 


1  up 


a   oliire   full  of  m.ii;n.inimous  inten 


to 


hi;^ 


privileges,  he    teiiuestcd 


tions,  determined  to  put  an  enO.  to  oppressior 


ind 


correct 


ill 


II   good   men   therefore   had  re- 


joiced  at   his  .ippoinlmeiu  ;  hut   he   s 


oon  loun 


th.it 
he  had  overrated  his  strength,  and  underv.ilue.l  the 
dithi'ullies  .iwaitint;  h 


V,  ai:i! 
iM.iir,;'. 


Mon    to    repair    to  louit,   tli.it  he  might  e.vi 


vindicate  his  conduct. 


lie 


-'p. tried. 


tpnl  ci 


th,  i=;ii;,  leavini;  the  Adelaiit.i',! 


II  Ult.l 


I    cpi 


een  Dofi.i  M.iria.    lie  was  received  wiili  i 


1  le  calculated  from  his  own   :    by   the   kini;,  .ind   he   merited   such  a  rec 


i;oo.l  he.irt.  but  he  h.id  no  ide.i  of  the  wicke 


d  h 


rts  of   i    had  succeedeil  in  cverv  enterpri 


•1,1: 


Others. 


11 


e  w.i 


dians,  th.it  source  of  al 


s  opposed  to  the  rep.irtimiento»,  t 


<f  1 1 


he  li.iil  i,:i 


kill' 


>f 


or  directed.     The  pearl  lisherv  had  been  s 


nhuinanity  ;  but  he      established   on   the   co.ist  of   Cub.ii;u.i  ;  ih 


III  I'tsS: 


found   all   the  men  of    ive.ilth  in  the  colony,  and  most      Cub.i  and  of  I.im.iic.i  h.i.l  been  subiectiil 


ot   the   import. iiit   persons  of   the  Tourf,  interested  in 


ler  (ulti\ation  without    blotxlsheil  ,  his 


•ini.  L!i.; 


in.iint.iininij   them,     lie  perceived   that  the  attempt  to       i;overnor  h. id  been  upright  ;  and  he  h.ul  (nih  c»: 
abnlisli    thetn    would    be    cl.iULierous,    and     the   result       Ihe  representations  maiic  a^;ainst  him.  bv  en,. ^^v 


(juestionable  ;  at  the  s.imc  time  this  abuse  w.is  a 
source  of  immense  prolit  to  himself.  Self-interest, 
therefore,  combine. 1  with  other  consider.itions,  and 
what    at   Mrst  appeared  dillb  lilt,  seemed  presenth' 


prartK'.i 


ble 


r 


le  reji.irtimieiitos  continued  in  the  st.Ue 


Ihe  representations  iiKidc  a^jainst  him.  bv  en 
to    lessen    the   o])|)ression  oi  the  n.iiivc^.     ! 
ordered  tli.it  all  processes  against  him  in  the 


i'l 


|)c.il   and   elsewhere,  for  d.i 


m;if!es  ilom-  it 


lis   in   rcKul.itin^;   the  repartimientos.  sin 
iiui  the  c.ises  sent  to  liiinseil  k 


!■■[., 


contmuei 


in  which  he  found  them,  e.xceptini;  that  he  removed  tion.  lUit  with  .ill  these  f.ivors,  as  the  aJiirr.i.;',ir: 
such  of  the  sup..'riiiU'ndents  as  had  been  cruel  and  op-  I  a  sh.ire  of  the  [irolits  of  the  prfivinces  of  f.i-;,i.. 
pressive.  and  substituted  men  of  his  own  a[)pointnient,   !    <  'ro,  saying;  th.it  it  w.is  disc(>vered  by  liis  l.illxr  ii  ■ 


who  probably  proved  equ.illy  worthless.     His  frier 


I'ere   disappointed,  his  enemies   ei 


ir.ii;ed  ;    a   hi: 


ind  crv  was  r.iised  aiiainst  him  bv  the  Iriemls  oi  tliose 


ames  of  its  jihices,  such  .is  Konibre  de  Du 
Hello,  .indtl  Ketrete,  pl.iinly  proved,  the  kiii:; 
that  interrotralories  shiuild   be  m.ide  MiiiDn^  ■ 


he  h.id  displ.ici 


d  it  was  even  said  th.iL  if  ( )v.ini 


iiers    who    h.id   sailed   with   C'hristi 


iplicr  t.'ulu:: 


had  not  died  about  this  time,  he  would  have  been  sent       the   hop"   of    provini;    that  he  had  not  ilisrovi-rc: 


out  to  siipiilanl  1  )on  D.ei;  ). 


co.istof  D.irien  nor  the  (Julf  of  I'r.ib, 


Thu- 


The   subjui^ition   and   settlement   of   the   isl.md    of       I  lerrer.i,  "  Don    Die^o  w.is  always 


Cuba,  in  l^lo,  W.IS  a  fortun.ite    event  in  the 


tr.ilion  of  the  jiresent  ail 


iral.    He  con^r.itulated  Ki 


rerdinan.l   on    iLivini;  ,ic<|uired  the  largest 


,d 


beautiful 


tions  with  the  lisc.d,  so  that  he  minht  truly  s.i 
W.IS  lieir  to  the  troubles  of  his  f.ither  "'' 
Not  lon^;  after  the  departure  of  I)i!ii  Die:; 


the  w.irld  without  losim;  .i  single   ;    Domingo,  his  uncle,  i)on  M.irtholomew,  iiilc; 


m.in.      The  intelligence   was  highly  accept. iblo   to   the  '    tive  .ind  laborious  life.    No  particul.iis  arei;n 
king  :  but  it  was  ajcompanied  by  a  great  number  of 


death,  nor   is   there   mention   made  ol 


coniiilaints  again>t    the  a  iiiiiral.      Little   alfection  as  must  h.ive  been  advanced.    King   I'enlin.iri 

Kenlinand  fell  lor  D.m  Diego,  he  w.is  still   aware  th.it  have  e.\jiressed  great  concern  at  the  event 

most    of    these    repn.'sentations    were  false,  and    h.id  .i    high  opinion   of    the    ch.irai  ter   and  t.i 

their  origin  in  the  lealousy  and  envy  of  his  enemies.  [    .\del.int.uli 
He  judged  it  expe.Heiu,  however. 


a  m.m,"  says  I  lerrci.i, 
;  12,  to  send  out  ,    wjrth   than    his   brother   the   admir.il,  an.i  iv;; 


D  in  H.irtholomew  (.'olumljus  with  minute  instructions      had  been  e 


mploveil,  won 


Id  h. 


to  his  nephew  the  admiral. 

Dim    H.irtholomew   still    retained  the  ofiice  of  Ade- 


ive  given  great  it- 


it  ;    for   lie   was   an  excellent  se.imin,  vaii,i:; 
gre.it  he, irt."f     Charlevoix  attributes   the  in 


l.int.ido  of  the   Indies  ,  although   l-'erdin.md.  t'lroiigli  '■   which  Don  iJ.irtholomew  had  been  siiflcrvii  i  ■  :t:: 

selfish    motives,  det.iine.l    him  in  Sp.iin,  while   he  em-  for  sever.il    years,  to   the  je.iloiisy  anil  pdrMiv^: 

[>li)yed  inferior  men  in  voyages  oi  discovery.    He  now  the  king.      He  found  the  house  alre.idy  U'o  \f'K 

a.ided  to  his  ap|)ointmenls  the  |)roperty  and  govern-  '   and  the  .\del.iiitado,  h.id  he  discovered  Mc 


tnent  of  the  little 


)f   .Mona  during  life,  and 


m.in  to  ni.ike  as  good  conditions  as  h.id  bctnirj. 
the  ailmii.il  his  broilier.  {      It  was  s.iid,  olistn.:: 


signed  him  a  rep.irtimietito  of  two  hundred    Indi.ii 

with   the   superintendence   "i  the  mines  which  might  rera,  that  the  king  rather  preferred  to  eiiijiiii 

be   discovered   in   Cuba;  an  oili.,e  which  proved  very   |  his  I'.urope.iii   all.iirs,  though  it  could  onlvh.ic 

lucrative.  ■'  !  to   divert   him  from  other  objects.     <)n  li:s  •.fa. 

.Among  the  instru'-tions  given  by  the  king    to  D  m  king  resumed  to  himself  the  island  of  .Mim;.i.  «:.; 

Diego,  he  directed  that,  in  corisei)uence  oi   the  re|.r''-  h.id  given  to  him  lor  life,  and  tr.mstcrroil  usi--; 

sentations  of   the    Dominican   friars,  the  labor  of   the  mienio  of  t.vo  hundred  Indi.ms  to  the  \ice!i.i. : ' 
natives  should   he   reduced   to  one  third  ;  lh.it  negro 
•s  should   be  jirocurtd  from    ('(uiiie.i  as  a  relief  to 


.M. 


the  1 1 


is.f  a 


iiil  that(,"arib  sl.ives  should  be  branded 


W  'lile  the  admiral  Don  Diego  w.is  pressir.c 


audience  in  his  vindicatiuil  at  couit.  Kini; 


the  leg,  to  prevent  other  Indians  from   being   con-   j   died,  on  the  23d  of  l.mu.iry,  1  5 1 d.      Ili>i;! 


iiii.l- 


founded  with  them  an. I  sulijected  to  h.iish  tre.itment 


successor,    I'rince  Ch.iiks,   alterward   llr 


The  two  governors,  (Jjeda  and  .Nicuessa,  whom  '.he  !   Charles  \'.,  w,is  in  Ibmdirs.     The 


i,;ri- 


their    unlert.ikin 


the 


king  h.id   appointed  t.)  1  oloni/e  and   command  at  the  ;   for  a  time  with    Cardinal   Ximencs,  who  » 
Isthmus   of    D.irien,  in  Ti  rr.i  rirni.i,  having   billed  in  \   undertake  to  deride  on  the  rei>resent.itions,i; 

of  the  admiral.  It  w.is  not  until  1520  ili.a  hi- 1 
fiom  the  I'.mperor  Ch.irlt  s  \'.  a  recov;iiii"  " '"■ 
noi.eni  e  of  all  the  (  harges  .ig.iinst  him. 

his  pailV 


in 
.ivereign,  in    1=114,   wrote  to 


Hisjianiola,  permuting  the  .\del.intado,  Don  li.irthi 


mew.  i(so 


;)f  \ 


d,  to  takech.irge  of  settling  the  co.ist 


er.igu.i,  and  to  govern  that  country   unde 


r  the 


niiral  Don  Dirgo  coiitonnably  to  Ins  privileges  Had 
t!ie  king  consulted  hi.-,  own  interest,  and  the  ilefeiem  e 
due  to  the  talents  and  services  of  the  .\deUntado,  this 


.•(■t; 


linding  that  wh.it  I'as.mionte  and  his  ti.iiivt'' 
ten  were  notorious  cdumnies,  ordered  Uo"  '' 
resume  Ins  charge,  although  the  process  with  !'■ 


isstill  ]jendiiig^  , 


it  I'.is,iinontebhnun. 


'  f:ii; 


11. -1.  St.  I 


1  inungi),  p.  321. 


t  llern-i.i,  Ili.l.   Ind.,  dec.id.  1.  lib.  l.\.  e.ip.  q. 
;ibid. 


•  lb' 

t  li.id.,  «l. 


1.  Ili-t    Ind  ,  decad. 


hi 


d.  1.  hi 


I.  II.  i.i|'.  , 


).  X.    lap    H 


,  I   li.ulev.jix,  lli-.t.  St.  De 


lib 


AIMM'NDIX. 


p.nst  pas«if)ns  aiv 


-enucHintr  hiiv.   to   forK'ct 
■.rrrc    m.l  to  PfH^^r  i">'>   ■iniuuhlc  rcliUons  Willi 
n„.-o'    "iiiuin.' other  aas  <>l   indcinnilnatioii  Ik' 
Vlnnl  Ins  riglil  to  exercise  his   ollire   (il    vlic- 


Ihi' 


islui'l  of   llisp.iiiiola,  aiiil  in 
lallier.*     His   amliDiily 


nn  I -nvcriior  III 
p-„[s  .jisiovfrrl  liy  In 

'•  -   piurli  (iiniinislicl  by  new  nvmilatioiis, 

ippoiiiU'il  over   him    with  the    ri^ht 


,  however. 
Igiw-  I 


lorinat'.'ii  to  the  (omuil  aijainst  him,  I'lit 


[hiKM.llur  powi-rs.      Don   I)iei;o  sailed   in   iho  lie- 

Iniiwoi  S.'pleml)tT,  l^iio,  and  on   his  arrival  at  St. 

,„,,,;,,.,  linilin,.;  that  several  of  the  Kovcrnnrs,  pre- 

iii  \iti  liis  long  al)senic,  had  arrnijated  to  them- 

csln  lepen.lLMire,  and  had  aliased  Ih^ir  powers,  he 

cliJtilv  S'-'iit  |icrsons  to  snpersed<;  them,  and   dc- 

Inde'l  "li  accoiml   of   their    ailmiiiistration.      This 

Ide  hi-'  .ihost  of  active  and  powerliil  enemies  both 

hhei.il'-iiies  and  in  Spain. 

toiKi  li-nihlc  thanses  hid  taken  place  in  t!ie  island 

iHiV'.iniola.  ihirinu  the  absence  of  the  admiral.     I'lie 

Ines'li.i'l  l.illeii  into  r.ei4!''cl,  the  r  ultivation  <>{  the 

jrarc.iiie  li.'.vini,'  been  found  a  more  ceitain   source 

fn-wllii.     It  he.ame  a   by-word    in    Spain  that  the 

(rpifKCiU  palaces  erected  by  Charles  \'.  at  M.adrid 

Tiiltlo  wore   built  of   the  smjar    of   Ilisp.miol.i. 

fveslii!  heen  imported  in  i>reat  minibers  from  Af- 

_,  bci:i(j  found  more  serviceable  in    the   culture   of 

(cane  tliau  the  feeble  Indians,    The  treatment  of  the 

or  iKvrous  was  cruel  in    the    extreme  ;    and   they 

jsm  Id  have  had   no  advocates  even  amon.i.j  the  lui- 

kn?.    The  slavery  e,f  the  Indians  had  been   founded 

jlhc  r;.:ht  of  the  strong  ;  but  it  was  ihouglit  that  the 

■■»r"vs.  Irom  tlieir  color,  were  liorn  to  slavery  ;  and 

fcitlrnm  luiiig  lKnii,'ht  and  sold  in  their  own  country, 

Iwasliieir  natural  condition.     Though  a  patient  and 

lduii!'<  ra'c,  tlie    barbarilies    inflicted    on    them  at 

hgth  r  usril  ihcni  tn  revenge,  ami  on  the  ■J7th(i'  I)e- 

|ni';!'r.   K-'J.  there   w.is  the   first   African   revolt    in 

llsp.iiu  i„i.    It  bc.;,iii  in  a  sug.ir  plantation  of  the  Ad- 

lira'  liin  Diego,  where  about  twenty  slaves,  joined 

XI  p'jii.il  number  from  a  neighboring   plantation, 

bt  po^'-ssioii  of  arms,  rose  on  their  suiierinlendent-^, 

^syaiT"!  them,  .and  sallied  forth  ii[v>n  the  countiy. 

I w.i>  thi'ir  intention  lo  |iill.ige  certain  plantations,  to 

llltiic  tthilcs,  reinfori'c   tliemselves   by  freeing  their 

bunlrvmen,  and  either  t  >  possess  themselves  uf  the 

van  '-if  .\gu  I, or  to  escape  to  the  mounlains. 

iD'Hi  iKego  set  out  from  St.    Dotiiiiigo  in  search  of 

jlf  rf!!e!s,  li.  lowed  by  several  of  the  [iriilcip.il  inh.dii- 

Jnis    Oil  the  sc  on  I  dav  ho  stopjied  on  the  banks  of 

|c  Ui\er  Ni/ao  lo  rc^t  his  parly  .and  suffer  rcinforce- 

lent'!  i(j  overlalie  him.      Here  one  Melchor  de  C.as- 

0,  ivhi  accijnip,mied  the  admiral,    leaniril  tli.it  the 

[egr  Its  ii.id  rav.iged  his  pl.intati on,  sacked  his  house, 

•'lie  "f   Ins    ni.  n,  and    carried  off    his    Indian 

Bav's.    Without  asking  ie.ive  of  the  admiral,  lie  de 

■  •:'■  i:'  the  iiiglit  with  two  (  omp.mions,  visited  his 

Ban„i'.Mii.  Imml   ;i;|   jn  eonfusion,  and  pursuing  tlie 

Ttgro-.'s.  ?,.|it  lo  i',e   .-idniiial   f.ir   aid.      laglit  h>rse- 

licn  were  hastily  dis[i:ii(  h-,  I   to   his  assistaiiie,  armed 


litli  lji:.: 


lers  and  l.uKes. 


h.iving  six  of  the  inf. in 


■  moirui-d  behlii.l  ilieni.    De  C'.istro  had  three  horse 

llei  :>;•■  !cs  this  reinlorcement.  ;;nd  at  the  he. id  of  this 

In:     un-;  overlook  the  negroes  ,it  bre.ik  of  day.   The 

^s,-gent<  pill  iheiuselves  in  b.iiile  array,  arnieil  with 

'11 1   Indian   spears,  ,uid  uttering   lean!    shouts 

nu  'i'lilcra's.      liie  Sp.inish    lioisemen    braced    their 

pck;ers,  con  li.-.l    ti,eir  i.inces,  .and   charged  theni  at 

HNpe^'l      I  lie  negroe.-i  were   soon   nailed,  and    lied 

!■!''  r    ks,  le.iving  si,x  dead  and  sever. d  wouniled. 

Oi'' ..siri.ils,,  ivas  wounded  in  liie  arm.   The  adrnir.d 

I-  Cii-  vs.  i.;i,  a'isisie.i  in  ih^.  pursuit  of  the  fugitives.    As 

■■  !'cv   Were    taken    they   were  hanged  on   the 

pc.ci'-t  livox    and  reniaine  I  suspended   as   spect.icies 

-it'T  lo  III,  ir  (i„„urvnien.     This  prompt  severity 

">■■  -'■■'}  ..;i  furilier  attempts  at    revolt   among  the  Af- 


ti. 


'■'  '"•  ni'Mii  liaie  ihe 


-1   III,' 
!  'e.ul. 


In. I,,  .1,. 

1.  1:1).  IV 


various  enemies  wliom    Don 

I'l   ii.  l.b.  i\.  e.ip.  ;. 
e.ip.  y. 


Diego  had  created,  both  in  Ihe  rolonies  anil  in  Spain, 
were  actively  and  successfully  employed.  His  old  an- 
t.igonisl.  the  treasuri'r  I'.is.iiTiont'-.  had  chargeil  him 
Willi  usurping  almost  all  the  powers  of  the  royal  au- 
dience, and  with  having  given  to  the  roy.il  dei  lar.i- 
lion,  re  establishing  him  in  his  oIIk  <•  of  \iceroy.  an  e.N- 
tent  never  intended  by  the  sovereign.  These  repre- 
senl.ilions  li.id  weight  at  <  mirt,  and  in  I  =2",  Don  I)i<go 
received  a  most  severe  letter  from  the  ('(Uiru  il  of  Ihe 
Indies,  (  h.irging'  him  witii  the  various  abuses  ;md  e;- 
cesses  .alleged  against  him,  and  comin.'inding  him,  r-n 
p.iin  of  forfeiting  all  his  priviU-ges  and  lilks.  lo  r(,v(jke 
the  innovations  he  had  made,  and  restore  things  lo 
ihcir  former  slate.  To  prevent  .my  plea  of  ignorance 
of  this  riKinda.te,  the  royal  audieni'e  w.is  enjoined  to 
promulgate  it  and  to  call  upon  all  j'ersoris  to  conform 
lo  it,  and  to  see  that  it  was  properly  obeyecl.  The  .ad- 
mir.d  received  also  a  letter  from  the  conned,  inlorin- 
iiig  him  that  his  presence  was  nei  <  ssary  in  S|i,iin.  to 
give  inform.ition  of  the  foregoing  matieis,  and  advice 
relative  to  the  reformation  of  various  .abuses,  and  to 
the  treatment  ami  preservation  of  the  Indians  ;  he  was 
requested,  therefore,  to  repair  to  (duil  without  wait- 
ing for  further  orders.* 

Don  Diego  understood  this  lo  lie  a  peremptory  re- 
call, and  obeyed  accordingly.  (  hi  his  arrival  in  Spain, 
he  immediately  presented  himself  before  the  i  ourt  at 
\'ictoria,  with  the  frank  and  fearless  spirit  of  an  up- 
right man,  and  pleaded  his  cause  so  well  that  the 
sovereign  and  council  ac  knowledgeil  his  innocence  on 
all  the  ])oints  of  accus.ation.  He  convinced  them, 
moreover,  of  the  exactitude  with  which  lie  had  dis- 
ch.irged  his  duties  ;  of  his  zeal  for  the  public  good, 
and  the  glory  of  the  crown  •  and  that  ad  ihe  represen- 
tations ag.iinst  him  rose  from  ihi-  jealousy  and  enmity 
of  I'.isamonte  and  other  roy.il  ciiircis  in  the  colonics, 
who  were  impatient  of  any  st:peri.ir  aulli  iriiy  in  the 
island  to  restrain  ihein. 

Having  completely  estab'lislv.'d  his  innocence.  :iid 
exposed  the  calumnies  f)f  Irs  eivmies,  Don  Diego 
trusted  tliat  he  would  soon  obtain  justice  as  to  all  his 
cl.iims.  ;\s  tlic^e,  linwevcr,  involved  a  \iatlicipalion 
in  the  protits  of  vast  and  richly  produciive  provinces. 
he  eNperienced  the  del.iys  and  di'Viiuilies  usual  with 
such  dem.inds,  for  it  is  only  v.lien  justice  <'osts  noth- 
ing that  it  is  readily  rendered.  His  earnest  soliciia- 
lions  at  length  ot)t. lined  an  order  from  the  emperor. 
th.it  a  ccuiinii'-ision  should  be  formed,  c  omposed  of  the 
gr.iivl  chancellor,  the  Friar  I.oyas.i,  confessor  to  the 
emperor,  atui  president  of  the  royal  C'oum  ii  of  the  In- 
dies, and  a  number  of  other  dislinguished  personages. 
They  were  to  inipiire  into  the  v.irious  points  in  dis- 
pute between  the  admiral  and  ihe  lisc.il,  and  into  the 
proi-eedings  which  had  taken  jibicc!  in  the  Council  i  f 
the  Indies,  with  the  power  of  determining  v.liat  jus- 
tice re  juired  in  the  c.ise. 

The  affair,  tiowever,  was  protracted  l  osiicli  alen;;lh, 
and  accompanied  by  so  m.my  ti'ils,  yexalioiis,  and 
dis.ippoinlmenls,  that  the  uulortuii.ile  Diego  like  his 
father,  died  in  the  pursuit.  lortwo  ye.irs  he  hail  fol- 
lowed the  court  from  <ity  M  liiy.  during  its  migr.i- 
lions  from  N'iclori.i  to  lUirgos,  \'all  ulolid.  .Madiid.ana 
Toledo  In  tlie  winter  ot  !>j;,  the  emiieror  set  cut 
from  Toledo  for  Seville.  The  admiral  undertook  lo 
follow  iiim,  though  his  constitution  was  biokt  n  by 
I.itigue  and  vexation,  and  he  was  w.isling  under  the 
attai  k  of  a  slow  fever.  ( )vicdo,  the  historian,  saw  him 
at  Toledo  two  days  before  his  dep.irture,  and  j-iined 
with  his  friends  in  ende.ivoring  in  dissuade  him  Irom 
.1  journey  in  sm  h  a  st.iic  of  In  ,nili,  and  at  such  a 
se.ison.  Their  petsiMsioiis  were  in  \-.iin.  Don  Diego 
w,is  not  jiware  of  the  extef.l  of  his  inal.idy  :  he  loKl 
them  th,it  he  should  repiir  to  S^'vdle  by  the  church  of 
our  I.ady  of  C"iuad.i!o',ip',  t  >  ilfer  up  his  devotions  at 
tli.il  shrini-  :  and  he  triiste.l,  t'lrougli  the  intercession 
of  the  mother  of  (Jod,  soon  to  be  restored  to  health,  t^ 
He  accurdinglv  left  Toledo  in  a  lilUr  on  llie-lslol 
l-'ehruary,     isjo,    having    previously    tuiifessej    and 

"  Ib'irer.i.   Hi-t    Ind  ,  dec, id.  Id),  v    c.iji.  4, 
t  C'li,iilcvii|> ,  llibl.  M.  1  lonnugo,  lib.  \i. 


i     I 


^1 


I  \  ^      h' 


■.  > 


'i     i'i',if'' 


m 


240 


ArPF.XDIX. 


!    ,     - 1 


'  ) 


taken  the  roniniiinlon,  aikI  nrrived  the  same  day  at 
Montalvan,  distant  alunil  six  leagues.  There  his  ill- 
ness increascil  l"  siuh  a  tlei;ree  that  he  saw  his  end 
approachiiii;,  lli'  eniploye<l  the  followinK  day  in  ar- 
rani;iiii,'  tin-  affairs  <>\  his  con-iiienc-e,  and  cxi)ircd  on 
Fcbruarv  23d,  beiiv;;  little  incire  than  fifty  years  of  ai{e, 
liis  premature  death  haviiit;  been  hastened  by  the 
>»riefs  and  troubles  he  had  e\pericnted.  "  lie  was 
worn  out,"  says  llerrera,  "by  followiiif;  up  his 
rlainis,  and  detcndint;  himself  from  the  talumnics  of 
liis  competitors,  who,  with  many  stratai;ems  and  do 
vices,  so.ii;hi  to  obscure  the  glory  uf  llie  f.iihcr  ami 
the  virtue  of  ih?  son."'*' 

We  h.ive  seen  how  the  discovery  of  the  New  World 
rendered  the  residue  of  the  life  of  Columbus  a  tissue 
of  wronj;s,  h.irdsliips  .nid  attlictions,  and  how  the 
jealousy  and  enmilv  he  liail  aw.ikened  were  inherited 
bv  his  son.  It  remains  to  show  iirietly  in  what  dci;ree 
the  aiuicipatiotis  of  perpetuity,  wealth,  and  iionor  to 
his  f.imiiy  were  tulf'iUed. 

When  Don  1  >ii-t:o  Colunilius  died,  his  wife  and  fam- 
ily were  .it  St.  Domiujio.  He  left  two  sons,  Luis  anil 
Cliristopher,  and  three  daughters— M.iri.i,  who  after- 
w.ird  m. in  led  I)  ui  Sancho  de  (.'ardono  ;  Juina,  v,ho 
married  l).)n  l.uis  de  ("ueva  ;  and  Is.ibella,  wlio  mar- 
ried I  >on  (ieorge  of  Portugal,  Couiu  of  Ijelves.  He 
had  .also  a  natur.il  son  named  C'lirislopher.f 

.\fler  the  death  of  Don  Diego,  his  noble  spirited 
vice-(]ueen,  left  with  a  numl)er  of  young  chiUlren,  en- 
deavored to  .issert  and  ni.untain  the  rights  of  the  fam- 
ily. I'nderstanding  th.it,  according  lo  the  privileges 
accorded  to  Christopher  Columbus,  they  h.ui  .'i  just 
tl.iim  to  the  viccrov.iliv  of  the  province  of  \'eragua, 
as  having  been  discovered  liy  him,  she  demanded  a 
license  from  the  royal  an  lience  of  1  iisp.miola.  to  re- 
cruit men  .md  tit  out  an  arm  id.i  tocoloiiue  that  coun- 
try. This  the  .ludience  refused,  and  sent  inlorm.itioii 
of  the  demand  to  ihc  etni)eror.  lie  repliedth.it  the 
vicc-t;ueeii  sho;;!d  be  kept  in  suspense  until  the  jus- 
(ice  of  her  claim  could  be  .iscert. lined  ;  as,  .ihhoiigh  he 
liad  at  various  times  given  commissions  to  different 
persons  to  ex  imine  the  doubts  and  objections  wliiih 
had  been  opposed  by  the  liscal,  no  decision  liad  ever 
been  made,|  1  iie  enterprise  thus  cmitemplated  by 
the  vice-queen  was  never  cirried  into  effect. 

Shortly  alliTWar.l  she  sailed  for  .Sp.iin,  to  protect 
the  cl.iim  of  her  el  !e>i  son,  Don  Luis,  then  six  ve.irs 
of  age.  Ciiarlc.s  \  .  was  absent,  but  she  w.is  most  gr.i- 
cioiisly  received  by  the  empress.  The  title  of  admiral 
o|  the  Indies  w.is  immc-ili.itely  conferred  on  her  son, 
Don  Luis,  au  1  the  emperor  augmented  his  revenues, 
and  conlerreil  other  lavors  on  the  family.  Charles  V.. 
however,  coul!  never  be  prev.iiled  on  to  give  Don 
Luis  the  title  of  viceroy,  although  th.it  dignity  h.id 
been  decreed  to  his  f.ither,  a  few  years  previous  to  liis 
death,  as  an  hereditary  right. ^ 

In  153S  the  young  admir.il.  Dm  Luis,  then  .about 
eighteen  ye.irs  of  age,  was  at  court  h.uing  instituted 
proceedings  before  the  pr.iper  tribun.ils  for  the  re- 
covery of  the  vicerov.ilty.  Two  ye.irs  aflerw.ird  the 
suit  was  si'ttled  by  .irbitralion,  his  uncle  Don  Ter- 
nando  and  C.ir.lin  il  Lovasa.  ()residcnl  of  the  coum  il 
of  the  Lidies.  being  umpires.  ]\y  ;i  compromise  Don 
Luis  W.IS  declare  1  i' ipt.iin-general  of  1 1  isp.imol.i,  but 
with  such  liinil.uioas  th.it  it  w.is  little  better  th.m  .1 
bare  title.  I  ).ai  I.us  sailed  for  llisp.miol.i,  but  did 
not  rem.iin  tlPTe  long.  lie  found  his  dignities  md 
privileg'.s  mere  -ouri  rsof  vex.ition,  and  fin  illy  (•ntered 
into  a  conipri'iiiise,  wliii  h  relieved  himself  and  grali 

"  Il'-rn  I  c  (I  ■'  .1  1    iii.  Ill),  \  I'i.  c.ip.  15. 

t  .\li'iniir..d  ^irisiKJo  >ol  le  rl  e^t.ll!o  (!(?  Vrr.Tgun. 

CI)  irii'voix  iii.'iiMoii-.  .miiilii-r  Mill  cilli-d  Diego,  and  c.llls 
one  nf  tile  il.iiii;l.fts  I'iailipiniv  Spo'oriio  s.n-.  th.il  (!.•■ 
d.uighter  .\I,iria  look  i\f  Vf\\  ,  1  linfoniidiiig  l,.-r  «  illi  a  iiM  1  •• 
■|  liese  Af  trivial  t-rrnri.  iin'rcly  noticiil  lo  .ivoid  llii-  mipu 
ta'ioii  of  inaccuraiv.  '\')\f  arcmint  of  Ihe  dcs<  cmj.inis  of 
r.  Iiimbns  liere  gi\  ••11,  a' 1  ords  with  .1  gt-nr. ilneii.il  tree  of 
th>'  l.iinily,  prodiii  rd  b.'fnf  Ihi-  eouniil  cil  lln-  |nr|ies,  m  a 
g'c.it  l.iwMiit  f'.r  dii-  cslalis 

;  HiMT'-r.i,  dc'Mil.  iv    lib.  li.  cap.  6. 

S  Charlevoix,  Mist.  St.  Dumiiigo,  lib   \i.  p   .^^. 


fied  the  ctnperor.  He  Rave  up  all  prptcnM^^ns  ■, , 
viceroyalty  of  the  New  World,  reieiviiii;  Im  isW 
the  titles  of  Duke  of  \'er.igu>i  ami  .M^ird;.;  ,,^' 
inaiea.*  He  comimited  .ilso  the  claim  in  ih,'  i,,,.' 
the  produce  of  the  Indies  (or  a  pension  ui  n,,.!.' 
s.md  iloubloons  of  Roldt  " 

Don  Luis  dill  not  long  enjoy  the  siilistiti:;.  . 
cert.iin.  though  moderate,  revenue  for  .1  ni,„;ciii,. 
but  unproductive  claim.  He  died  slmrtlv  aiirV. 
le.iving  no  other  m.ilc  issue  than  an  ille>;ii.ni.!;ei- 
n, lined  Christopher.  lie  left  two  il.iiinhur.  ,. 
wife.  DoM.i  .M.iri.i  dc  .\los(|uer.i,  one  ii.imi' I  i  .' 
.uul  the  other  .Marhi,  whicli  List  bcc.ime  j  m  ;, 
convcnl  of  St.  {Juirce.  al  Willadolid. 

Don  Luis  Inning  no  legiiim.ile  son,  w.is  sucw" 
by  his  nephew  Diego,  son  to  his  brother  tlir<in;-.. 
.■\  litig.ition  took  place  between   this  younc  ::■■  i- 
his   cousin    i'hilli|)p.i,  d.uighter   of  the  laic  IHr.L.i 
The  convent  of  St.  yuirce  also  put  in  a  chmr.  ;i"v 
li.ill   of  its  inmate.  Dona   M.iria.  who  h.ul  Ukt!  - 
veil.     Christopher,  natural  son  to  Don  Liis, .;;: 
became  a  prosecutor  in   the  suit,  but  was  t;  u  .. 
aicount  of  his  illegitimacy.    Don  Diego  iiiitl  h -c  , 
I'hillippa  soon  thought  it  better  to  join  cl,iims,.rc- 
sons  in  wedlock,   than    to  pursue  a    tcilioi/;  -•[  . 
They    were    married,    and     their    union   w.i;  ^j 
though  not  fruilful.    Diego  died  without  issin  •■   ■ 
and   with  him  the   legitimate  male  line  0!  ''..■■. 
became  extinct. 

(.)ne  of  the  most  imiiortant  l.iwsuils  ili.i;  ;  •j 
h.is  ever  witnessed  now  arose  for  the  estaiiN  ■ . 
nilies  ilescended  from   the  great  disc  nvcrcr     li-; 
ego  had  two  sisters,  Francisca  .and   Mari.i.  th  :  •■ 
of  whom,  and  the  ihildren  of  the  l.itur,  adva'  o; 
several  claims.      To  tliese  p.irties  w.is  ailile  1  i;.:- 
Colonibo  of  Cogfileto,  w  ho  cl.iimed  as  liiica!  .eve 
.lilt    from    H.irtholomew   Columbus,  the  .\  li  .in;;. 
brother  to  the  discoverer.        He  was,  hcivt',:, 
nounced  ineligible,  as  the  Adelantailo  hail  r."  ..  „•: 
edged,  and  certainly  no  legitimate  offspring 

Hald.iss.ir,  or  li.ilth.i/.ir  Colombo,  ui  the  V,> 
Cuccaro  and  Con/.ano,  in  the  dukedom  of  >!■•„■■ 
in  I'ieilmont,  was  an  .ictive  ;ind  persevcrint  ^.L,,:: 
He   came   from    Italy    into   S|i.iiii.  where  h;  ;;' 
himself  for  many  ye.irs  to  the  proseculiuii  m  ih:*'  . 
He  produced  . I  gene.ilogical  tree  of  his  tani;iv.  ma 
W.IS  cont.iined  one  Donienico  Colombo,  l.>i:i   'I. 
c.iro,  whom  he  m.iintaineil  10    le  the  iiitnt;  .1, l;': 
of   Christopher   Columbus,  thi'   .idniiral.     II;:  pr;.. 
that  this  Domenico  was  living  at  the  re'|iiis  Uir.    . 
produced  111. my  witnesses  who  h.id  he.inl  lii.C'.'.' 
g.itor  W.IS  born  in   the  cistle  of  C  ucc .iru    h  er, 
was  added,  he  and  his  two  brothef-  had  tl;.;-: 
early  age.  and  h.id  never  returned  ;     .\  iiu  i.»  - 
menlioned  among  the  witnesses,  who  iii.ii!i' ijir, . 
Christopher  and  his  brothers  were  born  iiiii'.:'*'< 
of  Cuccaro.   This  testimonv  was  aftetu.ir.l  «  in.'-" 
by  the  prosecutor  ;  as  it  was  finind  ihat  I'le  iiif-' 
recollection    niiisl   li.ive   extended   back  n^p-jr. 
upw.iid    of    a  century. i      I  he  cl.iiin  of  Il.il'.".;^"-: 
negatived     His  prools  th.it  ChristopherCr'li.:i:ii'« 
.1  ii.itive  of  Cucc.iro  were  reiected,  .is  onlv  hi..:'- 
tr.iditiotiary  evidence.     His  .mcestor  [)oim:    ' 
pe.ired  from  his  own  sh  iwing.  died  in  M-^'    '•'■'' 
It   was  established  di.ii    Domeniio.  the  \a\\x:  ' 
admiral,  w.is  living  upward  of   thirty  year^  .":-■ 
d.ite. 

The  cause  w.is  finallv  deciiled  bv  the  ("i.i. 
Indies.  f)n  the  2d  of  December,  idos.  Fli ' " 
w.'.silci  hired  to  be  extinct.  Don  NuiToor  NiK''  ''  ■■ 
de  I'ortugallo  w.is  put  in  possession,  ami  I"'.  >'■  c  •'■>' 
of  \'er.igii.i.  He  was  grandson  10  Isabi'  ■'  "'■ 
daughter  of  Don  Diego  (son  of  the  discnvi  :■:  !'•  i 
vice-queen,  Dofla  Maria  ile  Toledo.  The  il'"' f''-"'M 
of  the  two  elder  sisters  o|  Is.ibella  had  a  p' ' : ' 
but  their  lilies  bei.ime  extinct  previous  to  tl.^  '■'< 

*  f 'h.irlcvoix.  Hist.  St.  Domirgo.  lorn   1   'ih.  >:  P " 

t  spotoino.  Misl,  ('olom..  p.  \2\. 

I  Hnssl,   Hist,  ('oloil)ll.  l>is>eti..  p.  f'p. 

i  Ibid  ,  Dissi-rl,  oil  llie  (.'ouiitrv  of  l.'oliiin'.'ii-  ■   ''• 


■^tlv  suit.    The    Is.il 

kCharlcvoix,"ili>';' 
L\  iiilo  a  hr.iiich 
uraii/a,  eslahlishe; 


the! 
np; 

JOcr 


to  s     > 

ikoih.ll 

bra 

ttili 
:.  *>n 


'.:  -fdiiu  '••'.y 
,.,;{„(  l;.ill!ui/ai 

..rnler  I'irce  diK 
lies  .  ami  his 
,  under  the  Ic^.' 
..■i.iliciis,  u.is  aN 

h,ul  .isscnic.l 

v.hcrc  111'  ii'id  r< 

ililssuil.     Hi"* 

■,  aliilily  oi  his  1 1. 

..   lUslicr   in  S| 

,  keep  those  digi 

but  he  i;.ivc  oi, 

■  1  (ii.til '00ns  01 
larlie?  Spolorm 
ni,  a  learned  1 .11 

,  to  tiiver  his  d( 
',  poverly. 
,aii'.tain  I'u'ir  rit 
,r  the  intr-.iory  of 
li  ;  and  tr.ivellcr' 
in  i'ieilin"nl  win 

1  die  ilisuHiier 


I  ii;s.\s 

Fi  .\AN-;>i'  Cl  rMl;r 
Jpair.    llie  n.ilur.i!  so 
wa? ;  Til  ill  Cdidova. 
thciA.iCt  time  of  his  1 
,>;  have  l'(-cii  on  1 
:  ICCi  f  l:ni;  to  li's  origii 
tear,  nf  the  dihedral   t 
1  i.y  Don  Diego 
V,  it  wi'iild  ,ii)pe^ 
I,  I.p7.     His   nil 
,1  11  ^|ici  '.,lMr  f.lll 
:;iir.il,  as  ins  bcci 


Ihat 

Aui, 

the, 


>f 


(jet- 
'Bar, 


i-  in  '  I 
wiih  lli- 
iioniew.  lo  enter 


Fern; 

Icr  br 


oar.:  inuinew.  in  viul-i 
of  i.i-i'  to  the  I  hi  nee  II 
diiKi:.  I  ,111(1  Is.iht  lla.  1 
ihi-;  -;;ii,il,'in  until  the  1 
■«tr.'  lakcn  by  liueeii  1 
fhiir   ediuMt 


IfV, 

llilcil  111.  ami  Feriiani 

pini,'  ,1  learned  ai.m. 

Ir.  tlie  year  I  "02,  at 

urii'cn  years,  Fernai 

i  (lurth  vuyage  o!   1 

,  .    '■•■Kiil.ir  and  v.irinl 

'  is  I    r.ii'iK'd   V  iih   1  r, 

:  Kir  I 

.'ci  T  the  ileaili  of  1 
Fern  in'!..i  made  two  vi 
Kf  iiipaniiMl   ilip    F.ni| 
FluniiTs,  and  I'l'.'riii.i 
(An.'.i'S  lie  Sevdle  de 
"iUL/pc  ami  a  p.irt  of 
[leiUs,  jud^jnient,  am 
Srenot  lost  u;ii.ii  Inn 
lliun  in  gei)gi,qp'',y. 
[ini;  f.f  a  stmlious 
tmnl  a  selei  t,    vd 
leiiiy  ihi-'us.m  :  \oliii 
>Vii!    the  sail'  li.  n    < 


tr 
t 


n 


•I.  Si. 

'UM  (. 


^ii'iluiiio,  p.  ij;. 


liiiii: 


APPENDIX. 


241 


■(     -n,,.    Isabell.i  iust  named  had    married 
"Gcor.TOi  I'ortu^.il.  Camn  of  C.clvcs.     •■  Thus." 
Inrk'vui^  ■■  ilic  iliKiiiliis  aiul  wealth  of  (  ohimbiis 
Ltd  into  :i  '"■""•''   "'     ''"^    i'orlii«iiese    house  of 
r    ,1  estabhsiuM  in  Spain,  ol  which  the  iicirs  are 
Efi'.jVv  l\'i!ir^<lUi\  Ou\>ii.  Pulr  ii,-  l',ni-i,,i,  M'"- 
,)/  ■■  •'!amri.<i.  V   l/miniii/r  <u-  las  /iidins."* 
rk'e  j.'iH' of  llallha-^ar  Colombo  of   Cucraro   was  re- 
*,1  iimlcr  I'lri-e  (liffcri'nt  forms,  by  the  Council  of 
Irdics    ami  his  application  for  an  allowance  <.>{ 
loprl  iiniicr  iho  legacy  of  Columbus,  in   favor   of 
Ir  relations,  was  also  refused  ;  although  the  other 
.  |^,n]  iisscnicd   111   ibe   demand.}     He   died  in 
ijn'whi'rciic  hail  ri-.sided  many  years  in  prosecu- 
lofihlssu:'-     His  son  relumed  to  Italy  persisting 
he  validity  ol  his  i  laini     he  said  that  it  was  iti  vain 
lieck  luslHi-  ill  Spam  ;  they  were  too  much  inter- 
Jto  keep  iliose  dignities  and  estates  amijng  them- 
Ces'.  but  111- i;ivc  out  that  he  had   received  twelve 
lus.in'l  (liiul 'iK)ns  of  gold  in  compromise  from  the 
ler  |wrtie.=    Spctorno,  under  sanction  ol  Igtiazio  de 
Ivaiiiii,  a  learned  (.iiion,  treats  this  assertion    as  .i 
Ivailt ,  ID  ciiver  his  dele.il,  being  contradicted  by  his 
■dent  poverty.  +     The  f.imily  of  Cuicaro,  however, 
11  maiiuain  ihfir  riyhl,  ami   e.xpress  great   venera- 
I  [or  ihe  mer.iorv  of  their   illustrious   ancestor,  the 
;  and  travellers   occasion. dly  visit    their    old 
file  in  i'ieilniniu  wirn  gicat  reverence,  as  the  birth- 
bee  oi  die  diicoicier  ol  the  New  World. 


No.   III. 

HUNANlio    1  1)1  f.MllUS. 

f  (  Ff.KN'.\'>'';'o  Ci.i  iMKi's  (or  '^'iilon,  as  ho  is  c.dlcd  in 
■^"iiii  the  naliir.il  sun  and  historian  of  the  admiral, 
lorn  in  ('oidnva.  There  is  an  uncertainty  about 
exact  time  of  his  birth.  According  to  his  epit.iph, 
mus!  have  been  on  the  2r>\\\  September,  14JS  :  but 
;nrdini;  to  li's  original  papers  preserved  in  the  li- 
taarv  of  ihc  calhedral  of  Seville,  and  which  were  e.\- 
ir.ci  !iv  Don  Diego  Drti/.  de  /iinig.i,  hislori.m  of 
.tti;y,  it  wi'iiil  ,ij)pcar  to  have  been  on  the  2i)tli  of 
igiist,  i-v;.  ills  mother,  Dofwi  Ho.itri.x  lMiri(|ue/, 
S"i  a  II ■^pcl  table  f.iinily,  but  was  never  married  to 
le  ,;  iniir.d,  as  h.is  been  st.ited  by  some  of  liis  biog- 
lapLiv 
E.ir'.y  in  H'l.)  Fern.indo  was  carried  to  court,  to- 
Ithtmii!!  Ills  elder  brother  Diego,  by  his  uncle  Don 
rlholoniew.  lo  enter  the  roy.d  liousehold  in  ipLiliiy 
el  pi:;!' lo  the  I'lince  Don  Juan,  son  and  heir  to  I'er- 
li.l  and  l>.il;(il.i.  lie  and  his  hrother  rem, lined  in 
issiii.ibim  until  the  dealli  of  the  prince,  when  they 
K  taken  by  <  Hieeii  Is.diella  as  p.iges  into  her  t)Wii 
'Vie.  Ihiir  eiliic.ition,  of  course,  w.is  well  at- 
iiied  In.  ami  Fernando  in  afterlife  g.ive  proofs  of 
int;  a  learned  num. 

Inlhe  year  rroi,  at  the  tender  age  of  thirteen  or 
riien  years.  IVrnando  ai  companied  his  f.ither  in 
fs  ;  urlh  \uy.i.io  of  iliscovery,  and  ciuounlered  all 
HSvijulir  and  v,iried  h.irdships  with  a  fortitude  that 
a  i:  "inioned   i>  illi   i  r.use  and   .idmiration   bv  the  ad- 

mir. 

T  llie  de.iili  of  his  f, liber  it  would  apjie.ir  tli.it 
Fernav:.!  made  two  vovages  lo  the  New  World.  lie 
Wf' niiMiiieil  ihr  Fniperor  Cli.irles  \'.  also,  to  It.ily. 
Fbi  ;iTs,  and  UTiu.iny  ;  and  according  to  Zunig.i 
^n,;.is  lie  Sev  lie  de  U31),  No.  T)  travelled  over  .ill 
Jiro|.c  and  a  p.,rt  of  Alncu  anil  Asia.  I'ossessing 
lleiiN,  judgment,  and  industry,  these  opportunities 
(ere  not  lost  upon  him,  and  he  aciiuired  much  iiifor- 
»«ii'm  in  gein;i.ip'iy.  navigation,  and  natur.d  history. 
B'  ■:  of  a  millions  h.ibit,  and  fond  ol  books,  he 
lorr.-d  ,-j  Stic,  (^  v,.i  i-ojiious  lihrary,  of  more  th.in 
™i  ■yihciisan  .  \.)liunes,  jn  print  and  in  m.muscript. 
.  «"i    the  san.  li,  11    -f   ihe    lanperor    Charles    V.    he 


un.'M.ix,  iii.t.  S'.  Domingo,  toni.  i.  hb.  vi,  p.  447. 
'^M   1  (ism: !,,•;, Ill  un  llie  Cuunliy  01  Columbus. 
""I'll"),  p   i;r. 


undertook  to  establish  an  aradcniy  and  college  of 
mathematics  at  Seville  ;  and  for  this  [lurpose  com- 
menced the  ( onstruction  of  a  sumptuous  edilice,  with- 
out the  w, ills  of  the  city,  facing  tile  (iuadaliiuivcr,  in 
the  place  where  the  monastery  of  San  Laureano  is 
now  situated.  His  constitution,  however,  had  been 
broken  by  the  sufferings  he  had  experienced  in  his 
travels  and  voyages,  and  a  premature  death  prevented 
the  completion  of  his  plan  of  the  ac;iikniy,  and  broke 
off  other  useful  labors.  He  died  in  Seville  on  the  12th 
of  |iily,  l?ii),  at  the  age.  according  to  his  epita|)h,  of 
fifty  years,  nine  months,  and  fourteen  days.  He  left 
no  issue,  and  was  never  married.  His  body  was  in- 
terred according  to  his  request,  in  the  latbedral  of 
Seville.  He  beijueathed  his  valuable  library  to  the 
same  establishment. 

Don  Fern.indo  devoled  himself  nun  h  to  letters.  Ar- 
(  ording  to  the  inscription  on  his  tomli,  he  composed  a 
work  in  four  books,  or  volumes,  the  title  of  which  is 
defaced  on  the  nionuiiient,  iind  the  work  itself  is  lost. 
This  is  much  to  be  regretted,  as.  according  lo  ZuTiiga, 
the  fragments  of  the  inscri|ition  specify  it  to  have 
contained,  among  ;i  variety  of  mailer,  historical, 
moral,  and  geographical  notices  of  the  countries  he 
had  visited,  but  especially  ol  the  New  World,  ar.d  of 
the  voyages  and  discoveries  of  his  f.ither. 

His  most  important  and  perm.uienl  woik,  howeve/, 
was  a  history  of  the  ar'ii!ral,  composed  in  Spanish.  It 
was  iranslated  into  Iialian  by  .Monzo  de  I'lloa,  and 
from  this  Ilali.m  translation  have  proceeded  the  edi- 
tions which  h.ive  since  ,ip|)eared  in  various  Lmguages. 
It  is  singular  that  ihe  work  only  exists  in  Spanish,  in 
the  form  of  a  re  translation  from  ttiat  of  I'llii.i.  and 
full  of  errors  in  the  orthogr.ijihy  of  iiro[)er  n.ir.ies.  and 
in  dales  and  distances. 

Don  Fernando  w, IS  an  eye-witness  of  some  of  the 
fads  wdiich  he  rel.ites,  parllcul.irly  of  the  fourth  voy- 
age  wherein  he  accomp.mied  bis  f.ither.  He  bad  also 
the  p.ipers  and  ch.irts  of  his  f.ither,  and  recent  docu- 
ments of  all  kinds  to  extract  from,  as  well  as  familiar 
acquaint.ince  with  the  principal  personagi  s  who  were 
concerned  in  the  events  which  he  records.  He  was  a 
m.m  (d  proliitv  and  disceriiinenl.  and  wrius  more  dis- 
passionatelv  th.m  could  be  expectei!,  uben  Ireatin.g  of 
m. liters  whi  h  alfecled  the  honor,  the  interests,  and 
hajipincss  of  his  father.  It  is  to  lie  regretted,  how- 
ever, th.it  he  should  have  suffered  tliev\holeof  his 
f.ither's  life,  |)revious  10  his  discoveries  l.i  ]ieriod  of 
about  lifty-si.x  yearsi,  to  rem.iin  in  idiscurity.  He  ap- 
pears lo  have  wished  to  cast  a  cloud  over  it,  and  only 
to  have  iiresenied  his  father  to  the  reader  after  he  had 
rendered  himself  illustrious  by  his  actions,  and  his 
history  had  become  in  a  manner  idenlitied  with  the 
history  of  the  world.  His  work,  however,  is  an  in- 
v,iluable  document,  entitled  to  gre.il  f.iith,  and  is  the 
cornerstone  of  the  history  of  the  .\!iieric,in  Continent. 


(lallcy.  fr  in  ilic  iuiiil>  o(  reiiKiml.  l'i.',uiir  iis,  at  Seville. 


Nm.   IV. 

ACT.  or  rm  rMirs. 

.•\s  the  date  I  have  assigned  for  the  birth  of  Colum- 
bus makes  hiiii  about  ten  years  older  th.m  he  is  gen- 
er.illy  represented,  at  the  time  of   his  discoveries,  it  i«l 


fiPiii 


t    ■!> 


li-: 


:l 


S'ci. 


O  10 


aim'i:ni)1X. 


■  ( 


propiT  to  statp  prrrisely  my  niillinrity.  In  tlip  val- 
u.ilili'  niaiiustript  chroiiick'  i>l  tlii-  ri'ii;ii  of  Ihr  Catliniii' 
SDVcrt'iyiis,  wiiltcii  I'v  Atiilrcs  Hcnialilcs,  ihc  curali- 
lit  l.o";  I'.il.K  ins,  lliiTc  is  .i  Iimil;  tract  on  ihc  siihjccl  of 
the  il:si  ovitiis  of  (.■oluintnis  ;  it  coiuiiick-s  with  tlicsi- 
wnrils  :  .I/.7/;,'  i 't  l',i,'.\ui\''iti,  il  lu'i,' ,ii'  l>o(i.  <•/;  fl  nut 
(/.'  .!/,.•!.•,  HI  >.ii.:!ti.''  /'i'liii,  <iV  c-iUht  70  iiii,\t,  /.'n'  iiiiis  i< 
;•.■,•«.',..  ill'.'  (li.il  in  \'alia(loli<l  in  the  year  150(1,  in 
the  month  if  M.iy,  in  a  good  olj  ai;e,  beinij  seventy 
year-i  uM.  a  lillle  more  or  less.  1  I'lie  ruratc  of  I.os 
Pala.'ios  was  a  1  onto^npor.irv,  ami  an  intimate  fiieiiil 
of  (.■'iliimbus,  \vhi>  Was  occasionally  a  j;uesl  in  liis 
l'.i)lise  :  m>  one  was  more  coniiietciU,  therefore,  to 
form  a  c.-rrei-t  iiea  of  liis  aije.  It  is  sin.u'nlar  that, 
v,h:le  the  liio.;:.i|).'iers  of  Colunilms  have  lieeii  seeking 
to  e-ilaMish  tae  e|>ocli  of  his  hirth  hs'  various  rali'ii!a- 
tiniis  aiul  conji'i'Uires.  t!iis  ilirert  lestinmny  of  liotie^t 
An. ires  liernal.Ies  has  entirely  eseapeii  tiieir  notice, 
thniuh  some  of  them  hail  his  maiuisiript  in  their 
liaiiiU.  It  was  tnst  observe. t  l>v  mv  accurate  fri<  n<l 
Don  Antonio  I'ljuiiia  in  the  course  of  his  exact  iiives- 
ti;;atiiins,  aii'l  has  been  pointeil  out  anil  ably  supporteil 
by  Don  M.atin  I'ernanilez  ile  Navarrete,  in  the  intro- 
i!u 'lion  lo  his  v.iluable  collection  of  voyages. 

N'ariuus  ciri  iimstanccs  in  the  life  of  Colmiibus  will 
I'O  f  lun.i  lo  curioborate  the  statement  of  the  curate  ; 
su  h,  lor  ex.imple,  as  the  irureasini;  inlirmilies  willi 
V, lii.li  lie  struj;i;le.l  ilurini;  his  vovai;es,  aivl  whiih  at 
l.isl  reniere  I  liini  a  crippb;  and  coiirmeij  him  to  his 
be  i.  '1 1'.e  allusion  to  his  advanced  ai;e  in  one  01  his 
letters  to  i.i'r  soverei^^ns,  wherein  he  relates  the  ("M- 
sojalion  !'.-■  liad  received  from  a  secret  voice  in  the 
nii;lu  s-.M-'  in  :  /"ii  rw,;  ;;,;  imf'i-.iir.r  ,1  /,;i,i  (.m<i 
:-.:>ii.:  .l:r.!'::i.'  /i^.i'a  iirii  iiih't  <ti.iii>h>  c<.';'i  V(/'.' .; 
/'.,;.(,■,  .-.'  .  ('i'liy  old  a,i;c  shall  be  no  impediment  to 
any  sjn  .it  und(  rt.ikin^j,  Abraham  w;is  above  a  Inm- 
di'cd  years  i  1.1,  wiien  ho  l'ei;at  Isaac,  itc  1  Thi'  prr- 
niission  i;ranted  him  by  the  kini;  thr  year  pre\iin.s  to 
Ins  ileat!i  to  travi  1  on  a  mule,  iiisn-.n!  of  a  horse,  cti 
ai'counl  of  his  ..-,,■  an. 1  iiilirmities  ;  .ml  the  assertion 
o:  ()'.:e  lo.  Ill, I'  ,it  the  ti.ne  of  his  de.ilh  he  w.is  (juite 
oM  ■,:.:  1,7    ■,, ,    I. 

This  l.i'  t  of  ill.'  .adv. meed  a,!;e  of  Columbus  throws 
ij:ite  .a  r.eiv  CKorinn  o'.er  his  ch.ir.uter  an.i  liistMvy. 
llnw  much  moie  extv.iordiii.iry  is  the  ardent  enthu'i.e-m 
whi.h  iiust. lined  him  through  his  loiiK  career  of  solici- 
tation, at:  1  tin;  n:)ble  pride  with  wliiih  he  refused 
to  descen.l  from  his  di;,'nirie  1  dem.mds.  and  to  barijain 
about  his  pro;iosiiion,  thou,L;h  Ide  w.is  rijiiidy  w.ist 
im;  in  liel.iys.  liow  iiuich  more  cxtraordinarv  is  the 
h.irdihodil  with  v.liii.h  he  undertook  repealed  voy- 
ages into  iniknown  seas,  amid  all  kinds  of  ptrils  and 
•i.ir.lships  ;  th.e  f.irlituile  with  whiih  he  bore  up 
aijauis:  .an  .'iccumuLition  of  mental  and  bodily  ailbc- 
tiuns,  i-noi;^h  to  have  disheartened  and  destrove.l  ihi' 
most  youthliil  .in  !  robust,  and  the  irrepressiiile  biioy- 
aii  y  0''  si>;rit  ".  iih  wJiic  h  to  the  last  he  siill  rrise  from 
under  '.he  ruinrd  concerns  anl  dis.ipp.iinti-.l  hope-, 
an  i  biast'-d  pKijecls  of  one  enterpris,-,  to  l.iumh  inlo 
anoiher.  still  mere  ditlicult  an  1  perilous. 

We  h.ive  been  .iccuslomed  to  .idinire  ad  tlnsi'  thintrs 
in  Colunibus  when  we  consi.lered  him  in  the  full 
vii,'or  of  his  life  ;  bow  much  more  are  they  entitle. I  to 
our  woniKr  .i^  the  ;t.  liievemenis  of  a  man  whom  the 
weight  (I  years  and  inhrmiiies  w.is  pressing  into  the 
Krave. 


*  Spotorno,  Hist.  Mem,,  p.  5, 


J  The  natural  de'sire  to  prove  con^.Tncruiniiv  niih,.  I 

!  of  distin,L;iiishi-d  renown  h. IS  exi  iicl  Ihisriv-v? 

It  lias  been  heightened,  in  particular  in^l.iint!;  l., 

hope  of  sucreedim;  to  titles  and  >-ilu.iiiiiis.'i,,,] 

and  honor,  when  Ins  male  line  of  ilcs.  cnilnn  :  '"L 

1  -I'l  •       ■  .      '"'Ill     ^it.| 

extinct.      ihc   investii;alion   is  involvrd  m  ■„,JA 

I  iibsi  urity,  as  even    his  immedi.ile  lel.iuvi  s  i  t!.,,*! 
Ii.u  e  been  in  imioranre  on  the  subjeit.  ' 

'        Fern. mdo  Columbus  in  his  liioi;r.ip!iy  ot  lliciiiB-l 
after    a    pompous    prelude,    in    wlin  h' In.,  atitnlw, 
throw    ,1   vanue  and    cloudy    mayniliicnrc  ^\,,'^.. 
origin   of  his   fath'T,  notiees  slii;lit!y  ijie  ;iiicm;: 
siTV.p  to  obsc  lire  his  fame,  by  m.ikin:;  liiiii  .1  m', 
v.irioiis   small   and    insii;nilicant   vill,n;is ;  .ji.C',, 
with  more  romp'. icency  upon  otlu-rs  wlm  nii^".. 
native  of  pl.ires  in  which  tlieie  wer.'  pcr^diHi.i -■ 
honor  of  the  n.ime,  and  in;iny  sepulchr.i!  nv';,-. 
will)  arms  ;in  I  <'pilaphs  of  the  Culorn'  .k,     |i.., 
his   h.iviiuj  himself  |;one  to  the  castle  ni  Cn^,,. 
visit  his  two  brothers  of   the  f.imily  of  (""liir.:  1 
were    rich    and     noble,   the    vouiu;est   of  ul„,pi  ■ 
above  one   hundred   ye  irs   ol   ae.e,   an!  wli  1  i-.. 

j   heard  were  rel.ilives  of  his  f.ither  ;  but  lluy  ir.'„;;^ 

I  him  no  inform. ilion  upon  tlic  subii  1 1  ;  vvhiT-a;,.;  . 
bri'aks  forth  inlo  his  professed  1  oiiieni|  l  (er  iht<», 
ventit'ous  1  1  liins,  deelarin:^,  tli.it  he  Ihiiiks  it  .e;  • 
content  himself  with  d.ilini;  from  the  i^leryn  !r-, 
mir.d,  th.m  to  ^o  ;iboul  impiirin:.;  win  iher  hs;.;-- 
"  were  a  men  h.mt,  or  one  who  kept  liis  l;iiv^. 
since,  adds  he,  of  persons  of  Minil.ir  purMiii.  ;  - 
are    thousands   wtio  die  every   d.iy,    wli'.vi-  rx-  ■ 

i  tveii  am.ini;  their  own   neii^hbnis  au'i   r.'L.l  its  ■ 

j  islies  imme.liately,  wilhout  its  bein^'  pn--.<il)Ii- .il.c.,.'; 

;  lo  .is.crtain  even  whether  they  <  xiste.l. 

y\ftfr  this,  and  ,1  few  more  expr.  >■  mhi^  - 
disd.ain  for  these  empty  distinctions.  \v  a;  ;,;, 
vehement  abuse  of  Ai,'oslino  Cui'-tiiii.iiii.  ■.': 
calls  a  f.ilse  histori.in,  an  ineonsi.li-r.iie.  p.iri;,,  .c- 
lii^n.mt  com;iatriot,  for  li.ivim;,  in  Ins  |.N.iilct  ir.c 
his  f.ilher.  bv  s.iviULj,  that  in  his  y'.i:';i  lif!:i. 
employeil  in  nuidianical  01  ciip.ilii-n-^. 

As,  .alter  all   this   discussiiai,    I'evi.uv'i  1  ..-.i;  ■ 
fliiestion   (if   his    f.ilhi'r's  p  irent  ii^e   in.  : 'i  i;>  ' ' . 
olisiurity,  yet  appe.irs  irritably  S(  n^iiive  t"  ;ii.". 
atory  suijiieslioiis  of  others,  his  whole  ei,.l-.:  .,•: 
lo    the    I'onvirlion    ih.at    lie    r'-.illy    Uiu  w   1    ■:' 
l,o:i.-l  of  in  his  ani-estry. 

(  'i  the  no! I, lily  an  I  aiui';iiily  <  f  liie  I '  I  .■' 
of  u  liiiduhe.admir.al  probablv  w.isa  ri  :i'  'r  .  ■  • 
we  have  some  aei  ..uiit  in  llerrer.i  "  Uc  ■  ■' 
says.  •'  t!i..i  ilie  Ihnperor  (  )lto  I  lie  S"'  "iii',  c  ; 
tiriiieil  to  the  <'oiiiils  I'ietro,  (iio^.mn:.  ..n)  ,\  k 
Colombo,  brothers,  the  feutl.iloiv  i..:~seKM.ii  • 
lliey  held  within  the  lurisdiciion  of  bi.  .  ir'cs  1 : 
Si\.  m.i.  Aste,  Moiitferralo.  'I  uria,  \iiiii  1 
Cremon.i.  and  Heriiamo,  and  .lU  '.|i,,  rs  v.  . v 
held  in  It.ily,  It  appe.irs  ih.il  the  C. I.  ml  <<  ■; 
i-.iro,  Ciicureo,  .m.i  I'i.uenti.i  were  ii;i  ^  im  •.  .' 
the  emperor  in  the  s:ime  year,  ujo.  111. i'''  '  ■  ■' 
the  said  three  liroih-rs  ol  ti.e  e.i'-lle'-  •■'■  '  H'  ■' 
/.ino.  l<osit;n.ino.  and  other'-,  au.l  ■  :  li"'  '  •^■'' 
.if  Ihst.inio.  whirli  .appert.iined  t  >  li:e  e;:ijii;f  • 

•  »ne   of   the   boldest   attempl•^  ol    i'io-t;  I  ii':;r. 
bent   on    ennoblinL;  Colunibu;.  has  ii.-n  t"  ;. -i. 
son  of  the  Lord  01  Cucr.iro,  .1  burv;h  1  I  M  "'■ 
I'ie.lmont,    ;ind    to    prove    that    he    w.is  i.'ii' 
f.ither  s    I  ,is(!e    at    th.it    jji.ue  .      wlv  ic  ■   h-  y 

roiheis  eloped  at  an  early  ai;e,  and  m  vei  ai' 
This  was  asserted  in  the  course  of  .1  ;  ; . ..  •-'.  ir  •' ■ 
by  a  eertain  ll.ildasser  or  |!.ilth.i/.ir  C.  .lomi"'  f- ^'-i 
n  (Seno.a.  but  originally  of  Cu'i  ii".  ■  '  hmiiik  li-'.- 
.anl  estates,  en  the  de.itli  of  I  li.'yo  t  .lia".  I'>  |' 
\'er.ii;iia.  in  1:7^,  the  K'eat-gran  Ismi  an  I  Ik'  '•''■ 
m.ite  male  desi  endant  of  ihe  admn.il.  I  i'l-'  "'''' 
the  In  lies  decided  ai;:iinst  this  1  l.iiai  ;  >  ri!..r  '' 

•  l.iler.illy,  i'l  ll,.'  (ir'!;iii  1I.  '',.•;,''/■,.■■/■'.•■'■  ■'■'/;[ 
eoMiT.  H.iwkins;  w.is  111  ili.ise  d.o  s  .in  ."iii.-'i'"'''''  ". 
hiL;hev|  el.isse.-,;  and  to  keep  hawks  was  aiinus:  .iiis=» 
llobililv. 

t  Ilerrera,  dera.!.  i.  lib.  i.  eap.  7. 


^f  irrount  of  the 
gi ,,'  tlic  work. 

,    iitianin:  st(iry,| 
.  .  ..rctit.i^!'-.  i''  •'•[ 
L,U  events  ul   l'i'*''1 
I,f  .ii-.il  obscure, v,  I 
|,„  (,,e  vvanl  (ll  I '""l 
,..,1,  s,iV>  Ho.^si,  li| 

s-ti-'  .iiifU"!^'''''''!"" 

B,,..    ,  with  the  ohsiil 

;,is  rcpriiai  ll.  I'Vl 

e>rin.leil  In'iu  r 

.1   lil 

hiylif 


nil 

m 


,,v;^ll.lll'>  . 

.1  liiin  the 


ren 

,  dti/ 
.fell 


'.Ti     .iflcreii:  taiuili''' 

jr    .;riii  aiviK''""' 
-,  .1:1 1  llieie  is 
V  ;.i  :hi.'  s.inie  i| 
I  c.a-.  evident,  hi 
,t(.'lv  from  a 
..,  wliiili  hail  exi 
r,i.iri)iiii)  I'olol 
■ccl  by  Spoloriior 
vv.tli  the   iiUimj 
iat;,i.'  I.uiiily  had  bee 
,11  pnvtriy,'  hy  the  " 
I;,ily,  ill   these   a.i;e' 
K.\  ;ii,.iiv  of  the  mil 
;:s  rciiiaincd   in 
IB.;  ;  in.iias,  ulhcrs  wi 
Ne:i  I  oiiiil.ilioii  of  the 


Minili'l  VI 

T  :■  :.F,  !i,lS  1  era  una 
I ;  ('nl'.iml  lis.  '11 
Lil  various  places 

Sn.l  -em  moiiv.'s  of 
EU-  i;rc.i!(r  lustre  iij 
)ii',:i  '.;)  ilislilii;iiishe.l 
^lic'd  njanion  was 
lus  (lainis  were 
an  1  ill  ii.itticul.ii 
1  Si'ieni  es  and  1.' 
:.  In  iiomin.ile  I 
C.irrc'-;.!.  and  I'i. 
■toe  1  to  these  pn.-tensin 
T;e  claims  nf  I'iaien 
|6(.',  '-y  I'ieini  M.iri.i  ( 
tor;,  of  that  pl.u  e.  vvh 
»:r  .1  r.itiv.?  Ill  ihe  viil. 


leu- 
bir. 

^ttre:, 

;  tci.; 
;eir\ 

rlnV 

iSerr. 


It. 


:  iv.ri'. 


rirnbable. 


f  Cu  nuio,  i;real-i;r.inilf, 
J  »  m.mIi  iiroperly  in  I 
fcbtc.  rireivtil  by  Dun 
|l(lfi  ilii  ir.itli  bv  his  s 
tBir.i  .\ihiii!tiii>^  tills 
|«a>  111)  [ir-uii  iii.ii  cid 
Igrar.  .i.c.ncr  h  id  ever  r 
I  jir  j;n«i.in'  es  ui  ihe  e 
I.  iha;  ■!',-ir  htinu'  vv.is  in 
i  i.'ii  111  I'iednii 
r  pla,.^,;.;i  ly  It  w.is  si 
5*.i-  III  iif  llie  castle  I 
fciin,'  of  die  l.iith  111  ( 
ii-sertcil,  was  hi-; 
jl!'.i'az;ir  Cnloiiiho,  a 
BtUlfil  ;i  I  uvsuil  bef.) 
leii.lKTitaiii.e  (M  the 

Ime  c.Muv  I     'I'he  ( 

lamsi  tii'ii,  as  is  shoi 

fjvi'i.inuint;  the  jlliisl 

^tiiiclihaiDoinenico 

^as  ri-,.:(lfiu  ill  (jcn. 

|ter  the  ileaih  of  this 

me  name. 

'IJiiscrlatloii,  etc. 


AITKNDIX. 


243 


,.,  1.,. 

r  ■ 

■  s    uni: 

■    h- 

I;'""' 

•  i  |.  I'ss 

illlll"' 

••*  'K't 

uiiiin^ 

\"  ','J, 

.,io,i. ; 

„'»''  ''■ 

;i  !   i,s 

-K- 

Ihc  <■" 

ItV'  'i 

1   ril.:l 

lli'"'  ■ 

nennount  of  the  lawsuit  will  lie  found  in  another 

£-'h|s'"inanli':^""'y.  li'^'-'  ='"  "'^'■'■'*  "f  thf  ""''iii'V 
Ihis  1) ircnt.iL'c.  is  ,il  iitti;r  vari.uuc  wiih  llic  siihsc- 
fcnl  Vvcnis  ol  his  lite,  his  lc)i]«  sirnK«ics  wiih  indi- 
bce  .iml  obscuriiv.  .iiid  ihi-  dillu  iiltics   he   «Midurc<l 

L  the  W'""  "'  '■""''^'  'i'"'""'"""^-  ""*^  '■''"  '^  '"-■ 
Wifvnl  s.,vs  IfDSsi.  lli.it  this  same  man,  who,  in  his 
L  and  uJvcrsilirs.  was  iii.rssanlly  laiinn;d  hy  his 
tniits  ivilh  the  obscuiitv  ot  his  birth,  shoiiM  not  re 

hntliisaTniaih,  ljy  dcclarinK  his  origin,  if  he  were 

Jiv  lifM cnilcd  frumlhi-  Lords  <d  Curcaro,  Con/. mo, 
■i 'Ko-;i;n.i»'' ?  •'  tirrumstanie  wliii  li  vvoidd  have 
taiiud  !iim  th-;  highest  credit  with  llie  Spanish  no- 
Biy.* 

Jhcilillfrtii'.  ^""i'i*-"'' "'  ("olomho  which  lay  li.iim 
llhcurcil  ii:ivi),Ml()r  seem  to  he  various  hr.inihcs  of 

[ircc,  .im1  there  is   little   douht  of  his  a|i|)eitainin(; 
jiolciy  M  :hi'  s.iiiie  ri-si'Crlahlc  stork. 
Htapi'iMis  evident,  hmvevcr,  ih.il  Columhus  sprani* 

^iciii.ilulv  from  a  line  o(  hiimlde  hut  indusirioiis 
lizfiis.  wluili  had  existed  in  (ienoa,  even  from  the 
mcol  tli.ii'iiiio  t'olmnlio  the  wool-carder,  in  lui, 
fcniiir.cil  liv  S|)(il()rii()  ;  nor  is  this  in  any  wise  incom- 
ItiHc  w.iii  the  intimation  of  I'Crn.indo  Coliimlais, 
lit  ihc  laiiiilv  h.id  heeii  reduced  from  high  est.ile  to 
Eal  p'lvcriy,  hy  the  wars  of  I.oinbardy.  The  feuds 
Jli.ily,  ii  tl'o.se  :ii;es,  had  broken  down  and  S(  at- 
ffcd  ni.inv  of  the  nolilcst  families  ;  and  while  some 
[^fan  !k'S  rcinaiiied   in   the  lordly   lierilai;e  of  rastles 

{1(1  (!oni.ii:is,  others  were  confounded  with  the  lium- 
tst  |!i.);hi!.i;:oii  of  the  cities. 


Mirnii'iAi  f. 


VI. 

"1     cnl.fMin'S. 


T!iK;:r.  li.is  lieiii  much  cmitrovcrsy  about  the  birth 
icc  ( i  ("I'.imUis,     The  i;realiiess  of  his  renown  has 
lira!  v.irioiis  places  to  l.iy  i  laiin  to  him  as  a  n.itive, 
1   rem  motives  of   laudable   pride,  for  nothini;  le- 
ti<  i;re.iur  liwre  upon  a  city  th.m  to  li.ive   given 
ii!;i  !i)  ili.<linKuished   men.     The  original  and  long- 
MUlilishC'!  opinion  was  in  favor  of  (ieno.i  ;   but  sm  h 
ltren>..ius  ihii^ns  were  asserted  by  the  states  of    I'l.i- 
Ceni;i,  anl  ill  p.ulicul.ir  of   I'iedmont,  that  the   Acad- 
emy 'f  Seien'es  and   Letters  of  Cienoa  was   induced, 
in  :-i2,  to  iioniiii.ite  three  of  its  memliers,  Sigiiors 
Serr.i,  Cirre'.;.!,  and  i'iag^io,  commissinners  to  ex.iin- 
be  irlo  these  preii-nsiniis. 

Tieciaimscif  I'l.iceiitia  h.id  bein  fust  advanced  in 
l6ti;,  !,y  I'ieiro  .M.iri.i  C.inipi,  in  the  ecclesiastic.il  his- 
ton  of  that  pl.iie,  who  m.iiniained  that  folunilnis 
tas,irntiv..Mif  thevill.igeol  I'radello.in  that  vicinitv. 


I'll 


[■rolj.i'.de,  on  iiueslig.ition,  ih.it  iJcrtobn  > 


rCu  'inlK),  <re;U-i,'r,indf.ither  to  the  ailmiral,  had  owned 
[»  Mi;.ill  property  in  IV.idello,  the  rent  of  whicli  h.ul 
lleer!  rucived  by  Donienico  C'olomlio  of  (ienoa,  and 
I'lftn  111,  i-Mdi  l.y  his  sons  Christopher  and  M.irtholo 
pit"  .\.l:i!iu;iig  tlds  assertion  to  be  correct,  then- 
pta>  ;i,)  .:n,,i  tli,,i  either  the  admiral,  his  f.ilher,  <.r 
|ra:..i,c.:ier  h  111  ever  resided  on  that  estate.  The  very 
lar.  Jiihl.nucs  (if  the  case  indie. ited,  on  the  cnntr.uv, 
tthci; 'iii-ir  hiiiiu"  w.is  ill  (,i.ni);i. 

I  '■>ii;:nip|  I'ieilniont  w.is  maintained  with  more 
;Pi-..^Mrl\.  It  w.is  shown  th.it  a  Donienico  Colombo 
••  I  "f  the  castl(!  iif  Cucc.iro  in  Moiuferrat,  at  tfie 
1=  "f  die  l.iiih  of  Christopher  Cdumbus,  who,  it 
"  iisserled,  was  his  son,  and  born  in  his  castle. 
Blliiazar  (.nloinlio,  a  descendant  of  this  person,  in- 
p!«cl:ilinMiii  |,cf„r,..  the  Council  of  the  Indies  for 
li'..im!anceoi  the  admiral,  when  his  male  line  be 
lie  exiin  I.  The  ( Ouncd  of  the  Indies  decided 
la'iisihiin,  as  is  shown  in  an  ac<-nunt  of  that  iirocess 
,•'"'.'"''"";  ""'  ''i'lstralions  of  this  historv.  It  was 
F'  ilIhatDcinenicuCclotnbo,  f.itherof  the  admir.d, 
F^^  "--Ann  m  (,enu,i  b.ith  before  ami  manv  ve.irs 
pr  >iie  .,.Mih  of  this  lord  of  Cuctaro,  who  bore  the 
line  name. 

■  'IJisserlatloii,  etc. 


I       The  three  commissioners  appointed  by  the  Academy 
!  of  Science  and  Letters  of  (Jenoa  to  cxainine  into  these 
;   pretensions,   alter  a  long  and   <ldigiiit   investigation, 
j  g.ive  a  voluminous  and  i  ircimistaiui.il  report  in  favor 
i  of  (ieno.i.     An   ample  digest  «d  their  inquest  may  be 
hiund  in   the   History  of  (Jidumbus  by  .Signor   Hossi, 
who,   in    an    able    desert. ilion   on   the  (pieslion,   lon- 
lirms  thi.ir  opinion.      It  m.iy  lie  added,  in   further  cor- 
roboration, th.it   I'eler   .\Lirtyr  and   H.irtholomew  Las 
Casas,  will)  were  edntempor.iiies  and  ,ii  ((ii.untances  ot 
Columbus,  and  Juan  de    liarros,  the   Portuguese   his- 
ton. in,  all   ni.ike  Columbus  a   native   of    the  Cieiioese 
,   territories. 

There  has  been    a   (|ucstion    fruitful  of   discussion 

among   the   (ieiioese   themselves,   whether  Cidunibiis 

!   W.IS  born  in  the   city  of  (ienoa,  or  in  some  other   part 

of  the  territory.      Linale,    and  Oneglia,  and  Savijiia, 

towns   on  the    Liguri.in  coast  to  the  west,  Hoggiasc  o, 

Cogoleto,  and  several  other  towns  and  viU.iges,  (  l.iiin 

him    as    their    own.       ills    family    possessecl   a  small 

property  at  a  village    or  h.imlcl  betwicii  yuiiilo  and 

.\'ervi,  c.illed    Terra    Kossa  ;   in    L.itin,    Terra   Rubra  ; 

which  h.is  induced  some   writers   to  assign  his  liirth  to 

one   of   those   |)laces.      Hossi   says  that  tin  re  is  still  a 

tower  between  ^juinlo  and   Nervi  whii  h  bears  the  tale 

of     'T<;rre    dei    Colombi.*       IS.irthidomew    Cohinil/us, 

brother  to  the  admir.d,  styled  himself  of  'Terr.i  Rubra, 

in  a  Latin  ins.ription  on  a  m.ip  whii  h  he  prcsentid  to 

I   Henry    \T  1.  of     I'.nglanil,    and    rerriando   Columbus 

;  states,  in  his  history  of   the   admir.d,  that   he  w.is   ac- 

I  customed  to  subscribe  himself  in  the  s.ime  manner  be- 

j   fore  he  atl. lined  to  his  dignities. 

Cogoleto  at  one  lime  bore  away  the  palm.  The  fam- 
ilies there  cl.iim  the  discoverer,  and  preserve  ;i  portrait 
of  him.  ( )iie  or  l.otn  of  the  two  ailmirais  named  Co- 
lombo, with  whom  he  sailed,  are  staled  to  have  come 
from  th.il  ])  .ice,  and  to  have  been  confounded  with 
liini  so  as  to  have  given  support  to  this  i.lea.f 

S.ivoiia,  a  ( ity  in  the  (ienoese  terriloiies,  has 
<  I. limed  the  s.ime  honor,  and  this  cl.iim  has  recently 
been  Very  strongly  biought  forward.  .Signor  (iiovanni 
li.illist.i  lielloid,  an  advocate  of  SaMina,  has  stren- 
uously in.iinlaiTied  this  i  l.iim  in  an  ingenious  disputa- 
tion, d.ited  M.iy  i.'th,  i^Jd,  in  foim  of  a  letter  to 
the  H.iion  du  /..u  h,  editor  of  a  valu.ible  astronomiial 
and  geogr.iphical  journal,  published  monthly  at  Ge- 
noa. J 

Signor  Helloro  (dainis  it  as  an  adniilted  fact,  th.it 
Diimeiino  tcl  jmbo  w.is  for  many  years  a  resident  and 
c  iii/eri  of  S.ivon.i,  in  which  pi. ice  one  Christopher 
Coluiiiljiis  is  shown  to  h.ive  signed  a  docuinent  in 
I  47  J. 

lie  st.ites  tli.it  a  public  scpiar'-  in  that  (ity  bore  the 
name  of  I'latea  Columbi,  toward  the  end  of  the  l.(th 
century  ;  th.it  the  l.igiirian  government  gave  the  name 
of  Jurisdi/ione  di  Colondd  to  that  clistrict  of  the  re- 
public, under  the  persu.ision  that  the  great  n.ivigator 
was  a  native  of  Savona,  and  that  (.'oliimlius  g.ue  the 
n.inio  fd  Saona  to  a  little  isl.ind  adj.aent  to  llispani- 
ol.i,  among  his  earliest  discoveries. 

He  cpiotes  in. my  S.ivonese  writers,  principally 
poets,  and  various  historians  and  poets  of  other  coun- 
tries, .md  thus  establishes  the  point  ihat  Columbus 
W.IS  held  to  be  .i  native  of  .Sa\iina  by  persons  of  le- 
s|)ect.ible  .lulhorily.  He  l.iys  particular  stress  on  the 
testimony  of  the  Magnitico  Francisco  Spinol.i.  as  re- 
l.iteil  by  the  le.irned  prel.Ue  Telippo  Alberto  Pollero, 
St. iting  th.it  he  h.id  seen  the  se|)ulchre  of  Christojiher 
Columbus  in  the  c.ithedral  at  Seville,  and  th.it  the  epi- 
l.iph  si. lies  biin  expressly  to  lie  a  native  of  S.i\ ona  ; 
"  llic  j.icet  Clirislophorus  (.'olumbus  S.ivoneiisis.' '^ 

'I'he  proofs  advanced  by  Signor  lielloro  show  his 
zeal  for  the   honor  of  his  native  city,  but  clcj  not  au- 


*  H.issi 
t  Ibi.l 


I'rench  Tr.iiid.uion,  I'.iris,  iSj.),  p.  69. 


dii 


I      I  I. HI. 

;  ( 'orrespoiidenrc"   .\slronoiii.  Ciengr.inli.  etc.    de    Itaron 

1  /.icli,  vul.  i.(.  c.ihi'T  6,  lellera  21).     1S20. 

^  I'Vlijipo  .Mberlo  I'ollc-ro,  l'.|)ielu'reni.i,  cioc-  breve  dis- 
cniso  per  ilife^a  cli  sua  Jiersona  c-  e.irraltc  re.  I Uniio,  per 
(iio  ll.ittiii.i  /appuu.     MCL)\CVL  (read  iU>5)  In 


u 


'•■'■'  I'  i 


"1  :l  1!  f 


I'rii      ' 


iii    ''''!' 


u 


ii'i 


i':'    ■■    - 


"    'tin  •     ''- 


'  1,  .   I 

ci 


I  4  •  pag. 


47' 


I   r  idl 


u\ 


APPUNniX. 


I' 


■^'1 


til  nilr.ii(>  ihc  (,>ft  ho  undertakes  to  c<;taMi<h.  IK- 
slvnv,  I  If.irly  tli.it  many  rcsi>iMt.il)  i-  writers  !iclic\cil 
(.'  iLiiDlnis  to  he  a  nativi-  of  Savoiia  ,  Imt  a  far  ^;r<'atcr 
iiimilicr  ran  bo  aiMiic  ol.  aiul  matiy  of  tluMii  conlctii- 
(lorary  with  the  admiral.  somL-  ol  thi-m  his  iiitimati- 
trK'niis,  oilu-rs  his  fellow  t  itizctis,  who  st.ile  him  to 
have  lii'LMi  I'orn  in  the  city  of  (ieno.i.  Atiiom;  the 
S  ivonc^e  writers,  (liiilio  Salinono,  who  investii;,ilfd 
Ihi-  siilijeit,  comes  ex]ir('ssly  to  the  same  com  liisiim  : 
"(/■( //.'.•'c».   <■■/.'./  n.'^'ii'issiniri.   rr,i  i,t  /■•i.'ii,!    .v   C,:\ni!\'." 

Sivinor  Helloro  appears  to  he  correct  in  stating;  lh.it 
n  imenico,  the  father  of  the  admiral,  was  scver.il 
ve  irs  resident  in  !s,ivoni.  Hut  it  apjicirs  from  his  own 
(lls^••|^  ition,  that  the  Chri>;to|iher  who  witnessed  the 
te^Mnient  in  14-2.  styled  himself  of  Cienoa  .  "  ('v'/,/.. 
t'l.'-iis  Ci'iiniiin,  /iiiirr/iii  i/:'  y.tiiiij."  This  iiuident 
is  Slated  hy  other  writers,  who  presume  this  Chris- 
1'  jili'T  to  liaee  liecn  tl".e  n.ivii^ator  on  a  visit  to  Ins 
l.iiDer,  in  the  iiuerv.il  of  his  early  voy.iiies.  In  as  f.ir 
•  IS  ihe  cinumst.uice  hears  on  the  point,  it  ;  "tiporls  the 
i  lea  th.it  he  was  born  iit  (icno.i. 

The  e;  ,  ;il),  on  which  .Siirn.>r  ''  llor  >  '  fe' 
princip.il  f.'ii.iru'c.  entirely  fails.  '-'lirist"p'"-'-  '.  .1  .■  ■ 
b.is  w.is  not  interreil  in  the  c.itliedral  of  S  ,  ,  1  ...' 
w.is  any  monument  erected  to  him  ii  h.u  '..  e. 
The  tomlt  to  which  the  ie.irned  prelate  Telippo  .■>  rto 
i'lllero  allii  les  m.iy  h.ive  been  th.it  of  Ferii.inil.) 
C.vliimbus.  son  to  the  .ulmir.il,  who,  as  lias  been  .ai- 
re,liv  observed,  was  buried  in  the  cathedral  of  Seville, 
lo  whiih  he  lieijueathed  his  noble  libr.iry.  The  pl.ue 
of  his  sepuiliire  is  ilesiL;n.ited  by  a  br.iad  slab  (if  white 
m,irblr.  iiiserte  I  in  the  p.ivcmeiit,  with  an  insciiplion, 
p.irtlv  in  Spinish,  partly  in  Latin,  recordimj  the  merits 
of  Fern. Ill  io  and  tiie  achievements  of  his  f.ither.  <  bi 
either  >.ide  of  tin-  epit.iph  is  eiiijr.ived  an  .imieiit  Span- 
ish tiallev.  The  inscription  <)iir>ted  by  Sii^nor  Heilori- 
111. IV  have  been  erroneously  written  from  memory  by 
tlie  M  lynilico  IVanrlsco  Spinola,  under  the  mist.il>;'n 
i  le.i  that  he  h.i  1  beheld  the  sepiiKhrc  ol  the  great  di> 
coverer.  As  rernando  w.is  Ijorn  at  C.V^r.lov.i,  the  term 
S.uonensis  mii^t  have  bei-ii  anotlier  error  of  memory 
in  the  M.ij^iuI'ko  ;  no  such  word  is  to  be  foun.l  in  the 
inscription. 

This  ipieslion  of  birlhpl.ice  has  als.)  been  invesii- 
^atel  with  considerable  tnitr.iteness,  and  a  deci-^ion 
f^iven  in  favor  of  Gcno,i,  by  I),  (iio  l{.ittist,i  .SputoriM, 
of  the  roy.il  university  in  th.it  city,  in  his  historii  al 
memoir  of  Columbus.  He  shows  that  the  f.imily  I'f 
the  Columbi  h.id  Ion,;  been  resiih-nt  in  ' -eiio a.  liy  .111 
extract  from  the  not.irial  rei;i.;icr,  it  appealed  th.it  one 
(iiafonvi  C'ol.inibo,  a  W'lol  crder,  resided  without  the 
i,';ite  of  .-^t.  .Aiiilri.i,  in  the  year  l.>il.  An  aKreemeiit, 
.iNo,  puiili-ihecl  liv  the  acailemy  of  ('.etio.i,  proved,  Ih.u 
in  14S.),  Doineni.  o  Coloinb<j  possessed  a  house  and 
shop,  and  ,i  (garden  with  a  well,  in  the  street  of  St. 
.\ndrew's  ,i.;.ite,  anciently  witliout  tlie  w.ills.  presumed 
to  h.ive  been  the  same  residence  with  that  of  (iiaconio 
(■<ilom'.)0.  He  rented  also  another  house  from  tlie 
monks  of  St.  Stephen,  in  the  \'ia  Mulcent'i,  Icidiuu; 
from  the  street  of  St.  Andrew  to  the  Sir.td.i  (iiuli.i.'' 

.''iitnor  Hossi  states,  that  documents  l.itely  found  in 
the  archives  of  the  monastery  of  St.  Stephen,  present 
the  name  of   l)onieni<  o  (dlomb.)  sever.il   lin!i->,  Irom 
l.H^O  to  1.(51),  . anil   de>ii;n,ae   him  .as  son  oi   ( iiiiv.iiiui 
t'olombo.  husband  of  Siis.inna  I'ontanarossa.md  f.ither 
of    Christopher,    U.irthol<imew,     and     (ii.uoiiKi.f    I'T 
l)ie^:o|.     lie  blales  also  that  the  receipts  ol  the  c.inons 
show  that  the  List  p.iyment  of  rent  was  ni.ide  by  Do 
inenico  Colombo  for  his  dwelluiL;  in    l-l""),      lie  sur- 
ini'-^es  th.it  the  afimiral   was  bom   in   the   before-men 
tionei  house  b(diMi.;in^  to  those  iiionUs,  in  \'i.i   Mill 
cento,  an. I  that  he  w.is  l)a|>ti/ed  in  the  c  hnrch  "f  St 
Stephen,      lie  .adds  that    .an  ancient  manusciipt  v.-.is 
su'.mitte.l  to  the  commissicMiers  of  the  lienoese  acad- 
emy, in    the    m.iri;in   ot    whicli   the   notary  hail  state. I 
til. it  the  name  of  Chrisiopher  was  on  the  re^jister  of 
the  parish  as  h.iviiu;  been  bapti/e  1  In  that  church. f 

'  Spotorno.  V.nj^.  trans,  p.  \i.  xii, 
*  ItosM.  I'rencli  Ir  itr  .  p.  7'j. 
{  1l>:  i.,  p.    06. 


.Andres  nernalde;,  the  rnr.ate  of  !,k  P,,;,,,  ,,. 
W.IS  .m  intim.ite  friend  of  Colambiis,  s,i\<  tl'.iK,. 
of  (ieno.i.*     Aijostino    (iiustiniini.    ,1  innj, ,,,!,, 
of  C'olumbiis,  likewise  a.-^eits  it  in  his  I'o'\; 
ter,  pnblisheil  in  (feno.i,  in  151(1     .Aiilnm  i.i,;il,.,» 
.III  .iiithor   of   ^jieat  accuracy,  who,  tlioiiiji  1. 
tem)ior.iry,  had  access  to  the   best  domi'if!.  ,„,.»| 
ilecidedly  th.it  he  was  born  in  tlu-  cilv  u;  in. 
To  these   n. lines  m.iy  be  added  lh.it  i|  ,\ 
CFcr.ddini,  brother  to  the  niimio,  an. I  iii'.;;;i,; 
chil.lreil  of    Kerdin.iiid    and  Isabell.i,  .i  m,,.:  ,    _ 
frien.l  of  Columbus. f     .\lso   .Antoni"  li  illn.;  !;j,,  1 
nu'o  Sen.arei.;.!,^;  and   I'berto   I"oKli<'i.i, !' .ill 
raries   with    the   admir.il.  and    native.;  .., 
tjether  with  .in    anonymous  writer,  uli.i  j. 
account  of  his  voyaije  of  di>;i  overy  at  \'ciiii 
It  is  unnec  ss.iry  to  mention    historians  . 
aijreeinv;  in  the   same  fart,  as    tlwy  im:>l  : 
r  cir  iiilorm.itioii  from  some  of  these  ;i  ■ 

"he  ipiestion  in  r<'i;.ird  to  the   bi,  il.,.i.i. .. .  ■  v.  _..| 
bu'    has    been    ireated    th  's    minulelv.  hi '■■.;,*••  i;  »^ 
,1    ,  and  still  continues  to  be,  a  point  i<      .-  .. 
Irovirsy.      It  m.iv  be  considered,  hnwi  vir  ;-    ■ 
ividy  decided    by  the   hi.;hest  .ilithi'iily,  1!;  •  r;,'." 
l   Columbus    hini'-elf.      In    .i    test.inu-iii  1  ■  ■■-•;;(| 
i  ,  .      which  h.is  been  admitted  in  eviil.-iiM     I'.r.- 
-Sp.  ■.•I  .■:    tiiliun.ds   in   certain    Lawsuits  .in.  n;!.,. 
sccndaiiis,  he    twice    ilecl.ues    tliat  lit"  v,  i»  ,1  r.; , 
the   I  itv   of    (ienoa  ;    "  Sn'i,/.'    :  •  it.r.i'  .  :  1   ■ 
"  I  beiiu;  born  in  (ienoa.'      .\iid  a.i;.ilii,  hrfpi;.' 
assertion,  as  a  rea-ion  for  enjoining  rcri.iin 'cr!.!.,  ■ 
oa  his  heirs,  which  manifest  thir  interc-t 
his   n.itivc   pi. ice, 


I    conv.n.iud  the  sei  Ii-.  -| 
son,  or  the  p'Tson   who  inherits  the  s.ii  !  i;i.^ 
oir  eiit.iiled  est.4tr»,   th.it  he    m.iintain   .  .a." 


cily  of  lienoa  a  persim  of  our  line.uje,  wit"  .•;  ■> 
.1  house  and  a  wifi;  there,  and  to  furnish  li,;".  a;-, 
income  on  wdiich  he  c.m  live  decent iv,  ,^  ,-,:;r. 
connected  with  our  f.imily,  and  hold  f.ni!  !.;:■  : : 
in  that  city  as  a  native  ot  it,  so  th.it  ii.'  11...  ' 
and  favor  in  tli.it  city  in  case  i.f  need,  ' 

/    ,    llHi-    (11!,/   thfiL'    'a\!!    A'/7,'."  "•'•*■ 

In  another   p.irt  of   his  testament  he  e.\;'— > 
self   with   a   fili.il    fondness  in  respei  t  I'lO:"  .1 
ominand  the  said  Don  I)iei.;n,  or   win".''  -: 
sess  the  s.iid  mayora/.j,"',  th.it   he   lalmr  .iii .  •■: 
w.iys  for  the  honor,  and   welfare,  and  Iiutimm' '-; 
city  of  (ienoa,  .md  emplov  all  his  abiiili'-^  .11  ir' 
in  defendini;  and  aui;mentini;  the  well. m- .in; ' 
of  her  re|)u!ilic,  in  .til  matters  which  are  r  ;  '•'■'■•' 
t.)  the  service  nf  the  church  of  (iol,  ,iail  ;:.■-: 
the  kiiu;  .md  queen  our  sovereij^n'-,  .md  '.  : 
sors. " 

.\n  inform.il  codicil,  executed  byC'Iuiri    -  ;' 
il  did.  May  4th,  150^1,  sixteen  d.iys  bc!ii"'^ 
IV. IS   discovered    .about    17S5,  in  the  C^irs;;;:  ,  T.' 
Koiue.      Il   is   termed   a   military   1  odi  ■.  1'   't 
m.iile  in  the  manner  whidi  the  civil   1  iv.  .,:     * 
sol. Her  wlio  executes  such  an  iu'^triinien;  •-    ' 
b.itlle,  or  in  e.xpeci.ition  of  deatli       It  iv..^  ■.(  ■■ 
the  blank  pa^c  of  .1  little  brcvi.iry  pri -■■;'■  !  ; 
bus   liy    I'ope    .Mexander   \'II.        '   ' 
iiook  "  to   his   behived  country, 
110,1. 

I  il-  diri'i  IS  the  erei  tioii  of  a   ho-;], it..!  In 
the  pii'ir,  with   pnuision    fi:r  its  siicpirt 


*  < 'lira 'il' los  I'.d.iriiis,  M-;.  r.ip    71" 

t  .\lcv,  ( ler.iliiiiu.  Inn.  ail    Kei;.  sub    \-\: 
',  .Aiiionio  <  jallo,  .Xiiale-iol  (ienoa,  .Miiriii" 
v\  Si'ii.iri.i!i.  .Miuaiori,  loiii.  2.;. 
II   I  ..i;hcl.i.  i;io^,'.  ( :i.ir.  ).ij;iii. 

•  ( inni-us,  .N'dv.  (.)rb. 

'  ■  "  lii-in   .\l.iiiiloi-l  ilirliii  I  )i'a  I1ii-t:omil.il' 
(|iii'  liereil.in-  >•!  ilii  hi)  riiaMir.i/'.;o,  (|ii'  ('•in;  1  ^ 
pre  en  la  cniil.ul  de  (ieM.)v.i   iin.l  peiiiMi.i    !  ■ 
<pie    li'llj;.!   a'li    c.isa  i'  miiijer,   e  le  orili'iH' 
pileil.i    vivir  honesl.iiueii'e.    eonui    pfr!-mi 
liiiesiro  lin.i.;e,  v  li.it,M  j-ie  v  r.u/.  I'li  1  i  iM.'.i 
natur.il  ilell.i.  por,|iie  poilr.i  liaber  .|i-  l.i  '!'i  I  '■ 
e  f.ivnr  en  l.is  eo^.ib  liel   iiieius'er  uuyo.  /■''■'■  . 
cii  ciLi  /1. 1. 1. 


( 'oluailii.'- 
the   Iv-;-. 


•hat  repiil'l''-  '' 
,.,,  ill  the  cvenl 

-  authpiitic'''-'  "I  • 

,.fii  sai.l,  ih'i'  ' 

haviii;;  rcv'it 

l(i-lv.  iiiiii'l'i"'! 

.     t'l'lii'iihi'^  IV I 

,,  niilil.iry  hic, 

„  ,!  iiininents  .is 

.,.„,.  ih.it  seeine 

,  ,  iisiliitc.  iniisi| 

,  i„   Ins   iltMih, 

1  himself  .It  <•  > 
in  the 


l<ii;n 

Jy  Jl'ltTPIli  e 

l|,„(-;,  SI)  alTec 
h(  in  lie  alilc  to  wri 

kip 


<llCCil  uUll  1" 
irliiit  In-  W.IS  iin 
p.,;i,i  10  ivliich  .in\ 
U,  i  1 1'.illi'iitive.    I' I 
hy  ;;.iv.intai;c   CiHlId 

"if  that  any 
ill  l-'i:.  ivheu  I'o'm 
IS  1  ■..nil  and   last 


tn  1  '.I'  Spain,  and 
Is  ■.:':i  i!<  and  coninui^ 

gn>.  aiitlicnticated  I 
le,  ..1  He  s.iine  linu\ 
jo.  a',  lie I  assiijn; 

i.l  ill  that  city,  in  din 
IIP',  .iiiil  iitlier  pr'V" 
'\V!,\-  shiniM  Ciilun 
ieii'M,  hail  lie  been  !■ 
lalis  whuh  Lave  l.ii.l 
|o  iiil',Mtic.n  t'>  (i    .' 

rii'i  piirtiiMi  (if  his  I'.i' 

lisr  .iTV.  iircnrilitu;  l. 

'  rejected  hy  that 

fiiT.M  1*0  stro'u;  an  ir 

|e«lii  11  links  till.-  lie.ir 

Bwcvcr  he  may  be  sep 
ftmr,  U'.il  luiwever  Iitt 

fcViTS. 

As'iin,  Iriil  Cohinil'u 

pii't  vill.iiics  nf  the  lien 

I'lin'.  'lira  n.itive.  why 

qc'-is  in  l.ivnr  of  the 

nr    I'  I'livn  nr  villaije  ' 

v'l;  lR'(|iK"^ts  were 

Sc:'.:icnt   of   pri'le    ai 

w      .;•  ail  i)li:e.-t  if  n 

11    'va^  at  this  lime  eh 

1;  th'   -aiiicct.     11  IS   reii 

Iv  ■;! !  have  siu-d  ,i  lusi 

SI-'..-  ■ ;  .u:,l  ihi-  stniiiL; 

i\...,  i  never  have   lei 

I'  :  "le  ^[K-lt,  .aid  iie>t 

b     aiiii.y.     These  a 

1:-  -a  iiiiia  ii.iiural  1 

U.  ;-M. 


IV  ,  ! 

[al- 
bo; 

fCi;; 

Let. 

f.li: 


uliii:'- 


'RiN'c  the  e.uly  \v 

■  :\'-n  other  iiavii 
inti:  rank  an.l  .el 
-iilfd  ,  iheir  n.ini 
^11'-,  uiriiin  the  o 
'■'I  niiich  perplex 

'live  siippimed 

■  i"i-rnandii  Coin 
i  y  lonnections,-* 
'•Iters.  ■•  (  :ini  noi 

llitse  livi)  were  iiiii 
fi'-i   t-V   hisinriaic 

"  "lit.  'li'l  .-Mmirante 


«4  1, 


■J.. 


AI'I'HNniX. 


24r 


kf(.< flwt  repuMic  lii';  surrcssor  in  Ihr  n-lmitaliy  "f 
l:.s,in  ilwcveiii  <)(   his  male  1i:r-  I'C(  niniriK  <'.\ 

Thi- u.-hcnlKif-  n(  lhi«  p.ipcr  has  l.ccn   (iiicslionp.l. 

l(,,v;,.ii<.ii.l,  tli.it  ('"-■'■''  *^''''  ""  ("■"''•'iilily  of  <-•"- 

mlu'    'i.nin,'  ri-sctt  t"  a  usasc  \vith  whii  h   he  was 

igc't    kc^.  imu'l"'''""-"''-      ""■  "lM<-'<li"ns  an-  not 

(.'iliiiiibus  was  acrusKimnl   to  iht- iicdiliari- 

iiiiiluary  lile,  ;"'  '  he  r'-iicatcdly  wnilc   Inters 

!  moments  as  ■         raiUinn  aKaiiist  s(>,v-_.   faial 

■  ihat  spcmcU       iinpi'inl.    '1  hi'  prcscfU  ciidi- 

•  li  eii  wriltcn  a   few     i.ivs 


nia  ,  acc-oiiiit  for 
cs[)e<iallv    as    hi 


ill 
rnli'i! 

:ni  :i  its  (late,  must  " 
{■(f-iio  ■  III  Ins  ilraih,  p«*  naps  at  a  innmcnt  when   hi- 
fSri;ii;i'i  .Ihiaisi'il  at  c<n     i;ly.     Th 
]|iv  .li'icri'iiif  in  thi-   •'  rnUvritiir-. 

lit  li'uci,  81)  alTiT' ■      iV  the  «  iiit  m  his  haiuls  as 

I  lie  able  In  «ri,     r\i-i-pt  at    nii,'lit.       I'arlirillar 

:'ic(a  'ail!  'II  the  signature  ;  luit  it  d"''    iiot 

ipn'..iriinl  III'  was  iinilnri.i  ill  rc'-..rii  I"  tin;,  aiiu  it  is 

..|  I  lint  111  vvliiih  any  (ine  who  attctnptcil  a   f'lruiTy 

^»Win;.  I  i  I' .illi'iuivf.     It  lioi'S  mil  appear,  likewise,  that 

(IIV  :'.':v.iiilai;e  roiiM   have   hern  chtainea  liv  liirnini; 

lie  [uiiiT.  iir  that  any  siirh  w.is  atternpled. 

I;i  l-iO,  whcii  ColumliiH  was  .iliiuil  to  depart  <iii 
tis  iHi.illi  and  last  voyage,  he  wrute  In  his  Irioiid, 
Diiivr  N'iiiiiii  Oijeriiji),  liirmerly  ainbassadnr  frmn 
Geii'i  til  Spain,  and  (nrw.irded  tn  liini  eopies  (if  all 
alts  and  tonimissions  Inini  the  Spanish  sovor- 
„^,,  ,  aialii'iilic.iled  briiire  the  alcaldes  of  Seville. 
He,  .1  lie  same  lime,  wrnle  to  the  hank  of  San  (}ior 
»ii'. .,!  (itiiiM  assit;ninn  a  tenth  of  his  revenues  to  lie 
,  pa!  I  In  ihat  i  Ity,  in  diiniiiulion  of  the 


::bi5 

einn 


limes  on  corn, 
■fir-,  ..iicl  nlher  privi'-.iins. 

Why  should  Cdliiiubus  teel  this  strnntj  interest  in 
benn.i,  liul  he  liccn  Imrn  in  any  of  the  other  Italian 
iaus  whith  liavp  Uiil  cl.iini  to  him  ?  lie  w.is  under 
■o  "Ma,Mlir.n  In  (i  ina.  lie  h.id  resided  there  but  a 
jriel  piirtiiMi  iif  his  early  life  ;  and  his  proposition  for 
lisi'vi/ry.  aii'iirilini;  to  some  writers,  h.id  been  srorn- 
Ly  rcjcrled  by  that  republir.  'I'heie  is  nothinj;  to 
tarraiil  so  siroML;  an  interest  in  (ienoa  but  the  lili.il 
lewhi  h  links  the  heart  of  a  m.m  to  his  n.ilivc  pi. lie, 
Bwcvir  he  may  la- separated  from  it  by  lime  or  dis- 
feno',  ii'.il  limvrver  little  he  m.iy  be  indebted  to  it  for 

M-iwi.  !ii,l  (  iihiinliis  lieen  born  in  .any  of  the  towns 

Ind  vill.iijes  of  iliL-  (ienoese  roast  whieh  tiave  cl.iimed 

lim  fur  a  native,  why  shoiil  I  he  li.ive   m.ide  these  be- 

lui->ts  in  (avnr  of  tiie  i/.'r  <if  (leno.i,  and   ir.t  of  his 

|aini'  I'lvvn  or  villai;e  ' 

'Ihi'sc  lif(|iifsts  Were  cvideiiily  dii'l.ited  by  a  mingled 

lemimt.'iit   III    pride    ,ii)d    .iltn  lion,     wiiirli    would    be 

►itaii;' all  i)b;f.i  if  not  ilirei  ted  M  his  native  pi, ire. 

He 'va>  at  this  lime  elevated  above'  .ill   pcity  pride  on 

W  ■iii''it'a.     Wis   renown    was   so    brilli.int,    that    it 

FwiM  li.ivi' shed  .i  liisir'-  on  anv  h, unlet,  however  ob- 

kure ;  .ii;,l  th,-  stroni;  love  of  countrv  here  manifested 

Jtoul.j  never  have   felt  satisfied,  until   it   liad  sint;led 

|ut  the  >pol,  ,ind  nestled  down  in  the  very  rradle  of 

llsiiKMiiV.     These  appe.ir  10  be   powerful   reasons, 

ta^ii  iH'iii  ti.if,irai  feeling,  for  deii'liiii,'  in   favor  of 

Gfi(i.t, 


te;n 


N'o.  VII. 

riir,  I  iH.uMiiiis. 

'■'•'">■■  ibi-  e.uly  part  of  the  life  of  CoUmibus  there 

■  '-i'"  'ilher  navii,'aiots,  beariiiij  the  same   name, 

"n'a:  .'ink  and  .ek-bnty,  with   whom  he  oeeasioii 

■n.i-l  ,  iheir  n.imes  on  urrini;  vaRuelv  from   time 

";■•  l'l^m^  the  obscure  part   of   his  career,  h.ive 

■■  nui.-h  perplexity  to  some  of   his   biographers, 

livi!  siippom.,!   (hat  thev  desi^n.ited  tlie  dis.ov- 

iTiiand.i  (.oliimbiis  alFirms  them  to  have  been 

;  >  "innenions,*  and   his   father  savs,  in    one  of 

'""S     i  .im  not  ihc  first  admiral  nf  our  family." 

-'s.'Uvo  wen-  mule  and  nephew  :   the  latter  bc'inu 

"y   liisiniians  Colombo  the  younger  (by   the 

'"^'■'M.Minirante,  tap.  i, 


S[)anish  historians  C'olnmlio  el  mo/oV  They  were  ir 
the  (ienoese  servire,  but  .ire  mentioned,  on  asion.dly 
in  old  I  hronirles  ,is  Krcnch  eoinni  iiuhrs,  beriusi 
(ieno.i,  during  a  gre.it  part  of  their  lime,  w,is  iindei 
the  iiroti  rlion,  or  rather  the  sovereignly  of  Iraiiie. 
.iil'l  her  ships  and  r.ipt.iins,  being  engaged  in  the  e.x 
peditions  of  that  power,  were  ideiilified  with  tin 
1' rem  h  m.Tine. 

Meii'ion  is  made  of  the  elder  Colombo  in  Zuril.i'; 
;\,.M,ils  of  .\rrag  111  (I,  xi.\.  p.  2(i|i,  in  the  war  be 
tweeii  Sp.iin  and  I'ortug.il.  on  the  sniijei  t  of  lh( 
el. lim  of  the  I'tiiU'-ss  Juana  to  the  i  rowii  of  f.iMile 
In  I  |7'i,  the  Kin  'f  Portugd  determined  logo  to  thi 
Mediterr.ine.iii  i  ..ist  of  I'r.mee,  to  im  ile  his  ally. 
I.ouis   XI.,  to    prosei  ute    ihi'   war  in   the   inoviiiie  ol 

(iuipil/'O.i 

The  king  left  Toro,  says  /urit.i,  on  the  nth  liiiu' 
.and  went  by  the  rivet  to  the  city  of  I'orio,  in  oriler  u 
aw, lit  the  armail  I  of  the  king  of  I'r.mre,  the  (apl.iiii 
of  whi(  h  W.IS  Colon  iColomboi,  who  was  to  navigale 
by  the  str.iils  of  dibrall.ir  lo  pass  to  Marseilles. 

After  some  delays  Colombo  arrived  in  the  Inltet 
part  of  July  with  the  j-'ri'nrh  arnTTid,i  at  Mermen,  or: 
ihc  Id, 1st  of  Hisr.iy,  where  lie  enroimtered  a  violeil! 
storm,  lost  his  prineipal  ship,  and  ran  to  ihe  roast  ol 
(ialiria,  with  .in  intentinn  of  altarking  Uibaldo.  .ind 
lost  a  great  many  of  his  men  T  hence  he  went  ■. 
Lisbon  1(1  receive  the  King  of  I'ortug.il,  who  .  .• 
b.irkeil  in  the  Meet  in  .August  with  a  number  c'  ;i- 
noblemen,  and  look  two  thousand  two  hundrc  lot 
soldiers,  and  four  hundred  and  seventy  hi"'  .  ■ 
strengthen  the  I'ortuguese  garrisons  .ilong  '•  Ha^ 
b.iry  coast.  There  were  in  the  S(]uadron  twi,  ■•  s"ips 
'  .md  five  car.ivels.  .After  touch  ng  .it  Ceut.i  ,hi-  I. 
proceeded  to  Colibre,  where  the  king  discml-  irked  ir. 
the  miildle  of  September,  the  weather  not  r.-'ijltnv. 
ihem   to   proceed    to  Marseilles.     (Zurita,  L        '     lii. 

?'• ' 

T"his  Colombo  is  evidently  the  naval  commander  of 
I  whom  the  follmvintj  mention  is  m.ade  by  I.if|ues 
I  (ieorge  de  Ch.iiife[)ie,  in  his  mpplemeiit  to  Mavie 
I  (vol.  'J,  |i    I'jo  of  letter  Ci. 

I       "  I  do  not  know   what    dependence,"  says   Chaufe- 
i   pie,  "  is  to    be  jilaced    on  a  fact  repotted  in  the  /hiai- 
l!.:i:.i   (I'.irt    I,  p,    I4;i',    that    Colimibus   was   in    1474 
r,ipi,iiii  of  several  sliii's  for  I.ouis  X  I,  and  Ihat,  as  llu 
Sp.iniarls    had    made    at   that    time   .'in  irruption  iiiK 
Roiissillon.  he  thought  that,  for  reprisal,  and  wiihoiii 
ro'itr.ivening  the  pe.ice   between   the  two  crowns,  he 
I  could  run  down  Sp.inish  vessels.      Ile  attacked,  theie 
I  fore,  and  took  two  gillevs  of  ih.at  nation,  freighted  01. 
the  ,ii-coiint  of  various  iiidividu.ils.     On  1  omphiinls  ol 
this   .ution    being   m.ele  to  King  Ferdiii.md,  he  wrote 
'  on   the  subject  lo   I.ouis   XI.  ;  his  letter  is  dated  the 
((th    December,    1474.       Ferdinand  terms  Christ  iphtt 
'   Colimibiis  a   subjei  t   of    I.ouis;   it  was  liecu  •  j,  as   i^ 
■   known.  Columlms  w.is  a  (ienoese,  and  I.ouis  was  sov- 
ereign of  CiiMio.i      althoui^h  ih.il  lilv  and  S.ivcna  wen 
held  of  him  in  lief  by  the  I  Hike  (d  .Mil. in  " 

It  is  highly  prob.ilile  that  it  was  the  siiu.idron  of  lliis 
I  same  Colombo  of  whom  ihe  circums;ani c  is  rel.iteo 
by  Hossi,  and  after  him  by  Spotorno  on  the  authiirity 
I  of  ;i  letter  found  in  the  archives  of  .Milan,  and  written 
i  in  I  (70  bv  two  illustrious  Mil.inese  gentlemen,  011 
i  th'dr  return  fron,  |eriisalem.  TTie  letter  slates  ili  11 
1  in  the  previous  year  147;,  :is  the  X'enetiaii  fleet  w.is 
I  stationed  off  Cyprus  to  gu.ird  the  island,  a  (ienoese 
I  sc|iiadron,  comin.inded  by  one  Colombo,  saileil  by 
'  ihem  with  ,in  air  of  defiance,  shouling  "  \'iva  San  (ii 
'  orgi.i  !"  .As  the  republics  were  then  .it  peace  they  were 
I   permitted  to  pass  unmolested. 

j        liossi   supposes   tli.it    the  Colombo  here   mentioned 
,   was  Christopher  Columbus  the  discoverer  ;   but  it  ap- 
pears r.ither  to  liave  been  the  old   Cicnoese  admiral  o! 
I   that    name,  who  accoriling  to  Zurita  was  about   that 
!   time  cruising  in  the    Mediterr;ineaii  ;   .md   who,  in   .ill 
|)rob,ibility,  was  the  hero  of  both  the  preceding  occur- 
rences, 
I        The  nepliew  of  thi>  Colombo,  called  by  the  Sp.inish 
j   Colombo  (d  mu/o,  commanded  a  lew  years  afterw.ird 
I  a  sijuadroii  in    ttie  Frcucli   service,  as  will  appear  in  a 


itni    ( 


iff  in 


•  i^n 


'  \ 


Mfi 


siihsp(|tii-nt  illii>.tr,itic>ii.  .xn 


APPKNDIX. 


(  iiliiinbiiH  Ml  iv  at  v,iri(ui!» 


tlllU'S 


h.ivc  \n'\'\  .m  inltTinr  i  imim.iinl  iiiulfr  Imtli  imi  Ic 


.itil  m'|itifw,  ami  iwm  present  on  ilie  .ibovc 


Ilea 


No.  VIII. 

Ml  M  HON    OK   JOHN 


ASJi 


•avorinn  to  make  their  wav  tiac  k  to  ih^ 


|o\iiii|  the  passes  sei/e'l  and  likukcil  up  I 


Sorenio 


wlin 


thrin 


\villi  .Ire,' 


pi.vn,.,, 


Ttu-ir  llmht  tic  iw  heeame  ilespifale  ami  h'- 
threw   iheiiisclves   lioin    ro(  ks  and  prcriii;, , 
sea.  aii'l  hut  a  small  purtion  rei,Mmii|  the  si 
I'he  mnies'  of  John  ot    Anion   l^r  tlu' 


sled  f 


our  vears 


or  .1  l.Mie  I 


hini.  and   the  prize  seenii'd   ahiiost   vmiui 


111  ill :i 


lilt   reverses  sue  i  eede< 


he  w 


IS  dekMlf.l 


Ar.ori  the  lime  tiiat  CoUiilllius   attained  his  twenty-       pomls  ;    the    laetioiis    nolih-s,   one    l,v 
fourth    year,  his   native   eily    was    in   a  si  ite  of   ^real   ,    |,|,„_   ,,„,|    iriurned   to  their  alU'^ian  c  in   \ > 


ilarni   and   peril    from  the  llueatened  invasion  of   A 
ph'tis.i  \'.  oi  Ara^on,  Kini;o(  Naples,    lindiiii;  iise 


lor)   w 


cak  to 


iiii;  in  vain 


iiii;  ilsell 
ten. I  sillily  with  sueh  a  foe.  and  h.iv 
ed  lor  asMSt.iine  Irom  It.ily,  it  pl.ii  ed       |mv  of    Naples.*      Itilh 


mil   the  duke   was   tin. illy  ((impelled  to 
isl.md   of   Ischi.i       lleie   he  reniaineij  lor . 
yil.iriled  hv  ei^ht  galleys,  which   likewisi.  h 


s  sijii.idroii.  whir 


itself    under    the    proiedioii  of   Charles   the    N'lllhof      hcied  to  him,  until  he  ultiin.ilelv  aliaii.li 


ranee. 


.Anjou, 


'I'h.it  nion,iri  h  sent  to  its  assist  im 


dill  ol 


son  of  Keiie  or    Ueii.ito,  Kini; 


,f  N.ipl 


pies,  who 


liiii.ile  enterprise,  (.Oluml'us  is  stated  lu  li.i 


h.id    heen    dispossessed  of  his  crown    hy    .Mphonsi; 

John  of   Anion,   otherwise  e.illed   the  Duke  of   Cila- 

i.ria.*  itnme.li.iteiv  took   upon   himself  the  idinmand 

of  the  i>l.e-e.  repaired   its   fortiliiMtions,  and  defeiuhil      cM'it'KK    oi"    IIIK    \IM  ii\s 


IX. 


the  entrance  oi  the  h.irbor  with  slroiii;  cli.ims 


In  the 


r.le.inlime,  .\lphonso  h.id  prep.iied  .i  l.iri;e  l.ind  force, 
iMed  ,in  arni.imeiit  of  twenty  ships  iiiui  ten 


i;alley> 


II  A 


iicona,  o 


n  ih 


c  lr<  ntiers 


il   (reiioa. 


Tlu 


o  \1  I  1   V!i     l.V 


Tilt:    Vol  N(,|  i;. 

As  the  areount  of  the  sea-Hijht   hy  whiili  ! 
'olumhus  asserts  tli.it  his  f.illur  wis  lirMlh"  \ 


(1  eminently  peril        the  shores  ol    i'oitui;.il   h.is  licen  adn|ilcrl  I 
ou'-.  when  .Mphonso  suddenly  fell  ill  of  a  c.ilentiire  and   i   tespei  t.ilile   hislori.iiis,  il   is   proper  to  ^ivc 


situ.ition  of  the  l.itter  w;is  consii 


(lied,  le.ivini;  the  kimjdnnis 


if  A 


iijou  and  ."sii  ily  to  his  ,   re.isons  lor  discreditini,'  it. 


hriither  John,  aii.l  the  kingdom  ol   N.iples  to  his  son 
Kerdin.ui  I. 

I'tie  (le.illi  of   X'.phonso.  .ind   the   sulisiviiient   divis 
ion  of  his  dominions,  while  they  relieved   the   fears  of 
the  lienocse,  jj.ive   rise  to  new   hopes  oil  the  p,irt  of 


rern.mdo  expressly  says  ill. it   il  w.is 


mentioned  bv  .Miirco  .Antonio  S,il 


)k    of    his    tenth     Dec, id 


leiicii.  111  i:i,,.  |. 


that    tin-  s, 


h  ('olumhus  served  was  eoiiim:iii  led  1". 
irs.iir,   c.illed    C'oliimluis    the    \oiiiii;er  ((_ 


111-.'  house  of  .Anjou  ;  and  the  Duke  John,  encour.ii;i  d      iiio/ol,  and   ill, it  an  emh.issy  w.is  sent  (ri 
liV  emissaries  Iroin  v;iriou.s  poweriul  pattis.ins  aiiioni;      Ih.iiik  the  Kini;  of  l'ortui;.il  for  the  siicdir 


tlie  N'e,i()<)litan  noMlitv,  deterniiiK  d  to  in. ike 

d    Ih 


hold 


e  (Town. 


ittcMipt  upon   N.ipKs  for  the  recovery 
Tie  (I'lioise  entered   into  his  c.iusc  with  spirit,  fi;r- 
e.ishins'    him    with    ships,    n.illeys. 


to   the    \'eneti.iii   c.ipt.iins  and  erews, 
t.iiiilv  re(  orded  i 


All  lb 


n  S.ilndlicus,  hut  the  h.illlc 
l4-'5,  .liter  ("oliiiiiliiis  h.id   Ir//  l'orliii;al. 


and   nioni'V. 


Ilis      his  annals  uf  .\r.ii;on,  unde 


r  the 


late  ot  Vri 


,.th-r. 


R" 


fiilrd  (Kit   twelve  j,Mlleys  fur      t!iis  s.ime  action. 


At  Ih 


llie  c.\i)t;dition  in  the 


arbor  o 


(  .M 


ille 


lii.'ll 
.f  thi. 


;issur.inc(!  of  an  abiind.uU  si 


(1    sent      li.m  nallcys  s.iiled  from  the  iskiiiil  ol  C.ul 
le   for    1  hinders  ;  thev    were   !.ii!e 


iipply  ol    nioiiev,  and       the   roll 
assisi.iiue  of  ttie  Kin<  of  Frince,    'I'he  brilli.int      cliandise   from   the  I.ev.int.  especi.illv  Irniii  t' 


nature  of  th(;  enterprise  attracted   the  attention  of  th 


.(  Si. 


ly,  and  p.issini^  by  Cap 


St.   V 


iiiceili. 


d.irini.;  an  !  restie'.s  spirits  of  the  limes.  '1  he  ihiv.il  attacked  by  .i  I'reiu  h  cors.iir,  son  of  c.i; :  <  i 
r  lus  nobleman,  t!ie  soldier  of  fortune,  the  h.ir'ly  mr-  (("olombol,  who  lia.l  seven  vesselsin  liisar:;ir 
s  lir,  the  bold  .idventurcr  or  ihe  milit.iry  p.irtis.m,  en-      the  y.illeys  were  <  aptiired  the  twent\-rn>t"t  \, 


sted  under  the  banir.rs  of  the  Duke  ot  C.il.ibria.    Il 


.\  much  fuller 


Hint   is  j;iven  in  ill"  t'.f 


.slatcil  by  hisloii.ins  that  Columtius  serve. 1  in  the  .ir-      ImIui  11.  of  l'orlui;al.  by  Ci.in  i.i  de  Kise 


r.iameat  from   (ieiio.i,  j.i   a  sini.idron  comiiiiui  lei 


of  the  C 


I': 
>mbos,  his  rel,iti(ais. 


'>• 


wise   reco 


rd 


s  It  as  li.ippenim;   in  I.)'- 


fh 


\'eiieli.in  K-dleys  were  t.iki-ri  .ind  rohbi 


e  expe'lilion  s.iilei 


in  < 'ctober.  l.i?i),  and  arrived      and   the    capt.iins    and    crews,    woiiiidc' 
Sfssa  between  the  mouths  o:  l!ie  (i,irij;li,ino  and  the  ,   .iiid   in, litre. ited,   were    turned    in    sin  re 


llurno. 


The 


vs  of   its  .irriv.il  was  tin-  sii;nal  of  ,    Here  they  were  succored  I'V  D' 


M 


li'iiversal  revolt  ;  the  f.iclious  iMrous,  and  their   v.is-      Countess  of  .Mons.mli 


s..is.  h.istened  to  join  the  st.ind.ird  (d   Anion,  an  1   the 


jke 

dominions 


When    Kinv;   John   II.   heard  of  the 


saw  the  linest  provim  es  of   the  Neapolit.m      beinn   nun  h   j^rieved    that   sui  h  ;in  eveii; 


riiiron  mcnacei 


at  liis  eomm.uid,  iiiid   with   his  .iriny  ai 
1  the  city  of  N.iples  itself 


.ippelK 


1    on    his   (o.ist,  and  bein^' ilispi 


his  Iriendship  for  the  Republic  of   \'en;(e.  i' 
In  the  history  of  this  e.xpedition  we   meet   with   one  ,    lh.it  the  X'eneti.in  captains  should   l^e  liin  . 


ii.iz.-i 


OUS 


■iction  of   t!ie  llecl  in   v.diic  h  Colur 


h.id   i   rich  r.iiment  of  silks  and 


costlv   clollis 


I'iii  balked. 


Willi    horses 


les,  th.it  lliev   niii:'il 


b 


The  .irmv  of  lohn  of   A 


iijou  iicin^;  cl'is(..|y   mve 


sted 


appe.irancc  before  him  in  ii  style  lieiitlitii; 


a  supeni.r  lorce,  was  iii  a  perilous   iiredieament  al 


d  their  i 


lie  receivecl  them  will; 


l!i;;  nioiilh  of  the  S.irni 


In  Ih 


is  (  onjunclure.  the  c;i|' 


I'ss  and  distinction,  expressim;  hinisi  1 


lain  of  the  arm. id. I  l.ini'cd  with   his  men,  and  scoured      courtesy,  both  as   to   theniscdvcs  aii'l 
liie    nei.4!i!)orhood.  hopinjj  to  aw.iken  in  the   popul.ice  i    X'ciiice  ;  and  h.ivinn  heard  their  ac,  oiiiii 
their    former   enthusiasm    for  the    banner  of   .\iijou 
and   perhaps  to  tike   N.iples  by  surprise.     .\  choser 


md  of  their  deslilule  situation. 


sM^tC'l  ll:i'.»' 


l.irne  sum  of   money   to   r;insoin   thdr  tru'' 
ipany    of    .Neapolitan    infantry    was    sent    UKainst  j   the  IVenih  cruisers.     The  latter  look  all  lli'  i" 


them.  The  troops  from  the  ileet  having  little  of  ihc 
discipline  of  re^;ul.lr  siddiery.  and  much  of  the  free- 
booting  disposiiiun  of  m.iriume  rov(frs.  h.id  sc;ittcrcd 
themselves  aliout  the  coiintrv,  intent  (hielly  upon 
sp'-'il.  They  were  attacked  by  the  inf.intry  an.!  put  lo 
r  )i:!.  with  t!ie  loss  of  in.itiv  kille  I  and  wounded.      l!n- 


iise  on  board  of  their  sliips,  but  KiiiK  J"lin 
any  of  tlic  spiiil  from  lieiiikj  pun  h.ised   vviih.u  '■'■■ 
niinioiis.      Having;   thus   ^'eiierously    relieve;.-; 
sisted   the  captains,  and   adminislereil  l^'  'i"'  '  ■' 
lies  of   their  crews,  he   en.ibled   Iheiu  all  t-'  "'"' 
their  own  galleys  lo  Venice. 


Duke  ofCiilalina  w.is  a  titlr;  of  the  licir  .ipparent  tu  Ihe  *  Cloleniiccio,  Hist.  N'.ip..  lib.  vii.  cap 


of  \ 


ll)!CS. 


t  /iirita.  ;\nales  de  .-Xrayuii,  lib.  x.\.  cij).  tJ4- 


Knii 


k 


Ittc 


If  (HuniLirifs  ii(  tti 
,,  ih'.  iiiunid''"' 
,.i-  .ciii  a  si.iK 
I,  prcsi'iits  luid 
„■„,  lt.iii.ae  wi 
ulmMil   (I'f   '^'''f 
i.y  u'leived  .ill 
■  I  iviih    roy.il 
,1,1  miiU-;  will 
,i..,  .mil  in;iiiv  m' 
^,,  i,,,;,aviliK  I-'  die 
ijiicli.  us.  ill  his  111 
r.uii.iiid.ili-'l'i-'"" 
I,  .(M  i-.ip'Mi'"- 
,c.(  Mioiiilid  il  I'ui.i; 
lii-iioiisile.  (ecc'si 
..«,,  il  sitni  I'nmi 
,;,  \:iiien/i'.  ion  '- 
i;i;li  iiuanlumi 
,!ii.|Uistii  d'   opjit 
.  .,,-nil.il  cniiiiMll 

.1  luinnlia  I  II 

..  ,vi  r'lo.ile  till 

ji  I'liiriio  iiicon 

.s,  Mfiiiiero   i 

,,  p.-r  miiiu'ro  ■ 

.  ,.  ,h;r(i  il  Kiiillit; 

■1  ,niii!i,iltul(i   ' 

,i  1-,  jii-nhe  a  pei 

;,ii.i.  ^e  non  per 


likt  i;  I'lfciiii  presenii, 
JiiK  .l.iircci'iuoiiiiiiiiii 

pti  :;'.  i|ll'-|l.l  /nil. I  I. Ill 
ilcnc  ijni'.iiini   Dtlli 
ia  !,ir,il..  l.il/iill.idal  I 
p»cr.,iii-  Ic  K'^^'lh  Vciie/ 
llVi-  Di'lliii.i  ill   lialeie 
Baal  uii.i  si  reiideroiv 
,  I  .t^pri)  cdiillillo 
[jjr;-   iivi  il.i  prode  a  i 
I  Mill  !,  i  <|>iali  d.d  ileini 
[»(!:■  I  "li  sili'Hiio,  (  he 
f  liaii      I  I  irpi  iiiorli  fiii 
|llO^;    ;•■!  liilii.     Diiei  idi 
if  n,.  .  ,1 1  .ipiLino  viltur 
[tar.:  .  ('ii/.i.ili.     .     .     . 

SBii;'  .  ildllc  ricovilll  (111 
|«»i  ..!i  .illri  eubero  ;i 
Itoi;: /;iiiii'.  .  .  .  Oli 
Ichv  .  .i.ii'i  iioii  roinpras 
[  lai.i  ...1  orsiili.  L.i  i 
{  pc  :  itliis-ic  ia(  ill;i,  erai 
\  da  ciil'i  iiiila  ducali 
5  Hd::  ,1  joisi  dieile  in 
i  &.',..  ,',  J/iit.  I'nid.,  I 


AMI-KI 

MNi.  the  earliest  .i 

ijje^^  wlyi  Idll'iwcd  ihc 

k"  \'p-pii-(  i.     lie   ha 

i  tllf  ;.rsl  :iM  overrr  ol  I 

''|y;'i,ii;.ir  c.iprice  of  hi 

)t:/.- wiKile  III   the   N 

y  in-ii<k'd,  howev 

l^lc  of  ,1  liisroveter  ,  t 

W-;  0.11-  K  iiy  in  a  SI] 

j*OI>'.'.,(|i'  r,.in-i.i  (Ic 
LtM.i!.  I  ,\iu(ir,;o  ( :.M-i 
Sa!i.-;'i,:us  a  c()^;n(ir 
«iii-(i[io('l.ii  111.-  pcd.i 
r*  wiii  a  ciinii-inpor.tr 
Vniioii  111  his  iliM-cn-cin 
tnit-ml  ,,f  liis  iiiiivei-..! 
I.1.-I  liic  l.ivv  of  111. 
'!•■:  I  iiihri-pn  iciiMlKi' 
Si.i'i;.Trti.ii(;i.<  liiin  wi 


aim'i;ni)1x. 


«47 


^    i;.,,„i;,ric!<  of  the  rrpulilir  wrrr  so  hifililv  •>pn 

,  „l  ilr.  niuiiili"-""'  "11  111"'  I'lft  "*   l^i'iK    l"'"i. 

lliPV  «,nt  a  siali'lv    riiili.issy  I"   tli.it   irioiian  li. 

,  ,„i,  iiri'scntsaiicl  "■.inn  « Aprcssioiis  <if  vr.ililiKlt!. 


»Olli'"'' 


Diii.ile  w:is  ( li.iici'il   Willi   tlii**  inissiiiti,  ;i 

-iiiiKMil   liT   ItMrniiin    an.l    i'I<m|ii.mi.  c  ;   I;l'    was 

lor  li'v  H'lfivi'il  anil  fiiicrl.iini'il  l>v  Kitiy  l"lin  ainl 

ni.M'l  with    royal    |)ri'si-rits,   animii;   wliidi    wvtr 

,|.    Ill  niuli's  Willi  MiiiiptiHiiis  li.i|)|iiiii;s  amlia- 

|,„ih,  ^Miil  many  m-Kt"  s^ivi'S  nc  lily  ria.l  * 

ii.  h.i:,iiviiiK  IS  the  airoiint  of  this  at  imii   as  jjivcn 

aiif.lMiy  in  liis  hiM'irv  of  \'fni(L-  t 

;r,iiM.iii'lair(|iiallrn(iali-o  ilcllf  ninli  Martr>|iiiniilc<i 

hj.  ir.i  i-.ii'it.ino.     (JiK'Stc  iiavlnainlo  per  rH'criio 

t  ..'(lailii'  il  |iin  ni'ivaiif,  iii|>iii(.-  di  (|iicl  (cildiiilio 

fcoiiK.iisili-   fciL'sl  iri(imln)  a'  Vctii/lani  ili   ikhic, 

CfeiSM  il  ^.leli>  I'nimiiiiliirui,  clii!  <  liiaiiuisi  or  a  iA\H> 

Ran  \  II' I'll':". '"" ''''"'•  "''^'  i;"''ri>itc  da  roiiihat- 

IWf.     l-i;li  i|iii"tll'ii|m'    ml  priiiio    iiicotUro    avt-sst' 

IlKo  ilisp'i^i'i  'I'  iippfiiiu.'r('  If  iiavi   Vciii/iaiic,  si   ri 

|(,jni.  pc'.MJ.il  (•"niuallfrf  slii  al  jfi<irn(i  :   Iiitlavia  per 

|nicr.i:;i  li,itl.i>;lia  |,ifi  aii-niu-in  ids]   le  sc^jiiia,  liii;  l<; 

),ic  I'fl  riir>alt.'  loccavaiin   Ic   piippf   (If  N'riii/iaili. 

'tmiU  ii  I'liiriiK  iiirontaiieiltf  i  Harhari  dicdfrn  I'  as- 

l||n.    .>!  MoiiiiL'Ki   i    N'fiil^iaiil    idl')ra    I'    cmpiln  drl 

5lii„n,  |«r  ininuTn  di   iiavi  f  di  tiMiihattciui  siipf 

jlR',  c  luri)  il  I'liillitto  atroix"  per  iiiolli' nrf.      Karr 

He  fii  I 'iiiih.ituito  Mintro  siiiiili  lUMiiiii    roii    i.iiiia 

ici'iiiic,  pcrdic  a  pena  si  cosluina  d'  attadarsi  cuti 

ntn.  se  nnn  per  on  asioiif.     AlTc riiiaii')  alcuiii, 

(vi  fiiriMU)  presL'iiti,  cssfr  inortf  ik  !ic  ciiimn:  V'cili- 

Incda  trti'i'iuouoinini.     Allri  dicoiKi  flu:  (ii  iilfiio  ; 

^ori  in  iiurlla  ztilf.i  l.nrciun  Miiliclf  rapitalio  d    litla 

(Icr.ic  limiMiuii   Dc'Hiiii),  tl'   allrn  capilaiio   fralfllo. 

liirat;.  lal/ulladal  Ian-  del  ymriin  Tm'  ad  orf  vciHi, 

►  eriiiii,  ic  m'lUi  \'int'zi.inf   nial   triltalf.      la.iniala 

|vi'  Dcllin.i  in   pdtc'tc  ilf'  iiciuici  (pi.mdo   If  altre  ad 

iBaalun.isi  rcnilordno.     Narraiioalcuni,  clif  fiiriini) 

M  Qu'l  a^ipro  conllittii  parlccipi,  aver  lumu'raiu  tifllf 

S%o  ii.ivi  (la  proilf  a  puppe  ottanla  valorosi  uoniiiii 

i'lllii;!i,  i  i|uali  (la!  ncnuco  vcduti  Id  iiKissfro  a  ),'f iiifrt! 

I'tdiri'  (iiii  sdcHilo,  ilif  cosi  avfvailo   V(iluU).  i    \'fni- 

hn'     I  iiirpi  iilorti  fiirono  Rcllati  lud  mare,  c  i  fcrili 

Bsl,  iicl  liilo.     Oiici  che  riniascro  vivi  sfijuiroiut  Cdii 

inavi  ii  ..iiiit.ino  viltoriosii  sin'  a  I.isboiia  c  ivi  furoiio 

|lli  Hion/iaii,     .     .     .     ^)uivi  furorio  i  \'i'nt'/.iaiii  lie- 

gnamentc  rircvuti  dal  Kc,  (;li  infcrmi   fiirdiui  incdi- 

iti.  ^li  .iliri  fubcro  abili   c  dcnari   seciindo   la  loro 

jnd/'ii''.         ,  .    Okrt;  (■i('i  vifii'i  in  tuito  il  Rf^no, 

|eu;i:iaM  noit  (:oin|)rassf  dclla  prcda  \'cni/ian,',  por- 

ilji  C'lrsali.     La  nuova  dell'   avula   roviiia   noii 

K:oiifflisM'la(  itla,  cranoporduii  in  (|ui-ll,i  riu'rcataiizia 

rda'    ciiM  iinla  duculi  ;  nia  ii   danno  parlic(ilaredcnli 

iBoii,  lii  jMisi  (lifdc  ina«i;i(ir  allli/ionc— .lA;/.-.  .hi/. 

&-..,',  J/ist.   /■(■»(£■/.,  dccad.  iv.  lib.  iii. 


AMl-Kli.'i    \  1.^1  I'ccl. 

■  thi;  earliest  and  most  intellit;ent  of  tlie  voy- 

ii'-.-wh"  ((.llfuvedilif  tradv  of  Columbus,  was  .Anic'r- 

IR"  \c«[m'-ii.     lie   has  been   considf^rcil  liy  iiianv  as 

.111-   :st '!is((,vprri- of  I'le  soutliffii  toiuineiit,  .md'  by 

'»^   i.ui.ircaiiricf  of  (oruuif,  his  name  has  been  j^ivfii 

lie:     whcl.;  „f  the   N^nv  World.      It  has  bcfn   slren- 

y  in-^i-^ic'l,  hovvfVfr,  thai  he  had   no  claitii  to  the 

IJe(if,(ilisr.n-eter  .  that  Ik;  iiK^relv  sailed  in  a  subor- 

W^ai.uiity  in  a  sijuadron  coinrnandod  by  others  ; 

I  0I..,.s(|.m;,iiv1,i  ,1,.  Rpscnif,  cap.  (;S.  .\vor.i,  l^;^!. 
|T-M.ii,;j.\nuir.i()  (;.„-,.i,,,  l,,.|,,.r  kn.Avn  under  the  ii 
-I  .a.i(-„;,;ns.  a  to^iioinen  wliKh  he  aHo[>ted  on  1) 
TOiicripociai  ihe  pclanli.-  acidciiiv  (,l  I'omi|ioiiiiis  1  ■■> 

^e  w,i,  a  iMmfinpnrarv  ol    ( •..luniluis.    and   ni.ik 

ifwf.  i(;n  iji  h 


'!iM-()verie.s  ui   the  eii^lith  Ixxik  of  ill 

'■'1  "I  111';  iiiiiviT.ial   hiMorv.     liy  .Mxiie  writers  1 

'  ""'  buv  of  hl^   time;  oilicrs  'aeeuse  him  of  b 

■■  '"Mcpi,.s,.niali,.ns  in  f.ivor  of  Venue.       1  he  . 

■.'■'•'!•" .i;es  1,111,  wiih  veiialitv,  and  witli  beint;  sw 

■ .  "cliaii  j-uKI. 


line 
■mi; 

fills. 

brief 
enth 
•  is 
.ein^ 
iilder 
.lyeil 


that  thcirrnunt  of  his  first  voyaRP  is  a  fabriration  ;  aiiij 
that  lie  dill  not  visit  the  iiiainl.itiil  mild  .dter  il  li.nl 
iK'fii  disi  overeil  and  lIl.l^ted  by  COlimibus  As  this 
(pi(  siioii  h.is  been  made  a  ni.ilier  of  w.irni  and  volii- 
niiiioiis  eoiitroversy,  it  is  projier  to  Like  .i  suminary 
view  of  it  III  till-  presfiii  work. 

AmeriRo  Vi'spiiiii  was  born  in  riorem  c,  Mar' h 
i)lli.  1  |Sl,  of  a  noble,  but  not  at  tki.ii  time  a  wealthy 
lamily  ;  his  f.ilhi  i  •<  n.imc  was  .\ii.ist.itio  ,  his  niotliir's 
was  lazabctl.i  Mini.  He  was  the  third  of  their  sons, 
and  rfeei\(i|  an  I'M client  (.ducation  under  his  uik  if, 
(leornio  .\ntonio  VCsiiucii,  a  learned  friar  ol  the  fr.i- 
lernily  of  .San  Mario,  who  w.is  iiislru'.lor  to  seveial 
illlistrioilH  person. iLjes  ot  ili.ii  period. 

,\nierino  Vcspin  i  i  visited  Sp.iiii,  ami  took  up  liis 
residfiiei.'  in  Seville,  lo  atlend  to  some  i  oiiimcr'  i.d 
tr.iiisaf  lions  on  aei  ount  ol  the  f.iniily  of  the  .Mtditi 
of  i'loreiKC  and  to  repair,  by  his  inv;enuity,  the 
losses  .iiiil  tiiisfi  rtuiies  id  an  unskilful  bro'.hft.* 

'I  he   d.ite   of   his  arrival  in    Sp.iin  is   uiKcrl.iin,  but 
I   from   eoniparini;  dates  and   ciri  umM.iiues  nicnlionid 
in    his   letters,    he   imiM   have   been   at   .Sevdlf    whtn 
I  C"(duiiibiis  rttuined  lioiii  his  liist  vovatje. 
I        I'.idre  Maiiislaiis  Cmov.ii,  l'rofess(a'  of  M.itheir.ala  s 
'   ill  I'lorenee,  who   has  published   the  life  and  vovanis 
I  of  Anifri>;o  \'fspue('i,  says  that  he  was  i  ciinmissioiied 
by  Kim;  I'erdiii. mil,  .111(1   .«!eiit   with   (  olumiiiis    in  his 
second  voyaj,'f  in  l.pi3.      I  le  states  this  on  the  .lUthi  r- 
ily   of   a   passage   in    the   C'osmo^;r.lpily  ol    .Selj.isti.ai 
Munster,    published   at    Hasle  in  l:?o;l   but    .Muiisti  r 
mentions  \es|)uei  i  as  h.ivinj;  .u  eoiiU'.mied   t'olunibus 
in  his  first  voya^je  ;  the  refereiuc  ol  C'.movai  is  tliete- 
fore  ineorreet  ;  .■Miil  the  stiKKi'stion  of    Minister  is  dis- 
proved by  the  letleis  of   Vespucci,  in   wliitli   he  slates 
his   having    been    stimulated  by  the  accounts   biou^ht 
of  the  newly  disiovcrcd  reijions.      He  never  nu-iitioiis 
such   a   voy.iK'c  in  any  of   his  letters  ;  which   he    most 
probably    would    li.ive  done,    or   r.ither    would     have 
made  it  the   sublet  t   of   a.  copious  Idler,  h.id   he  act- 
u.illy  perforiiied  it. 

The  first  notice  of  a  |)osilive  form  wliii  h  we  have  of 
\'espucii,  as  resident  in  .S[),iin,  is  early  in  I4<)0.  lie 
appears,  from  (locuments  in  the  roy.il  .iri  hives  at 
Seville,  to  have  acted  as  aKcnl  or  factor  for  the  house 
of  juanoto  Herardi,  a  rii  li  [•lorentine  merchant,  re.si- 
dent  in  Seville,  wlio  had  (diilraded  lo  furnish  the 
Spanish  sovereij.;iis  \\  itli  three  sever.il  armaments,  of 
four  vessels  each,  for  the  service  of  the  newly  discov- 
ereil  eountries.  lie  may  have  been  one  of  the  priiici- 
p.ds  in  this  .affair,  which  was  iraiisai  led  in  the  name 
of  this  fslablislied  house,  lier.iidi  died  i!i  December, 
1.(1)5,  and  in  the  foUowiiiK  J.imiaty  we  find  .\meriKO 
Vespucci  alleiidini;  to  the  concerns  of  the  e.\(ieililions 
and  settlini,' with  the  m.islersof  llie  ships  lor  their  pay 
and  m.iiiueiiaii' e,  aciordiiiK  lo  ihe  aureements  made 
between  iheni  and  the  l.ile  lu.inoto  lier.irdi.  ( )n  ihe 
I2th  January.  l.p((i,  he  received  on  this  account  lo,- 
(XKJ  m.ir.ivedis  from  Hern.irdo  I'ineio  the  royal  treas- 
urer, tie  went  on  prep.iiiilg  all  thiii(;s  lor  the  dis- 
p.itch  of  four  caravels  to  s.iil  under  the  s.ime  contract 
between  the  sovereigns  and  the  house  of  lier.irdi  ai'd 
sent  iheni  lo  sc.i  on  the  ;,(!  February.  i.pyO  ;  but  on 
the  sill  they  met  with  a  storm  .md  were  wiecked  ;  tiie 
crews  were  saved  with  ihi;  loss  of  only  thtee  mcn.| 
While  lliiis  employed,  .Xmerigo  \espuc(i.  of  course, 
had  oceasion.il  op[)oitiimty  ol  (onversiiii;  with  Colum- 
bus, with  ahom,  according  lo  llie  expression  ol  the 
.admiral  himself,  in  one  of  his  lellers  lo  his  son 
Diego,  he  aiipears  to  li.ive  been  always  on  Iriendly 
terms.  From  these  convers.ilions,  .uid  from  his  agency 
ill  these  (  \|iedilions.  he  soon  became  excited  lo  visit 
the  newly  disiDVered  countries,  and  to  p.ulicipate  in 
enterprises  which  were  the  theme  of  every  tongue. 
H.iviug  madehimsell  well  aciiiMintcd  wilti  geogr.iphi- 
cal  and  n.uilu  .il  siience,  [ie  prepared  to  launch  into  the 


*  li.indini  Vila  ir.\nient;o  \'.'spucci. 
+  (  iisin.  Miiiisl  .  p    1  loS. 

*  Ih'  ■'■    p.iituul.irs    .ire    frum    la.imiscript    im-nior.inil.i. 
eMr.ieled  liniii  the  roy.U  .irchives,  by  the  Lite  .iccur.ile   la.v 

1  tun. Ill  .Muiiuz. 


iM  ill 

I: 


Wi' 


I  I 


ii  I 


I  ' 


||i 


>,  ! 


i  I 


;i   .;,it 

'  'if 


f  II 1  ^Ta^T 


l' 


«ll 


■^5 


Hi 


« 


* 


•,'is 


Al'l'l'NDIX. 


r.irccr  ol  (litrnvrrv.  Ii  wa*  tml  vrry  li>iu;  lirdirr  In- 
.  .iriifil  this  ilc>ik;ii  into  rxn  utinn. 

Ill   H')i    I'nUltlllius,  ill    his  Ihiril    Vov.»«i',  iliscuViTril 

the  lu.ist  111  I'.iri.i  I'll  Ifrr.i  liriii.i  .  wliuh  lie  at  ih.ii 
tiiiu-  im.i^iiUil  l'>  Ik-  .1  «rr.a  i«.l,iiiil.  lull  lli.it  ,i  v.ist 
.  .iiiiiiiiiu  I, IV  iiiiiiirili.iti'lv  .iili.uiiil.  lie  MMit  111  SiMili 
spi'i  iiiiiiis  lit  jx.irls  imiiiil  (III  tins  1  ii.i!.t,  .iinl  i;.ivi-  tin- 
iiiii't  s.iii^iiiiu'  ■»  oiiiim-*  III   till-  MipiMivcl  ti<  \n't\  til  till- 


t'u-  Vi>y.i>;o 


lit  till' 
till- 


It  IS  |«rcsiniu-il  th.il  Vrspiliii  aiili'il  in  lilting  on 
.iini.inifiii,  ami  itaili'il  in  a  vessel  hi'li>ii^;iiii;  to  mi- 
lioiisi-  111  |tt'rar;li,  and  m  tins  way  was  I'liaMnJ  tn  laki- 
,1  sliirt'  ill  till-  kj.iiiis  ami  lossi's  ut  the  cxpnliti'iii  ,  lur 
Nalu'lla,  as  iJiii'iMi  <i(  I'astiU'.  had  ri^;iiriui8ly  lorlud 
ikMi  all  stranniTs  tn  trade  willi  her  traiisallaiitir  pusses- 
_ „. 1 .....^  ..<  ii...  I, I 


tui'  ail  sir»iiiKi.is  idiiaiju  i^ikiiiivi  ii.»ii?«.iit.iiiiM  |mp:»:s»...i- 
s;(iiis,  nut  cvi'ii  exicptiii^  thf  luilivcs  id  the  kiiind"iii 
I 'I  AraRiiii. 

This  siiuadrun   vislicil    I'aria  ami  Sfvi-ral  luiiidreil 
tiiiio  uf  llif  coast,  wliii  Ii  they  asccrtaiiu'd  to  In'  Terra 

'    'I'hey    reltirmd    in    lime,  H'l)  ;  ami   cii   the 

\espuLri  wrote  an 


in 

iiitia.      They   reitirtifl   in 
I  Mil  ol  July,  111  lli-it  vear.  Aiiuti«o 
.11  rouiil  of  his  voyage  to  l.oreii/inle  I'ler  Fr.iiif  is(;>  dt; 
Mi'diii   of     Klorencf.    wliirli    rem. lined   i  oiieralcd    In 
.isrripi  iiiuil   lir.'ii^lu  i<i   li^hi  and  pulili^hwd  by 


i:'..iiKi«' 


11,111  liiii  in  174'. 

Ill  his  aiiiiiiiil  cif  this  voyage,  and  in  every  other 
narr,ilive  n|  his  ditlireiit  expeditions,  \'espiii  c  i  never 
mentmns  , my  other  person  iinnerned  in  the  eiiler- 
jifise.  lie  ^{ives  the  time  ol  his  sailini;,  .iiid  si.ites  lli.it 
lie  went  with  two  e.iravels,  wliuh  were  pioli.ilily  his 
sii.iic  of  the  expedition,  or  r.itlier  vessels  sent  liv  the 
l.ouse  of  Her.irdi.  lie  k;i\es  .ill  iiiterestmv;  n.irr.itive 
ol  the  viiy.ijje,  and  ol  the  various  tr.iiisaetioiis  willi 
i;ie  natives,  which  eorrespomls,  in  inaiiv  siilist.iiitial 
[H.-'nts.  with  the  aei  ounts  lurnished  liv  i  ijed.i  .iiid  Ins 
tiiaiiners  ol  iheir  voyage,  in  a  lawsuit  hereatter  iiieii- 
tioneil 

In  May,  lf;ol,  X'espiicci,  having;  siidden'y  lelt 
Sp.iin,  sailed  in  the  service  o(  iMiiamiel,  Kiii^  of  I'or 
tiiKal  ;  in  the  course  of  which  expedition  he  visiteil 
tne  coast  of  Mrii/il.  lie  ^ives  an  ace  mint  of  this  voy- 
a^e  ill  .1  second  letter  l"  l.oreii/o  i|e  I'lor  I'raiii  isco  de 
Medici,  which  al>o  rein.iined  in  inanusi  ripl  imlil  pii!)- 
Iistied  liy  M.irio|o//i  in  \-^i).* 

No  record  nornotiienl  any  such  v<iy.ii;e  umlert.iken 
tiv  .\inerino  Vespucci,  ,u  the  ronimand  ol  iMn.iniiel,  is 
to  he  found  in  the  archives  ol  the  Torre  do  I Ombo, 
the  j;eiieral  archives  of  I'orlii^.il,  which  h.ive  been 
lepe.itedly  and  dilikjently  sein  hcd  for  the'  purpose,  h 
is  sin^'ular  also  thai  his  n.inie  is  not  to  lie  found  in 
any  of  the  l'ortut;uese  historians,  who  in  ^ener,il  were 
very  parlii  ul.ir  in  naniini;  all  luivi^  itors  who  held  any 
iMiport.mt  sl.itioii  anionn  them,  or  rendered  any  dis- 
i;iif;uished  services.  That  Vespucci  did  s.iil  aloni;  the 
i..,ists,  however,  is  not  c|iieslioned.  Ilis  nephew, 
filter  his  de.ith,  in  the  coiir-^e  of  evidence  on  some 
;oinls  in  disjiule,  (jave  the  crrect  latitude  of  Cape  St. 
.\iit;ii-.line,  wlii(  h  he  said  he  liuj  c.Mracled  from  his 
iMcJe's  journal. 

In  1504  \'espiirci  wrot''  a  third  lelter  to  the  s.ime 
I.oren/o  de  Medici.  cont.iininK  a  more  extended  ac- 
I  lUnt  of  the  voya^je  just  alliideil  to  in  the  service  of 
i'ortiiKal.  This  was  the  first  of  Ins  narratives  thai 
ajipearcd  in  print.  It  appears  to  have  been  pub- 
lish'-d  in  I..itin,  at  Str;isbiirnh,  as  early  as  I  so?,  umler 
the  title  "  .Xtiieritiis  \'esputius  de  Orbe  Antantic.i 
per  Kej^em  I'ortuKallia-  ])ridem  invent. i  "+ 

An  edition  of  this  letter  was  primed  in  \'i' en/, i  in 
1507,  in  an    anonymous   collci.tiou   of   vovai.;es   eclitrd 

*  B.ir((jIo/./i,  Ki-therche  Ilisli.ri.o.      KIreiivi-,  17K9. 
t  I'.iii/'er.    loiii.    vi.    p.    M.    .ipud    l^saiiii:   (JiiiiLo,    p.    t,8, 
t\:;iA  i/ioiic  I. 


bv   I'r.iiic.iii/io  ill  Montr  Alboij do.  an  iiin,,;,. 

I   \  icen/.i.      It  was    reprinieil    m    li.ili.m   ,1 V: 
Mil. in.  aii'l  .ilso  in  |..itin,  in  a  book  cfnn., 
iiiim  I'oiliik.'  iletisiiim.  "    In  iii.ikiiii.;  ilu'|ii>'^rrv, 
tion,  the  ,Mil,iii  edition  in  It.ih.in'  h.is  Lcin    . 
.iii'l  also  .1  |.,itin  tr.insl.itioii  o|  it  by  Sinnni, 
III  his  "  Nov  us  (  Irbis,'    published  it  IIkIi  y,  ■. 

^  rel. lies  entirely  the  lust  voya^;e  ol  Ve»|iii.i;:, 
I  on  to  the  hi,i/ils  III  I  sn|. 

i  It  IS  Iroiii  this  vo\,ik;eto  ili'.'  llr.i/il»  ih,i:  \ 
Vespu'ci  w,is  lirsi  lonsidered  the  'Ii^hivitit  i; 
I'll  III. 1,  .ind  hi*  iiaiiie  w.is  at  tirst  ii|i{ii!i<>|  ; 
M'litluin  rek;ioiis,  lhiiu^;h  ■illerw.Uil  eMin;., 
whole  lontineiil  I  he  nierits  ol  his  int.i  . 
however,  ^re.illy  <\,iK>^er,ited        The  Hr.u  ,, 

,  previously  di«coM  red,  and  lorni.il'v  t.ikfh  i. . 
of  lor  S|>.iin  in  iumi,  b)  Vmcriile  \  ,ii1iv  I'n,. 
,ilso  111  the  s,inie  ve.ir,  by  I'niio  Alv.irf,'  (  , 
the  p,iit  of  I'oitiiij.d  ,  )  iiruilist.iiKeK  uiumii 
ever,  to  \espuici  .in<l  his  assoi  i.ili  s.  lii,,,,, 
iii,iiiiei|  in  possession  ol  l'orlUi;.il,  n  0,1 
the  hue  ol  delliartatioii  iiyreed  011  iHtivui 
n.itions. 

VesoiiKi  made  a  Keconil   vova^e  111  ih  •  y 
l'o|tiii;al.     lie  savs  th.it  he  conmi.iii'lc  I  .1 .   r, 

I  sipi.idron  of   SIX  vessils  clestmed  lor  the  C' 

'   M.il.iiia,  which  they  li.id  liear'l  to  be  thr  ;■ 

j   and    ni.ina/ine   o|   all    ihe   trade   liclW(.tii  i:;.. 
ami   the    liilim   sea.       SiK  h    an   expc  ; '.   -i 
about    this  time,   under    the    1  tiimiiaii  I     1  ' 
Coelho,     The  sipMilron  sailed,  ai cordiii.,'"\i 

I  on  the  loth  of  .M.iy,  imj).  It  stoppt  I  ,it  tin  1 
\'crd  islaiidN  for  refreshments,  and  allir«i; 
by  the  co,ist  ol  Sierr.i  Leone,  but  was  ptcvc. : 
l,iiidini{    liy    coiitr.iry     winds    and    a   tur-i,. 

(  Staiiilmi,'  to  the  southwi'st,  they  r.iii  thr- 
lea^;ues  until  they  wiTe  three  de>;tees  l.'  l;;' 
ward  of  the  eipiiiiocti.il  line,  whi're  ihcv  - 
.111  uninh.ibited  island,  about  two  lc,ii;iif  : 
and  one  in  bre.idlh.  Here,  on  the  loili  nl  .\^ 
iinsmaii.iKeinent,  the  comm.inder  of  tlii.'  - 
r.m  his  vessel  nn  a  rock  and  lost  her.  \\ 
other  vesstds  were  assistim;  to  save  the  crew  a 
erty  from  the  wreck,  AineMi;o  Nisjuiio  ■ 
p.it' lied    in   his  c.ir.ivel  to  scirch  for  a  s.il  ■  - 

j   the  island,    lie  departed  in  his  vessi  I  Willi"  '. 

i  bo.it,  aU'l  with  less  th.iii  h,ilf  of  Ilis  ifw. ' 
havinj;    >.;one   in    the    boat   to   the    assisMn  ■ 

[   wreck.      Vespui  (  i  found  a   h.itbor,  bin  w.n'.i 

'  for  several  d,iys  for  the  arrival  ol  th'-  shi}  •  - 
out  to  se.i  he  met  with  a  sohi,irv  ves-.cl,  ,.;i: 
th.it  the  ship  lit  the  (omm.iiider  had  >.:iii> 
rest  had  )>roceeiled  ■xiwari.  In  loiiipiii' 
vessel  he  stood  for  tne  Ura/ils,  .icioruili,  1 
m.ind  of  tlie  kini;,  in  cast  '.hat  anv  vovi  • 
p.irled  from  the  Meet.      Arr  viiit;  on   tl''-  ■    i-' 

I  (overe.l   the   f.mioiis  b.iv    .f   -Ml   S.iiiiis,  »:.' 

1  III. lined   upw.ird  of   twi   months,   in  li'i;'<  • 
joincil  by  Ihe  rest  of   the  rieet.       lb'  at  rmVi 
Ic.ii^iies  l.irther  south,  where  he  leiii.in.'  il 
biiildin).;  a  fort  .ind  t.il.iiii.;  in   a  cin,"  "I   >'•' ■ 
Then,  leaving;  in  the  fortress  a  i;.irris'iii  e!  1  •■  ■ 

t 

*  Tl.i-,  r.ire  book,  ill  the    pii-..,esiiim  i.f  (>.   i> 
III  lievi-d  lo  be  Ihe  oiliest   pnnli'd   iiillerl.'  11  "I  ' 
I. ml.     It  h.is  not  Ihi- p.ii;ev  in. iiibeied.  lli'' >'•'''  ' 
lii.uki-d  «  nil  .-x  li'ller  ol'  the  .ilpluibel   at   1  •!•  I ' 
i'ii;lilli  |ia>,'e.     It  iiilll.niis  lliee.iihesl  actoi.iil  >  I 
ol  i.uKiiiiliiis,   ftoiii  III-.  Iiisl  dep.irniie  uniil  ' '^ 
,   < '.nil/.    111  ch.iins.     dill'  Idler  of    N'l'ipiii''  :■'  ' 
.\leillci  occupies  till!  Illlh    book   of  ll:l>   lli:i''»"' 
sl.iti-d    lo    li.ive    been    oriHi'i.dly    wiiU'ii    "l  ^P    ^ 
i    Ir.iiihlaled  into  Ilali.in  by  a  pel  .-on  ol  llie  "  <"''■'   ■ ; 
i    .Xii  e.irli'-r  i-ililion  i»  stateil  lo  havf  been  |  i.;i;    '• 
I    by  Albeiio  Vercrlli'se.  in  I.W.p     'Ihe  anil;'  '  '■ '•'' 
1    been  AiiL;elo  'Irivii^iani.  sei  reiary  lo  the  \'i-ni-li  '■■'■> 
I   (I'll  111  Sp, nil.      I'lu.,    1  iisii;i,iiii  i)ppe,ii.s  t'l  II"'' ■ ' 
I    iii.iiiy  ol   die  pariHiil.irs  of  llie  vov.iKesnl  '    •'"•"' 
the  111. iiiuxript  decides  of  I'l-ter  M.iiivr,  w^  ' '' 
I    lays  Ihe  cli.m;e  III  llie  planiarism  lo  .MiaM";  '  •* 
I    wliose  vovayes  are  inserted  in  the  f:iiiie  (    mi"' 
'   book  was  eiiiiibd  "  t  ibretto  lii  tiillu  /■'  ii'i'.i:-'' 
I  i/t'  y.  </.;^'«j,  Ui/i'u  hoU  c  UncHi  nuov^imm'.c  ti.   ■'■ 


l,':.'Til 

!"  -r.'i  I 


.■VM 


;.j»'| 


■fnwill.  irriH.i"  • 
thou  he  unveil  ["I 
A,,  squaili'iii  .1'"' 

J,.,.lnl  ifllTW.i"! 
•     \,mM    l"'>.  " 

Tirarl  fr"'>  ''"'  '"' 
'd    !l'l  I'T  «''■  ""I 
|l,.,  iv.il  i'>ll>c*'l'>"l 
,„,  hc'  V,;..  h.'.'i" 
^,,  |,;.-i..  il.iteJ  I- 

J>ainil>  "I '""'•',■"■ 
ir,|irii:niii.'      '  ■"' 


tl' 


"M,  lii  M<  Si'N 
,r.ii,i,.\,  i*i'-'  il""' 
1    .iivctM  I  widi 

whi>i;"e.>  llic 
(,l'.i\:Kri"ll.    '"" 

tn.ii'V'il'i'f     "'- 
mi,  h-i-ilH-y  leasi'- 
„„  ..,v  ,41  inunl,  an- 
il.,;! M.lV  U'M.it  I"  !• 

li  ,miiii  .isictt.iin 

tin!  vvill  t  •■  sriviie  •■ 
n:iv  l.ctiHre  reipir 
ti,,'i  1.1  (|. I  .ill  th.it 
nuvlic  el  a.lv.iiit.i 
huiiiiy  ^.ly  .uid  do 
cpiT.ili'iii .  'Unl  le" 
rmtic  sii>|>ci  ted. 
I .  in  s.iv  imii-hini; 
hill  111  dii   pav   I 
ei.  "f 


,\l.iii;l  tlii-  liiii'-'    \ 
fl  M.itiir.iiiMlii'ii   ' 
llliTiv.ir  I  IK'  .lIliI  \ 
»p[,iiMs  III  .111  ,itm 
picc  ti.ilc  and  to  111 
bfjiT.  ilitl'il  Torn, 
naMidlii  for  an  o 
KSiili'iU'il  .•Seville." 
Bvcyai;'',    Mid  vessels 
v,i«  i",'i-iuii.illy  .ibai 
i\  -tiil^'  I'liiieriiinn 
'    ni  wliiili  It  appc 
;:,.illlt.'.  .it    ^leville,  ■ 
ctriis  III  ties  si|iiad 
Vi'>H'!s  His  ( ll.iiit;ed 
tl;  aoiiuiils  settled, 
aivii'  yi iHiDiiiar.ive 
ritai.td  tin:  appoini 
a:v  uf  7.1,1111(1  luai.iv 
p.il''  I'l  Ills,    es.iniil 
cut  I.:  i,:.pci;ituiiis, 
.V  ■■  wi'ii'    I  1  p'arsi 
-Vi'  li  I,     lie  .ippe.ir 
Itotii'.L'  ri't.iiiied  thi 
lof  I'cbiu.ir', .   1 51  J, 

IjliVeii    ,1    I'dlSKMl      I 

lllt.illi,  iiis  in'pli(;w, 

Ipi^iil  U:t!i  ,1  s.lUl  V  ' 

Font-,"  j'.l  ol  .\I.iv, 


h:.;h 


ii\m'.en  latioi 


,  ^'.-jiubii^  IS  line  t 
lunui:  Ir;-.  tlio  i-ii.ii  t 
111"?.  :is  It  wjie  i.y  1 

pil«     1    oiv    csp;.!! 

icaiil'.'.  Ills  l■llmp,l^ 
|t'.'.:ri.  l.y  lliir  ijii.ii 
|^''y  f.i;ii;Ii.ir  (lii'i 
jlViii.H'  c.  nip.uiy  I 
[usel!;:,.  ..Iieiiivniei 
[llljiiy  V  .y.im-s  inti 
fti-'h  !tinu;s  .is  he  li 
Vcsiiui  1  I,  dir    ni 


espi 


/l.'-l!  r  111    V 

I  Ctll'IV.ll 

t  .N'.n.irii.ii',  L'uli'i 
1 1'liir  .\I.iit\r,  lie 


I  wKsil^it  ,'iJ- 


M 


Al'IMADIX. 


'IIO 


» 

*> 
III 
h 

» 
»■ 


I 

t; 

,«i  • 

ni< 
ftn " 

h.i< 

((..ir 
llial 

Vu 
lion 

Dav 
■ei:: 

1 1. Ill 

bliii  '• 

ttc."t 


ii(h  irri».in'l  imniunilixn,  hi-  tri  s  til  fi>r  IisIpmh, 
hi'  iiiiu'il  111  li">''.  '5"4'*  nifKimin.iriilrr  III 
j,„!ii(ii  .iml  till-  nthiT  (I'lir  t.lii|iH   vvitr    iicvir 

,l  ifiiiw.inl 

;;,ii    I  irn  nnl  api'iMr  in  li.ivp  n-rcivc  I  tlio  rr 

■I'.ll   lllf    KiMK   III    l''PllilHal     lll.il     hi*     srfVlii"* 

;  liir  wr  till  I  him  .It  Sivilli'  i-.irly  in  nn^.  on 

III  till' >(llill'>l""lirt,  ill 'liirnt  III  rtll|ilii>llillll  , 

'  v.n  liiMtfi  "I  •!  liitrr  li'Hii  t'filimii'ii>  In  his 
-1..  I'.ilfil  Ki'hiiKUV  "h,  whiih,  while  It  ^in-.ikx 

,  oi  liiiii  .lit  .1  iriiti.l,  iiilmi.iU's  his  having  Ihtii 
,ul.'     'I 111"  l.ili"Uii>:  I"  thf  hlliT  . 

;  ,  ;,Mli  SiiN  l>irK"«  Mcllilc/  ih'|i.iltcil  hilii  r  uii 
. ,  ihf  ihinl  h(  tills  iiiiiiilli  Allrr  his  ilr|i,irliiri' 
r-i  I  wiih  AniiriuM  \'i'S|iiini,  tin-  Itcmi  uf 
1  I  (•('I'n  Illlti-  (111  miiui  htlMliniilinl  nil  ;i||,nis 
^(•imm.  iMitiiMi'  h.is  lircn  iiilvcrsc  in  liiin  .is  tu 
:!itis      (lis  l.iliMrs  Imvc  nut  |itiititfil   hull  :is 

,-.  till  V  li  .IS'ill.il'ly  sluiillil  h.lVl'  ilolif.       lie  ^;i'rs 

.  „'  iKiiiii,  .iiiil  iviili  null  h  lU'sii'i-  til  ili>  Miiiui'tliiiii; 
I IV  uM.it  111  my  .nlv.ml.i^jc,  if  wiiiiin  his  |)iivvrr 
,  i|  iMtrtain  tific  III  ivhat  I  I'.iti  cniiiluv  hnii, 
ill  !  ■•  sii\i<  imIiIc  1.1  till',  for  I  (Ik  till  know  wh.it 
I.- liii  n- fi|iiirc'l.  lli'HofS  with  llu!  ili'lt  rllllM.l• 
i  li  ■  .ill  tll.it  is  piissiblc  for  ITU- ;  sec  in   wli.ii  lur 

I  ,1  Iviiitai;!.-  aii'l  ((i-(i|icr.ilL*  with   him,  tli.a 

\  MV  .iinl  iii>  I'vcrythiiiK,  ami  put  his  pl.tiis  in 
["U  .  .iiiil  Irl  .'ill  he  >liiiic  SCI  ri'lly,  tli.it  tie  iii.iy 
su>pi  I  ii'il.  I  h.i^c  s.iiil  L'VcrythiiiK  (•>  hini  ih.it 
...u'  loiii-liirii'  tile  liusiiu'ss,  aiiil  h.ivc  iiilorinoii 
!  I'll    p.iv   I   ii.ivi!  rLii'ivcil,   ami    wh.it   is   iliu-, 


Al'iii;!  tlii- liiiK' .Aiiicrit,")  \'cspurri  rcicivr.j  lettiTs 
,o(  M.iliir.iiu  ilinii  iriiiii  Kitiy  Ki  iilin.iiiil,  .mil  sli  ntlv 
(.iltfnv.ir  I  IR' .iiiil  \iiufiitL'  Wini'^  I'm/oii  wtro  ii.iini'i! 
Cll{i;i.:i-.  .<;  .ill  .irtn.i'l.i  alioiit  to  he  sent  out  in  the 
ppii'i-  IM  Ic  .111.1  to  iii.iki'  ihsi  ovuriL's,  TiiiTf  is  a  io\  il 
Or.ir,  ijiti.l  Torn,  iiih  of  y\pril.  1507,  (nr  ij.imio 
i.ii.n-.lii  lur  an  iHitlil  lur  "  .\incrii  n  lio  \'cspiirlii', 
■es:>ltiit'>f  .si'Villi'."  I'lOp.ir.itioiis  ivcri-  maili-  fur  tins 
|»oy.l^••,  ;,ii.|  vusmIs  pmuirf.!  aii'l  fittcij  out.  luit  it 
iimi.illy  alMiiiUiii(.-il.      T'lu-rc  .iic    mcinor.inil.i 

XiMi">; ' friiiiii;  it,  ilatiil   in  ifuii,  1507.  aiiij  ifo-i, 

•11  will.  Il  It  appc.its  that  Ann.Tiv;o  \cspiini  rf- 
naini'l  .il  .Si'ville,  ,ittiMulin>;  to  the  lliictu.itini;  mu- 
tcnis  III  ilil.s  si|iiailr..ii,  until  tlu-  ilcstin.ilion  of  tin- 
vojH'S  Ho  iIi.iiil;(,.i1,  their  i:i|uipnu'iits  were  soM,  ,111  1 
thiu.Miuiili  setlle.l.  During  this  tiiiu-  lie  h.i.l  a  s.il- 
aivii'  .  MH,oiiiar.iveilis.  <  )ii  the  j.'l  olM.in  h,  ifoS,  he 
rc.ii.i.,1  tlu;  appiiiiiliiicnt  of  prim  ip.il  pilot,  with  a  s.il- 
arvi.f  ;,M. II)  111,11. aeilis.  Ilisrliiel  ilulies  \v<  le  to  pie- 
p'l'' ''i.rls.  e\,uimie  piluis,  supei  iiiteml  tl'e  ruiiiH; 
cut  u:  i-.|.ii:iii(iiis,  anil  presrrii.e  the  routt!  that  ves- 
lUTc    11  pursue   in   their   voyai;es   to    the    New 


V.Mll, 


ill-  .i|ipe,irs  111  h.iec  reniaineil  at  Seville,  ami 


t.^lii'.c  ri't.i.iie.l  this  I, Hire  until  his  ilealli.  on  the  2M 
'■■  K-Ui;.iry,  uij  ||is  widow,  M.iria  Con  .m,  cn- 
Kveil  ,1  ;,nisii,n  ,,|  I,,,,,,,.,  nuraveihs.  A  '.er  his 
0e.ilh,  ,11s  uvphew,  juan  Vespiuei.  was  nun.  nate.l 
pi't  iv:ili  .1  s.ii.iiy  1,1  -J. 1,1)00  ni.iraveilis,  romiii.  ..  iiii; 
'■111" -"'I  III  .\Liy,  ijK'.  I'eier  .\lartvr  spe.iks  wiili 
'■:;!i 'MPitiie'i  liiion  ,,f  this  youn«  man.  "Yoi.'ij; 
'V'.i  ■•>  1^  iMic  1.)  whom  Aineriius  Vespiilius  his 
j.;.'!!.'  ii:-.  till..  lA.iit  knnwleiliic  of  the  m.iriner's  f.uiil- 
li'-s.  as  It  w:u-  i.y  iiilirni.inee,  alter  his  ileath  ;  lor  he 
|Wu.  .1  u-,..-  ,.^p..,t  niaster  in  the  kmiwleiln<'  of  his 
Mfi.v.   Ins  i-'.ii!p.isse.  ami    the   clev.ilion    of    the    imle 


r«t'..-rc  1. 


.    Ill''  liu.iilr.iiit. 
-^■■'y  f,i:ii;:i.i.-  frieml 
•  III 


M',;u 
luse 

Inian',-  V 


\  espiitiiis    is    my 

iml    a   Willie    youiii;   m.iii,    in 

paiiy  1   taki.'  nu:a  ple.isure,  .iiui   theiefore 

"-  "lieiuvnies  for  my  KUest.    lie  hath  also  maile 


■""'".  V'v.ines  |.,i,,  ihL'se  i  oasts,  ami  ililii^eiillv    mneil 
"■'[Itlnii^s.is  1„.  l,;i,t,  seen.".( 

'"■I"!' ",  llii-   nephew,  I  i.iiti„,i,,l   in    this     sitii.ilion 

If',,!','"'"'    ^'''sriuei  1.1  Suilrriiii    or    krnal.j— 1  iihl.    of 

|'Vi;ir,,'.,..  Cul,.,..  Vi.vi:.,  torn,  i,  p.   ,si. 

*    '11  .M.etvr.  lU'i.iil.  „,.  lib.  v.  iiileiis  I';n};lii,h  trails. 


iliiriiifc:  <hi*  lifcliiiif  of  fnri^ciM.  wiio  h.ul  lirt  ii  thr  pi 
Ifoii  ot  his  mil  le  ami  his  l.iniilv,  I  le  was  ilivefitcil  nl 
Ills  p. IV  iml  his  t'inploy  liv  .1  h  tier  of  the  (  oiim  il,  il.tleil 
the  I -til  ot  .M.inh,  It:^,  slinttU  alter  the  ilr.tlli  ot  tlie 
lilshop.  \,i  further  Imlii  e  nl  Vl'K|iUCCi  in  In  l.ic  louil  I 
ill  the  an  hues  of   llii'  hulil's. 

Sill  h  IS  ,1  liiiei  Mew  n(  'tie  r.irccr  of  AmeriKo  \'p«. 
pill  I  I  ;  It  ri'iii.iiiis  to  iinlire  the  poinls  of  i  oiitroverHy. 
Slmi  ily  .ider  his  return  (r-'in  his  I  isi  e>pei|iiion  tn  llie 
Hl.Ulls.  he  Wlote  .1  Utter  i|,itei|  l.ishun,  |tll  Septetll 
her,  1511.1,  <  out, liinilt;  .i  silllllll.iry  .innunt  nl  ,lll  Ins 
Vov,«f;es.  'Ihis  letter  is  of  spei  i.il  lllipnrt.im  e  tn  the 
m.iltets  miller  invesli^.tlinn,  as  it  is  the  nnlv  nne 
kllnwil  th.il  rehites  tn  the  ilisputeil  vnv.i^e,  will,  h 
wnuM  est.ililish  liiill  ,is  the  ilisi  nveter  nl  Terr.i  I'irilia 
It  IS  pri  siiiniil  In  h.ue  l.eeii  Wlitlell  ill  l.atlll.  allil  W.lH 
.iihlrer.'.eil  |o  Rene,  lltikeof  !. on. line,  w  hu  .issuilicil 
tin-  title  of  Kili«  III   Sii  il\   ,ini|   Iiriisalelii. 

Tin- e.irliest  known  dlilinn  of  this  li  in  t  wis  puli 
lisheil  in  I.,itiii,  in  IS07,  ,it  St  llii/  in  i.oir.iiiu',  .\ 
1  npy  nf  it  h,is  lieen  loutnl  ill  the  lihr.irv  of  the  \',ilii  .in 
iNo.  lj(l.s^l  liy  the  .\hlie  Cini  ellnri.  In  prep.iiini;  the 
present  illustr.ition,  ,1  rejitint  of  this  letter  in  l..itii) 
li.is  lieen  1  nnsulleil,  inseiteil  ill  the  Nov  lis  Orhisnl 
drill. ens,  publishril  at  M.itli  in  1532.  'llie  letter  1  on- 
t.iins  a  spirited  n.irrati\c  nt  four  vov.iL,'es  which  he  .is- 
seits  tn  have  m.nle  to  the  New  Wurll,  In  the  pro- 
lni;ue  he  e\riises  the  liliertv  of  .ulilrissiiu;  Knii;  Keni.' 
Iiv  I  ,illiii){  tn  his  rerollertiun  tile  am  lent  inlliii.uy  ol 
their  youth,  when  stuilyinj^  the  rinlinu  iits  ol  si  lemir 
toi;etlier,  miller  the  p.iti  rn,il  nni  le  of  the  Miy.ii;er  . 
and  ,eli|s  th.it  if  tlii'  present  n.iiritive  shouldnot.il- 
toKelher  ple.ise  his  majesty,  he  iinisi  pie, id  tn  him  as 
i'liny  s.iid  tn  .Mei  .en.is,  that  he  Used  liirriierly  to  he 
amused  with  his  trilliiii^s. 

In  the  prnloKue  tn  this  letter,  he  iiilnrms  Kin^; 
Keiii'  lh.it  .ilf.iirs  of  riiininerie  hail  Iniai^ht  him  to 
Sp.iin,  where  he  h.id  e\pi  lienred  the  v,irii'i;s  1  halites 
ol  tiiitune  attend.int  on  siu  h  tiaiis.u  lions,  .iiid  w.is  in- 
(lui  ed  to  ,ilj,iiidon  th.it  pursuit  ,iml  direi  t  liis  l.il.ors  tn 
ulijerls  nf  .1  more  elev.ited  and  stable  nature,  lie 
therefnre  |)urpnseil  tn  Ltinletiipl.ite  vaiious  p.irts  of 
the  world,  .iiid  tn  behold  the  m.irvels  whieli  It  eon- 
l.iills.  1  o  this  obieit  both  time  and  pl.ii  e  Were  f.l- 
vor.ible  ;  lor  Kim;  Ferdin.ind  w.is  then  prep.irin^  lour 
vessels  lor  the  disiovery  ot  iiiw  Limls  in  the  west, 
.iiid  appointed  him  amoiii;  the  number  ot  those  whn 
went  in  the  e.xpedition.  "  We  dep.irted,"  he  .iikls, 
"  Iroin  the  port  of  C'.uli/,  May  ."oth,  141)7,  t.ikmn  our 
loarsi'  on  iIk;  nre.it  >;ulf  ol  oet.iii  ;  in  wliiih  voy.iKe 
we  employed  eighteen  nuinths,  ilisiuverinj.;  many 
binds  ,iiid  inmimel.ible  isl.inds,  diiellv  inhabited,  ol 
wlii.  li  our  .1111  estors  m.ike  no  mention. " 

.\  diiplicite  of  this  letter  appe.us  to  li.ive  been  sent 
at  the  s.ime  time  .written,  il  is  said,  in  It.ili.inl  to 
rieie  .S.iderini,  aflerw.ird  ("iiinf.iloiiiir  of  I'lorenre, 
wliii  11  was  some  ye.irs  subsequently  |)ublisheil  111  li,ily 
not  earlier  tli.in  1510,  and  entitled  "  Lettet.i  de  .Amer- 
igo W'spuii  i  delle  Isole  iuiov,iineiite  trov.ite  in  (ju.itro 
suoi  vi.iKi,'i.  '  We  h.ive  eonsiilted  the  eilition  ol  this 
letter  in  Itali.m.  inserted  in  the  publication  ol  I'.ulre 
St.inisl.ius  Cmovai,  already  referred  to. 

Il  h.is  been  sun,k;ested  by  an  ltd, .111  writer,  th.it 
this  letter  w,is  written  by  \espuni  to  Soderini  only, 
and  the  .uldress  altered  In  Kill);  Ueitij  through  the 
ll.iltery  nr  mist.ike  of  the  I. on, line  oditor,  without 
|)erieivinv;  linw  unsuit.ible  the  reference  tn  former  ir.- 
tiiiMcy.  intended  lor  Soberini,  was,  when  applied  tn 
a  snvereinn.  The  person  nuikiiiH  this  rem, irk  cm 
hardly  h.ue  re, id  the  proloi;ut?  to  the  L.itin  edition,  in 
which  the  title  of  "  your  in.ijesty"  is  freiiiieiuly  le 
pe.ited,  and  tlie  term  "  ilhistrioils  kmc;"  employci. 
It  was  first  published  ,ilso  in  I.orr.im  ■,  the  domains  01 
Ueiii',  and  the  publisher  would  not  prob,ibly  h  ive  pn 
Slimed  to  t.ike  such  .1  liberty  with  his  sovereii;!!  > 
n.ime.  Il  becomes  .1  iiueslion,  whither  \'espuici  ad- 
dressed the  same  letter  tn  Kim;  Uemi  and  tn  j'iere 
So.lerini.  both  of  them  li.uim;  been  eiliic.ited  with 
him,  or  whether  he  sent  a  copy  of  this  letter  to  Soder- 
ini, which  siibsei|iiently  found  its  w.iy  into  prim. 
The  .iddress  to  Soderini   r.i.iy  have   been   substituted. 


i:!    S' 


'(  4'  ' 


!'■! 


1  .!, 


m 


i  I  «' 


ii)i' 


ilS  •,.-. 


10 


Mi 


m 


14 


I 


J50 


thnnish  mist;il-p,  \>\'  the  Il.il 


AI'PI'NDIX. 


]uil>Iishrr.     N'l'illicr  of   |  rcii/ 


M( 


md  al 


so  in  thai  tn  '' 


l!ic  inil)lir;iliiitis  rdiilil  li.ivp  bcci.  ni.ide  iiiider   the   Ml-   I  s:iys  that   his   shi|)s,    adcT    liMViii^;   Uit 
IK-rvisioii  mI  Vcsjiui-ri.  I'iriii.i,  stiii>pci|  at    I  lisp.miola,  wh'Tt- 


-"'■  '.r  S'A- 


Th 


I'  viiya).;c  spc 


inL-.l  in  this   Ict'.cr  a?  liavini»  taken   '  alioiil  two  iiiDiiths   ami   a   h.ill.  ["crDi 


placf  in  14 


'»7 


IS  the  i;rcat  pomt  in  <  iiiitrcivcrsy. 


It    IS 


hiriiii,'  whicii  limi', 


(Ids 


Micmiiuisly  asserted    that  no  siiih  V()yat,'e  took  plaic 


iroiiMes   with    thi-   verv    Christ 


ne  had  1 


<•  lU'V 


11,1!  M 


I. ins   wli 


1  that  the  first  rvpcditinii  of    .  cspucci    to   the  coast      isl.md  with  (oUiniliiis,  and  I  helicvc  ilif. 


aria  way  in  the   (•nl<'rpiisc  (oniniandecl  l>v  (>ied.i, 


Now  it  IS  widl  known  th.it  ( 


inla 


m  l.p)(^ 
archives 


'I'lio   1  oi'';s   o!  ilie   arni.idas   existini;  in  the 
if  the  Inilies  at  Sevide  have  hecn    diligently 


111  the  western  end  of  the  island  vi 


'.lSS(.'i| 

tii.ii.ni; 


(■x.iniined,    hut   no   rei  ord   of  sik  h    voya^;e   h.is  heen      and  the  Spani.irds  in   those   parts,  an. I 


that  serious   dissensions  look   pi 
th 


f  1 


ir  ativ  nlijri.d  docunieiiis  rel.itiiii;  to  it.   Those      l.y  ( 'oliinihus  under  Koldan  to  keci 


lilo'-t  experi 


in  ^1 


i.inisli   ro 


loiii. 


re^ul.ilions   111- 


iiioMinents. 


sist   th.it    no   roinniaiul    like   th.it   iiretended    hv 


If    then    \'esp 


oath,  re.dly  areonipanied    <  )jeda 


pui-i 


iduld  have  lieeii  i;iven  to  a  stranger,  till  he    h.id       itifer'-nce  appe.irs  almost   irrtsisiilili 


tirst  rece 


ived  le.ters  n(  natiirali/ation    frcin  the  si 


lli.il 


cii^ns  for  the  kinijiloin  of   I'astilc,  and    he   did  not  '.ili 


ie  the  [irevious  voyaije  of    r.pi-,  'ir  ' 


h 


lell  known  to  (  ijeda 


t.iin  siu  h  till  1505,  when  they  were  ^r.mted  to  him  .is      sidcred  \Cs|)urii  as  the  ori^;iti.d  disri.vi 
preparatory  to  i;iviiif;  him  the   coMim.inil    in    ronjuiK     ■   have  had  no  motive  for  deprivini,'  him 


lUMi  wi'..i  i'in/'>ii. 


It,  t' 


ivi'  it  to  Colunilijs,  with  wl 


lolll    t' 


His 

therefore,  is 


Hint   of   a    voyai;e    m.ide    hy    him    m    14117 


to 


Ml 


II'     111'! 


1    f.T      1! 


].ur 


JIOS. 


d 


i.iiniim;  the  dlsciver)  ot 


111  IrnMidly  terms. 
t'ied.i,    however,  e\pressl 


ir  r.ithi-r  it       had  lieen  ilisiovered    liv  l" 


lunil' 


ii  atiirniel   that  he  h.is   divi  Inl    the   vov.i::e  uhi'h  he      li.u  he  knew  the  f.ii  1.  he  repliecl.  In-.  ,,u.r-  |,-. 


a.tii.ill'.'  lii.ide  with  <  iierl.i,  in     I  I'l'i.  into    twi 

il 


l.ikiii 


rll.iil 


d  ll 


le  <  oimlrv  disrovere. 


wh 


i.h  t 


1  nnni!  IT  of  itiridonts   from    Ins  re.il    '■oy.ii^e,  alteriiii;      at  tlie  time  to   the   kini;  a 


tiieni  ,1  little,  ,ind  en!ari;iiu;  Iheni  with    desi-riptions  of      oil  iinnie  li.itely  on  a  vovai; 


nil   (lllcell.   .IIM    {!' 


tile   countries   .md    pi 
narrativ,  wlii'h  he  ijives   ,is 
anteil.itiiiL,'  his  departure  t.     1  ( 
sell  .ippe.ir  the  tirst  discoverer  ot 


make    a  plaii'-iMi' 
d 


kh.il 


iS   therein   set  dowi 


e  (.t  (li>.  overv, 
dis:  ovi  re  . 


a  ili'-liiii  t    Vi  ly.i ; 

so     .!■-    to    111. I 


w.is  ((irre 


't.f 


.\nother  witness,  I.ernal.lo  ile   l!,ir;"i 
li.id    I' -I'll    with     the     admir.d,    ;inil    h 


In  support  of  this  rh.ir;.;e  v.irious  1  ..iiK  ideni  es  have      r. it  her  1  o|iieil)  a  h'tter  for  the   adinir  d  I'   llv 


been     pointed   out    l.'-tween    ins    \ov.iu;e    sai. 


dc 


sii^nalini;.    111    an 


t..ken 


place    111    i.p,; 


an  1    th.it   dc 


scr; 


lel'er  to  I. orei 


lie 


.M< 


1    m    It  10. 


■II 


111    Ins  tirvt 
lese    ciiin.l 


i-s  .md  steerinj^s  and 


ac(  oiiip.iiu . 
N   liv 


It  I' 


and  ih.il  this  wi 


dences  are  with  ii  sp^i 


t   to    p 


Mtei 


trans. II  tions       Irom  this  chart  others  h.id  liem  lu.i'ie,  .in 


and   tj.itth's  with  the    ii.ili 
di 


ml  the    numlicr 


ilKins  carrieil  I 
Hut  tin;   I  r.'il 
a  slron^'er  test 
ai;  linsl  the   cr  n 
heir  of  Columl 
of  Ti 


il.ilitv 


i.iiri  .iml  so 


lis  sl.ives. 


■f    ,hi 


Id 
s   voyaijt 


Aion/  )   N'ini)  and   <  >ieil.i,  .111  I   otiii  1 


\  i--ilr.l  these  coiiiitries. 


d  1. 


een  put  to 


1 


r.mcisco  ile 


.M 


ol.ires.  (iiie 


■i-ll  u'lli 
o|     the 


I',   1: 


lit    |-oS    a    suit    w.is    ins 


titUleil       of  all  ih, 


.is,  leslilied  th.it  h 


lion    |liei;o.  sun  .md       (  oliimlius    had    made   < 


I    th 


e    I  o.e.|    (. 


us.  lor  the  i;overriiiient 


erra  l-'.rrn.i,  .md  f  'r  .1  ih.ire  in  the  revenue 


t  ert.iin  ji.til- 


/■ 


,IH,\l   I  Hill!  . 


N 


iinieroiis    wiines-ses 


from    llii-ni,    lonform.dlv   to   thi?   lapitul.itions   111. idi'      f.ict   that    I'.uii    was     lii-t 


in    this  proci --  i--' 


l.ciw 


I'Tt    ot       fli 


een  .lie  sovere 


•I 

d  his  f.ither.      It 


(!isi  I  ivcr' 


l.v   I 


is   till 


('as  IS,  _who   h.i 


I,. 


it    th 


rown    t 


the   disi  overv   o|    thi 


them,  sa\  s   that    the    f.n  I    wi 


stall 


-t  of  I'.iri  I  .m  i  tiie  t.e.irl    isl.mds 


(" 


ll'lis. 


live 


-u  ltlles..|.s  ;i 


ml 


i\l  V  e.iru  itiieS'-i  ■ 


It    w.is     iii.iiii;  11; 


tli..t 


he 


vi-red        ll|.-|:i    trstilv  .also    that    the-    11 


.1st    S'a 


th  III 


theni.    tile   .  laim    of    his    li"ir    with    rcpci  t    to    them       th.it  exiendim;  wi'st  ol   the   ii.l.ii 


.1    M.i 


uld  I" 
n  the 


>f  m 

uirse  of    thi 


s  suit,  ;i  |).irtii  iil.ir   ex.imin.ition 


lo  \l  ni/uel.i,  v.-hii  h  V'esp 
ri  d  by  himself  in   1  p 


mil   ^l.Ues  ll 


fif  witnesses  took  phicc-  in    ,  =  i  j    1  1  in   the  liscd  (iniii.       hv  1  »jeil.i,  and  had  i 


■Ion 


\,. 


lumdri-d  other 


ir  .111 V  other  (  hri-.lian  wh.. 


were  interr' 


d    'in    oath  ;   that    \  o\  .w 


.\lol./o  S  ini  he/  lie  ( 


iri),'    been    the    first    to    visit    the 


( ''ihutil.ii'-    h.ii!    leli    It. 


thai 


i.ist     of 

iV  it  hill 


r. 


iiia  .iiur 


■  i«'-s 
1 


d    .1 


arv.ij.il  s.iys 


that 


isciivi'iv     Willi  ll     were     Ula.le 


months 


irni.i.    Were   m a  h'    In'  persi 


h.ill      -: 


The-  ■nterrouatorios  of   these  witness, s    .md       tlie  .nlmir.il,  or  l/eeii  hciieliied  liv  his  iii'-:r. 


1^ 


:r  replies,  a'e  sill 
lies  al  Seville,  ir 
'.ipers  lielon 


extant,  in    the  archives  oi   Un 


kpiiL;  to  the 


ilK  kel     of     papers     enlit 
.\dmiral  Itun    l.iiis  (ol 


iireiiions,  foUowiii);    lle-iourse    h--   ii.i! 


IT     I.l 


I  essii.i  (li-l    in.inieiiiiii'iil  1    f  d 


le    ( onsiTv.iti  in    of   his    privi'eijes,  Irom   aim. 


.  I  I   l=o.) 
i  sever. ll  f  o 


I'lie  author  ot    tl 


in-sent    work  h  is 


.\iiiii;li,i  1 1  li^p.iiiiiiia)  chi-  «•  ipiisi.i  I  l.i'ili 
(  oIoiiiImi  piii  .iiini    f.i,  duvi-    l.ii  iMiii.o 


hitn.     One 
oth'T  lU.ide  in 


pii'S  of  these  interro^jatories  ly 


inj; 


I.efi 


llienlo.  e  sIiMlllilo  due     llie 


17  i."'ti  I  ; 


dies  :n  Sev:!!<-.       la  I 

f.i'  tth.it  Atneri^'o  Vespie  1  i  ac 

Vov.ii;i'  o'    141)0,  a; 


I. lie  historian  Min'io/.  and  ih' 
111  I  signed  hy  |)oii  Jose  de  l.i  llii;- 
of  the  (jener.il  archives  of  the  In- 

the 


le  course   of   this   testiin 


iiioti  pi'iK  oil  e  Ir. 
ijiicsia  isi.l, 

I    rtl.. 

1 1 


isaf;ii  loll   ll  nil 


ill-  nil 


I   "-t  n.iMiio   c  i| 


if  \'e'|an 


Coloiiil.o    ( 
Ivlii.  of  I  ani.i  .1: 


rei;iiii 


ladi 


1    I  <  'Itlo     ll)     S.llll' 


ihi 


<l 


I.l  ll 


ipanied  '  Vr'd.i  in  tins      iiein| 


)  1  eliilil.)  a 


;iir.i   ipic   II 


II  I 
diilii 


.\.ii. 


ll! 


ll  k 


irs  ni  imfest,  llr'-t   from    the 


f    "I 


position    o 
wor  Is  of  ;lie  I 
U  i;-l(  ss  ll..ii|e 


ird 


iself 

In  ll 


Tl 


11'   followin 


1;   ,ire    llii 


|i'  III  ipi.'   h.i'ii  I   ilccnliiiTlo.  y 
vino  .1  lies  11 


ilirir  v  li.ii 


IIS  V  ivav;i: 


huh  ll 


.|iii-  1-1  ill.  Ill)   ,\|ii 


ipi 


lie 


Mo 

lots 


loi.k  with  him   In. in    de  !. 


( 


h  I 


(  oil  11.  po-);inta  J 


l.\ 


meriijo   \'espaci  i  I  ai.d  oihi-r 


iiidlv,    from    the-    lomcidenci 


l-.sic 
.ll  K. 


!eviii>(i  fMrivKi  una  lafLi  i;ii'' 
V  ..  '••  .11.1  N.  .v.  S..S  ll. 


Mm 


111,  ll 


if 


,f  l 


le  n..rr.ilivc- 


if  \- 


espiii  (  I 


with 


.\mom;  Ihe^ 


parlii  l.i. ill 


Mriki 


events    II 
Idem  I 


I  thi 


ipii'  li.ihia  li.illado.  V  le  eiidiin  o'li.u  n 


i.iri.i.  >ii  1111  I  e.ittii  ihr   iiiar>-ar.  !■ 


d-.iid-  li.ilii.i  II 


•Spl.l  I  I.    1 


11    his 


lino  111    ai 


11  c'le  \  la^-e  i|iii' 


mill  de   la  '.'■.oa, 


'eslii;i'>  hi/o   'rill')  (onsieo 


1 

lIlMIl 
l"   lie 


l  lle;Mi 
ll.dl.l  I 


Pan 


A.  e  i|lte  « 


irle  se   h.dii.iii    ji' 


iir.ilu  !'•■  Iro  .\loii/'i  Merino  (\iii 


.pues  li.m 


Hill  .1   .11 


pielkls  p.irli 


lil.i.i.  ||- 


jcl'Jlo, 


.More 


Ui  he 


^  I'roi  I'ss  of  I )    I  iii-j,'o  I  'i.lnii.  pri-i;iiiii  I  1 


bii.' 


Pll     Iniln 


M.ll,"'S    Ipi 


llii'ini 


en    1.1   diLli.i    lien. I,    ivaii  p>t^ 


toil  the  "■•>'■> 


(laiiiH'rs  I 

It  Wdli' 


I  reinuali| 
a  sin;j 


Will' 

14,,;, 


ssfs  m.iiiv 


't| 


Sljll.i 


.Iron    Wl 
I  h.ive  k 


Cealiiii! 


.rcil  ll   l«  ' 
I'le  i.ise.  " 

liiii!  lllc  I'"  ' 


Vi)-      , 
fetiriidl  in 

till;  !«•" 

tr.irci. 


,t  jiriici.iiei 
1  li.ivc  h—n 


Oi.i'H 

.1  .-els  ill 


M.iiiv 


cii  |ircsciit  111 


C.M  .111' 


charts 


(lie 
[  (",)iu:n'iii^. 


,  Iciriicd  in  n'l"!" 
rv.ition^ 
Nut  a  u 


fill    IC'S'' 


111- 


tOV.l^c  . 


Ililc 


.:i  every 


.lie 


,s  tl'  ic   '  vc 
ilicl  l.iM  in  i 


oor 
comi 

.\-,  iil-.er  Jlm;i4  ■ 
thi*  veyinje  i>.  tll.it 
tri.il  ,11  ilefi-at  the   ■ 
Ve'Muoi  si. lies  the 
with  ihe  kii'iwie  ft; 
aani :  .t  anist,  tiu" 
tori'-u?.  \'i;siiiHii  " 
tjnii'  ef  ihe  iiiiiiini 
tears  .I'torwanl.   a 
Many  uf  llie  pi'"'- 
haii'l.  who  J  liled   u 
priic.    If  this  voyaL'c 
com;iic!''iy  Imve  s'li 
Cena-'t  ihe  I  i.isl  of  1' 
no  ii:siaiiii;iv  .ippiMr' 
Ve'^piicci  while  liviin 
•ere  in.iiii-'  in  the  hs 
his  se.iiiien  is  i  roiiKdit 
loiiii;.  riant  in  lis  ;ia 
lion  in  i|is|>iile,  is  1101 
pain«  ,irt'  taken  to  wr 
Oji-ia.  u:i  !i  il.ikell  .it 
!'.  i^  .1  iin  1I111-.I  111!  1 

comiii'i i\'s  his  lirs' 

15(0,  1'.  liiiii  .1  iiiolllll 

heh.il  .icluilly  in.i  le 
lon;'  -I'Mii'e,  hv  s.iv 
Wnitiiv  '.!  li'iil  oil 
Kn'.s  .i  oiir.i  i!i.iL;n 
(os.i  f.  •  Mi-^'-iiii  I  sal 
dtKii I  'li  ineinnri.i" 
hiir  '':  •  ui'ii  tcis  he 
(r'.n  iviii'h  he  h  i  I  1 
liii'.;'.: ,-  I  '■.^'  I'liliies 
tU'Ti: '  •.:  Hill.  Ill  ir.i  (• 
tgc  .1  '"uli:.  -1  11101 
tijvt:- ;  iv'i'  !  .11' 
llti;n,;i-  thil  in  v.mul 
to  1:  11  ikis  1.  Oil 

I    'l.is  t  i-.|i   till-   .-III 


Ih 

.'■^i'lii  .lispas 

the 

I'c  tli.l.t-.     .Mill 

rM,;, 

■.iiul  ■'    I'-Sl 

lla;.  • 

■     •     ll    IV       i:l    I'll 

M'l  ■ 

.-.  \|--   i.oi  h 

'.he 

oft    I'.illl. 

T- 

■;  c^t   .11    is 

diiti 

.;\    '1   i..'.ii;ilii 

a 

li'.e       Wliei 

w 

'1;   ;  1  I. Il.il 

t.i 

ll   I'l  rl  ,111  III 

tl. 

M,.ltl-.ll.   s   t  II 

A. 

■•  i  l<    i!.r.-ui 

c, 

'.   ,\im:r  ll 

V 

II'  i|.'-i  iil.rii 

V 

.1). 

AIMMiNDIX. 


251 


Id  -ip  <!.u,i''  i'  W'^uf\c\  I'V  ni.-inv  "iluT  pilots  ami 

■,  '  :.  ■|r(in.Uln.n:m.l<-.xi)crirnrc-. 
!■    ,;,',!  !)!,■  .1  sin«ii  ir  i'iri:uinst:iii(:c,  It  tu.nc  nf  tbi-sc 
-;,,     ,',    niaiiv  ii(   whom   must   li:ivc'   sail.  . I    m    tli- 
V     -iiM>!r'"i    >vith    \Lh|.urri   aii>m^   this    <  o:,si    m 

fii    ,;i.)i:i.!  hiv  known  tli.it  hi-  had   il)Si'<ivcri-i|    aiwl 

^'   ,,'j  li   ;,\  ,   veil-.'-  [ircviniisly       If  thai  had  really 
j^j.,    . .,',  ,',,sf,  wii.it  iiioiiv..-   roiild   hi- have  lor  loii 
».'        :1k'  i:i'i '■  ■'"  '  wliy.  if   ihi-y   Isiit-iv   it,  sliouM 

tc\      !  VniCMir'i  It'     \'':s|iiic<  i  Mates  his  voyaK'e  iii 
r    1  li.ive  'i"en  male  «  ilh  four  caravels  ;  that  iliey 
jMu-iit'l'ii"  ()  lo'icr.   l,|or  and    that    he   saile.l   ai;aiii 
lilh  -,v  M.ira.-cisin  May,  i  |  ,■)  (thedatcof  Ojeda's  de 

e  [',,,,,-  M.iiiv  oi  liie  marmers  would  therefore  have 
ei;' iifsi-iit  m  both  voyai,Ts.  Why,  too,  should 
Op:.L  ,i:id  ilii-'  other  phois  ^iiide  lliemsidves  l/v  the 
diar!-.  m;  C  )iii:iilais.  wh.ii  they  h,id  a  man  on  Ip.i.ird 
lolcaiii'il  in  ua'.iliial  S'\i-ui  c.  an!  who,  from  his  own 
fecci.;  ■■'is'-rvali'Ti*,  w.is  prai ill  ally  ar(|ii,iiiited  with 
tkc  Ml?  Sot  a  werd.  iiowever,  is  meiuiotieil  of  the 
Tov.i  ■  ill !  i|i" 'n  ery  of  A'espiirc  i  liv  any  of  the  pilots 
||imi':i  iviTV  oi'ier  voy.ii;c  ,ind  clisroverv  is  i  itcd  ; 
jor  : '•  ^  i;' •!'■  '  ven  i  se.irnan  appe.ir  who  has  ae 
©mp.iniiM  l.i'  1  I'l  liis  as>rrted  vovai;(?. 
■  A'.  I'.i'.iT  ^trori,;  iin  inistaine  ,iL;,iinst  the  realitv  o( 
this  :•  V  ii;c  i-,  thai  it  w,is  not  l:roiiL;hl  forw.^r.l  in  this 
trial  ,<i  'Icfi-al  the-  elaiins  of  the  heirs  of  (.'olainlriis. 
Vt'ii.'i  stales  thL-  voyam!  to  have  h^en  undertaken 
with  111''  kiiowielne  and  roiinteii.mi  e  i,i  Kiiii;  l-"eriii- 
nan  I  :  ^t  iiui^t,  therefore,  have  lieen  aMnved  and  iiw. 
tiriu.iv  \'e-:anii  w.is  liviui,'  at  Seville  In  I'o-,  ::t  the 
time  '  !  ihe  (iimtueni'emeiit  of   this  suit.  ,in  t  foi  |,  mr 

{ear<  .I'terward.  a  salaried  servant  of  the  r  muii. 
lar.v  uf  iIk;  pilots  and  mariners  must  li.i\e  !,irn  ..! 
llanl.  ulio  ?  liled  with  him  in  his  pri  tended  inter 
prise,  l!  this  voyaj,'!.' had  onee  lieen  proved,  it  v.(.iiM 
com;' '''-ly  have  settled  the  (picstion,  as  far  as  <  nti- 
Cernir  I  the  1  i.isl  of  i'ari.i,  in  favor  ol  iliecroun.  \'i 
BO  t'-siaiiiiriv  .ippe.irs  ever  to  liave  lieen  taken  from 
Ve?;iiiici  vvliile  living  ;  and  when  the  inierroij.itories 
tere  iii.i.le  in  the  Used  <  ourt  in  i ;  i  .'  i  \.  not  oni'  ot 
Us  se.iim'll  is  i.riUl.s'lit  li|)  to  yive  evidence.  A  v  >VaL;e 
loiiii:.  rt.uil  ill  its  nature,  and  so  essential  to  thei^i;e>- 
lion  I'J  '!isp;;le.  Is  iiMt  even  alluded  to,  wdide  useless 
pain- .ire  lal^eii  lo  wrest  evideiuo  from  the  v^va^e  ol 
Ojcd.i.  ualiil.iken  .it  .i  sul>se(|uent  period. 

li  i-  a  i:u  iiMist  iiH  e  worthv  of  noiii-e,  that  \'es|ia.  ,  i 
Comm^'i'cs  ills  I'lrs'  letters  ti  l.oren/ode  Medni  in 
I5(»',  ui'.iiiii  .1  mouth  alter  his  return  from  thi'  vov.ii  e 
heh.i!  ,ii-!'.i.illy  m.i  le  I')  i'.iri.i,  and  apolo^^i/.-s  f.n  Ins 
kn:;  -:'-ii.i-.  Sv  s.iyiui;  th.it  noitiiiiL,'  hel  oiiiiried 
»-irt;u  lit  i-uMil  oil  (  'e  i^r.iii  tempo  i  he  run  lo 
KriV'  .!  .'Ktr.!  iii.cjnili/'ais.i.  e  non  In  h.i  c.ms.it.)  .dii.i 
tos.i  n-  ii'-^sii,!  I  >,iu(i  ti''n  mi  esserc  oecorsn  i.is.i 
litt;:"  lii  iiicMiurM'  I.  and  proceeds  e.iL;erly  to  |r|l 
bill  '!;■■  wi'ii  lers  he  h.i  1  witnessed  in  the  evpe.tiiidii 
ft"n  will,  li  1,,.  1,  j,[  I, in  ji,>;i  returned.  It  would  lie  .a 
8liii;'.i!ir  I  ...;■  ilnai.-ss  to  s.iv  th.it  notliini;  haij  oc 
tU'ri: !   ,;  ini;.  irt  ic  e,  it  he  ii  id  madi'  a    previous  vov- 

(Rf     )l    e'j;|,i,     ,;     uiotUllS     .U     I  p)7-'    to    this    liewlv    dlS- 

CO":,-:  w  1'  1  ,  .ml  It  waild  he  aineist  e,|u.i'ily 
lll:.'V"  ihii  ii,  s,i,,iiM  not  111. ike  lie-  sli|^htesl  uiiusi.,n 
to  ;;  Ml  '.l,,v  ;,  ;i,  [ 

'i.is  li  •II  till- .iiileavor  of  the  author  to  ev.miine 
'j'  ;''^'i'  II  d:sp  issioii.itelv  ;  .iiid  .liter  consi.lermt,' 
tilt  •■Me  111  I, i^  ,111.1  .iri.uments  ailv.mced  on  either 
-'"^'' '■■■  ■"II'  '  I'-si.'-t  ,1  .  .mviction.  that  the  vov.l^'<; 
ll.i:i't  : 'luv  l,r..,i  iiMil,.  ill  !.(,,•;  iiiii  not  t.ike  pi.-ue. 
»ni  ■i,,-.  \.-^  ,., ,  i  I,  IS  ||,,  ,,,!,.  ,,,  ||„.  ,jr^{  iiisciiverv  of 
the'  >ul  ..I  p.uii. 

Ih^    .;  iv;  ,,.|    ,,,   cMieiiielv    jierplexin;;    from    thi- 
Him-iiiu    .;  a.s..it;iiiiii;  siilhi  lent  motives   for  s. .   i,'ross 

'  '''"':,l,.,ri  Wlieli  \'.s|nii-|  I  Wfiile  ins  letters  there 
*'  '    1  '  Meii.une,:  liiu  lh.it  (  ojuinlais   li.id  dis 


"^•'■;'")"''i  .■1  ,li,  In,  Alriiir.iiii.-.  V  aell.is  nil. -II. i  iinich.is 

^'-  >:■•  M.  ii.ii,  \  ,  h  ,.  |,,,r  iiiui.ii  i.iii  .■  inilusiri.i  ih  I  dicho 

'"■'■•"••II.    iir.i„|i,ih   \  a|ir,.ii,li,.r.iM.  ..   .,..^;ueii  lo   .11;° 

i^  '    \l"iailll.'    les    haliM    lii.islr.|.|.i,    lilcjerilll     |.ii 

''•'•-    ii'^  'li'-i  ul.rierun   en   li    leTn   l^'iriiia        Process, 

Fa:»Mi  II. 


I  eoverei]  the  mainl.ind  In  his  hrst  \oy,it.;e  ;  Cuba  tieint^ 
ahv.iys  (imsidered  the  e.\treniity  of  Asi.i,  until  circum- 
ii.ivii^.itel  in  i=oS.  Vespucci  ni.iy  li.ive  supposed  Ifr.i- 
zil,  i'arii,  .mil  the  rest  ot  that  roast,  p.irl  of  a  distinct 
continent,  and  h.ive  hem  .•lu.xioiis  to  .irroti.ite  to  him- 
s(df  the  f.ime  of  its  (lis((i\ery.  It  h.is  hien  .isseileil 
that,  on  his  return  from  his  voy.u;e  to  the  Hr.izils,  he 
prep.irc'l  ;i  in.iritime  ch.irt,  in  wIih  Ii  Ik-  i^.ive  his  ii.ime 
to  th.it  part  of  the  ni:iin  l.md  :  but  this  .issertioii  ilocs 
not  .ippi-.ir  to  he  well  suhst.intiale.j.  It  wnuld  rather 
seem  th.it  his  name  was  i.;iveii  to  tli..!  [.  irt  of  the  con- 
tinent by  others,  as  .1  Iribate  p  ml  lu  his  supjK.sed 
merit,  in  cmisequcnce  of  li;i\iru;  re.i.l  his  own  ;icc-oiint 
of  his  vov.ii;es.  "■ 

It  is  sinnul.ir  that   h'lTnaii'lo,  (he  smi  of  Columbus, 
in  his  bioL'.raphv  of  his  fatliet,  should  briiit;  no  chart;!' 
,iL;,iinst  \'espiicci  of  elide, ivoriiifj  to  su|ipl,uit  thcailini 
r.il   in  this  discovery.      Ilerrera  has  been  cited  as  the 
lust  to  brini;  the   ai  cns.itinn.  in  his   Ipsiorv  <•:   tht-  In 
dies,  first  pulilished   in  I'oi,  .md  has  Ixcn  much  i  riti 
ciscd    in   consei|uence,  bv  the   ,idvoiates  i.f  \'es|  ueri, 

I  .IS  m,ikimj  the  i  hari.;e  on  his  mere  assertion.  I'ut,  in 
f.K  t.  Ilerrera  did  but  copy  wli.it  lu-  foiitel  written  bv 
I.  IS  (  ,is,i>;,  who  had  the  pro-  ee'lin:;s  of  the  lisc.il  1  inilt 
Uiiii.;  lief. .re  him,  and  w,is  niove.l  to  mdi^;nalioii 
ai;.iinst  V'espuci  i,  bv  uli.a  he  c  onsi.liri.l  proofs  of 
L'.ieat  im[iosture. 

It  h.is  been  Mitjijested  that  X'espi.i  1  i  w.is  insii^'aleji 
to  this  deception  at  the  time  when  lie  u.is  si-i  kirii;  em 
plovment  in  the  (iiloni.il  seui.e  of  .S|,  mii  .  .anl  that 
lie  did  it  to  conciliate  llie  liishop  foiisec  ,1.  who  w.is 
desirous  of  anythimj  that  mii.;iit  ii  lure  the  interests 
of  Ciliimbus.  Ill  corroboration  i.f  this  opinion,  the 
p.ilion.itje  i-i  cited,  wliii  h  w.is  ever  shown  bv  Koiisec.'i 
t  1  V'l^spiK  ci  and  his  f.iinily.  'I'liis  is  m.t,  however,  a 
s.itislactory  re.ison,  since  it  does  not  .ippe.ir  that  the 
bishop  ever  m.iile  .'my  use  of  the  f.ibrii  .ition,  l'etli.i;is 
some  other  means  mi^^lit  be  found  (  f  .11  eoimtini;  for  tins 
spurious  u.irration.  without  imp.ii  .itin^  the  1  eracity  fit 
\es|iuc(  i.  It  mav  have  been  th.-  blunder  of  some 
editor,  or  the  interpolation  if  s,,[|ie  book  m.iker, 
e.u;er,  a-  in  the  c.ise  of 'I'r  ivini.ini  w  ah  the  m.musi  ri[Us 
of  I'eti^r  .\I.irtvr.  to  gather  toi;ither  disjointeil  m.i 
teii,i|s,    ,11  I   f.ibricate  .1  wori.   to  j;r.it  fy  thi!  prcv.deiil 

p.iss'on  o|   the  rl.iy. 

Ill  the  v.irious  editions  of  the  letters  o|  N'espun  i. 
I'le  ijrossest  v.iri.itions  and  inconsistiii.  ies  in  d.itcs 
will  be  foun  1,  evidently  the  errors  of  h.isty  tiiid  i.ire- 
h-' s  puiilishers.  Sever. il  of  tbesi^  li..vt-  been  corrected 
!'V  t!ie  mo.lern  authors  who  h.ive  iuseitcil  these  letters 
in   itieir  woil..s.|     '1  he  s.itne   disrei^.ird    to   e.\.ii  tness 

•  I  !i''  fir-l  sii.:i;i-s|iiiii  (.f  the  n,iii\''  apje  u  .  I.,  li.r.e  t  ren 
ill  llie  i.,ltlll  wolk  .ilreailv  i  lled,  pllbhslie.l  III  .-SI.  \>\i/.,  in 
l..iri.iiiie.  Ill  Is07,  111  which  u.is  m.s.Tteil  ih'-  I.  11.  r  ol  V'es- 
;iilc.|  i.«  'h.\\i  k.  he.  II  .lUllior.  alli^r  s|,.-,, 1,1111;  of  li.e 
.'.!l..  I  line,.  |i.cMs  ijf  til.-  Wiiilil,  .\si.i,  Aim.  .1.  aril  Kiir.pe, 
•.•■oeiMiell.lslh.lt  die  Inlirlh  sb.lll  be  (.ill.  (I  .\li:.'lli;.).  (,r 
•  Vlie^l  I.  .1,    .ill     I    \''  SJlIU  CI.  Wllo  M    he  lll,..f;il|.  .1    ll  ■,  ill-l  ov.ler. 

X.'/r  />  Iht-  h'r.iMil  iJiluu:.  i;-:.(.-1  — lliinibi.  di,  ai  las 
I  v.Wli  \  I  !ui  I  li,il.'K.  |iiibli  .1. 'I  II.  I'lri-.  Ill  i:-.;7.  sa\s  ■. 
■  lliivr'  hi-cii  si>  n.ip|(V  .IS  I.  ili-i  liver,  ver)  oc  iiliy,  llie 
11, line  .iiid  iliehi-rar\  n^liiiuiii  o|  ilie  iii\ sK  1  loiis  prr-oii,ii;e 
will)  (111  1507)  "■'s  ihe  lira  t. J  propose  the  11. line  1. 1   .Vriieri.  a 

I.I  ■l.-SIL'll  lie  llir  new  I  oil  1 1  llelll .    .II-(I  W  hu  eolicc.ueil    l.uil-sclf 

\    uin:er  llie  (  io  ,  j  iMl/eil    II. I of   I  I V  l.icoiiiy l.ls,"      Me    then, 

bv  .1  lolii;  ,ilid  llllM-IUoils  lineslin.iooli.  sl..w-  lIl.U  li.e  ;•  al 
II. nil.'  .il  lias  perviii.ute  -.Ni,  .M.iiiiii  W  ,il,l  .••  I'lub.  r,  of 
IrilioiiiL;  .111  eiiiiiienl  c.iMiio..;i  ip'  i  i .  p.m.  in/.  .1  bv  |.:i^lie. 
jiiikrol  l.oii.nii.-;  who.  ri.i  il..iibi  pni  in  I. is  i  iials  li.e 
I'li.-i  Orel  .e.l  by  liiiii  from  .\  iiiei  I ._.  i  \.s|iu.i  |(e  ^;cii- 
j;i.ipi  |.  .il  uoil;s  of  \S  .lidseeiiiiiili  r.  iimli  r  III.'  .i.ssiiiin  d 
II. line  ol  I  l\l,n  uiiislis.  h.id  ,i  V.  ide  <   it  ilkilioii,  \wiii  ilirc.ii>;h 

'  r.'pe.i'eil  rdilM.iis'  iiiiil  prop.i>;.licil  the  ii-e  ol  llie  ii.ili.e 
.Aiii.'rica  Ihroiinlioiit  Ihe  woild  I  l.rre  e.  im  !■■  imhi  to  sup- 
piisi-  ih.il    lliis  apphc.ilioii  of  ll.i     11  line  «,i  .  ill  .iiiywiM- siiR- 

I  nesiei!  bv  .Xiiienno  \'.>.,|  iic,  i  li  ajipe.irs  lo  li.tve  been 
entirely  i;r.llilUoiis  on  ihe  p.in  of  W.ililseeinu  lei. 

1  t  All  iiisl.in.  .•  .it  these  errors  iii.iv  be  .  iied  in  llii'  editiuii 
1.1  ihe  leller  ..I  ,\iiieiiL;o  \'..,piic.  i  a.  kiiiji  keiie.  iiiserled 
by  ( iriii.fiis  III  his  Noviis  ( )rbi  .,  ii  Is,j.  In  11  is  V'l'spuci  i 
Is     111, I. If     In     SI  lie     III. II     lie     s.llh'd      ||nlll     Cull/,    M.iy     JO, 

1    M("( 'rCXCN'l  I.  ( 1-107).  Ih.il  he  w.is  eint.leeii    iiiniilhs  .ib- 

l    sent,  .111.1    letlirileiltn    (.'.nil/    Oclnber    i;,    .\I  t  "< '( '( '  X(  "  I  .\. 

I   (l.|.f.i),  whicii  Wiiiiltl  (.uiiblltuie   III!   absence   uf  ttteiit)  lime 


X     III 


I* 


aimm;\I)Ix. 


I 


wliiili  UhI   Id  lliL'sc 


itiilcrs  ni.iy  li.ivc  proth 


Ilic 


imcrpDUilioii  (1 


f  lliis  vov,i,i;i-,  j;art)li'il  {)iit  of  llu'  Icltcr-i 


iciitv  yoars  .iftcr  llif  first   vnviiRo  of  C\ 


till-  witnesses  teslilicd  Irnm  n 


)|  \'espuC(  i  aiul  the  aiiciimls  of  (UliLT  Vipy.inois.       Ihis  In    r<'|)ly  to   one  of  the  iiitcrro^; 


I'olleitioii. 


inenlv  siinj^estcii  .is  .i  possihlc  mode  of  aecoiiiilim,' 


(or  wli.U  ai 


■ars  so  ile(  idcillv  to 


a   fabiieaticiM,  vil 


in  of  Martin    Aloii/ 
re  ill  Kome  with   his  fallier 


uorics,  Ar; 


dr,  1,1 


11;,; 


wliiL'li  we  are    loath    to  attrihilte  lo  a  man  of  the  i;ood       helore   the    time   of    ll 


'  oiiin,. 


sense 


the   lharac  ter,  and   ihij    reputed    merit  ol    \'es        conversations  wiih  a  person 

wlio    was  111  the   service  of    IN 


le  disroveiy,  tluv  li, 


alia  . 


^ir.i 


Alter  all,  this  is  a  ipiestion    more   of   niriosily  than       tliat    Ihmii;    in  the    hlit.iry    ol    the 


;h  it 


o:  real  moment,  .utlunii;!!  it  is  one  ol  those  petpW'xini; 


I  tht 


punts 


dioiu 


I- hi  I'll 


j;iave  men  wil 


iwcil   them   many  m.iiuiscripls. 
jiitiniu;  to  write      his  l.ithei  leathered  intim.itinii  nf  llu 


'pi'    llllllKtT.l  \ 


il;; 


weary  volmiies,  until    tlie  siilijeel  ai  ijuues  ,i  lai  lilioiis      iheie  was  .i  p,iss.ij;e  hy  an  historian  a-,  i  , 


irtaiue  from  the  nuuuitain  of  cimlroversy  he.iprd      nt    Solomim.   which   sa; 


\,iv 


U[)  )n  it.      It  has  hecdilie  ,i  ipiestinn  of  loc.il  pride  with 
the  literati  of  Florence  :  and  tliey  emulate   e.K  h  otlu  r 
w.th  patriotic  zeal,  to 
liiiKuishcd    countryma 
kept  within  proper  I 


to  the 


i^'ile   Ila    \\, 


if  Si 


sclliiii;  sun.  in   a  direction    hclween  luiit 
until    ninety  live  dej^rees   of 
This   ze.il  is  Luidalile  win  n       hiid  the   l.md   ot   t.'ip,inn<i,  fi  rtile  ,iii,| 


ite  the  tanii 


if   their  di 


am  ,md  liim.  c  i  ,.; 

loni;;tu!c,  ,i;.  1 


It  it  is  to  he  rei;rctn  d  th.it 


<  ipi.i 


111  U 


reatness  to  Afric.i 


ind 


some  of  them  have  so  lar  been  healed  by  inntroversy       this  writing;,  he  .idded,  his  f.itlur 


as  to  become  irascible  au.iinst  the  verv  memory  o!  (' 


M.niK 


lumbiis,  and  to  seek  to  di 


'liar.i^; 


>;ener.il  lame, 


with  .111  intention  ol  ^;oini;  in  scoilii.t  il. 


lie(|  leiillv  e.\iiresse 


d 


iicil    di-li  liDiii.vl; 


f  the  ruin  of  it  would  adil  anvtliiiii;  lo  the  rcput.ition  'it       win  n  tdlutnliis  cmie  to  I'.ilm  wiih  i;,s  | , 


\'espncci.    This  is  discredit.ible  to  Iheir  discernmeiu  .in 


M.iitin  .\lon/o  I'in/iin  shmvid 


their  liber.illty  ;  it  injures  their  cause,  and   shoi  L>  ilu'      um  lipi,  .o.d  iillim.ilcly  L;,ive  it  to  li.iu  j;;--!  ; 


(e 


e!ink;s  of  m.iiiKind,  who  vvill  not  willingly  see  a  nim 


l:ke  ih.tl  of   t'oaimbus.  liijluly   or   |ietii 


ill  the 


It    is   cMienuly    pro 


tliese  lili-r.irv  contests. 


It    IS 


h    Ar 


c.Misecrated  in  hi-tiir\,  .ind  is  no  lo 


ere/    Hives 


II'   lli.it   lliis  n 
vai;uc   .11'. 


a    Cltv,  or    ,1    st.ite, 


world. 


n>;er  the   jiropeily       recullectjciii,  but  wliiili    he   ap;ie.irs 
.1    n.ilion,  but  of   the  wiiole       lliiiiL,'   lli.il    proiiipteii    t'oliimbiis    t.i  Ir- 


w.is  no  I 


iihrr  than  the  wi 


■A   M 


Neither  shoul  1  those  w 


in 


o 


I   of  (-.,1 


lo  h.ive  ;i  proper  sense  ol  Uie       i!i,:t  lime,  c\i>;cd  tii  ni.inusciipt  in  nc^l 


uiiibus   put  .my  p.irt  of  his  ureat  h-imwii       lilir.ines 


men 

at  issue  upon  this  minor  '.tispute.      Whether  or  nut  In 


M.irtiii    Aliin/o   w.is  evulci.'.iv 


ith  the  wiuk   ol  the    X'eneti 


was  the  dis  overer  ol  I'.iri 


It  u 


vas  .1  (piesttoiiol  interest       fp.in  v.iri(4is  circumsl.inces,  ih.il  C\ 


to  his  heirs,  as  a  sh.ireof  tlie  novernmenl  .uid  revenues      ,,i  it  with  him  in   his   vuv.i^es,  wh 


of  that  Cdunirv  depei 


jpon  it  ;  but   il 


portaiice  to  his  l.imc.     In  f  i.  t.  the  i'aiiope.m  wlui  liisi       bclore.  h.iwevi 


l!ie  nianus'  ii('t  al  o\e  mcntiuiud.   I'  'iiiii:;. I'- 


ll, 


.1  111- 


re.tched   the  main  i. mi 


ol    the 


P'o; 


iblv  Sl 


basti.ui  t.a!:ot.  a  n.itive 


W. 

if  Vi 


bv  aclu.il    ins 


1  linn,  .it  lr,i-.i  iliroiit,li 


the  employ  oi  I.n,^l.m  1.     In  14  i;  Ik 


lit  e,  s.iilin.;  i.'i       ence  wilh    'lo^c,lnelli    in     I  j;.).  ,111  1  h,i 


Listed  its  short  s 


from    Lalir.idor  to    l'"!..riila  ,    yet    the    l.ni;lisli 
never  set  up  any  pretensions  on  hi.s  account. 


The  Klory  of  ('oiamhus   does  not  depend 


he   ever 
whethiT   th 


iii,ht   it   W.IS   capilile 


to    1' 


It 


e   VI 


parts  of   the   country  he   visile 
aion^'   which  he  .-.a 


ir  the 


It   cmlir.ices   r 


n|io 


n   111- 


sit    of     M.irliii    .\! 
II  it  .liter   Ills  mind    h.id  been   he.ilt 
with  Columbus  in   the  ciin\ 


I  \- 


■enl    ot 


'Vei  V  t  I 


the  whole  western  worlil.      With  resp 


ii'-uniiinv  o 


f  Ari 


[• 


pucci  is  as 


V 


l^i-tide; 


Hibt   whether   the    visit    w. 


the  crowd   of 


J<- 


C".i'j-.| 


ir    to    the    di 


SCO verv 


tU' 


liis  tr.icl;. 
led  the  w. 
the  New  Woii 


nJ 
.   Wh 


mdary  discoverers  who  fullmvei:  in      !■ 
pl  ired    the   realms   to  whicli  he  h. 


'i'lma  .iciui 


ino  allies  Hue  lilc-c 


1' 


ere/  .ilw.ivs  menlions  the   ni.iiu:- 


achi 


en  I'liiu'uliii'-  lir.st  louched  a  si 
e^eii  thouch  ,1  frontier  isl.md. 


in^  been  im|i.irtecl  in  ("olunib 


Ith 


.  ei)terpr.~- ■<  ;  he  h.id  .11  r'nn[ilishei 


Itidll     of     plll.tl 


was  necess.irv  to  his 


.ime  ;  the  K^i-'at  problem  oi  the 
ocean  w.is  sulvcd,  the  woriil  which  i.iy  beyond  Us 
western  w.iters  was  discovered. 


IVITV. 

("ert.iin  witnesses  who  were  e\.iiriiic 


cruwii,  .Old  to  whom  specilii    iiii'ii 


put,     .ISS 
n.<te    I  ) 
.\lon/o 


.Tied, 


,is   h.is    a!re,idy   Im 
oik,  lh.it    h.id    il 


m/un   a 


11. 1    his   broth' 


h.ive  limu'd   b,i' k   for   Sp.iin,  .I'li  r 


\I. 


'ht  In 


d 


beiiiv 


M  \i;tin  .\I 


riNzo- 


till  lin<    land,  .Old   dismayeil  .>v  th' 


h 


rew 


Thi 


s    IS  slalei 


n  \:\. 


Do 


th 
Di 


e  C'lurse  of  the  tri.d  ill  the  tlsc.il  i-nurt,  between 
an  1   the  crown,  an  attempt  w.is  ni.ide  1. 


Iiuin  iii-rson.il   kilowled 


H<-'- 


Uid    bv  <'lll'  1- 


ll    IS 


d 


pe>  i.illv  lo  h.i\e  01  .  I. Ill 


Jeprecj.ile  the  ni'-rit 


if  (.■ 


lumbu«,  .ite!  to  .i-cnbe   ihr 


I  )clc.ber.      •  )n  this 


■iv, 


acc 


or.: 


ii; 


I 


if   the 


Kre.it  I'Dlerpiise 


if  dis 


pvi-rv  to  11 


Ciliimbus,   he  h.i 


siiiie    I  on  .er-.  il:"!i    " 


l<' 


iii^en  "e 


ml  .'.pint  of  .Martin  Alon/o  |' 


in/'iii. 


It  W.IS 


.Mun/.i,  who  W.IS  anxious  th.il  llu-v  s''i  1 


the  interest    nf   the  crown  lo   ih)   so,  to  iiivlly  itsell 
wilhhoi din;;  from  the  heirs  of  Columbus  the  .  \lenl 
liis  sti|.ui.ii('i|  rewaril 
in  this  11  I  ll  were  m.c 
if 


111   1! 


lUlll  west, 


The 


a  Imir  n  r 


It  il  very  (iroh.ible  th  it  smn!?  .in;;n    " 


Th 


e  exainin.il.ons  ol  v.  iiiiesve: 


.ibsed    between    them. 


);■  at  various  times  and  pl.ues,  and 
upon  .1  -I'!  of  inii-rroi,;.ii(ine-.  form.illy  dr.iwti  up  by 
order   of    III-;    tsi.i'.      '{'hey    tcik    iil.ice   u[iwari|   ol 


ivi-  t  iken 


bi  IV 


iC 


in  111-  I.  -1" 
liunibi's  iK 


Jir  h 


nioiiih 
si'cond     viiv:i 

fill  Insi  b\ 

deplllUli- 

ffiiirn    lid! 


.{f    si.iiis   1  •  ,   di'p  illiire   from    1 ' 


.^illld.i 
•  11  I 


(■•11      ll'i 

M.iv    11,    .\ICi.r(.i,\.\.'>vl.\. 


respei  lim;  their  ioute,  previmls  I'l  ' 
l.md  ;  in  one  or  two  iiist.mces  hi  a 
wishes  and  .illered  his  coiir'-e.  bill  'i 
inlle.xible  in  st.mdini;  lo  ihe  wcl.  I  ' 
in  ,il 


prob.ibiliiy,  e.xerteil   llieir  inlh.cn 


iiie  nuirmurs 


if  th 


eir  townsmen  .11.. 


ihi 


i.u.MM.I'l,..  seeoM.U,.v.i,;e  prec,!..       ,,,,,^,,^^,1,  when    re,-,dy    to    rebel    ..a;.ii 
^,         t    Al'  Mill,  1  iile  I  i.Bi    ,ir    iivi     Oil-        ....  '  .  '         ,  . 


iil'l 


h 


ib-lllllle  I  yf)  liir    I  |v),    I 
de    hi 


»1ll!d 


fdi'i'i 
liiiiii  ihu 


hr-t   b 


■  'III   pi 


ircumsi.inces  m.iv  h.ivi' 


,1  l' 
bi'conie  iii;M' 


riionihs.      I  'inov.ii.    n 


ll  IS  .iheti'.j  lb'' il.ii"  III  III-  hrsi   rel 


hi 


•,viK' 


'•i>;Meeii  mutiiIi,'). 


lira  I')   1  (1^',,  lo 


Ihe 

the  \.ii;ue  recollei  lidiis  of  the  si  .inii'ii  "lin  i; 
liire^;iiin>;  e\lr.\v.ii;.ml  tesiiniuiiv,  .ll^l  '*"  ' '* 
deiitly  disposed  lo  e\.ilt  the  merits  hI  <<■■■  !'■■'■■ 


j|,e  evppnsc  nf  Coin 

nrf  pi. iiih'"''!  ■''■''; 
jrroij.iuifi^'s  I'"'  '' 
Jie  o'iivi'rs.itio'is  ^ 
,.j;i!ul  ilicriii/iMc 

Jl'ey  illlfiTCil  WVtr\: 

■'main'  .ibsunhlii's 
fiur'.'i  Ml.-  I'';';-'" 
Strlicii  !  :iii  "■•'  '■ 
nc.^ilii  Miii|i-1  Ihi 
/)■•  ..■,(,''"  ■''■■■"  "■■'.■ 
cL'.)!;c.i  I"  I""""'' 
(i;saiviu'il  dii-'  i^''" 
|:i<  cVHlelll  '.ill 

ff  -1111  i.isli.  niiiu 
(ihpiUfs  in  the  e.i! 
ini;  imiro'iii'i'  "' 

(,! M.illill  Meli/.i, 
L,l  .iVis    .llld    I  u' 

ivr.hilic.ihi'ir'il.  lie 

Th-.'  iv;iii('ss  iiiii' 
poiiii-  if'  iiii|iiny, 
Firn  .  :  ic.  a  iiMii 
t!:-..-\.  './  i  1'  iw'i' 
W  i<  l;rsl  ii;  .it  ,ill  li 
iwi'i-n  ill'.-  •iiiiiiu.iii 
A...I1'  .  uriicl  Cii'.uu 

WIT'I.  .il.  1   lll.ll     I'   I' 

fiiiJiiU  ll-'  I.i"  I  i"  'll 
th'.'  IV I--;  ,  a  sMteiii 
v.-ilhl.c-  miimm!  wI  ' 
irr.il  1  'iiliii.i.i'ly 
A.  'n/ 1,  .Hid  .ill  "li"' 

CM'S.l'.ili.l  'I  liicllu    . 

M.irtm  \'.nii,roe  ."i  li 
U!h-ii  i:k'  [ihvsii  I. Ill 
Ihe  a-ir.cis.iiiiiiis  pr 
tl;i'  -iiiriiiin  Icrs.  in 
s're  III  lliril  li.ick  lo  !■ 
SLilciii' lit  as  the  oiil 
ir.;i'rtr;.i|:  r;es. 

riic  (•vir.iv.i.;.iiil  I 

p.-.iis  ti''vct  lo  li.ive 

a:;  I  Ihr  aiciinilc  liisi 

Ltbi'si-  p  'ip;  ■  ol  evidc 

fsuil,  ll  ;s  iMt  .leeiiieil 

'v-rk      .-\s  ih'  SI'  iii.il 

I    -ll'-  ,;ri  llivrs  iii  lll( 

I  ■-■  \'.i..")n  I'.uir  V,  il 
I :  :,:'!:iinilv  i.|  iiispcc 
'.  -.ii-l-  :  1  111  ike  dies 
■  '.-I,  111  llv  r.ij.; 
.1  ;  r  111'  iii.iw M  f  111 
-■  ■.PL.tli    t  whii  h  1,1 


:  ■  M   ;;     I   l!iK   •  .    . 

\  '  '     .11'.'  1  irio'.i 
■^'  I.:. 11  vveri'  rnv; 

.  ■ii-"'c  .ill  i,is  m- 

'■  '•>  -■'      :||  C  ''M-  11. ni 
'     !• "     .1     '■  11  die  V 

t  :-;p--'  '  -<■:  ;■  in, 

■      '"      '     istl    I     ,       •.\  11 

'  ■■•   ■     ii.i  1  'la  ll  la 

ll  -  I.--  -s,  >i\   tie 

-  -v:  '-'.  I;-    w  .-  (.;!a 

Ihis  i;,.|y    jv,,s   Hi 

i   !..;■.  '1  I  •''iim'iiis 

li-t--|.,  ••.-:       11,. 

"•"  •:.   '■   .'  ii^.ir.  V 

li-oi.';   ..  |.i<pi  /  1 

i's-llll-l   t    I'ill'lll.llS 

I'^hl.l  111    ':;.-.   ll,.    ri 

I'f'"^    ".'..lllilcsllv   1 1 
irul.i  ',.,;i  ..,.  ,.,!  (,i 

iiien.iiuc  .ui.i  couii 


APPENDIX. 


ierf 

fcu>. 

Ihi'i  ■■'■''•"•■'I 


,,,  ,,,,„,„.,>  n|-  Cnliimbus.     They  were  in  some  mcas- 

ifr-'irnpinhiU"  i""'"^^""  f''l'''*"^  ''>■''"•'  ^^■f""-'"  '"■ 
m'o'k'SIhu  bv  (ipliTof  llifliscal,  whuli  siH-iilicd 
'  WTSalions  s.iid  1"  luvc  p.issd  h-twcin  Cdliiiii- 
i  ihcPin/oiis,  ami  niilivilhst.iinlitiKllicM'  kuMcs 
cl  widi'iv  in  llu-ir  M.ilcmcius,  ami  r.ni  iiilo 
nail'  iiisuiduifs.  In.i  fiianiiscript  riMord  in  piisscs- 
Jior'.i  :h«'  l'i.i'"ii  family,  I  luiv.- t-vt-ti  read  the  as- 
,eri'^  !■  '  an  "M  sfaiiian.iliat  Ccdumluis,  in  his  imi,'<t- 
nev's'^i  ■•iii|"'l  t^"'  1'""""^  '"  ""■"  ''■"'^  •■'  ^P'''"- 
fiy.'.r  II  :'t'i>  "■•'/■.  ''111.  llu-y  contiiiiiinK  on,  lie  was 
ubliv'l  '"  lo'i"*^''  •""'  ^^'i''""  '"'"  'J''V^  alU-rward 
ds.ov>i.'.lllif  island  of  llisp.anioia. 

Itn  (.•vi'lnii  ;lii' Old  .".ailor,  if  he  really  s[ioki'  roii- 
'scii-m;  ii-h.  niiiicl'''!  '"  his  cloudy  rrnR'nibr.uu  e  llic 
(iis|)i!;r- '11  Ihi' tally  jiart  of  llio  voyauc,  about  altcr- 
inijiii'-ri'UH't' to  tin-  south-H-fsi,  and  the  dcsi-rtioii 
cfM.iUMi  ■'ili'ii/  1,  '■libs'-.iUfnl  to  the  disrovcTV  id  the 
Liir,i\  .^  Jii'l  I  li-'-i.  "Iii'n,  aftrr  p,iitiiiK  (uniiiaiiy 
ivuhlli.-.iliiiiral,  lie  made  the   isl.ui.l   ol    l!is|Mni(da, 

Thj  u.'iM'.s-;  iiiovl  1  .  be  liepi-iided  upon  as  li«  these 
pnin:-  .-:  iiiqiiiiy,  i^  l'"'  I'hysirian  oi  I'.ilos,  (i.mia 
iVrn  ,  ;  to/,  a  111,111  of  iiuit  alion,  who  s,iilcd  with  M.ii 
tir.  .a:  '■./'  1'  II''' "1  .isslcw.ird  of  his  ship,  and  <d  <  oiirse 
«  i< '  I'M  u'.  .It  .ill  till- ■■oiUL-rs.itions  wliiih  passcil  be- 
ir.cin  i;i'.-  'oMiiii.iildiTS,  He  trsldics  tli.it  Maitiil 
Aioii' '  i;a'i.d  I  olunibiiS  to  sl,iiiil  iiioro  to  the  south- 
Kt^t.  ,1  I  lll.i!  ill'  .idndral  at  lfiii;th  >Mmplied,  but, 
fiiidia,;  II.'  I.iii  I  in  thiit  direclion,  tlu-y  l,iiii<-d  a^.iin  to 
thcW'.-!.  a  st.itemriU  wliii  h  r(riiiplciely  roini  ides 
with  1.1;  H'liiiii!  ol  Coluiiibus.  Ue.idds  th.vt  the  ad- 
irir:ii  '  iitiii.Mllv  lomfcjrled  and  anini.ited  M.irtin 
Alon/  I,  ,iiid  .ill  others  111  his  eonipaiiy.  i.Sieiiipre  Ins 
ci.i's.j'..!i.i 'I  diiho  .Mmirante  esiorz.uidolns  al  ditho 
M.irlm  Meiizoe  a  todo-,  los  que  en  siii-i'inp.ini.i  ib,in,  i 
Uhiii  i;k- iihv^i' i.m  was  siiecilically  (juestioned  as  to 
the  CI 'ivtrs.ilioiis  pretendeil  to  iiasx-  passed  hetwc'en 
Ibf  miM.iii  liTs,  in  which  (  okinibu;  expressed  a  de 
sire  to  liirn  li.n  k  to  Sp.iiii,  he  refirred  (n  the  prei-ediiii; 
si.ctcni' lit  as  the  only  .iiiswer  Ik;  li.id  to  make  to  these 
in'.rrri  .;.it  r;es. 

Tlir  i-vii.iv,if;aiit  lesliniony  before  nientione  1  ap- 
p,'.ii>  ir'vi-r  to  h.ive  had  anv  weight  with  llie  li--c.il  ; 
anl  the  ao'iivate  historian  Munci/,  who  e\tr.i(  tc  d  .ill 
ih'^i- ].  11'!  Ill  evidc'iic  e  from  the  p.n.eis  cf  llie  l.iw 
si:  I.  I,  .■■  n.i  .Iceiuc'd  i.hcTii  wortliv  of  nieiiluii  in  Ins 
«.[<  .\s  ih'  -e  iii.itters,  however,  rem.iin  on  recmd 
in  •!!!•  ;ir' liiv'-.  I'l  the  In  lies,  and  in  the  archives  of 
t' ■.' l'ir.."ici  I'.iiii  V,  in  both  ot  wdiich  1  li.ivc-  h,icl  a  full 
<:  .'."iiiiiiilv  i.|  iiisciL'c  linn  them,  '  h.ive  thoii.;iil  it  .id- 
V  -.i!'!-  ;  '  in. eke  these-  lew  oioervalions  on  the  sub- 
:'-:  'c-'t.  Ill  lie-  r.ii;i-  lor  research,  they  niinht  here- 
■> '•■  t  1-c- ,ii.u-.ii  f  irlli  .IS  ,1  new  discovery,  on  the 
-■  irt,'.ii    I  which  to  inii'Ui;ti  the  merits  of   Ccdiunbus. 


I'm  h-, 
F  1  ,.  .  , 


No.   MI. 

I     IMK    •  .        1      ,.\t|i      M    II  \\  i:     I'lKD     IN      1  III: 

I.  cii   '  .  ii  iMr.i  s. 

.11"  '  '.r;"'!  .  atti-mi-ts  to  iniurc-  Colunibiis  by 
'1  were  riiva-us  ol  his  f.ime,  w.is  cme  iiiien,lec| 
■  1  .1:1  i.s  Ill-tit  ,1-.  ati  ori^tiii.il  discoverer.  It 
■li  c  ii.-  II. id  lec  eiveil  infornui.,011  of  the  e.sisl- 
1  n  'lie  ui  sierii  p.itts  of  the  oce.m  from  .1 
'  ■!■  !  ;>  .' t,  wli.i  h.id  been  driven  there  by 
■  i-'i>  I  ,  -.^.iids.  .iiid  who,  '111  Ins  riMiii  t  > 
'I'i'l.'d  ill  llu-    ho.lso    of   I'oliimblis.    h-.ivilli; 

'     f  his  voy.u;<-. 


halt  .iiid  ciiurn.i. 
'■  '"  I  '!■  ^\  ■-  t;!iidei!  t.>  his  discoverv. 
I'||^ -ii  IV  IV..S  !;i  ,t  noli.  I'd  \,y  Oviedo.  a  Contein 
r.ir-,  ■  !  I  '.  innSii--.  in  his  hisimv  of  the  In. lies,  piib- 
I  It-  iiier.iii.iis  it  .IS  ,1  rumor  ciieuLitini; 
",  -  '  •■ii;.ir.  Willi. Mit  lound.ition  in  tn.lh 
I'lii.i':  .  |..,|i,  /  ,(,.  ( ,,,111.0,1  first  bioii^hl  it  lorw.ir.l 
.;i:ii-M  ..i,i-ii!.iis  III  Ills  lustory  id  tlie  Indies,  pub- 
l-h«.|  Hi  -:;_.  ||,.  rc-|ie,iis  the  rumor  in  the  vaguest 
I'.'i'v 'iLiiLli-siiv  lo.m  (uic-,|,,,  hut  without  the  eon- 
•'"l."":i  I'l' i-n  to  it  l,y  ih.ii  author,  lie  s,i\  s  ih,it 
'lie  name  .uid  couniiy  ot  the  pilot  were  unknown, 


some  termini,'  hiiii  an  And;ilusian,  sailin;,'  between  the 
C'.inaries  ,ind  Madeira  ;  others  a  Itisciy.m,  tradini,'  to 
l''.ni;laiid  and  l-"rance  ;  and  others  .1  I'ortunuese,  vov- 
avjiiii;  between  Lisbon  and  Miiia,  on  the  coast  of 
(lUiiiia.  lie  expresses  eijual  uncertainty  whether  the 
pilot  brini^ht  the  caravel  to  I'ortUKal,  to  .M,ideira,  or 
to  one  of  the  A/ores.  The  only  point  on  whii  h  the 
t  irculalors  of  tin-  rumor  ;ire  a>;reeci  w.is.  lli.it  he  died 
in  the  iiouse  of  ('t-lumbus.  (iom,ita  adi!s  that  by  this 
(.-vent  Cidumbiis  w.is  led  to  uiiiiertakc  hii;  voyage  to 
the  new  ( ouiiti  ies."'-' 

The  other  early  historians  who  mention  C  cdumlus 
aiicl  his  \oyanes,  aiicl  were  his  contc-in|ioi  .iries,  vi/., 
S.iliellicus,  I'eler  M.irlyr,  (lustiniani,  Heriialdez,  com- 
monly called  the  curate  of  los  I'.dai  ios,  L,is  Casas, 
Ki-rnando,  the  son  oi  the  admiral,  and  llie  anonymous 
author  of  a  voy.i.;e  of  (.'olunibus,  translalcd  from  the 
Itali.m  into  Latin  by  .Madri,L;n,mo,-)  are  .ill  sikr.t  in 
re),Mrd  to  this  repoit. 

lien/oni,  whose  history  of  the  New  World  was  pub- 
lished in  I5bj,  repeats  the  story  fioni  (lomar.t,  with 
vhom  he  w.is  i  ontemporary  ;  but  dii  i'lt  ,ly  ex- 
presses his  opinion,  lh,it  (iomara  had  niin,i;led  tip 
muc  h  l.ilsehood  with  some  truth,  for  tin-  purpose  of 
iletra.  lin;;  from  the  faif.e  of  Columbus,  liirouuh  jeal- 
ousy that  any  one  Init  a  Spani.ird  shoul'l  enjoy  the 
honor  c.f  the  cliscovery.  } 

.\i  ostn  nolices  the  i  iiciimstancc  sli.i;htly  in  his  N.'.l- 
ur.il  .md  .Moral  History  of  the  Indies,  laiblishtd  in 
if.|l.  and  I. ikes  it  evidently  from  dom.it.i  i 

M.irian.i,  in  his  history  of  Spain,  pubiisl.ed  in  lfi)2, 
also  mentions  il,  but  txpressis  a  doubt  of  its  truth, 
and  derives  his  in  formal  ion  manifestly  fn  m  Honiara,] 

lletri-r.i,  who  published  his  history  ol  li.e  Indies  in 
H'cii,  lakes  no  notice  of  the  story.  1 11  i;c  t  notii  iiiL;  it, 
he  ni.iy  Im-  (  cinsidt  r"il  as  rejectini;  il  ;  lor  hi-  is  disim- 
.miished  fcr  his  miniueniss,  and  w.is  wtd  ;u  liUainttd 
with  <ioni,ira's  history,  which  he  exptessly  contra- 
dicts on  :\  jioini  of  considerable  interest." 

(i.ircil.iso  de  la  \  efja,  a  native  of  Cusco  in  Peru, 
reviv(.-d  the  t.de  with  very  minute  parti,  ul.irs,  in  his 
t 'ommc-nl.iries  of  the  Inias,  puiiiished  in  11.01).  He 
tells  il  smoollily  and  circmnslantially  ;  l;.\es  liie  date 
of  the  o'-currence  14-4.  "one  ye.ir  more  or  less;" 
st.ites  the  n.inie  of  the  unfuitunate  pilot,  .\1  in/i)  S.in- 
che/  de  Iluelv.i,  the  destin.ilioii  (d  his  vessel,  from 
the  C.'an.irii-s  to  M.ideir.i  ;  and  the  unkmun  land  to 
which  thev  w<  re  driven,  the  isl.m'l  ot  Ilispaniola. 
The  pilot,  he  s,i\s,  l.mdid,  look  an  allimdc,  ainl 
wrote  an  .iccount  of  ;ill  he  s.iw.  and  ..11  ili.it  h.ul  oc- 
curre.l  in  the  \nyai;e.  He  then  took  in  wo. id  ancl 
w, iter,  .md  set  iiul  to  seek  Ins  w.iy  hoiri-.  He  sue - 
e  eeiled  in  returniiiL;,  but  ihe  voy.iv;e  w  is  lon.t;  and 
tempe^'uous,  and  twelve  died  of  huiii^er  .iii'l  f.iti.t;uc, 
out  of  seventeen,  the  original  niiinbi  r  .1  the  crew. 
The  hve  survivors  arrived  al  Teri  er.i.  wlure  they  were 
hos;.it,d)ly  entertaine  I  by  t'olunibiis,  but  a  1  die.l  in 
his  hcnisi'  in  consi-e|iience  of  llie  lunisl-.-ps  i!uy  had 
sust.iined  .  the  pilot  W.IS  the  list  that  die.l.  le,ivin«  his 
host  hi'ir  to  his  pipers,  t'li'.iimbus  ki  (.1  lln-ni  [  10- 
foiindly  se-i-ret,  and  bv  pursaini;  the  rouie  llierein  pre- 
si-ribeei,  oht.iiiK-'l  the  ,  'edit  ol  disc  e.\ ;  ;  ;::j;  the  New 
Woilel.*-* 

Siicli  are  the-  niateri.il  points  of  the  1  iieumstant-al 
rel.ition  furnished  by  (i.iriil.iso  de  l.i  \t  j;,i.  one  lu.n- 
dre.l  .itil  twc-iitv  y.irs  ,ifter  llie  event.  In  reL;,ird  to 
authority,  he  recollecls  to  li,ive  he.inl  ihe  -l'>rv  when 
he  W.IS  a  child,  .is  .1  subject  id'  coiiveis.ilion    belweell 


♦   I  loin, 11,1,   I  l'.-r    hid  ,  1  .ip,   14 

+  N.iUf^i'io  idin-ii'plioii  I'leliinibi.  M.i'liii;:i.ino  Inler- 
pri'le.  Il  I,  ei.iii.iine.l  in  a  1  ullic-n  m  nl  >.iu.i^;es  c.i  1.  d 
NoMls  Oibls  k'-i;ioiiiliii,  edilloil  ol  15^^.  b'H  ^^.i"'  oiI>;i- 
ii.dlv  piiblidieil  in  li.ili.in  .IS  wrilleii  b\  .Moiii  illiodcj  I'l.iii- 
I  .iiu.uui  (eir  li.inc.i|i,uio  de  Moni.ddi.).  in  ,1  1  ..lli  i-uoii  of 
\o\.ii;es  enlidi-d  \iic.vo  Miindo.  m   \'iecii?.i.   I'.i,-. 

'.  (iiiiil.iMiii    I'.eti.'om,  ll;-.i.di-l   Nii'-vo  Muihlo,   lib.  i    fo 
I  J.    Ill  \'i-iii-n.i.  1 ;~~'. 

^    P. idle-   |...,-;'!i  de  .\e..>l.i,  Hist.  In.l.,  liti.  i.  I'.ip.  I.). 

'i    1 11  III  di-  \I  in. in. I.  11 1-1    l-Np.in.i.  lib    \\\  1.  e-.ip.  j. 

•'    Hi-roT.i.   II1--I.  liid,  dee.id.  11.  Iili    i  '.  i- ip.   I. 
**  Coiiiment.irios  de  los  Inc.is,  lil),i.  cip.  j. 


.  J 


:.  ■{ 


L^U':'    V 


'Tl 


254 


APPI'NUIX. 


i        M 


% 


his  f.ulicr  aiiil  llic  ni'it;liliiirs,  aiul  lie  refers  to  the  his 
t'liies  of  the  liiiies.  liy  Aeost.i  and  (iom.ir.i,  for  cnii- 
(irm.ilion.  As  llie  t  onvers.ilions  to  which  he  iistcncil 
must  have  laivoii  place  sixty  or  seventy  years  .ifter  ihe 
(late  ol  the  nporl,  there  ha.l  been  siilTiciciU  lime  It 
tlie  vayiie  minors  to  become  airaiii;eil  into  a  re^;iilar 
narrativ,  an  i  iliiis  we  have  not  only  the  name,  conn- 
trv.  an  I  cl.-liii.ilion  ol  the  iiiiot.  hut  also  the  name  of 
the  unknown  Ian. I  lo  which  his  vessel  was  driven. 

This  ac  on  it  i;iven  hv  (iar<'ilaso  dc  la  \  ej;a,  has 
lieen  a  io,)tc  I  liv  many  oM  hislorians,  who  have  felt  a 
ri'illi  ien.  '•  in  l:ie  |ieretn|>tory  manner  in  whi(  h  he  re- 
lates it  anJ  in  111"  auihouties  to  whom  he  refers.* 
These  ha.e  in'cn  CLlio-.i  hy  others  of  more  recent 
date  ;  an.l  lluis  a  weiij;lity  cli.ir,,;e  o!  fr.iiid  .md  inipc.s 
ture  h.is  !i,cn  accumulated  .igainsl  t'olumlius, 
app.irently  s-.ipporti-d  liy  a  >  mwd  of  respect. ible  ai  - 
eusers.  Till-  v^aole  eh,u>;e  is  t.i  he  traced  to  lioin.ira. 
wlio  |ooscl\  rep  Mted  a  v,i;,ur  i,:ni'ir.  without  nolicini; 
the  jioiiiied  conlradiction  :,i\iii  lo  it  seventeen  years 
before,  by  Oviedo,  an  e.ir-witii'-ss,  from  whose  1  ooU 
he  a|)pears  lo  have  actually  .U'lheieil  the  repoi;. 

It  is  to  iie  rem. irked  tliat  (i  iinara  bears  Ihe  cliarai' 
tcr.  anioo',;  hi^lori.uis.  nl  in, u  curacy,  and  ul  ^;re,lt 
credulity  in  ...loptim;  unloun.led  stories,  f 

It  is  uniK'Cc^^ary  !■)  i,'ive  lurthtr  reful.ition  to  this 
c'iar<e.  esp( .  i  i.iy  ,is  it  i~  cle.ir  thai  t'olimhus  com- 
municated li;>  I'ir.M  of  discoverv  to  I'.iulo  roscanelli 
of  I'loreni  1',  in  l.)7.;,  ten  years  previous  to  the  d.ile 
assigned  I'V  li.ircilaso  de  la  Veg.i  for  this  occurrence. 


\.) 


M.\in;V    l:l.!ll  M. 


Tlll^  ;d)!e  i;COL;r;iplier  w.is  born  in  N'uremliuiL:,  in 
Gernianv.  .d'out  the  c'lmmeiicemcnt  id  l!ie  ve.ir  n^o. 
Ills  ancestors  were  fr.ini  Ihe  cin  Ii'  of  i'llsri  t,  in  ]'•  t 
hemi.i,  b.'-iii  e  !:■•  is  c.illed  by  some  wrai-r^  M  irtiii  of 
I'.ihemia,  .111,1  the  resembi.im  i-  of  hi^rnvti  name  t  j 
that  of  the  country  of  his  ,incestors  Ircjut-nilv  m  >  ,i- 
sioiis  a  coiifu^'in  in  the  app<dlalion. 

It  has  been  said  by  some  that  lie  studied  under 
Philip  Herv.il  le  the  eider,  and  by  others  un.ler  loliii 
Muller,  ollierwis-'  Ciiile  1  l^enioniont.inus,  llioui;'li  ll- 
Marr,  wli  >  h.is  made  dil;i;ent  imjiiiry  into  his  hislorv, 
<iiscred  its  both  assertions.  .Xccdrclinj.;  lo  a  i  or  re',  pern  I- 
cnce  between  iieliem  and  his  uni.le,  discovered  of  l.itc 


*   X^iiri"-;  r,f  liisiori.HH  w'm  i-ii'ier  ad  :\i'f'\   il.is  storv   la 
liel.iil  Mr  i'l''  •  :i.ii  i;.-  .i;',,un'l   (  '•  .Minibus,  di.i.wi  In  mi  ;'.  ' 
M-'iiiardt)  .\;  b.ie,  .\ni. L,"U'il. id  de  ISp. 111.1.  ati.  iv.  i.i,,.  :-, 

kj.lcri'.;'!  (J.iro.  .\aliv;iii-il.i  !.  l.!i    i.i.  i  hi.  7.. 

Ii.iri  de  .Soiui/ ,iu),   I  ;d.    |  lie.  i.jmi.  1.  l.b.  1    i- :\..  -. 

letii.iiiij  i',.M;ro,  V.iroiie,  llla.-^t.  del  .Nu.  w)  Mun.i,,, 
t.ip.  2, 

.\i^ciSliiio    l.ifiii'l.    .\n:i.d,    .'^.ur..    I  1:11.    1.    ,rri.   .Mri! 
r.;i,  \...  .I-:. 

I'e-.   D.rn.ii-.'  ..r  |i.-Mar>.',  |i|.d    iv.  de  V.ir.  lliM..  c.ip.  .). 

I  ii.-i;.iri  I  '  1  u    i  I    '  ii;i;    de  1  is  lnd|.  i-,.  Iili.  1.  .  .i|i.  .j^  1. 

Jii  111  d"    1  Ml  |iicrii  in  1. 1.  .MciM.irch.  bid.,  hh.  xmii.  ..ip    i. 

Joliii  li,(pti-ii-  kiccica.  (;i-Mi;j.il    ki-|..rMi,.  lib.  ai, 

I  o  t'.ii  bsl  Mt  u'd  .iiilliM!,,  iii.iy  b,'  ,1  ilnj  111  iiiv  olli.'i  ,  .  i| 
ni'.ie  ri'ci';.:  d.i: 

+  "lo.iiHi.  i.  •■<■■:  ih-  'Ijin:-,!.  I'l.'direro,  S.-vilIino, 
c'criliio  .  .Ill  .■..■■.;. I-  ■  -  !••..  (.  .-n  i  |i-  '  , ,  ,,.,,  ,|,.la.  Indus, 
p.-r.i  dev. 111.1m-.-  ';.-,,ii     1     :     s.is  n.         i.te--.  '      Idii,  i|.' 

><-Vi  ;.l,   .\.lllirM|;,    |,     ;  .1,         I,.,.    ^,i„|,.    ,.,    M  It,.  1    ,:, 

H.lilhi  l.fii  1  b-p  .1,  I  Nn.t,  ,,,,    j,  p.  ,|  57 

"  l-:i  l-rati.  1-  ;  1.  p.-  ■  ■  .1  .  1  e„  ■..i  t.iiiK,.;  b  .rro- 
nes  e  cos.is  .|i!'     "        ,  ■  1.1, |.-,      ()•    |i,  .    ji:i    |„  ,  ;,(,   ,,..| 

cliMd.iiVi.in    .     ■     ,    .     :<■■■■. j.  ;  , .    ,^     •  ,|.'s|,ur     1  •! 

Ooai.ira  h  111      .       ■  .    -.  ■     ii     \.ie\.i  INp  ,11  i  . 

es  p.)ir|.ie  '••-  !i  I  I    I  ,  '  1  .  ,.,,  ..    .  ■     p.. .,11..:  !)•.,.     '  •! 

Ca-<nllM,  II1-.1  d'j  .1  I  ■  n  ,  .  .|c  j.i  \w,.t  |;,|.,im.i.  [  t\ 
de  cap    18. 

■•  Teni.i 'i..iii.ri  docl.  V,       ',    ,        .         :o  r-iiipleosc 

en  ordiii.ir  >iii  dii  eriinii,.'nt.i  ;  .  i.il!..  i-.  .m  M.ir  •... 
aiileei--.(,r.'v  \  di..  creij  ■  ,  i-  m  ,  n.i  sol.i  l.iN.i,  vin.im- 
verismiile-,.  ■  Jaaii  B.^.r..'  .  V  1  .^,  11,1.  x.  .Mmijo, 
I'rolujj.j,  p.  18. 


years  by  De  Murr,  it  appears  ihat  die  en  v 
ills  life  was  devoted  to  commerce.  S  unc  h.,, 
him  the  (  redit  of  discoverini;  llie  isl.md  u!  F, 
this  is  .III  error,  arisini;  proli.iblv  Iroin  ilic,  1,-  ,,. 
that  Joiide  lliieitar,  f.uiierdii  l.iw  ol  Heliciu  . 
th.it  isl.uid  in  l.piO. 

lie  is  su|)posed  lo  have  arrive.!  ,ii  rnrii;  ,. 
while  .Mph.inso  \'.  w. is  still   on   tli.- iIumi,,.  ,  ; 
t.iin  that  shortly  afterward  he  w.is  in  lnj^n  ,. 
Ids  science  in  the  lourt  of    Lisbon.    iii>i.ii,i.. 
w.is  one  of  the  council  appointe.l  by  Kiia;  I 
improve  the  ,irt  of  n.ivi,i',.ition,  and  by  s mii    , 
(  eive.l  the  whole  credit  of  the  memoral  !.•  •!•. 
dereil  to  <  ommerce  by  that  couiicii.  m  tliv  in; 
of  the  astrolabe  iiiio  naulical  use. 

In  I  )s.4  Kim;  John  sent  an  expc.'.iii.in  iii;.| 
Cim,  as  li.irros  c.dls  him,  C'aiio  .ni  i.i.Iin.  1, 
ti.  pi.  isi -elite  discoveiies  aloni;  the  c,i.is[  ,,1  y.f 
l!iis  expedition  Helieni  s.iiled  as  cosr,;i..;..,|  1. : 
crosse.l  the  (-.piinocti.d  line,  di>co\i-i(-d  lli  ■ 
L'onijo,  adv. meed  t)  tweiUy-ii\o  .|i-i;r..s: 
minutes  ol  south  Lililii'le."  .ml  en  Mi. I  Ik-.,  . 
on  which  were  eiii,'r.ive.l  the  arms  ni  |',.r:;,.  , 
niouih  (ii  the  River  .'..i.L;r.i,  in  .Xirni.  ul,;'; 
for  s.iine  time.  |.M  ,k  '  lie  ii.ime  of  the  Kurt  .,;  I 

I'or  the  ser\  i.'es  rendere.i   on  this   .111,1  .1; 
occasiiins,  il  is  said  lli.it  Hehem  w.iv  ki.;i;i:li  ,| 
J.ihn  in  i.(^s,  thoui;h  no  mention   's  ni,ii;t-  ,,; 
circiimsl.m.  e  in  any  id   the  contempcir.iiv  i,  • 
The  p'inciii.d  prooi  i.f  his  h.iviiiL;  ren-,.-!  ;; 
ol  distinctiDii,  is  his  h.iviiii;  t;i\  -n   lii.ii-i.l  i 
his  own  ylobe  of  I  iiun  I  u^u.-.uh:. 

In  i4-'ii  he  married  at  Kayal  lie-  .!.ii;;  l.'i  i  ,-■ 
Iluerlar,  an.l  is  suppi-sed  to  have  n  11  ,11..  ;  ; 
some  ye,ir-~.  win-re  he  ii.id  a  son  nam.  .1  M  iri.n 
14-,).  Uurim;  his  r<-siilence  at  Lisbon  , in  i  K,. 
pioli.ible  the  ac.|uaint.iii.  e  look  pl.ic-  b.  iivi .  I, : 
(.."oliimbus,  111  which  I  lerrer.i  and  olla  is  .i  ^ 
Ihe  admir.il  m.iy  ii.ive  he.ird  Irini  l!;i'i  v  :. 
riiiii'irs  circulalinn  in  Ihe  isl.mds.  o;  i;. ,,  .. 
wi-sle'ii  l.in.ls  111)  itiiii;  to  tliLir  slior..-^. 

In   I  i.il   he  tetunieil  to    N'urembiir;;  I 

i'v,  .ml  while  tliere,  in  I  pi.;,  he   limsiu,!  .,  ; 
;dobe,  CMi'.siili-red  a  ni.i>-lerpieci-  in  i!i-.>.'  ■'. 
he  h.id  liil'lerl.ik(-n  .11  the  reijUest  otllicpr.:; 
i-<lr.iU  s  of  his  n.ltive  1  11  v. 

In  I  I  i!  he  r-tii:ne.|   t.i    I'iirlut;.i'. .  .c'd  :• 
piM   '-.-ill-. I  ll  l-'.iv.il. 

In  I  pi  I  Kin^   bitin  I  1..  wh"  h.i.l  .1  li  11.^1 
hi  111.  sent  III  111  III    |- 1, in.  lei  s  to    his    i;,i:ii-  .,  ~    , 
(ieor.ne,    Ihe    inlen.li-il    heir    of    Ins    .i...i\'.. 
rourse  of  his  vov.iKe  lieliem  w.is  1  .ipiiiriil.. 
I'l  Lnnl.md,  wiu-n-  he  rem-ine.l  lor  liii.e  i 
t.i;n'-.l  by  illru-ss       Il.ivim;  rec(iv(;re.!.  ii-  1 . 
'^e.i.   b;il    w-.Cs    I  .iplured    by    a    curs.i.r    .'.':  1 
I' Mine.      1 1  i\  inn  rans<inie.l   hiiiisel'.  li-    ;■ 
.\iHwerp  .iul  HiiiLies,  but  relurne.l  a.i..  .^'    M 
1  >  l'..itii^.il.    Nolhiti^;  more  is  kii.iwn  ..    le  1 
al  ve.irs.  diiriuL;  wliii  h  lime  it  is  suppM-..-.! '  ' 
with  his  f.iniilv  in  I'aval,  too  old  i.,  111  il> 
aL,'.-s.      Ill  15. .0  lie  ueiil    fi.rlli   I1...11  I  .i;..l 
where  he  died. 

The  asserlion  that  Hehem  h.i'l  .lis- ..vr.  !' 
ein  worM  prewo.is  to  ( '.duiiil.iis.  1,-1  l!ie  .    -' ■ 
viv.iKc  with  (".ml,  wasfoundi-d  on  air.;  e.;-; 
"f  .1  p.iss.ii;e  inteipil.ited  111  the  c  tiro  11.  !(     '  ■  « 
S.  he. lei,  a  contempor.irv  writer.      1     >   ,  — 
ti-ins.  Ihat  when   the    vovaijers   wen-    n   ;',- 
•  •.(••in  1101  f.ir  from  the  co. 1st.  an.!  h  e;  p  ■■ 
llii'y  c;iine  into  aiMther  hemisphere,  unrn     . 
looki-d  tow.inl  the  east,  theii   sh.i.l  >ws  t.  ,  :  •■ 
south,  on  their  riuht  h.md  ;  th.il   le.-u    t;i.-v 
a  new  world,  iinkniwn  iin'.il  then,  m  '  u  !i  '  '! ' 
years  h.itl  never  been  soui;lit  e>c.  i-pl   I  y  d..-   ' 
.111,1  by  them  imsiiccesslniiy 

"  1 1  ii  iLi'i.  bono  deoriim  auspj  1  1.  in  ll''  I"  ■ 
sulcantes,  a  littore  iion  loiu'i-  ev.iL;.iiiH'',.  >'i"' 
<  ulo  c<iiiin ociiuli,  in  alteru..)  orhem  e\'  1  pi  ^-  ■ 


•  V.is. 


-l-is.  hb. 


♦   \Iiirr,  N-.ii.  ■■  .le  '»' 


ijs;-  «l:inlilnis  oriei: 
,t<l«;nini  prmineb 
»ia  iiliu'n  I  rheui  h.. 

tiluni," 
Xhc-T  imcs  .:re  |m; 

int,^r|,l.;,lU'll  h>  -1  '■"' 

„„i,,!  „i  ilu- ciirMiu 
asiliatlhcv  .-.re  n  'I 
Ijlir-i  ..i  t!.c  b-iok  lu 
^e;;liO.MJer,  l.p- 
Itiaiencu'iv  Is"  die 
ol  ,,ic  fdiillicrii  heni 
olihci-iKisl  el  -\lii' 
ipp--:trcil  like  a  il>.-^\ 
of  V.  ihi'  linie. 

T,l,-lr!-lleCS-,-  ailu 
tt5s:,il  .ilte!ii;)l,  wei 
otr.'.i'  h;-.  iirother,  .a; 
Ant  'n::i  \v,i<:  ol  .1  n. 
left  n;s  cmiiurv  .ui.i  v, 
mcii'.i'iiH'd  rel.ilivc'  11 
in  li;-.'  ('iiil)i"y  I'l  I'oil 
of  y.  ,1 11:"-  ■ 

This  i;;;cMi"'-iic-l 
inscrli-i  iiiM  die  worl, 
I  .l.ncas  SilMU-^.  afit 
lit  14I14,  !-.ii«  t'ef-ire 
■isinti'rprcl.iti.ai  ..f  ll 
Icorre.  t  .i'-seil;oii  ll 
Rfw  U'uiM  pri-ir  l.>  < 
jurh  a  lircimislain  -■ 
Beiicin's  liiyiiii;  cfe 
an.l  iviih.itit  die  wnil 
so  ;;ilj>iirt.i'it  a-l  evenl 
bv  '.•.ir'.iii-i  ainluMS  u 
of  tt>,"iii  ti.i'l  bki-ivis" 
of  h.i'.iiik'  ''i*^'''  vi-r-".i  ! 
and  I1.1I  i:iv(-'i  t  i,.  H. 

p,1!!'.,'  in  ;ie  C'lier.illy  1 
vivil  in  die  '  e  ir  17 
hii;:;ly  ic^pi-ci..!.  -  ch.i 
resilriit ;;;  N-'u  Vi':k. 
Fnnkliii  t '  b"  siibiiiili 
of  I'hii.i.:"';'.'!',!.  ni  \\\ 
thf  l.llf  lli  lt--l;el!!  1.1  I 
Hi'^  nn'iiiiiir  M.is  pubii 
AiTii-n  III  I'f.ilosiipiiii 
aili-:  •-■  N'  1.  ;;.  :v'i  I  h.e 
01  ni'.'i  .>;  it.e  11  111. Ills 

'lilC  ,l':'!lolil:r-  ,  lU  . 
as<i  '■III  1  II..'  i;eiu  r.ill 
pan  c'v-ii  Willi,  at  par 
tio;i  r..i<  1  !-.ii  ill  jijiiK 
Din  CI:ri-<!  "...1  .d.idei 

liii'  ;;t  in  i  ;,i  ...i  i,f 
lin!:".;tr'ii'..  Ill-  le-ili 
Very  y.-.ir  ilic  i;.,'iiinl 

(li?'.i',i:fy  '\\\\<  i;l|,ii 
pr(-i;r'.-'.- !  m  I'l  •  li*ii.i 
painiei  .,  ',  ilic  ilisi  .i\ 
Sitii.ilol  iim:  ti-.-v  ,  ,i;l 
Bl.i.;;.  ,i'i  :  i.ii;  slrait' 
tog4'.-r.- 1  in.iin  ,  .11;. I 
lie  1  cms  .1  I'-ilunil.i 
I'l'.:..  ,.1  V  I  -r  M.  ( 
g!"'iv.  III-  :.-ii.-r,d.-l  .  I 
ent,  I'lc  l;!'.;.!'  '1 
ma:.:;:;  1  ■ ;- .  uv  |  .In 
"iil,".!  i  m:; alter  Ihe 
l>li--,c',l  l!.-:,:.iii  Thi 
I4'i-.  i"C-  nm  1  ..ntaii 
Jill-  V(-,v  Wiiril.  .in.i  I 
n-ioiiriintcii  With  tilt 
tehl'IIi  s  i;l(il)i:  IS  e|v 
■fc-;. 


■     U'<.      ,|,.O.i,p    ;,    111 

l;a-':;-,i.  11,11-,  111, 
I  LaJci,!,  hut-sii)^.  1 


APPI'NDIX. 


t^' 


rn^-r  ■:nnlilni"i  orirntem  vorMis,  umbra  ad  nicriilicm 
wLtumi  proiiciflulur.     Apcriurr  ii,'ilm-   sii.i  indiis. 
I    ',1  rn  crU-iil  h.i'K-mis  nobis  inconnitiim  ct  tmiltis 
ni'   i'  ■m'M''  '1"^""  J^iiHiC"'*'''''^.  •'''■'  "■ustr;i   ti-inp- 

ISL,  l.-o  .:|.'  |Mit  of  a  p;issai;c  wtiirli  it  i>  sai.l  is 
i,,.ri..ilea  liv  .laill.T.'iit  han.l,  in  ill-'  oriiiMKil  maii- 
«rrii)".!llii-c;ip.rii.lL'()l  ^>(  hfclcl.  \)c  Miirr  assures 
Mthv  tHiv  ;,n  ti  .1  I"  I'c  ioun.l  in  tin-  (.crnian  trans- 
Uiici'inilliHMokliv  (icorK.!  Alt.  uhirli  was  linishc.l 
Se;-lin.i.,bLr.  i.fi.r  '^''l  '■^•^•"  '•  ''"^^>'  "'"''•  '•'^V 
«!•,.■,.  nc'i-i"  1  1  ilif  iliscdvcrv  which  lJii;,i,'o  t  am  mailc 
0(  ,ic-nii'l,iTii  lu_-nii-|)hiTe,  previously  unknown,  an.l 
ofjhci-nsl  of  Alii'-a  hcyon.l  the  i'.)nalor.  all  wtiich 
Uprircl  !:!;:•  a  ii'.'W  worM.  ami  as  such  was  lalkc.l 
gi(t!i"iinir,  ,      ,     , 

IT.ii- i"'i!"cs;- aihili'l  to.  who  hail   in.Kk-  an   unsuc 


i!;:l  .liti-nipl.  were 


Antonio  lie  Nolle  with  liartho 


jltvW:-  briitlv.'i-.  an.l  KaphacI  do  Nolle  his  nephew, 
■  Anton;:'  U-.1--  III  ,1  no'.ile  lainiiy,  and,  lor  some  dis^nsl, 
leltnisciiiuurv  and  wnil  to  Lisbon  with  his  bcfore- 
nentiom-l  rol.ilivi  '  m  two  i  .ir.ivels  :  sadin.i,'  whenri; 
inlir:iiii!V'V  oi  I'lUliKai,  they  discovered   the  island 

o(>;.  '  iiT". 

This  K'.Seni'i'a'ed  passai;e  of  Sehedcl  w;vs  likewise 
juserli- 1  int)  ilii- work  l)e  luirop.i  sub  Trederiio  III. 
hLno.i'i  Siivais,  allerward  I'ope  I'ius  11.,  who   died 

I  141.4,  ln\K  lief'ire  the  voyai;e  in  question.  The 
|isinti.ri'.rtt.itii-.ii  "i  tin'  jiassa'^je  first  irave  rise  to  the- 
icorrc:  t  asscrtiim  tli.it  Hehem  h.id  discovered  the 
Kfw  Wodd  pnor  10  Cohmdnis  ;  as  it  it  were  possible 
judi  .1  I  ircmiislaiicp  roidd  h.ive  h.ippened  without 
Belicin  s  layiiii;  I  l.iiin  to  the  K'"rv  ot  the  discovery, 
mil  withmit  die  uotld  imiiiediateiy  reso'indiiiK  wdth 
^inr,iiiri.int  a-i  evcni.  This  error  h.id  been  adopted 
.n'.ir'iii'''  .lailmrs  wiliioiu  di;e  ex.imin.ition  ;  some 
ofwiriia  h.id  I  l<c»vis'.'  taken  from  M.inellan  the  c  redit 
of  h.ivi:i-  ('I'^'-i  ver-'d  the  Strait  wdiieh  noes  by  his  name, 
and  h.i  1  i::vfi  t  lo  |!i  hem.  The  error  w.is  too  pal- 
yaluM^!  'I' :■•  iic-.dlv  pri-valent.  but  was  suddenly  re- 
viviil  111  ]',<!'  'iir  i7-^'i  bv  a  I'Veneh  f^enlieni.m  of 
biijtily  !i-;'i-i!..!.  ■  I  h.ir.icier  of  the  ii.inie  of  <  >tto,  then 
resi'.rr.l  i:i  Niv  Vi':k,  who  addressed  a  letter  oi  l>r. 
Franlciiii  t  1  b-  siiSniilled  to  the  I'hdosophical  .Society 
of  i'hii.i.!!-';ia:.i.  Ill  whiih  he  undertook  to  est.ddish 
thf  ii;iiiii  H'lieia  in  i'iedisc.'>.  cry  nf  the  New  WitM. 
His  nii-MiiDir  w.is  puhiished  111  the  Trans.e  ti.uis  ot  the 
Airidn  .III  I'laiiiMipiiical  Society.  V'd.  d.,  f'lr  i;-ii, 
arli':''.'  \'  I.  ;:,  m  1  h.is  been  ci.j,iei'.  into  the  joum.ds 
OIni'i'l    c  l!.i'  lllll'ius  of  I'.uropr. 

Uk  .i-r'iiiiii  c- Micd  bv  M  (liio  in  '-uppoit  of  his 
assiri:  11  :irc  L;eiur,dly  f.dl.u  ious,  and  bir  the  most 
pattfiva  vvitlii  111  p.irticul.ir  spe4  ilii  ation.  Ilisasser- 
tion  h  i>  I '■•  a  ill  nn  iiily  :ind  s.itisf.u  toi  dy  refuted  by 
Don  ('!;:;>!  •',..!  .  I.i.icra.) 

Tiiri;raii  ].\  1..1  of  .M.  ( )it.i  is  ;i  |.dol)i- which  IJehem 
Unf'.C'.'.ir'ii'.i  III-  le-i deuce  in  Niiremlmrt;,  in  140-',  the 
Veryyv.ii  '.'.:. c,  (  ■  uiniius  s'-t  out  on  his  lust  voy.u;e  of 
:di!'i.\irv  Iti,-  -ii  ill',  aci  o'lliiii;  lo  .M.  (  Uto,'  ;s  still 
prcsi.Tvv  !  Ill  i'l-  liiji.irv  ol  Nuiembiiit;,  and  on  it  .iie 
painic  i  ..  ;  llu-  ilisiipveries  ot  Hehem,  whi' li  are  so 
»itii:il(,:  iiiit  t''e\  .  .i;i  (,c  no  other  th.in  the  c.i.ist  of 
Btn,::;  .nM  i,,,-  siraiis  of  .M.l^(dl.m.  Tins  authority 
Itaj^LTi- 1  ai.iiu ,  ,u:d,  il  supported,  would  demolish 
Uif  :c.ni5   ■!  'MliinilMis. 

i'si:...  „.  V  It    M 
gl'i'i'.'.  h 

em    TV-  t; 

ma,'.'  ::\  p;,,  ,,y  j  ,|,n  Sihoener,  professor  of  mathe- 
"i^i'vl  '  iiu:,uiertheiliM-ovcries  .indde.ith  of  ("oluni- 
'^1  lii-a.'in  The  re.il  ^lohe  ol  Hidiem,  m.ide  in 
Hf(3  .<( .  nut  (  nntain  ativ  of  the  islands  or  shores  ot 
ft  Nfw  Wiir!  I.  ,111  1  ihus  proves  th.it  he  was  tot.dlv 
,  flaojiiriiiucii  wiih  lliem.  A  1  opv,  or  pl.misphere,  of 
Bfhniib,  t;l.,l„:  .s  _i;u'cn  bv  Cl.idera  in   his   Investig.i- 


It   .M.    t  uto,    ill   his   description   of   the 
ii-iidc!  t  n  ihe  inspection  of  a  corrcspoiub 
1   the   library   of    Nuremburk;   was 


.,■'..  ,i,.,.,„i   .^  1,1,   ij  ,.,,|,    y      I.i,l,on,  iss3. 
_   ;;>•■•';;:  inuiic,  1  li  .Inric.i^.      Ma.lriil.  IT,)!.' 
.  LiiiKt.i,  Inubiiy.  llisi.,  p.  115, 


No.  XIV. 

VOYAC.F.S   Ot'    lilt-.    S(AM)INAVI.\NS. 

Many  elaborate  dissertations  have  been  written  to 
prove  that  discmerirs  were  made  by  Ihe  .Sc.in(lin,.vi- 
ans  on  the  northern  c  oast  of  Americ.i  loni;  indore  the 
er.i  of  Cohmibus  ;  but  the  subject  appe.irs  still  to  be 
wr.qjped  in  much  doubt  and  obscurity. 

It  h.is  bren  asserted  that  the  Norwei^i.ins,  as  earlv 
;is  the  niiuh  century,  discovered  a  Krcal  Ir.ul  of  land 
to  the  west  of  Iceland,  which  they  called  (irand  lee- 
hind  ;  but  this  has  been  pronounced  a  fabulous  tra- 
dition. Tiie  most  plausible  account  is  one  niven  by 
Siiorro  .Siurli'soii.  in  his  .Satja  or  Chronicle  of  Kin>^ 
<  )l.ius.  .NccordiiiL;  to  this  writer,  one  liiorn  of  Icelanil, 
•sailinu  to  (ireenhind  in  search  of  his  faiher,  from 
whom  he  had  been  se|),ir,ited  by  a  storm,  was  driven 
by  tentpestuous  weather  f.tr  to  tiie  south-west,  until  he 
c.ime  in  sii,du  of  a  low  country,  covered  with  wood. 
with  an  isl.ind  in  its  vicinity.  The  weather  beeomintf 
f.ivorable,  he  turned  lO  the  north-east  without  landing, 
and  arrived  safe  at  I  ireenl.md.  1 1  is  account  ol  the  coim- 
tty  he  had  beheld,  it  is  said,  excited  the  enterprise  of 
l.tdf,  son  of  I'.ric  Rrmd.i  lor  Uedheaih,  the  lirsl  settler 
of  ( irecnl.ui  1.  .\  vessel  w.is  lilted  out,  and  Leif  and 
liiorn  dep.irted  .done  in  (|uest  of  this  iiniNiunvn  land. 
They  foimd  a  rocky  and  sterile  isl.ind,  to  which  they 
i;.ive  th('  n.ime  of  llelleland  ;  also  ;i  low  s.iiidy  coun- 
try covered  wdth  wood,  to  which  tlu'y  y^vf  the  n.ime 
of  M.irkl.md  ;  and,  two  d.iys.ifterward.  they  observed 
.1  1  I  intinuance  of  the  coast,  with  an  isl  iiid  to  the  north 
of  it.  This  l.ibt  they  describ(.i|  asfertd",  well  wooded, 
prodiuinn  agreeable  fruits,  and  p.irtn  ul.iily  tjrapes.  a 
fruit  with  which  ihev  were  uii.u  ipiaii.i..- 1.  <  In  beinu 
informed  by  one  of  their  companions,  a  liirm.m,  of 
its  (|ualilii  s  and  n.ime,  they  c.illi  d  tin-  iiunlry,  from 
it,  \i:il,iiid.  I  iii-y  .is(ended  a  livei,  \.i-,i  scri.-,!  willi 
lish,  p.irtn  ul.irly  salmon,  an.l  c.i:ne  t  •  .1  Like  from 
which  the  river  took  its  oiii;in.  udnic  li.cv  passed  itie 
winK  r.  Tile  clim.ite  api'earcl  to  th.in  mill  and 
p'c.is.mt  ;  beim;  accustotncil  to  the  li.oious  c!im.il..'S 
01  the  noilh.  On  the  shortest  d.iy,  llic  s,:n  w.is  ei.vjht 
li.iuis  abo\.'  tiie  hori/on.  Hence  il  i:.is  been  con- 
clu.led  th.it  the  country  was  tiboiil  the  .(.ah  deL'rce  cf 
north  l.itilu.le,  .in. I  w.is  either  Newf.uiiuliand.  or  s  me 
p.iit  of  the  coast  of  Ninth  .Americi  aboui  tlie  (hi,;  of 
St.  L.iwrence.""  Itisadiled  that  the  n  I.itivrs  cl  i.eif 
in.ide  se\cr.d  voy.ii^es  to  X'inland  ;  lii..t  ihey  tr.nie.l 
with  the  natives  for  furs  ;  an. I  th.it.  in  1  1  .' 1 ,  a  1  isli.ip 
n. lined  I'.ric  went  Ironi  ( ireeiil.in.l  to  Vinl.iad  to  con- 
vert  the  inhal.it.uits  to  (diristi.iiiity.  l-'n.m  tliis  l^ 
s.ivs  I'orster,  we  know  nothini; ol  N'inLind.  and  ti  ; 
is  every  appe.irance  tii.it  the  tribe  w  im  h  slii!  exisi  •\ 
the  inleri.irof  Newfoundl.ui.!.  and  wl'.ii  !,  is  so  liii;  -.t 
from  the  other    s.iv.it;es    of   North    .\!iiinc.i.    I  .11 

their  appear. mci-  .in.l  mode  of  liviiii;.  .ind  .i.w.i\  -  a  a 
slate  ot  w.irf. ire  with  the  l!scpiiri.ii:\  it  ll:.-  noi'.iitiil 
co.isl.  .ire  ilesi  en.l.inls  of  the  .iihk  lit  .\oiilian- 

'1  he  .lUtlior  of  the  present  uo.k  h.is  11..1  i  the 
mc.ins  of  tr.iriiii^  this  sl.-rv  ti  its  oiiniii..!  ~  .  .  es. 
I  le  i;ivcs  it  on  the  iUllhorilv  of  M.  Malt.  ' 
Mr.  I'orster.  The  l.itter  exti.uis  11  li  oai  t: 
Chronicle  of  Siiorro,  who  w.is  born  in 
wrote  in  ui;  ;  so  that  his  .n  1  omit  w.is  loimeil  loiif) 
afler  the  event  is  said  to  h.iv  t.ikeii  ]  l.ice.  I'.irsler 
s.ivs  :  "  Ihe  l.icts  svhich  we  report  h.ive  been  collected 
from  a  i;reat  number  of  Icel.mdic  maiuisi  i  ipts.  and 
tr.insmitted  tons  by  Torfa'us  in  his  two  woiks  eiilitleil 
\'eleris  (irienlai  .li.e  Descriptio,  ll.ifni.i,  1700,  and 
llistori.i  Wml.mdi.e  .\nliiiii.e.  Ilalni.i.  170?."  Fors- 
tcr  .ipiie.irs  to  have  no  doubt  of  the  authenticity  of  the 
t.icts.  As  I, ir  as  the  author  of  the  present  wwi,  has 
h.id  experience  in  tracing;  these  stories  of  ca'lydis- 
(  overies  of  portions  of  the  New  World,  he  has  Ren- 
er.illy  found  them  very  contident  deductions  dr.iwn 
fiom  very  vav;ue  and  iiueslioii.ible  f.icts.  Learned 
men  .ire  too  prone  to  i;i\'e  subsl.mce  to  mere  shadows, 
wdien   they   assist   some   [ireconccived   theory.      Most 


.iiid 
^  .-;a  or 
T'i.    and 


'fir|:r 


:    :!'■     .i 
f :  ■      J  i 


^1  |r 


1       '   I'orster';)  N'orthora  Vosageb,  liook  ii   cli.'p. 


fi 


JG 


APPRNDIX. 


of  tlicsc  arcoiinis,  when  ilivpstcd  of  thr  orii  lite  dmi- 
iiicnis  of  their  editors,  liave  (iroved  little  hetter  tli.iii 
the  ir.idition.iry  (allies,  notirid  in  another  |)art  of  this 
\iv>rk,  rcspei'titii;  the  itn;>i;iiiary  islands  of  St,  I-i(>ron- 
ilon.  an  1  of  the  Seven  t'lties. 

There  is  no  ijreat  iiiiprobability,  however,  that  sm  h 
eiUerpri-iin^  and  ro\ mi;  vovai;ers  as  the  Scandinavians 
ni  i\  have  wandereil  to  the  northern  shores  of  Aineriea. 
all. UK  the  roast  of  I.alirador,  or  the  shores  of  New- 
loundlan  1  :  and  if  the  Ii clandie  inanu-.rripts  saiil  to 
111-  ol  the  thirteriiih  rent'.irv  i  an  he  relied  ii|ion  as  i;en- 
nine,  free  from  modern  inler|)'il,iti(iti,  and  correctly 
i|ilo!e(l,  they  wonM  appe.ir  to  prove  the  (act.  lUlt 
i;r,intini;  the  truth  of  the  allei;ed  disc ovei  les,  they  led 
to  no  in. ire  result  th.m  would  the  iulerch.iniLje  (jf  com- 
niunic.ilion  hetween  the  il.itives  of  •'•reenl.md  and  the 
IN'iuitn  lus'.  The  knowledije  of  litem  .appears  not  to 
have  extended  hevoinl  their  own  n.iti<Mi,  and  to  have 
been  soon  mxlerted  and   forgotten  \'\  themselves. 

;\nother  pretension  to  an  early  discovery  of  the 
.•\meriean  continent  has  been  set  up.  f(uinded  on  .01 
alleycil  ni  ip  atil  narrative  of  two  brothers  of  the 
name  of  /euo.  of  \'eni<'e  ;  hut  it  seems  more  invalid 
than  those  iusi  mentioned.  I'he  followini.;  is  t'le  su!) 
stance  of  this  claim. 

Nicolo  /,eno.  a  noble  \'enctiati,  is  saiil  to  h.ive  inadc 
a  voy.i;;e  to  the  iKirth  in  ];>-'o.  in  a  vessel  tilled  out  at 
his  own  I ■o'it,  intendini;  to  visit  lMii;!an<l  and  I'laiider-J  ; 
but  mei'Ciiii;  with  a  terrible  tempest,  "vas  driven  f"r 
many  d  ivs  he  Knew  nu  whither,  until  lie  w.is  c:ist 
aw.iv  up  Ml  Kriseland.  .m  island  niucli  indKiuie  anionic 
j;eri;r.ip!iers.  but  supposed  to  be  the  arrliipel.i.i;o  ot 
the  Kerroe  isl.mds.  1  he  shipwreclvcd  vov.ii^eis  were 
assailcil  bv  the  n  ilives  ;  but  rescued  by  /.iclunni.  a 
prince  of  the  islands,  lyini;  on  the  south  side  ol  ("rise 
land,  and  diiUe  of  .mother  district  Ivini;  over  ai;.unst 
Si-otlani|.  /.eno  entered  into  theser\  ice  ot  thi>;  'irini  e, 
and  aided  turn  in  cdiupierini;  Friseiand,  and  oilirr 
northern  isl.mds.  lie  wassmn  joined  l\  h;-;  I  roihi  r 
.Antonio  /eno,  who  nni. lined  fourteen  ye.irs  in  lho~e 
countries. 

Durini;  his  resilience  in  Friseland.  .\ntonio  Zeno 
wrote  to  his  lirother  t'.irlo.  in  X'enice.  j^ivini;  .111  ac- 
■ount  of  .'.report  t  rout;ht  bv  a  <  ert.iin  fishermari.  abdut 
a  land  to  the  westwant.  Accordini;  t>  the  tale  of  this 
m, inner,  he  had  been  one  ot  a  party  x.  h<i  saile  I  fioni 
Frisel.md  about  twenty  six  vears  before,  in  fiur 
tishini>d)ii.iis.  Mein^;  overiaUen  by  a  mii;fitv  tempc;!, 
they  were  driven  ,tbout  the  se.i  for  in  uiy  davs,  until 
th  boat  cijntainini;  hini-^elf  and  six  cump.inions  w.is 
ca";!  up  in  .in  island  calN-d  I'sioMl.md.  about  one  thmi 
san  I  mil'--;  friim  I'l  isd.in  1.  1  hey  were  t.iken  b'  the 
inli.ibiian'.s.  .ml  c.iriie  Ilia  i.nr  and  popiii<ius  ciiv. 
where  th-  kina;  sent  for  in.inv  iiiter]ireters  to  converse 
with  them,  but  none  lli.it  tliey  could  understand,  until 
a  m  ill  w.is  fiun  i  who  liad  likewise  been  (  a>-t  aw.iy 
upo-i  t'l''  ciM>it.  and  who  spoke  l.,it:ti.  'I'hey  rem, lined 
sever.d  d  ivs  upon  the  iskincl,  which  w.is  rich  and 
fruitful,  .ilioundin:,'  widi  all  kinds  el  inel.il-i,  and 
especi.ibv  i^oM  *  There  w.is  a  hiyli  nioiiiitain  in  the 
cenfe,  fro  11  whit  !i  .'beved  f  uir  rivers  which  w.iterel 
Ihi-  whol"  luunlrv.  Tie-  inli.ibitants  ivcre  intellijjent 
an  1  ac  piainl 'd  with  llie  niei  hanical  arts  '.f  l-iurope. 
Thc-y  cul'i'.Mli- 1  ^;rain,  m.ide  beer,  ar,,l  lived  in  houses 
built  of  slo:i!-.  'I'here  were  Latin  books  in  the  kinj^'s 
libiary.  thoa-h  the  inh.ibit.mts  had  no  knowledge  of 
that  l,iii.;u  i^e.  They  had  ni.my  1  ities  .and  caslles, 
and  carrieil  on  a  trade  with  (Ireenland  for  pitch,  sul- 
phur, and  ji'-ltry.  Though  much  ^iven  to  naviijation, 
they  wc-re  u,'n  ir.iiit  of  the  i:se  of  the  1  (imp.iss,  an  1 
fin  liiiij  'he  I'rivi-l.inders  .-iciiuainted  with  it,  held  them 
in  K''^  at  esteem  .  .ml  the  kinij  sent  them  with  twelve 
barks  to  \isi!  .1  lountry  lo  the  south,  called  Droijeo. 
They  had  nearly  perished  in  a  storm,  but  were  ( .ist 
away  upon  the  coast  of  Droi^eo  'I  liev  found  the 
pe'iple  to  be  cmnibals,  and  were  on  the  jioint  of  beiiii; 

"  'Miis  account  js  l.ikeii  i.^m  [!,i'kM;\l.  vol.  in.  p  i2v 
'lie-  p-is-atje  .ilir.'i!  ^  /d  .mtl  (i"mt  iiici.iIt  i,  t.oi  iii|,i- 
f'jnnil  in  the  oriijm.il  iMiim  "l  kmiu-iu  i-oin.  1..  p.  '.■  ;', 
.i.iil  Ii  probably  .ui  Interpol. ai.jii. 


killed  and  devoured,  but  were  sparril  ,  ;    ■ 
ihrir  i;reat  <ikill   in  (i^hint;. 

The  (isherm.m  described  this  liroijcri  ,5 
countrv  of  vast  extent,  or  rather  a  new  ,v  .r 
the  inhabit.mts  were  naked  .and  b.irh,ir..i;> 
f.ir  to  the  south-west  there  w.is  a  more  (ivm  .^ 
.and  temper, lie  <  liniate,  where  the  nihil.:,-, 
knowledi;e  of  i:<ild  .mil  silver,  lived  in  .ip.^ 
splendid  temples  to  idols,  ;ind  s.icntii  r.!  ■  ;„ 
tinis  to  them,  which  thev  alterw.ird  di\'  um 

-Mler  the  lisheriii,in  h.id  resided  luaiiv  v  ,:- 
CDntinenl.  durini;  which  time  he  h.nl  p,,v„  : ; 
service    of    one    chieft.iin   to    anolhrr.    lai ,  ;■ 
v.irioiis  p.irts  of  it,  certain  boats  ol   l!>i(.|i m.  ; 
on    the    coist  of    Dro^'eo.      The    tishertn  m  \i 
board  of  them,  ;icted  as  interpreli-r.  .i[i,|  i,,.i,  i 
ir.ule  between   the  m.iindand  anil   I'sloi.!,;!, ,  1 
time,  nnti,  he  bei  .ime  very  rich     linn  he  r; 
b.irk  of  his  own,  and  with    the  iissisi.iti -r-  ,•  , 
the  people  of  the  isLmil,   made  his  w.i,-  ' 
the  Ihousand  inlervenitiL;  miles  01  ou-,ui.  „■ 
s.ife  at  l"riselc.iid        I  he  account  he  e.r.i-i,!  ;..( 
tries,  dclerniined  /.iclniini,  the  priiii'-i'  li  . 
send  an  expedition  thither,  and  .\<\\>  n:<<  .'■■ 
command  it.      lust  before  sailini;.  ll.c  (;-!■;■ 
was  to  have  acted    as   ijiiide.    die.l  ;   1  .,• 
ners,  w  ho  li.id  accoinp.mied  him  Ironi  I  ■;  ■ 
tikcn  in  his  pi, ice.     The  rxpeilinou  s  n  r-l  . 
m.ind  of  ZiciiniTU  ;    the    X'eneliaii.   /en.,  u, 
con.pailied    it.        it   w.is   unsuccessfu;.     .\  •  • 
disiovered    an    island    cadi-d    Ic.iri.i,    ivh.  n-. 
with  a  rouidi  reception  from  theiuhal  1'.  •!;-  . 
obliyeil  to  withdraw,  the  ships  wcreut  .t- 
to  I  ;ri-enl,ind.      No  record  remains  ol  .itv,  :„r. 
icution  ot  the  enterprise. 

I  he   coutilrics   iiienlioned  in   the  ii  •  mt 
were    l.iid  down    <ui    a    map   orii^inaliv   ■■ 
wood.     The  island  of   I'.stoiil.ind   Ims  '  . , -,  . 
bv  .NI.   M.ilte  lirun  to  be  New  found!. m. I  ,     - 
'  ivi!i.?ed   inhabit.mts   the   des.  end.iiils  ,- 
n;.vi,in  colonisis  of  \inl.ind  .  and  the  1  .■ 
ihe  kind's  lilirar\  to  be  the  reni.iius  c|   1.  ■ 
llie  (ircenl.ind  bishop,  who  eminr.ited  !i:  '     . 
Ilroyeo,  according;  to  the  same  ionic  Uirc  .v 
.'-'Coll. I  and  .New  laij^l.md.      The  riviii/- •!  ]  ■   ; 
south-west,     who   sicriliced    hum. 111    •,  i'..'  ■ 
tcmple.i    he  surini"es  to  have   lieen   ih'-  .M'V 
some  ;incienl  n^itioii  of  I'lorida.  or  1  01  ;-  .1, 

'Ihe  premises  do  not  appear  to  w.ii;  -r!  ,1 
tion.      'I  he  wdiolc  sioi  V  abound  >  wiih  iih;i''  1 
not    the    le.isc    of    whii  h    is   the   ^  u  ,i;/.i'.  •."  ' 
amoti.^'  the   inhabit.mts;    their   lions,  s  t:  s 
Iv.irope.in  arl--;,  the  lil  r.iry  of   ilicir  L:' ... 
ulii.  Ii  were  10  be  foun.l  on  their  sul..sei.i.' c' 


-irc  I 


''■  :i.\ 


T.Ml 


.\»l 


Not  to  iiieniion  till-   inform. uion   ab'i.; 
lr.ilin<  ihrouijh  the  nu.iierous  sa\.iK:   i 
continent.      It  is  proper  to  observe  1,.: 
W.IS  not  jiublishcl  un'.il  if?',  loii;;  a^'.  : 
of  .Mexico.      Ii  w.'.s  niven   to  the  wor.  1 
.M.ircolini,  ;i  descend. :iit   of   the   /ci,' 
menis  of  Iriters  said  to  li.ive  I  em  v,  1  ;i 
/.eno  1,1   Carlo   his   brother,      "  ll   i;r" 
1  the  editor,  "  tli.il  the  bcik,  and  ili.c'- 
i  cmcetninn   these   m. liters,    ate    m.-' ' 
!   lein^  but  . I  child  when   tlicy  c.ime  t-  •■ 
not  knowin^f  wh.il   they  were,    I   i"i- 
them  to   pieces,    whi'h  now  I    .  nin.  :   ' 
brancc  but  to  iny  exceeddii;  K'''"-''  ^''  ' 

This  K.irbled  stalemenl  by  .\I,ir.  ■  '  1. 
sider.iblc  .luthority  by  beinij  intr.it. i  ■ 
( >rtelius,  an  able  jjeojrrapher,  in  h  -  I  ' 
i  but  the  whole  story  has  been  con. Icmic 
■  mentators  as  a  j.'ro<s  fabrication  Mi 
this,  as  an  ins;. mi  e  of  obstin  .le  m  •:• 
that  it  is  impossible  to  doubt  the  esi-l'i- 
try  of  whii  h  C.irlo,  Nicolo,  and  .Niii'! 
.IS  oii^jin.il  ails  in  the  arc'iives  .il  \  ec 
Ihe  chevalier  imderlouk  a  voyage  I"  '• 


II.uKl'iyt.  <_".".'et  t.  vol.  i  .,  p. 


W- 


jj^hPlhcr.Anl'Miin, 
(inai'  wliiih  he  Ic 
U5i',  v.in-Ti'  it  reii 

^  i;;Uil  iho  li""' 

of  (1!  'he  iniih  o: 
Jjl«,  il  nii.Tclv  I'li'v 
ire,.;  l"iis''i uiil.r 

left  th.il  >'-'■'"■'  "' 
\\  u  ,<  cirricil  I 
,  ^ii'l.  Ml-  hciir  '1.1  1 
jtctifiiil  .in. I  Mro: 
^crii!  ic.,  :i!;cr  w 
JVC  I'C.n  .  nMii'Clli: 

emblrs  niiu  ;i  ilic 

icnvcivol  I  ciluni 

ii;  iiii.lu.lls  the  I 

Jl.  M.i!!.:  Hriin  iut 
IVini.ii.l  m.iv  hav 
|m,ii:caMivii;e  v 

►  niiii'ii'  /""'■■.  1" 
,  in  .1  1 1  iiiisli  \\ 
mew  (■(ihiiii'.us  w:.'i 
naps,  he  ill  .v  Ivive 

anniiiriciM'.-'l  \\  : 
8run  •.•\.iiciiici|  die 

KCUl.i'  v,  11'-'  w.iiil  1 
gpoi  iiice  Willi  r.i;: 
pressf'i  lii-^  iiilcnii.' 

ICliv  I '  llio  \vi"-l.      ! 

le  I'l.i  '  until  ll.' 

lidfiM-  .if  n.irilii. 

tx  (.'.i;;iiii'i,-i  li.ii!  1! 
IVrliic.il,  it   not 
Ciannm;,  thcrefoie,  l 
thcilubi.ms  ^ll.ries  of 
advciiluri'S,  as  rci,iled 
iki,  th'  >  cviileiuly  CO 
,  WigrcLl  ciiUTprise. 
ikm,  liii  w,is  a  (lire 
Vin,a'ii,  anil  I'sl.itii.i 

(C>;ijni;ii  an  1  (.'itii, 
ribcil.y  .M.irc...  IVl 

dia. 


pp.ci  \r.-,\vi.;\i:  .n  i 

Tip  knnivlc'li^.,"  cf  t 

Waiui'  .-(last  <i|  .\liio 

lBtii;;U(irs  nculi  less  . 

(d.  .iiiil  it  is  .1  nilite 

CaU;i;lli(.rily  lir  the  I.' 

bl.-.    The  .iHei;L-d  \ 

|>mih>  K.-.l  Sea  t.i 

Ilin',-,  I'liniji'iniiis  .M,. 

0(1  til'-'  .is-i'.-urm  iif  C 

Blllr.-.n:  ivh.nce  he  . 

;  dor,i-js    r.-,i  l,v  sira 

Kcnin'  1.1  :'ms  v<  v  "■(' 

nil.'  l.iai'iu>  vi)y.iirt_' 

•nppi"^:-!  t"  li.iu''i,ike 

l*''i'i'  lac  ("linsii.iu  ei 

l»3in-    1  l'i;cl  an,l  ,,:,, 

laii.i-;,  ,|..r[  ,.|  Ljri.jit 

,,*)mi-  i'  ii,,>  1  ,.,.„  p,„„ 

^tlte.!,-M..T;-  the  Gree 

*'y    ^::i  !i.  ,.l.'d         It 

prove.!,  ii..,iVM.r.  thai 

toshtTi;  fre.iii,  t-x  11;, 

2'mii-'..:.;:.tr,Ui„-  ex; 

Bous.i.iivii'e,;  ir.ir,-.;  1 

f  "."V.i.l    li;,.    \v,.^t 

ralm;i,\  a:..ui;  r:v.-.,r 


-M 


'•"'.•     will  Mu-    ill- 

\^|''  ■  I'-nm.  IliMil 
:;..  II,.  ..    I  ,„.,, 

-^7'"'"!-\in.-i.,Mc. 

.  I"  -'.'■hn.  k.-.-liKr-.-ht 
«>"'  ■   i-.    1  ..   err 

S  M'iii'):i,(icl.\L..ul, 


AlMMiXDIX. 


.)( 


Ifchr:i|hcr  Niiinnln,  fnllowo.l  Ilim  ;  th;it  AiiK^nin  trarfl 
Jb,,..  w'luhhi.-  hroiiijht  bark  ami  tuiiik'  up  in  his 
tousi'  v.hcri-  it  rfina.iu'il  siil).ioc-t  to  public  fxainina 
Sn  riiil 'h^' ''""*  "'  ••'•"■'"''"'•  ■'"*•'"  iii'"">t<'"*tablc 
2)01  i.'  'he  truth  ol  what  he  advanroil.  Grantini,'  all 
M.  a  I'lrflv  pU'Vcs  that  Antomo  atid  his  brother 
I^^^'  .'l',i>,.|  iihlaii.l  C.ri'Ptllaii.l.  'I'hcir  letters  never 
fcert  ili.it  ZctM  ma  le  the  vnyatjc  to  listotilan.l.  I  he 
it  u  ><  i:irrieil  bv  a  tempest  to  lireetilaivl,  after 
•I  »r  hear '111  I!.  of  him  ;  ami  his  .-Ki-cuint  of 
lltctii.iti  1  aril  liroijeo  rests  simply  on  the  tale  <jf  the 
|ierni.'\  alier  wli"S(;  desiTiplions  his  map  must 
[Je'rtii' •"!ii'''liiiallv  projcrted.  The  whole  story 
lemlilrs  mm  a  the  fal'les  einiilaled  shortly  after  the 
IcoViMViiM  iiliiinbiis,  to  arroi;ate  to  othiT  iiatinns 
"iBd  h:  iivi'lu.ils  the  ereilit  of  the  aehli'Vcmeiit. 

M.  Ml!!'.'  Hniii  intimates  that  the  alleged  discovery 
OfViiil.."'!  rn.iv  have  been  known  to  I'olumlnis  when 
iKtn.iiii-a  viiviue  in  the  \orlh  Sea  in  i  17V,*  and  that 
llienMMi!  /■■Ml-,  beiiiK  in  the  national  lilirarv  at  I. on 
don,  ill  .'.  Iliiiish  work,  .It  the  time  when  li,iilh(do- 
Btw  Ci  liiinnis  w:.s  i"  that  eity,  eiliployeil  in  niakini,' 
Hups,  l;i'  i;iiv  have  know')  smnetliinn  of  it,  and  h  ive 
coinn!:'"'!'!^''!  ''  '■  '  bis  brother. +  li.id  M.  M.ilte- 
8hin  -\,iirriii'il  the  history  of  Columbus  with  his  nsiial 
ICCiir.i  V,  li^'  w.iiil  1  have  pi^rreived  th.-it,  in  his  rurre- 
ipoi  fii' with  r.iul  "  Toscatielli  in  1474,  he  had  es- 
press'- .  iii"  iiiii''"i":i 'f  Peekini;  India  by  a  route  i!i 
BCllv  I '  llii.' \vi-<l,  Ilis  voya;{e  ti)  the  north  di  1  n^t 
ie  1'!.!  ■  until  three  ye.irs  alterw,ird.  As  In  l!ie 
lidtTi- !•  "f  H.irlhnlciriiew  in  London,  it  w.as  iicpt  mild 
ler  ('  i.aiii'  1.-*  had  ni.i  le  his  [)ro|)ositionso|  diseovery 
_.'rlUL;.il,  it  nut  to  the  rmirts  of  other  powers, 
ttani'is'.  therefore,  th.il  he  hail  subse(]iieiitly  he.U'l 
the ilubiniis  .'•lories  of  \'iiil,ind,  and  of  the  lisherm.m's 
Bivcnicri'S,  as  rci.iled  by  Zeno,  or  at  least  by  Marcn- 
:  lioi,  ti'.'.  vviileiuly  could  not  h.ive  inllueneeil  him  in 
hUgri  ;  iiitiTj  rise.  Ilis  route  had  no  refereme  to 
tkm.  I '■'  w.is  a  ilirei  t  western  emirse,  not  toward 
i  ISn.a'i  1.  ,intl  l-'.-lolilaiiil,  .md  DroL^eo,  but  in  se.in  li 
;  )(Ci;unL;ii  .mi  (.'.itli.iy.  and  the  other  eoiintries  cb' 
Iribf  i  Ny  Marco  I'ulo,  .is  Ivin^  it  the  e.Mrcinilv  "f 
idia. 


X'    XV. 

^RrrMNAvi.;.\[i  IN  111-  .\iRii  \   l:v  Tllf   AS'  ir.M  -. 

Ti!'  k'lnwledi;',-  rf  the  ancients  with   rcsjiert  in  tlio 

illav.i.   I'oast  nf  Africa  is  considered   bvini'^k-rn   in- 

Bt.iM;i'r..;  nv.uli  less  extensive  than  h.nl   b'-m   ini.ii;- 

__jKi .  .Ill  it  isii  nibted  whether  they  h.id  anv  practi- 

•  Cal;;;:ili!irity  lir  the  bi-liel  that  Africi  w.is  cinnnmav 

pbli ,     Ihe  .illei^ed  vi>y,it>e  of   I-"iulo.\us   f)f    C'y/ieiis, 

pmih-keil  Se.i  to  Gibraltar,    thouijh   reeonb-d   by 

Jill'.-  I'linijioniiis  Mei.i.  ,iii(l  dthers,  is  i;iven  eiuirelv 

;  JBtli:  .iv^rui^in  of   Cornelius    Nepos,    who    does    11. .1 

JIlKn!;  tthi-nri;  he  deri\ei|  his  inform, ition.  I'ori 
_  ni'.'^  I'l'i  !,y  .Strabiii  j^ivcs  an  entirely  diifen-iit 
£'■"'."■  ''  -^  ^■'  V'-K"".  "nii  rejects  it  with  contempt.  ( 
ill'- :.iiii.iii>  vijy,it;e  .if  IKiniin.  the  (.'.irtha>;iiii.iii.  ;■. 
IPP' -  i  til  h.ive  l.iken  piare  .iliout  a  thousand  ye.irs 
*w.'tJiiM'liri>iiaii  er.i       The  I'eripius  ll.mnon'is  n 


f-  Bai 

fin 

l^lon 

m 


I  lii.i!  ,u;.l  i,:iM:ure  r-'cord   of  this  expedition, 

■iicti.!  yreat  comment  .ind  lontroversy.      I!v 

■.|^  i  ci-n  priiiioiini  ed  a  lictitious  work,  f.ibii- 

"'"•,;4  the  Greeks,  but  its  authentiritv  h.is  been 

' '""''■■!        It    .i|>pears    to    l.ic    satisf.ictoiily 

'.  !ii.iivviT,  that   til.'   voyauc   of   this   navii;.itor 

•1:  i;re.iii,  e.\:ii,'i;cr.iiid,  and   th.at   he  never  c  ir- 

'"'"■■■•.:<;it^^.l  ;he  extreme  end  nf  Africa.      Mon.-.  de 

'ii.;i::'.-ilU- ;  ir.ices  his  route  to  a  pronmntory  which 

il   the   \V..>st    lu.rn.    sup, posed    to    be    C.ipe 

"■'  ■  al.ini;  l.vior  si  v:  denrees  north  ot  the  e(|uinor- 

wiur.it.  li(.  iroceeded   to  anoilier  pronion 

f  lir.'  '''"''■  "'^'   ''•'''■'"'.'  .  'o"i-  i.  lib.  wli. 
'"•'ill..;    I  ■lei-rseile,    tmii.    \iv.      Note  siir  !.i  d.'- 
'•  ■  -\in.^-i.pii-. 

'ton,        ■'■"■  ''^"'■'"•'■■■hes  i-iir  h  f;eo);iMi.hie    U-s   Anciens 
■  "'"      ,'    1  I.:    |.',- 

}-"'''ii"):i,ik-l.\.--.ul.  cits  Inscnpi.  torn.  a.xvI. 


tory,  under  the  s.ime  par.illid,  wdiii  h  ho  called  the 
South  Horn,  supposed  to  hi'  C.ipe  de  Trcs  I'unt.is. 
Mons,  (iosseliii,  however,  in  his  Kese.irches  into  the 
( ieoi;ra[)liy  of  the  Ancients  itome  1,  p.  |fi.'  etc.  I,  after 
.1  rmid  i'S.iinin,ition  of  the  I'eripius  of  Il.miio,  deter- 
iiiiiii's  that  hi'  had  not  sailed  f.irther  smilh  than  C.ipt; 
Nun.  I'liiiy,  who  makes  llaiino  raiiKe  the  whole  coa?t 
of  .\fric,i,  from  the  str.iits  to  the  cimtiti'S  of  Arabia, 
h.id  never  seen  his  I'eripius,  but  took  his  idea  from 
the  works  <if  Xenoplion  of  l.ampsaio.  The  Creeks 
siirchar^icd  th<!  iiari.ition  of  ilu;  voyaj^er  with  all  kin. Is 
of  (allies,  and  on  their  unf.iithtiil  copies,  Strabo 
fruinded  m.iny  of  his  assertions.  .\ii urdinj;  to  M. 
(iosselin.  the  itineraries  of  II,imio,  of  Scvlax,  I'oly- 
biiis,  Sl.ilius,  S(  Il  isus  and  jub  1.  ;  the  recitals  of  I'lato. 
of  ,\ristotle,  of  I'liny,  of  I'lutan  h,  ,ind  the  tables  of 
I'lolcmy,  ,il|  brim;  us  to  the  saiiu.'  results,  and,  nr,t- 
withst.indiiiL;  their  apparent  contradictions,  fix  the 
limit  of  southern  n.avij^.ition  .about  the  neijjhbortiotil 
of  Cape  Non,  or  Cape  Hoj.idnr. 

The  opinion  tli.it  .Africa  was  a  peiiiiisul.i,  wliii  h  ex- 
isted aiiion.L;  the  Persians,  the  I'.i,'ypli.ins.  .uid  perhaps 
the  ( irei'ks,  sever.il  centuries  jirior  to  the  Christian 
er.i,  was  not,  in  his  opinion,  founded  upon  any  known 
f.icts  ;  but  mercdy  on  conjecture,  from  <  (insideriiiL; 
the  imnurisity  and  unity  of  the  nc<.:in  ;  01  perhajis  on 
more  .mrient  traditions  ;  or  on  i.le.is  ])ridiiced  by  tir." 
C.irtlKii;inian  discoveries,  bevond  the  Straits  of  (iib- 
i.iltar,  and  those  of  the  Mijyptians  beyond  the  (itilf  of 
;\r  ilii.i  lie  thinks  th.at  there  was  a  very  remote 
pi-riod,  when  K''OL;r;iphy  was  niM  li  iii'in-  i  I'rfect  than 
ill  the  time  ol  the  I'henii  i.ms  and  the  Cm  iks,  whose 
knowledge  w.is  but  confused  tr.ii  es  of  wh.ii  had  pre- 
viously been  lieiler  known. 

The  opinion  th.ii  the  Indian  Sea  joined  the  ocean 
was  admitted  anioni;  the  Creeks,  ami  in  'be  school  of 
.\le\andri.i,  until  the  tune  of  llil)]..inl  •.  't  seemed 
authori/ed  by  the  direction  which  tin  .-■  1  !  Afric.i 
took  .after  Cape  Armnata.  alw.iys  ter.i  •,<  .vcslw.ird. 
.IS  fir  as  it  had  b'-i-n  explored  by  n.ivinators. 

It  was  supposed  that  thi'  western  coast  of  Africa 
lounded  oft  to  meet  tile  eastern,  anit  th.it  the  whole 
w.is  bou.'iik'd  bv  the  ocean,  much  to  the  notthw,ird  of 
thp  e>)u.itor.  Sui  h  W.IS  the  opinion  of  Crates,  who 
lived  in  the  time  of  .Ab'x.iinler  :  of  .Ar.itus,  of  Clcan- 
llies,  of  Cle. 'iiiedes,  of  Slr.abo,  of  l'oi:i]">iiius  Mel.i.  of 
M.icr<d)iu.s,  and  many  (>tli(rs. 

Ilipp.irchus   limp  ised   a  different  system,  and   led 


tb.e  world  into   an 


error,    which    for  a 


>ni. 


time  rc- 


t.irded  the  maritime  comnuinii  ation  of  I'.uropo  and 
liidi.i.  He  supi>.ised  that  the  seas  were  separated 
into  distinct  b.isiiis,  and  th.it  the  e.islern  shores  of 
.Africi  made  .a  circuit  round  the  Indi.ui  Se.i.  so  as  to 
join  those  of  .\si:i  bevond  ti.e  mouth  of  the  (iani;es. 
Subsr')uent  discoveries,  instead  of  refutirii;  this  error, 
oulv  placed  the  junction  of  tin:  continents  ,it  .  greater 
dist.ince.  M.irinu-  of  Tyre,  and  I'lolerin-,  adrined 
this  opinion  in  their  works,  ,iivl  idustr.ited  it  in  their 
ni.ips.  which  for  ceiiturii's  controlii'd  the  i,eneral  be- 
liel  ot  m.mkind.  and  piTpetu  iled  th.r  i  le.'.  that  .Africa 
CNieniled  oiuv.ir.l  to  the  south  I'ol;.,  .nid  th.it  it  was 
impossible  t  1  .irrive  by  se.i  al  the  ciM-^ts  of  Iii'li.i. 
Still  tlu-r.'  were  ^eoi»raphers  who  Ir.iiird  to  the  i.-oie 
ancient  idea  ot  :i  (  ommuiiicati' in  betuicii  t'a'  Indian 
Sci  .mil  the  .Atlantic  Oce. in.  Itb.i.l  i'.s  a  l>  "Cites  in 
Sp.iin,  and  w.is  m.iintained  by  I'.imponius  Mela,  :.nd 
by  Isidore  of  Sewlle.  Il  w.is  bd.eved  also  by  some 
if  the  le.irne.l  in  It.ilv.  in  tlv  thirteenth,  f  nirteentli, 
.(lid  lilti'enth  centurii'..  ;  ami  thus  w.is  kept  alive  until 
it  w.e-  acted  upon  si  vii;orous|y  by  I'rime  Henry  i  f 
I'ortiitj.il,  and  at  bmi^th  triumphantly  ilenionstrateil  '  v 
\'as.-ii  de  (iama,  in  his  cin  unin.ivi!.;.iti  >ii  ot  t!ie  t.'.ipe 
of  Ciood  Hope. 


Ko.   XVI. 


Is  rem.iikiiii;  on  the  sir..i!bi<'ss  <if  the  vessels  with 
will' h  Columbus  ma'le  his  t'lrst  voyaije.  Dr.  KoPertson 
observes  that,  "  in  the  fifteenth  century,  the  I  ulk   and 


iliiliii:'' 


i ;  .il'    ! 

1    ,   fl:       '1- 

i.li     'ii 
1       1         ^ 

¥ 


:M 


i^ 


,)S 


AriM'NDlX. 


r.iiistnirtioii  o(  vr';scl<;  were  arcdniiiKnialcil  to  llip 
sliurl  ililil  e  Msy  Viiy.iycs  Jiloti);  the  iD.lst.  whiill  they 
were  airii'ii'iii'cil  tn  i)irli)rm  "  Wt-  li.ivc  in. my  |iriH)l>, 
hiuvcvcr.  Il-.ii  men  ,in(orii>r  to  the  lidi'ciitli  iiMitury, 
there  well-  l.iri;c  ^lllps  cinploycd  hy  tlii!  .Sp.mi.irils,  as 
wi'il  as  liy  ctlicr  ii.iiions.  In  .111  oiIk  t  imhlislicil  in 
H,ir<  flcjna,  in  l.t^t,  liy  I'c.Iro  1\'  ,  rntorc  iiiK  vaiimis 
rc.i-iii.iiiDiis  f(ir  till'  M'linity  ii(  tiunnu'rri',  nicniinn  is 
ni.i(K'  (>f  (.'.it.ilonian  mi-rrhatu  ships  ut  two  ami  three 
ilciks  an. I  lro:n  .>>o(kj  to  1  j,(H)i«  mnnt.ils  Imrdiii. 

In  i-ii'i.  .\!>>ii/o  of  .\r.ii;on  hire.l  several  tnirihant 
.sliips  to  tr.mspiirt  .ir.illi  ry,  liorses,  etc.,  (rotn  li.irrelon.i 
lo  li.ily,  .inMru;  wliiili  were  two,  each  larryiiiv;  oiu- 
tuiivlreil  aiui  twenty  horses,  wiiirh  it  is  iinipule.l 
woiilii  reiniiie  a  vessel  of  at  least  '100  tons. 

Ill  141  .?,  Iiienti  Ml  is  inaile  of  a  \'eiieti.iil  ship  of  700 
t  itis  whiih  arriviil  at  li.iri  elona  from  laiKJaihl,  ia.leii 
v.:ih  whe.it. 

Ill  14)7.  •'  (.'.istili.iil  vessel  arri\'('.l  there  1»-iiil;  oI 
12.1KV)  (|iiiiuals  i'Urilen.  'I'hest-  arrivali  im  ideiu.illv 
nuMUione.l  .1111  >ik'  others  of  siinil  ir  si/e,  as  h.ippeiiini,' 
alone  poll,  show  that  l.tr^i-  ships  were  in  use  in 
Uli.se  days  ■■  In  deed,  .a  llu' lime  ol  lilUiin  outthesei-. 
ond  c.\pedit!on  of  rohiiilbus,  tliere  were  prep.ired  ill  llie 
p  irl  of  Hermeo,  a  (".ir.u'e.i  nf  i  .'^  )  t  uis,  .111. 1  luiir  shi|  s 
o!  iroiii  Ij^o  t  1  4?o  Ions  burden.  Ihcir  destin.iti  in, 
lio.vever.  w.is  .illered,  and  they  were  sent  t  1  convoy 
Muley  Hoa'.idil.  the  last  Moorish  Kim,,  of  (ir.m.id.i, 
from  the  Loas'.  of  his  eonipiered  territory  M   .Xfiii-.i  | 

It  was  not  for  w.uit  of  lar>,'e  vessels  in  the  ."sp  ln■^U 
pons,  ther-'ljre,  that  those  of  Coluniljiis  were  oi  so 
small  a  si/c.  He  considered  them  best  ad.ipled  t) 
eovapes  of  discovery,  as  they  required  Init  littie  depth 
ol  water,  .ml  therefore  eouUl  nioie  easily  .111  1  salely 
1  nasi  uiikiMwti  shores,  .md  e.vplore  bays  .m.l  rivers 
I  !e  ha.l  some  purpisely  constructed  of  .1  very  smail 
•  for  tins  service  ,  such  w.is  the  cir.ivcl,  v.  hich  in 
ihird  vovaue  he  ilispatclied  to  look  out  f'T  .m 
oiienim;  In  ihf  se.i  .it  the  upper  p.irt  of  the  (nilf  of 
I'.iri.i.  when  j!  1  water  i;rew  too  t.hallovv  lor  his  xcsil 
ol  (iiv;  hull  Ire.,  tons  burden. 

'I'lie  most  sinful. ir  1  in  umst,m;e  with  re--pel  ti.  the 
ships  of  Columbus  is  that  they  sli'  iild  be  open  vessels 
for  it  seems  diiii -ult  to  believe  Ih  it  a  voyage  of  sicli 
extent  .ml  peril  shoulil  be  .ittenip.ed  in  barks  ol  so 
frail  a  constrsi' i;":!.  This,  'ii'-.ever,  is  e.\pre--s;y 
ineiuionelliv  I'i'ler  Martyr,  !■.  i-is  l).-ades  wimen 
at  the  lime  ;  and  mention  ism..  Ic  occ.  ^..iii.illy,  it:  the 
m.-moirs  re  ative  to  the  voy.i^es  '.ritlen  by  Columbus 
an  i  his  son.  of  ■  ertain  01  his  vessels  beitit;  witlioui 
dc.-ks.  lb-  s'lnetimes  speaks  of  the  same  vessel  .is  a 
ship  and  a  c. navel.  There  ;i, is  been  some  discussion 
of  Kite  as  to  the  precise  me.ininij  of  the  term  car.ivel. 
'I'hi'  Chevalier  Hossi.  in  his  d.issertatioiis  on  Colum- 
bus, observes  lliat  in  tlrj  .Nlediterraiiean  caravel  des- 
iunaics  the  l.irtiest  i  Kiss  of  ships  of  w.ir  aiuoii),'  tlie 
Massulm  ins,  mil  that  in  rnitun.il  it  means  a  sin.iU 
vessel  of  fnm  u  )  to  ipi  tons  burden  ;  but  C:jluaibu-> 
s.inielimes  ,i[i[)ii;s  it  to  a  vessel  if  forty  tons. 

I)u  C.iii^e,  in  his  ^;l;iss,iry,  considers  it  a  wnr  I  of 
It.iliiti  on;,'. II.  Hossi  thinks  :t  eitiier  Turkish  or 
Aoibic.  and  prob.ibly  introduced  into  the  Murope.in 
.an,;ua«es  liy  the  Moors.  .\lr.  ll.iward  Ilverell,  in  .1 
note  to  his  I'lvinoiuh  or.itii'u,  consiilers  ih.it  the  true 
orii;in  of  til';  word  is  t.;iven  in  "  I'err.irii  <  )riKiiies 
I.;:i,;u.e  It.ihfa',"  ns  follows:  "  Caravel, i,  navi^'ii 
nnnoris  e.enus.      I,at.  Cai.ibus  :   Grace  K.ir.ibron." 

That  tile  word  caravel  w.is  inteiuied  to  si^nilv  a 
vessel  of  .1  ~:n.ul  si/e  is  evident  from  .1  nav.il  id.issili- 
i.i'.ijin  mile  tiv  Kin',;  .\'on/o  in  ihc  maldle  of  the 
thirleenlh  century.  In  the  first  cl.iss  he  enumerates 
.^  ..■,',  or  lari,"'  ships  which  ^;o  only  wit.'i  skills,  some 
of  which  lia.e  two  masts,  and  o!h"rs  but  one.  In  tlie 
sei  ind  cKiss  sm  iller  vessels  as  (  .  rr.icas,  J'ustas,  M.il- 
lenarps.  I'liia/as,  ('n, !•'■:■/ :,,  etc  In  the  ihinl  1  Kiss 
vessels  with  sails  and  oars,  as  (jaUe^s,  (.Jalcols,  I  ,ir 
dantes,  and  .S.ielias.* 


Hossi  t>ivcs  a  ropv  of  a   letter  wnucn     vi.   . 
to    Don    U.iph.ul    .X.Hisis,    tre.isiirir  e;  id,,  ti". 
Isp.iiii,  an  I'dition  o!  which  cmms  m  t|i,.  .,,^,11     ' 
at  .Mihiti.      With  this  letter  he  kims sevir,il  11, 
of  sketches  made  with  .1  pen,  which  aiiiin;p.ii 
letter,  and  which  he  supposes  to   have  lifn  - 
h.md  01  (Dlumlius.      In    the:«e  .ire  repiocnit.,  ,,, 
which  are  proli.ibly  cir.ivels.     The\  li.iu' I  ^n 
.mil  sterns,    with  cisiles  on  the  Kuiii       ii,.  , 
short  masts  with    l.ir^;e   scpi.ire   sails,     ii;,,.  , 
besides  sails,  li.is  benches  of  o.irs,  ,ui  I  1.  i..,. 
tendecl  to  represent  .1  ^;.illev.       Thev  .in    .  ;  ^ 
vessels  of  sin, ill  si/e,  an. I  liijht  coiislrin  !,.,n 

Ilia  work  c.illed  "  Uecherches  i.ur  Kr  I  .  m 
piil.ished  in  .\nislerd.mi,  17.10,  is  a  pl.i'.f  re  1. 
.1  vessi  I  of  the  Kilter  p.irt  ol  the  liiiiciuli  m. 
is  t.ikeii  from  a  picture  111  theiliuiili  cc.  s;  , 
e  I'aolo  in  \'eni(  !■.  Ihe  vessel  be.irs  1  ,;. 
biaiiie  t  )  those  said  to  li,ive  been  skitc  hi  ; :  , 
bus;  ii  has  two  niasts,  one  ol  ivliiili  ,<  n 
siimII  wall  a  l.itini-  s.iil.  The  ina-iiihc-i  c.,. 
sc|U,ire  sail,  'i  he  vessid  h.is  a  liiyii  p'ii.;i  ..i,,; 
del  ked  .it  e,ii  h  end,  and  is  open  111  iKe  1  -i;! 

It  .ippe.irs  to  be  the  (act,  iheretoic,  ih.ii  ;ii... 
vessels  with  which  Columbus  uiiderio..!,  n.s ,, 
perilous  voyak'es,  were  of  this  lii;lil  .cad  ir.iiii 
lion,   >ind  little   supeiior  In   llu;  small  iritu,, 
on  riveis  ,incl  aloiij;  coasts  in  muderu  d,.y> 


*  Capminv,  Qaestiones  Criticas. 

♦  .\rcliiviv  ■!<?  Ind.  on  Sp\  ;ia. 
J  Cipinaiiv.  QiK'it,  Cm. 


One  t.  6. 


Kc   XVH 
Kor  1 1;  c.|.-  1  oi.rMiif  ,  IN   111^  1 11; 


\ '  iY.\ . 


Ir    li.is    liilherto    been    siipposecl    TmI   ■  :■. 
H.ihama  Isl.mds,  at  present  be.iniu;  ih  ■  1  ,■■ 
Silv.iilor,   and    wlii'di    is   also   known  ,s  (' ;  ; 
W.IS  the  lirst  point   where    Columbus   ctt::-    •■ 
wdh   the   New    World.       Nav;irrel'-,   tinivi  1  r 
intiodiiction  to  the  "  Ccdiectioil    of    >•;■  .11  s'l  \ 
,111  1  IVisccveries, "    recentiv  published  .it  .\|;i; 
end'. ivored  to   show   th.il  it   niust   h.oc  "  i' -n 
UKuid,   one  of    ihe   s.ime   j;rc.i:p,    siiii.it"  l  ,i' > 
l<M;;lles  !o|  2.1  ;i)    |!ie    dcVLjreel    .'■•.I',     c'    s.iri>. 
(ire.it  I  .ire  li.is   been    t.iken    to   eN.iiirc-  i,;::;' 
opinion  of  S.iv.irrite,  1  (imparin.i;  it  v.itli  ;>■ ; 
C.i'uirliiis,  as  published  in  the  above -nun:!"-' 
.end  with  the  personal   obSeTV.itioes   "I   liv  v 
this  article,  who  lias  been  rr.U'  li  aninii:,'  llir  ; 

C  iluiiibiis  des  niies  (lU.in-ih.ini,  on  »;■;  iii.v. 
.end  to  which  he  e.ive  the  name  of  >Mn  scic.i 
beinn  a  beautiful  island,  and  very  l.u::'  .o 
Ic-vel,  anil  covered  with  fore  Is,  ma>n  i  •  ji  ■  : 
vvliirh  bore  fruit  .  as  having  abiiiiKiiii  c  '  T'-' 
an  I  a  Kirge  lake  in  the  centre  ;  ih.d  1:  >*.i- 
by  a  numerous  popui.ition  ;  th.it  he  pi-o'i-;?: 
c  ons'derable  distance  in  his  boats  al'.ii-:  II'." 
whicdi  trended  to  the  N.N'.E..  aiul  a^  he  |  ir-'- 
visile. I  tiy  the  inhabit. mis  of  several  Vl....:l^ 
Is:.ind  does  not  answer  to  this  desrii;  ;    • 

I  urk's  Island  is  a  low   key  i  ompo^e  .     '  '. 
roi  ks,  and  lyiiii;  iK^rlli  and  soi.lh,  les-  ili.c  :«  ' 
in  esteiit.      It  is  utterly  destitute  of  wi.'       i"  1 ' 
.1  single  tree  of  native  (growth.      It  h  .-  ■    "'"■- 
the    inhabit. lilts   depeiidink;   entirelv   ■  n  'i^'.''' 
c.isks  in  wliii  h  they  preserve  the   rcir     v     ::  ' 
any  lake,  but   several   s.ill   pond'-,    uli  '■  '  ."  ■ 
siJie  procluc  lion  of  the  island.      1  nrK  .l-on 
be  ,i|)proarhetl  on  the  east  or  north  '  i>'.     '■■ 
Sequence  of  th'  reef  that  surrouiiils  .i.     .1.'  - 
bor,  but   li.is   .an   open   ro.icl   on    iKc  w-  -'  •■'- 
vessels  ,11  .inchor  there   have  to  le,i\,-  ic  1  I".'. 
whenever  the  wind  conies  from  .inv  oiln  r'l  .a'''' 
th.it   of   the    iisu.il    trade    bree/e  "f  N  K   »''''' 
over  the  island  ,   lor  the  shore  is  :  >  I    .  •  "i''-'- 


'.Hi 


.1..:!, 
■:i| 


•I 


*  Till-  author  of  ,..is  vv^tk  i^  iiuleliteil  I  r  t'.-i  ■■ 
aniiii  Hum   of  the  vcmte  of  (Viliiiubiis   lo  .iH  ''■'■'■ '.^ 
11. ivy  I'f  ihe  I  'iiited  St.stes.  w  hci-.e  liallic  I  e  rf.tnl'  ■  | 
beiiii,' at  liiieny   to   iiienliim      He  li.is  b"  n  ^f''' '    .j . 
Ired.  Ill  various  [)iM.s  of  this  history   b)  n.i  .i'^-'''"'-'""'"   I 
liuiu  the  i.iiue  iuleliigent  st,.iirce. 


landwnue  cxrrri 

Imv    If-: 


jir.iiidi  iri  ivi'ic 
|cf.|  |,'i:h  ur""  ''' 

|[H'V.lils.      'lllc 

in,  .i:  llio  seiilh 

((.T,.  's.     riii-  ''- 

jlii;llle<l  illiliv.i; 

la  !■  cv  ^lll'l■il  and 

jtj(jf  i-.i;".lilli|i!loll  I 

filh.riiuirtie.  wlii' 

3' the  princip.il  !•" 
!.«■.  il;--      riie  IV 
ijthc;""!iire  1. 1  li 

tlie  m:i;ii'im'.C"'d. 
fffcr  ■.{■  Kill, I. Mil  I 
tomni'Ti  c  lines  not 
tjdr.r.v  llicir  ^■.ll^:| 

pcopl- 
■Acii;:     cvhcii    i'  ■ 

lllBlV.l-  .It  .1  1"SS  In 

ttn^hr:  if  i:-!.iMi|i 
Tbilii'  imni  lurk's 
irflidi  i.ceiidi  ■  i  it, 
a  'link  s  M.iiid'.     I 
net  tcli  us  ivliu  CO 
Gtnii.'in.iiii  to  ('"11.  ■ 
Jtc  li'.ic'.ies  ili-t.uii  , 
(t)ltw,:s  .ii;;iii;-t  iiini  i 
tanrc  'ii'iii   I  ink's   N 
pOSfi!  1  V  N'.iv.irretc  l' 
\m.  ']'•  iicarlv  ilmiide. 
to  the  W.S'.W.  airont; 

linr.il  .'•  ill  ni'iiii;  f'oi 
Fr»ni  Cenci  juioii  ( 

lich  he  '-.iiv  nine  le.u 
to  whr  li   lie  .;.ue  llu 
JiaiMinlP  I.iiics  to  be 
than  livc'ily  tivi'  le.i^iu 

|goi:ij  1  >  I  itlle  l:i:ii. 

|S  >;.iiic  c'se  111   ill 

Itli'-  lil.clhl.  III. tie    o' 

lirp.il.  CuliiniKii-i  lie 
Iw-niV  eiclll  le,u;i 
Little  ln.il;ii.i  has  il--  t;r 
aS.W  three  li.iii.  In  . 
Mliil-:i.i  hiis  iioiliiiii;  HI 
~oni  IVrn.indiiia  C'' 
lla.  ivhi.-li  N'.iv.irreti 
leri'i^s  ihis  i.ittii  be, I 
prsc  i!  ilerici;  -.M  ;rri 
.\i;iiiil  :  t'oKimbi 
pes  'H.  .isl.i:  1.1  s.iv  li 
li'iir.  i-:ilcll.i 
Irty-livc  ir.iijiics  froii 
Tcniii-  Isal.ell:,,  C. 
ma  1.;  (.lih.i,  and  f 
Bis '•'  iii^e  i!r:mii  In.i 
|5b$Ici1  l'u;.,i  aboul  I 
ppii-cs  ih.it  Coliiinb 
bth  "'■  ilie  binieiuos, 
Rli.i  :i  r  uirsi-  difie 
jtk-'f:  •..  ,\t;.-rs.n 
ph'ii'l  •■[  {\Ak\,  Cilii 
|Novir!!;ii:r.    :n   the 

ll!l!;f,i  '  V  ■-..  IlLinv   !> 

court  \-n  ,  w'lere.is, 
kcish'iniif!  Cape  V., 
W-  ..r,  I  in. ire  ih.in 

'i, It  can  i.i.^vil  IV 

|.ii  uiniiiis  in:  ,r::,i  i.. 

''  I'rm.  ipc'imt 

'hic.iiii  'ri.ui  i! 

W!:'-s.i",.'.  cvhlv 

Jni.ik'ti^  le.r.,.  ,,f  I 

^a>:i'.!'.^v>l  Its    .,;, 

flu  ;itii;tweii;v  le,,i.| 

piit;>,  there   still'  i 

''lifipose^  hini  to  I 

^'■■vcnty  leagues 


AIMM'NDIX. 


2:.o 


■(•\ 


I     V>r.iL'(' ("'ii'T'  '■''"""'  '"  ''  '  ■'""'  **■'"'"  '''*'  "'"'"' 
bfs'iH  lilnH   (r.im  itu-  l.iixl,  vrsscis   roinainiiiu  at 
'',,1,  ,rs  wi.i.:  I  Iw  swiitiic  iitj.iinsi   llu<   rdiks.  or 
I'l  i',:;;hiipnii  the  sliiM-c.  I'V  lti<-  liTril)li'   smf   lli.it 
'    ^"",,11.,     liuMinfrdiiH-nifil  rnail  <if  till-  Hawk's 
li„.  ioiiili  mil  ul   tlic   i>-lanil,    is  cvi-n    imur' 
ij,.r,i  s      riii- '-l.in.!.  which  is  mU  siisccpiiM.'  ot 
jliumf't  .  ulliv.ili"",  tiitllishrs  a  si-iinly  suhsislrin  <• 
,|HVshrfli.iii'l  Imrscs,      I  ill-  iiihaliitatlls  draw  all 
'rr.in<lim[i!li'ti  liniu  ahroail.  with  tin-  (Arfptinii  of 
m  ,ri'  mnlc,  whi'  'i  arc  l.ikcn  in  almnilaniT,  atvl  sii|>- 
I'jii  princii'.il  l">'l  <'f  I'x'  ^l''^'"''*   <-'n|'l"V'''l    in    ihi- 
|l.^^Mk^      Ihc  wlu''''  wi-allli  of  ihc   islainl  ronsisls 
tothc!'"'!ii''i" '  I ''■'■  salt  ;>i>ii(ls,  an.i    in    the   salvage 

iidr'.'" ''f ''''!"■  """>■""■' '"'*  "•'''''  i''l«' I''"'-"  '" 

tke  ni;i;ii'i(ir!>o"il.  Turk's  Islinl,  thrrcforr,  would 
jjCfr  !■  I'llmailcl  ill  a  :.av  ii;i'  stale  of  soriply,  where 
{jnini'n'Mlnrs  iiui  exist ,  and  where  men  arp  obliged 
td'drii'.v  tlicir  Milsistcii.e   'loni    ilic   sp.itwhiih    they 

Ai,Mi';     rt'lna   a'"'iit   t'   leave   diiaiiahani,    Coliiiii- 
his  W.I- at . I  less  lo  ehdosc  which  to  visit  of  a  l^re.it 
irtniiitr  "f  is!.iiid-i  Ml  si.i;ht.     N"W  there   is  no   land 
thill, (•  irom  lurk's  Isian.l,  eNeeptin.trihe  two  salt  ki'vs 
l^idi  l;i-M  nih    1  II,  iiid  with  it  loriii  llie  :jroup  known 
Turks  N:.ii'.I',     TIk-  journal  "I   (  oliiinluis  docs 
tell  us  ivliit  I'ourse   he   steereil    in    ijoiiii;     Ironi 
ltnii:uwni  to  ('■liiiep' loM,  lnit  he  st.ites   that    it    was 
five  iMii^ifs  li'-iaiil  ir.'ni  the  tornier,  atui  that  the  i  la- 
tent w.s  .tL;;i;r.  a  iiiiii  111  s.iilint;  to  it  :    wduTeas  the  (lis- 
tanrf  'r.'m    link's    Island   to  the   (iran    Caieo,    sup 
pofi''!  i  V  Navarrele  to  lie  the  ("oiveprion   of  Coliiin 
bos,  i^  ncarlv  liolible,  and  the  ctirreiil  sets  ron^latilly 
k  W  N.W.  aii'oiii;  these  islands,  whii  h   would  I, e 
lor.il  ■  ■  ill  1,'oiiii;  I'liin   lurk's  Isl.iiid  to  the  C'aieos. 
riiii  l-'iini  I  ;iiion  ('oliinilms  wiait  iK'Xtto  an  island 
lich  hi' 'aw  nine  leagues  oil  in  a  westerly  direrlion, 
«!:.  :i   lie  .;a\e  the   n.iaie    of    rernaiidina.     This 
IVairilc  l.iUi'>  111  he  latlle   IiKn;ua.    distant    no    less 
III  l.vc'ity  Uvo  le  lilies  fioin  (Iran    Cai' o.      Hesidcs, 
itgoiii^  1)  I  illle   hia^u.i.    it   Would    lie   neiessarv   to 
Mss  i;.iiic  i.ose  1(1  three   islands,    e  uh    Linger   than 
Ttltk'^  UI.iii.l,  i:oae  of  whii  h   ;ire    nieulioneii    in    the 
jtHiriKi!.    ('uliiniiius  desirilies  I'eni.iiidir.a   a^^tretlll• 
ig  ivvniy  eiiilil   |eai;iies   S.I",   and     \  W.  .   where.'is 
Littlf  In.iiiii.i  lias  ils  greatest  leiii;th  of  tour  le,ii',ues  in 
aS.U   (lirnii.Ti      hi.i  word,  the  desi-ription  of  1  er 
iiar'l':i:i  has  imdiiiiL;  111  I  oniii'on    with    l.iitle   Ina^u.i. 
From   I  orii.iniliii.i    (_'oiunibus     s,ii!<  d     S  K.     to     Is.i- 
bflki,  w!ii'-|i    N'.i'.'.irrete    takes    to    l,c   dre.it    Ina^ll.i  ; 
fllcrf:;S  ihis  i.itii'i   l,e,ir>  S.W.  from    Little   In.itiiia,  .i 
prsei!  ilerira;   ,11    Iroiii  llie  one  foMowed  I'V  foluni- 
.\:;ain  ,  rui-.im'iiis.  on   ll-.e   _'i.||i  o'    Novetiilier, 
pes'ii.  ,isi.'n  [11  say  ih.it  (iu.iii.ihani  w.is  dist.-int  eii;ht 
leiin    N.il.ella  ;      where. is    Tuik's    Island   i- 
Drty-tivi- ir.,iii;cs  (rniii  tire.it  liiaijiia. 
.L(.'v;n-  U.il.ell:,,  ;  olumljiis  M.io  1   W.S.W.  for  till' 
Maml  1.;  t.ii!u.  and  fi'll  in    willi    t!ic    islas  Aren.i'.. 
TlliS'-i;rsi-,ir,iv,  n  Iromdieat  lnai;u:i  w<ii-.ld  meet  the 
BSt'il<u:,,i  alioul    r  irl   .Sijie  ;   where. is   .N'.ivarrele 
ppi'-'"i  ih.ii  Coaiinlms   iie.M    leil  in    with    the   ke\s 
Ptii' '■  I'll.'  |iai!.,-iu.is,  ;iii,!  whii  h  bear  U'.N.W.  from 
Ri;..    :i  r  mrsi-  dil'leriiii;  (^     from   the  one  steered 
klhi'-'i:..     .\i;er  sailiiii;  |.jr. some  time  in  the  rieiidi 
frhoil  "f  Culi.i,  Columbus  hnds  himself,  on  the  i.|th 
[Noviri'litr.   ai   the    se.i    <  f    Kiiestr.i    Seilora,    sur- 
fillile,!  !  V  .-M  111. my  isl.uuls  lliat  it  u,is   im|iossit)le  to 
pm  :h.-n,  .  w'leie.i^,  on   the   s.iine  d.iv,    N'av,irrete 
(ccMiiaiiif!  C.\\,r  M,,,i,  ..vliere  there  is  iiul  "lu-  Mn.ill 
iBiii!.  ..n  1  iii.iri' ih.in  (iny  leagues  dist.int  fruii  .m;, 
i  pOi:;- '.ii.it  can  [■,ii>sil  ,v  aijswi-r  tiie  deseriiiiioi!. 
^Caanliiis  ^-  -  ' 


H  lis  ih.it  San  Salv.idor  w.is  distant 

t|     , I"  :oil\-i"iv<.' ie.njues      where.'is  Turk's 

«lj!i"  .■  ii'.:-:..m  11',. m  (lu-  p,niit.  suppose-l  bv  N'.r..irrete 

»t.^  !.•■'  S.IM,.-    ..i,;htv   Km^'UCS, 


in: 
'nili  :|ii 


Columbus  remarks  that 


'Is'  :••.■•..'  ,,f  Cuba, 

.kavv.l  IN  ,.,:ist  for  an  extent. if  rjo  leaKUes. 
Bli:!"?;  twenty  lr,,i.,.es  for  his  h.ivini;  followed  its 
■^"1^-.  tb^re  St. II  remain  !.«).  Now,  Nav.irrete 
' '^"Pposes  l,in,  to  have  coasted  this  island  .in  cx- 
'"'  ^'-'vcnty  leagu<-s. 


Sill  h  ;ire  the  most  important  difriciihies  whii  h  tli" 
theory  of  N.iv.irrele  off  ts,  and  which  .appear  msiir 
iiiM'.intable.  Let  us  tKiw  lake  lip  the  riiiile  of  (.'ohim- 
bus  as  recorded  in  his  ionrnal.  and,  with  the  best 
ili;irls  before  us.  ex. inline  how  it  aijrers  with  the  pop- 
til. ir  and  tradilion.il  opinion,  that  he  hrs!  I.iiided  on 
the  i-.lanil  of   San  S.iUador. 

\\i'  learn  from  the  iournal  of  Columbus  that,  on  the 
I  Itll  of  (  Ictober,  \.\  )2,  heeonlimied  steeriiitj  W.  S.W. 
until  sunset,  when  he  returned  to  bis  old  course  of 
west,  the  vessels  runnint;  at  the  r.ile  ot  three  leai;iies 
an  hour.  ,\t  ten  o'clock  he  and  several  of  liis  r  rew 
s.iw  a  liKht.  which  seemi.l  like  a  torch  r  arried  about 
on  land,  lie  continued  luimiiuroii  foiir  hours  lom;er, 
•  ind  li.ul  iii.i'le  a  dist.mi  e  ol  twelve  l:'.ii;ues  farlhcr 
west,  when  at  two  in  tlie  mornint;  l.iiul  was  discovered 
alie.ul,  (list.mt  two  lc.ii;iie'..  I  he  twelve  le.ij;ues  which 
they  ran  since  im  o'clock,  with  the  two  leatjues  dis- 
l.incf;  from  the  l.md,  form  .ilot.il  corresponding  essen- 
tiallv  with  the  disl.'ince  .iiid  sitiiati<in  of  \V;i'.:ini;'s 
Island  from  S.m  S.ilvador  ;  .itid  it  is  tin  me  piesumed 
lli.it  the  lit,dit  seen  ;\l  th'it  hour  was  mi  \\.alini;'s 
Isl.ind,  winch  Ihev  were  then  ]i.issini;.  I  Lid  the  li^ht 
been  se(  n  on  l.md  ahead,  .ind  ihev  had  kept  runnini; 
on  four  hours  at  the  r.ite  of  three  Ir.i^jues  an  hour, 
tliev  miisi  have  run  liiyh  ;;nd  dry  on  shore.  As  the 
adiiiii.d  himself  received  the  royal  reu.iid  lor  lnvini; 
seen  this  buhl,  as  the  titsl  dij-covery  ol  !  .iid,  V'atlinn's 
Isl.ind  is  believed  to  be  tlie  point  for  whiih  this  pre- 
mium w.is  ur, lilted. 

<  >n  m.ikiii:;  I, ind,  tin-  vessels  were  hove  to  until  day- 
li'.;ht  of  tin-  same  i.Mliof  October  ;  they  then  ancliort  d 
off  an  isl.irid  of  t^re.it  be.iuty,  coveted  with  lorests, 
and  extiemidy  fiopulous. 

It  was  c.iiled  ( iiian.ihaiii  by  the  n.'itives,  1  ut  Coliini- 
bus  u.ive  it  the  name  ol  S.iii  S.ilvador.  I'.xploriilK  its 
I  iMst,  where  it  r.iti  lo  ilu-  N.N'.M.,  he  found  a  harbor 
c.ip.ible  of  shellerin^i  aiiv  number  of  shi]is.  This  de- 
scription corresponds  mini, tely  with  the  S. !'"..  pait  of 
llie  isl.md  known  ,is  San  S.dv.idor,  or  (  ,it  Island,  whicli 
lies  east  anil  wc--l,  bending  at  its  eastern  extremity  to 
the  N  N'.L.,  and  h.is  llu!  s.iiiie  verd.int  .-.nd  tettile  ap 
pt'ai.ince.  The  vessels  h.id  piobably  diifted  into  this 
li.iv  at  the  S.i'!.  side  of  S.m  .si.ilv.idor,  on  the  mornini; 
of  the  1  .'ih,  whili!  lyiiiHto  for  d.ivliv;ht  ;  nor  did  Colum- 
bus, while  remainint;  ,it  the  isl.ind,  or  when  sailing 
Irom  it,  open  the  I. ind  so  as  lo  discmer  tli.it  what  lie 
h.id  lal.en  for  its  whole  leiiL;th  wa.s  but  a  bend  at  one 
end  <if  it,  .and  lh.it  the  m.iiii  body  of  the  isl.ind  lay  be- 
hind, sireti  himj  f.ir  to  the  N.W.  I'riiii  ( luanaliani, 
Columbus  s,uv  so  niaiiv  other  isl.mds  lh.it  he  w.is  at  a 
I'lss  which  next  to  visit,  'i'he  Indi.ins  siijniiied  that 
tliev  were  innumei.ible,  .ind  mentifuieil  the  ti.imes  of 
alove  ,1  hundred.  I  le  determined  t.i  l;o  to  the  l.iri;est 
in  siL;lil,  which  .ippeared  to  be  about  live  leagues  dis- 
I  I'lt  ;  smile  ol  the  others  were  nearer,  and  some  fur- 
llii-r  oil  The  i>i,iiid  thus  selected,  it  is  presumed, 
wis  the  present  island  of  Conrepcion  ;  and  th.it  the 
oih'is  were  that  sinijul.ir  belt  ot  small  islands,  known 
as  I,,i  Ca'len.i  oir  the  cliaint,  slretchini,' past  the  island 
of  .s. ill  S.dv.iuor  ;ri  a  S.  L.  and  N'.W.  direction;  the 
ne.irest  of  the  i;roup  beim;  nean  r  th.in  Concepcitin, 
while  the  test  .ire  timre  distant. 

I.e.ivini;  S.m  S.ilvailor  in  the  aftcrnoiii  ,  f  the  14th 
for  the  isl.ind  thus  selected,  the  ships  l.iy  by  durini; 
I'-.j  m'uht,  and  did  not  reach  it  until  Lite  in  the  tollow- 
ini;  day,  beini;  lel.irded  by  adverse  currents.  Coluiii- 
iiiis  ^;ave  this  island  the  name  rif  Sant.i  Mari.i  do  la 
ConeeiH  inn  ;  he  does  not  mention  either  its  bearings 
from  S,ii.  S.ilv.Mor,  or  the  course  wlii.h  he  steered  ia 
.coins,'  to  it.  We  know  that  in  all  this  ni-iuhliorhood 
ihe  current  sets  strongly  and  const. iiitly  to  the 
■v\',N',\V,  :  (ind  -nice  Columbus  had  the  current  against 
him,  lie  must  li.ive  been  sailing  in  an  opposite  dircc- 
timi,  or  to  the  L!.S  I..  Besides,  when  tiear  Conecp- 
(  ion,  Columbus  sees  an<itlier  island  to  the  westward, 
the  l.ir,L;est  he  had  yet  seen  ;  but  he  tells  us  that  he 
aril di  Ted  off  Conrepcion.  .and  did  not  stand  for  this 
lar.tjer  island,  because  he  could  not  have  sailed  to  the 
w<-st.  Ilenre  it  is  remlired  cert. lin  that  Columbus  did 
not  sail  westward  ingoing  from  S.in  Salvjdur  ID  Con- 


V* 


f 


200 


AIMMADIX. 


ri-iMiiin  .  fiir.  (nwn  ihe  nppimiiion  of  tin-  wiinl.  .i-; 
thi'ic  iDulil  ]'v  mi  iiltiiT  4  .iiisc,  hf  rimld  imt  s.iil  ti.w.inl 
Ih.it  i|il.uli'l.  Now,  nil  red  ii'iii  »•  liillu-  rli.irl.  Wf  liii>l 
llif  isl.iiid  .11  pu'stiil  knmvii  as  tliiiKipiicii  sliii.ticil 
I'.S.i;  (coin  S.iii  S.ilv.iildi,  and  at  .i  ii>rit.'S|n)nilmL; 
di»l.incf  «i|  livi'  li'.iKinh. 

Iamvuih  I'liMc  ipi  i.m  nil  till-  Killi « )i  I'lliri,  t  ■|iliinilHi> 
sIi'iTi'il  Inr  .1  viTV  latkic  isl.iiid  nciii  In  the  wcslwatl 
nine  I(mi;iu>  oil.  .md  wliich  cxtrndrd  iist-li  iwciiiy  i  ik;lil 
liMi,MH-i  Ml  ,1  S  r;  .md  N  W.  iliroitirii  llr  w.is  \h- 
ciiiiu'd  ilii'wholfd.iy,  .imldid  not  nai  h  ilii:  i>l.uid  iinnl 
Ihe  toll, nviiii;  inoiiijnK,  iTih  ( >i  tolicr,  IK-  n.iincd  it 
Forn.iiidin.i.  .\t  noon  hi;  niado  h.iil  a«.iin.  with  .i 
vifw  to  run  round  it.  and  rcicli  .inoth'T  isl.ind  called 
.S,Ainoc-t  ;  but  the  wind  i'fiiik;  at  S.l'.  iiy  S  ,  iho  loiirsi; 
he  wiHlicd  to  sticr.  tho  nalvrs  >ik;nilii'il  lli.il  il  w  niM 
lit- c.i^irr  to  s.iil  loiiiid  this  isl.ind  liv  nitiniiiK'  to  thf 
N  \V.  witti  .1  l.i;r  wind,  lie  lhrrtl..n'  bore  up  to  tin- 
s'. \V..  .ml  h.uiiik;  rim  two  |c.i«m- (oiiiid  .i  m.irvcllous 
poll,  with  a  n.irrow  cntrafiif,  or  rathiT  witli  livo  en- 
tr.iMifi.  i(ir  tiifrc  was  an  island  whirh  sluit  it  in  roiii. 
pliti'lv,  forinmi;  a  nobli;  li.isin  within,  ^aiiitii;  luit  u(  j 
this  liarbor  bv  thi-  opposite  «-nlr,m(  c  at  the  .S'.W..  he 
(lisrovered  iliit  p.irl  ot  the  isl.md  whirh  runs  im»i  .m  I 
west.  The  u.itives  si^niliid  to  liiiii  lli.it  this  isl.iii  I 
w.is  sin.iller  th.in  S.iinoft,  .ml  th.it  it  would  l>e  bcllr 
lo  return  low.iid  the  i.itter.  It  h.id  now  bcioinc 
ralin,  but  shortly  alter  there  s|)iuiii{  up  .i  bree/c  fi"in 
W.N.W.  whiih  w.is  .ihe.id  lor  the  course  they  h. id 
I'll  stvrini;:  so  tiny  bnir  u|i  ,md  stoo.t  to  the 
K.S.K.  ill  order  to  m-i  an  (/lliiik;  ;  lor  the  wi-.iilur 
thre.ileiied  .i  storm.  whi<h  however dissip.ited  itsrll  in 
r.iin.  The  u' xt  d.iy.  bein^  the  i  "th  t )  tober,  they  .m- 
chore.!  opp  isite  the  e\treinilv  oi    Kern  indiii.i. 

1  he  wiiole  o(  tins  descriplion  .mswers  mos'  .i;  i  ii- 
r.itely  to  the  island  of  l',\uin.i.  whikh  hts  soi'lli  li.nii 
San  S.ilv.idor,  .ind  .s.W.  by  S.  from  foiK  epi  ion.  I  In- 
only  mroiisisien  y  is.  lh.it  lolumbus  st.iles  th.it  1  er 
ii.mdin.i  bore  ne.irly  west  from  Coiueprum,  and  w.i. 
tvvciitv-eii;ht  le.inues  in  extent.  1  his  nusiai.e  niusi 
h.ive  pro  ee  1  from  his  h.ivini;  taken  the  ii.ii^;  i  h.uii  ol 
keys  iMiled  1..1  Culen.i  for  p.iri  o;  the  sime  M.xum.i  . 
which  conimu.nis  appe.ir.tiice  they  n.itur.illy  assume 
when  seen  Irom  (oiuepi  nm,  for  they  run  m  the  s.iine 
S.i;  and  N  W  (iireclion.  Their  be. iriiiKS.  when  seen 
from  the  sanie  point,  .ire  llk'-wisc  westerly  .is  well  as 
soutliwesteriy.  As  a  [)ri>of  th.it  sui  h  w.is  the  case,  U 
may  be  oliseived  ihal,  alter  haviiii^  .ippro.icheil  these 
islands,  insle.nl  of  the  extent  o;  I'ein.mdin.i  beim;  in 
cre.ised  to  his  eye.  he  now  riin.irky  that  it  w.is  twenty 
leai;ucs  loiii;.  whereas  before  it  was  estimated  by  hmi 
at  twenty-ei;;ht  ,  he  now  ilisi overs  th.it  instead  of  one 
is!  iinl  there  were  m.iiiy.  and  .liters  his  murse  southerly 
lo  reach  the  oneth.it  was  most  consjni  uous. 

The  i.leiu.ty  of  the  isl.m  1  here  described  with  r.Miin.i 
is  irresisiiblv  fori  cd  ui'wn  the  mind.  The  dist.m.  e 
from  l.'oni  e|)i  ion,  the  rem.iri^.ib.e  port  with  an  isl.uid 
in  front  of  it,  .I'ld  farther  on  us  roast  turning;  oil  t' 
the  westward,  are  all  so  accur.ilely  dehne.iled.  ill. a  il 
would  seem  .is  though  the  i  h.irt  had  been  ilr.iwn  liuin 
ihe  descriplion  of  Columbus. 

On  the  lilh  October,  ihe  ships  left  Kern.in.lin.i, 
steerint;  S.  r,.  With  llie  wind  at  north.  S.iilinn  three 
hours  on  this  course,  they  discovered  S.iinoit  to  the 
cast,  and  steered  for  it,  arri\inj{  at  its  north  point  be 
fore  noon.  Here  they  fouinl  :i  little  isl.md  surrounded 
by  nil  ks,  with  another  reef  of  rocks  lyin^'  between 
it  and  Samoet.  To  S.inn..el  Columbus  i^.ive  the  n.inie 
of  IsdijelUi,  .md  to  the  I'.iint  of  il  opposite  the  liltle 
island,  that  of  Cabo  del  Isleo  ;  the  c  ,ipe  at  the  S.W. 
point  of  S.iinoet  Columiius  t.illed  l!.ibo  de  I..i);im.i, 
and  olf  this  List  his  ships  were  biounlil  to  .iinhor. 
The  little  isl.md  lay  i  the  direction  from  Kernandin.i 
to  Isabella,  east  and  west.  Ihe  coast  from  the  small 
island  lay  westerly  twelve  le.iL;ues  to  a  <  ape,  whn  h 
(.olumbus  called  Kerniosa  from  its  beauty  ;  this  he 
believed  to  be  an  isl.md  .apart  fnnn  Samoet  or  Isabella, 
with  another  one  betwei  n  them.  I.eavimj  Cape 
Lacuna,  where  he. remained  until  the  joth  ( )iIober, 
Columbus  steere.l  to  the-  Nli.  toward  C.ibo  del  Isleo, 
but  meeting  with  shoals  mside   the  small  iblainl,  he 


•  lid  not  come  to  .iin  hor  until  Ihe  d.iv  li.rmv'  . 
this    extiiinilv   ol    Is.ibell.i    tin  \    I'miiuI  ,,    ,  .  ^^*| 
which  the  ships  Were  siipplieil  with  vv,ii  r 


riiis  isl.md  ol  Is.tlicll.i,  or  ^. mini  I. 


"«"•<«  •  », 


r.ilelv  in  Its   desciipiion    with    Ul.i   l.n^i.n 
e.ist  ol  1x11111.1.  Ih.it  It  IS  only  nil  ess, irv  I,  nv  I 
the  ch.iit  iinloldcd  lo  bi-come  (  onviin  ul .,,  i  ,   ,,. 

I  Living;  resolved  to  Visa  the  isl.itnl  ivli,,  i,  ;•,.. , 
i.llled  Cub. I,  and  described   as   be.iiiiii;  'A  >i\  "i 
Isabell.i,  Columbus    lilt   C.ibo   ih  1    l>|.  „  ,.;  „;  . 
the  coniinein  eiiient  ol  the   »'.Jlh   *'•  InS.ii.  .,;.;  ..! 
Ins  i  nurse  ,ici  onlm^jly  lo  the  \V,si  U  .     ')  |„.  „ ,_ 
Imued  buht,  with  i.iin,  until   nonii,  wIumI;  '(..j^. 
up,  .md  III  the  evininn  Cape  \eri;e,  tl,,.  .v  w  .,'. 
ol  I'em.indin.i.  bore  \.W.  disi.iiu  scvi  :i  lp,i,^  / 
the  muht  bec.ime   teinpeslucus.  he  l.i\  i,i  ^;i'   -, 
inir.  .IriltiiiK  .ncordinn  lo  the  reckiMuii;  i-.i.,  t, ._, 

On  the  mormiii4  ot  the  iiih  he  lu.i  ;i.  s.i,  ,i»l.>  ' 
W.SW.,  until  lime  ocloik,  winn  he  h.,]  •  r.' 
le.ii;ues  ;  he  then  steered  west  until  i!  i  .•. «  i- . 
h.id  lun  eleven  le.ijjues,  at  whiih  liniii  i,.:i;  ,(„ 
loviTed,  tonsistini;  of  seven  or  eii;lil  knsJii^-.- 
,ind  south,  and  ilist.int  live  leama's  n  i,  ;;  .. . 
Ilere  he  anchored  the  next  d,iy,  sni.ilu.i  i:um.  ..^.^ 
w  bn  h  he  1  .died  Isl.is  de  Areii.i  ;  liiiv  vuii;  ,. 
lue  or  six  leagues  in  extent, 

I  he  dist.ii'  es  iiin    by  Coliiinbus,  .wMi- 
p.irime  I.ikeii  trnm  I'ern.indma  an  I  l!u- .;i^;.l!;  tr 
tliese  Islands  n|  .Ateii.i  at  the  lime  e'    li>o  ui :;,.,; 
a  sum  of  thirty  h.iijiies.     This  sui    i.;  i    r,\  .  ,.s. 
.diniil  three  less  tb.m  the  dist.mce  Imini!,  ■•  . 
of  1-eriiandin.i  nr  llxum.i,  wliiine  ('<   -..r. 
dep.iMure,  to  the  uroup  of  Muc.ir.is    \\!i    , 
C.iyn  l.obo  on  the  >;ranil  bank  <•[    ll.ili  i!i,.i.  .r.iir.: 
(  orrespond    to   the   ilesctiplii.n   ol    I     l.iiiiiis    .. 
were  necessarv  to  account  (or  the  ilillcni   .■  .  ;;■" 
le.iyues  in  a  rei  knninv;.  where  sn  it.iiui  .-,.::• 
conjecture,  it  would  read.ly  oicur  lo  ,i  >f  ■!.,:;. :^ 
.in  .(llowaiice  of  two  leaj^ues  for  lii.t;,  .;■..:»  .,   . 
iiij^ht   of    blowy    weatiier,    is   but  a  •••v.::  ■   ■   J 
1  nurse  from  l.\iiin,i  to  lln-  Mue,ir.i--   <  i    i.  •  i' 
W.      The  Course  lollowed  by  Coluiii  i.^;  •     .. 
Irom  this,  but  as  il  w.is  his  inii-niieu,  ^-n  -     .^ 
Icoin  Is.ibidl.i.    to  steer   W'.S.W..  .1:1;  »,i.  >     .  .,- 
w,ird  .illereil  it  to  wi'si,  we   m.iy  cn.i.u..  :  -:;.t.. 
so  in  consei|ueni  e  of  haviiii,'  been  11.11     k' ;    >   ■'■ 
to  ihc  southw.ird,  while  l\mi;  to  11  •  i.:!.!:;..    .■ 

( ', /.  •.'7  --.At  sunrise  Cohinibiis  s,  i  ,,.,  :  1  .: 
isies  .Aren.is  or  Mucaras,  lor  .1:1  i-ic.:.  .i.^.U:. 
sieetint;  S.S.W.  At  d.irk,  h.ivir.i;  ii:..  -'•  - 
le, lilies  on  lh.it  course,  he  s-n\  the  ,,ii.  ,,i  .  1: 
ships  to  until  niorniin;.  ( >n  the  J'.:^  1..-  lij-tv 
ai;.iin  .It  .S.S.W,.  .ml  ellterc'd  .1  lie.iiU ':..  :•■:"■■ 
a  liinr  h.irbnr,  wl-.ich  he  named  .s.ni  .s.i.  .>. 
journ.il  in  this  p.nt  does  not  desMi:,  •.:,■.■  ■-•' 
w  ilh  tiie  minutenes.,  with  which  eveivi'ur .; '  i>i..i:' 
been  noted  ;   tin-  text  also  is  i:i  sevei.ii  ;  ..■■■"• 

This  pfut  ot  .S.ui  Salv.idoi  ue  t.il.'  I"  :■  '.■' 
now  known  .is  I  .iravel.is  dr.uiiics,  >.i...it',:  >•- 
l-MKUes  we«t  of  NuevilasiUI  I'liiniif,  1:<  ^■•■■' 
.md  distan-e  from  the  .Muraris  m.^i!'  i\,...i'- 
ihose  run  by  Columbus;  and  its  i.r^.i;:  1 'v'' 
.is  far  as  cm  be  ascertained  by  ili.iii^.  ■■  ■■■  •"■=!■ 
which  he  visited. 

I)  t.  2i(. --Leaving  this  port,  C.  luiii!'!.-  >>  •-■•' 
wesl,  ami  having'  sailed  six  \>  .ii;..i.s  i.''  'J'*'  ■ 
poini  of  the  isl.md  nmniiin  N.W,.  uhu'i  v.r  ijt- 
be  the  I'unta  (iord.i;  ami,  ten  le  .l;iii^  -'-'' • 
other  streti.hin.i;  easterly,  which  wi:i  i"' l'""''--''^ 
(•lie  le.iKUe  farther  he  discovered  ,.  sii..i.  '■'•'■•; 
beyond  this  another  very  l.tt^e  ..ii",  ;  '  iv.'.!':. ''^^ 
the  n.ime  of  Kio  de  M.ires.  1  Ins  n'.ct  ■■■'<i'^'. 
a  t'nie  basin  resemblini;  .1  Like,  .md  Im^:"':  '-'^'^ 
iranie  :  il  had  for  l.indmirks  n\..  O'i.iv.  i""'"''*'-" 
the  S,\V.,  and  to  the  W.N.W.  a  h'li  |.r-H!''"_ 
suitable  for  a  (ortilicalion,  wliiili  i'rMif.t(;  ''_■- 
the  sea.  This  we  t.ike  to  be  the  line  lMiiH.r.i:iJ'- 
situated  west  of  Point  Curi.ina  ,  ''■'  '•''''•"'.'^ '!!.l 
sponds  with  ih.il  run  by  (.'olumbus  Ifiv.  '-■''■"^^ 
dr.indcs,  which  we  have  supposed  mI'-ii,;oi.  *■••■'■, 
San    S.ilvador.      Leaving    Rio   de    M.iiollic/' 


APPKNDIX. 


^'<;i 


<I.»V  (i.llnw 

l'illM<{    ,, 

Oet 

illl  tt.il   r 

)H»: 

IIHK  1,  .,((1, 

Dtl' 

|^•>.^,,ry :.,  tr„,:  ;, 

OItt 

Ml- 

IVilli  1 1!  Ill  t  ,,,,,. 

ins 

,111.1  isii,,  !,!•,■'•  ■ 

ol 

for 

!■!    I>1'  .1  ..I  III  . 

|i 

^''I'lNi,  .,:;,5^, 

V* 

s.w.  ii,, «.;.""' 

idfi 
km 

•11.  wluni;  •[...,;, 

t-'liil'.    tin;  >',V  ..; 

c«p 

lit  '•I'Vllllcni..,' 

(«ri 

I-'    lll.l  W  S,.,'  J  .•- 

Htir 

'%*.!.     . 

(Oi'i' 

lien  he  \u<,  ._, . 

«itl. 

liiita  l!:r  ■' 
1    I 

the 

11  Ikmii    1,, 

[■ii;lil  kn- 

Ca' 

Kl.r-i     I.I, 

C«|i' 

btiv 

MH.llldl   I..     ... 

did! 

liic\   (vcie  ,  ii  :. 

wh 

C(VV1 

lU"^.  .i'l'ic  ;  1   \it 

Ri' 

ml   llir  il:.;.ii;  t;:- 

ftOir 

f  !'■    Ii-i'  ui  r,.' ,, 

bj 

111    '•:  1:.  il\  ,.,.(. 

-  with 

'•   Itnai  ill,  >,i,   ;, 

Ibii: 

V   Ci':i.ll;,  U-  .    .■; 

bU 

r.!--,  »h  ill    V  ns. 

Ri<i 

1    r..ilM'i,i.  .r;s: 

0: 

<'l    (     l.ii;.,;..    .. 

Rio 

I-  ilill<  1. 1  ■ '.'  I ',  r" 

btlii 

Sll    11. lull   .>  .  .»!  • 

thai 

11"  1"  .1  .-•-■!.,:„::. 

^  will 

r  (ii.i;.  .i;.:  ,  k  .i   . 

the' 

t   a  '•tv  .'I  ■■■  ■    '.. 

ha, 

ir.i-.  ■•  I    '■..:  ''.i' 

Rio 

iii.in.  u^  1. '  •■  .-- 

rto, 

Iliiiii,  .'M  ■••    .i. 

Til! 

,   ;i!'i  1  -.'.'  !■    .  *.;■ 

Col. 

r.il.i  .u  ,.  1'  .>:  .M.. 

ttt 

1  11.11  .  ..i ; :.-  .^ 

'  froi' 

ll  .   1.  :;i;  ;::   .■ 

lev 

11-  •-■  '  -1         >: 

in 

!-.l_,;,  ,  '...•.  1... 

rrir 

•in;  It:..      -'     " 

ntiu 

ic  ,  .11  1   ,ir  .    '1.' 

:  'w 

L-    ;M'   Ir  ■li-.'i'. 

■Klik' 

li..iU  '■„.  :  ^.:>- 

Col. 

.•-.I'l  >...   ..;      '■'-■ 

Cttl 

i"M  i;;  .    :./-•    >••>■■ 

eft' 

CM  I'll!'. :  ^  IX  ,■„.:<■. 

(till.. 

vri.ii  ;  ..••'.■«•' 

titt.: 

t.u.'    ll.  :■  ■■■:^' 

Gu:, 

l.:r-.    s.lu.il'.'l  v>- 

for: 

„,,..•.    l;<'c»v.i 

'froi;. 

,>.!i.il-  .v..  ...<■; 

Ua! 

;   1..-  i:,:    :i -r'' 

jil!i\ 

il.iil-.  .'■  ■■■'  '•■-;■■' 

hro 

;tlKi: 

li.n.i'i.-  >i    •'-'■ 

■    0; 

l;:.c-    >■■•  '■'■-■  • 

ill  11: 

A  hi'  '1  V.'-  ;.»t" 

•ioe^■ 

i,..;;u-  .iti.f  '• 

Ike 

.  ;m-|',.,U^-^::'^ 

cm 

,  Mu.i.  :•■'■•■■ 

M 

i...  .     ,vM.:.ii^'»-' 

detr 

,  ■-,.■1  -::•;'''•■■■ 

(Of 

1 ... 

.:  ii.mii.:  ■' -  '■•■' 

-lea:.. 

,,,,.,.,.  i;u..;.U:S' 

BUS' 

I   1  ,il  1  i.r-n!'«' 

■rtii  ■ 

,   prii)-'."''  ■''■-_■, 

i'beir. 

II,,-  IMII'l't  •'■»''" 

Mm, 

its  ,lhW  t(«'^' 

.  disi  - 

HIS   if.irr.  ufiK^ 

Sol  ■.., 

..1,-ii.;.j1  «■"!!;■■' 

.1*1)  • 

M.110  llie  i^* 

MMn, 

■  Ciliimlm*  Rtniiii  t"  lltc  N'.W.  for  fificrn 
'ttliiii  ll^•^■l^v  .i  ».i|.r,  tci  which  h<-  K.tVi-  llu- 
I  I'.iLci  .!(•  I'iiliii.is.     Th't,   wr  hflli'Vf,   is  the 

h  fiirili''  ill"'  iMsliTti  <iilr:iiii  !•  to  l.amm.i  ilc 
Hivii'nl  ilii^iiij"'  w.is.i  livfi,  ili'-taiii,  accDr'l- 
ir  tmiiv  •-.  I"iii  'lavs    jiuiriiry  (mm  ilu'  t.uMi 

,      C<i|llllll'l"«   lli!lflllllll«'l    ihtTffiiri-    In    111, ike 

1  •  I  liii  t"  .ill  "ulit,  he  rc.K  hfii  tliL-  riviT  <in  lln' 

^t.il.ir,  I'liI  l<iiiiii|   ihal  it  W.is  ton  sliallow  to 

;  sltilis.     This  is  Mi|>|>i>M.-il  ID  lie  what  is  now 

„  |.ii,'iiil.i   ill'  M'ir.Mi.      MfMind    this   was   a 

riiuiiiliil  liv  sllii.ils,  all'laiiotliiT  pnijcrlfd  still 

.111!       iii'iiV'i'M   lhrs«;   two   I  ipi's   w.is   a   li.iy 

il  icn'niiiL;  small  vrssi'N,      I  lie  iiU'iilitv  In  ic 

..y  ripiiiiii  «iili  iliecd.i.st  mar  I.a(,'iin,iik'  Mnmn 

,rrv  ll' .ir.      IIk- I  .ipfo.isl  i.f  (..iijiinaile  Mnrnn 

s  Willi  <'.'il'C   i'aliiias,  tlitr    I. abulia   di;    Moron 

-.h'l.ii  livi  r  ilisi  rilii'il  liy  ('oliiml)iis  ;  uml  in 

H'lii  |Miiiii    ii    ciiti.tin  I-,    with    tli(.'    is). mil   of 

;  ii|i|,nsitc  it,  we  rc(Of,'iii/L'  ihi'  two  projt  rtitij; 

'■pciks  of,  Willi  wli.il  ap[i(Mrci|  to  lie  a   Imv 

thrill      'I  his  all  is  a  m  iiiails.ililc  coiiiliiii.ilji'i, 

1 1)'.' t'liiMil   anv'.vhfTi'   lull  in   tin-   s.mic   spol 

.liimlnis  visit'''!  atnl   ilrsciilicl.      I'uiiIht,  llu' 

n  iIh'  |"irt  of  Sill  .Salv.nlor  li.nl  run  wust  !'> 

.\1  ires.  ,1  'list. mi  !■  of  seventeen   leagues,   aii'l 

I  ,1c    M.iics    i'    h.i'l    e.xleiKJeil    N.W.    fifteen 

.1  C.iImi  lie  I'.ilinnK  ;  all  of   wlii' h  agrees  fiilU' 

it  li.is  lici  11  here  siipp'isnl.     'I  lie  wind  li.aviiij,' 

Hirth,  Willi  ll  w.isiontrary  to  the  iniirse  Ihcy 

sticrin,^,  liie  vi'i.scls  bole:  uii  and  rtturin'l  t" 

M.iii-s, 

■  i.'thnf  Nmenilcr  i!i>'  ships  s.iilrij   cut   of 
"l.iitsl"  11,  in   i|iiesl    of    li.iheiiuc,   .m    i-l.iiid 

;,)  .ili"iiii,|  111  nolil,  aii'l  to  lie  I'.,  by  S.  Ii"in 
li.ivin.L;  s.iiled   eight    le.i^;iiis    with    a    l.ur 

y  ciiiic  tii.i  liver,  in  which  in.iy  tie  recdj^ni^.d 
Alii'li  liis  iii>t  west  of  I'lint  I  (iorila.  l''oiir 
'..rllur  tliey  s.iw  another,  which  they  called 
'•  ■'.  ll  ippe.irnl  very  l.iiKo.  I'lil  they  di'l  not 
\. inline  It,  as  i!ie  will'!  w.is  f.iir  t'>  advar.i  e. 
'.ike  til  I '■  the  ri\er   now    known   ,is  Sali.in,!. 

■  was  ivnv  reii.i'  ini,'  his  steps,  and  had  m.nle 
•ijiics  tiniii  Ki') '!e  M.ires,  l.iit  in  i;oiiii;  west 

:t  S.in  S.ilv.iilnr  to  Ki.)  de  Mares,  lie  h.id  run 
■1  K'.mii  s  s,,,,,  :-.i'\..iI'ir,  iherelore,  leinains 
IS  ea~l  "f  Kill  ,!i  1  Si  I  ;  aii'l,  ai  c'irditii;ly,  I'li 
•  I.I  III'-  (li,i!!,  we  lind  C.ir.ivelas  (irailde;. 
I '■nriop. Hilling;  ilistai'.i '.•  fr-'tli  S.ili.m.i. 
^  I'.iii  six  le.ii;i:i'S  linm  Kin  del  S"l,  whi' I 
1  .ill  ciijhtecii   ie,iL',lles   fr'itn      I\in  de     M.ires 

•  oiiiie  111  a  1  .ipe  which  ho  c.illed  Cal'O  i|e 
•I'll  ly  ji'iiii  supposing;  it  to  he  the  e\trt  inilv 

■  .nil.  ■(  ll:.i  rotrespeiids  precisely  in  distam  e 
il.i  Ciiri.ma  with  the  lesser  isI.hi'I  of  (;ii.iia\a, 
■■c.ir  (  iili.i,  and  '.etweeii  which  and  the  i;re.iter 

1  I 'liinil'iis  iiii.isi  ha\e  passed  in  ninnmi;  in 
^.111  S.iU-.id' r.  i;it!ier  he  il.,!  ii,>t  nnii.  c  it, 
.illciitiii:i  heini,' eni.;risseil  l.v  the  maj;nilKeiU 

'  "ll'  him.  or,  .is  is  alsn  pnssilile,  his  vessel- 
■ ''ecu  ilrilled  lhroi;^h  the  p,iss.ii;e,  which  is 
fs  ui  ic.  While  h  ing  In  the  niKlit  previcus  i  • 
••ilat  l'..rt  .^.in  .S.iU-.idor. 

■  I '-ih  ..!  N'.veniher,  h.ivini;  hove  to  all  nii;ht. 

■  luiiK  ti.e  ships  passeii  a  point  two  leaKiies 
.iml  llien  eiitere'l  iiifi  :i  ^iilf  th.it  made  into 

■''  .  ir.ii  ivlei  ll  Coluinluis  thoin.;hl  seji.iralc'l 
•11  lliliio.     At  the   lii.tlom  ,i|  tlie   ^;'.ilf  w.is   .i 

■  !i  liciiveii  tW'i  niniirit.iiiis.  lie  roiild  not 
"  ivlitihcr  iir  not  ihis  was  ;in  arm  of  the  -ea  ; 
■I'ii'U:  sheher  ir.iMi  the  north  wind,  he  put  to 

llrtice    it    W'.uld   appear  th.it   Colimd'Us 

•  piitly  s.ule.l  r'Uiml  the  smaller  ("".nai.iva, 
'■"";  I  lie   the  extremitv    of   Ciitia,  witlfiil 

'■";>' ibat  a  lew  hours'  saii  Wouhl  have  t.ikeii 
'■■''^■•haniiel.  to  j'.irt  .San  S.ilvador,  his  hrst 
^  111  t^iha.  and  so  b.id;  f)  the  s.ime  Rio  di  i 
■""•■  nail  passed  the  dav  previous.  Of  tlie 
•"tains  seen  on  both  sides  of  this  eiitr.mce,  the 
'■  "lie  corresponds  with  the   peali   called   Allu 


I  de   jiian    r^.iiine,    whirh    lies   srven   IrnsiiP'*   west   of 

1  I'litit.i  de  M.iieindlns.  'I  he  wind  ioiitiniiin(j  nnrth, 
tie  stood  ra-'t  Imirtei'ii  leagues  from  (api-  (uIm,  w  liii  h 
we  haie  supposed  the  lesser  isl.ind  nf   ( iu.ij.iv.i.       it  in 

1  here  rendered  sure  that  thepnininf  little  (iii.ij.iva  was 
believed  bv  him  tn  be  tin-  eMretliitV  of  Ciili.i  ;  fnr  fie 
speaks  of  the  l.ind    mentioned  as  lyini;   to   leew.ird   of 

!  the  above-nientioiied  k;ulf  as  beiili;  the  ishind  n|  linliin, 
and  savs  th.it  lie  discovered  twenlv  leagues  of    it    iim. 

j   iiinK  !•:  Si-;,  .iii'l  W.N.W. 

I  On  the  t  jth  November,  fiavinij  l.iin  toall  ninht  with 
a  N  I'!,  wind,  he  deteiiiiini'd  to  si'ek  a  port,  and  if  he 
foiiii'l  ii'ine,  to  reiiini  tn  those  whicli  In-  had  bit  in 
the  ishmd  (if  Cuba  ;  (or  it  will  be  retrn'inliered  that 
all  c.isi  111  bttle  Ciii.ij.iva  lie  suppose'l  to  be  liohio. 
lie  steered  V..  by  S.  therefore  six  leaniies,  ;ind  then 
siooil  in  fnr  the  Ian  I.  Here  he  s.iw  ni.ir.y  [lorts  .iml 
isl.ind  ,  ;  but  as  it  blew  lre-,h.  with  a  hea\  v  se.i.  he 
dared  not  enter,  but  ran  the  cast  down  N  W.  bv  V,'. 
lor  a  distance  of  eluhtecii  lea^;lles,  where  he  saw  .'\ 
clear  entrance  ;ind  a  port,  in  which  hi'  stood  S.S.W. 
.ind  afterward  S.I-!.,  the  navigation  b<ini,'  all  ( le.ir  and 
open.  Here  Coliiinbiis  beheld  so  many  islands  that 
it  was  impossible  to  cnunt  them.  T  hey  were  very  lotiy, 
.iiid  coveted  with  trees.  I  nlumbus  railed  the  neinii- 
boriiin  se.i  .\l,ir  de  Nueslra  ."sefinr.i,  and  to  the  hatbor 
ne.ir  Ifie  eiitranieto  these  isl  iiids  he  K-ive  the  n.inie 
of  Puerto  del  I'rincipe  This  harbor  lie  s.iys  he  .o.l 
not  enter  until  the  Suiul.iy  (ollnwini,',  w'hi<  h  w.is  four 
d.iys  after,  'I'his  part  of  the  te.xt  of  Columbus's  jour- 
n.il  is  coniused,  ,ind  there  are  also  .intieipalions,  .is  if 
it  had  been  written  subseipiently,  or  iniNed  together 
in  I'opymi;.  It  appe.irs  evident  that  while  lyint;  to  t'  e 
niL;ht  previous,  with  the  wind  at  N.h'.,  ihi-  slii|'s  li.i'l 
drifted  to  the  N'.W.,  .ind  been  i  arried  by  the  powerful 
current  of  the  ll.ih.ima  i  li.mncl  f.ir  in  tlie  sinu-  dine 
tim.  When  they  bore  up.  l  retore,  to  return  t"  the 
potts  which  they  had  left  in  the  isl.ind  of  Ciib.i.  they 
fill  in  to  leew.ird  of  them,  and  now  first  discovered 
the  nuniernus  «roii|i  of  isl.mds  of  whii  h  C.ivn  Rnm.mn 
is  the  piinciji.d.  The  current  of  this  eliannel  is  of 
itself  siillii  lent  to  h.ivi'  eariied  the  vessels  to  the  west- 
w.iid  a  dist.ince  of  -jo  leagues,  which  is  what  they  had 
run  e.isteilv  since  leavlni;  ( '  ipe  Cub.i,  or  (ill.il.u.i,  br 
it  h.i.l  .11  le  I  iipoti  them  du!  iiin  a  perio'l  of  thirty  liours. 
There  c.in  be  no  doul  t  ;is  tn  the  identity  of  these  kevs 
with  ihnse  about  Cayn  Kom.mo  ;  for  thfV  aic  tlie 
niily  on-',  ill  the  neif;hborlioi)d  cf  Cubath.it  are  iMt  of 
a  low  an. I  swampy  nature,  but  large  and  lofty.  '(  hey 
incliise  ,1  free,  open  navin.ition,  .ini!  abundance  of  line 
h.irbors,  in  l.ae  years  tlie  resort  of  pirates,  who  t'.un'l 
security  and  eoncealment  l.ir  themselves  ;ind  their 
pri/res  in  the  recesses  of  these  lofty  keys.  From  the 
di'sciiptioii  (if  Columbus,  the  vessels  must  have  en- 
tered between  the  islamU  ■  f  liaril  ami  I'acedon,  and 
s.iiliiif^  aloni;  C.iyn  Romaiin  on  ;i  S.!''.  course,  have 
n-.ichi'l  in  another  il.iy  their  i  '.d  eruisim;  tjround  in 
th''  neighborhood  of  lesser  Giiaiava.  Noi  only  Colum- 
bus 'Ines  not  tell  us  here  of  his  havin;;  (hanged  his 
.111'  borage  ani"iii'.  these  keys.  I  uthis  imirnal  does  not 
ev  !i  mention  his  h.iv  ing  anebored  at  all.  until  the  re- 
tuiii  Ironi  the  inellei  tiial  se.irch  after  Habeipie.  It  is 
cli.ir.  troni  wh.it  has  been  said,  th.it  it  was  not  in  I'lrt 
I'riiii  ipe  !'it  tI.e  vessels  anchored  in  this  oceas.on  ; 
but  it  eou;  -  i  have  been  very  (b^lant,  since  Colum- 
bus went  tiim  the  ships  in  his  bo.its  on  th.e  I'^lli  No- 
vember, to  pi. ice  a  I  loss  ;i;  its  entranre.  lie  li.id 
prob.ibly  seen  the  enlr.inie  lioni  without,  when  s.iil- 
:ng  e.ist  fiom  (luai.iv.i  on  the  i  uli  of  N'ovem!  •  r. 
The  iilentity  of  this  port  with  the  one  now  known  .is 
Nuevitas  el  I 'Miicipe  seems  certain,  from  theiiesciip- 
tion  nf  Its  ei.il, nice.  Cniunil'iis,  it  a[>pears,  di.'  i.ot 
visit  its   interi'ir. 

'  >ii  the  loth  N'ovember  the  ships  s.iiled  .-igun,  in 
i|ue-.t  I'f  Habe(|iie.  At  sunset  Port  Prineipe  bore 
S  S.W.  disi.mt  seven  leagues,  and  having  sailed  all 
night  at  N.l'.  bv  N.  and  until  ten  o'clock  of  the  iicM 
d,ivi2oth  .Novemlieri.  they  had  run  .idistanee  of  tiitecn 
le.igues  on  th.it  course.  The  wind  blowing  from 
I  bi.S.P.,  which  was  the  ilirection  in  whii'h  H.iheipie 
I  wa-s   supposed  tu   lie,    and    the   weather   being   foul, 


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WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14530 

(716)  872-4503 


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Colunibas  (k'tcrniinnl  in  rotiun  to  Pi'it  rii!i(i|)i'. 
uhicti  w.is  tliLMi  ilistaiU  HVfiily-tive  Iimkihs.  lie  did 
not  wish  to  j;o  to  Is.ilicll.i,  (lisi.iiu  only  twelve  Ic.iKHes. 
U'st  the  Indians  xvlioiii  he  had  nrnuKlit  lioni  San  Sal 
VM  lor,  whiih  lay  eiL;ht  leagues  from  Isabella,  shoidd 
make  llieir  es'-ape.  Thus,  in  sailing  N.I!,  by  N.  from 
)  near  I'ort  I'rinciiie.  ColuMibiis  had  approaehed  wiihni 
a  short  distance  ut  Isabtll  i.  That  island  was  then, 
aeeording  to  his  ealculations,  tliitty  -  s?ven  leagues 
lioni  Port  Principe  ;  and  San  Salvaclor  w.is  forty-five 
leagues  from  the  same  point.  The  first  diflers  but 
eight  leagues  from  t!ie  triilli,  the  latter  nine  ;  or  from 
tlie  actual  distance  of  Nuevitas  el  Princi|)e  from  Isl.i 
Larga  and  San  Salvador.  Again,  let  lis  now  call  to 
mind  the  course  nia  h  by  Columbus  in  going  from 
Isabella  to  Cuba  ;  it  w.is  lirst  W.S.W.,  then  \V.,  an  I 
afterward  S.S.  \V,  1  Living  i  onsideration  for  the 
different  dist.mces  run  on  each,  these  yield  a  medium 
course  not  mateti.illy  different  from  S.W.  S  tiling 
then  S.W.  from  Isabella,  Coimnbus  h.id  re.iched  Pott 
San  Salvador,  on  the  i c.ist  of  Cuba.  Making  .dler- 
ward  ,1  course  of  S.V..  by  N.  from  off  Port  Principe, 
he  W.IS  going  in  the  direction  of  Isabella.  Hence  we 
deduce  til, It  J'ort  S.in  Salvador,  on  tlie  coast  of  Cub.i, 
lay  west  of  Port  Principe,  ami  the  whole  com!:ir'..ilion 
is  tluis  bound  together  and  cstalilished.  The  two 
islands  seen  by  Columbus  at  ten  o'clocl.  of  the  .s.ime 
2oth  November,  must  li.ive  been  some  cf  the  keys 
whii  h  iie  west  of  the  lumeiitos.  i\unning  l>ack  toward 
Fort  Principe.  Columbus  made  it  at  dark,  but  found 
that  he  had  been  c.irried  to  the  westvv.ird  liy  the  cur- 
rents. This  furnishes  a  sutlicient  proof  of  tliestrengih 
of  tile  current  in  the  H.iliam.i  ch.innel  ;  ]•  r  it  will  bi- 
remembered  that  he  ran  over  lo  Cub.i  with  a  f.iir 
wind  After  contending  for  f.iur  days,  until  tlie  24tli 
No\ember,  with  light  winds  ag.iinst  the  force  ot  these 
currents,  he  arrived  at  length  op)>nsitethe  level  isl.iii'! 
wdience  lie  h.id  set  out  the  wecl;  liefore  when  goiiiL;  lo 
lialierpie. 

We  are  thus  accidenl.illy  informed  ihat  the  joint 
from  whiih  Columbus  started  in  seaicli  of  nibeipie 
\v,is  llie  sa.Tle  isKiml  of  (iuaj.iva  the  lesser,  wdii'  h  l;es 
wcsl  of  Nuevil  IS  cl  Principe,  rurther  :  at  first  1:  ■ 
d.ired  not  enter  into  the  <.pen:ng  lietween  the  two 
inoi:ntains,  for  it  seemed  as  lli;)Ugh  the  sea  broke  upon 
them;  but  having  sent  the  lio.it  ah'.'ad.  the  vcsm.  !s 
followed  in  at  S.W.  .ind  then  W.  into  a  fme  h.irbor. 
The  level  island  lay  north  of  it,  ami  wiili  another 
isl.iiid  lorme<i  a  secure  b.isin  cipable  of  sheltering  ab 
the  n. ivy  of  Spain.  This  level  island  rcsoUes  iisi  If 
then  ir;  1  our  late  Cape  Cub.i,  whii  h  we  have  supp  isi  d 
lo  be  little  (niajava,  and  the  entrance  e.ist  of  it  be. 
comes  idc-ntical  widi  the  gulf  above  nicmioncd  wliicli 
l.iy  between  two  mountains,  one  of  which  we  h.i\.' 
sujjposcd  the  Alto  de  Ju.m  D.iunc  an  I  whith  gulf  ap- 
peared to  divide  Cub.i  from  Hohio.  (lurioiirse  nrv.' 
liecomes  a  pl.iin  one.  On  the  26th  of  November, 
CoUimbus  sailed  from  S.mla  C.italina  (the  luime  given 
by  him  to  the  port  last  described)  at  sunrise,  and  stood 
for  the  cajie  at  llie  S.IC.  which  hecalle  I  Cabo  de  Pirn. 
Ill  this  it  is  easy  tf)  recognize  the  high  peak  already 
spoken  of  as  the  Alto  de  Juan  Daiine.  .\rrivi'  1  olf 
this  he  saw  another  cape,  dist.mt  fifteen  le.igues,  an  ! 
still  f.iriher  another  five  leagues  bevond  it,  whi(  h  he 
called  Caiio  de  C'jinpana.  The  first  mustbeth,.t  now 
known  ;is  Point  Padre,  the  second  Point  Mulas  :  their 
dist.mces  from  Alto  de  Juan  I).iune  are  underrated; 
but  it  teijuires  no  little  experience  to  estimate  correcilv 
the  distances  of  the  bold  lieadl.mds  o;  Cuba,  as  seen 
tlirough  tile  pureal:nosphere  th.it  surrounds  the  island. 

I  Living  p.issed  P:)int  .Mul.is  in  tlie  night,  fin  the  syih 
Coiu:nbus  looked  into  the  ilee[)  bay  tluit  lies  S.M.  of  it, 
and  seeing  Ihe  bold  projecting  lieadd.md  th.il  m.ckes 
out  between  Port  Nij."  and  Port  Pi.mes,  with  tlio^e 
deep  b.iys  on  each  side  of  it,  li.;  supposed  it  to  be  an 
lirtii  of  tlie  se.i  dividing  one  1. mil  from  another  with  .ar. 
l:,l.i:i:|  between  them. 

I  Living  landed  at  Taco  for  ;i  short  time, Columbus  .ir- 
lived  in  theevetdng  of  the  27th  at  M.iracoa,  to  which  he 
f(ave  the  name  of  I'uerto  S.mta.  Prom  Cuho  dtl  Pii  o 
to  Puerto  Santo,  a  distance  of  sixty   leagues,   he  had 


-iKij 


I'assed  nn  fewer  than  fiine  gooil  potts  an'!  fi.c  p., 
to  C'.ipe  Campana,  ,ind   thence  to  Puerf)  Sn-;  .'x 
more  rivers,  e.u  h  with  .i  good  port  ;  all  oi  w;,     * 
be  found  on  the  chart    between    .Mio  ile  |ii.r 
and  Haraco.i.      I!v  keeping  mar  the  (  o.isi  h,. 
.issisled  to  the  S.  P.  by  Ihe  eddy  current  ■  '  ili, 
channid.     S, tiling  from  Puerto  S.irilo  di    j!;,- 
the  4lh  of  December,  he  re.iched  tae  extrcmm  :(C| 
the  following  day,  and  striking  oil  upon  a  «•;!«; i,^L 
.S.l".  in  search  of  Habe(|iie,  whii  h  lav  to  the  \| 
(  ame  in  sight  of  liohio,  lo  which  he  gave  th 
I  lisp.iniol.i. 

On  taking  le.ive  of  Cub.a,  Colu;nbi:s  tells  ;;s  ;U'''>  I 
h.id  co.isted  it  a  distance  ul  120  le.igue.s.  .'ilioiviij 
twenty  leagues  of  this  distance  f.ir  his  hiuiiis  ;'! 
lowed  the  undulations  of  the  coast,  the  rc!ii„;i''i.;,^, ' 
measured  troni  I'oint  Maysi  fall  ex.icilv  11  pen C.-.irj  I 
Key,  which  we  have  supposed  the  ui-^iei:'  I  unciR  I 
of  his  discoveries. 

The  astronomical   ;:''servations  of  Cnliin:!  us  i^ra  j 
no   objection    to   wh.it   has   been  here  aijv.ia  (.■;;,,  ] 
he  tells  us  that  the  instrument  which  he  iiKrii  use: 
to   incisure   the    meridfin    altitudes  of  li^i;   l'.';ivc:'.t  | 
bodies  was  out  of  order  and  not  I'l  be  d.cp; n li  ; up:; 
He  pl.iccs  his  f:rst  discovery,   (in  in.di.ini,  in  tlie't 
tilde  of  I'erro,  wdiich  is  about  27    30'  north.    S,ii:.v.. 
v. I  lor  we  find  in  24    30'  and  Turk';-  Isl.iml  in;;  ;,' 
both  are  very   wide  of  the   trudi.    In   it  i>or!..':lt| 
easier  to  conceive   an  error  of  three   lli.iii  c;;j  li  si  | 
degrees. 

I, .lying    aside   geographical    deni'-inslrai'' r 
now  ex. inline  how   historical  records  ^,L;iTf  v.-;l: ':t  I 
opinion     here    supported,    th.it    the    i-l.uil  ■:'  k  j 
S.il\a<ior  was  the   hrst   point  wlvrc-  Co'ti;i'!  ■,:-■  nw 
in    contact    with    the  New  World.      I  |ern;i.i,  nii' j 
considered  the   most  f.iithful  and  aathenli'-  ..:  .vj;- 
ish  histori.tns,  wrote  his  History  of  the  linh.sl'ivr;  | 
the   ye.ir    idno.       In   describing   tin'   \oy.i-"  ni  Ju 
Ponce  de   Leon,  made  to   Plorid,i  in    1:12.  Ii:nia«(!| 
l:ie  following  rem. irks  :■■   "  l.e.iving  Agu.iiLi  ,;i  P  • 
Kico,  they  steered  lotheN.W.  by  N  ,  .indin  f.ve  im  | 
arrive  I  at  an   isl.md  c.dled    Id   Vieio,   in  1  cili:'!,' ;: 
y>'   north.      The   ne.\t   d.iv    ihi  v   arrived 
i'l.md  of  the  I.ucavi 


OS,  e.llled  C.ucos 


.1  srn^.. 
On  I'-'-clthi 


day  tliey  am  hored  at  another  isl.md  c^i'Uil  \,.i;wjif  i 
24  ,  on  the  eighth  day  out  fiom  I'orto  K;.  1.  I' 
they  passed  to  the  isl.md  of  .Manueg.i,  in  ..' ,  '  '. 
on  the  (deveiah  d.iy  thev  le.ichi  1  (iu.iii.ili.ir.!  I'l 
in  23  411' north.  Tins  is',  iid  of  (iu.m.ihiiiil  »..; 
I.rst  discovered  by  Columbus  on  his  lit-t  ve;,,ii,'-. 
uliitli  he  called  S.m  S.ilv.idor."  TliM-- ihe  viiii>M5::  | 
of  the  rem. irks  of  Ilerrer.i,  Miid  is  iiiiat  ly  oincl:;:.; 
as  to  the  loi  .ition  of  Sin  S.dvail  >r.  '1  he  l.iliUiH': 
is  true,  are  all  \  l.ueil  higher  th.m  we  irav  kr.m" '■''■■', 
to  be  ;  that  of  S.in  S.dvador  b'ing  such  .is'.'  ''^ 
s]i')n  I  with  n  >  oiher  l.ui'l  tli.in  th.d  now  kn  •\:-  ■'■'' 
Perry  Isl.m  Is,  wdii'h  ,ire  seventv  Icagii"-- '!:■  -'■•" 
the  nearest  ciastof  Cuba  :  whcre.is  C"limilii- 1';~"' 
tint  Sin  Salvador  \\J3  only  fony  lUe  le;ii;i!C>  !fK 
Port  Principe.  Hut  in  thfi'se  infant  I'^iv."  e!  nai  s 
tioii.  the  instruments  for  measuring  tlie  alt. laJ"  " 
Ihe  heavenly  bodies,  and  the  tables  of  d' ■  li"-'!''''' 
t"r  deducing  the  latitude,  must  li.ive  bf  en  S''  ^'P'-'' " 
:.s  1)  place  the  most  scienlifii-  n.ivig.itor  I'i  i"'-' '-• 
bel'jw  the  most  inechanic.il  one  'if  the  present 

The  second  islaiirl  arrived  at  by  Pome  ilc  I.f>'''  ' 
his  northwestern  course,  w.is  one  i.f  the  Ciy'i" . -M 
fust  one,  then,  called  F.l  Viejo,  must  li.ive  l.im  k^j 
Kl.md,   which   lies   S.K.    of   the  Cayc's.      '^•'^ '",'■ ' 
isl.m'l   tl'.ey  c.ime   to   was   prob.ddy    .MaPsi  i"''' ''■ 
f'Uirt'i,    Crooked    Island;  ami   the' fifth.   M..  l.-r?'- ] 
L.istly  thev  (.line  to  luianahani,  the    ■'in  Silva'' 
Columbus.'      If  this  be  supposed  idenli'  d  "''"'i' .^"^J 
Isl.md,   where   do  we   fiii't   the  siircessi'in  ct  is"" 


toil'  hcil  at  bv  P'ln 


ce  (le 


Leon  on  his  way  iri'iii; 


Pnro 


KlC')  lo 


S.m  Salv.i'lor  ;•(■     No  str'/ss  h.is  I  c 'H  b:- •■■ 


*   Il'-rrer.i.  Ili-,t.  In. I.,  dread,  i.  Ill),  ix.  c;ip.  l".  . 

t  111  the  first  eliapUT  of  Ilerreia's  deMnpnoji  H'. |;^  I 
I'lihi'S.  .ijipi'nded  to  his  historv,  is  anoi!"'  ^"^'Y' lVj,  1 
liali.iriui  Islands,  which  eurroliorales  the  above.    "'■'•8''  1 


T 


,,  remarks,  on  the  ido 

.  rvcl  t"  ^■'"  ^•'''■" 
,..,  with  those  give 

, ,  'iisas'e  is    of  va; 

i^r.ii':»"l  pniif,  "1  :' 
,,'i..>l'.:""«'''  '".'■' 
1  ;;iTc  lit.'ry  belief  I 
„;,:-  is  the  spot  wf 

;;  ,;,,  N\-w  UorM. 

;  si;  .ill,:  mu  he  light! 

,  t:i.'l  eiii'lit  t"  bi:  k^'i 

,  '1  ;,s  icrritoii.d  de. 

,   ;  ;..ii  Ini.irks," 


lll.r: 
[la  -■' 

liSr 
ldis;.< 

10)':; 


pi: 

I  sail 
Iwl. 

[bii- 
IC; 


I  sir. 
|a.: 

VI' il:. 

lai: 


IimIi,  in  hi.s  "  F.X'i: 
I  .r..>ilii..  ilii  ii'Hivi 
■\.',l-  repeatedly 
ni.l  1:1  the  .iliove 
I,.,.,:,,  aiu:  argues  a: 
|cli.-!ulv  i;i  ^uppoit  of 
lA;...     ■■'.  hi'  jiri'illices  .1 
■anl  ;li'  ..n.iiiiiip'"'""' 
Ibv  M.  V.il-'.^n.icr  and  hii 
;,i  i;.ni  1  y  ill. It  ai' 
i,.i;;,j).inicil  Cohll! 
.,1  u;l!i  "ihcr  o!  thi 
li  ;h-  H-ucn  'le  II 

:,:.;; is  .IS  i.ii'i  diiw 

'.1!.-  .111.1  i!i<t.in"'s  )j 
,111 1  ..■sl.i!>li>hes  the 
v.i".  i,;inl  ("iiianah; 
:c..'l  !i:i|)iiy,"  says 
1 ;.,  .Icstrov  tlie  iiici 
,t)  !>v  a  d'lciiiiieri 
.;;iuat  which  ceiil'i 
;i  .\!r.  W.ishingltm 
i.vt  uu-  liv|i.'the>cs  ( 
Ir.  i.;e  [.resent  revi-c 
lii'  itv  1"  i;ive  the  merit 
Ifr..  r.i.i'e  ..f  Coliiiuluis  i 
|ft:r,i-'.-.'  i  iilni  .it  M.i.lri' 
;i  •■!  i.'l  Ma'  ki'ii/ie 
[wIt  x'  ::.  I  Icslv  siiriaik 
ar.'    •  •■)  .'.ilciil.ile'l  to  1 
si-,..' .  1: .'  .'ngcii  the  hij. 
I  t...  5i,.:i.c. 


I  rr\.  ;:;i  -  rr.'N  wiin 
:  I1-.  v...i::<  ii.wi  I 
I'  K.,i.\i:\. 

L.  ■.li'-  r'-'ign  e(  i'er  li 
11.  r,  Hlii;h  vv  IS  C'lU.d 
<■■■..  ;  i;'!.'.i  into  n;  re.i 
v., :  s .  .-.  th.it  there  wi 
t.!  '  ivr  .Among  .all 
ri.-.il  '■  ~  nhl'  li,  I  'insis 
si;  .11  ;:■  !;,i;i,  the  eigli 
cr,.'  .uiv  .:.  (n  ilie  giil 
t..^;i.„'.n,i  er  ./'i.-'..,;  ,..',•  / 
Vt'i;-,  .ill  1  ihe  (iuca.l'i 

11  I'l'J  V  line  "f  the 
(i..'!!.;.  I  ;!i  Spain  il.'U 
'•■  '  i>v  ii,  rc'liiie  . 
n:i"'i  j'l  1  isal.ella  iiil. 
I'."!-.  111.  i>y  ;  l.iit  bv  ' 
'!■  ■.■'■:■  1  '  Veil  111,  nr 
¥•''•''■  1.1'.'  '.  ■.'  .Hid  11 
''l  '"  ;  111"  .lai'ient  > 

■'l'        1'  I  Ml.    I  I    ,il.(U 

M  a'..  .  .  11  ,.v  known 
'■'  ^''-  '\.:,  however, 
(■j.ul  !;.,i'oxim,iteiv  t 
liiif'),  "ru  illur  of  ih.. 
to -1:;  eiiiii-e,  they  ma' 

;■''';'• '|.;...<ilr>  fn  .,  ■!! 
'■■  1-.  Illdllylu  ii:|,l 


AIMM'NDIX. 


2C3 


iwnmarks  nn  theiilcntiiyof  name  which  has  been 
t  .nc'  t"  ^111  Salvador,  CoiirrpLi-in.  ami  I'urt 
jli,u.i,„\v,llitli«WKivtn  t.y  toliimlnis.  IhoiiKh  tra- 
libnli  usus-e  is  uf  vast  wcIkIu  in  sudi  nialtcrs. 
feoL'Wi'imal  pno(,  <'l  a  conrliisivc  ki.ul  it  is  thoiii;hl. 
lashii  •.il'-i"'«'''  '"  i-"'''''^'  "'"'  "■'"'III  I"  remain  in 
cold  !icr<.  iil..rv  lu'lii-f  lliat  the  iiruM'nl  island  dl'  San 
ilvail'T  i^  ill''  >■!"''  where  t'oluniljiis  (irst  set  (out 
fepoii  lii''  N'l-"'  \\ '"■'''•  l-^i^'I'li^'"'''  opinions  of  llic 
Taii.Mi.iiil.i  mu  l.c  liyhlly  niolesied.  It  is  a  unud  old 
Tile  tii.it  luii'lit  t"  lie  kcfit  .11  mind  in  curious  rcscareii 

_jwi"  :.s  tcrritoiial  dealings,   "  l)o  nut  dislurlj  the 

|si;-ii-,;;  i'H  Im.trks," 

V  ■■.''•'■  AV;, ■..,./ /V///i'H  ,'/■  184^.— TliP  Haron  dc 
Ii(i:nli"ilt.  in  liis  "  Exa.nien  Critiniie  de  rhist:iire  dc 
lla  .'COiir.'iiii'--  ill!  iiniiveaii  continent,"  published  in 
i<'-  i'H.'i\i'  repoateiily  in  hiKh  terms  of  llm  aliilily 
,d;>iii'.iv'-'l  i'l  tilt-'  abnvc  examination  of  the  route  of 
ICi'in.'iii-.,  aiiii  arf;iKS  at  ^reat  length  and  quite  con 
fh.-ivdv  ill  >u;pi)U  of  the  opinion  <-ontained  in  it. 
,Vm,i  ..'.'.  lu- [ir.iiUlces  aikuumeiit  hitherto  unknown, 
ar. '.  l.'v.  .;n.il  iiiipoit.im  c  of  wliii  h  had  Ijeeii  discovered 
bv  M.  V.ii-'iiii.icr  and  liiinself  in  l.sjj,  'I'his  is  a  inaii 
;ni.i!e;:i  l^m'y  lli.it  liile  m.iriner  jii.in  de  l.i  Cosa. 
tih,-.  ,ii.'^::;|>.iiiii.d  ('oliimliiis  in  his  second  voyage  and 
-sai!;'il  u;Ui  uihcr  lit  tin:  discoverers.  In  this  m.ip,  of 
avl,  h  ;!i'  li.uon  de  Ihimiioldt  fjivcs  an  enyr.ivin^, 
th  ■,>!..:  .s  .IS  liiil  down  ai;ree  compU'tcdy  with  the 
tt..r,ii;-  .111.1  ilistanies  j,'iven  in  the  journ.d  of  C'olum- 
b,!-.  .Ill  I '>l.l'i:i-l!es  die   identity   of   S.ill    S.ilv.l'lor,   or 

Cii  l>'a':  l.aii  I  (iiiiii.ih.ini. 

'  1  Itvl  !i:i|>py,"  s  lys  M.  de  ilunilioUlt.  "  to  be  m- 
ali!' i  ;•/ 'kslnu-  tin  iiirettiludes  i\v!iicli  lestr  I  on  this 
sii'.M'i' I'V  .1  ilnoiaiiei'l  as  ancient  as  it  is  unknown  ; 
n  I  ■i;;iu:it  ttliicli  criilirius  irrevocaMy  the  arguments 
viiii:!  Mr.  \V.i>liini.;lon  Irvini;  li.is  i;iven  in  his  work 
a:;i.i,^t  llu- liyp.ilhe^cs  oi  the  Turk's  Isl.md." 

ir.  ii'.e  prciL'iu  vc\i<eil  eilition  the  aiitlior  fee's  at 
lii...iiv  1"  ^•ive  the  met  It  oi  the  very  m.isterly  p.iper  on 
t'r,.  r.i.i'"  .  (■  Coliiiiiiiii-.  wiiere  it  is  justly  due.  It  w.is 
ii.'r,i-'-"i  iiim  .It  .Madrid  by  the  Lite  <diiini.in.li  r  .\lr.\- 
S-!jr  ■•:;'■!  M, 11  kriizie,  of  tlle  L'llited  Sl.itcs  n.ivy, 
v.'ii  M' ::,  ilcstv  sliriaik  from  allixiii;,'  his  n.inn-  to  .an 
a::  •  ■') 'MJc'iiUted  to  ,lo  him  (reilit,  and  which  h.is 
fir.-i'ii:.'  •■iigcU  the  lii^h  eulo;;iuiiis  of  men  of   nauti- 


.//;./.(   w,is  worth  .(  |o  niar.i 
I'-'iui-a.:,!  3«3  maravedis. 


N  '.  .Win. 

-    UlL'lt      llll-:     slM.,      MIMIoMil      IS 
i.Wi.     l.Kl.N      l;l:lFl  CI  11      INfii     Millil.KN 


i  •  -i''  rrii;n  "f  I'er  hnaii  1  aiui  Isabell.i  the  mark  of 
.  Mvhi.ii  WIS  eqiid  to. >  ounces  or  to  50  c.istillanos 
■  •  :  V. :  .;  nil.)  n;  reds,  .in  I  each  re.il  into  }\  m.ir.i- 
[  VI  is,  -,  i.h.u  (here  were  2.'i()  m.ir.ivedis  in  the  m.irk 
!^!'^'r,  Amuni:  .jiher  silver  coins  there  w.is  the 
re...  c  -  nil,  li.ionsisiini;  of  .-^  reals,  was,  within  a 
'i  '■-■  !:  ';i.  the  eit;hth  part  of  a  m.irk  <it  silver,  .  .r 
''"■  ''•'  '■  ''I  llie  c.ililcoins  then  in  circnl.itioii  the 
i.,»:i.„!;i.i .  r  ,/,.•'..,( 
vc.li^,  ..M  :  till 

I:  '■';  Vi.ue  ,.i  the  iii.irave.li  ha.l  remained  m. 
;i"'n-;'  .:!iSp,im  .j.iwn  to  the  present  d.iv,  it  would 
"■  ' '^^  ,1"  rcdii.e  ,1  Mun  of  the  lime  of  Ferdi- 
nin-l...  1  !s.il.rl!.i  i„[.,  ;i  correspondent  sum  of  cur- 
rn.  m,  I  .y  ;  i,;,t  l,v  i|„.  m,,  ,.,.s^j^.^.  .Icpieciations  of 
■•■^.'''■■''  V'.ilni.  ..r  niised  mel.ds.  issued  si. ice  ih.it 
;'.'■'"'  ,'■'!'  '■■■•""'  niaiavedi  of  Vellon,  which  had 
t  •'"■:  li''  .m.-uiit  iiirencv,  were  reduced  tovv.ird 
1^'  ■'•1"""  I  I  .il...ut  a  third  of  the  old  ',-.;/  .111. 1 
;.•'•'"'■  ""Vkiinwii  ;.s  the  r,-,;/  an. I 
■  '^'"-  A\  however,  t' 
('HjI   i|  p-oxi 

JI'^f'^'T.l.llar  ,,|  ii„.  present  d.iv.   is   likewise  e.pi.il 
•'■■'■"""■.  tlieyuiay  be  considered  identical       In- 

•  "■" '  i'.''"";r  *■"•   "  "'"  ^'    \\'-  'Tid  runs  .huwi  (..  ih,. 
'•  'I'o'iil'il  icinecesviiy  t.)  ci!,.  it  particularly. 


m.ir.u'cli   .it 
!u'  incient  piece  of  s  reals  w.is 
m.ilelvi.i  ih»  ounce  of  silver,  ami   the 

ir  n|    111,. 


deed,  in  Spanish  America,  the  dollar,  instead  of  beinfr 
divi.ied  into  :;o  reals,  as  in  Sp.iiii,  is  divided  into  only 
8  parts  c.illcd  reals,  wliich  evi.iently  represent  the 
real  o(  the  time  of  I'erdinaml  an.!  Is.ilu  lla,  as  the  dol- 
lar dois  the  real  of  .s.  Hut  the  ounce  of  silver  was 
aiK  iently  worth  i;;'.]  maravedis  ;  lh(.- dollar,  ihercfcre. 
is  likewise  c<iii,d  to  j;*.}  maravedis,  I'.y  converting,' 
then  the  sums  mentione.l  in  this  work  into  m.iravedis 
they  h.ive  been  afterward  leduccd  into  d.)ll.irs  by 
dividing  by  27(1^. 

Then-  is  still,  however,  an.itlier  lalciilation  to  bo 
maile,  before  wi;  can  arrive  at  the  .ictiial  value  of  any 
sum  of  j,old  iiml  silver  ineiitioncd  in  former  times. 
It  is  necessary  to  notice  the  variation  which  li.is  taken 
place  in  the  Value  of  the  metals  themselves.  In 
luirope,  previous  to  the  discovery  of  the  New  World, 
an  01111. •(■  of  j;olil  ( iiinni.indeil  an  amount  of  food  or 
l.ilior  which  Would  <iist  tliree  ounces  at  the  present 
il.iy  ;  hence  an  ounce  of  ^o\d  was  then  estimated  at 
tiiiee  times  its  present  value.  At  the  s.ime  time  an 
ounce  of  silver  comman.led  :in  anuniiit  which  at  |)res- 
ent  1  osis  4  ouni-ts  of  silver.  It  .ippears  from  this, 
ill, It  the  v.iiue  of  gold  ,iiid  silver  varied  with  respect  to 
iMi  h  other,  as  well  as  with  respect  to  all  other  crjm- 
modities.  This  is  owin^  to  there  havini;  been  much 
more  silver  brounht  from  the  New  World,  with  re- 
spect to  the  !|u,iiitiiy  previ.msly  in  circulation,  than 
there  has  been  of  K"ld.  In  the  hfteenth  centuiy  one 
ounce  of  .i;old  w.is  eiiu.il  to  about  12  of  silver  ;  and 
now,  in  the  year  lSj7,  it  is  txchanRcd  against  16. 

I  li  nee  L;i^  ini;  an  idea  of  the  rcl.itive  value  of  the 
si. ins  mentioned  in  this  work,  it  has  been  fouml 
nei-ess.iry  to  multiply  them  by  three  when  in  t;oId, 
.111.1  by  four  when  expressed  in  silver.* 

It  is  expedient  to  a. Id  th.it  the  doU.ir  is  reckoi.ed  in 
this  work  at  kmj  tents  of  the  L'nited  States  of  North 
.Americ.i,  tiiul  four  shillings  and  sixpence  cf  Ijigl.m  1. 


N...    .\1.\. 
Il;l  ^1  If    J'  ||IN  : 

Said  to  be  derive. 1  from  the  I'ersicm  Pri-/.\',iiii  or 
/'.'■<■..'/,■.;«/,  wlii(  h  signifies  apostolique  ;  or  l'i,:u':.\ilt 
(i,i:.ii>i,  angel  of  the  worl.l.  It  is  the  name  of  .1  potent 
Christian  nion.ir<  h  of  shailowy  renown,  whose  do- 
mini. ins  Were  placed  by  writers  of  the  middle  c.ges 
soiiu'limes  in  the  remote  p.irts  of  Asi.i  and  sometimes 
ni  .Xtric.i.  and  of  whom  such  contradictory  accounts 
were  given  bv  the  tr.ivellers  of  those  days  that  the 
very  existen.  e  either  of  him  or  his  kingdom  cniie  t.> 
be  coiisi.lere.l  doubtful.  It  now  app'e.irs  to  be  ad- 
mitle.l  th.a  there  really  was  such  .1  potent, ite  in  a 
reniite  p.irl  of  .\sia.  He  w.is  ol  the  Nestorian  C'hris- 
ti.iiis,  a  sect  spre.el  th.roughout  Asi.i,  an.l  t. iking  its 
n.iine  .iml  oiigin  from  Nestorius,  a  Christian  p.itri.iich 
of  Const. intinople. 

Till'  first  v.igue  reports  of  a  Christi.in  p.ilentate  in 
the  interi.ir  of  Asi.i,  or  as  it  w.is  then  called,  India, 
were  brought  to  lairope  by  the  Crusa.lers,  who  it  is 
suppose.l  gatnered  them  from  the  Syri.m  ncrchanls 
.vlio  traded  t.)  the  very  confines  of  Chin.i. 

Ill  subse.pient  .iges,  when  the  rorluguesc  in  their 
Ir.ivels  .m.l  wiy.iges  discovered  a  Christi.in  king 
.iinoiig  the  .Mivssini.ins,  ..ille.i  H.ileel-Cii.in,  they  i  on- 
touii.li-.l  him  with  the  p;>tent.ile  .dre.niy  spoken  of. 
Nor  w.is  the  blun.ler  exti.iordin.iry,  since  the  original 
I'rester  |ohii  w.is  sai.l  I.)  reign  over  a  remote  part  of 
Imlia  ;  .111.1  the  .incients  included  in  that  name  l.tliio- 
pl,i  .111.1  all  the  regions  of  .Xfri.'.i  and  .Asia  bordering 
.III  ih''  Keil  Se.i  an.l  on  tlie  <  .inimen  i.il  route  from 
l\gypt  to  Imli.i. 

Cf  the  I'rester  lohn  of  liu'.i.i  we  hive  reports  tur- 
nislu-il  bv  Willi. nil  Rnysbrook,  coniin  nily  c.illed 
Uubrunuis,  a  l-'r.im  iscan  fri.ir  sent  by  Louis  l.\., 
,iboiit  the  mid. lie  of  the  thirteenth  century,  to  (onveit 
th.'  C.r.iiid  Kh.iii.  .\..iirding  to  him,  I'rester  John 
w.is  .irigin.illv  a   Nestori.m   priest,   who  on  the  de.ith 

*  S.'.>  ( '.ib.illerij  I'es.i,  y  Modidas.  J.  li.  Say,  ICeoiioiuie 

I'..lllil|lU'. 


r 


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i  »i  I'll, '  I 


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<M 


Ml 


If 


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i  m^ 


i 


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I 


ii 


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i>(U 


Ari'KNDIX. 


of  ihc  sovcri-iRn  ni.Tlc  himsrlf  Kint;  of  the  N.ivtinns. 
all  Ncstorian  ("lirisii.\ns.  (.'.iipiiii.  a  l''r.iii'is.  an  iri.ir, 
SITU  \>\-  !'i>iH-  Inih>ecMl  ill  l-M?  l"  I'oiiviTt  the  Mciii- 
^m|s  of  I'ersia,  says  that  Oi'oilay,  one  rf  tlif  s.)iis  of 
(ihi'Mk'is  Khan  ni  Tartary,  nia'rhod  with  an  arniv 
ai;aiii-t  tht'  Christians  of  Crand  Imiia.  I'he  lani;  I'f 
liiat  HHinlrv,  who  was  ralliJ  IVcslcr  jolin,  raiiK/  to 
ihfir  siu-.-or.  llaviiiK  liad  t'lHuri's  '•(  nu-n  nia.k-  of 
l)roiuc,  tu'  hail  'Ju'iii  fasli'iicil  on  the  sailillcs  ot  horses, 
ami  ;uu  tin-  within,  witli  .i  man  lichinl  with  a  bfl 
l.iws.  When  they  canu-  to  l>alllf  these  horses  were 
put  in  the  ailvance.  .iiul  l'"  nun  wlio  were  seateil 
behin  1  the  ti,i,nires  threw  so  ■■tliin.i;  into  ih<-  lire,  and 
blowing'  with  their  bellows,  made  such  .i  Miioke  that 
the  l.irt.irs  were  quite  rovereil  \>ith  it.  'I'luy  then 
tell  on  them,  dispatrhed  many  with  llicir  arrows, 
and  put  the  rest  to  tli.:;ht. 

Marco  iViio  112711  pi, ices  I'rcsier  John  near  tin- 
U're.it  w.i'.l  of  C"hina,  lo  the  north  oi  I'han  si,  in 
Ten  lirh,  ;i  populous  rej^ion  full  cl   cities  nnd  cistles. 

M,i!i  levillei  I  Vi^iniakes  j'resicr  sovereiun  of  I'pper 
India  .\siaK  with  four  liioiis.uul  islands  tributary  to 
him 

When  lob.n  II.,  of  I'ortut;:il,  w.is  pu>hiiii,'  his  dis- 
coveries .iloni;  the  Alrican  co  ist,  he  w.is  iiiiornied  lh.it 
3fo  leai,'Ucs  to  the  cast  of  the  kinudom  of  I'.cnin  in  the 
profound  depths  of  Alrii.i,  there  was  a  puiss,int  nion 
arch,  called  <  )i;ave  who  h.id  spiritu.il  .md  temporal 
jurisdiction  over  all  the  surrounding  kinijs. 

An  .\fri"an  prince  assured  hnii.  also  that  to  the 
e.ist  of  I';:ti!)U 'too  there  was  a  sovereign  who  pro- 
fessed a  r.dii;ion  similar  10  that  oi  the  Clirislians,  and 
w.is  kin.;  of  ,1  Mosaic  people. 

Kini;  |ohn  now  supposed  he  had  found  tr.i'-es  of  thi' 
re.il  I'resler  John,  witii  whom  be  w.is  e.icer  to  |  inn 
an  alli.mce  religious  as  well  .is  commercial,  in  1  p; 
he  sent  envoys  by  land  in  quest  of  him.  <  >nc  wis  a 
ijentlem  in  of  his  househol  1,  I'edro  de  C'ovilh  i;n  ,  []]•• 
otlicr.  Alphous  )  de  I'.uv.i.  They  went  Iv  N.ip.cs  lo 
Rhodes,  thence  to  Cairo,  tiience  to  .\di-n  on  liie 
Arabian  (iull  .ibove  the  mouth  of  the  Kcl  .'s^m. 

Here  lliey  separated  with  .lit  aj;ieemenl  to  rendez- 
vous , it  Ciiro.  Alphonso  de  I'.iiv.i  s.uled  dircil  lor 
I.thiop;  I  :  I'edro  de  Covilh.im  lor  the  liulics.  'i'lie 
latter  II  isse.l  to  Calicut  and  Co, 1  where  he  cmli.irki  ! 
lor  S  if.ila  on  the  eastern  coast  ci  .Mric.i,  tlience  re 
turn"  1  to  .Vden,  ami  made  his  way  b.ick  lo  (  ,iiro. 
Here  he  ie.irned  th.it  his  co.idjutor.  Alphonso  ih- 
I'.iiv.i,  ha.l  died  in  that  city.  He  founkl  two  I'ortii 
i;iiese  jews  w.iiting  for  him  with  fresh  orders  from 
Kim;  John  not  to  t;ive  uj)  bis  researches  alter  I'restcr 
John  uv.lil  he  found  him.  <  »ne  of  the  jews  he  sent 
i'.-e  k  with  a  journ.il  and  verb.i!  accounts  o!  his  travels. 
Wrli  the  other  he  set  off  ai;ain  for  .Aden  ;  thi-m  e  |r) 
<  »riiKu,  at  the  entrance  oi  the  Culf  of  I'ersia,  where 
n,\  the  rich  merchandise  of  the  Last  w.is  brought  to  be 
transported  thence  l.'V  Syria  and  l''.i;y|)t  into  iairopc. 

i!aviiu'  t.iken  note  of  everyihiii';  here,  he  emb.irkrd 
on  the  Red  .Sea,  and  arrive  1  iu  the  i  ourt  ot  .in 
.■\byssinian  [irincc  namcil  I'.sc.imicr  (the  .Nr.ibic  ver- 
sion of  Alexander!,  whom  he  considered  the  re.il 
I'restcr  bdiii.  The  prince  received  him  n''-iciouslv, 
and  manifi.'stcd  a  disposition  to  favor  the  obiet  t  of 
his  embassy,  but  died  su  Idenly,  and  his  successor 
N'aut  refused  to  let  Covilham  depart,  but  ke|.t  liiin 
for  111. my  ye.irs  about  his  person,  as  his  prime  couniil 
lor,  l.l\,lshin^;  on  him  wealth  and  honors.  .-XiU'r  all, 
this  was  not  ihf  real  I'restcr  John,  who,  as  has  bceii 
observed,  was  an  Asiatic  poieiu.ite. 


So.        .\.\. 

M.\|oo    |.,,|o  > 

Tnr  travels  of  Marco  I'olo,  or  i'.iolo,  furnish  a  key 
lo   many   parts   of    the    Voyages   and   spec  ul.itions   o'f 

■'  111  pr.-|,.irini;  Ih.-  firsl  ivlmon  of  i!,is  \v.,rk  foi  tl,.-  i,r,-ss 
I'^e  ,uiil,.,r  h.i.l  Mot  ihe  briH-ui  of  Ihe  l'.ni;|i,h  Iransl.inon  of 
M  irco  I'olo.  published  a  tew  years  sini-.with  ailiniiible 
cjinuu'iilanes,  bv  \\  illi.iiM    Maiadeii,  T.k.S       U,.     n  nle.l 


Columbus,  which  without  it  would  harJIv  l.c , 
hensible. 

M.irco  I'olo  W.IS  ,1   nali\<.'   ol    \enicc.  \vl;.. 
Ihirtecntli  leiitury,   iii.idc  a  jouincy  into  ij,.    . 
and,  at  th.il  time,  unknown   regions  iit  thr '  . 
tilled  .ill  (  liristeiiiloiii  witli  curios  iv  hybivj. 
the  countries  he  li.id  visiteil.      He  \\,,s  |,r",,  , 
tr.ivels  by  his   f.nher  Nicliobis  .md  his  uiii     . 
I'olo.     These  two  brothers  were  ol  .m  illusi 
ily  in  \'eiiice,  .md  emb.irkcd  .ibout  the  \  ■,■ 
.1  I  oinmerci.i!  \i  v.i^e  to  the   l-..isl       ll.iviii^'  ;:  , 
the  Mediterr.ini-.in  and   throiii;h  tlie  I{i,>j,||,,.; 
si'  pped  lor  a  .short  tune  at  Ci  'iist.intiiio'p;-,  •,■] 
h.ici    recently  been    wrested   from   the  dntk- 
joint  .irms  of    l-r.iin  c    and   N'enn  e.     11m,    •! 
posed  of  their  Il.ili.m   men  h.inibse,  ,111;   1,  , 
ch.ised   i   stock   ot    jewelry,  departed  mi  ,,;  ,,:. 
rous  expedition   to    trade   with    the    wisicn   b 
who,  li.iviiiK  overrun  m.iiiy  parts  ol  ,\sia  ..i 
were  settling;  and   foiinin^;  cities  in  the  mi,;, 
Wol^.i.      .Mter  tr.iversinj;  the   liuxine  t  .  .s 
present  Sud.ikl,  a  port  in  the  Ciinie.i,  the  « 
on,  bv  l.iml  and  w,iter,  until  they  re.u  hed  l!' n; 
court,  or  r,ither  c.inip  o|  ,1  T.irt.ir  prune,  1;  i';,- 
l;.di,  a  lies,  cnibint  of  (iheiii;:s  Kh.in.iiuitt,' 
tliev    conlicjei)    all    their  iiierch.indisc        1 1  • 
1  luefl.iin,  while  he  w.is  il.i//led  by  ll,iT|.r. 
mo  lities,  W.IS  Ibittere,!  by  the  cnt'ie  1  oiili  ,(i 
lustii  e    m.inilested    by    lhe?c  slr.iiiK'rs.      Ii 
iliein  with  primely  niimilii  I'lice.  an^l  IimiIi  :■.' 
f  l.ors  diirini;  a  ye.ir  that  tin  y  rem  linel  ;.;  1 
.\    w,ir    bre.ikini;    out    between    their  |Mti.ii; 
1  ousin  llii!,ii;u,  i  hii  I  of  the  eastern   I  ,irla>.  .1 
k.ih  beiii).;  ili  feated,  the  i'olos  were  einlMii,.- 
lo  extric.ite  theiiiseUes   from   the  louMty.;; 
home   in  safety.     The  road  to  Coiisi.iir,.:ii. 
cut  ofl  by  Ihe   eneniv,    tiiey    took   a   i  o  ..,: 
round  the  he.id  of  the  C.ispi.iii   Si  .1.  .111 1  1  1 
desiTls  of  Transoxi.iiia.  until  tliev  .111. .1  I  ., 
ol  liokliar.i,  where  they  resided  for  ilim  su,. 

While  here  there  arrivcil  ,1    I'.irl  ii   11    ■! 
was  on  .in  emb.issy  from  the  \iitorioiis  IIl.i. 
brother  the  (ir.md   Kli.in.       Ihe  .iiiib.is^,i    ■; 
ai  !)U.iinteil   with   the   \'eneti,ins,  and  lii.  ;ii... 
I  (■  versed  in  the  T.irtar  toiimie  and  y  ^^'••■- 
oiis  .md  v,i!u,ible  knowledi;e,  he  ptc-v.ali'l  ii. 
1  I  accomp.iiiy  him  to  the  comi  oi   11:1    eiii-i' 
.lied,  as  tliev  siipposeil,  at  the   Miv  extur, 
K.isi 

.\!ler  .1  III. in  li  of   sever, il  tlloiulis.  t  rii,.;     ■ 
snow  storms  .md  111  imd.il  ions,  I  hey  .urn  el..! ; 
if  Ciiblai,  otherwise  i.illed  the  llr'-.it  K!-  iii,  n' 
Tidies  Kin>;  tjf  Kim;s,  beiiiy  ihesoxcn  i^ii  i"'.': 
the  T.iit.irs.      This  inayiiilicent   pnii' e  re  ii\' 
with  ^f'-'t  distini  lion  ;   he  male  iinjiiir.is  ,1 
countries  and  primes  of  the  West,  ilu.r  mi  1  . 
il.iry  ^;overiiiiient,  aiiil   the   lii.inii'ts  .ni  ;  > .  ■■' 
the  I.,iiin  iMtion.      .\bine  all,   he  w.is  mii     .> 
suliiei  t  of  the  tdirisiiaii   religion.      He  w.is  • 
siiiick  by  their   replies,    tli.it   .libr   liol.lni;  - 
Willi  the  chief  persons  of   his   kiiiLidon..  Iii   ■' 
the  two  brothers  to  j;o   on  bis  p.irt   ,is  .illlb.e-' 
the  pope,  to   entreat  him  to   seii.l    .1   lliin  !ro. 
ni'ii  well  instructed  in  the  tTiristi.in  I. nth.  1     ' 
knowledge  of  it  to  the  s.u;es  of   his  t  iii|i,:..    i 
'■litre, ited  them  to  brini;  him  a  little  ici  l!n:;i '■ 
of  our  S.iviour,  in  lerusaleni,  whiihheii  i'  -i' 
li,ive  ni.irvi  llous  virtues.      It  h.is  lien  siipi   • 
with  yre.ii  re.ison,  tli.it  under  this  loviM  ■■'  ' 
the  shri-wd  Tartar  si)vereij;n  \ii!eil  motives  • ' 
ical  nature.      The  inliucnee  of  tlie  pope  iii  p 
the  crus.ides  h.id  c.iused  his  power  to  '.'C  ki 
respected     throughout     the      li.ist.     it     v -'S   ■ 
moment,  therefoie,  to  conciliate  his  C'od-ivi  1 


i!,,i.ac 
.  ,  J 


Iiinisi-lf,  pilneipallv,  of  nn  Itnlinn  viTsi.m  in  l!'"  ^' 
idiiioiiof  i<.iinusi.)  ( i'i<y>)  lie-  JT'-iicli  ir.iii-ii"^' 
il-roii,  and  an  old  and  veiv  iiicirecl  SimmiOi  ti  i''- 
llauii);  since  prociir -d  llie  woi  k  it  .\lr.  M  u"'' ''  ' 
iiiide  cuiiM.|erable  alteralunib  in  thciu  iiuutes 
I'olo. 


Eh,  .iivll'"''"'"'^  ''  ' 
;,,,l,,.  prini-es  nH   . 
■^-cUTai-   '■n^:nw>'   i" 
kr.io'ii^       •    „  1  .,te 

Uiu'i ,  I":  'I'  ''^■'■"■•' 
bi,,l,l..:)e"fl!i''l'ri"" 
Liv.-ivtlieiiiuitheii  11 
jt(„rnislie<l:lu-ili  Willi 

iilgM.dtii'T"V-'V".'"l 
jort  ..'.^Khtol  when 
LviMi^s  were  to  ..iti 
|j,l,  ,s,nris  tiiroiii;li 
L,i  .,:    -ili-r  ilfce.^sat 
|e(,ri-.i'.  Kli:iii. 
JXh  •  h.-d  -'•"■'■'■  I^'"" 
C,y,„,,:,„   will'   aicniiip 

T,,,,.,  l,|rM|Mssp..ll  1 

y  ii  ''ly  tliiou^hout 
ll, ...     Tdcv  ..rrivc  ' 
Bet.-  •.i.rv  riveived  iicw 
PfleniiMt  IV  .  at  which 
;  \\nM  .ause  ilcl.i 
.,;  Mine  ill  A'  re  all 
,.pti,  o(  ri.icerli 
■  ihtir  eiiii'.issy 
:i  and  iiUcresl,  . 
•  i.if  a  new  pope, 
;lu-y   jirnMCUcd 
;ileiini:iid   in   ll 

C'lili'.'l,  .llld.li  col 

■.Mlo;M  V.  Ill,",  ; 
.Ii  tlKir  ll,  nu'sMi 
'Hie  Wife  ol 
prv.'  .'ll,  liil  died,  ill 
.  Icr      ,:::c.l  .MarM.. 
;.    ::;,■  oMili  -le  1    el' 
;  ;jMi  im;;  for  tw 
i|iei<ir  of  d  .irtar 
insiji.im'nieiit  o 
\i:r  ■  lliey  dele: 
linn  if  a  pope, 
l!spalclu's   and 
Kh:i'i  ...  the  I 
;•  atnev.  Nicln 
wiici   .lileiw.ir 


.»ti:;..: 
:,iliV-. 

-fttlM 

';^i- 

Thr. 
■  |bc;r : 

.^^R^  ■' 
p.pla  ■■ 

pp-.; 


(A- 


hi.' 
Ih 

■   811 
Gr 

ir. 


Ic 


;r...  ■ 

■'  ^ 

.:::«■ 

ft.    V 

rl 

1  ^■ 

.  .u  1 

■   "^ 

.-.:  I 

■    a; 

.  wcr"  aj;a'n  n 

rcl.,i!lo.  who, 

•:.   (unrshe.l    ll 

in  will'  h  ill'-   d 

,i!!y  I  xji  lumleil 

l!ie  lii'ly  oil  Iro 

;.  in  S.  pteniber 

V,     Tlicy  h.al  I 

1  fiMll   !v  ine, 

•1  lo  the  hoiy 

i.  .   r\  X  .  a-.d  (leer 

,  'I'P.  t(i-  1  ardin, 

thoy  e!ei  ti-d    .1 

1     'i  lias  sir.i  e  >  on 

.  .ir  i  preventiii 

■  iTi'  >li.iuly  on  ri 

'■;(•  d  sp.ili  hed  .1 

r        -Uni.  ih.it  ihe  l' 

■\  i!  ihi'V  li.id  1 

■        i.  and  weo'   fu 

!■     .!;.     T«o  rl.i(|ue 

('lilliert  de  Tri|' 

r   '■■■:•  '.I!  i.i.l.iiii  pri 

5    ■■:>■!).    Tile)   h.K 

1: .'  rnisilv.irt'i  !rsl 

ti..-  H'-:l  ptiivi.led, 

jcurm-v  " 

•".'iivinj;  ill  .-Xriiu 


y.m'> 


«  iiWCv.4  - 


-L.;,. 


aimm:ni)Ix. 


^05 


,^i  pnl.lgoiry  nnr  dpvntlon  U>  any  iKirtirul.ir 
Bih'  !„'l'i.rol.al.lv'li.'|.c(l,l>y  a.|o|,tin«  ChriMMiiitv. 
t  ,.(imnu>ii  laiisc  iMtwi-ir-   hmisrlf  .iml  ihi- 


Itn.ili  ■ 


(loin,  ai;iiiii>it  his  anil  Ihcir 


L,u.  nrim-rscl  CtiristciKloin, 

Vctcr,!'-    viKmifS.    llu.-    SioM.m    .'I     I^KM't    aii.l     the 


li ,  .iu  ivriitcn  U'lUTs  Ki  the  p<i|)c  in  lln-  'larLir 
'inKiiu'.  lie  'I'liviTol  thetti  t.)  llie  Polos,  .ind  a].- 
I'Xinii'  i,''it'  "f  l'!>'  |>rm'  il'-il  nohli'im-n  ol  his  <  ourt  to  .n  - 
Snip I'lVlhiMii  111  ihcirmisMo!!.  On  ihcir  l.ikiiu;  leave 
A  fiirni<lii'(l  iliiin  "ith  a  lahlct  of  K<'l(l  on  which  was 
(|igra',""l  llu-  r'lv.il  aims  :  this  w.is  to  scrvu  as  a  p.iss- 
iutt  at  .-i^l"  "I  ^^''"' "  '*"■  Ri'Vernors  of  the  various 
•nviri  xs  v.'tr  (.1  •  iitfrt:iin  them,  to  furnish  them 
^th  <-i"fi'i  tiiroui;h  il.iii^'irous  plaics,  ami  ri-mlrr 
4ciii  al  'illi'T  iici  c.-sary  scTvicfS  at  the  cxpi'iisu  of 
jfcel'rt.i'  Kli.in. 

Th'  ■  h.-'l  •.i.iii''"  I  r-irccili'd  ivvciny  miles,  whi-n  the 
gnb!(v;,;in  rtln'  arcmiipanu'il  Iliein  fe!l  ili,  aii'l  they 
feri'  c'Mi.;r  I  t'K.iv  ■  liiiii.  ami  1  ontimieon  their  roiiti'. 
'Thi-ir J,'"!'!'''!  |i.is>ip"tl  priKiireil  th<'in  every  attention 
mil  l,i ■ilily  tliioiiiihoiit  the  ilontiiiions  of  the  ( ".re.it 
than.  They  ..rrivel  safely  at  Acre,  in  April,  i:;'"). 
I?trt>  tiiey  riveivc'l  news  of  the  rcietit  death  of  I'ojie 
Clenitiii  l\'  .  :it  whii  h  they  «ere  nun  h  K'i'^fd,  fe.ir 
Ing  it  ivA'..ld  .  .lii'-e  del.iy  in  their  mission.  There  was 
»tt:;at  time  111  A'  re  a  legate  of  iheiuily  (  h.iir,  T'l-li.iido 
di  ViM"nli,  III  I'l.i' ••nli.i,  to  whiin  they  K-'ve  an  nr- 
count  'f  lliiir  eiiiiias'-y.  lie  he.irl  ihein  with  Kf'^i' 
Itlcnli -n  airl  iiUtrest,  and  advised  them  to  aw, lit  the 
tlfitamiif  a  new  pope,  whieh  must  '•■ion  t.ike  jil.i.  e. 
bel'i're  they  pr'i'i.eikd  to  Rome  in  their  niissicm. 
They  licicnniiud  in  the  intetiin  to  m.ike  a  vi'-it  t  1 
lhc;r(.imilii";,  .ind  .-u  iordini;iy  dep.iited  for  Ni'iiropmil. 
jinl  liicnii;  1')  Vi  nil  '■,  where  preat  1  lianijcs  h.ul  t.ikeii 
plai'  in  their  ili  nu's'ic  lonrerns,  ihirini;  tlieir  loni; 
»ij'ri'c,  1  he  Wife  of  Nil  holas,  whom  he  h.ul  lelt 
prLs:ia!ii.  Ill  I  died,  in  i,'iuiii4  birth  to  a  son,  who  h.ul 
bciM!  r..i:::iil  Mar.  n. 

.\' thi-  mnli  -te  1  elerti  'Tl  fir  the  IH'W  Jiontilf  re- 
m.i 'iiil  p'liiin^  I'lir  two  yeais,  they  were  iine.isy,  lest 
the  limjieiur  iif  '!  artary  shniil  I  i;r'iw  inij)atient  at  so 
a  pii'-tpuiu'tnenl  ot  the  <  onver^mn  of  himself  and 
i.);i:e'  liny  di  lermmed,  theiefore,  not  to  wait 
icdinri  if  :i  p  ■;  e,  Lut  to  |iroi  eeil  to  Acre,  and  j;et 
'ii-pal'hrs  ,i:id  s-.i<  h  jjhostly  ministry  fur  the 
I  Kh.iii  ,...  the  li  i>.ite  1  ould  lurnish.  On  the 
il  i'linicv,  Nlihol.is  I'olo  took  with  him  liis  son 
',  »h(i   .illLfW.it.l    wr.ile    .m    aiiouiit    of    these 


ki.. 

:tk' 

tu< 
Cr 

io 

M. 
tr. 


"t\  wcr"  aK'.'i'ii  reeeived  willi  Rreat  f.ivor  1  y  tlie 
■•■  Telia!  111.  who,  an.\ions  for  the  siii  1  r--s  of  their 
■:ii:\  (urirslied  tlieni  with  li  Iters  to  the  lir.ind 
:!i,  in  wiipi;  l!]"  ilncirines  of  llie  ("hristi.m  f.iilh 
fully  t\p  iiiiiiU-.l.  With  these,  and  with  a  siip- 
f  thi;  hely  nil  irMin  the  sepiij.  hre,  they  onee  more 
'.:.■.  in  Sj.tnnlier.  i.'7i,  for  the;  remote  parts  of 
■v.  |!uv  liail  lint  Uini;  dep.irted,  when  missives 
'1-1  firm  K-  Ml",  inlorinin^;  the  leijate  of  his  own 
'  ■""'  '"  'he  hi.,y  (h.iir.  He  took  the  name  o! 
li  .i'!\  \  ,  H.  I  del  reed  th.it  in  future,  on  the  death 
'-'  ;"tc  thv  1  ardinais  should  U-  shut  up  in  <  on<  Live 
i;-'  ihcy  e!ei  ted  .1  sum  essor 
»;  h  has  S!i;.e  ...nlinued.  eiif' 
ciY';:.  .ini  |,r<venlin,i;  intrii;ue. 

Imm-Ji-.itcly  on  reieivin^;  intelliiroivc   of  his  <dee 
fcr.  he  il  sp,il.  hcil  ,1  rourier  to  the   Kiiiti  of  Arnieiii.i. 
rrn''!<!ini,  Ih.a  ii,,.  ,„.,,  \',.neli.ins  miKht   be  sent  li.iek 
■'.  il  Ihivh.il  nut  dep.irted.      They   joylully   re 


tr 
Ir 
K: 
a:: 
P' 

s 
c: 
ti, 

j''uriii>v 


■^illi;  ill   A 


M'.i 


a   wise    re,i;ii!.ition, 
itin^j   a   prompt   <le- 


'   1.  and  weie   furnished    with    new   letters   to   the 

'■'"•■,,    "",'■''!'!".'''"  frii'fs,   also,    Niihi>,,is  Vincent 

'■i.iirri  !c    T'ripi)li,   were  sent   with    them,    with 

^■•''  "ii'i  l.iin  priests  and  bishops  ami  to  Krar.t  ah- 

'•  '!!■     Thev   h.ul   prevents  of  ervstal    vases,    ami 
■ '"'Mlv  aril.  !,s  to  deliver  to  the  (ir.iml  Kh.m  ;  and 

•  »'■  Ijiriivided,  they  unee  more  set  forth  on  their 


riiienia,   they  r.m  j.;reat    risk   of   their 


'em.  ili. 


lives  from  the  war  whirh  was  raRinp;,  the  soldan  of 
H.iliyloti  h.ivins,'  inv.ided  thi'  loimtry.  They  took 
refuse  for  sonx' time  with  th<' superior  of  .1  nionasterv. 
Here  the  two  reverend  fathers,  losing  all  C()urai.;e  to 
proseeiite  so  perilous  an  enterprise,  determineii  10  re- 
m.iin,  ami  the  \'enetians  (iinliimeii  their  journey. 
I  hey  were  a  Ioiil;  time  on  the  Way,  and  exposed  to 
L;riMl  hardships  ami  sidferin^;s  from  llomls  atul  snow- 
slorins.  it  lieiiii;  the  winter  se.ison.  Al  length  they 
re.u'heil  a  town  in  the  dominiotis  of  the  Khan.  That 
potentate  sent  ollii  ers  to  meet  them  at  loitv  davs'  ilis- 
t.iti' e  from  the  imirt,  .inil  to  provide  i|Uarlers  for  them 
(luring  their  journey.*  He  received  them  wi;h  cre.it 
Lindness,  w.is  highly  Ljratilied  with  the  lesull  of  their 
missim  and  with  the  letters  oi  the  pope,  and  h.ivinj; 
received  from  them  some  oil  from  the  lamp  <  f  the 
holy  sepulchre,  he  h.ul  it  Imked  up,  and  (guarded  it  as 
a  precious  tre.isure. 

The  three  \'eneti.ins,  f.ilher,  biothi'r.  an  1  son.  were 
treated  with  such  ilistini  lion  by  the  Khan,  that  the 
courtiers  w»  le  lilleil  with  jealousy.  Mari  osoon,  ho^v- 
ever,  in.ide  himself  popul.ir,  and  w.is  particularly  is- 
ti'eineil  by  the  enipemr.  He  acipiired  ilie  four  prin- 
1  ip.il  l.innua;4is  i,f  the  coiintry,  and  was  of  such  re- 
in.trkable  lap.icitv  that,  nolwilhstandiii'^  his  youth, 
llie  Kh.in  enipioyed  him  in  missions  ami  services  of 
imp  irtamc,  in  various  parts  of  his  dominions,  some 
to  the  (lisi.mce  of  even  si.\  months'  jniirney.  On 
these  expeditions  he  was  industrious  in  ^.tlherin^  all 
Kinds  of  mlormalion  respettinn  th.it  v.ist  empire  ; 
.iiid  from  notes  and  minutes  made  for  the  satisf.iction 
of  the  tirind  Kh.m,  he  .ilterward  1  omi'osed  the  history 
of  his  travels. 

.•\fler  about  seventeen  years  resilience  in  the  T.trtar 
court  the  \'eiieli.ins  felt  a  lon).:ini;  to  return  to  their 
n.ili\  e  I  ountry.  Their  ji.itron  w.is  aihancc-d  in  .iije 
.mil  ( ould  not  survive  much  loader  ami  after  his 
death,  their  return  initjht  be  ilillicult  if  not  impossible. 
Thev  applied  to  the  (iraml  Khan  fur •^lermission  to 
ilcp.irf,  but  for  a  time  met  with  ,1  refus.il,  aci  (imp.mied 
by  Iriemily  upbr.iidin.ns,  .\t  lenytli  a  sinful. ir  train 
of  events  oper.ite  I  in  their  f.ivor  ;  an  emb.issy  arrived 
from  .1  .Monul  r.irt.ir  piiiice.  who  ruled  in  i'ersia,  and 
who  was  i^raml-nephew  to  the  emperor.  T  he  nbjert 
was  to  eiitre.it.  as  a  spouse,  a  piimess  of  the  imiieriai 
line.i^je.  A  .L;r.m'lil.iu,i,'hter  of  Cublai  Kh.m,  sevenleen 
years  of  aije,  and  if  ijre.it  beauty  and  aci  omplish- 
ments,  w.isj^rantci!  to  the  jirayer  of  the  prince,  an  I 
dep.irted  lor  I'ersi.i  with  the  aiiibas^idors,  and  with  a 
-plendid  reliiiue,  but  after  travellini;  for  some  n'.oiiths, 
W.IS  olili),'cd  to  return  on  ac-ount  of  the  listracte.l 
st.ite  of  the  country. 

T  he  ambassailors  des[Mired  of  (onvcyint;  the  beau- 
lifid  bride  to  ihe  arms  of  her  expectiii.i,'  liriilei;roiun, 
when  .M.irco  I'olo  leiurneil  from  a  voyage  to  certain 
of  the  Imli.in  isl.imls.  His  representations  of  the 
s.ifetv  of  a  vov.ii^e  in  those  se.is,  ami  Ilis  (iriv.ite  in- 
siii;.it|iins,  imiuied  the  ambassadors  to  in>;e  the  Orand 
Kh.m  for  permission  to  lonvey  the  princess  by  sea  to 
the  (".nil  of  i'etsia,  and  that  the  fhnsli.iiis  nii.uht  ni> 
company  iheni,  as  beinj;  best  exiurienced  in  m. if. time 
al'f.iirs.  '  Cubl.ii  Khan  1  onseiitcd  with  ^reat  reluctance, 
.ind  a  splendid  fleet  w.is  titteil  out  and  victii.llleil  for 
two  ye.irs,  consistini;  of  fourteen  ships  of  four  nia;-ts, 
si'im-  of  which  h.ul  tiews  of  two  hiiii'lred  ami  fifty 
men. 

« )n  parlin.L;  with  the  N'eneti.tns  the  munificent  Khan 
i,'.ive  them  rich  presents  of  jewels,  and  made  them 
liroiiiise  to  leturn  to  him  after  they  had  visited  their 
l.imilies.  He  autluin/ed  them  to  act  as  his  ambas- 
sadors to  the  prim  i|i.il  courts  of  I'.urope,  and.  as  on  a 
former  >iii.ision.  fiirnisheil  them  with  tablets  of  K"i'l. 
to  serve,  not  merely  as  |i.isspiirls,  but  as  otdeis  upon 
.ill  comniaiiilers  in  his  territories  for  accommodations 
and  supplies. 

•  I'..'ri;.-roii,  bv  bluiulcr  in  llu-  translation  frnin  the  orig- 
in.il  I, .11111,  h.is  si.iieil  ih.ii  ihe  Klian  sent  4o.o<.«.)  men  to  e»- 
cnri  llii-ni.  rill-.  I1.1-.  dr.iwii  the  iro  of  llie  ctilie-s  upon 
.M.iri  11  I'olo,  wliii  have  cited  it  ab  one  ot  Ins  monstrous  ex- 
.ii'i'eraiiuiis. 


iifi 


fil 

ml 


■;(§ 


■rj    td' 


ki. 


im 


AITHNDIX. 


Tliov  srt  r..iil  thpreforc  in  tlio  fleet  wit!i  the  oriental   |   son  vclvrt  ;  tiio  il.iniask  dn-ssos  hrlnj;  i;i,i. 


I'c'ss  an.l  !u'r  .ittt-n 


I. nils 


tl'.c  Persian  .iinlMs>. I        ihe  doniestics, 


.1  Ih 


esanie  was  i!iPiR-.,t  ||„. 


rile    ships   swept   aloni;   tlic    roa 


ilors. 

fliina,  stoppiHl  for  three  inoti 


St   of   Coihin       least  willi  iheir  velvet   rolies,   when  ih 


ihsat  a  port  of  tiic  islam 


the  \'eiietian  ilress  of  tlic  (lav.       Il 


'  V  a].pp,,. 


le  Km-Ms 


if  Siinialr.i  near 


ihe  weslern  enl 


ranee  of  tin-  Sirails  of       in  .istonishnienl,  ami  emiM  in  t  ((imprclKniii., 


M 


ilaiia.   wai 


lint;  for  the  ihanne  of   the   iiioiis. 


pass  the  H  i> 


.1  He 


nU'O 


'l'ra\ersini;  this  vast  expanse      Icmlaiits,  M.ii 


to      inij  of  this  masquer. nil 
M, 


II 


iviiii;  (lisini>. 


ihev  toiirhe  1  al  the  ishnul  of  (.eylon  oinl  then  er  .sse 


.1   I  .!r 


Ihe'str.iil  to  liu- soiiihern  pan  of   the  ureal   peninsula   '  >tner.il    plaees   willi   a 


in  whieli  they  li.nl  .iii 
knife 


lirollf;tU  f.'rih  Ihr 


if  Inc 


Then 


(  e  s.iiiinK  up  t 


he    1 


irate  eo.ist.  as  it  is      seams  .iiiil    liniiiL;.    there   tuniMeil   tmi 


l.lsh),! 

i'.ii*; 


■alleil,  the  lleet  en 


lered  the  I'ersi.in   (iulf  aiul  arrived   :    phires,  enier. 


amonds,  and  other  pre 


at  lliL'  tainous 


.■^t  of  Olnui/,  where  i 


t  is  presumed  the  '   until  llie  whole  t.il  le  ,i;littered  with  iiiesln 


vova: 


re   termiiiale, 


liter   eif^htcen    uionlhs  spent   in       .uquired    from    the  munitieeiK  o   of    the  tlr.m,!  i\ 


tr.iversiii: 


the  I 


n  lian  sc.is. 


I'nforiun.ilelv  for  tlie  roy.il  I  ride  who  was 


the 


d  eoiiveyed  in  lliis  porlalde  form  tliri 


N'a, 


ject  of  lliis  splv'iidid  n 
ihc  Moyul  UinL,',  h.nl  di 


ival  cxi)cdition.  In  r  liridei;room, 


if  ihi 

n 


onj;  louriK'V. 


le  I  omp.my, 


il'serves  Uanuisii 


ed  some  lime  liefore  her  arriv.il,       wils  with  ama/eineiit. 


■avin^  a  son  named  (i!ia/.m,  (UinnL; 


who: 


and  now  cU  arlv  ihtci 


se  minorilv      ll  "V  had  at  liist  douliled.  that  tliesi 


111  verv  tiLi! 


Ihe  KoviTiliiient   was   administered   by  his   uncle    K.ii-       ihose  lioncired  and  v.ili.mt   ^;enllemeii  Ihe  1',, 
Kliaiu.     Accordiiii;  to  the  direction-  oi  the  re^jciit.  Ihe      .lei  ordinyiy.  paid  them  Kre.il  respei  t  and  n-vi 


piince-s  w 


IS  delivered   to  the    voulhful 


Ihe 


account    I 


f    thi 


s    curious    least   is 


lier  iiileiide  I  spouse,      lie  was  .it  th.it  time  at  the  he. 


Kamusio,    on    tr.iditional    authorily, 


hav 


ol  .111  armv  on  the  borders  < 


■  f    I' 


H 


c    was   ol    a 


III 


,inv  I  Dies  rel.ited  bv  tiie  illustrinus  (i 


diminutive  St  iture  but  of  a  ^re.it  soul,  .md,  on  after        |>iero,   a  very    .inciciit  j^eiillenian, 


lilt;  !.•■  • 
aspar..  Ill 


w.ird  .iscendiiij;  the  throne, 


aec 


talents  and    v;rlues, 


bride 


i-ho  li.;d  travelle 


Wli.it   liecame 

f, 


juirccl  renown  for  his      uiiqiiestioii.dile  ver.e  ily,   whoji.id  it  Imm  ii .  ■.[; 


eil  so  lar  in  (lUest  < 


>f  the 

if  a  h 


!.i>lern      who  h.id  it  from  his  KT'indlathcr,  and  su  on 


md, 


t  known  ;  but   everything  f.ivoralile  is  to   be   in 
•d  from  the  ch.ir.ieter  of  liha/an. 


'Ihe  P 
retrent,  ai 


!(iS  r  ■iii.miei] 


some  lime  in   the  court  of   t! 


fountain  liead 

When  the  fame  c.f  this  liamput  .ind  of  in 
the  travellers  ranie  to  lie  diviil^;ed  Ihri  iii;li 
illlhciity.  noble   and   simple,   crowded  In 


'  v.\  Vt 


id  then  deputed,  wiili  fresh  l.ib'.els  of  ^;uld      if)  the  extr. (ordinary  imrilof  the  Poh 


jjivcn  by  ih.il  prince- 
t!iroui;h  his  dominions 


to  eairv  them  in  s.ilety  anil  honor      w.is  the  cMesl,    was   admitted   to   ihe 


As  they  h  id  to  tr.lver^ 
1    tr 


e  m.inv      in  mistr.icy. 


'Ihe  voutli  of  tlie  (  itv  c.uiie  ci 


M.llfr 

liKtmv 


countries  where  ihe  ir.iveller  is   exposeil   to  extreme      \  isit  and  c. inverse   wiili 


M, 


irc< 


wIlli 


peril,  thev  appi 


111  their 


irnevs  .is  'r.irt.iis  of      tremelv  .imi.ible  .iml  comnuinicativ 


low  con  l.tion,  havinij  ronverted  all  their  we.illli  iiib 
iiecious  stones  .-11111  sewn   them    up   in    the    biKh   ,ini 


■atiable  in  tlnir  iiriuiries  about  (".illi.iv  .iii>;  th 


Kh.m,  which  hi 


ininys  of  their  coarse  i;armenls 
lilhciilt,  and   perilous  jou 


They  h.id  a  loni;. 
to   'Irebi/ond,    wlieiue 


iswerecl  with  Kre.il  i  nimt' 


ilet.iils  Willi  which  tlu-v  were  v.isllv  deii:;hl-' 


they  pio;ee 


.led   U 


(."onstaiilinopie,   thence 


to  N'l 


alw,i\  s  spi 


if  tlie  we.iUli  of   the  (liMiul  Ki. 


•pi  nt,  and,    fin  illv  to   \'(-nicc,    where   thev   arrived 


I2'^5,  in  t;o()d  h-.i 


1th,  and  I'ter.illv   l.uli-n  with  richc 


loun  1  ir.imb-rs,   tiny  i;-'\e   hiin  the  n.iini;  ol 
Marco   .Milioni. 
Some  months  afler  llieir  return,  I.aiiipal'  ; 


M  ;,. 


ll.ivin,;  heard  ilurim;  their  journey  of  the  deaili  of  their      m.uider  of  the  tii'iioese  navy. 


-ll  in  1 


d  bene'aelor,    ("iibl.ii    Kh.in,    thev 
diploinatii.    fimetions  at   all   eiiil 


insidered    their      of  ihe  isl.ind  of  C'lir/ol.i  willi  seventy  i;alk-ys     .\"::ei 
and    also   that   they       Kaiidolo,  the  Veiieli,in  admir.il.  vv.is  sent  .icm-:  :t. 


vere  absol>e-l   Iruin   their  promise   to  return   to  his 


M 


ircD  I'olo   (omnj.iiuleil 


.1   e.illev    of  the  lli-cl    i!< 


ilommions. 
Raniusio 


in  his  prefac;  to  the   n.irrative   of   M.in 


<iial 


fori 


line  deserted  him.      .Xdv.itM 


Polo,  ^;ives  a  variety  of  p.irtii  ul.irs  eoncernini;  their 
arrival,  which  h<^  compares  tmhatof  I'lysses.  When 
Ihev  arrived  at  Venii  e,  thev  wi 


in  the  line  with    his   j;  illey. 


d    ne.t  I 


eini,' 


mdeil,  he  was  t.iken  prisoiu-r,  thnnvii  ei  in  n^  a 


irrie  1  to  ( ieiio.i. 


Ill 


del.iiii 


.1  f.ir  I 


%nowii  bv  nobi 


tiiii"'  in  [irisoti,  and  .ill  olTers  of  raiisniii  nit- 


)  m.iny  ye.irs  hi'l  el.ipseil  since- their  dep.irtlire  with-       imprisonment  j;-'ve  great  une.isine^ 


I  ut  any  tidings  ot'  ihem,  th.it   they  were  i-ither  furgi.t 
ten  or  considered  dead.      I!t-sidcs,  their  foreign  g.irb. 


the  inlluen'-c  if 
which  uivii  ai  ijiii' 


le,    fearin(;    tlnit    he    might    never   rdurn. 
selves  in  this  imh.iiipv  slate,  wiih  su  iiu: 


.ithern    suns,    and    ihe    similitude      lire  .uid  no  heirs,  they  consulted  logelln  i       I 


lo  those  among  wlimii  thev  re 


b  -Ih 


verv  o 


n  ;  but    Nicuh 


for  any   length   of  time,   h.id  given   them   the   Ini  k  of       w.is  nf  a'g.illi.ird  coniidexion  :     it 


r.ither  th.iii    It.i 


The 


should  lake  a  w  i 


11 


ill.!  so 


nobI 
Chri 


repaired    I  i    lli-_-ir  own   house,   which   w.is  .i      <.|  liis  friends,  in  four  ve.irs  li.id  thne  cl 


es   K.i!' 


Old,  to  tlio  v-niM 


pal. ice,  siluale 


in   the  street   of    St.    ( 


iiovamii- 


if    '..I   C.'orte  lie   li    Mill 


n  1  was  aflerw.ird  known  by   the 


In  l! 


•|-h. 


u-  me.iii  Willie 
I  irciil.itfd     ill     (ieiioa. 


Ihe  fame  ol  M.irro  I' 


ti.iW 


Ills 


iheir  relatives  still  inhabiting  ii  ;   but  they  were  ^h 


jiid   sever.il  of      imwde.l    with    nobility,    and 


r 


ipime: 


III    recollei:ting   the  tr 


m-l  k- 


llh, 


and 


prolia 


bly   c. 


llier 


nsKlering  the-n,    Ironi  iluir 


i-vervihing  ih.it  cuiild  cheer  h:ni   in   iii>  cmitiiK'iw:!. 
A  tieiioesc  geiillem.m,  who  visited  him  every  i^J)  si 


1  oarse  and   f-ireign  attire,   pour  advenluiers  returni' 


to  be  a  ch.irge  u-|iiin  Uieir  fa 


The  p. 


■iigtli    prevai 
had 


led 


up 


ill    him   to   wiite  .ai  ai-ccri'- 1- 


w  hat  lie 


d  h 


is    p, 


l-i    IllliV 


ever,  took  an  el'le'  lii.il  mole  of  (piickcnin^;  the  n 
iries  of  ilv.-ir  frii-nds,  and  insuring  themselves  a 
i-y  invited  them  all  lo  ,i  graml  b, 


sent  lo  him  from   \enice,  and  with   ih:'  assi>:.ini' 


his  friend. 


or,  as  .come  wi 


llhaveit,hisfellovv-,.fivn-;'- 


ing  recepliiin. 


Th 


quel.      When  llieir  guests  arriveil,  thev  r 


d  the 


produced  the  work  which  .ifter.v.in 
throughout  the  wond. 


lll.l.le  m; 


r,.i« 


tal    f.ishi. 


Iressed  in  g.irmcnls  of  crimson   s.itin  of 


The 


it  of    Maiio    I'olo  at   lengll 


Whc 


n  w.iti-r  h.ii 


leen  served    f. ir  tin 


is  liberty.      I  le  relumed  to   \'enic 


ureii  kc 
h--  ;  iMii ' 


retire. 


vv.ishing  of  hands,  and  the  i  < 

to   table     the    travellers,    whi 

.igain  in  still  richer  rolies   nf  cr 

first  dresses    were   cut  up  ,-ind   disiriliuted  ;i 

servants,   lieing  of  such   length  that    ihev 


his  f.iliier  with  a  house  fc 


11   i  hildrtn      \\r  ll'""- 


iip.iny  were  summoned      in  go<id  |),irt.  followed  the   old   m m  s  ex  un 


mison   damask. 


ppe.iri- 


aml  h.id   two  d.inglilers, 


M 


orell.i   .I'l 


i.N-  ma:- 
!  1  .inf.'-i- 


he 


uiiong   the 


'I'he  d.ile  r,f  the  de.illi  of  .Marco  I'olo 
is  supposed  to  h.ive  tieen,  at  the    tim 


iiukivuv'i 

lliOlil    H'V 


ground,  which,  s,-ivs  Ka 


pt    the  ,   years  of  age.      On  his   death  lii-d 


IS    S,ll 


,1  in  have 


d.i 


ys  with  dresses  worn  within 


inusio,  was  the  mode  in  those       been  exhorled  by  his   friends    to  retr.i;  t  wh:il  h? 


course,  thev  at: 


Aft 


er  l!ie  first 


iin  retired  and  ( .iiiie  in  dresy'-d 


n  crim 


publishe 
nionlv  r 


or,  al    le.ist.  lo   dis.ivow    those   | 


i,irl< 


eg.irdi 


.IS  fictions. 


lie 


;-plied  iiiilit'"^'-)' 


,.,[;,r  from  having 
.V,;fcflh-eslr.iordi 
'V,,„.-vc-«v:lncss. 

f\|,p.ii'<'lo-lii''l  w,:!ii 
|;^n„iiliislatlicriivilie 

IJd  d.-i'lf"  -'•'  '  \''' 
ISn-!-!"'!  wiiheiii  I'.i. 
llfyci  ,:!l  her  l.ilher  s  ^ 
-  Bbic;inl  ai-=":it;i"--V 
[ffice-liiiei'l   die    !■ 
niit  n.iine  w.is  evingi 
Su  I)  ,irc  ll-c  I""' •!■•" 
illlall   will  se   r.i 
X„'„„is,-in  r.erepp.  ■' 
Itroii  ciTecl  en  mode 
'kW-fthc.Mcn..J 
larlir  ir-riileiies   liHul 
L.,,-siiiili:v  el  bringi 
bni'i-.ii  .  I  ll'-i:  <■■'""■' 
hail  „ii  .ilic-iieiit  vassa 
ilni'  '.iiiie-i  laverite  Mb 
jg„',,f,..<i)f  t  htisieml'ii 
frari  vvli.iiitil'!!""'^  '' 
jCiMiceir.  ir.i'ilcl. 
J  F.-..-n  .11  llic  ilisl-iiM-e 
|rpriM-s  I'lr  the  d;-cove 
lad-",  -i"  d"'  '^■■"■'"  '"^' 
Jicsi-  emote  renidis  c  I 
lelc.ml  Kl.aii  bi-cani 

;  111  spcilli.ltive  .1 

Df,.'  'i  tlie  vivid  im.u 
lis  V  -..iufs.  lie  w'll  be 
-JDg  i:;r  llie  Icrril  'Mi-s 
,|llcr  ;i>  ;.isl  ixiieiiitiiir 
'  lee.  Ml  Isliip*.  and  iiih 
:h-  s|i.iiiisii  iiKiiian  h 
Jnes-  •  -  lemlm  t  .my  m 
i«he  i  -liar  ciiip'-roi,  wi 


Tlir.    VVOKK 

T     unrk  I'f  M.irco 

;bcr   cni^iiKillv  wrilien 

Ipri  ,1  !•--  iipiniun  is  ih.i 

di.i      '>l  tlic  It.ili.iii.   t 

It:.      ,„-il  .md   r.ipidly 

ma      lUi)  v.irioii-  l.iiv 

pri:    ■ .;  cil.ili'i  ll  a   '.o 

V  In  tl.e  loursi 

cc-    .!■  cilili-itis,  llie  e- 

ch      :i.is  been  iiiiii  !i  v 

e.v    ;.  i;;aii-'es   ;il    null 

t,*ri    ■  M.irio  i'l'l'i  is   1 

Ira:,-  .Mirs  .111.1  piinii-r 

V»;icn  tile  vvi-i  k  iTst 

.is  n.ide  l.p    ■'    li 

OS-  jS  .IsSilles  l.s  |ii;l 

'o'li  h-o  1  niuiiuicd  lo  I 

ii<hl  .aid  iMiihiiiki 

;cir,'->'  ;i(.'rKiiii  -.led   a 

Iroii,  Willi.  Ill  ll.-,    f.-li; 

ll  cvir.iv.igar.l     l.ible 

i-vi-r,  t-xni.d  iire.i 

iiiui'iiiig  evuienllv  ; 

iSl:-iiKl  spleinliil  ( (II 

itiiipi-an  wnrld.     \  . 

le  Imie  hii;lily   esu 

iin,  aiillinr  of  ilu 

ll  a  lu.in  (iiiirrn   .i 

dfliiv.     .\ili,iirisuis 

vs  liiatiKiiii-iii  ilu- ; 

nis  111  ll'.e  leilKile  I 

si  I'l-r  le.iriicd  nil 

liiiiiiiiv  M  his  ih.irai 


;ii. 


1:1.1 


Jos  \-. 


iV-igc 


t    k 


AIMM'NDIX. 


2C7 


Lt.oIirfrnnllinvinK  rxacKcralcl.  lie  li.ul   imt  |.,M 
ll  V  III  tl'^''''^'r""'''"''"^  lliiiiKS  of   whidi    ln'   h.Kl 

hhr",'hili>.i;iM|  wllliriit  niali'  issue.     Of  ihc  thrrc 

•w  "I  Hi'* '■"I"'"' '"■"'"■  "•'■"""'  "■'•'''■'•'«'■■  ""'■  ';,"'>■ 

'■  willu'iit  I'aviiii;   issue;    the    .l.iuuliKT   in- 
her  l.illipr'>^  wcallli   am)    married    into  llic 


,^  aii  iii<'.';il;ii'^l"'''   lii"i^'"  "'    ■|'i'-\<->'itio.      ■riiiis 
m;i;o  l.lic  "I   l!lc    1'- :os  (iMScd    iii    1)17.    and    llic 


ma  n.iincMv,ise\im^m>...... 

ISuli^Tc  till- I'll"' ■!'•''  iiariiiiilars  knoivii  of  Mano 

tolc   iimaii  will  M-  IM^'-ls  icr  a   Umu.   lime   niadi-   a 

_jcat  ii'iisi"  i"  laTi'lK".  ■'"'!  "''"  '""  '""'"I  •"  ''■'^*'  ''■"! 

Ffcpil  tiTcrl  nil  iiKHli'fn   diMdVc-ry.       His   s|ili'iidid 

■•cfiuiiU'f  Ilic  (Menl.  (vcaltli,  and   population  of  ilu' 

'"lari.ir  toriiU'iics  tilled   every   one   with   adiniralion. 

Ificpns'iihllitv  el  liriiitjini;  all  lliose  regions  under  the 

oniiii'in  I  I  ll'.t;  fluinh,   and   rendurini;  the  tirand 

^i  Kill"  "'I  •'•"■■''■"' ^'•'^~'' '"  '''I'  iK'ly '''■'"■•  was  lor  a 

Jon-'  ;ime  1  l.iverilc  lo|iic  .uTioni;  the  eiuliusiastii-  mis 

lioiMrivs  i4  C  hns-eitdoni.  and  there  were  many  saints- 

.  irrjil  who  uii'li  !l'ii)k  to  ellei  I  the  lonvcrsiuii  ol  this 

:iai;'iiliiTMit  iiiiiiltl. 

Ken  .It  llu'  ili>t.iiice  of  two  centuries,  uhi  11  the  en- 

lerpri'iis  ('T  l!ic  d  ^oiivery  of  tin-   ne'.v  loute  to   India 

,  iadsft.i!!  ill'- >^.iiin  heads  01  h'.urope  in;uldinK  about 

tbesf  rcilKiK- renii  lis  (I   ihp    I'.asI,  the   conveision   of 

(ledr.in  1  Kl-.m  heeanie  aijain  a  p.ipidar  theme  ;  and 

Iw.is  I II)  jpt'uii.ilixe  and  roinaiilie  .111  enterprise  not 

[-JDci'rh  llie  vivid  iiii,i>;in.uion  (d   C'ldiinilius.      In  all 

'  lis  viiUiifs.  lie  w'll  he  fouml   lonlinu.dly  to   Ke  seek- 

Ini;  iiIiT  llu- ltTril:>ries  I  f  Ihi't.rand  Kh.in,  and  even 

llur  hi>  List  I Apedilioii.    v.lieii    ne.iilv    worn    out    by 

ilje,  ii,ir,lsliip<.  .iiid  inluiiiities,    In'   otfere.l,  in  a  letter 

i'io!!)';  S|i.iiiisii  iiKiiian  li"=,  writ;en  Iroin   a  bed  of  siik- 

aess  |i;  londi:!  I  .inv  nii'-sinn.irv  I  '   the  territories  (d 

Ihe  r.iilar  cmp-Tor,  who   would   umlerlake   Ins   eon- 

ver-,iiii. 


N.',  XXI. 


Tin;   'A  ■UK 


M     M  \Ki'i)    I'ol.O. 


T  ,;■  wnrk  "<  M  irr.i  Polo  is  «i.in  d  I  v  some  to  h.ivp 
bcci  orn;iiially  wriii"!!  ;n  l..ilm.*  tliouuh  the  most 
pn  raliic  (i[)uunn  i-s  ili.it  it  u.is  written  in  the  X'encti.iii 
diii  t  01  ilic  It.ili.ih.  ("opies  of  It  in  HMnusenpt  were 
ni'.. ;  piii'il  and  t.i|)idly  ( iicul.ited  :  ir.insLitions  were 
ma'-  ;iuu  v.iriou*  l.inKuaj!<s,  until  the  invention  of 
.prinim- cn.ihlt.!  It  10  l,e  widely  diiTiised  lhroui;houi 
t'J'"pd.  Ill  ll-.e  Miiirse  of  llic>e  transl.itiniis  and  sue 
ces-;ve  eiliti-i;i>,  llie  (.riijind  te.\t.  aeiiirdiiii,'  to  I'm- 
ch  -.  h.is  l)Pi-n  imuli  vitiated,  and  It  is  prob.ible  ni.inv 
e.v:  iv,i;;aiK-es  m  luiiilUeis  and  nu-asuremenls  with 
«Ti :!:  M.ir(i)  i'..|.i  is  I  !i,iri;vd  iii.iy  be  the  errors  of 
tru;  -!,iiiir>  .111.!  iniiner'^. 

>'icii  die  Hiik  J'rst  .ippe.ircd.  it  w.is  eonsidercil  bv 

^' .IS  i:i.ii|:- i.|>   r   fniions  and   e.\tr.iva>;ances,   and 

V"  js.iv<niis  lis  iIkU  even  .itler  the  de.ith  ot  .M.ir.o 
1''  'lifMiniiuiid  to  he  a '•ubie.t  of  ridieule  ainoni; 
I'-  :<ln.'.iii|  iiiiiliii.kiiii;.  insoinui  li  III. it  he  w.is  fre- 
qu''  ;'v  jiLTSnii  ..led  at  iti.iM|Uer.iies  bv  some  wit  <.r 
"I  ■  .  ivi„i.  111  h,.,  (.-ij;,,,,!  ihar.ieler.  leiated  all  kinds 
J^:  Mr.ivaL;.ini  l.diles  and  adventures.  I  lis  work, 
li'  '  Vfr,  cxdt,-,!  t're.il  alleiition  .iinoii^;  tliiiikini;  ineii, 
C""ii'iiii;j  evhlcnliv  a  fund  of  iiiloriiialion  i  oiuernint; 
j'l  aul  vpliiuhd  louMtries,  before  unknown  to  the 
1-'  iii-an  A'nrld.  \.issius  assures  us  th.it  it  w.is  at 
:inie  hii;tily  rsu-.  ni.-d  by  the  learned.  Trancis 
1.  authe.r  nf  iho  Hrandeiiburi;li  version,  stvles 
1  iii-m  miii-n,  .d.ilile  t.ir  his  piety,  prudenre.  and 
'V.     Adi.iiiiMus  Kiiiher.  in  liisaii  ount  of  China, 

,    ^'"-'tii"!! du-.iniientsliavedeseribed  the  kliii.;- 

Q'.i!i>  (if  ih-  icmoie  i:.ist  wall  in.. re  e.x.i.tness.      V.iii- 

u-'ll-r  Icirmd  miii  .,|   p,,>,t   nnies  h.ive  borne  tes- 

""^'lyiD  Ins  iii.,r.ii;,-|-,   and  most  of  the    substanli.d 


i'i-!   ilus  W, 


Jaijes,  toiii.  .wvii.  hb.  iv,  i.ip.  j.     I'arii, 


[i.irls  of  his  work  have  been  aiitlienti.  iled  by  siibse- 
(pient  tr.ivellers.  The  niost  .ililc  and  ample  vindiea- 
lion  id  .Marro  I'ido,  however,  is  \i,  be  found  in  the 
r'nidi*-)!  tianslation  id  li's  work,  with  eopious  notes 
and  (omment.iries.  by  \\  illiani  M.irsdeii,  K.  R  S.  He 
has  dibnenlly  disc  riinniated  between  wti.il  .M.iri  o  I'cilo 
relates  Ironi  his  own  (djsi  rvation,  and  what  he  rel.iles 
as  ^;,lthered  from  others  ;  he  |)oinls  out  the  errors  that 
h.ive  arl^;l•ll  from  misinterpret  itions,  omi-sions.  or  in- 
terpretations of  iransl.ilors,  ,inil  he  i  l.iinis  .ill  proper 
.diow.iiui'  lor  the  yupers'.ilious  ((doling  of  parts  r.f 
the  narr.ilive  front  the  belief,  prev.ileni  anion;;  llic 
most  wise  .md  le.irneil  of  Ins  day.  in  niir.u  les  and 
nianir.  .\fier  perusiriL;  the  work  ol  Mr.  M.irsden,  l''e 
I  h.ir.ieier  of  M.iri  o  I'olo  rises  in  the  estimation  of  the 
re.ider.  Il  is  evident  lh.it  his  n.Mr.ilion,  ,is  far  as  rc- 
l.iled  from  Ids  own  idiserv.ilions.  is  1  (Jirec  t.  and  that 
hi-  li.id  re.dly  traversed  a  ureal  I'.irt  fif  'Ciliary  and 
Chin, I,  and  navigated  in  the  Indi.iti  s-e.is.  .Some  of 
the  eounlries  .iiid  many  (I  the  islariis.  however,  aic 
cvidenlly  ilesi  rilied  from  aiecamls  i;iven  bv  others, 
.111  1  in  these  arrounls  are  ^ener.illy  louiid  Ihe  labU  s 
whiihhave  e.xtited  inireiliilliy  ami  lidiiule.  As  he 
loiiiposed  his  work  after  his  leiuin  l.onie.  partly  fnni 
memory  .iml  p.irlly  from  memor.indums,  he  was 
li.ibl(>  to  (I  iiluse  wdi.il  he'  h.id  luard  with  wli.it  he  had 
seen,  .md  thus  to  awf  undue  weight  to  many  fables 
and  ex.ii;^eralions  whieh  he  had  rereived  from  others. 

Mmh  h.is  been  said  of  a  in.ip  broiii;ht  from  Calhav 
bv  M.iri  o  I'olo,  which  was  eonserved  in  the  convi  lit 
of  >.i:i  Miili.ilcMle  Murann  in  the  vi;  iiiily  of  \'eniee, 
,icvl  in  which  ihe  Cape  id  Col  Hope  and  ihe  island 
of  M,nl.tt;,iscar  were  indie^ilecl.  <ouiitiies  wire  h  the 
l'.irtiiL,'iiese  (  l.iiin  the  merit  of  havini;  discmered  two 
1  ■•nluries  .ifli'rward.  It  has  been  su^-ijesK  d  also  that 
Coiiiinbiis  h.id  visited  the  eonvent  and  e\amin<(l  ihis 
m.ip,  whence  he  derived  Fome  of  his  ideas  1  one  erninjj 
Ihe  1  o.ist  of  Indi.i.  .\ctordiiii;  to  K.imusio.  howt  ver, 
who  h.id  been  .it  ihe  fon\ent,  .iml  w.is  well  arcp.iainled 
with  the  prior,  the  m.ii)  preserved  ihi  re  w.is  one 
copied  by  a  friar  from  the  ori^;inal  one  of  M.irco  i'olo, 
and  many  alter. ilioiis  an  I  .idditions  had  since  been 
made  by  oilier  hands,  so  that  for  a  lone;  time  it  lost 
all  credit  wiih  judicious  people,  until  on  comp.irin^;  il 
with  the  wotk  id  Mano  I'ido  it  was  found  in  the  in.iin 
to  ayree  with  his  descriptions.*  The  Ciipe  <  i  (lnod 
Hope  W.IS  doubtless  aniom;  the  additii  ns  made  subse- 
i|uent  to  the  dis.-overies  of  the  I'orIui;uese.  i  Coluili- 
l)us  m.ikes  no  mention  of  this  map.  whii  h  he  most 
piob.iMv  would  have  done  h.id  he  seen  it.  He  seems 
t  >  have  been  entiielv  i;uid<d  by  the  om  furnished  by 
I'.iulo  Tosc. nielli,  and  which  was  app.iienlly  piojected 
.cfter  ihe  orii^iii.il  map.  or  ;ifter  the  liesi  rii>lli>ns  of 
.M.irco  I'olo  anci  the  maps  of   I'lidemv. 

When  the  altent ion  of  llu>  world  w.isluined  toward 
the  remote  p.irls  u\  .Asi.i  in  the  lifleenlli  century,  and 
the  i'orlUi;uese  were  niakini;  th<  ir  a'.lenipts  to  i  ircum- 
ii.ivti;.ite  .\frica,  the  narralion  ol  .Marco  I'olo  :igain 
rose  to  notice.  'Ibis,  with  the  ir.ivcis  of  N'icido  de 
Comte,  the  X'encti.in,  and  cf  llieronimo  da  S.in 
Slel.ino,  .1  Cjenoese,  .ire  Slid  to  h.ive  been  the  princi- 
p.il  lii;lus  by  which  the  Portuguese  guided  themselves 
in  their  voy.ii;es,  | 

.•\bove  all,  tl'.e  inlluenc c  whii  h  the  work  of  Marco 
I'cdo  h.id  over  the  mind  of  Columbus  >;ives  it  p.irticu- 
l.ir  inleiest  aiiU  import. nice.  Il  w.is  evidently  an 
or.iiul.i-  wotk  withhim.  He  frccpienlly  ([UoK  s  it.  and 
on  his  covajjes,  supposint;  liiniHelf  lo  be  on  tlie  .Xsiatic 
CO. 1st.  he  is  c  ontinii.dly  emle.ivoiini;  to  discover  Ihe 
isl.mds  .ind  ni.iin  Kinds  liesciibe.l  in  it,  and  to  lind  the 
f.iiiious  I  ip.iiii;o. 

It  is   proper,    therefore,    to    specify    some   ol    lliosc 

■  Kiiiciisiri,  vol.  ii.  p.  17. 

t  .Mr.  M.ir-.clfii,  «  ho  h.i-' inspected  a  splendid  I'.;  ■  siniile 
of  llii>  map  pres.'rvc'd  ill  llie  Itrilish  Mu'-iiiin.  oImc.Is  even 
l.i  die  hind.ciiieiil.d  p.ill  of  it  .  "  where,"  lie  obsei  w-.  ■■  sil- 
ii.iiums  aie  f;ivcii  to  pl.ues  thai  seem  i|iule  mcoiisisieiit 
Willi  die  de^i  lipiioiis  ill  llie  travels,  and  caiiiiol  be  .itinbiiled 
1.1  Ibeir  aiuhcir.  allliniiKh  inserted  on  die  siipposicl  .iiiilior- 
iiv  of  his  «niMii;s."     .\l.ir-.!cn\   M.  I'olo.  liiirod.  p.  xlii. 

j  llisl.  lie.-,  N'uyagcs,  loin.  xl.  lib.  xi.  th.ip.  4. 


t 


'•■i'f 


s.  :   Hi; 


i:li 


i-.it 


Mi 


'     •  HI     1     Ji  ,s 


■  i 


places,  am!  the  tnaiincr 
bv    a  Vfiicliaii   tr.ivilliT, 


/PPKNDIX. 


hich  Ihcy  are  de^rriln' 
that  ilu'   umiIlt  may  iiinri- 


III    w 


il      Circat  Khan,  wlio  iliviilfil  it  iiUo  ninr  kingi!^ 


I)niiuin>;  1(1  iMi  h  a  triluilaty  kiUs'.     He 


(llllV   Ulllll'tSl.lIl' 


Uii"  aiitinp.iliiHis  w 


hii  !i  were  h.uiiit 


an   miiin'iiM 


rcvciui 


f,    liir  thi'  cotiiurv 


Jiii'ini, 


'tht  niinil  "I   ('(iliiml)U-.  in  lii^  voyani-s 


anion 


H  the      goKI,  silver,  silks,  su«ar,  siiitis,  an. I  perfimi.; 


West    Iniliaii  islatii 
Firnia. 


Is,  an.l   aloiiK   llie   coast   o. 


l". 


ZH'ANi'.r,  /ll'\Ni;i;I.  i<V.    >  ll'\-j;a. 


Thi-  winter  nsi.lenre  n 


to  Mario  I'.il  1.  was  in 


f  the  ("ireat  Khan,  arronlins'  .       l-ifi,.cn  luiiulrea  miles   from   the  sin  ri's  ■{)[ 
the  city  of  (."anil)  .'.u,  or   " 


lialii  is'.noc 
of  Cathay, 
square,  a 


asi-ertaiiifil    to 


l.e   1 


'cUmi,  in  the  province 


accordnin  to 


M. 


Polo, 


.o   the  i;re.ii  i 


This 


ciiv, 


he  sav' 


till  a.lniiratily   Iniilt 


IS  twenty-four  miles      (^•jpann 


panmi,  by  sonii-   wrilten    /.ip  ini;ri,  atul  ly  C 


M 


lo 


ilescribes  it  .is  nljimti, 


w.is   impos 


lonhn.;  to  .\larco 


Till 


describe  tlie  v.ist  aiiioaiu      transiiorted  out  of  the 


III,  which,  however,  the  UiiiK  scMoni  jn'in: 


1  variety  of  nierch  imlise  a 


ml  ni.uiiif.ictiires  brom; 


lUiiht 


■|  he  kau;  lu 


there  ;  it  won 
i:iiiv.'rse. 
(I.iiice  the 
diverse  p 
liiere  d 


II 


irein 


they  were  enou>;h  to  Inn 


'.h  the 


niticent   paUice 
ither  countries 


covered     with    pi. lies   nl  |.|, 


Here  are  to  be  seen  in  womlerliil   aliiin-      |^._.^|i  ,,f  lopiH  r 


the  p, 


I'S  ,ire  cdvered  v.  :ih  shfi 


'I'he  li.dls  and  ch.illl!  e 


'^  •''<■■   iut] 


rioiis  stones 


the  pe 


•rfuni 


es  o 


iris,  the  silks,  and  the      ,„vered  with  Kold.  the  windows. idoriuil  wiili  i;  1 1» 
times  in  pl.iti-s  of  llie  thickiu --s  of  n\o  Mi^-irs 


ftheK.ist  ;   scarce  a  day  p.isser 


that 


I's  iiDi  .irnve 


itii  silk,  of  wliicli  they  111. I 


ke 


I  tlionsaiid   c.iis   l.iilen      jsl.uid  .ilso  piodmes  v. ist  ipi. unities  oi  t!ic  l.ircf; 


irable  stiill'^ 


thi 


t    pe.irls.     together    with   a    v.irii 


citv. 


lines 


stones  ;  so 


ly  (.( 
that,  in   f.ict,    it   alioiinds  in  ruhi 


The  palace  of  '.h.-tiri 


It  Khan  ismaijnlticently  built.       ^•,f^.A\.   Khan   made   several   attempts  i, 


.1    four   miles    in  circuit 


It  is  r.iiher  .i  ^roup 


d.  but  ill  v.iin 


I'hicli  is  not  ti 


p.ilai' 


In  tl 


iiilerii 


r  it   is   resplendent  with  uold       |(  |,  j,,.  ^y^^^.  \vh.it  M.iro  I'olo  n-I.ilcs,  tli.il  ihf  ,ri;;t.. 


liver  ;  and  m  it  arc  t;u.irilc- 


the 


preciiius 


,in  I  lewels  o 


f  th-. 


tlie  Kli.in  for  w.ir.  for  the  chase. 


if 
>r  v.irious  festivities. 


•d  viri 


i!i'  r.».rA 


LTeii;n.     .Ml  the  appointments 


t.ints  had  rert.im   stones  of  a  (  ha 

between  the  skin  ,ind    the   flesh   of   thci; ncn; 


are  iles,:rr)c. 


in 


iri^eoiis  terms. 


H'.lt    til'>U^'h 


.M. 


,)'.o  IS  111  Kiulici'til  in  Ins  ilesc 


r'pti 


of  the  provim  I" 


thich.  iliroi'Kti  ilic  powir  < 
endered  th'-m  iiiviilner.ible. 


if  dial.' 

Thi 


ISl.lliil  !■.. 


of  C'.ith  ly.  and  its  imp: 
d,)es  hinnell  wh'.-n  \\-.  c. 
of  M  in^i.  Til 
ern  part  o 


!ri.il  city  of  C'.imb.ihi,  he  oul- 
)mes  to'desc.  .>e  the  province 
)sed  tobe  the  soiith- 


iect  of  diliuen 


t  search  to  C'oluniiius. 


.\bout  the  isl.mv 


M    Zip, 


is  province  is  sui'i) 


f  Ciiina.     It  cont.iins,  he  s.iys,  twelve  liun-      i,. 


tweeii  1 
M.irc. 


I  .iiid  the  co.ist  of  M.iiii;i,  the  si. 


(';p;iiii;ii.  ,«  «• 


Ircd  cities.      riie  capital  (Jninsai  (supposed  to  be  the 
citv  of    ll.ms'-cheu'  w.is   twenty  five   miles   from   the 


I'olo,  is  studded  with  s.ii.ill  i-!,ir..U  In  :htii.S- ] 
)f  seven   ihous.ind   four    hut   'red 


ihich  the  Rre.iter  p.irt  a 


re    111  Kiln! 


.1.     I 


ii: 


but  comim'.nicite  1  bv  a  river  with  .i  po 


rt  situated 


ihich 


loes  not  prooiice  n 


|iiriler"U^UiT« 


111  the 
The 


■a-coast,  .iiid  h.id  Kre.it  tr.ide  w 


ith  1 1 


fume 


s   111   ahum 


l.ince. 


C'idimibus  lhoii;^lit  il  ■ 


n.inie  Oninsai,  according  to   Mircn   I' 


nilie-  the 

and  e.x,ini;n-d  it 


o.  siK- 

ciiv  of  heaven  ;  he  says  he  has   been    in   it 

tlv.  and  atlirms  it   to   be  the 


one  time  ill  the  mid't  of  these  isl.imls. 
1  hise   ire  the  principal  places  clesctiici 


I- hich  1 


ih 


e  letters  .-ilid  vn:\: 


Jen 


art 


St  .11  the  world  ;  and  so  un.iouliledly  it  is  if  tl: 


The  isl.imi  of  Cip.iiiKo  W.IS  the 


niJ.isureinent  i 


)f  the  tr.iveller  is  tt 


b'-   take 


liter, illv. 


rted  to  make,  a 


nd   he 


inteiiilei 


■it  .. 


lor  he  ded.ires  th.it  it  is  one  hun  ired  mdes  in  circuit. 


the  province  of  M.iii«i,  and  to  set  k  tlicl.ri.i 


K:;..' 


Tills 
sui 


ii;  ex,iK^'er,ilinn   has   been    expl.iined 


bv 


itv  of  C'ambalu.  in 


the 


iiuvint  e  I 


1  I 


lU  him  to  iirMii  Cliinese  miles  or 


hich  . 


ess  the  reader  can  bear  in  mind  lhe»e 


'.ill 


t)    the    It, ill. in   miles   in    the   proportion   of  three    to 


itions  1)1    M.irco  1' 


I   .•oiintr;is  teeir 


ealth.  and  cities  where  the   very  d"ni' 


,in 


eiwhl  ;  .md  .Mr.  .Marsden  observes  t.iat  the  w.ilU  even      ||.,n,|.,l' wnh  .t;old.  he  will  have  but  a  l.i.nt  :'U.i 


3f  th-'  modern  city, 
coiisi  lerably 
at  si.\ty 

immense  extent 
I,  ,-,ed   t  >   havi 


ri 


the  limits  of  whi'  h   have   I 

i-i)iiir,i  :ted,  are  esiimiled   hv  travellers 

le  .in'ient  i  itv    li.is   evidentiv    been  ol 


M' 


d  aiiticip.itioiis  w 


hich  hllid  ti''-    in.i,; 


as  M.irc 


I  could  not  be  siHi- 


ine 


as..red    the    walls    himself.   In 


ibiis  when  he  discovered 
.'Xtreniity  of  .Asia.  It  was  his 
if  soiin  arriving  at  these  (ouiitrie^ 


Itldc' 


.iiv;  f.i.,.'!" 


V  t.lkell    the 


Its  nf  the  \'eneti,iii.    tint   imiuce 


the 


inh.ibit.u'ts 


Ik 


ribi 


inc.  rrect  estim.ites  dt      ^^^^^^^  ^^^^^^^,  pmniises  of   immedi.ite  we.i.si;  !• 


it  also  as  built   up.iii 


ittle  isl.imls    h 


riik'c 


ke  Venice, 
the  arche-. 


.ui  1   has  f>velve  tlious.iivl 
)f  which   are  so  lijch  that 


ereij;ns 


wdiicli  c.iused  so  mu.  h  disa|  p.  icir." 


stone  b 

the  bir^j'-'st  vessels  cm  p,i>s  under  them  without  ,'iwer- 

iuK 


brought  upon  him   the   frequent   repi....  n 
l.ilse  hopes  ami  indulKin.u  in  wiluil  cm^^ 


■luL.^'.l, 


th. 


baths.  ..ill  six 


;r  III  ists 
1 


It   h:i 


itlirms.    three  tl 


Ired   thous.iiiil 


unilies.    iiii  iudin.K 


d'jniesties.      It  ,il)  lunds  with  nLignilicent   houses,  .md 
has  a  l.ike  thrtv  miles   in   ciri  uit  within   its  w.dls. 


on 


the  b.inks 


w 


rank. 


The 


hi  11   are  super:)   pal. ices   o 


f  peopl 


e  inh.ibii.itits  ot  <  (ains.ii  are  verv  vi 


.lu|<tu- 


11'.  I  in  liilije  ill  .ill  kinds  .)(  lu.xuries  and  deliyhts. 


iiarticul.iriv  the  woni 


en,  who  are  extreinelv  be.iutifii 


Nd.  \xn. 


SIU  J.iil.N    M  \M.l  \  U  '  I  , 

.\i  XI  to  Marco  I'olo  the  tr.iv'ls  oi 


There 


are  m.mv  merch.mts  .md  .irtisaiis,  but  the  mas- 


.•ille. 


.mil  Ills  acco 


uiit  of  the  lerril  .r'  s . 


ters  do  not  work,  ihev  etnpl.iv  serv.ints  to  de 


aiior. 


.\n. 


,h.' 


])ro .  in. 


.f  M.m  ;i  was  con.|iiei 


1  their 
.\  the 


Kh.m  .iloni;  the  co.ist 
tre.isured  up  in  the  mill' 


if    .\m.i. 

I  of  Coluinbii- 


,t  /^' 


Mandeville  w.is  born  in  the  citv 


•h'T  blund'T  in  ir.in-i  iImm  h,.^  dr.iuti  ii|)iim  M.nci 


devoted  l< 


Iv  Iroiii  his  I'll 


-t   .\,'.i: 
lie->l  .liil.lli 


Pol.)  Ilu- ■,ii.li..;i\.iii(>n  iif  I  ii'ori;.-  Iloriiiiis,  who  (ill  lii<  (  irii;i'i      after  linishiiiK   Ins  nener.il   edm  .ilion  •'!  !''■' 


of  .\iii''ti,M.  IV,  :;i  '-.xeLiinK 


Wl 


■an  lielieve  all  tli.ii 


says  uf  llie  eiiy  of  i,iiim.i.u  •  ,is  for  exaiiple.  ih.ii  it  hi.. 
SDne  liri'lij.'S  t.v.-lve  deni^ind  imli's  liifjii  I  '  eie.  It  is 
)riib,ibli'  til. 11  ai  iiiv  of  iln'  •■x:u'.;i'i.iii')n>  in  lli-  a'.-cmni-,  of 


to   medicine.      Having   a  Kr^-it  desire 


Tl 


Mippi 


d  lo  be  Ih. 


si  111  Is 


.He 


I'.pr 


Nl.irco  I'.il.i  are  in  f.iei  the  irrois  of  hi-,  tr.iiislaturs.  svlldil 

Mand.-ville.    sp.'akini;   of   this  .^iineeity.   wli.-h  he  rn'\^  ■  Chine 

Caiisai.   sivs  ii    i-i   built  on  t'e-  ,s.'.i  like  Venice,   and  h.is  '  aiiii'-x 

Iw.'lvi'   hiiiidr'.l  bii.I'.'.'S.  ;  t.inee 


lev  .ire  n.iiiiei 


•'II  adc 


I  bv  111!'  Chines.-,  (i-p. 
.1  bv  ,\l,in-.i   !■ 


ipi 


d  iur.  snjiiifMii..;  kii-U'l'i"   "' 


•o  the  11,1 


i-s  of  foieij^ii  eiini'.'ri.- 


.\- 


t  Sir  ( ie.irye  S'.iuntor,  in 


tiful  she 


t   water,  al 


ii<;  this  Like  asb"in^  .i  lip.i 
111 


)f  II 


:.f  Ch: 


le  nearest   ii.itl 


.f  ihe  souihein   .■."'.' 


Ni 


I" 


ii.ii'  I'lr r  iDc.r  miles  m  di  uneii-r 


its   inarniii  'irn.inienicil  widi   I,. .uses  rind  ^; miens  of  ni.iii- 


dreil  II. ill. Ill  inil.'s,  Mr.  M.ir-il.- 


not  I'.i..'. 
s'lpp ' 


!li:>il 
Mil.- 


darins.  logeih.-r  wit'i  te 


staling 


It  lo  bi-    I'.!.! 


of 


.1  an  iinpenal  palace. 


jiiaiteries  Igr  the   priests  [  are  in  lie-  proporiion  of  soiii 

the  luriuei. 


'Iiiiii 

lull  iii.jre  tluinoiKi 


«,,„,,-  iiiitiarkc.l  .1    ■ 
J:;   a'-.n,.n    he  ;-" 
.iii.l  Lower   1. 


T.iiiary,  ■^'"' 

1  ltle^ 


fp;iOl 

Eih'.-'l 

li.-ir  priti'il';'  , 

(he  Ilo!y   1- 
i..^.iiiiiini'k!  I' 
lii.Ulolo'' 


P^hicl  ;ii 
pn^'  liiiii' 
nil  cii  .^■•1^ 

liter  .111  aliscnce 

;„«;..P..i,  Mit  I'.un.l  ;. 

,,hi:i;rc,iterp.ulo   " 
j,;s,.,livep!.icc.   11' 

rto  ■.i-.ii;i'.'«''''    '-"^ 
-a,  iiK.sicr  ol  maii\  M 

■,^,it.l  111       II' 
inr  e  :l'.ci 


ilc.l  w,lii  h; 


ITI 


,ll 


Clt.v 

lh.u 


avc  11"" 
ir  .■.iiucii 

.yin.;  '.!iU  there  w,i 
'huiili*.'"'^""''  • 
[inwi.v  ..p 'II  'Ih-  II" 
Icwl  r<-:,;iic>l  trnimil 
.on:;n  -it,  .md  ilif'l  ■' 
'  i;.,  ,,M.',.yof  ihi'liai 
,v:K're  ihteluis,  ii 
i-  s.iw  his  ni.'iiiin 
,.,   ,.f  ,1  man  will 

:  ;  .n.irl  his  lie. I 

liiii;  M  the  in, mil 
Isl.tl     'll^ere  w.is 
|U,r,..v,  and  c.i'.'.iiis  '^i 
Itv..,-  viTV  pious,   vc 
:ioi!i.  .....r.  aii'l  lh.u 

\fh   .•  .'.i.rl.l  he  h.i'l  di 

;oi.o-iu -li"wc.l  .il-  I  I 

ici;.  rsts  winch  he  h 

Tiic  'iscrlj-tions  kI^' 

hiiii,  el   the  po.vim 

a.v.'.uu.  are  no  less  • 

riie  roy.il  p.ila 

in  .;r-U'li;ereni:e.        T 

cc..,'i.:',s.'l  copper  .uv 

thr  •■  i;'.iii.irfd  i:.ousa 

lanl  ,.'...i;  the  pal.ice, 

)us.iiul  were  eiiiphc 

,n.i  .-'.i-'iiIluUS  .r.id  "I 

iir'i  '.i  prey.  f.il'-on< 

;dav-  ..f  f.'stival  there 

imt-;!  '-mi.l'iye.l.     The 

ters  Wis  ■  kluiu.  the 

of  .i'^  til'-  e.itth.  Hi  ise 
Ol!.'-is."  <  'M  I'.is  seal 
hci.-n,  Kh.m  upon  e 
M.m :li.'\ille  has  bee 
a  '.-.lu-  iers  ex.iiin'-''' 
ct.;,:i;ri  s  wlm  h  he  vi 
Vfi .  i.s  lli.ir.  Ii.id  b 
C  I  i:;.  iv  and  the  w 
kc  'Vi'.  il'.ose  cf  .M 
•'.thL'iiutnbus. 


,  'li'  ^.-snes  were  i 

h  ..1.-11S lifidui'Mii;  a 

il...  '.clls  .111  the  i;lol 

"!  liic  tro|.ii  s  iii.irl 

111.-  o.'iui.i!  leyi.i 

w  IS  teriiu'.l  tht 

t'.v  I"',  the  tropics  a 

'  t!;..'  ■■■■iqier.ue   /ont 

tw.-.,!  ; 

I'll- 

t::.:'ih,.i  il.ihle  aivl  i 
trreic  .I'i.  The  11 
P^fi..;  It,  imiiiedij 


;h'-  pol.ir  '-in 
rii/i'ii  reijio! 


APPKN'DIX. 


iris  ol 

,|  Airic.i,  .11 
hi  icfi  l-n,i;l.iii 


the  c.ulli,  tlicn  known,  that  is  to  say 


III   .ilidvi"   .ill,  I"  visit    Ilic 


ll<'h 


.iron 


lU    Ik- 


l'p;w) 
Eihi"! 


I  III   I J.12.  iiml  i)assin>,'  llirniiuh 
M.irscilli's. 


(roniiii^;  In  Ills 
visiti'd    I'liki'V,   AriiK-iii.i,    i:i,'V|ii, 


l.iuver    I.vl.ia. 
T.iil.iry,  AiiKi/utii 


(heir  ]<ritin;u 


Syria,    I'crsi,i,    CtMliti-.i, 

I  aiiij  llio  Inilii-s.  ri'siilmn 

Hut  iiKvt   ho   s.ivs  lir  (If- 


lihi.' 


he  Ildlv  I,.imi,  uhcrc  he  rpiiiaiiifil  tor  ;i 


'  IIIIK' 


tn^M 


(X.iiiiiniPt,'  il  with  till-  uriMtcst  iiiimitnicss. 
v.Jiiiiii  10  t(il!i'W  .ill  llii- traces  ()(  our  Saviour. 
if  ihirty-fiiiir  ytais  In-  ri'liiriu'd  to 
I  iiiiiist'll   fi>rv;(>UiMi   ami   unki 


l;.l,  iMll    I'lllll 

;  ihfj  i;riMler  iiarl 
i.iiijiMliia'iil.ii-c 


.f  h 


111! vincii,  aii'l  a  str,im 


IS  coil 

wrolf  a  hisliiiy  of  his  tr.ivfls  iii 
ijics     r.iln'ish.  I'ri'iuli,  and  I.aliii     for   h 


fcreo  .i;ii,'ii 

Iras  iti.i'-UT  ill  main  miikiii' 


II 


llciiMri'sscil  his  work 
His  waiulcriiins    do  nut     seem   to 


a\iMr.,iili-  !iiir  r':hfr  I'liast-il  wilh  tin-   world  at  lar^f 


br  .'iiiicii 


III!  w  ih  his  lioim-. 


Ill'  railed  at  the   anc 


,vini;  tli.ii  ilii-Tc  w.is  11'!  II 


I'ini; 
Chuicli  w.i>  ruiiu'i 


lore  virliie  eM.iiit,  that  ihc 


linionv  iiP'iii 


crtor  prevalent  aiiioii^j  the  lier^v  . 
iIk'  ihi'ine  ,    .in  1,   In   .i   word,    ih.it   the 


pcwl  rt'^'i) 


cil  iriilii'l  li"',L 


II 


tonnn  ti 


t,  .111(1  (lid  .11  l.ie^e  in  |.?;J 


Illumed  to  the 
I  le  w.is  Iniri/il 
llhc.iM'i'V  .if  the  (iilliellllites,  in  llie  siltairlis  ni  that 
Ftily  HiRTo'Diti.lius.  ill  his  lliner.iriiim  |{i'l;;i,e,  s.iys 
"ih-il  111- s.iiv  his  niDiuiiiient.  mi   whiili  was  the   ellii;y. 


r  1.11* 


i)  man  wilh  .t  forked  heard  .ind  his  hands 
;  I.w.ir'i  his  liead  liiriili.ilily   folded  as  in  jir.iyer. 


;ili;  1.1  the   lll.inntT  o;    Dill    ton 


lis) 


on  ,it 


.1.1 


BU.!.. 
If  V,-. 


Tlicrc  w.is  .111  inscription  st.itini,,'  his  name, 
iiiil  c.iilinj^  ui/.,  professor  of  iiicdii  Jnei,  th.it 


fry  |iioii< 


VLTV  liarneil.  and  verv  ch.iritalile 


.'T.  and  thai  after  h.ivini,'  tr.ivelled  over  the 
irM  lio  h.id  die.l  .it  I.ie);e.       The  people  of  the 
shmvcil  .il-'i  his  spurs,  ami  the  housings  of 
IS  which  he  hid  ridden  in  his  tr.ivels. 
iM  ripliims  (,jiveii   hy  M.imlevillc  ot  the  Cir.ind 


li   Ihe  province   of    (".iih.iy,   .mil  tlie 


niv    ol 


ill.  .ari.' 111!  less  sph'iidid   lli.in    those   of    M.irco 
T!ii' piy.il  p.il.ii  e  W.IS  more  thin  two   leagues 


Hi  .  inurnU'reiice. 


le  nr.mi 


Mil  iweiiiv  lour 


th: 


"1  Clipper  .iiii  \ii 


ild.     T 


lire   were   iiiori 


ousand  men  occupied  and 


ih.m 


luini;  111 


an '.  .LM.it  i!ie  pal.ice,  of  which  more  ih.in  one  luin.lrii 


ih  ■ 


[dav 


I're  eniplnycd  in  t.iki 


if  ten  thou- 


plMiUs  .lad  "I  ;v  v.isl  v.iriely  of  other  .inini.ils, 
(iri-y,  f.ilcon-;,  p.irrots,  and   parioi|uei'-.     < 'n 


slii.il  lh( 


re  were  eicn  twicL-  ihe  nuiiilicr  of 


|Ilif;i  cm|il 


ivei 


The  liil 


if  Ihis 


hers  ivi,  '  Khan,  the  s 


lent.ue  in  hi 


on  ol   (io 


ex. I 


101: 


cirlh.  nrisiei   of  tl 
I  )a  1-, 


ted   1 


lel- 
io>'.essor 


lose  who  are  mavleis  ( 


Kh, 


s  seal  W.IS  en);raved,  "  (iod  reigns  ii 


m  ii|jiiii  e.irih. 


j,'iiii;  111 


.\'.Mi.lc\iile  h.is  he  ■nine  pioverhi.il   for  indiil 
'Mu- icr  s  ex,ik;j;er,ition~  :  yet   lus  ai  counts  of   ll 
c;.:iirt.s  whidi  he  visited  li.ive  heen   found   far   more 


lii.ir, 
IV  .mil  ihe  w 


w  'n  I..' 


ll',. 


lumaus. 


liecn  mi.i^inei 
'■allhv  iirmii 


lis  ilesi 
.f  M.ini. 


ripu 


,iL;ree 


IS'.'  if   .M.irco    I'olo,    h.id   .1,'reat   .uulionly 


N'o.   .X.XllI. 


\  1, 


aKin.iry  binds  or  circles  In  the 


:  mini's  were  ini 
•I'l'iduciiii;  anelled  of  clim.ite  on 


IS  iin  ihe  v;h)he  ot  ihe 
'ic>  111, irk  these 


LUC  IPi 


'•'■••  ".'1111,11  li-iii,,,,,   Iviiut    t 


irlli. 
ilivisioiis. 


irrespoinl- 
"he  pol.ir  circles 


'IS  leriiie'l  the  lorrid  /( 


K'   heiie.lth  the    trai 


.f   the 


;tii'  ir. 


nc  ;   the  two  reijions  lie- 


the   polar  iinh.s  weri'  termed 


■  n  :lii 
11    ro/i 


T.iie  /ones,    and   Ihe   rrmainiiiij   parts.    In 


P'l.ar  circles  anl  lln 
II  regions  ne.ir  the 


|iok 


s.  Ihe  Irinid 


poles  Were  ronsidereil 
■.n..':ii,il,|,.  ;,n,l  iinn.iviKMlilc  on  account  of  ihe  e.\- 
'i''  'I'i  The  hurninu  Z"ne,  or  r.ilher  the  central 
-:  ic  iiiinie.Jiatcly  ah.nit   the   eiuiator,    was   coii- 


yoo 


sjilercd  iininliahil.ililc,  iinprofluciive,  ,in.|  impassalde 
in  conseipieiu  (•  ol  the  excessive  heat.  1  he  temper, ite 
/ones,  Ivin^  lietween  them,  were  supposed  Io  I.e  fer- 
ule and  s,ilulirioiis,  and  siiiled  to  llie   purposes  of  life. 

The  nlolie  \v,is  divided  into  two  hemispheres  hy  the 
eiju.ilor,  an  iin.iKiriary  line  emirelini;  ii  at  eijual  ilis- 
t.im  e  Iroin  the  |ioles.  The  whole  ol  ihc  world  known 
to  the  ancients  was  contained  in  the  teniperate  /one 
of  the  noiihern  heiiiispln  re. 

it  W.IS  iiiMtjined  that  .'I  Ihe'c  should  le  inh,iliil,ints 
III  the  temperate  /one  of  tliir  soiiihern  hcmis|ilieie, 
there  couhl  still  IK- no  i  ommunii  .iiion  wilh  ih(  in  on 
account  of  the  Iniriiiiii,'  /one  wliiili  inlervened. 

I',irinenides,  accordinn  to  Slr.iho,  w.is  the  inventor 
of  this  theory  of  the  live  /ones.  Inn  he  in.ide  the  torrid 
zone  extend  on  e.ich  side  of  the  tnu.itor  levonil  the 


trop 


.\ 


rislolle     suppotlei 


thi 


(trine  of   the 


/ones.      In  his    time    iioihini;  was   known   of   the   ex- 


treme norlliein  parts  i 


f   i:ii 


tM|ic  and  .■\si;.,  nor  of  in- 
ic.i,   ex- 


tciior  I'.lhiopia  and   the  soulhi  rn   pill  of    .-Xfr 
lending  leynid   the  tropic  ot  Ciprii  orii  to  the  Cape 


of    f, 


III 


Arislotle   lieliived   that    there   was 


hiliitable  e.irth  in  the  soulnern  licinispherc,  hut  th.it 
il  was  forever  divided  from  llic  p.iit  of  ihe  wurhl 
.ilready  known,  by  the  inip.issalde  /one  of  scorching 
he. II  al  Ihe  eipi.iH  r.* 

I'linv  supported  the  opinion  if  .Xii'-loile  concern  ini; 
th''  burning;  /ones.     "  '1  he  ti  iiiperatiiie  o|   the  central 

'  where  the   sun 

lire.      The   tem- 

.111  have  no  com- 


reyioti  ot    the  ea 


rlh. 


lb: 


runs  his  course,  is  luirnt   up  as    u 

per.ite  /ones  whii  h  lie  on  ciiher  sii 

miinicalion   wilh   e.ich   other   in    i  onsii|iience   of   the 

fervent  heat  ol  this  rei;i  m.'f 

Sir.ibo  (lib.  xi.l,  in  meiitionini;  this  tlicory.  t;ives  it 
likewise  his  support  ;  and  otiieis  of  llie  ancient  phi- 
losophers, as  well  as  the  poets,  miv;l-.tbe  cited  to  show 
llie  K'rnei.il  prevalence  ol   the  belief. 

It  must  be  observed  th.it,  at  llie  lime  when  Coium- 
blis  defended  his  proposition  belore  llie  leallied  lo.ird 
al  S.il.iiii.ini . I,  the  ancient  theory  oi  the  liuinini;  /one 


h.id  not  yet   been   tot. illy    ilisproM-d    by   iiioili,rn   dis- 


covery 
witliin  the  t; 


The   l'ottU),;uesi 


It    l^ 


true,    had   peiielr.itecl 


opll 


s  ;   but,  lliou;;li  llie  whole  ot  the  sp.icc 


brtween  the  tropic  of  ("aiu cr 
ill  common  p.irl.ince,  w.is  termei 
iiniii 


ill. It    of   C.ip 
llie  torrid  /one,   the 


h.ibitable  aii'l   imp.issable  part. 


Si  I  ic  lly  spea 


kiiit;. 


accordini,;  to  the   doi  trine   ol    tl 


.incieiils. 


Hllv    ex- 


tended .1  limited   number  ol   ilenieis  on   each   side  of 
the  etjuitor.   formim;  about  a   thiol,   or  .it   most,  the 


h.ilf  ot    the   /one. 


The 


p roots   ui 


Columbus   en- 


de.ivored  to  draw  therefore  from  the  voya>;es  ni.ide  to 


com  IU-.1 


ve  with   those 
who 


St.  I  icorije  1. 1   .Mill, I,  were   not 

who    were    bijjoled    to   the    ancient    llicorv. 

pi. iced   this  scorchini;  reijion  still   f.irtl'.er  southward 

,ind  immeili.itely  .liiout  the  eipi.nof. 


No.  X.MV 


ciK     1  III'.    .\  I  \I    IN  I  [s    fl     II   \l<>. 


Tin 

li.ilonue  o 


■  iii'l  .\l.il.inlis  is  nu-ntioni 


bv   Pl.ito  in  his 


I    I' 


inia-us. 


Ill,  the   .\tlicMi.in   l.iw.itiver. 


IS  suppose 


to  li.ive  tr.ivelled  into  I'^HVpt.       II 


e  is  in  an 


,iiu  icn 


t  citv  on  the  Delt.i,  the  fcitile  isLiml  formed  by 


the  Nile,  and  is  lioldim;  convei.-^e 


.villi  cerltiiii  learned 


priest 


>n  th 


e  antiiiui 


lies   of  remote  attes,   when  one 


I  them  i^ives  him  .1  ilescri|itioii  of  the  isl.ind  of  Ata- 
l.inlis,  aii.l  ol  its  destruction,  whh  h  he  describes  ;is 
h.ivini;  l.ikeii  pi. ice  before  llie  conll.i.^ration  of  the 
world  bv  rii.ieton. 

\l.ind,  he  w,is  tol,l,  h.i'l   been   siuiated  in   the 


111 


Western  Ocean,  oppos 


to  to   tl 


le  Str.iit? 


if   (libr.di.ir. 


1 


lere  W.IS  an  e 


asy  p.iss.ine   from  il    to  other  is 


which  l.iy  adj.icent  to  a  l.irnc  I'lntinent,  exceeding  in 
si/e  all  liuiope  and  .\si,i.  Neptune  settled  in  this 
isLiml,  Iroiii  whose  s.m  .\tlas  its  n.iiiio  w.is  derived, 
.111.1  he  divi.led  it  among  his  ten  sons.      His  dcscend- 

*  .\ri-iol.,  .:   Met,  cap,  5. 
t    i'liiiy,  1.!).  i.  cip.  1:1. 


If' 

1 

\ 

i 

r 

1 

f 

Tit 

•:•  '  '  ■■'. 

81 

il 

;■ '  ■  i.) 
''  '  • 

! 

!'[ 

f 

^f 

i 

f 

i 

'  i 

1 

1 

<^ 

li 

» 


m 


;>:o 


AIM'KNDiX. 


ant<  rfi'jnod  Ihtp  in  rpi,'iil.ir  "s'lirpssion  for  in.iny  .\nrs. 
'I'lii'v  iii.i'lc  irnipli.ins  iiitu  litlioiic  .u\<\  Afrir.i,  siili- 
(liiin'w;  all  l.vlii.i  i-  lir  .i-  K^vpt,  atiij  IIiuoik-  U^  A-i.i 
^iilll)r.  'riii-y  Wire  n-^isti'il,  limvcvrr ,  liy  llic  Alhiiu- 
atii,  anil  dnvii  haik  tn  th(  ir  AUaiiln'  icintuii«s. 
Simnly  alter  lliis  liiiTf  w.is  a  triMiifti.iiui'*  I'arllhjiiakc 
ami  an  ovrrll  u\iiu;  ot  lln-  sira,  whirli  loulinui'il  lor  a 
(lay  ami  a  iiUlii,  In  ili"  iniirM."  of  li)i»  ttu- v.inI  islan  I 
of '  Al.ilanli-i,  a'l  I  .ill  H*  spU'inliil  (  ;tii':-  and  warlike 
iialioiis,  were  sw.illowid  up.  and  sii'ik  lo  the  hottoiii 
of  the  SIM,  whii  li,  sprialiii,ii{  Its  w, Iters  over  the  rhasiii, 
lorriieil  the  Atl.mtie  Ceeaii.  For  a  loiiij  lime,  h"w- 
ever,  the  se.i  w.is  not  inviKaUle.  on  .irrmint  of  rm  ks 
and  slielves,  ol  liuid  and  slliue,  and  of  the  riiuis  nt 
that  drowned  eonntry, 

M.inv,  in  ini'lern  times,  havo  (dnsidetcd  tlii--  .i 
mere  fahle  ,  others  siipi)o>e  ih.U  I'l.ito,  while  in  l.«\pt. 
h.id  re^'eivid  soni"  v.il;iic  arediiiUs  ot  the  C'.iti.iry 
Is!. in  Is,  and,  nn  hi-,  return  to  llrecie,  lindiin;  thus- 
i>!.in  Is  so  entindv  unknown  to  his  rountrvnnii,  h.id 
nil de  them  tin-  S'  ,il  i<i  Ins  political  and  m  >r.il  speiu- 
l.itiims.  Si>me,  however,  li.ive  been  disposed  lo  ^;ive 
(^re.iter  wei^nt  lo  liiis  story  of  i'l.ilo,  I'hey  im.iyine 
th.it  surh  .111  i-il.m  1  m.iy  really  li.ive  existed,  (illiiii;  up 
a  k're.it  p.irl  ol  the  .\tl.inlie,  ani  ihiit  the  eontinenl  le- 
y  Mid  il  W.IS  .\nieriiM,  whiih,  in  sU'll  r.ise,  was  not 
unknown  to  the  aiu  ienis.  Kirrhcr  supposes  it  to 
h.ue  been  an  isi and  eMendin^'  from  the  C.in.iries  lo 
lliL'  .A/ores  ;  tli  it  il  w.is  re.illy  enj;ulfeil  in  one  of  the 
convulsions  of  th"  kIu'ic,  and  ih.il  ihosc  small  isl.mds 
arc  nicrc  sh.iUereil  fragments  nf  it. 

.\s  ,1  furthit  proof  th.il  liie  New  Wori  I  was  not  un- 
known lo  the  ail' iriits.  Ill  my  h.ive  tiled  ih'.'  sini;ul.ir 
p,iss.i;;e  in  the  Med.vi  ol  Senee.i,  whu  h  is  woii.lerfuily 
apposite,  an  1  ■'liows.  at  1 'ist.  how  ne.irly  the  w  iral 
inii^inatinn  >'f  .i  \"<fi  in  iv  ,ip]iro.ieli  to  ptopheiy. 
The  predii'tiiHU,  cf  the  .im  i-.'iil  urarks  wcie  rarely  so 
unc!iuivo:;il. 

\'i  ,1  I'lU  aiiiiis 
S.e -iil.i  >Ti-.   i|iiiliiii  Oecaniis 
Vrii'll.i  fruiii  l.iM't,  (I  iiii^eiis 
I'.ii'Mt  le,lii>,    1  y|>his(j'ii'  iinvos 
Der.-u.il  .I'lics,    iieo  Ml   lorii 
riniii.i  Thale. 

Gosselin,  in  hi,  ii'.le  resoarrli  into  the  voyaijes  of  l!ie 
.•aieients,  sapii.i->es  the  .At.il.intiso!  I'i.ito  to  h.ive  been 
nothiiiij  more  nor  ,.■..,  ili.m  om-  nf  the  nearest  of  the 
Canaries,  vi.:,,  I"  iri.ivenv.ira  or  l..ineeri)te. 


Tin:  l\i  \' 


N  ..    XXV 


I  •!,  \Mi 


l:|;  \\|i  \\, 


i)\r  of  the  most  sini;u'uir  .i;e')L;raphi(:.d  illusion':  oti 
record  is  ih.-it  wliiidi  I  or  ,i  Iciii,'  while  haunted  llie  im- 
a;;iii.ilioiis  <if  liie  inh.ibilanls  d  Vac  t'.inirics.  d'liey 
f-ineied  they  beheld  ,i  inoiuitaiiious  isl.uiil.  alioiit  ninetv 
leaijues  in  ii-ni;th,  Ivini;  far  to  ihe  westward.  It  Wis 
only  seen  -.•i  intervals,  but  in  perlfitly  i  I'-.ir  and 
serene  weather.  To  soau-  it  seeimd  o:,c  hundred 
L'a.L;ues  ilistant.  to  others  l.irty.  to  (nhers  (.rdy  fifteen 
or  e::,dileen. '  i  In  .itfniplini;  to  reai  h  it,  however,  it 
fonichow  or  otiirr  elii  led  these.ireh.  and  w.is  nowheie 
lo  be  f  lund.  Stiil  there  were  so  ni.mv  eve  witnr'sis 
of  rredibdity  wii  >  (  .oncurre  1  in  testilvi'n^'  to  their  liav- 
ini,' seen  it,  and  tl;e  leslimony  of  the  inh.ibitants  oi 
dilTerenl  isl.mds  .aijreel  so  w,  11  as  to  its  form  .uirl 
p.isiiion,  th.at  its  e.Mslenrc  v.-.is  i.'enerallv  l)elieved.  and 
.yeo-raphers  inserKdit  in  their  m.ips.  h  is  laid  down 
on  the  Hlobc  of  Afariin  li^lur.i.  ptoiocted  in  Ho?  a': 
deline.ited  by  .M.  I  )e  Murr.  and  it  will  be  found  in 
most  of  the  maps  of  the  lime  of  Columbus,  place.! 
commonly  about  two  hundred  le.i^'ues  west  of  ih.- 
Can.iries.  Daring  the  time  th.it  Columbus  was  inak- 
Hi;,'  his  proposition  to  the  <ouit  of  I'oriim.il.  an  inhab- 
itant of  the  Cm. iries  :,,. plied  t  .  Kim;  John  II.  for  a 
vessel  lo  ,t;o  in  sean  h  of  this  island,    "in  the  archives 


*  Keyjoo,   I'hcatro  Cri 


IV.   (I.    10,    ij   ^i). 


I  of  the  Torre  (I  i  Tombo  *  ,iNo.  iherc  ,k     f, 
I  coiiir.ii  I  lu.ide  bv  the  crown  ol  I'oituir.il  ivii':  I 
lie  rinio,  c.iv.ilicr  ol  the  royal  linu«ehni,|  ,, 
of  the  isl.iiiij  (if  Tercrr.i.  wherein  hi' iiiiij.n.ii,, 
,lt  his  own  expense,  ill   ijiH'sl  ol  ,111    |s|,ii,|  ,,, 
or   leria  I'irm.i,  suppose, 1  lo  be  ihe  is!, n„|„i : 
Cities,  on  roiiilition  ol   h.ivmi;   |uns.|iii' n 
N.iiiie  for  hinisidl  and  his  jitdrs,   ,illowiiij;  , , 
tlie  revenues  lo  the  kilii;.      This  Mm.,,  \u„\  :  ^ 
pedition  .tbove  his  i  ,tp, icily,   >issii,  Mtcil  ..•),. 
loilso    del     listreil  I    in    the    eiiler|ili»e.        |, 
boiin.l   to  be   re.i.ly   |.i  s.iil   with    two  i.ir.n 
moiitli  ik  M.in  11,  11-;.^     'Ihe  l.iie  o!  their 
i"  iinkn  iwii. 

i  be  II. mil' of  Si    llr.in.l.in,   or   llor.,nd.i'i 
tills  iiii  ii;in,iiy  isl.in.l  Iroiii  time  iinmeni. n., 
t  >  lie  .lei  Ued  Irom  ,1  S(  oil  11  .ibbol,   wh.i  i:  I 
the  sixth  ceiilury.  ,iiid  who  is  c.iUcl  M,iniiin 
|orei;ii;nt;    appeil.itions,   s.inielinies  St    |i,.ii 
St.  Ml. in. I, mils.      In  the   M.uivrolo(»v  ,,1  ih.' 
St.  .•\ii>;ustiiie,  he  is  s.ii.l  to  Imm-  been  thi  ;  ,: 
lliree  ihinis.ind  monks,      .\boul  the  tin  hll"    i 
uiilury    he  ,i.  >  ..•iip.mied    Ins   disciple,  Si    \ 
or  St.    M.ilo,  ill   se,irch  of  (ctiaiii  isi.nnis  | 
the  deluhls  if  ii.ir.idise,  wliiih  Ihey  Here  l 
in  llie  mi.l'-l  of  theoie.m,  and  wire  iiili.i .,; 
li.lels.       'lliesr   most   adventurous  s.uni>.iri , 
deiel  for  a  hm^'  tim(!  upon  the  oce.in.  ,iii  I    ■ 
l.inded    upon  ,in   isl.inl   t  .ille.l   Iini.     Ihr-  - 
loiin  I   the  bo.ly  of  . I  HI. ml  lyiiii;   in  .i  !.ci ;., 
resuHiitited  him,  .in  I  h.id  imu  h   iiitrn -im,; 
tioii  With  him.  the  Kiaiil  iiif.irmiiii;  hnii  ih  it  ih 
it. mis  of  ih.ii  isl.m  I  h.i.l  some  notions  ol  iIk   : 
and,  moreover,  Kivini;  liiin  a  KMIifynii;  .i.- 
lornieiils  wdiH  li   lews  ,md    l'.in,ins  suii^f';: 
lern.il  regions.      I'indiiii;  the  Kiaiit  s.,  .|  i.Ji-  ,• 
.ible,  St,   .M.ilo  esponnded  |.i   him  tile  .!...  !',r 
Chtisti.in  religion,  converti.l  him,  anl  I  .i; 
by  the  n.ime  ol  Md.liim.      Ihe  iji.ii.t,  hoivm 
throiinh  weariness  nf  life  or  e.iyerne«s  f)  cr 
benelits  of  his  c  nivi-i sion,    ,.ii;i;el  pi'iniisv   ■ 
en. I  id  11  leeii  .i.iy-,  lo  die  ,1^.1111.   which  w.i> 
him. 

.■\ccordini,'  to  .ji other  an  .Hint,  the  i;i,ii:!  : 
he  knew  of  an  isl.in.l  in  the  01  e, 111,  .li-ici;  ,,  • 
id  burnished  noM,  so  resplendent  tli.il  I'l.'.  - 
crystil,  but  to  wdiii  li  there  w,is  n.icnii.iiii 
rnpiest  he  uii  lertook  to  miide  llieiii  I  1  it.  .ci : 
the  i-.ible   (if   llieir   ship,    threw    hiniscl!   :;r 
lie  had  not  proceeded  f.ir,    however,  v,!..  i 
rose,  an, I  obli^'sl  them  ,i!l  to  return,  .in  '  -!.■  ■ 
t'.ie  Ki.iiil   died.  J-      .\  third  hxeii  1  m.ik.'^in.' ^1 -■■.  fi' 
lo  he.iven  oil  I'lasti  r  d.iv,  ih.il  liiev  III  u  '"" 
to  fill  I  l.ml  wliii.'   they  may   leL-iir.itr  ;'• 
relii;ion  with  liei  oiiiini,'  sl.iie.      .An  1-!. 111  I  '■'!■' 
.•ippe.irs,  on  wdii.  Il  they  l.ui.l.  perform  .1  ■    •  iMii- 
and  the  s.ii  r.iiiii  i-.t  of  the    l.mh.irist  .  afe  r  ni.ii!!.'- 
emb.irkini,'   an.l    iii.ikiiiL;    s.iil.    they    I  i-l'.  ■' •  ^  '■'■'■' 
astonishment  tlir  supposed  isi.ind    si;,!  |.  rl'.  ,  ..'V. 
the  bottom  of  Ihe  se.i,  beinj,'  nothini^  e!«c  :li   .  • ".  " 
strous   wh.il.'  ;-■        When    the   rune  r  1  iri'n'.i:  :    '' ^' 
isl.md  seen   ti., 111  the   C.iri.u  les.    win.  Il   .c.v.n^  •■  .-!- 
llie  se.trch.  Ih.'  l.-.;en,!s  ,  1    >t.   lh.iiid.iii  wen-  .  •■■'•' 
..lid    ,ipplie,l    t'l    this    un.ippio.ich.iiile    I  ,ii!      ''-•■" 
til  I,  ,il..ii,  ih.it  there  w.i>  .1:1  an.  ii  nt  l.iMi  :;i.',-':t' 
in  the  archives  df  the  ( .illiedi.il   1  hiir.  h  .  1  "'  '<:■(■■ 
C.m.iry.  in  which  the  .1  I'.entiites  id  ih--e  - ,  '> " - 
ii'coriled.        Throu'^h      .  .irelessne'-s.     hu.vi-iti,    '.'• 
m.mu'-i  liiit     h.is    dis.ippe.ire.l.  1       some    ii.cc  .'.'- 
t.linl■ll  ih.it  this  isl.m, 1  V.MS  known  to  iheaii' •"'■■■■''•' 
W.IS  the  s.ime  mentioned  bv  I'tolemy  anlnii:; 
tun. lie  or  Caii.iry  Isl.m.ls,  by  the  n.mus  of  .\[.i 
or  llie    In.itcessilile  ;    and    which,    .ic.ordiiii;  : '  ■' 

*  I. lb.   iv.   lie  !.i  I'li.inc'lari.i  .!i-;    K.-v   Hn.  J  I'l''  '' 

I.I 

t  I  orre  i!o  Tomb.,.      Lib    .las   Vl'i.i..  f.  n.- 

J  I  r.    lirej;,)ri.i    1  i  irei.i,    1  iriijeii    .!,■   loi    lii-l.  '    ■■' 

i-.io.  <). 

y  Mi;ebi-r|.j,  I'^pi.,!.  ad  d'lelni.ir.      Abbil 

f|  Nunez  ih'  l.i  iVii.i.     ( 'omiuiat  de  1.1  <  irari  .im;''.- 

,  I'luliiiiy,  lilv.  IV.  lorn.  IV. 


[J«:t) 


.'^J'- 
..'•' 


'4 


«>tfeUn,ii 


Jl, 


AI'IMADIX. 


I'l,  |"iii  inlu'il'iii'k""  i'"'  I'li'.irnr.lidn  f>f  Clirisi. 
,    ,1  ii  |i,,s>.i'->i'il  Itif    s.inic    i|ii.'lily  ill  am  ■    il 

.-      ,  ■    IrlU'lllW  Illr    t'>''    ■""'     '"'I'lK    lIM.lil.llll.ltiU-    lO 

,1  "(  niiirt.il"  •    Hut   wh.ilrvcr    liclicl    ihc   an- 
„     „  1,1, V  h.,u-  ll.l'l  "II  llii"   "ii")''' '.  it    '"  <  ITl.llll  III, It       I 

i,,..li  .1  ".iT'ini;  111  I'l  "I'  •'"'  '•"'''  "'  •'"'  "i"il''rii^  ''m- 
liji'.,' ,.rcv.il<'iii  r.inc  U<r  ili-nvrry  ;  iht  diil  it  l.u  k 
kbuii  l"i'  ii'Minii'iiLiln  Il'>n  l<>«c|.li  i\r  \  icr.i  v  C  l.ivi,Mi 
.A  i;iiri'  iii-vir  w.iH  a  tii '!<•  <litlic  lilt  |Mr.ic|ii\  mmi 
)ri,l  -in  III  llir  M  ii'ii'i*  "f  «''"«ra|iliv  ;  siiK  c  lc>  allirin 
l,(,x|.l  ■mr  III  'Ills  i-ilainl  m  I"  ll.ltll|ilc-  ll|inll  Miilll'l 
♦rM  I  Mti  iiI'Ikiiu'iii.  Ill'  rras'in  ,  antl  ti>  deny  it  iMic 
*,u>' ■■'•'I' I""  "''''""" '""'  •■^l""fi'''i"'.  •""'  Mij'l""-'' 
»ha;  '..1 1)  I"  t>.'ins  111  1  f'llit  liaii  ti"l  llii'  |ir'i|>rr  w-r  of 

The  !  i!irf  in  llii>  i'-liii'l  lias  i-(iiumiiiil  loiiK  sncf  llir 
limi-i  f  t  ''iiiiil'ii"-  '■  '*•'■*  rf|i(Mli'illy  seen,  and  ly 
\ar'  lis  ;  iTMiiit  a',  a  linn-,  al"ays  in  lln'  same  \<\m '• 
in  i  "!  il"' ■'•""'^ ''"■"!■  '"  IS-''""  <'.x|><-ilitiiin  set  olf 
|or  th'' I  .iiuriit  in  i|iif''t  of  it,  i  iiniiiiandi'cl  liv  Ict- 
"fai'l  '■!'■  I  rova  aiiil  Kpriiaiiilo  Alvan/.  Thry  i  iiiis»d 
Intl.f  »  iiii'ii  (liriiiimi.  luit  in  v. tin,  and  ihrir  l.iilurc 
Oui;l't  1'  l:a^i'  iinili'i  I'lvccl  the  puhl;(  "  I'lu!  pliati- 
tasni  I'l  l!ii'  isl.iiiil,  liinvcvir,"  s.i\s  \  iiTa,  "  li.nl  mh  h 
jfcicl  iiiiii.iiililifnt  I'lr  all  whn  I'dirld  it,  that  the 
pulOc  I  vfcrrcil  doul'tiiiK  tin-  good  rcindmt  of  ihc  cv- 
nlufirs  ili.in  tlicir  own  senses."  In  15711  the  appcar- 
'inc*  ttcir  so  n'(K'ali'd  and  <  Irar  thai  llicri-  w.is  ;i 
liiivirs..!  (fvi  r  uf  riiriiisity  a\vakin<'  I  ammin  ihi' 
pcrijiic  I'l  the  {  an.irii-s,  and  it  \\  is  dilcrniiiicd  to  scml 
fcilli  ..::i  llHT  1  \|irdiliiin. 

T!:.i;  llii'V  (iiinlit  nut  appear  in  ait  upon  li:;lit 
gr.  nil  1-.  an  f\ai  I  investii;.i!ion  was  prevlciiisly  lil.ule 
oi..'.  l!n:  piTsolli  ft  talent  and  crcd:l,dity  ivtiu  li.id 
s-'ci;  I.',  ■<•  .ipp.iritinns  of  l.iiid,  or  who  h.id  iiih(r 
|T'i>fs  I'!  iis  cxisitni't'. 

Aliix.'diie  Kspinosa,  Rnvernor  of  tlic  ishmd  of  ICf'  >, 
af  "nliii,;ly  made  a  repnii,  in  wlileli  nmre  than  uiie 
hiiriiln  I  l\itne^^es.  several  ■>!  them  persons  of  the 
h'^'iot  r'<;peit,ihiliiy,  deposed  th.it  they  had  leli.  Id 
llif  iiiiki:',wn  i<l.iiid  ali'iiit  forty  leai;ues  |{i  the  iiortli- 
«?>•■,!  retm  ,  th.it  Ihry  h.id  continiplated  it  v\illi 
c.i  innc>^'i  ;in,l  (ertaiiily,  anil  h.nl  seen  thi;  sun  set  lie- 
hi"  1  line  of  its  |>omis. 

'Ic«t:i'i')nials  of  stiil  L;realer  foni-   c.inic   fmni    the 

i>  .'!  Is  m!  |',i|ni,i  and    ICiurdie.     There  were  lertain 

1'  r;,:i;iu's(.'  wlin  .iliiinied   that,  lieiiii;  driven  alnuit  liy 

aiir.ipi-i.    iliey    hid   eoiin;    lipHn   the    isl.m.l  of  St. 

H  :  v.'...i.     i'diro  \'ello,    »vhi)   was   the   pdot   of   the 

1  Vf<i',  ..lliriiuil  thai,   hiivinx  amhofed   m   a   li.iy.    he 

liai'l:'!  iviih  sev<  r.il  of  the   rrew.      They   dr.mk   fiesli 

[B„l(T  in  a  liron;.-,  and  I  ilu  Id  in  the  s.iml   the  print  of 

[foi,Wcp<,  ilouUL'the  size  (if  those  ff  an  ordin.iry  ni.m, 

[ani  ihi;    lisl.iiice  liilween    them    was    in    pro|iortioii 

f  Ti^y  i'laikl  a  crniis  nailed  to  ,1  neinhliorinv;  tree  ;   iiiMr 

!  in  \hiili  Were  til  ree  stones  pi.iied  m  lotni  ol  .1  tri..nj;li-. 

:  W!ll  >IK'1S  (,f  r.re  h.iviiii;    lie<  n   ni.ide    aiiioni,'    them, 

:  pnluWy  I  I  rook  she'!  lish.      Il.ivmi;  sei'ii  mueli  ciltle 

|ai:U!i<-fi)  Kra/iiii;  in   the   neiyhboi  Ikhi.I,  hvo  df  their 

p.irty.irmeil  Willi  I.iiim's  went   Inio  the  woods  in  pin- 

t'Sii ;  ollhcin.     ■]  he  niidu  w,isappro,ii  hin^,  the  hea\eiis 

bti;,in  to  lower,  ,inil  a  haish  wind  arose!      '1  he  people 

on  Uwri!  the  ship  i  r.ed  out  that  she  was  .lr.iKi;ini,'  lu  r 

:'■■  iioi.  'vhereupoii  Will,  entered  the  boat  and  luirried 

'    '"Mfii.     In  an  instant  thev  lost  si(,'ht  of  l.ind,  lieinK 

a- il  « ire  swept   away   m    liie    hiiniiane.      When    the 

Sl'ini  ha.l  p.issc,|   aw,iv,    and    the   sea   .ind    skv    were 

a,;.i:n  serene,   thev  searrhrd    in   vain    fur   the   ishmd  ; 

n':,ilr.uei)l  it  was  to  he  seen,  and  thev  had   to  inir- 

si.i'  ihcr  vi)y:ii;p,  l.mientrif,'  the  lossof  their  two  com- 

Pmiins  Kilo  had  hcen  a'l.mdoni-d  in  the  wood.t 

.■\  Icarai-ii  lieentiate,  Pedro  Ortiz  de  Fiiiie/,  in- 
<|:.:Mliir  .;f  the  (iraml    Ciinarv,   while    on    a    visit    ,-.i 


unfriMr  sumnmned  several  persons  before  him,  who 
I'Vi-no.  uviiiv;  seen  the  islaiul.     Amoni;  them  was  one 


Venle 


ni.in  well  known  in  those  parts,      lie 


7"l'l.lhpo,   lib.  VIM     f„l.    2, 

'!'-<■  Isi.  Can     lib.  i.  rap.  ..8 
•  Vl;lf,  dHilVi,,,,  lit, 
'°"i.  I.  tJii.  28 


Ktateil  Ih.it  inretiitniin;  from    Ikirbaiy  and  aiii^lm;   in 

the  111  inll'ioib.,(id  ol  the  C.in.ilies.  he  beheld  I.hhI, 
whiiii,  .iiiordinulo  his  maps  ,ind  « .ih  iihitiotis,  1  iiidd 
lint  be  any  ■  I  the  known  isNinds.  !(>•  1  oneliided  it  to 
the  f.ir  I, mud  St  Hotondon  Ovenow  d  .it  h.iviiiK 
diMovciod  this  kind  o|  mysli'iy,  hi'  1  o.isli'd  aliill^J  il« 
spell  boiin,|  shores  until  lie  ,1111  liored  in  .1  be.iniiful 
hiroi  r  forined  by  the  nioiilh  of  a  im  iiiitain  ravine, 
ileri'  11"  l.inded  with  si  ver,d  of  lis  1  rt'W.  It  was 
now.  111- s.iid,  the  hniirof  the  Am-  ,M,iri.i,  or  ol  vi  s- 
pers.  '1  hesiin  beiriKsil,  tliesh.idows  be^jan  to  spread 
over  tliP  l.iii'l  The  voy.i:;ers  h.uiii'.r  s<'p,iraleil,  wan- 
derrd  ,ibiiiit  ill  ill'lerent  ilirei  I'ons,  uniil  out  of  |,i  atini; 
of  cull  other's  slimits.  Tliosi'  oti  IkmhI,  seeinK  Ihc 
iiiKhl  appro, 11  hiiiK,  in.idc  s'nn,d  lo  siimnion  I'ai  k  ilio 
WMii'lereis  to  the  ship,  Th'  y  re  1  int.ii  k<il,  intendini; 
to  risimie  their  iiiMstijr.iiiiu.s  im  the  lollowjn^'  il,iy 
Si.inely  were  iliey  nn  I  oard,  however,  whin  a  wliiil- 
wiii>,'  (.line  riishiin;  down  the  t.iviii''  v\ilh  snrli  viii- 
lent  e  as  to  dt.iK  the  vessel  from  her  .011  lior  ,ind  hurry 
her  out  to  sea.  and  lliey  tiiMT  saw  ai'.ylaiiiL;  more  if 
this  hidden  .iiiil  inhospit.il  Ir  iskmd. 

.\notlier  te-tiniotiy  retn.iins  on  ri  1  ord  In  manii'iiipt 
of  line  .\breii  (iaiitiilo  ,  but  wheiliei  liken  at  this  linie 
di  IS  not  ,ip()e.ir.  It  v.. is  that  1  I  ,1  Iri  m  h  adviiitiirer, 
who,  III, my  years  before,  m.ikiiii,'  ,1  V'iy,ii;e  amopt;  the 
Cmaries,  w.is  overi.ikiii  by  a  \  iolenl  sinrin  whii  h  ear- 
ried  aw.iy  his  m.isls.  .\t  len^ih  lie  furious  winds 
dr  iVf  him  to  the  shores  of  an  iiiikiinw  11  is|,md  roMred 
with  si. ilely  trees.  Here  l;e  kmde.l  with  |i,iit  of  his 
iTew,  and  I  hoositi;{  a  tree  proper  fi-r  ,1  ni.ist,  1  ut  it 
down,  iind  bi'L'aii  to  sh.ipi!  it  for  his  purpose.  'I  he 
i;ii,ii  li.iii  ])i,Mer  of  the  isl.ind.  however,  reseiiti  d  .is 
iisti.il  this  invasion  of  his  fnrbi'llin  shores.  The 
lie.ivens  assumed  a  d.irk  and  ihre.ileiiiM;^  asjiei  I  ;  the 
nii;lit  W.IS  appro. iiliinu',  and  lli,'  ni.irlneis.  le.irini; 
sDine  impemiiiiK  I'vil,  ;d  ,indoni 
turni  d  on    |jo,ird.      Thev    wi  re 

fioiii  the  eo.ist,  and  li.e  iii'St  d.iv  arrived  at  the  isl.md 
if  l',iliii,i.' 

The  mass  ,,f  testimony  rollertid  ly  '  lVn  i:il  authority 
in  I7"ii  seemed  so  s.ilisf.irtiiry  th.  t  .mother  fxpc- 
dilion  was  lilted  out  in  the  s.inie  le.ir  in  the  ishinil  ol 


I   their  kibor  and  ri- 
iirne   awav    as   usual 


I'.dm.L      It  WIS   I 


inim.iiiilei! 


IV    I'er'i.iiido   lie   X'illa- 


I.  cap.  I.    V'icra  Mist.  Isl.  Can. 


bolos,  renidor  of  the  isl.nid,  but  w.is  eipially  fiuitless 
with  the  prei  edin;;.  St.  Moloiidon  seeini  d  disposed 
oiilv  to  t.intali/e  the  world  with  ilisl.iiit  and  strino 
i;linipses  of  his  ide.il  p.ir.idise,  or  to  icveal  it  amid 
storm:,  to  II  inpest-Iossed  m.iiiners.  but  to  hide  it  1  om- 
pli  ti'ly  from  th'-  vuw  of  ,ill  who  ililiKenlly  sought  it. 
Sill!  the  pi.iph-  of  i',ilir,.i  alherei!  to  their  favorite 
1  himer.i.  Thirty  ■  four  years  alterward,  in  I'l?, 
they  sent  another  ship  on  ihe  i]uest,  i  ommanili  d  ly 
(iispar  I'l  re/  de  .Aeosta,  an  an  1  iiiplished  pilot,  ai - 
lomp.inied  by  the  p.idre  I.orer./o  i'incdo,  a  h'  ly 
I'r.iiuise.in  fri.ir,  skilled  in  n.ilur.il  siienre.  St.  llo- 
rondon,  however,  relused  lo  reveal  his  Iskmd  tn  either 
tnriik  or  m.iriner,  .Mlir  eruisiiit;  about  in  every  lii- 
rei  lion,  sounding;,  observim;  Ihe  skies,  the  elouds,  tl  e 
winds,  evervthini;  ill, it  could  liiinish  iudirations,  ihiv 
returned  without  h.iviiii;  seen  .invthini;  to  authorize  ,1 
hope, 

I'pw.ird  of  a  lentury  now  ikipsi  d  without  any  new 
attempt  to  seek  this  f.i  ry  isLmd.  Kvery  now  and  then. 
It  is  true,  the  publie  mind  was  a;.;it.:led  by  fresh  ri - 
poits  of  ''is  h.ivini;  been  seen.  Lemons  and  other 
Iruits,  and  the  i;reen  br.inrhes  of  trees  whiiti  lloalcd 
to  the  shores  ol  I'lomer.i  and  Ferro,  were  pronouiueil 
to  be  fioiii  the  em  hanted  proves  of  .St.  Moronilon.  At 
leni;th,  In  1 72 1,  the  publie  inf.ituation  a,i,;ain  rose  to 
such  i  heii.;ht  that  a  oiurth  expedilii  n  was  sent,  com- 
maiiiled  by  I)on  daspar  I)omiiit;ue/.  a  man  of  probily 
•  mil  talent.  .Xs  this  was  .111  expedition  of  solemn  ;'nd 
mysterious  import,  he  luid  two  holy  fri.irs  as  .ipostol- 
lc,il  I  h.iplains.  'i'hey  made  sail  from  the  iskmd  if 
Teneiifle  toward  the  end  of  Oi  tuber,  U.ivinj;  the  pop- 
ul.iie  in  an  indescribable  state  of  anxious  curiosity 
inii.gled    wiih  supcrsliiion.     The    ship,  however,   le- 


*  Nuriez,  Conquistale  Gran  Canaria,     Vicra,  Hist.,  etc. 


•I:i 


:;  ::i  -.1 


•li 


i 


AIMM'NDIX. 


I 


?i' 


ii.rnca  (row  it*  rruine  n%  unMicreMful  an  all  il*  pf''"^'-  ' 

We  h.ivo  no  .iKuuiit  c'l  aiiv  fxpnlitmn  lirini;  »inio 
un.liTi.ikcn,  iImuhH  iIk-  i>1.im.I  Mill  M.miiuuMi  to  U-  .» 
siiliii'il  "I  "I"''  iil.ili"".  -i"'  "•••••'-ii'ii.illv  to  rrviMl  ilH 
mIm.Iowv  mMiiMl.iiiis  1.1  llio  «•>■(•»  .il  l.i\  nrr.l  iii.lu  hiii.iN, 
In  ,1  li'ttir  wiiiiiri  Imin  tin-  inLmd  nl  (Mtmor.i,  i:«'), 
l.v  .1  rr.imiv  m  nmiik.  I-kmu-  <>i  liKlticn.K.  In-  ttl.ins 

lliivmu  Sli'll  II   U.<\\\  lllf   Vlil.lKl-  <il  Al.lMTn.ilsIX  in  till- 

MM.inini;  "i  tlw  tlur.l  ol  M.iy.  ll  .ipptMri-J  I"  .  onMst 
Ml  ti\>>  I'idv  iinniiiiiiiw,  with  .«  'Iffji  v.illi'v  lifUviTii  , 
ami  cin  lontiMiipl.iiin^  il  wlili  .i  ti'U->-">|)c,  itic  v.illi'V 
or  r.ivini' .ii>|'iMri'.l  til  1.0  iilU- 1  with  trrcv  He  Mini- 
inoiic'l  till-  <ur.ii<'  Anioiiio  Jiisi'|)h  M.iiiriijiir,  .iii'l  \\\>- 
w.ir.l  oi   tort)    iiilur  piTMoiix,  .ill  ot  wIumii   ui-luM  ii 

|il.iinlv.* 

Nor  is  iliis  inlm.!  ileline.iUMl  im-rrly  in  .mrniit  ni.ii'S 
of  (lie  lime  oi  I  oUiniliu-*.  It  is  l.ml  'lown  as  one  m 
tlu-C.iii.irv  M  in  Is  in  .i  l-'ri'ivh  ni.ip  pulilislii'il  in  IT'U  . 
,in  1  Mons.  (i.iiilHr,  m  a  yf  ).;r.iphiral  rliarl,  aiiniM'l 
to  h  s  Dlwcrv.ili'Mis  on  Natural  llistorv,  piil  ii^llfl  in 
I-:;,  plai-i's  il  Tui- ili'uri'cs  t'l  till' wi'st  ol  tll<'  islaii'l  ".I 
l.rro,  in  tin-  J'jtii  ilc«,  of  N.  lat  iiulc.l 

Smli  .irL-  111  •  ptiii.  ip.il  laits  i-xistiny  rclalivr  lo  tlu' 
islan  I  ol  St.  Mraii.l  111.  h>  mmIu..  wa>  lor  a  Iomk  lunr 
a  inatti-r  of  I'lrin  Iji'litf.  h  was  in  vain  lli.it  ripiMli'il 
V  iv.iK''s  aii'l  invrstijfallon-i  provc^l  its  noii-i-Ni>unu-  . 
till'  piililic,  alter  IrviiiK  a!l  kinds  of  sopliisiry,  tool. 
rclii:;L-  in  lln'  MiiK-rnaliira!,  to  ilcfcnd  llu-ir  favorite 
cliiiniTa.  Tli'v  iii.iinl.iiiii;(l  th.it  it  was  rcmli  red  in- 
ai  (-cssilili-  to  mortals  by  Divine  I'rovidriK  f,  or  hv 
di.iliolii-.il  ni.iui'  Most  nil  liiu'd  to  the  torniiT.  AH 
km  Is  of  fxir.iva^.int  f  iif  ii-s  were  indul^fil  i nncrnini; 
it.{  so!iU'  r.oiiloiin  Ifcl  it  with  the  f.ililo  I  isUn  I  of  ihi; 
Sewn  Cities  situ.ited  s  uiU'whcrc  in  thi-  hosoni  of  llu' 
oiMii.  wlicrc  in  old  tiinus  si-vi-n  liishops  atul  their  to'- 
1  iwcrs  had  taken  rffiii;i!  Iiont  the  Moors.  Soiiii'  of 
tae  l'ottiii;iH"- ■  ini.ii'ineil  it  to  he  the  ahode  oi  tin  ir 
lost  Kiiii;  S  ■ii.isli  111.  I'he  Sp.mi.irds  prefn  ll  d  that 
l<  I  h-rii  k.  till'  l.isioi  thi'ir  ( lothie  kin^;s,  h.nl  lliil  thither 
Iroin  tiie  Moor^  itter  the  dis.isirons  hatlle  of  the  liii.i- 
d.ilete.  I  Ithi'i's  siinnesled  that  it  niiyht  he  the  se.it  of 
the  terr<'slrial  p.ir.idisr',  the  place  where  |-".iioi  h  .ind 
l.lijih  rem  lined  in  a  state  of  Wlessedness  until  the 
nnal  day  ,  .tn  I  lh.it  it  w.is  madi-  at  times  app.neiit  to 
111"  eyes,  hiii  invisible  to  the  seanh  of  niort.ils. 
I'oetry,  it  is  siM,  has  owtd  to  this  popular  lieliel  one 
of  Its  liiMiitifiil  I'ntions,  and  the  n.inlen  of  .\niii  i.i. 
where  KiiiaM  ■  w  is  detained  cni  haiittd,  an  1  wlip  h 
T.isso  |>l.i(es  ill  one  of  the  C'an.irv  Islands,  li.is  liceii 
identihe  I  with  the  ini.iKin.iry  St.  Horoinlon.^ 

The  learned  f.ither  l-'eyjoo,  has  yiveii  .i  philoso|ih- 
ii'.il  Solution  to  '.his  v,'"oi;raphif.il  prolilcin.  I  le  am  ili- 
lites  all  these  ai)pe,ir  lines,  whirh  have  been  so  niiniei 
ous  and  S!)  Weil  .lutheiuie.ited  ;is  not  to  admit  ol 
doubt,  to  eertiin  atniospliei  ieal  deceptions,  liki'  th.it 
of  the  l'".ita  .\|ori;,in.i,  seen  at  times  in  the  str.iits  of 
Messiii.i,  where  the  i  ily  of  Ue^ijio  and  its  surroundiiik; 
country  is  relliTted  in  the  air  above  the  iieiKhboriMt.; 
sea  .  a  phpnomciion  whn  h  h.is  likewisi' been  witnessed 
in  front  of  the  1  ity  of  .M.irsi-illes.  As  to  the  tales  of 
the  ni.iriners  who  h.id  landed  on  these  forbidden 
shores,  .m.l  JM-eii  hurried  thence  in  whirlwinds  and 
tempests,  he  (oasi.lers  them  as  mere  f.ibrii  .ilions. 

.\s  the  popiil.i'-e,  however,  reluctantly  i;ive  up  .my- 
thini;  th.it  t)arl  ikes  of  the  marvellous  ,md  mysterious, 
and  as  the  s  inie  .itmospherical  phenomen.i,  whii  h 
first  n.ive  birth  to  the  illusion,  m.iy  still  continue,  it  is 
not  iniproli.il)li-  that  a  Ixdief  in  the  island  of  St.  I'.r.in- 
dan  m.iv  still  exist  anionic  the  ignorant  and  creiluloiis 
of  the  Can.iries,  ,-ind  lli.it  they  ,u  times  behold  its  f.iirv 
mountains  risini,'  above  the  distant  horizon  ef  the 
Atlantic. 


No.  XXVI. 

TIIK    ISI.AMi   Oi       nil,    ^^,VI.N   <  ITIF.s. 

Onk  of  the  popul.ir  traditions  coniernins;  the  ocean, 

■  \'icra.  I  list.  M,  Can.  loin.  i.  r.ip.  yi.      f  lb,,!.      :  Ibid, 
i  Vicra,  ubi  blip.        II   1  i.eatro  Cntico,  torn.  iv.  il,  x. 


which  were  nirrent  iliiriiiR  llip  time  o(  Coluir.';. 
that  of  the  Isl.ind  of  the  Seven  Cities      |nv..j,, 
in  an  .un  leiii  leKeinl,  lh.it  .it  the  tunc  ni  ihi  , 
ol  Sp.iiii  and  l'ottUk;al  hy  the  Moors,  ttliem' 
It. lilts  llid  111  eveiy  ilireition  to  esi  ,ipi.  (,  ,,  , 
seven  liisliop,,    lollnwed  liy  a  uriMi   mimi.cr  , 
people,  took  shipping  and  aliaiidoni'd  tiiiti..( 
their  f.ile.  on  the  hiyh  se.is,      .\ltc  t  tn'^M!l^  ,■ 
some  tune  they  l.iiideil  on  .m   uiikiioivn  ,..,. 
miilst    of    the    (lie. ill.      Ileie    the   hishe|ii.  |.|;i  . 
ships,  to  pievcni  the  di'sertion  of  their  tcKu.  . 
(ounded  seven   cities       \',iriiilis   pi!ii:«i  f|  p 
w.is  s.iid,  had  reached   th.lt  i  d.ilid   at  dillirr". 
but  h.id  never  reiiiined   to  jjive  any  iiif  irn;.,: 
>ernin<  it,  li.ivinn  lieiii  dit. lined,  aicunliin; 
ipient  ai  t  ouiils,  by   the  siii  i  essurs  nf  ijic  ;  , 
prevent    pnisuit.       ,\t    length,   ai '  orlirik;  I' 
report,  at  the  lime  tli.it  I'linie  Henry  of  P,  i;,. 
piosei  ittin>{    his   disi  overics,    several    «.  ai.e  . 
pirsenled  llii'msidv  fs  one  il.iy  liefore  liim,  .n 
th.it   they  li.i  I    just    reliitned    from  a  \ev..i;- 
louise   of   vvliiih    lliey   h.id   l.iiided  upr  n  '.h  ■ 
The  inh.ilet, lilts,  they  s.iid,  spoke  their  i.ii.-  . 
c.iriied     llnni     ininieili.ilely    to   ihunh.   ',  ■ 
whether  they   vveri"   Catholics,    and  vvi  tc  r, 
I'lndiiiK  tlieni  of  tin- true  l.iilh.   '1  hev  then  iii.i  ■    , 
iirpiirii's,  lo  know  vvlietlu  r   the    Moors  »,r,'.  rr  • 
possession  (ilSp.iiii  and  I'ortun.il.     Wli.l'  ;  it 
crew  were  at  cliun  11,  the   lesi  jj.itherul  s.iii : 
shore  tor  the  use  <d   the  kit' l.rn,   .iiil  :  i;i ' 
siirpiise  lli.it  one  third  of  it  vv.is  ^M.     II. i 
were  .in.Moiis  th.it  the  crew  should  reiii.nn  v. 
,1  f'-w  d.iys,   until  till-   return   of   their  kji  vcf 
W.IS   .ibsi  rit  ,  but    the    ni.iri.iers,    .ili.iid  <>:  .' 
t. lined,  enib.irkrd  .iiid  iii.ide  s,iil.     Siu  Ii  w  i» 
tlii'v  loM  to  I'rince   Henry,  liopinii  to  reoui  ; 
lor  their  iiitellii;ence.      '1  he  prime  expre>s".l   .■:'. 
lire  at  their    h.isiy    dep.irture    lioni   tin    isi  .- 
ordered  ihein  to  return  .iiid   procure  liitlluT 
lion  ;   liiit  the  men,  apprehensive,  lioiloiill. 
the    f.ilselioid  cd    their    t.ile    dis'ovired,   ii! 
escape,  .mil  nothing  more  w.is  hearil  of  ih' n 

This  story  h.id  nun  h  <  uricin  v.  The  U;.,- . 
Seven  Cities  w.is  ideiilil'n-d  with  the  isl.iii'l  :r,'.r;\ 
I  y  .\tistotle  as  h.ivinn  I'cen  discovered  l.v  ll;;- t'.lii: 
Kini.iiis,  and  w.is  put  iiovvn  in  the  i.iily  ii;.i  -...ir- 
thi-  time  of  Cidunibiis,  under  tin.'  n.iiiie  of  .\;-.,!.. 

.\t  the  time  of  the  disi-overy  of  New  S|i,i.r.  r^ 
were  brought  to  1 1  isp.wiiol,i  of  the  civili.'..'.:' 'i  : '-'« 
I  ountry  :  th.il  the  peopU.'  wore  i  lotliint;  .  ih.t'ht: 
houses  .md  temples  were  solid,  sp.ici.uis.  an  1  .'ita 
m.i^jnihcetit  .  andtli.it  crosses  were  occ.isiell.i.  i' ii-'- 
.unon^  them.  Juan  de  (Iriv.ilji.  beiiin  diM  ''•*"''"|  •' 
explore  the  co.ist  of  Yuc.il.m,  reported  that  i:  sii.r.; 
.iloiiK  it  he  beheld,  with  «re.il  wonder,  sta-ia: 
beaiitiiul  cililices  of  lime  .iiid  stone,_  and  iii.i:.i  .';: 
lowers  th.i'  shone  ,it  a  distance.^  For  atmvt'^e'; 
tr.idilion  <d  the  Seven  (■ities  was  revived,  .in .  i:...'; 
thought  th.it  they  were  to  be  found  lu  the  s.iineri.1 
of  New  Sp  tin. 


No     X\\II. 


IMsrovi.KY    <iK    111 


I.  isi  .\M'  or  m.\i>f;ka. 


TiiK  discovery  ot  .M.idrir.i  hv  M.icli.im  n-'-;'-'-' 
|i.illv  upon  the  authoriiv  of  l'"raiicisco  .Ai. al'M"'-' 
esipiire  ol  I'rince  Henry  of  l'ortui?al,  who  .■iiiipcw. 
an  ai  count  id  it  for  that  prince.  It  doesiii'i'iip'--'- 
h.ive  obt.iiiieil  much  l.iith  .imonK  rorliiniio^'  '"■]';' 
ans.  No  mention  is  made  of  it  in  M.irros  !'!"■'•■' 
ules  th<-  first  discovery  of  the  island  to  Jii.m  l>ona.(- 
and  Tristr.im  V.i/.  who  he  s.iid  descried  iljr'm  U- 
Santo,  resenibldiK  a  cbnul  on  the  hori/ m  t 

The  .ibbij  I'rovost,  however,  in  his  i;eiicr..l  I;;;. 


*  Ills!    dri  .\liiiir.ini'',  c.ip.  10.  Q.. 

*  I  oKiu.'in.id.i  .Moiianpii.i  Indiana,  lih.  '■••■*'•'  *,,  j,. 
i^rn  de  los  Indios  nor  l-'r.  lin'sono  ( i.uci.i,  l.l   •■  >•  <■■■ 

I  liarros,  .\bia,  decad.  i.  lib.  i.  tap.  j. 


jiti^hi''!  anchor .  the 


Ai'i'i:\i)ix. 


r,3 


■Kt*  vol.  '>,  M'rm!*  Inrtinrd  (o  givo  rrrdii  K.  ilic 
lii  .,f"  \l.,ilur.iilu.        •  It   w.i.t   .om|i..M-.l,'    hr 

„n   .    '   .>l  .1  ll""'  >*'"'"  ""■  '"'""i""  "'  ''"^  plllilli 
)u'lliacc<|"'<"'  ''"'   '''•""   •■'I'"""''' •  '""'    ""  '""■ 

,,m,,r'<M.i(r'l''''l'''"'  Alt.itcir.id «iviii«  ,in  I'X.ut 

,  ,  ,  I  i|,i»ivciil,   ^iiiirlii    w.i*  "(   111'*   miinhcf   (it 


|vov 

Kourt 


liiM'  vM  a>»i"''>l   •''    ""'    ■•'■'"""    "■-""•'■•;■  • '■• 

Hrnt'v      im.riiiiiu.l!v  wriucii,  w.in  ovm  li,ir«r.l  uiili 

f,jn,l,  ,i„|  initilislii'.l  in  I'.iriMii  1171.  I  li<-  I  ti'ii.  Ii 
ijn»Ui"t  h.i'l  nii>.ni  lird  ilic  luii.irnrius,  l,iit  m  rupii 
luMv  rcuin.- 1  I'lc  l.ii  IS.  '!  Ik-  M.iry.  Ip.wi-v.  r,  i-  <  lift- 
iht,iiM  ihc  i^l.i'i'l  "I  M'l'liir.i,  wliiTf  a  painliiin  m 
'  iuvr,r,i"iit)l  ili'<Hill  I')  tfvi-ii.  'I  he  /..Ilc.wm«  i-, 
Jeinirp'itlnMln'I'rrMi  ll  Ir.insl.ilioii  I  have  nut  Ikimi 
•lie  10  |iri>.  Ill''  itir  nrii{iM,il  nl  Air  ifor.iilif. 
lii.nii!  ihf  f'''i;'i  "I  l.'lw.ini  ilic '1  liinl  of  IjikI.hi'I, 

JtM.,ih.iiii,  li'll  Ml  Ji'VH   Aiili  a  yiiiiK   l-idy   i<(   ran- 
Itaiil^   of  III'' ii.iinc  ii(   Aiini;   Durstt.     SIk!   was   hi-- 

r  ..  1  ;,.! I  .. 


iniriiir  111  I'lrl'l.  •""'  "'  •'■  IT""''  -I'l''  •ili''l"<  I'lli'"  '•'•li- 
ly :  but  ilic  111.  lit  of  Ma>liaiii  uaiiu'il  him  llic  [iri'lcr- 
Sici.vrt  ill!  liiH  livals.  Till'  family  <i(  ilir  ymii^ 
Jv.  I'l  prcvriil  liiT  lll.ikiii^' an  infrriiir  ailiainr,  nl.- 
■ll  an  oili  |-    from    llio    kiiiK    to    have    Mai  liatii 


« 


IlitU'ii  an    '"'HI     11" V     "'"N    * ' »-     

im>lil  ,111  I  '  iiiliiif't,  imlil  liy  arliitr.iiy  means  liny 
jlarnc'i!  In*  ;iiislri'--s  In  a  man  nf  i|iMlily.  As  somi  as 
the  iMlptiai'-  IV  ire  cilrlir.lli'il,  llie  iioliliMiiail  loiiilurlcl 
Ili.sLo.iiiiili'l  anil  .illlii  ii'il  liriilf  to  hiH  scat  near  Hiis 
|ol.  Ml  liaiiMVa- iinv  risic  ti'il  III  ijlicrty.  Iiulinnaii'. 
J".  i:ie  wiiiii>;'*  Ih'  lii'l  Mil'lrrt'il,  ami  i  i-rlain  nf  iIh' 
iBniii'iin  ('(  Ills  iiiistn'ss,  he  pri'vaiU'il  ii|i(iii  s"Vi'r,il 
(r:t')  Is  111  aJM'-t  linn  in  a  |ir(iji'ii  fur  the  utatilii  .ilimi 
olhulmrit  1  his  revenue.  They  fnllnwcil  hard  nn 
Ihe  lr;itcsii(  lie  lUMV-ni.irried  CLiijile  I'l  Hrisiol.  I  ine  nl 
the  iri'.'ii'ls  iilit. tilled  .III  intriidui  iioii  inio  ilu-  family  nf 

IIIk' 11 'lilellLlil  III  ijll  ililV  111  II  Krniiin.  lie  liinild  the 
y(Ji.,l^  hriiU' lull  111  teiidir  rci  (illeclioiis  of  her  li)\er, 
;,ini  ■:!  ilisliki"  III  tlie  luisli.iiid  thus  fnned  iiimii  her, 
Tlirii;i^!i  llie  tinMiis  nl  this  friend,  M.ieham  h.id  •■r\- 
tr.ii  O'liiiriiiiiii  ■.iliniis  wiih  her.  and  eoni-erted  me. ins 
for  li.iir  csiMiie  In  I'l.iiu  e,  when'  they  iiiinht  eiijny 
tht.r  iiiu'.li.il  I'lvc  iiiiinnlested. 

Wlii'il  III!  lliiiit;s  were  prep.ired,  ihe  yiuiiij  l.idy  rmle 

oul  niii;  li.iy,  .iiiiiinp.mied  only  by  the  rictilnuis  uroniii, 

till!  r  prileiii  e  (if  tikmn   iju;   air.       No  somier    were 

the.  iiul  (if  si^iil  111  llie  hnuso  tli.i'i  tney  ^;.dlii|ied  In  an 

JpimiUcl  pl.i< '■  "II  llie  slmre  of  the  eli.innel,  where  .1 

bo.u  aw  litcil  llieiii.     '1  hey  were  eonveyed  on  hoard  .1 

VomI,  wliii  h  i  iv  with  aiii  Imr  a  lri|i  ami  s.iils  iiiiliii  led, 

tcily  t.i  pill  I'l  sea.     Here  the  lovers  were  om  e  nmre 

liii:;^i!,      re.irful   of   piitsiiil,    the    ship   immediately 

»i  ,;hi'.|  .iiu'lmr  ,  they  m.ide  their  way   r.ipidly  aIniiK 

Blhe  iii.ist  nf  t.'iMinv.ill,  and    M.iehani    antiripated    the 

Iriunipli  nf  siMill  l.iiviiiii;  wilh  his  lie.inlifiil  prize  on  the 

pih(iri-i  (if  (jay  ,111.1  jj.illan'.  rr.ime.      rnfoitun.itely   an 

ail'Tscaii  I  St  iriiiv  wind  arose  in  the  ninlit  ;  at  il.iv- 

bl' v,»  ll;ry  fiuiiul  lliclUsel ves  nut  of  si^llt  of  laild.       Tlie 

ro.riiuis  weieii;ii(,r.ini;i|i,l  inesperieined  ;   they  knew 

H'  hiiii;(i|  the  n.inpass,  .iml  it  w.is  a  time   when  men 

iTTf  uii.inustiimi  d  to  ir.iverse   the   liiK'h   seas.      1' ir 

tii-i'TM  li.ivs  die  lovers  were  diiveii  aliout   on    .1  tein- 

p'^~;  ."IH  iiie.iii,  ,it  Ihe  men  y  o'  wind  and  wave.      The 

11.  live  hride  vv.is  (iiled  with'  ti'rror  and   remorse,  and 

II  N". I  a|„,ii  this  uproar  <  f  die  elenK-nls  as  the  am;er 

I' dwven  dirnicij  .lu.iinsi  her.      All  the  elTortsnf  her 

I'',  r  touM  iml  remove  from  her  mind  a  dismal  pre- 

S'U  !  of  siiiiie  a;ipr(i.i.  hinn  lal.isliophe, 

;     -a;  Icniitli  the  lempesi  suiisided.      I  )n  the  fniirteenlh 

jwy.  at,|,,ivn.  the  mariners  perceived  wh.il   appe.ired 

I  jo  I'  ll  tuft  (if  Wood  risinn  nut  of  the  sea.     Thev  inv- 

[  lu„v  su'cred  (orii.suppo:  initit  tohean  island.    'Thev 

t  Wcrci.ii  mist.ik,.,,       ,\s  ii„,y  drew    near,    the    rising' 

|!li:i5lmiicu|iuii  noble  forests,  the  trees  of  whieh  were 

;Oi^n:ii<l  uiikM.nvn   to   them.      Tli^hls   of   birds  also 

'  caini  iMveraii;  .ilimit  the  ship,  and   perrhed  upon    the 

y-iMs  am!  rii;;;iM;;.  wiihniil  anv   si^ns   of   fe.ir.      The 

D'litwi.iispiii  (in  shore   10  reeimnoitre.  and   soon  re- 

"""Iwiihs'.M,  .i,(„i,„ts„f  the  beauty  of  the  eoim- 

'!■'■■  uul  .M.iohain  (lelerinined   to   t.ike   his   dr()opini» 

\  COm'„iiuu:i  10  llie  Lmd,  in  hopes  her  health  and  siiirits 


!   mii{ht  liy  restored  by  refrrsliment  and  repose.      They 

I   were  mp.iiiieil  nil  slmie  by  the  laitliliil  friends  who 

h.id  .issnii  d  III  their  Ib^lil,     T  he  iiiiirincrn  rcniulncil 
on  bo.ird  10  ktnard  the  ship. 

The  (oiintry  w.is  indeed  deliKhlflil.  The  forestH 
Wire  si.itelv  and  niakiniiii  eiii  ,  ihei  •  wire  irecn  l.iden 
with  e\irlletit  Iriiiis.  others  With  arom.itie  flowers  ; 
the  w. Iters  W(  re  rnni  .ind  limpid,  ihe  sky  W.is  ftereiU', 
.iiid  lluie  W.IS  .1  b.iliii>  >-wi'eiiiess  in  (he  .lir,  'I  he  aiii- 
111. lis  ihev  nut  with  slmwed  no  si^iis  of  id.irin  nr 
fimdiv,  (mm  whii  h  llii'y  rom  Inded  that  the  i.sl.md 
w .is  iininh.ibned,  ( lit  pi  iuti.iliii«  a  lillle  disiam  e  ihey 
Iniind  ,1  sjiellered  llieailnv,  the  i;ireri  bnsoin  nf  wliii  h 
w.is  bordiT-'d  by  l.iiirids  and  relristnil  by  .1  mount. lin 
111  link  wliii  ll  r.iii  sj'.irklinn  iver  pehbles.  In  the  1  <n- 
ire  w,is  ,1  niaiesiii  tri't.  the  wide  lir.inihe';  of  which 
.ilfoided  sli.ide  from  the  rays  of  (lie  sun.  Here 
M.ii  h.iiii  li.id  bowers  loiisiruiteil  and  ilelermincd  to 
p.isH  .1  few  d.iys,  hnpim,'  lh.it  the  swec  lliess  nf  the 
(iiiintryand  the  sereii'-  Ir.ini|iiillily  ol  ihis  delmhlfid 
solitude  wmil  1  reifiiit  the  drnopini;  he.dlh.ind  spirits 
nf  liisi  ninp  inimi,  1  hieeda\  s,  howeu  r,  h.id  sianely 
p.issed  whi'ii  a  vinlent  storiii  arose  frnni  the  north- 
I  .(s|,  ,iiid  riije  I  all  ni>;ht  o\  cr  the  island  (  )i;  the  sue 
(('(din^  ninrnin^'  .M,iih.iin  rep.iiri  d  in  the  se.islde,  but 
nntliiiin  nl  his  ship  w,is  In  be  seiii,  and  he  I  niRllided 
th.it  It  h.id  blundered  in  the  lempesi. 

Cnnsiern.itinn  ft  11  iipnn  the  bllle  I  and,  thus  left  in 
.III  iininh.ibited  isl.md  in  the  niidsl  nl  the  oci  .iii.  The 
blow  tidl  most  severely  nn  the  liniid  and  repentant 
bride.  She  reprn.n  lied  herself  willi  I  i  im;  the  cause 
of  all  their  inislormnes,  .md,  Irom  llie  lirst,  had  been 
h. Hinted  by  dism.il  forel)iilini;s.  She  iinw  (  niisidercd 
them  .iliiiui  In  be  accomplished,  .ind  her  horror  w.is  so 
^reit  as  in  deprive  her  of  speei  li  ;  she  e.xpircil  in 
three  d,ivs  wilhout  litlerini;  a  word, 

M,i(  liim  w,is  struck  with  despair  at  beholding  the 
irinH  .ll  en  1  of  this  lender  ami  be.ililifiil  beinj;.  He 
iiplir,iided  himself,  in  the  ir.inspnris  if  his  j;iief,  with 
'eiiim;  her  trnni  her  hniiie,  her  country,  .md  her 
friends,  topeiish  upon  a  sav.iee  coast.  Ad  llie  el'fnrls 
nf  his  ( omp.iiiinns  to  cnnsnle  him  wire  in  vain.  He 
died  within  live  days,  brnken  l.e,irteil  ;  lieyi;iri^;.  as  a 
l.isi  re(|iiest.  th.it  Ins  bndy  miKlit  be  inleired  beside 
th.it  nf  his  mislress,  at  the  Inot  of  .1  rustic  alt.ir  whiih 
tliey  h.id  erei  ttd  under  the  k'ti"'*'  Ifc.  They  set  u|i  a 
l.ir),;e  wooden  1  ress  on  the  spot,  on  which  w.is  |i!aced 
an  iiisi  riptinii  written  by  M.uhain  himself,  rel.iliiii»  in 
,1  few  words  his  jiitenus  ailventiire,  aiei  pr.iyinj;  anv 
(hi  isti.iiis  who  niii;ht  arrivt-  there,  in  biiiliV  a  (liapel 
ill  Ihe  pi. ice  de.licited  In   jesus  the  .S.ivinlir. 

.\fler  ihe  death  nf  iheir  i  (immaiider.  his  folh  weis 
ciiiisiilted  about  means  10  ex  .ipe  fmin  the  island. 
'Ihe  ship's  bo.il  rem.iined  nn  the  shore.  They  re- 
p.iired  it  and  put  it  in  a  state  to  be.ir  a  vov.ijje.  and 
then  m.ide  s.iil,  intendint,'  in  reliirn  in  l^nyl.mj.  l^;no- 
t.int  (if  their  sitilatinil,  and  cariied  .iliniit  by  Ihe  winds, 
thev  were  (.1st  upon  the  (d.isl  ol  Mm 

bi.it  beiiii;  shalter'.'d    upon  the   rm  k 

lured  liv  the  M.inrs  and  thrown  into  prison 
thev  underslnn.l  tli.it  their  ship  h.i  ' 


111  n,  where,  their 
ihev   were  cap- 
Here 
shared    the   same 


111.     *     ll  11.  i»-  I  .-.l'  "  ..  t       llt.lV      I, 1^1,        ,-.,,. I'      ......     .-...»,^>*        %••* 

f.iie,  li.ivinv;  been  driven  from  her  anchorage  in  the 
letnpest,  and  c.irried  in  the  s.imi?  inhospitable  coast, 
where  .ill  her  i  rew  were  miide  piisniiers. 

'I  111!  prisons  of  Morocco  were  in  those  days  filled 
with  (.iptives  of  all  nations,  t.ikeii  I'V  their  1  misers. 
Here  the  l".ni;lish  prisoners  met  wilh  an  espericnccd 
pilnt,  a  Spam.ird  of  Seville,  ii.imed  ju.in  dc  .Morales, 
lie  listened  to  their  story  wilh  nre.it  interest;  in- 
(|iiired  into  the  situation  and  (les(  riptinii  of  the  island 
they  h.id  discnvered  ;  and,  siilise(|iiently,  on  his  rc- 
dempiirm  frnm  prison,  communii  ated  the  cirtum- 
sl.inces,  it  is  s.iid.  to  I'rince   Henrv  of  Portu^.d. 

There  is  .1  dilliculty  in  the  above  narrative  of  Alra- 
for.ido  in  reconciling  dates.  The  voyage  is  s.iid  to 
h.ive  l.iki  n  pl.ice  diirini;  the  reikjn  of  Kdward  111  , 
wliiih  commenced  in  1327  and  ended  in  137s. 
Mniales,  to  whom  the  I'nulish  communic.ited  their 
voyaije,  is  said  to  have  been  in  the  service  of  the 
Portiifjuese,  in  the  second  disc,)very  of  .Madeira,  in 
i.fir  .uul  1.120,     liven  if  the  voyage  .md  iniprisuntiienJ 


I  ! 


Tl 


M 


m 


J  n 


•Kf 


■•;! 


ji,d  . 
:;ri 


S'        *i: 


I': 


iii'n! 


II 


•■' ;' 


I.  V 


•rA 


AriM'NDIX. 


iKi.l  takei,  ,      -0   in  the  List  yrar  of    kini;  F-ilwanl  s 
roiun.  this  lc-,.vfs  ;i  sp.uv  of  Itirly  ve.irs. 

ll.ickliiyuivis  :iii.u-co.,iU  <'tthc  s.iiuf  voyai,'!-,  lakpu 
fnini  AnUMiH.  (iaKam..  lie  varies  in  certam  paUie- 
ul  irs  It  fiai'P'iieil.  he  savs,  in  tliL-  year  l.m.  ">  H'e 
lime  of  I'ettr  IV.  of  Arauon.  Ma.ham  cast  .■•■..lu.r  in 
a  liav  since  ralleil  after  lu.'i  Mactiio. 

The  laiiv  beiim  ill.  he  tool  lier  on  shore,  a.coni- 
nuiieil  liy'soi,i-of  his  friends,  and  the  ships  s.iilc.l 
without  theiii.  Aitei  the  dvM'A  of  the  .uly,  Marhain 
made  ,t  c.iiioe  out  of  ,i  tree,  and  ventured  to  sea  in  it 
with  his  co'iipanions.  Ihev  were  e.ist  upon  the  .o.ist 
of  Africa,  where  the  Moors,  eonsiderin.i;  it  .i  kind  oi 
mir.icle,  .  .irried  him  to  the  kinn  of  their  country,  who 
sent  him  to  the  Kiin;  of  C.istile.  In  conse,)uence  ol 
the  traditional  accounts  reniainin.i;  of  this  voy-i^e. 
Ilenrv  II.  ol  C.istile  sent  people,  in  i.V)5.  l"^'  H'llis- 
ciiver  the  isl.iiui. 


No.   X.WIII. 
I. AS   r\';  \s. 

lURlll-il  oMi  \v  I.\>  C\>\s,  Hisliop  of  Chiapa.  so 
often  cited  in  all  histories  of  the  New  World.  w.i>  born 
at  .Seville  in  1474,  and  w.is  ol  Kren-h  extracti'Mi.  The 
family  name  w,is  C.is;,us.  The  lirsl  of  the  n.ime  wlio 
appeared  in  Sp.iin  served  under  the  stand. ird  of  Fer- 
liiiian  1  111.,  surname!  the  S.iiiU,  in  hi>  w.irs  with  the 
Moors  of  .Aihi.iUisia.  lie  was  .it  the  taking  of  .S(_-vilIe 
from  the  Mo(ir>.  when  lie  w.is  rewarded  by  llie  kini;. 
and  re'-eived  p-.-rniissi.in  to  csl.iblish  hin'--el!  there. 
His  descen  l.inls  enj.iyed  the  prcroi^.i'ives  ot  nobility, 
and  suppressed  the  letter /(  in  their  n.ime,  to  accoiii- 
mod.ite  1!  to  lie  .Sp.misll  loiii^uc. 

.\ntoiiio,  the  father  of  H.irtll'domew.  went  to  jlis- 
p.iniola  with  Coluniiuis  in  1403,  ,ind  lelurne  I  lich  in 
S -ville  in  I  l')-^.'-'  It  h.is  been  st.ited  by  i"ie  o!  the 
bio^raphiMS  of  15  irtholomew  Las  Cas.is,  tn.it  he  ac- 
coinp.inied  Coiiim.nis  in  his  third  vovat;e  in  M'r,  and 
returned  witli  him  in  l^oo.f  Th.is,  however,  is  incor- 
rect, lie  wis.  duriiii;  that  lime,  comp.fiimj  his  edii- 
1  atio:i  at  S  il.un,i:ic.i,  where  he  was  insirucied  in 
I,  itiii.  di.ik'ciirs,  loi^ic,  mel.iphysii  s,  i-thi  s,  and 
ph\sics.  after  i!ie  siip[i.>scl  method  and  •-y^t  m  ct 
.Xrlslolle.  U'liil-'  .it  tliJ  university,  he  hid.  .!■•  a  scrv 
.int,  an  Itiil..iii  sl.ive.  i;iven  him  by  his  f.ither.  wIm 
luid  received  h::n  from  Coliir.ibus.  When  Is.il.i-lj.i.  in 
her  traiis^inrt  o;  viituous  in  liquation,  orilered  l!ie  In- 
dian sl.ivcs  til  be  siiil  back  to  their  countrv.  ihis  one 
W.IS  l.ikeii  from  Lis  C  is  is.  'liie  youn.;  m.in  w.is 
.iroused  by  the  circumsl.mce.  .uid.  i>n  cdusideriiiK  tlie 
n  uure  of  ihe  case,  becinie  inllamed  with  a  ze.il  in 
l.ivor  of  tlie  mill  ippy  Indi.ins,  whii  h  ne\er  cnulel 
throutjlioui  .1  1:111.;  and  active  lite.  It  w.is  escited  to 
lentoM  fi-rvor,  wiien.  al  abnul  the  ai;c  <if  twenty-ei;;lu 
years,  heac,  ump.iiiied  the  romii;ander  <  )v.indo  to  ILs- 
paniida  in  ifnj,  .iiid  was  an  eye  witness  to  m.mv  <pf 
the  cruel  scenes  which  tonk  pl.ice  under  his  adminis- 
iration.  '1  he  wlioie  of  his  future  life,  a  sp.n-o  excci'd- 
in.,'  si,\ly  years,  v.-. is  !i>vote  I  to  vindic.nii-.y  ihe  c.iusc 
anil  cnde.ivorltii;  to  m-.dior.ite  the  suffLMinns  of  the 
native^.  .\s  ,1  missiiinary,  he  ir.ivcrscil  the  wdrler- 
ness  o!  tlie  .N'ew  World  in  c.irious  directions,  scckinjj 
to  convert  and  civilize  them  :  as  a  proti'clor  and 
ch.ampinu,  he  m.ide  several  voy.ii,'es  lo  Spain,  vindi- 
c.ited  their  wrongs  Iiefore  courts  an, I  monarchs,  wrote 
vo.umrs  in  their  behalf,  and  exhibited  a  zeal  am!  con- 
st iivy  an  I  intrepidity  worthyof  an  apostle.  He  died 
at  the  adv.iuced  ai;e  of  iiinetv  two  vears,  rnd  was 
luiried  at  M.idrid,  in  theihurchof  the  Dominican  cun- 
vcnt  of  AiM,h,i,  III  which  fraternity  he  was  a  member. 

.■\aenipts  h.ive  \wvn  m.ule  to  deciv  tlie  consistency, 
and  (luestiiMi  the  real  iihiLinthnipv  <If  L,is  Cisas,  ii'i 
conseipiencc  i.f  <,iic  of  the  expedients  to  whii  h  lie  re- 
sorted to  relieve  tlic  Indians   from  the  cruel    boiid.ige 

*  Navnrp'i.-.  ( 'olcr.  \'i.ip.  torn,  i,  Intnid.  ]i.  Ixx 

+  '1.   .\.   Llureme  CLuvn-:.  de  L^ij,  C.isas,   p    xi    I'.uis 

l8i2. 


imposed  upon  them.      This  occurrtd  uii;i 
.irr;ved  in  Sp.iin,  on   one   of   his  niis.s-.i.iK.  \,y 
mcisiires  in   their   f.ivor   from   the  ^;nviTn:nrr' 
his  .irnv.il  in  Sp.iiii,  he  found  C.irdiii.il  Xi'ii.'nfs     I 
h  id  been  left  rei;ent  <ui  the  de.ith  ol  Kni;  Ic-Jja 
too  ill  lo  .ittend  10  his  alf.iiis.      1  le  n  (mmo,!  ;'iric„,| 
to  Will.idolid,   where    he   aw.iitc.j   the  idnir 
new  111011. irch  Charles,  .Archduke  of  .\i;>tri.i.,,:;fi-. 
the  I'.inperor  Ch.irles  V.      He   h.id  slrmii;  cpp,^,,;! 
to   enciuinter   in   v.irioiis   persmis  lm;h  111  „'..i|;(f|r 
who.  holding  estates  and   rep.irtuiiei.i'is  m  :iit,5. 1 
nies.  were  interestcil  in    the   shivery  01  the  Irti-,  I 
.\nionu;  these,   and   not   the  le.ist  anini.iU'.;,  itj". 
liislvp     I'dfiseci,     President    ol    tlic  CoLr.r.;  c;  ■'■  I 
Indies. 

.\t  length  the  youthful  sovereign  airivrt!.  acpf^j... I 
nied  by  v.irious  Kleminys  of  hisKuirt,  iiiirlrulu  . 
ijr.ind  idiancell'ir.  Do  tor  lu.in  de  Selv.inie,  ,1  .tj*.' 
.ml  uprikjht  m.in,  whom  he  consulted  ..n  ,i'l  aik,-, 
.idinini-tr.ition  ;ind  iustice.      L.is  Cas;>  si.i!;  :«;-. 
intim.ite  with  the   chancellor,    .uid  st'ind  Jr^fc  j,,  ; 
esteem  ;  but  so  much  opposit;cin  aros;'  on  cvcni 
lh.it  he  founil  his  v.irious  propiisitjniis  f.ir  iht  ii-;, 
the  n.itives  but   Idtle   allended  to.      In  his  iloi;!/ 
.mxiety  he  hid  now  recourse  loan  e\;.t'..irnt  »?:■ 
considered   as   justified   by   tl;e  i  in  uia'-i.in.'.>  c' ■■ 
CISC  *     The  ch.incellor  S(dv.i>;io  and  .  ilicr  r™-,- 


"1 


w!io   li.id   accomp.inieii   llic   youlhiiil   -ovcri'ivT,  ■., 
obtained  from  him,  before  quitliii;;  IdaiiiU'i'.  ..cft;". 
to  import  slaves  from  .Nfrica  to  the  ci.l.nic. .  :.~.'..^ 
lire  whii^h  h.id   recently  in    151b  bccri  prcilu;,;?^; ... 
decree  of  Cardin.il  Ximenes   wdule  .c  tini;  .is  tftr: 
The  rli.mcellor,  who  w.is  a  lium.'i'.e  man,  trfcr.;  . 
it  to    his  ronsriem  e  by  a    popui.ir  opniicii  !,J! 
nei;ro  could  perfortr    without  d.iriiiunt  In  li>'>,t.. 
the  l.ibdf  of  several  Indi.ms,  a.  d  thai  dicrcS  f";,;. 
a  .i;re.it  s.ivini;  of  human   sulfermt;.     Sm  easy  v;  • 
interest  to  wr.i]>  itself  up  in   pi.ui^i!  'r  ,ir;jiiiiUn:     '■ 
nii.;ht,  inoieover,  have  thoUKht  the  wclf.irc  e'|-.A: 
cms  bi:t   littli'   affected   by   the  cr.iii>;e.    'Il  y  t 
accustomed  to  sl.ivcry  in  their  own  cii:;:Ui;.    '.■:.''.-• 
were  s.iid  tti  thrive  in  the   New   Wirld,     '  l';  V: 
cms,"  <dl^■••rves  Herrera.  "  pr-isperc  I  -iiiiii' 
isl, 111,1  of  llispaniol.i,  thai  it  w.is  ihe  .'piiii>>"iii!.>> 
nc^ro  should   happen  to  be   h  int'ed    Ic  w  ■,),'  r 
die  ;   for  as  yet  nom-  had  been   kiimvn  t  1  ;  ■  >3:' 
inlirmily.      Like  oraii.L;es,  they  foudl  :1a;.' i' 'it:' 
in  Ili-paniol.i,  and    it   seemed   cvrr   ;..  -lu  r. :;;:.:. 
tliem  than  their  n.itive  taiiiie.i."! 

La'- C.s.is  lindini;  all  other  me.uv   -.rifiV';:.!  ■ 
de.ivored  to  tuiii  these   interested  vuw-.  •  f    '  ■  t 
I  h mcellor  to  the  benefit  of  the  Indi.ms      lie ;:  ■  ■ 
thai  the  Sp.iniards,  resident  in  the  1  i.l.iiiic  ;:;,■ 
perinitud    to   procure   negroes   for  l!i;'   !.ii'"i 
firms  and  the   mines,  and   other  f-r\:-u-  t  >  <.  »*■ : 
were  above  the  strength  and    deslru'tive  el  '.lit 
of   the   n.itives.  J     He  cviclently  cu)--!.!.  C'l  l:'/ • 
.Nfiicansas  little   letter   than   mere  .laini.'-    ." 
.■icteillike   others,    on   an   arithiiuii' ..1  i.iia.  i'.' 
"liminishiiit;  human  nii'-'-ry,  by  subsi;li:;im;  ""■' 
man  for  three  or  four  of   fe«d)ler   n  i!i:!  ■.     1'" 
over,  esteeineij  the   Indi.ins  as  a  nobler  .111  i  :■«-■ 
telh  I  tu.il  race  of   beings,  and    their  pr'>servi',.'"i  ;:• 

'  welfare  of  iiif;her  impoit.mce  to  the  _i;ci»r..  in'tr-i 
of  hum.mity. 

It  is  this  expedient  of  Las  Casas  which  hi- ::"• 
down  severe  censure  upon  liismenioiv.  In  r  ■  "' 
I  harmed  with  j^ross  Inconsistencv.  .iiid  evii  ■■  ^  ■■-' 
int;  ori^;inale(i  this  inhtim.in  tr;iliic  in  die  N''«  V  ■: 

:  This  last  is  a  j^tievous  i  har^e  ;  liul  hislonciila'i-^s 
clales  remove  the  original  sin  from  hisiloi'r,  .u-i 
lh.it  the    pr.utice  existed    in    the   ( .M.n.i-.  ..i;- 

I  *  Herrera  charly  stales  this  .ts  ;im  .  \,;i'r|(i'ni  vC* 
when  olliers  filled.  "  h.iilolonie  de  i.i--  ' '  e'|-'  ^  '"'S 
Ml,,  eoneeplos  li.ill.ilian  en  tod. is  p.irteMliluiii!.''!.  ^ '''"^^'| 
opiiiioncs  (jue  leiiii,  \M>r  iniii  h.i  lain  iiarid.Ti  <1"'  '''^ 
■■eKiiido  I  tit.m  eri'dito  cnti  el  (jr. 111  I 'ainlhT,  iw  "' 
li.ilier  e(eeli).  if  7v/vi,i  ,1  I'ltt'i  cl/r.Ac'/.V.  .  ■'. .  • 

I   lib    ii    1  ap    a. 

♦  H-rrera,  Hist.  Ind..  lib.  ii.  de.wd.  111     ap. 

I       \   lliid  ,  (Icead.  ii.  lib.  ii.  cap.  jo. 


•OV! 


-Ur.. 


By 


if' 

Ov,. 

I,,,.' 


,il„,,r,:P,i  bv  royal  dc 

the  fiiicsli""' 
!  a'asas  iliil  1"'  « 
v,,\:il  onliiiann 
,.iniittcd  to  be 
,rn  ;ii""iii;  ^''" 
,,  il.iicd  I  ^'  *.  \ 
..  the  island  <'i 
.is  that  none  ni 


111' 
fcf' 

Ac 


,j,  the  Spanish 
ol  iiCKto  skiv 


:,l  111 


with  llic 


In 

V 

an; 

of 

or: 
V 

lo 


I,,.  t.ikenMtlii 

1,1  Lfiil  ui'-liii' 
;^htcoiilri!'',ite  i 

.)    Ki!!^    lei' 
Hn,.,,,|  weakness  ol 
'J,,.  ;  ,  lie  sent  from 
,,  he  ordered 
,,.,j  (roiiil'iiine^ 
,  taiuiiiii;  ill'''  '' 
.  :•  Iniliiii'^  ;s     I' 
,  rel.itive  1  '  111' 
..■M:<\  h-Ciise- 

,.   ((illMliiS.        It 

;,isus(,M\ehis  s., 
fyy<^\.  ai'.d  he  uainl. 
lhel|.,vdy  .Xfii 
jdlaiis,     It  W.IS  ad \i 
If  ■.line  re.isoiis,  by 
m.-.iai.ines  in  the 
Chs,.>  were  purely 
pr  :icous  notions  ol 
tv.,  .ii.itpied  ir.ii;ht 
ci.:;  iivuexistint;  .d 
p^ly  rcsnrtiiii;  lo  ll.e   ' 
'4al'-   "lis  11  niiv  be. 
;^uin  "c  by  some  oi 
■inr;,.  fthe.ii;e,.unon,:j 
•Hiir.,:irl  elevated  to 
Izrii  t'V  Ki"'":"''^''   •' 
icir.i  itcil  ;  iiii|Uiries 
3|l.iv,";  rii|uired,  wliic' 
''*in '  it'.e  I'leniinns  obt 
tth  ii  ilicy  aitcrwai  I 
Pr.  Uolieilsoii,  in  1 
Uas'  i'cuveeii  tiie  cm 
5, an.!  l!i,it  of  Las  Cas.i 
of  :;!!•  litter.     ■■The 
Jol;i:ied  lo  enioiir.ii 
rciiiieil  the  |ri);iosili 
iilihiy  i.l  rcdiiciiii;  on 
le  «,is  i:unsiiltiai;;ib 
aniiihci  :  Sill   L.is 
n,:'  .•.:',  to  men  w!io 
tmv.iril  :,  lavnrile  po 
disinr'i  ■".     In  ;!u: 
Air.fricins  IrnMi  the  ; 
an '  (Aiicilicut  to  ill! 
v5a"s."  ; 

This  lii.str/uulion  ( 

tlyovrred.     L.is 

imfosint;  .1  he.".vier. 

lAlru.iii.s    Tile  l.iUi 

it  iaiior.  and  less 

illiii.iiis  s;;nu  under 

mr.s  in   llisp.mio! 

rivivl  iheie.     llir 

its  ,1'  hi--  ..iithciiity 

iticii!  iiiPT,'   liii.iiv 

inu'ius.     liesa\s 

.kf  iu-i;r.',-s  to  iho 

re  lie,  re.isiiii;.  at 

Ii.!  all  re  work  lli.ii 

y 'e  a  :;ro.it  den 


t  llol  , 
t  ll'i.l.. 
S  I!ii4,, 
I,  kolii'ttson,  II 


ri.  Us!,  li 
!.  1.  lib.  VI 

'1.1.  111..  VI 

lit. 


APPKNDIX. 


ucsti'in 


by  royal  decree,  Innj?  before  he  took  a  part 

»  ,  rnil  cnlinaiKc   P'"'*^'"''   '"    '?"'•   "^'«''"  '■'■'^■'"* 
LM,-,mitticll(>l«-  t:ikrii  tlicff,   i>r.)Vi.l(Ml   ih.-y  li.nl 

tl^  '  ,..  .'    »  II..       .    l..ll..r     ..,r:i....,     1... 


fcre'.'i-nti ■     .,  „ 

,.rM  .iiii-'iii;  CliriMMiis.* 

Litcil  l^'M.  It  ;i|i|)c.irs  that  tlicrc  wen.-   luiii 


Hv  .1  Ifllcr  wrillcii  by 

lUl 

i\  .11  that   limi'.   .iml  Me 


Irs  n  I'hi' islan.i  nl    I  li-paninla  .il  that   lim..'.   .ind  hf 
ltre.,h  liiiit  iiniie  more  might   be   inrmitltd   to   Ik- 

iou.;lii 

In  i-.X'ilu-  >iianish  government  forliade  ihe   mtro 

iciioiml  iici;n>  slaves   fron)    the    I.fvaiil,    <ir   th.i^^ 


that  tidiic 


muh;  iij.  "iih  the  Moors  ;  and  stiiuihited  ... 

,;  I  (•  lakrii  ti  ihe  lolcnics  but  those  from  Si-villc, 
Ihf    ..- lein  lii'-mi' leii  ii.   the   Christian    faith,    thai 

lev  i;'i;iti<'"i''i'"''"' '"''"' '•""^'"■'''''"""'  '*"'  ''"'ians.+ 
fc'i;  1  K.:nj,  rei'iinaitil,  bein^'  informed  of  the 
Kv<!i.il  w'f:il>iiess  (it  the  hulians,  ordered  fifty  . Afri- 
InF  •  1  In- <(nl  Ircin  Seville  l"  labor  in  the  mines. J 
fc  i:ii  he  iT'lered  that  a  yreat  number  slionid  le 
loniicii  (reindiiinea,  and  transported  to  llis|  .miola, 
hdiT.l.iiiiii'i;,'  !''•''  <""'  iieijro  coidd  perform  the  work 
I  (oi;r  liidiin''  ,i  In  '5 12  aixl  '1  5  he  simieil  further 
tier-- ri-l.il!ve  '1  the  same  sidijei  1.  In  1  5  ll>  ('h:'.rics 
;:.iiU'.il  li:;cii>es  to  the  rieiiim^,'s  to  import  nei-roes 
I  iiic  celeiiirs.  It  was  not  until  the  year  i;i7  that 
js  (."iisas  t;,i\ e  Iiis  sanetinn  of  tlie  iraflie.  It  .dre.idy 
kisle!.  iird  he  K.iuitenauced  it  solely  with  ,1  view  to 
Bviti^  tie'  'i..-lv  .AfiH.ins  substituteil  for  t'ne  feebU^ 
lldiati';.  It  u'.is  atUoealed  .it  the  s.ime  time,  and  for 
M  s  hi:.- rr.^siJim,  by  the  ieronimile  friars,  who  were 
jiissioii.irics  in  l!ie  eolonies.  The  motives  of  I. as 
Ecisas  were  piirelv  benevolent,  though  loiinded  on 
Jfrinuoiis  ii"ti(iiis  >if  iiistiic,  lie  lhou.i;ht  to  prrmit 
Ivil  i;'..il  i;iiiid  iiMi;!n  spring  out  of  it;  to  <hoose  be- 
flt<-'  livutxistiiij;  ,diuses,  and  to  eradicate  tlii.-  i;reater 
Jy  ri'Vifi  i;^  to  ll-.c  lesser.  His  reasoniii.:;,  however 
llbii'iii'i  It  niiy  be,  was  considered  s.ilisbu  lory  and 
luir  ""  hy  some  ol  the  most  lo.irned  and  benevolent 
jicr,'  !;he,it;e,  .uiuin^;  whom  was  the  Cardinal  ,\dri,m, 
jllfr.;  .r  :  ciev.itc  I  to  the  p.ip.d  ch.iir,  .ind  characlei- 
■ed  Iv  Ki  ritlciu'ss  and  hiim.mity.  The  tr.illic  w.is 
lenii  lliMi  ;  iiii|Uirii'S  were  in.ide  as  to  the  nunilier  <'f 
paws  rii|uircil,  which  was  lin)ilcil  to  four  lhou--,ind, 
III'!  the  r!eniiii^;s  (ibtained  a  n^onopoly  of  the  Ir.ide 
phiili  ilii'V  aitcrwai.l  tanned  out  to  the  (ienoese. 
j  br.  Uiilierlson,  in  noti'  ni|^  tliis  affair,  dr.iws  ,1  <  on- 
jrast  i'tivec'i  liie  conduct  of  tlie  Cardin.d  Ximeiies 
ini!  i!i.a  uf  Las  t.'asas,  slron),;|y  to  the  ilis.idvani.i^;e 
If  the  Litter.  "  The  cardinal,"  he  observes,  'When 
to  enciiur.iije  tins  commerce,  peremptorily 
Kjtiteil  ilu- i-rnposition,  because  he  perceived  the  in- 
builv  t.i  rcdiicini,' one  race  of  men  to  sl.ivery,  when 
€  H.iS  ((insiilii:i); about  the  iiuMiis  of  restoiin,<  lilRrly 
lannihci  ;  l.iit  L.is  (,"as.is,  from  the  inecinsistcncy 
lilur,.:  ir>  incii  w!i!)  huriy  wuli  headlonij  impetuosity 
l0W.ir^l  .,  ;,iviirite  point,  was  ini.ipable  of  m.ikini;  this 
BisfiK!!  •:■,  In  ihe  warmth  of  his  zeal  to  s.ive  the 
illn;e:!(Mri>.|ri>:r;  the  yoke,  he  pronouiiied  it  to  be  l.iwfi.! 
Ind  (vpednMii  [,,  impose  one  still  heavier  i.n  the  Afri- 
ars. " 

^  fi'as  d;str,iiiuii>n  of  praise  and  censure  is  not  per- 
■tctiyo.rrcd.  l„,s  Casas  lia.l  no  ide..  liiat  he  was 
ainroMiii;  a  he.-.vier.  nor  so  lie.ivy,  a  voke  upon  the 
ijAlPi.ais.  The  l.iticr  wcie  1  onsidered  more  cipable 
fubor.  :aul  less  impatient  of  ■•biverv.  Wliile  the 
p'aiis  v.:iil>  under  li.eir  l.isks.  and  perished  by  thou- 
^"'is  in  ll:sp,uiiola,  the  negroes,  on  the  contrary, 
Brivc,  there,  llirrera,  to  whom  Dr.  Uobertson  re- 
FS'H-i'-..iithc,iity,  assigns  a  different  motive,  ai.d 
■nch  in.T;>  I'lKine,  f.  r  the  measures  of  ("ardin.d 
tooiKs.  I  i.-M\.-,th,it  he  ordered  that  no  one  shouM 
,  "'■^'"■"' '"  die  Indies,  because,  as  the  natives 
'fro  .:,.  r.Msitii:.  ,ui  1  it  w.is  known  that  one  nei;r 
|Ui.:i!cre  wiirk  lii.in  four  of  them,  there  would  prob 
"'*    ea^roat  ,le:uan  1  lor  African  slaves,  and  a  trib- 


.;•":■■'■  II  M.  In!  ,  (!,  ii.  li),.  lii. 

■■'  .  '■  I.  111'.  V,    .  ,p.  .0. 
'    !'"  •■  'I.  ••  lib.  viu.  ean,  .,. 
■  l;";l-  '1   '   iih.  ix.  cai'  s. 
I  i^^li'Ttiun,  IIi.,i.  .\incrica.  p.  3, 


■ap.  8. 


nte  rnifjht  be  imposed  upon  the  trade,  from  which 
would  result  profit  to  the  royal  treasury.*'  This 
measure  was  presently  after  earned  into  effect,  tlioUKh 
subseijuent  to  the  death  of  the  c.irdinal,  .and  licenses 
were  granted  by  the  sovereign  f'lr  pecuniary  1  onsid- 
erations.  KUm  hier.  in  his  Life  of  Ximenes,  assii;ns 
another  but  .1  mere  [".lilii-.d  motive  lor  this  prohibition, 
'Ihe  c.irdin.il,  he  says,  objected  to  the  importation 
of  negroes  into  the  colonies,  as  he  fearcil  they  would 
corrujit  the  n.itikes,  and  by  confeder.icl;s  with  them 
render  them  formidable  to  jjovernment.  I)e  M.irso- 
lier,  aaother  bio);r.ipiier  (it  .Ximenes,  ).;ivi'S  e'pi.dly 
politic  reasons  for  this  prohibition.  1  Ic  rites  a  letter 
written  by  the  cardinal  on  the  siibje<  t,  in  which  ho 
observed  th,tt  he  knew  the  n.iture  of  the  negroes  ;  they 
were  a  |ieopIe  I'.ipable,  it  was  true,  of  ^reat  fatigue, 
but  e.xtremely  prolific  ami  enteri)risint;  ;  and  that  if 
they  h,id  time  to  imilti;  ly  in  .America,  thev  would 
inf.illiljly  revolt,  and  impose  on  the  .'^p.mi.irds  the 
same  chains  wliirb  they  had  compelled  them  to  wear.t 

These  f.iits,  while  they  take  frc.m  the  measure  of 
th''  c.irdin.d  th.it  credit  for  e.sclusive  phil.inthropy 
wiM  h  h.is  been  bestowed  upon  it,  m.inifest  the  clear 
foresight  of  that  able  politician  ;  whose  predii  ;ions 
with  re-^pect  to  iie^^ro  revolt  have  been  so  snikinf;ly 
fuKilled  in  the  island  of  1 1  isp,iniola. 

Cardin.d  .Ximenes,  in  f.u  t,  ihounh  a  wise  and  up- 
right statesman,  was  noi  troubled  with  scn:ples  of 
conscience  on  thefe  (piestions  of  natur.il  right  ;  nor 
did  he  |iossess  more  toleration  than  his  contemporaries 
tow.inl  s.ivage  and  infiibd  nations.  He  w.is  gr.ind  in- 
(luisitor  of  .^pain.  and  w.is  very  etTicienl  during  the 
litter  yeais  <if  I'erdinand  in  making  sl.ives  of  the  re- 
fr.ii  torv  Mo<rs  of  (Iran.id.i.  lie  authorized,  by  ex- 
|>ress  instructions,  expeditions  to  s<''/e  .and  enslave 
the  Indians  of  the  Caribbee  islands,  whom  he  termed 
onlv  siiitei!  to  Ldjor,  enemies  of  the  Christians,  and 
c.mnilials.  Nor  will  it  be  considered  a  proof  of  gentle 
or  tolei.int  poli(  V,  that  he  introduced  the  tribunal  la' 
the  iiKiuisilion  into  the  New  \Vc  rid.  These  cin  im- 
st.mces  arc  cileil  not  to  cast  repro.ich  upon  the  (  bar- 
.icter  of  C.irdin.d  .Ximenes,  but  to  show  how  itu or- 
rei  tiv  he  has  been  extolled  at  the  expense  of  Las 
C.is.is.  r.oth  of  them  must  be  judged  in  coinuition 
with  the  I  iistoius  and  opinions  of  the  age  in  wl'.ii  h 
they  lived. 

I. .is  C.isas  W.IS  the  author  <f  m.my  works,  but  few 
(;f  which  li.ive  been  printed.  The  most  import, mt  is 
.1  gener.il  hisiorv  of  the  Indies,  from  the  discovery  to 
t:ie  ve.ir  if'jo.  m  ibrec  vi>lumes.  It  exists  only  in 
e.i.iiiuscript.  but  is  the  fountain  from  whiili  llerrera, 
an. I  most  of  the  other  historians  of  the  New  World, 
h.ive  drawn  l.irge  supplies.  The  work,  though  pro- 
lix, i.<  \  ilu.ible,  .is  the  author  was  an  eye-witness  of 
r.i.my  of  the  i.icis,  h.ul  others  from  persons  who  were 
concerned  in  the  tran?actioiis  reconled,  and  posses-idl 
ci'pious  documents.  It  displays  great  erudition, 
th(  ugh  somewhat  crudely  and  ijiffusely  introduced. 
His  history  was  commenced  in  if..:;,  at  tifty-lhiee 
ye. us  of  age,  and  was  finished  in  1559,  when  eighty- 
iue.  .As  many  things  are  set  down  from  memory, 
tlieri'  is  occasion. d  in.iccuracv,  but  the  whole  bears 
the  stamp  ol  sincerity  aii  I  trutli.  The  author  of  the 
ptesciu  work,  h.iving  h.ul  access  to  this  valuable  mati- 
u-  ript,  has  maile  great  use  of  it,  drawing  forth  many 
curious  facts  hitheno  neglected  ;  but  he  has  endeav- 
ored t.)  consult  it  with  c.mtion  and  discrimination, 
collating  it  with  other  authorities,  and  omitting  what- 
<'ver  appeared  to  be  dictated  by  prejudice  or  over- 
he. ite  1  zeal. 

L.is  C. lis. IS  li.is  been  accused  of  high  coloring  and 
extr.iv.ig.mt  del  lam.ilion  in  those  passages  which  re- 
late to  the  b.irbarilies  practised  on  the  natives  ;  nor 
is  the  ch.irge  entirely  without  foumlation.      Tiie  s.inic 

*  riM|i;e  coiiio  ili.m  fil'atido  !os  Iiulios  i  s"  coiioci.i  (|ue 
un  i.egro  tr.ibaj.il).i,  nia-,  ipie  (ni.itio.  por  lo  (pi.il  liahia  i;i.in 
deiii.iiid.i  de  ello^.  [..irecia  i|iie  se  poilia  poller  .dijiiii  tiiluro 
en  l.i '-.ica.  de  (|ue  resnlian.i  provecho  .i  I.i  Kb  n.icieiid.i 
llerrera,  dread,  ii.  liti.  ii.  e.ip.  8. 

t  I  le  M.irMilier,  Ilisl.  du  .\liiii?,tcro  l.\udiii.il  X;iiio:.cs, 
lib.  v:.      I'ouluuse,  i'->94. 


-ii  :M 


'■  I-, 


im 


•  -l^l 


'i 


sro 


APPl'NDIX. 


zeal  '11  the  caii«c  of  tlic  Inili.ins  is  ocprcsscd  in  his 
wriliiifjs  th.it  siiinie  forth  in  his  actions,  always  pure, 
often  vchcint'til.  anil  occasionally  iinscasonable.  Still, 
however,  where  he  errs  it  is  on  a  Ki'mrous  ami 
rii;li!coiis  side.  If  one  tenth  part  of  what  he  says  lie 
"  witnesseii  with  his  own  eyes"  be  true,  anil  his 
ver.iiity  is  above  all  iloulit,  he  woulil  h.ue  been  want- 
ing in  the  n.aur.il  feeliiit;s  of  huni.inity  h.nl  he  not  e\- 
presse.l  hinisell  in  terms  of  iniiiytiation  anj  .ib- 
liorrence. 

In  liie  course  of  his  work,  when  I..is  C'.isas  mentions 
the  ori.,;inal  papers  lying  before  him,  from  which  he 
drew  many  ol  his  facts,  it  makes  one  l.mient  lh.it  they 
s!i.)iild  be  lost  to  the  world,  Uesides  the  journals 
an  1  letters  ot  Colunibiis,  he  ^.lys  he  had  numbers  of 
the  letters  of  the  Ad-.'l.int.iilo,  Don  Martholnmew.  who 
wrolL"  better  than  his  brother,  and  whose  writings 
MKisi  hive  been  full  of  energy.  Above  ;'.ll,  he  had  the 
ni.ip,  forniod  from  study  .md  conjecture,  by  which 
Coiumbus  sailed  on  his  lirst  voyage.  What  a  precious 
d  icument  would  this  be  lor  the  worki  I  These  writings 
may  stiil  e.xist,  nei;lecled  and  forgotten  .iniong  the 
rub',)i>h  of  some  convent  in  Sp.iin.  I.itilehope  can  be 
I  ntci  t.iined  ot  discovering  them  in  the  present  stale 
of  degeneracy  of  ihc  cUiister.  The  monks  of  .\iocha, 
in  .1  recent  cimversation  with  one  of  therov.il  princes, 
Ijctr.iyed  an  ignorance  thai  this  illustrious  man  was 
buried  jn  ihcir  convent,  nor  can  any  of  the  fraternity 
point  u.it  his  place  of  sepulture  to  the  stranger. '•*■ 

The  publication  of  this  work  of  L.is  C.isas  h.is  not 
been  permitted  in  Spain,  where  every  book  must  have 
the  s.mction  of  a  censor  before  it  is  committed  to  the 
press.  The  horrible  picture  it  exhil>itsnf  the  cruelties 
inllicteii  on  the  Indians  would,  ii  was  imagined,  e.s- 
cite  .m  odium  ag.iinst  their  coiiiiuerors.  L.is  C  isas 
himsi-ii  seems  t,)  h.ive  doubled  the  cxpediencv  of  pub- 
iishmg  it  ;  for  in  1500  lie  made  a  note  with'his  own 
hand,  wliitii  is  preserved  in  the  two  first  volumes  of 
the  original,  menti.ining  th.it  he  left  them  in  conli- 
dcnce  n  the  college  of  the  order  of  Predicaiors  of  .M. 
(jregorii),  in  X'all.idolid,  begging  of  its  prelates  tli.it 
no  secal.ir  person,  nor  even  the  collegians,  shoul  1  be 
permitted  to  read  his  history  for  the  sp.ice  oi  fortv 
years  ;  and  that  after  that  term  it  might  be  printeil  i: 
consistent  with  the  g.iod  of  the  Indies  and  ol  Spain.' 

Tor  the  foregoing  reason  tiie  work  h,is  been 
rauti  lusly  used  by  Sp.mish  historians,  p.issiiii;  over  in 
silen -e,  or  with  brief  uutice,  nianv  (i.iss.iges  of  dis- 
gr.iceful  import.  Th;s  feeling  is  n.itural,  if  not  roni- 
inendabie  ;  for  the  world  is  not  pronipi  to  discrimin.ilc 
between  iiidivi.iuals  and  the  n.uion  of  whom  they 
are  but  a  p.irt.  The  laws  and  regul.itions  for  the  g(.v- 
ernmeiu  of  the  newly-discovered  countries,  .md  the 
decisi-jns  of  the  Council  of  the  Indies  on  all  cotitesii-  1 
points,  though  tiiuiured  in  some  degree  with  the  big- 
otry of  the  age,  were  distinguished  lor  wisdom,  jus- 
tice, .md  huni.inity.  and  do  honor  to  the  Si).'uiish 
n.ition.  It  w.is  only  in  the  abuse  of  them  by  iiidivi.l- 
uals  to  whom  the  execution  of  the  l.iws  w.is  intrusted, 
ih.it  lhe^e  atrocities  were  commiued.  It  should  be 
remembered,  also,  that  the  same  nation  wnicli  g.ive 
birth  to  the  sanguinarv  and  rap.iciou^  adventurers 
who  perpetrated  these  cruelties,  g.ive  birth  likewise  to 
tile  early  mission, iries,  like  Las  Casas,  who  followed 
l.ic  sanguinary  course  of  discovrrv,  binding  up  the 
«oun  is  inflicted  by  their  countrvmen  ;  men  who  in  : 
truly  evangelical  spirit  braved  a'U  kinds  of  perils  ami 
hardship-,,  and  even  death  itself,  not  through  a  pros- 
pert  of  temporal  g.iin  or  glorv,  but  through  a  desire 
10  meliorate  the  condition  and  save  the  souls  of  b,ir- 
b.iious  and  sulferintj  nations.  The  dauntless  enter- 
F>nses  and  fearful  peregnnations  of  manv  of  these 
virtuous  men,  if  properly  appreci.itcd,  would  be  fmind 
to  vie  in  rom.mnc  d.inng  wilh  the  herob  .•.chievcments 

*  In  Ihi.  notire  the  ami, or  li.,.;  firr.TMonnlIv  availed  |,im- 
sr-If  o,  iie,r,',r.-slini;„,..moirof  M„n,  j.  A  I.lorente  pn- 
t  xed  ,0   us  .obecnon  <.i  i|„-  work,  r,|  |,:,,  ,  -..sas.  rolla  inr 

ci,"i'  d'';';:;r-' "' '  '"'""•  '^"'" """''  '"^  '■'"'  '"■-  >"'"' 

t  N.ivarre:e,  Colec,  de  Viay.,  torn.  i.  p   Ixxv,  I 


of  (  hivalry,  with  motives  of  a  purer  and  f.ir . 
altcd  nature. 


'•ti. 


No.  XXIX. 


[T.TfU    MXKTVI 


Pi^rr.i;    Mai^tii;,   or     Martvr,   cf   uhn^f  ^r-, 
miiili  use  has  been  made  in  this  lii>tory  iv.iii^r. 
.Anghierr.i,  in  the  territory  of  .Mil.m,  in  p,   ,  ,',.[_ 
second  if   February,  1451:.     He  1.;  coni!ii<iii:v ...,,! 
I'eter  .Martyr  of  .tii!;!,->ui,  fnnn  the  I,:itiii  lune  'VJ 
ii.itive  pl.ii-e.     He  is  one  of  the  earliest  lii>t  r-'j^'v./ 
treat  of  Cidiimbus,  a'-(l  was  his  cn!ii,.nip,ir,..rv i-  * 
tiniate  acquaintance.      Meing  at    Kmiiip  m  i4-- 
li.ivmg  acijiiired  .1  disting'iiished  rcputali -r.  •  •  > ... 
ing,  lie  W.IS   invited   by   the  Sp,ini-h  aml..;t,;  -  .j! 
Count  de  Teiidilla,  to  ai  comp.my  him  I'Sr,-.   jij 
willingly  .iccepted  the  iiivit.iti(in,'and  w;ls],:Ur^., 
the  sovereigns  at  Saragossa.     Is.ibi  !la,  ^imi; '.(^t    '.^ 
of  the  war   with   {iraii.ida,  was  ansioiis  ler  ;'ic  '■'■ 
Icclual  .idvancement  of  her  kingdom,  aiij  I'.'.f. 
emp'oy  M.iriyr  to  instruct  the  young  rn!  ]::(■,■ 
royal    household.      With   her  (■cciihar  .:e  i  ,,v 
ever,  she  hrst  made  her  confessor,  Hern.in'.  ;  ' 
a\er,i,  iiKpiire  of  Martyr  in   what  c;ipaciiv  I:  •  r- 
to  serve   her.      Contraiy   to   her  especL.tio::,  V 
replied,  "  In    the   profi'ssimi   of    .imiis,'      Tiif- 
complii'd,  and  he  bdlowed  her  in  lu-r  c.w:  ■.■-■ 
one  of  her  household  and   milil.uv  sui:,-,  1;.;  ?  1- ; 
distinguishing  himself,   and   perh.ips  iviihnn  iiv.-j 
,iny  particul.ir  employ  in  a  capaiitv  sn  ir.u';'i;  'i 
talents.      .After  the  surrender   ot    (ir,ui.vl  1,  v/r  ■■ 
w.ir   W.IS   ended,   the  ipieen,  through  the  111  ::  ' 
the  gr.ind  caidinal  of  Sp.iin,    prev.iiled  ii;- r.  ;  ■ 
undert.ike  the  instruction  ol  the  voiing  iii :  •- 
1  (Uirt. 

Martyr  was  actpiainted  with  Coluiiilni':  iv; .'; -.,. 
ing  his  application  to  the  sovereigns,  ami  ui-r.'fs 


.it  hi 


.  triumphant  reception  by  reidinanl.iii 


a  1 


f-/ 


in  li.ircelon.i,  on  his  return  from  his  lir't  vr.y.-f,  H; 
w.is  loiuimi.illy  in  the  royal  (■.•inipdiniiii;  ihc  w.ri;: 
t!ic'  Moors,  (if  which  his  letters  contain  ii;.iiiy  in'rw 
ing  particul.irs.      lie  was  sent  amb.iss.TiJi  r  e\;'vr-> 
nary  l)y  Ferdin.ind  and    Is.ibcll.i,   in   ifl.  • '  Vcn:t, 
and  thence  to  the  grand  soldan  of  F'.ijvpl     'flu'"  Iffi 
ill  i.pjOor  I4-)I,  h.id  sent  an  emb,iss\  1,1  •>.■'  S;.f<S 
sovereigns,    thre.itening     that,    unless    ilii  i  i::-^C 
Ironi  the  war  .ig.ainst  Cran.id.i.  he  would  ji..:  ,i!i :'! 
Christi.Tns  in  I'.gvpt  and   Syria  to  d.Mtl'.,  Mv,r-r, .; 
their  temples.  ;inii  destroy  the  hdv  sciii:!il 
s.ileni.      Ferdinand  and  Isabella  ]ircssi.,|  i!i"\y,.r« 
tenfold  energy,  and  brought  it  to  .1  tiiuiiip':.."'"  ' 
sion  in  the  next  cam[)aign,  wdiile  tiie  S'l,  v.r  'va<! 
c.irrying    on    a    similar    negntiatii'n   v.-:di  ;'i' i' 
They  .ifterward  sent  I'eter  Maiivr  aiii'i.is-..i:  "" 
sold.in  to  explain  and   justify  their  nie  isur.      Vi' 
dis(  barged  the  duties  of  his  emb.issy  with  i;n  ;  ■>■-■ 
obt.iined  permissiiin  from  the  solil.m  1"  n  pi.r  vi  ; ) 
pi. ices  at  Jcriis.ileni.  and   an   .ibolit)"n  n;;  1 ... 
tortious   to   which   Christian    iiilgrims  ha^!    •?!' 
jected.      While  on  this  emb.issy.  hevvroich'-" 
I.egatione   Habyloniia,   which  includes  ,1   f  ■: 
I'.gypt  in  those  time*;. 

Oil  his  return  to  Sp.iin  lie  w.is  r'".v,ird- '  n". ; 
and  pensions,  ritid  in  1:2. |  was  appouifi' i  i  m, 
of  the  Council  of  the  Iniiies.  ijis  priii^  i;  .' «' 
an  account  of  the  discoveries  of  the  New  WlI 
eight  decades,  each  cont. lining  ten  c|K,pir'-. 
are  styled  Decades  of  the  New  Woili,.  1  I'' ■J-'' 
the  Ocean,  ami,  like  all  his  other  w  uks  <\-:v''V 
nally  written  in  Latin,  tlunigh  since  n.^ns,  .;il  ''■' 
v.irious  l.ingnages.  He  had  fimiliir  .icir'*;'f^ 
lers,  p.ipers,  journ.ils,  and  tiair.itivi  s  (•!  the  "..^v'::^• 
coverers,  ;in.l  w.as  person.ally  ac<pi.iinicil  »  h  !T»;' 
of  them,  g.ithering  particul.irs  fror.)  their  .■.ii.viv<!''' 
In  writing  his  Dec.ules.  he  tonk  gre.it  ii.iin- ! ' '' '' 
inform, itioii  from  Columbus  himself,  .iiid  ti' ;n  !'!* 
his  ciimp.inions. 

In  one  of  his  epistles  (No.    153,   J.iiiu.irv,  1:-'' 


■[hf! 


■Uim 


APPI-NOIX. 


Omponius 

[If! 

cor- 
cr( : ' 

iluii. 


LTtiisV  he  mentions  bnvinc;  just  rcreivcd 

r,vii'( Diunil.iis,  liv  wtiK  h  il  appears  he  was  in 

.;,'!en  r  Willi  liim,'     I..1S  ("asas  says  that  ureat 

,  to  be  ^'ivcn  to  liim  in  reijard  to  those  Vdva^es 

•iilriis.  iiillioiiKli  lii'*  Decades  eontain  simie   in- 

•V  relative  t(i  siili--e(|iieiit  events  in  the  Indies. 

,,;|(ivvs  liitn  ure.it  < Tfdit,  as  an  author  eoiiteni- 

vvrll    tldlivated.    in- 


r.in  Hilh  liis  KiiloeU.    ^rave, 

[,■,!  in  t!ic  la.ls  of  uhieh  he  treats,  and  of  entire 
■n'.ii'w'.     lie  -ibserves,    however,    that   his   writini;s 
used  oil    the   spur   or  excitement   of   the 
which    siilisf- 


|eln^■  c'w\' 


BoiDMii,  ollin   related  circunist.mccs 

uen!  V  proved  to  be  erroneous  ;  that  thev  were  writ 

*n  .    l,..iit  iiiclho;!  or  care,  ottenconlu-ini,' 


IVCI'i 


tes  and 

ih.it  dicv  must  he  read  wiih  some  caution. 
v,.,s  III  the  dailv  hal>it  of  writiiiK  letters  to 
|jsl::...i:dicil  persons,  rel.itiiiK  tliijjiassin.t;  occurrences 
[til,  iisy  loiirt  aiiil  a«e  in  which  he  lived.  In 
tvrr.i  ''I  these  Coliinitnis  ismentioned.  and  also  some 
If  til:' 'hii'f  event's 'II  his  voy.i^jes,  as  promiili,Mt(  d  .it 
lie  .rv  inoinent  of  his  return.  These  letleis  not 
eiii.;  ,;ciHTaily  lin<nvn  or  (ircul.ited,  or  Irecpiently 
Bieil.  ;l  mav  i'e  s,itisla(tor\'  to  ilie  reader  to  li.rc  a 
fciv  n;  ihe  main  iiassn^'es  which  relate'  to  folumliiis. 
tliiv  h.ivc  a  strixiiit;  effect  in  cirryiii^;  us  Ilk  k  to  the 
trv  ;.:;n;  "1  the  discoveries. 

liioiuMi!  'lis  epistles,   dated   li.ircelona,   May    1st, 
lAi)\,    uiil  aililressrd    to    C'.     Horionieo,     he    siiys  : 
'\Vi;:i!n  tli'se  lew  days  a  certain  Christopher  Colum- 
ns li,i>  .irrivcd  Iron)  the  western  antipo'les  ;  a  m.in 
8f  l.i.;,iria,  ivhoiii  my  sovereii;ns  reluctantly   inttusled 
I  ihri'c  .>^hips.  to  seek  that  region,  for  they  tlioui;ht 
Jial  tt;;.it  hr  said  was  fabulous.      He  li.is  returned  ainl 
Irouih!  spi'cini'.'ns  (if  many  precious  ihinns,   but  |)ar- 
Bcul.iiiv  ^old,   which   those  countries   naturally    pro- 
Bucc." 
In  :in.iilier  letlei.  dated  likewise  from  H.ircelona,  in 
«pK-ni!fr  fiillinvin^;,  he  j;ives  a  more   particul.ir  ac- 
Bunt,     It  isaddressed  to  Count  Tendil'..!,  (iovernor  of 
firan.i  ;,i.  ami  also  to  Hernando'!'. d.ivera,  .Archliishop 
If  tli..!  ii.icese,  .uid  thes.inie  to  whom  the  propositions 
If  C  i!i;iiiiiu-.  had  been  referred   by   the  .'Spanish  sove- 
tk:  <      '  ;\roiisc  your  attention,  an<ieiit  SHpes,  "  s.iys 
Pclcr  M.irlyr  in  his   epistle;    "listen    to   .1    new   dis- 
|OV:rv     Voii  remember  Columbus  the   I.i^urian,  ap- 
liiHoI  in  ihe  can^p  by  our  sovereitjns  to  searc  h  tor  a 
lew  laiiiisphcte  ol   bind    at    the    western  aiilipodes. 
you  (u.; in  to  iccollect,  for  you   had   some  agency   in 
lie  ir.iiis.u  tion  ;  nor  would  ihi'  enterprise,  as  1  tliink. 
pvo  t'lcn  iiMilert.ikcn,  without  your  counsel.      I  le  has 
tluriui!  in  s,,teiy.  ;ind  rel.ites  tlie  wonders  he  has  dis- 
OViri' V     111'  exhibits  uold  ,is  proofs  of  tlic  mines  in 
IIiom'  r;  tiiMis  :     (loss.mipine   lotlon,    also,    and    .'iro- 
Baii's.  ;iii.l  pepper  more  pungent  th.m  that  from  Caii- 
asus.    .\ll  these  things,   to«ciher  with    scarlet  dye- 
(rooiis,  ilic  earth  proiluces  spont.meously.      I'ursuim; 
Bewt'Mfrn  sun  fr'>m  (l.ides  live  thousami  miles,  ot 
Hdi.itlupiisand  pices,  .'s   he  relates,  tie   tell    in    with 
llir.iir\  isLinds,  ami  took  possession  of  one  of   ther 
pCPMitrcirriiii,  he  .asserts,  than  the  whole  of  Sp  1111. 
litre  ;i;' fdiind  a  race  of  men  livim;  contented,    m  a 
ate    I  naiiire,  subsisting'  on  fruits  and   vecetables. 
Ill  1  re,!, 1  ;, II nied  from  roots.      .     ,     .      These   people 
pave  k:i!i.s,  s:, 111,- greater  th.m  <ithers.   and  they   w.ir 
>cr.Vi'i:i.iliv    amonij    ihi'inscdves,      with     bows     and 
ffri'.vs  or  lances  sh.irpened  aii'l   h.irdened  in  the  lire, 
pei'vire  c.f  rcimiiiiiii.l  prevails  anions  them,  though 
»ey  are  naked.      They  h.ivc  wives  .ilso.      Wb.it  they 
^or.''i:ip  c-x.-cpt  the  .livinitv  of   lie.iven,    is    not   ascer- 
lline.l.    f 


In  .mother  letter,  cl.ited  likewise  in  September,  t.t^j.r 
M  alciiessed  to  the  c.irdinal  and  vice  cluincellor 
flSc.ciiiusSicrza.  he  savs 

>'i  <reat  is  iiiv  desire-    to   yive   vou  s.^isfactic^n, 

pwricns  prince,  ih.u  1  c-onsi,lcril  aKratifvini;  occur- 

^"'■i' -n  the  great  Ihicnuitions  of  events,    when   .inv- 

Bini:  takes  pi,ireamoiik;  us,  in  which  vou  m.iv  t.ike  an 

jwiiTcst.     Ihe  wonders  of  tnisterrestri.il  Klobe,  round 


wliich  the  sun  makes  a  rircuit  in  the  space  of  four  ;inf| 
twenty  hours,  h.ive,  until  our  time,  as  you  are  well 
aware,  be<n  known  mly  in  rei,'ard  to  one  hemisphere 
mercdy  from  the  (ioldeii  Chersoncsus  to  our  Spanish 
(iades.  The  rest  has  been  K'ven  up  as  unknown  by 
cosmoLjraphers,  and  if  any  mention  of  it  has  been 
m.ide.  it  h.is  be<'n  sliv;ht  .ind  dubious.  lUlt  now,  ( ) 
blesseil  enterprise  !  under  the  auspices  ot  our  sovc- 
rei^'ns,  what  has  hitherto  lain  hidden  since  the  tlist 
origin  of  things,  has  at  lenijlh  benun  to  be  clpvcloped. 
The  thint;  h.is  thus  occurred  — attend,  illustrious  ptini  e  : 
A  certain  ("hristopher  Columbus,  a  I.imirian,  dis- 
p.iti  lied  t  )  those  rei;ions  with  three  vessels  by  my 
soverei(,'ns,  pursuini;  the  western  sun  above  live  thou- 
saiicl  miles  from  (iades,  achieved  his  way  to  the  an- 
tipode;^.  Three  and  thirty  sue  c  essive  davs  they  navi- 
gated with  iioiit;ht  biitskvand  water.  Atlen^;lh  from 
the  mast  head  of  the  largest  vessfl,  in  which  C(dum- 
bi:s  iiimself  sailed,  those  on  the  lookout  procl.iimed 
ttie  si^ht  of  land.  He  co.istcd  along  six  islands,  <  ne 
of  them,  as  all  his  followers  declare,  bet;uiled  pei- 
chance  by  the  novelty  of  tlic  scene,  is  larjjer  tti;.n 
.Sp.iin." 

.Martvr  proceeds  to  give  the  usual  account  of  the 
productions  of  the  islands,  and  the  manners  and  cus- 
toms of  the  natives,  particularly  the  wars  whii  li 
occurrecl  .imong  them  ;  "as  it  meum  and  tiiuiii  li.id 
been  introduceil  among  them  as  among  us.  and  ex- 
pensive luxuries,  and  the  desire  of  accumulating 
wealth  ;  for  what,  you  will  tliink,  can  be  the  w.inls 
(d  n.ikecl  men'.""  "What  further  may  succeed,"  he 
adcis,  "  I  will  hereafter  signify.      I'.irewell.''  ■'■■ 

In  aiiolher  letter,  dated  \',ill.ld(diil,  I'cbniary  1ft. 
I. pi  I.  to  llern.iiiclo  de  Tal.ivera,  Archbislu  p  <d 
(■r.inada,  he  (d'serves,  "  The  king  and  cjiieen.  on  the 
return  of  Columbus  to  Harcelona,  from  his  hon(>r.iblc 
enterprise,  atipointed  him  admiral  of  the  ocean  sea. 
and  c  aused  him,  on  .iccount  of  his  illustrious  clecds, 
to  ')<;  seated  in  their  presence,  an  honor  and  a  favor, 
as  vou  know,  the  highest  with  our  sovertdgns.  Tlu-y 
li.ive  dispatc  lied  him  again  to  those  regions,  lurnished 
with  a  lleet  of  eighteen  ships.  There  is  prospect 
(>f  gre.it  discoveries  at  the  western  antarctic  an- 
ti|)ocles.     .     .      ."  t 

In  a  subsec|uent  letter  to  I'cunponius  I.xtus,  dated 
from  ,\lc,ila  de  llenaies.  Iieceiniicr  c)th.  I. pi),  he 
gives  the  lirst  m-ws  c,f  the  su' cess  of  this  i.vpC'ii- 
tion, 

"Spain."  fays  he,  "is  spreading  her  wings, 
augiiieming  her  empire,  aiel  exteiiciing  her  n.inie  r,n  1 
glorv  to  the  antipodes,  .      ,      <d   eighteen  vessi  Is 

dispatcdiecl  by  my  sovereigns  will)  the  .\dniiral  Colum- 
bus in  his  sec'-ncl  vovage  to  the  western  hemi'-phere, 
twelve  h.ive  returned  and  have  brought  ticjss.im[i:nc 
cotton,  huge  trees  id  dye-wood,  and  many  other 
arlicdes  held  willi  us  as  precious,  the  n.iliiral  produc- 
tions of  tli.it  hitherto  hi.lclcn  woild  ;  and  lie.^idcs  all 
oilier  things,  no  sni.iU  quantity  <d  gold.  (>  wonderful, 
I'omj)oniiis  I  I'pon  the  surlai  c  of  tli.il  eaill;  are 
found  rude  iil.isses  of  native  gidd,  of  a  weight  that  one 
is  afraid  to  mention.  Some  weigh  two  hundred  and 
hftv  ounces,  and  Ihev  hope  10  discover  others  of  a 
niiic  h  l.irger  size,  ftimi  wh.it  the  naked  natives  inti- 
m.ite,  when  thev  extol  their  gold  to  our  |)eople.  Nir 
are  the  I.esttigonians  nor  I'olvphrmi,  who  feed  on 
hiinian  flesh,  .mv  longer  doubtful.  Attend— f'ut  bc- 
w.vre  I  lest  thev  rise  in  horror  before  thee!  When 
he  proceeded  ftoni  the  Fortunate  isl.mds,  now  termed 
the  C.m.iries.  to  llispaniol.i,  the  island  on  which  he 
first  set  fool,  turning  his  prow  a  little  tow.ird  the 
south,  he  .irrived  a:  innimier.ible  isbciids  id  saviige 
men,  ivhoni  they  c;ill  c.mnib.ils,  or  Caribbecs  ;  ard 
these,  th High  n.iked.  ,ire  courageous  w.irriors.  They 
hgbt  skilfiillv  With  bows  and  clubs,  and  have  boats 
hcdlowed  from  a  single  tree,  yet  very  capacious,  in 
which  thev  make  fierce  descents  on  neighboring 
id.uids,    inli.ibited   by    milder    people.      They   attack 


•  (ipii<  l"pi-l    1'    Marlyris  .A.iglerii,  I'.pist,  135. 
t  Ibid,,  i:pi.-,t.  141. 


ii;!i': 


■  H 


m 


r.  '(■■I; 


:i\f 


I        f: 


i 


278 


APPHNDLX. 


tluMr  vill.iRPS.  from  which  they  rarry  ofT  the  men  and 
devour  thcin,"  etc.* 

Another  letter  lo  I'omponuis  l.a-tus,  on  ih,-  same 
subject,  h.is  been  cite.l  at  lar^e  ,n  the  (mkIv  of  ihis 
W'lrK  It  is  true  these  extracts  Kive  n.>thinK  that  has 
n.n  been  stated  more  at  larye  in  the  Decades  of  the 
same  author,  but  thev  are  curious,  as  the  very  tlr^l 
announcements  ol  the  .bscveries  of  C.dumbus.  and 
as  shcwim;  the  lirst  slamp  of  these  cxtr.iordinary 
events  upon  the  mind  ol  one  of  the  m.ist  learncil  ami 
liberal  men  of  the  a,i;e. 

A  collection  of  the  letters  of  I'eter  Martyr  was  pub- 


verbal  information  of  a  pilot  named  ili'rn,iii  Pt«.| 
Matteo,  who  was  in  the  interest  of  tlic  l'm/.^,,s  .j^l 
adverse  to  the  admir.il.  His  wurk  is  not  oij  jidjI 
depended  upon  iti  ni.itters  relative  lo  Cii:m«| 
\\  lien  he  treats  of  a  more  ,idv.inci-U  pi'ruHi  i!Uii(\|^| 
World,  from  his  own  actual  observation,  tit  -n, I 
more  salislaclorv.  thoui;h  he  is  .icriKivl  di  ,,((,j,l 
too  readilv  to  popular  f.iblcs  and  mi^ri'prrsf.i'iii,^! 
His  account  of  the  natural  jirodiictinti.s  , ;  11.5  ^^1 
World,  and  of  the  customs  of  its  inhahiiani^  i.ijjl 
curious  particulars  ;  and  the  best  narratives  ij  sea) 
of  the  minor  voyages  which  sucieedcil  ihnsi;.t:Co(j, I 


lished  Ml   i^V),   under  the  title  of  Opus  I'.pistolarum.    I  bus.  are  lo  be  found   in   the   unpublished  pj:;oia 

Petri  MirlvrisAnKlerii  ;   it  is  divided  into  thirly-einht   |   work. 

books,  eacii  containing  the  letters  of  one  year.      1  he 

same  objections   have   been    m.ide  to  his  letters  as  to 

his  Decades,  but  they  bear  the  same  slamp  of  candor, 

probitv,  and  great   information.     They  possess  pe(  u- 

liar  value  from  beiiijj   wiitten  at  the  moment,  before 

the  facts  they  record  were  distorted  or  <liscolored  by 

prejudice  or  misrepresentation.      His  works  abound 

in  iiiterestin:,'  p.irticulars  not  to  be  found  in  any  eon 

teiuporarv  historian.     They  are  rich  in  thought,  but 

still  ricner  in  tact,  and  are  full  of  urbanity,  and  of  the 

liberal  feelini;  ol  a  scholar  who  has  mingled  with  the 

worhl.       He   is  a  fountain   from   which   others   draw, 

and   from  which,  with   a  little   precaution,   thev   may 

draw  securely.     He  died  in  V'alladolid,  in  152b. 


N  ..   XXX. 

OVIKIHI. 

('■jON/..\i  o  Ffrnanofz  111".  (Uiriio  vV.miu;-;,  com-  | 
mouly  kniwn  as  Oviedo,  was  born  in  Madrid  in  147'*,  j 
anil  died  in  Valladoliil  in  i;;;.  aged  sevenlv-ninc> 
years.  He  was  of  a  noble  Astunan  family,  and  in  his 
liovhood  (in  I4i)<i)  was  appointed  one  of  the  payes  to 
Prince  Ju.in,  heir  apparent  of  Sp.iin,  the  only  son  of 
Ferdinand  and  Isabella.  lie  was  in  this  situational 
the  lime  of  lli'.;  siei;o  and  surrender  of  Oran.ida.  w.is 
conseiiu.-nily  .it  ■  ourt  at  the  time  that  C'idinnlnis  m.ide 
his  agreement  with  the  Cilholic  s-ivereiyns,  and  w.is 
in  the  s.ime  c.ip. icily  at  H.ircelona.  ;ind  witne-.sc<l  the 
triumphant  eniranci;  of  the  discoverer,  atteniled  by  a 
number  of  the  natives  of  the  newly  found  countries. 

In  1513,  he  was  sent  out  to  the  New  World  by 
Fcrdin.in  I.  l  1  superintend  the  Kold  foundries.  For 
many  years  he  served  there  in  v.irious  otfic<'s  of  tiust 
and  diijnity,  both  under  Ferdinand,  and  his  t;ranrlson 
and  successor  Charles  \',  In  l^,i  =  .  he  w.is  made 
alcayde  of  the  fortress  of  .">[.  D  imini;o  in  Hisii.miola, 
and  afterw.ir.l  was  appointed  liislorio;;r.ipher  of  the 
Indies.  At  the  time  of  his  death,  he  had  served  the 
crown  upwarilof  forty  years,  thirty-fourof  wiiich  were 
l)ass'..'d  in  the  i  olonies,  and  he  had  crossed,  the  oce.m 
ci.nht  times,  .is  he  meinions  in  various  paru  of  his 
writini;s.  lie  wrote  several  works  ;  the  iiKist  inipoi- 
tanl  is  the  chronicle  of  the-  Indies  in  fifty  books,  diviiled 
into  three  p.irts.  The  first  p.irt,  containini;  nineteen 
bo(jks,  w.is  jirinted  at  Seville  in  1=3:,  and  reprinted 
in  1547  at  .Salamanca,  au(;iiicnted  by  a  twentieth  book 
c()nl,.inin,;{  shipwrecks.  The  rem, under  of  the  wori\ 
e.sisis  in  m.inuscript.  The  printinij  of  it  was  com- 
menced al  Valladolid  in  1557.  but  was  discontinued  i;i 
conseipience  (jf  his  death.  It  is  one  of  the  uniui.- 
l:slied  treasure.s  of  Sp.inish  coioni.il  history. 

He  was  an  indel.iii^.iblo  writer,  laborious  in  coi- 
iertiiif^  and  reiordini;  facts,  and  <omposed  a  multitude 
of  volumes  whicli  are  sc.iHeied  tlirouuli  the  Sp.mi^h 
libr.iries.  His  vritin.ns  are  full  of  eviMits  v.diich  hap|)en 
ci!  under  his  own  eye,  or  were  communii  ateil  to  him  by 
eye-witnesses  ;  but  he  was  defuMent  in  jn  l^;ment  and 
disctimin.ition.  Hi;  took  his  ta.  Is  without  c.iution, 
and  often  from  sources  unworthy  rif  credit.  In  his 
account  of  the  first  voyage  of  Columbus,  he  f.dls  into 
several  e.i;re,i;ious  errors,  in  c(jnsei|uence  of  l.ikim;  the 


Ko.   XXXI. 

(  tU.V    I'K    l.n-,    l'.\l  \i  los. 

.■\nii|;is    Hikn  Al  1)1  ',   or   llernal.  i^cner..  ;,■  k 
by  the  title  of  the  cur.ite  of  /.'j  J'<h\.\u'i,  Imrn.' 
been  cur.ite  of   the   town   of  Los   I'al.iriiw  fri!" 
14SS  to  1513,  WMS  born  in  the  town  of  I'lanio.,!- .  i.. ! 
for  some  lime  ch.ipl.iin  to  Die^;o  De/.i.  .\rdi:  >  j 
Seville,  one  of  the  !.;re.ilest  friend-.  In  the  4;,;  .;■ 
of  t.'olumbus.       Hern.ildes   w.is  well  ,iu|ii:i';uc:«:: 
the  admir.il.  who  w,is  oci  .isionally  his  nuf>;,  ..ij  •  I 
1411I1,  left  m.iny  of  his  m.inuscripts  am!  joiinuis  ri 
him,  wdiicli  the  curate  m.ide  use  ol  111  a  hi*;  ',  o;-: 
reik;n  of    Ferdinand   and    Is.ibella,  in  which  !;f  .ar- 
diiced  an  acciniiit   of  the    voy.i^'es  of  C'i;i',!;',.;s.  !• 
the  n.irr.itive  of  the  admiral's  co.islini;  aloiii;  '.',.;yc 
ern  side  of  Clib.i,  the   curate   is  mote  inim,;i.  ,.'.:; 
cur, lie  th.m  .my  other  historian.     Hi-*  werk  c,  >;.ii:.; 
in  in.inuM  ript,  but   is  well   known  ti  li:sii'ri,.;>. »: 
have  m.ide  treiiuent  use  of  it.      N'othim;  ciii  !.:  K"t 
simple  and  artless  tli.m  the  account  whi.  h  lh;fc-.r«; 
curate  gives  of  his  beiiii,'  first  moved  la  1111  !'.::,u»! 
(Iironicle.     "'  I  who  wrote  these  ch.ipters el  iiv:ii.';;', 
he  says,  "  bein.g  for  twelve  ye.irs  in  the  h.n  i;  ere.. 
iiii;  a  register  of   my   deceased   gr.uidl.ithcr.  ivh  r 
nolarv  public  of  the  town    of    Fueiiles,  \v:iirc  h' 
born,  I  fouml  therein  secer.il   chapters  recur :in^-(:> 
t.iin  events  and  ;ic  hievein.  nts  which  li.ul  Li^-if-. 
in   his  time  ;  .md   my   grandmother  Ins  vvii.v,  s: 
w.is   very   idd,    lie.iring   me-   real    tliein  >.i"l  :   r 
"  .\n  I  llioii,   my  son,  since   thou  .irl  imts.':.;: 
wriiing,  wdiy  dost  thou  not  wrile.  in  lliis  m.i:M'.;r,  : 
gooa  things  which   are   h.ippening  .il  jirrsc:';  :■ 
own   d.iy,  lh.it   those   who  come  here.i:i-r  r- ;>  »: 
them,  .ind  m.irveliing   at  \v!i,it  they   r'.v.  1  r.. ..  r;: 
111. inks  to  Cioil.' 

"  From  ili.it  time."   continues  he.  "  I  ;r  i  •■■• 
do  so.  and  as  I  considered  the'  m.itler,  1  >c.    "- 
niy-elf.  '  if  (lod  gives  me   life   aii'l   he.iii;;  I  v  • 
tii'iue  lo  write  until  1  behold  the  kinu  loiii  e'  icr 
g.iined  bv  the   t'hristi.ins  ;  '   and  I   .ibv.ivs  cii'.'.r:.!.'. 
. I  hope  of  seeing  it  and  did  see  it'  gre.M  .'i;' ■' 
praises  be  given  to  our  Saviour  Jesus  (>.:•: 
because  it  was  iinpossib'e  to  wrile  .uoiii|ii. ;-  '■'■'■■ 
ne(  ted  .iccount  of  all  things  lh.it  li.ipi'eiio:      ■" 
during  the  matrimoni.il   union  of  the  kiiii;  ■'  ■' ' 
nand,   and   the   4ueeii    Don.i    Is.ibell.i,    '    '    '■' 
alioiit   cert.iin   of   the   most   striking  .111  1  :'  '•*■■ 
ccents,  of  which    I    had   correct    informiti  'i-    ■■  _^ 
liiose  which  I  s.iw  or  which  were  pu'licai    :■  •' 
to  all  men."  ■'■  .  ,,. 

The  work  of  the  worlliy  ciir.ue,  .is  ei  iv  '  •      "-- 
I  from  the  foregoing  slalement,  isdeli.  leai  ::i  tc^i-.'-.^ 
■  of  |d.in  ;  the  style  is  artless  ami  often  inehviH.  •'•■^_' 
I  abounds  in  f.icts  not  to  be   met  wiili  cl-eHii! 
given  in  a  very  graphiial  manner,  and  sti.nii;-; 
lerislic  of  the  times,      .\s  he  w.is  .  ouieinr ''-'^ 
the  events  and  familiar  wilh  many  of  die  1'''' 
his  history,  and  as  he  was  a  man  of  pr)!'H>''" 
of  ait   [iretension.    his   manuscript   is  a 
high   authenticity.       He   was    much    respic 
liiiiiled  sphere  in  wdiich  he  moved,    "  ; 


llUli-' 


uumc 
s.n-"rto; 


ladnvrcrs,  who  wrote 
'  ■iHn.iaiuHithe  f 
1,0s  r.ai»i"^'  and  th 

pllliMlMll.i""''*"!" 

ana  ci' 
Ifroiii  ihi 


|s.a.el.aairt 
I.  history  ot 


^,.n..u>  vilher  hlsl 


httmiier 


,irv  wiili'r 


1 ,1,,.  Muular  coi>>  c 
esex.iiuitiiiii'i  have 
hur^l  ihis  work,  an 
rihi' tetter,  have  bee 


•K\'. 


Tr 

figef 

r.  iBci' 
■'hrc 
;  Hon: 
iF" 

Wllc. 

Sue. 
»'■; 

I.  die  I 

etOVt. 

'  ri'V 

1:: 

Gri', 

Ba- 

Rct 

i  lla  ■ 

fbt:: 

1'- 

^Kcat 


...VnONK  VU.  !• 
1,  I'.U.SK  M"\ 
■  ^.wlo.Mlo   ' 

,,i.ovearc  th<'  1 
,  ^riiesl  n.irr.itiM 
,|  (.'idliniblis    ill. I 
i-.nis  ;  niid  there 
.irdte:t.     liwa- 
..  ,(h1ii  Fracan/.o, 
:,;  Mimtabaldo  1; 
,  ,aul  VMS  pii'di-. 
;  ,.a  ol  VDVages, 
,:iienle  Riirov.Ui 
;,it  Milan,  in  u-' 
,,;;iin  made  by   .' 
,.•  el    llinerariiii 
^iini,  iK'c.nise  t 
■■■.,<[  l.uiKiC.ulai 
:;ui,'al. 

■ ,  olli-i'tion  was  a 
IS  w,ih  other  tr; 

111  1533.*  ''V  " 

,::i;m,  etc.  The 
:;  clition  111  Mila 
• ,.  curse  of  this  w 
irr  M.irlvr  (Deer 
ici,  under  the  Inst 
t'tiu'"  I'TtiiK.iUeiisium, 
f  by;!  'Like  he  terms  C 
:  oia;"'-;..;'-  of  his  book 
;  his  ;.rst  Decide  of  thi 
>  gra;  'cl  copies  in  mat 
!  in  ;  .irl;  ul.ir  to  ce 
;■  >l,i-ur  s  iJec.idcs  we 
.  Cfi-'.ii'.;  liic  lirsi  three 

SatstVi.ie 

•;<'Mrr;ilivec.f  the 
.  cc..  I'lalist.i  Sj) 
..iiint>ii>,  .IS  h.ivi 
ii'jniiius. 

s  1  i.mifest,  frc.ii 
^'^  itie  author  111. 
;n.ii  iiscript  of    .N 
[, 8o;.r:i>s  cf  irificriiiatic 
Mcin  Ml  CiiUiinljus  as 
■rame.  iif  a  ru  Idy  e 
Boti-.jciecl  from  M:i 
^'0  histciri.in  h  nl.  in 
picas,  in  itci4  ;  invl  ' 
Kqaently  Kiven  ol  C 
,f  hcs  SIHl, 

lt;s  ineligible  th.i 
«'..'  a  year  afut  ihi 
lof  tr,i.T;irv  jol)  work 
P»gc5  puliiished  at  Vi 
'  takc.n  from  oral  c 
!  given  l;y  S-.itic'Uii  us 
|lcrii.to,liy  c;i'  M.irt 

*  Uil-hcj!l.ec:a  I'iiie 


tn    . 

i  of; 
i  ol  I 

th 


»  Opus  llpisl.  P.  M.irtyris  .\nglerii,  f.pist.  1.(7. 


d-  1. 


'!'■ 


Hk  itki 


APPENDIX. 


179 


lailiii'rcrs.who  wrntc  a  short  preface  to  his  rhron- 

IH-  nail  iRMilhtT  rcwanl  than  that  (ii  the  riiracy 

\.4lo^  i'.ilaiio:;.  ami  tho  plaic  of  chaplain  to  the  arch- 

hoi'  l'u!i  Uicgi)  Ueza." 

Initii  posscsMoii  .»f  O   Rich,  i:s(|.,  of  Madrid,  is  a 

,,unou-.liia"iJ«''i|'"'''f"""'^"  "'  ''"-"  "''H"  "'  ''^'f" 
-a„,  .'111  is.il'tli.i  alrcadv  i|Uiilc(l  111  ihiswurk,  tn.idc 
ffr.iVlhis  hislorvot  iho  .  iir.ilrdf  l.ns  I'alacios,  and 
.iri.His  ullicr  hl!.toriaiis  ol    the    limes,    by  sniiic 
Pjjntfc  iMiary  wiilcr.     In  his  aci-ouiit    of  the  v•()y.l^;L• 
jj  C     II 'IIS  I"-'  'hlf'"f^    I"   !<omf    trivial    partiriil.irs 
■m  i:i  ■   lUiilar  cdpy  of  the  in.imisi  ript  of  tlu-  i  urate. 
lesc  vaiiiitiiiiis  liavi-  l)f(/ti  t.ircfuUy  cxainiTu-d  hy  the 
Jiur  i)l  lliis  work,  .ml  wlicrevtr  ihty  ujipcar  lo  he 
rihc  Idler,  have  I't'-n  adnplcd. 


.V...   X.WIl. 

l|AVIi..Vli"NK     I'Kl.    I.I-    I'l      iA'HC.I.I.^    Iil-.l.IK     IMII.K 
1.  l'.\KSi;    M  n\  \.MIMK    1;  1  1  U<  IV  ATK.  " 
"N.Un.AlM    CIIKIs  lorll'ilU    I  nl.uMlll." 

hi;  ali'ivc  aro  th(!  titles,  in    Italian   and   in    Latin, 

Ihi!  lariicst  ri.irr.itiics  uf  the  fust  ami   second  viiy- 

is  vi  t"cilanilais  that  .ipiicared    in    print.      It    was 

inviii'His ;  mill  there  arc  smne  riirious   particul.irs 

regard  Ui  it.     It  wasoiif;iiialiy  written  in  It.dian  liy 

.l.i.'iiilu  Fracan/o,  <ir   l"rac.in/,iiio,  or   hy  Franca- 

10  (Ic  Miiiitahaldd  i  for  wi  iters  differ  in  re(;,ird  to  ihc 

ifi,  .cikI  »<'as  published   In   Vicen/.i,    in    1507,  in   ,-i 

iilecli'ii  (i(  vovai^es,  entillcd   Mnndo   Novo,  e  I'aese 

lovinicnlc  Kiiruv.ite.       The  collection  w.is  rejiuh- 

.icil  .1'  Milan,  in  if  113,  both  in  It.iliaii.  and  in  a  I. .it in 

ins:.it  "H  maile  hy  .Archaimelo   M.idri^;n.ino.   under 

title  ol  hiner.iriiiiii    l'ortii>;alli-nsiimi  ;    this  title 

line  t,'*''ii,  hi'caiise  the  work   related   i  liielly  to  the 

)j'ai;f<  'if  l.ui^;iCadarnoslo,  a  \'enetian  in  the  service 

'  P(iriui,'al. 

.The  ii'lki'tion  was  afterward  auKnienti'il  by  Simon 
tin.i'iis  w.lh  utlicr  tr.ivels,  and  printed  in  i,.ilin  at 
lie,  ill  1533,*  liy  Ilervayio,  entitled  Novus  <  >rliis 
!gio;;i;iii,  e'c.  the  edition  of  Masle,  1555.  and  the 
lalian  t.lilioii  <it  .Milan,  in  i^n^.  have  been  consulted 
the '.  mrse  nf  this  work. 

Pilcr  Martyr  (Dccnd  2,  Cap.  7)allii<les  to  this  piih- 

■Ition.  under  the  fust  Latin  title  of  the  bonk,   Ilinera- 

im  1' irluijalleiisimii,  ;in,l  .iccuses  the  author,  whom 

miFl.ikc  hi-  terms  C'.id.unosto,  of  h.ivint;  stolen  the 

laiiTi.  !s  111  his  book  from  the  three  first  ch.ipters  of 

isf.rst  Deiacle  of   the  Ocean,  of   whii  h,   he  s.iys,  In; 

mtiil  lopies  in  manusiript  I;)  sever.d  persons,  and 

I'.ir;:  iilar     to     certain      Veneti.in      .inib.issadors. 

lartvr  ■•  iJciades  were  not  published  until  1510,  e.\- 

iptiiii;  the  lirsl  three,  which  were  putdished   in  I'll, 

Sevi.li' 

1hi«'Mrralivfof  the  voyages  of  Columbus  is  rcferreil 
IvoM   liatist.i  .Sp(.ii)rno,  in  his  historic, d   memoir 
I.  .uiuilus,  .!!>  haviiii;  been  written  bv  a  icimp.mion 
if  Cil'jniiius. 

!■  ■<  n  iiiifpst,  fn.in  a  [ierus,il  of  the   narrative,  th.it 

n    <*!  IMC  author  m.iv  li.ive  helpeil  himself  freelv  from 

i,lti'  :ii.c  iiscript  of   .Martyr,  he   must  have    ha.l    other 

«(i;.rvs,.|  infcriiialioii       His  description   of  the   per- 

f'"    ■!  I  ulumlnis  as  a  man  tall  of  stature  an<l  l.irt;e  of 

Elr,,:; r.  „f  ;,  rii  tdy  complexion  and  oblont;  vis.i^'e.  is 

!"«'!  from   Marivr,  nor  from  any  other  writer. 

■' '-^I'lrun  hid.  in  leed.precededhim,  except  Sabel- 

■  in  u.q  ;  and  the  portrait  .inret  s  with  that  sub- 

^'■nlly  Kivrr,  oi  (.  ohimbus  in  the  bioi'raiihv  written 

■  ■  .'-oil. 

Is  |Mul,:i|,l,.  ili.it   iiii^   n.irr.ilive,    whi.  Ii   appeared 

'"•■■av.-ar.ilitr  t|„.  de.iih  .it   CoIuiiiImis,  was  a   piece 

i-.-rurv  j.)l,  work,  written  for  the  <<dlection  of  vov- 

»rM'';l'llshed..tVicenM  ;  and  that  the  materials  wc'c 


pni.; 
I 

In 


■  I,  .    /""'  "'■''    '""""unicaiion,    from    the    account 
K''ni)y  .'■ai„.ii,jnj;    .,,,,1  p.irticularlv  from   the   manu- 
f"    ''"py,:i  Martyrs  first  decade.' 

^  '^lUiuil.eca  Piiicllu, 


No,  XXXIII. 

ANTiiMo    UK    lirUKKRA, 

Antcmm  IIi;i;ki  i;\  m:  Toiu.isii  i  a':,  one  of  Ihc 
.uithors  most  fnipienlly  (  ited  in  this  work,  w;is  liorn 
in  IsC?.  of  Roderick  'I  ordesillas,  and  A^nes  de  Iler- 
rera,  his  wile,  lie  received  an  e\cellcnt  edu(ati(ui. 
and  entered  into  the  employ  of  \'espasi;in  (ion/atjo. 
brother  to  the  |)uke  of  Mantu.i,  who  was  \'iceroy  of 
N'.iples  t'lr  l'liil;|)  the  Set  ond  of  Spain.  lie  was  for 
sonic  time  sc(  ret.iry  to  this  st.ilesman,  and  intnistcil 
with  all  his  sc(  r(  ts.  lie  w.is  .ifterward  nr::ui\  his- 
turiov;r,iplier  of  the  Indies  to  Philip  II.,  who  ,idded  to 
th.it  title  a  I. ir^e  pension,  lie  wrote  v.irioiis  books, 
but  the  most  celebrated  is  a  (Jeneral  History  of  the 
Indies,  or  .Ameriian  Colonies,  in  four  volumes,  (rin- 
tainiiiK  ei^ht  .lec.idi.-s.  When  he  undertcudc  this  work 
all  the  puljlic  archives  were  thrown  open  to  him,  and 
he  tuid  access  to  do(umenls  of  :dl  kiiiils.  He  has 
been  charged  with  ^re.it  pre<  ipit.ition  in  the  produc- 
tion of  his  two  tiisl  Volumes,  and  with  nei,di),'ence  in 
not  makiiiv;  sullicient  use  of  the  indisput.ilde  sources 
of  inform. itioii  thus  pl.u  ed  within  his  reach.  The  fact 
was,  that  he  mi  I  wiih  historic. d  tracts  lyinj;  in  manu- 
script, which  embr.iced  a  great  part  of'  the  first  dis- 
coveries, .in<l  he  contented  himself  with  staling  events 
as  he  found  them  therein  rei  ordcd.  It  is  certain  that 
a  great  p.irt  of  his  work  is  little  more  th. in  a  transirijit 
of  the  manusi  rijit  history  of  the  Inclies  by  L;is  Casas, 
sometimes  redu<  ing  and  improving  the  langu.ige  when 
tumid  ;  omitting  the  impassioneil  s.diies  of  the  zeal- 
ous father,  when  the  wrongs  of  the  Indi.,ns  were  in 
iiueslioii  ;  and  suppressing  various  circumstanies  de- 
grading t'>  the  cli.ir.icter  of  the  Spanish  discoverers. 
The  author  of  the  present  work  h.is,  therefore,  fre- 
i|uently  put  aside  the  history  of  llerrer.i,  and  consult- 
ed the  soun  e  of  his  information,  ihc  ni.imiscrii  t  his- 
tory of  L.is  Cas.is. 

iMunoz  observes  that  "  in  ^'ener.d  llerrera  did  little 
more  than  join  together  morsels  and  extracts,  taken 
from  v.irious  p.irts,  in  the  wav  than  ,1  writer  arranges 
1  hronologic.illy  the  materials  from  wdiicli  he  intends  to 
compose  a  history  ;"  he  adds,  that  '"  had  iioi  lb  rrtra 
been  .1  le.iriied  and  judicicuis  man,  the  preciiiilation 
with  which  he  put  together  these  m.iteri.ils  would  li.ive 
led  to  innumer.ible  <  rrors."  The  remark  is  just  ;  yet 
it  is  to  be  consiilcred.  th.it  to  select  and  arr.mge  such 
m.iteri.ils  judiciously,  ;ind  treat  them  Icaiiieilly,  was 
no  trilling  merit  in  the  lustori.in. 

Ileirer,i  has  been  accused  aleo  of  flattering  his 
n.ition  ;  ex.illing  the  deeds  (d  his  coumrynun.  anil 
soltening  and  conce.iling  their  excesses.  There  is 
nothing  very  serious  in  this  accusation.  To  illiis-trate 
the  glory  of  his  n.ilion  is  one  of  the  noblest  oftices  of 
the  historian  ;  and  it  is  dilfii  ult  to  speak  loo  highly  of 
the  extraordin.iry  enterprises  and  splendid  .ictions  of 
the  Sp.mi.irils  in  those  days.  In  softening  their  ex- 
cesses he  tell  into  an  amiable  and  panlonable  error, 
if  it  were  indeed  an  error  for  a  Spanish  writer  to  en- 
de.ivor  to  sink  them  in  oblivion. 

\'ossius  passes  ,1  high  eiilogium  on  llerrer.i  "  .S'o 
one."  he  savs,  'has  described  with  gre.iler  industry 
,ind  fidelity  the  magnitude  and  boundaries  of  provinces, 
the  tr.icts  <d  sea,  positions  of  c.i[)es  and  isl.mds,  of 
(lorts  and  harbors,  the  windings  of  rivers  .ind  ilin.ef.- 
sions  of  hikes  ;  the  silu.itioii  aii.l  ]>eciiliari'.;es  of  re- 
gions, with  the  appear.mce  of  the  hciveiis,  and  the 
designation  of  plai  es  suitable  for  the  t  st.iblishmenl  of 
cities."  He  h.is  been  calle.l  among  the  S[);.niards  the 
prince  of  the  historians  of  America,  and  it  is  added 
that  none  have  risen  since  his  time  rap.ible  if  <lis|nu- 
iiig  with  him  th.it  title.  Mu<  h  of  this  p. raise  will  .ap- 
pear ex.iggiraled  by  such  as  cx.irnine  the  in.musi  ii[  t 
liistories  from  which  he  tr.mslerred  ch.ipters  and  en- 
tire books,  with  very  little  alteration,  to  his  volumes  ; 
and  a  ^reat  part  of  ihe  ciilogiums  passed  on  him  for 
his  work  on  tlu?  Indies,  will  be  found  really  due  to 
Las  Ciisas.  who  h.is  too  long  been  eclipsed  by  his 
copyist.  Still  Herrcra  has  lelt  voluminous  proofs  of 
industrious  research,  extensive  information,  and  ijreat 


.:  '■:^. 


280 


ai'im:ni)IX. 


r  'I  '       !    ^ 


I 


I      1'  ! 


;     i 


liicr.irv  lali-iu      His  works  boar  iho  ni  irk  of  candor. 
iiitcijrUv.  .iiul  a  simorc  di^sire  to  riTon!  the  truth. 

ilo  (ilivl  in  I(i2^.  at  sixtv  vears  of  ai;o.  a(tcr  havin« 
(.i.taincd  from  Philip  IV.  the  promise  ol  the  lirst 
(I)  nxc  of  secretary  of  state  that  should  become  vacant. 


|l         ' 


N,i     .\.\.\1V. 
^il^llo^  FONSK.A. 

I  111',  sinsjular  nialcvolencc  displ.iycd  bv  Bishop  juan 
Koiiriyuf/  di.'  I'onscca  tdW.ird  I'oiumbus  .tnd  Ins  t.mi- 
iiv.  and  whicli  w.is  one  ol  the  scrrot  and  prinnpal 
rausfs  of  their  niisfiirtunes,  h.is  been  lro(iueiulv  noticed 
in  the  course  of  this  work.  It  uriKin.iIed,  as  has  lieeii 
shown,  in  some  dispute  between  the  .idmir.d  and 
Konseea  at  Seville  in  i  (i).1,  on  .ucount  of  the  delay  in 
tilting  out  the  arm.inieni  for  tne  seiond  voyage,  and 
in  re^.iril  to  the  miinber  of  iloniestus  to  fotm  the 
hiUisehold  of  the  adinir.d.  l\insei:i  received  ;«  b  iter 
liom  the  sovereigns,  t.icitly  reproving  him,  an. I  or.lei- 
ini,'  him  to  show  .ill  possilile  attention  to  the  wishes  of 
Columluis.  and  to  se-  that  he  w.is  ire.ited  with  iionor 
and  deference.  Tonsoci  never  forgot  this  alironi, 
an  I,  what  wiih  iiiin  was  the  s.inie  thing,  never  forg.ive 
ii.  His  spirit  appe.ir.s  to  haiC  been  of  th.it  unlu.iUhv 
kind  which  has  none  of  the  lialm  of  torgiveiiess  ;  ,iiid 
in  which,  .i  wound  once  maile,  for  ever  r, inkles.  I  he 
liostiliiy  thus  pro.luced  conliniied  wlih  lucre. isiiig  viru- 
lence throughout  l!ie  life  of  Columbus,  and  at  hls.leath 
was  tr.insferred  to  his  son  aiiil  successor.  This  per- 
severing animosity  lias  lieen  ilhisirate<l  in  the  course 
ot  this  work  by  f.icts  and  observ.ilions,  cited  Irom 
aulliois,  some  of  them  contempor.iry  with  ronsee.i. 
Inil  who  were  app.irently  restr.iined  by  motives  nl 
prudence,  Irom  giving  full  vent  to  tlie  indign.ilion 
which  ihc-y  evidently  lelt.  liven  at  the  pn-sent  day.  a 
Spinish  historian  would  Ik'  cautious  of  expressing  bis 
teelings  freely  on  the  subject,  lest  they  should  preju- 
dice his  work  in  the  eyes  A  the  ecclesiaslii-.tl  i  elisors 
of  the  press.  In  this  w.iy  Kishop  Konscci  h.is  in  a 
great  measure  escaped  the  gener.il  odium  his  conduct 
merited. 

This  prelate  had  the  chief  supi'rintendence  of  Span- 
ish coioni.il  .'itf.iirs,  l)(jth  under  i'erilinand  and  Isabill.i, 
and  the  lunperor  Charles  V.  lie  wasanaitive  .md  in- 
trepid, but  seUi'i,  overbearing,  and  iierfulious  num. 
His  administrati.m  bears  no  marks  of  enlaiged  ami 
liberal  policy  ;  but  is  lull  of  traits  of  arrogance  ami 
ine.mness.  He  opposed  the  benevolent  attempts  of 
Las  Casas  to  ameliorate  the  condition  of  the  Indians, 
and  to  obt.iin  the  ai(olition  of  repartimientos  ;  ire.it- 
ing  him  with  perscni.il  haughtiness  and  ,is]ierily.' 
The  reason  assignecl  is  that  I'onsi^ca  w.is  enriching 
himself  by  those  very  abuses,  retaining  l.irge  numbers 
of  the  miserable  Indians  in  slavery,  to  \v:rk  on  his 
possessions  in  the  colonies. 

To  show  that  his  character  has  not  ln-en  judgecl 
with  undue  severity,  it  is  expedient  to  point  out  his  in- 
vidious and  persecuting  conduct  low.ird  lierii.m.lo 
Cortoz.  The  bishop,  while  ready  to  foster  r.imbling 
adventurers  who  c.ime  forward  under  his  p.itronage. 
had  never  the  he, id  or  the  heart  to  apprec  iate  llie 
merits  of  illustrious  comiiMuders  like  Columb,;s  ancl 
C'ciriez. 

At  a  time  when  clispules  arose.'  between  C'i;rlez  and 
Diego  \'elazc|uez,  governor  of  Cuba,  and  the  latter 
sought  to  arrest  the  conc|ueror  of  Mexico  in  tlie  midst 
of  Ills  brdli.mt  career,  Fonsei  ,i,  with  entire  disregard 
of  the  merits  of  the  case,  look  a  deciclecl  part  in  fa\or 
of  Velazipiez.  Personal  inlerest  was  at  the  bottom  of 
this  f.ivor  ;  for  .i  marriage  w,is  negoti.iting  between 
\'el.i2que/.  and  a  sisK'r  of  the  bishop. t  Complaints 
and  misre|)rescntalions  had  lieen  sent  to  Spain  by 
\'(d.izc|uez  of  the  conduct  of  Cortez,  who  w.is  repri'- 
sented  as  a  laivless  ancl  unprinciplecl  adveiuurcr,  at- 

*   IlcrriT.i,  dci'id.  ii.  lib.  ii    cap.  •^. 

t   Ibid.,  Uist.  liul.,  deu.id.  lii.  lib.'iv,  cap.  3. 


tempting  to  usurp  alisolute  authority  in  Kfu  j,  I 
The  true  services  ot  Cortez  haci  iltea  Iv  exf:i»i;V,J 
ration  at  court,  but  such  was  the  intlui'ii.cc,:  lo-'^^T 
til. It.  .IS  in  tlie  case  of  Columbus,  ho  mi utr 
preiudicing  the  mimi  of  the  sovereign  .ii'a;iiv.nr..| 
the  most  meritorious  of  his  subjects.  I ine I jnsij^  1 
de  T.ipi.i.  a  m.m  destitute  of  t.ilent  or  cbancitf  j^l 
whose  greatest  recimimendation  w,is  his  h,i,:r,<t(- 
in  the  employ  of  the  bishop,*  w,is  iiivcsicil  iv;,ij,^| 
ers  simil.ir  to  those  once  given  to  Hohaiiiluoi., 
prejudice  of  Columbus.  He  w.is  to  iiic|uit.- in;; 
conduct  of  Cortez.  ancl  in  c.ise  lie  tliouiihi  ii;. '1,5(3, 1 
him,  sequestrate  his  properly,  and  superM,:- c,,' 
c omm.ind.  Not  conleni  with  the  regucir  c|j]  ^  j. 
ters  furnished  to  r,ipM.  the  bishop,  shortiv  ..•,ti  t., 
dep.irtiire,  sent  out  ju.in  Uono  cU  Ouc.xo  »  .  Ij;; 
letters  signecl  by  his  own  liand.  and  with  .li.rj:. 
reeled  to  v.irious  persons,  ch.uging  tlicni  1.1  .V; 
T.ipi.i  for  go\crnor.  and  assuiirg  ihcm  ih.,:  ir.»i- 
1  cinsidered  the;  conduct  cif  Cortez  as  ilis'ei,,'  \;;. 
ing  but  ihe  s.ig.icity  and  lirmness  of  Curtc.' ['Wetit; 
this  me.isure  Irom  icunpletely  interrupting'. :!  en;;, 
fe.iting  his  enterprises  ;  iind  he  aflerw.inl  clfcidri'; 
th.it  he  h.id  experienced  iiiore  trcuil.ie  ,in  1  i!:it(L' 
from  the  menac  I's  .ind  affronts  ol  the  imnbttrsa;;; 
king  than  it  cost  him  to  conijuer  Mexico. + 

When    the  dispute   lietween  Coite.-  am!  \'>,i.!: 
(.ime  to  lie  declcled  upon  in  Spain,  in   15::.  llciafe 
of  Cortez,  an;l  those  who   hacI  come  Irom  Nfivv;, 
as  his  prociir,ilors,  obtained  permission  frum  Ciic.i. 
.\dri.in.  at  that  time   governor   of  the  reata,  Mi: 
ri  ute  a   public   accusation   of   the   bishop.    .■\  rti"..: 
invesligalion  took  pl.ice  Licfore  the  Ccaincil  (.;  Lht! ■ 
dies  of  llieir  allegations  ag.iinst  its  president,    1  ■■ 
ch.irged  him   with   luiving   nulrlicly  dec  larcil  t-'H;. . 
traitor  and  a  rebel  ;   with  iiaving  interccpicd  aiiu>.: 
pressed  his  letters  addressed  to  the  kiiiR.  l,c'i".:r;b 
M.ijesty  in  ignorance  of  their  (cmleiits  and  c:  ise:- 
liortaiit  servic-es  he  h.id  perlormed.  while  he  c;;.i«r,;.; 
forw.irded  .ill  letters  i  alculated  to  proiimtc '.hr  inlfts 
ol  \'el,iz(piez  ,  with  having   •  reventecl  the  ri';;esKL. 
tions  of  t'oitez  Irom  being  he.ird  in  the  Coiir. '.(!'.:: 
Ir.clies,  declaring  th.it  they  should  never  he  l;i\.-:ir.;:: 
while  he  lived  ;   with  having   inierdine'l  th''  i'Wir. 
ing  of  arms,  merch.milise,  ami  reinlorcemciit' '.iS--' 
Sp.iin  ;  and  with  h.iving   issued  orders  to  ihc  Scf 
the  indi.i  House  at  Seville  to  .irrest  the  prcnur.itor- : 
Cortez  and  all  persons  .irriving  Irom  liini,  unc.  l!-?." 
and  cleta',1   all   gold    thai   they   should  brir.s'    T'.k 
and  various  other  rliargcs  of   simil.ir  iiauiu- wtr'rCi- 
|)  issionalelv     inveslig.iled.       Enough    wtrc  -.;Xi.'.- 
ti.ited  to  convict  ronsec.i  of  the  most  p.irtii.:.  ptti- 
sive  and   pprlidioiis  londuit.  and   the  car(lir,.i',  cwis'- 
:   quenlly  forb.ide  him  to  interfere  in  the  caii-c  ie'nM 
j    Cortez'  and    Vel,izc|ue/,    and    revoked   all    the  oKtr. 
i    which  the  bishop  h.id  issued,  in  the  matter.  1   !iit  •'■ 
I   cli.i  House  of  Seville.      indeed   S.ilazir,  a  S[..nisbh;i• 
tori.m,  says  that    t'onsec  a  was  tot. illy  divi-Mc':  >>l  f,! 
.lulhority  as  president  of   Ihe  council,  am!"!  .■'«• 
irol  of  the  affairs  of  New  Spain,  ancl  .cdds  ihjl  ktR 
so  mortilied  .It  Ihe  blow,  lh.it   it   lir.'uglu  c;:;  si- 
illness,  which  well  nigh  cost  him  his  iile.J 

The    suit   lietween    Cortej:   and   Xelazi.'U'i  «3>  :'• 

ferrecl  to  a  spec  i.il   iribun.d,    composed  el  l!'.-'  S'-"'- 

c  h.mcidlor  and  other  persons  of  note,  .md  »;e  ,<•'■.•.'. 

in    \^i2.       The    intluencc    ancl   intrigues  e:  i'"*'- 

being  no  longer  of  avail,   a  triuni|>h.int  vi  n;,it  »'j 

given  in    f.ivor  of  Corfz,   which  was  .ilti-r'-v.:!    =' 

lirined  by   the  laiiperor   Charles   \'.,   and  ;'''|'';';; 

honors  awarded  him.      '1  his  was  an  ilher  1  i"*' ''''■■ 

milignaiit  Konseca.  wlio  retained  his  enmity  aC4i!i- 

C!orte/    until   his    last    iiioment,    n  ndeied  M'..;  "■''■ 

r.incurous  by  mortihcation  and  disappo'iilmH" 

A  1  harge  .igainst   Ponseca,   of  a  still  cl.irkcr  r.iuf 

j   than  any  o(  the   preceding,   may  be  loiiinl  1'^"'''^'^^ 

i    the  pages  of   lietrer.i,  though  so  ob.^cure  ic^  I"  I'-J' 

escaped    the    notice    of    succeeding    histona'.s.    '■' 

*  Ilr'TTc  ra.  clecad.  ill.  hb,  i.  cap    t;. 
I         t    Ibid..   Ilist.  Ill, I.,  ch-c.icb  111.  lib    IV.  r:i;i   3, 
I       t  Sal.iz.ir.  tjoiicj.  dc  Mexico,  hb.  1.  cap  J. 


pi„„,otiici.i^i">r 

„,;i„iic.iisnMi>' ^^ 

Heri'..ii"l"^""''''     " 
L,  I'THiUcd  a  con-l 

luilr.ircisc.'  Venui 

„,i,,iminiiy  UM"" 
ta,,     Lpri-.d   him 
C,-u'±    lleatic.i.p 
Ig,,  IV' 'it  ihei"ii>l 


fcrc'i 
Ini;  ! 


,u!l 


fit 

\h' 
th 
ir, 
I 
c 
1., 
a' 
n; 

tl: 
f 


1   W.I' 

n    II, line 
,,,,  .  ,inl'c»s(d  h 
,;in  :iii  »'!'•'''•■  ''' 
.    ivhiini  lie  dec 
,,  „,,s;i.i'U;edhy  or 
]..  ihi'  invcsUgaMon 
c  \-.  l.i/.;ucz,  this  cN 
■,;  ,.i  ciucl   .Hid 
.icerness  to  cm 
,,tcif  .\iv.in  /  dc 
,.,1  til  what  lie 
,  :     (Clue  se  111 


,ic  lliiii;ti' 


I 


;,>iiililliciidec|  ,ISS 
;  ,,1  his  agems, 
jiiant  iialiire  cd  i, 
lit  th.ii  s'.ic'h  an 
.r,.i  died  .11  Ihci 
;  ,ini]  was  intern 


,;    :;iF.  Mll'.MloN 

Till  s-pccuLtiuns  c' 
Itho  itrri-lrial  paruili- 
Ipcar,  vviTC  such  as  1 
I Iciriic  i  men.  A  sligl 
Iciiricib  suiijecl  may 
hi.iJcr.  .•ml  may  lake 
jliii.'iiic',is  expressed  b 
Ihealiciile  of  our  Ii 
Sjctt  of  mxious  iiicpi 
|a■:K,ly^  bi;cii  prone  {> 
lleiici'iy,  '.vhete  the  ii 
Icoar'c  realities  ci  life 
{llsuwii  crtaticiu.     It 

liglCill,  In:  IS  i'HlIld  i 

[agenatic.us,  and  it  p 

jcieii's.     Idle  spec  ul.i 

jthon.irdcii  of  Ldeii  t 

jcernuii!  liii;  g.inleii  v 

|dc::ij;l,l,  wliii  h  th.y  f 

lvcri;i.'  I'l  Hie  known 

jlisheil  wi'.h  all  the  il 

[vri;  c;er,liiiuaKy  Ion 

[(ill'!.     :\l  '  lie    lime 

I  Al.iLi.i.      The  exhu 

i  til;  p.ircli'.'d  anil   -iih 

I  Will;  ra'ii'.'.ire  ;    thev 

[ttl.riy  I'l.vver-i,  .ml 

[Cre'.v  of  a  tempest  ti 

[ui  Mi'.-.e  green  islaii 

I  L'^u^  'sol.iti.d  111  die 

g.ux'  It  lilt  iiune  1 

[6- Vrapiiii  al    know 

111"   liesjeiian    g.il 

I  ai;r'.-.uer  li^i.ince. 

j  01  ih"  yrciu  Syrli 

i  Ali.i.,     lI'Te,  afiei 

ft'ira,  the  travclle 

ccun'.ry,  ivalered  I 

The  'iranges  ami  c 

Kiitrc  lliey  were  a 

n..ins  by   dieir   g 

ll'rrcr.i.  Hist. 
•  iiiui..  ucc.id.  ui 


AIM'KNIJIX. 


.'SI 


Oinl; 


10  llll' 


bishop  as  the  instiKator  of  a  (Ics|nT:it( 


ntl|nlli(lliillSlIMI1 


who  ci)ns|)i 


reel  av.Minst   the  life  of 


Bfrii.iii 


I') 


C'lirti':'.    'rill-  "■•' 


soiu-  Animiio  ck-  Xillalafia, 


^(„,|,,CHiUi.ii  .1  i(illS|il 
I >,„.,  iscii  Vfnliil" 


1>  |iMl'C. 


and  they  llinu),'Iit  ihal  none  hul  the  Kardcn  of  tlic 
I  Ifspcriilts  coulil  |iroilure  such  nlof'oiis  fiuils.  In 
this  wav  the  h.i|  py  nxioii  of  the  am  iiiits  was  iraiis- 
porlcil  Iroin  pl.ii  e  lo  place,  sllll  in  llw  icniotf  and  ol,- 
lirotluT  ill-law  (il  \»da/i|ii</,  m  iirr  cxtri'iiuty  of  (he  wi)rld.  utilil  it  w  is  fabk-d  to  lx- 
While  llie  Lonspiratois  were  wailiiiK'  lor  |   isl  in  ilie  (  aiiarlcs.  tlicnie  calkd   the  I'otliinale  vt  llie 


racy  to  asshssiiiale  C  oite/, 


.mmiiv  1(1  potii 


i.prisf 


mil    o 


ird  Corlez,  one  of  ihiiii,  riliTU-       llispcrian    Isl.mds.      I  lure  il   remained,  l;(  caii'^c 
f    Ins   ilaiiKtr.     \'ill,ifana    was  ,   eovery  advam  ed  no  faiilu  r. 


dis 


herause  these  islands 


nr  "I. 


lit:  atuiiipted  to  swallow  a  p.iper  ("ni.dii-   ;    were  so  disi.inl,  and  so  little  known,   as  lo  aUow  full 
)!  ihc  iiilispi'aturs,   liul  beitiK  si  izeil   hy  the       latitude  to  the  hclions  of  the  pott.* 
lart  of  il  w.is  foricil  troni  Ins  inoiilli  toni.iin-  In  like  nianiu  r  the  situation  of   ilii;  terrestrial  para- 

dise, or  garden  of  I\den,  w.is  loii)4  a  sulijeet  of  earnest 


111    ii.ime-;    of     persons 


iniportanre. 


•  Ill 


fe'-seil  his  Kuill.    '"'I   tortures  could  not  ;    ini|uiry    and   i  iirious    dispiitat.on,    and    oci  upied    the 


111!  iiii  iii|iale 


the  persons  whose  names  were  on 


hoiii  lie  (lei  laied  were  ij;iior.int  of   the  plot. 
jieu.is  •i.iM(,'(-<l  hy  order  of  t'orte/.. ' 
In  thi'  iiivcMiyaiinn  vi  the  disputes  between  C'ortez 


Mil  \''.i.i''': 

Idi  ill',' 1 .1 


lie/,  this  execution  id  V'ill.ilaiTa  w.is  iiia«ni- 


iiinl   wanton   ac 


t   of  I 


lower  ;  and   in 


i.-rni'ss  to  crinii 


nate  Cortez   the  witnesses  on 


■nsiic.i' 


bbi*i 


uf  Alvaic/ decl.ii^'d  that  X'illaf.iTi.i  h.id  lieen 
1  III  uh.il  he  had  done  I  y  letters  troni  Hishop 
!  (flue  M-  iiiovio  a  lo  (|ue  lii/o  con  cartas  del 
It  is  not   proh.ilile  tli.il  I  onsei  .i 


p.i!    iC   lilllf^O'- 


kail  Itvnimiiei 


eii  .iss.issiiiation,  liut  it  shows  the  t  li.ir- 


bcifr  'I  Ins  :ii;ems 


and   wh.il   i;iusl   have   been   the 


Ba!ii;iuinl  ratlin' of  Ins  instrueiions,  when  ihi'se  men 
nht  thai  siii'li  an  ai  t  would  .icconiplisli  liis  wishes. 
Fonscia  ilieil  at  l'.iiri;os   on    the   ^ih  of    Novemhcr, 
Il5;4,  ailJ  was  iiitertetl  .it  Coca. 


lor  TilF. 


X.\.\V, 


iTAIIoN    'a'   Till.     1  1  KKl;,^l  KIAI.     I'AK.M'Isr, 


.iljorious  altenlion  of  itie  most  learned  llieidof;ians. 
.Some  placed  it  in  1'. destine  or  the  Holy  Land  ;  others 
in  .Mesopoiamia,  in  thai  rich  and  he.uitilul  trad  of 
country  emhraceil  liy  the  w.inilerin^;s  cd  ihc  TiKii^^ 
and  the  l!n|)hr.ites  ;  others  in  Armenia,  in  a  v.dley 
surrounded  hy  prei  ipitous  .ind  inaccessible  i.iountains, 
and  imagined  that  Imhm  li  and  Llijall  were  transported 
tliillK  r.  out  of  the  si^;l.i  of  mortals,  to  live  in  a  stale 
of  lirresliial  liliss  luiid  the  setond  coniinj.;  of  our 
S.iviour.  There  were  others  who  j;.ive  il  situations 
widely  remote,  sui  h  as  in  the  Tra|)ol.an  of  the  an- 
(  ieiils,  al  present  known  as  the  isl.iiid  of  Ceylon  ;  or 
in  the  isi.ind  of  hum.itra  ;  or  in  the  Fortunate  or 
C  iii.iry  Islands  ;  (;r  in  one  of  the  islands  of  Siinda  ; 
or  in  some  favored  spot  under  the  i(|uinoclial  line. 

(lie. it  ililhcully  w.is  eniountered  by  these  sjiecula- 
lois  lo  reconcile  the  allotted  place  with  the  desi  tiplion 
j.;iven  in  denesis  of  the  garden  of   l.den  :  parlicularly 

iiid    whicli 
I' 


if    the  jjre.a  lountain    which  watered 
;ifterw.iid  du  ided  itself  inti 


our  rivers,  the   1  isori  or 


I'h 


the  (iihon,  the   Kuphr.itis, 


Those  who  were  in  favor  of  the  lb 


id  the  llll 
Land  su 


L-kel. 
pposei' 


that  the  |ordan  was   the  Kfeat   ri^er   wliicli   afterward 
'   divided    itself    into    the    T'liison,    liihon,    Tigris,    and 
Till  !-|)(!ciil,:tiiiiis  of  Columbus  on   the  siui.il'on  of      T'.iiphrates,  but  that  the  s.iiids  have  choked  up  the  an- 
Ithi; lcrrc>lnal  paradise,  e.xtrav.iLj.inl  as  lhe_\  may  ap-  I   i  iinl  beds  by  which  ihese  streams  were  supiilied  ;  that 


I  nitii.     A  slight  notice  of  their  opinions  on  th 


icar,  were  such  as  have 


[Icirih 
Icuriri 
licaili 
llhe  III 


LUpied 


many    ^rave   .ind       orii;iii.illy   the    I'liisoii   tr.iversed   .Xiabia   T)esetta  and 


.\i  ibi.i  l''<  lix,  whei 


It  pursued  Us  I 


irse  lo  the  (iuif 


suiijecl  may   be    acce|)tat/le   lo    the     j;eneral      of  I'ersi.i  ;  ih.il  the  dihon  bathed   Norihern  or  stony 


III. IV  l.il.e  from  the 


cas  cxpre.sse 


il  by  C- 


kimbus 


apparent  wildness  ol 


.\r;ibia  and  fell  into  ilie  Arabian  liiiif  or 


ttie  K 


Se; 


Ilk' aliiide  III  ininirst  ii.uent 


s  w.is  am  leii 


tlv  ill' 


sub 


Iject 


if   iiixiuus  iiuiuiry  ;  and   indeed   m.inkiiid    U. 


th.il  the  lai[)hrates  and  the  'I'i,i;iis  p.issed  by  lOden  to 
.Assyria  and  Ch.ilde.i,  wluni  e  they  discharf;eil  them- 
selves into  the  I'ersian  Ciulf. 


jak.iyst)ccii  proiie  to   picture  some   place  of   perfei  t 
■.\heie  the   iiiiayination.   disap[)(iinted   in   the 


n 


V  mo; 


•  t  of  the  e.iri 


V  C( 


iiiimei.t.. tors  the  River  (iihon 


Icoarsi- icaliiies  1,1  life,  mij;ht  revel  in  an   F.lysi 
litSijHii  irraliiiii.      It  is  an  idea  not  conlined  I'l 


IS  siipposei 


lo 


le  the   Nile.     'The  source 


.1   th 


ligii 


;l       was  unknown,  but  was  evitleiuly  far  distant  from  the 
its    whence   the   'TiKiis   and    the    Liiphrates    arise. 


IS  I'liiiiil  ill  the  iiidc- creeds  of  the  most  sa\  -      '1  ins  dilliculty,    however,  was  ingeniously  overcome, 


lagenalii.iis,  .uul  it  prevailed  Kenerallv 


lcieir> 


am.iiij; 


till 


bv  Ijivillk,'  it 


I  sill  ti  rr.incan  course  of  some  tiundreds 


the 


K.ir. 


lie  speciil.itions  com  eriiini;  the  situalion  of      of  k'.l^'ues  from  the  common  fount.iin,  until  it  issued 


I  M  if  Llll  II  resei 


th 


ose  of  the  (i reeks  con 


forth  lo  dayliuhl  in  .\b)Ssinia.f     In  like  manner,  si: 


Cernuiv;  inc  i(.:rik'ii  of  the   llesperides;  that  region  it       terraiie.in   courses   were  ^wvu   lo   the   'Tii;r 


liiili  iliy  forever  iil.iced  at 


Vcr.i,v,,i  111,.  |<p(,iv„  world  i  which  their 


the  m.'Sl  remote 


lliihcil  iiiih  aii  the  ch, 


irms  of  lictii 


lets  embel 
ifler  w  liii  h  the 


Ihe 
Liiphrates,  p.issiiii,'  under  the  Red  Sea,  until  they 
spr.ini,'  forth  in   .\rmeiii,i.  .is  if  just  issuiiiK  from  one 


ciiminon  source, 
li.^ 


thi 


whi 


place 


d    till 


Wore  luiUimialiy  lonKin^,  and  which  thev  roiild  nevi  r       restri.d   p.iradi.-e   in   islands,  supposed  thai   the   rivers 
fnni!.    .At  ■  ■  ' 


linic   It   was     in    the  (Iraiul    O.isis   oi 


wliicll     issllei 


from   it,  ,ind   formed   those    heretofore 


I  lie  exhausted   travellers,   after   tr; 


iversini; 


ither     tr.iversed    the  surf; 


.f   the  sea, 


i'ari-.i'.'il  am!    ultry  desert,  hailed  this  verd.int  S|)ot      fresh  water,  by  its  i;reatir   lightness,  iii.iy  lloal  aliove 


n\)'.::rv  ;    thi'v 


th 


I'.  .111  I  beside  its  cooling'  streams,   as  tl 


einselves     under   its      the  sail  ;   or  that  they  llmvei!   throui; 


ueh 


veins  and 


Cri'.voi  a  lempest-tossed   v 


!  Ul  Jill; 


I  hannels  of  the  e.irlh,  as  llie  fountain  of  Arethus.i  was 

the 


essel   ri  pose  on   the  shores      s.iid  lo  sink  into  the  ground  in  f'reece,  and  rise  in  the 


c  k-reen  island  in  the  deep  ;  and   from  its  beint; 


;«'Mlul  III  the  midst  of 


if  .Sicilv,  while  the 


i-T  Alp! 


leus  pursuing;  it. 


I  f'liv  It  Ih-r  :i:i 


an  ocean    o 


me  of  tliL-   Island   of  the   HI 


f   sand,   they       but   with    less   perseverance,    rose  somewhat  short    of 


(;■ '.iniiiiiini   kaonled^e    incre. 


sseii 


tli^-  11 


th 


e   silu.itlon    III 


fsperian   gardens  was    conlinuallv  removed  lo 


iKa-aiiT  liM.mce. 


it  in  the  sea. 

Some  contended  t'lat  the  delude  had  destroyed  tile 
iiid   altered    the   whole   f.ice  of   the 


oi  111... 


yri-.it  Svriis 
lb 


It  Was  transferred  lo  the  borders 


Kanlen   o 


f    I- 


lien. 


nil  ;  so  th.it  the  rivers  had  cl 


I  lie  I  r  bei 


d 


in   the   neinhborhi 


Ml 


II       had  l.iken  different  directions   from   those   mentioned 


re,  alier  tr..   ersiiin  the   frinliUul  deserts  ol   i   in   (.lenesis  ;    ollieis.  however. 


Ci:'.in; 
T 


the  traveller  found  h 


ii;  whom   W.IS  St. 


inisidf  in  a  f.iir  and  lerlile  :    .\u.i;usliiie 


his  'onimeniary  upon  llie  Hook  of  Cei 


').  'v.iiered  by  rivulets  .irul  ),;ushint;   founiains.   j   esis,  maintained  lli.it  the  lerrestri.d   p.ir.ulise  still  i 


If  'iranjji's  and  citrons 


«Mtr..-  Ill 


ri..ins  by   aiei 


ey  were  a-!  vei  m 


ir.iiisportei 


II 'lie  to  dreece. 


isted,  Willi  iis  oriL:inal   beauty  ,ind  delii;hts,  but  lh.it  il 


r   «o|i!en    beaulv  and    deli 


in,  (lelif;hled  the  Athe-      was  in.iccessilile  to  mortals. 


bein 


i;  on  the  suininit  ol  .i 


mountain  of  stupendous  heii;lit.  le.ichini^  into  ihe  third 


"!• 


IM 


:     I 


rreia.  IUm,  l,,,!.,  d, 


1-I-.  ilccid.  iii.  liU 


cad.  iii.  lib.  i.  c.ip.  i. 


IV.  cap.  J. 


*  t; 


rliii.  Kcclier.he.^  bur  i 


.1  lieoL 


des  .\iKii'iis,  tiiii.  i. 


t  I'evjoo,  'Iheatro  Cntico,  lib.  va.  ^  , 


in 


APPENDIX. 


I!  ' 


1 


region  (if  ilip  air,  .md  .ipprrarhinR  the  moon  ;  I'cinK 
thus  pmtcilcil  liy  its  clev.iticn  fmin  the  ravaRes  of  the 
ili-liik;e. 

Hy  some  this  iiuniiitaiii  w.is  plued  iindcr  the  oqiii- 
iioriial  liiu-  ;  it  iiiiilcr  ih.il  liaiul  of  the  heavens  nii-la- 
phorirally  lallcd  by  tlie  am  icnt>  "  the  table  of  llie 
sun,"  *  (■omiirisim;  the  sp.ire  Ixtwecn  ;he  troi)ics  of 
C'.imer  and  Tapri.-orn,  beyond  wl\iili  the  sun  never 
p.issed  in  his  .hhumI  eourse.  Here  woulil  reiK'n  a  nni- 
torinity  of  ni^Iils  ,m.|  d.iys  and  seasons,  and  the  ele- 
vation i>f  the  nuumlain  would  raise  it  .ib,)ve  the  heals 
jind  storms  nl  ihe  lower  regions.  Others  tr.insported 
the  garden  beyond  tin-  eipiinoctial  line,  and  pl.ued  it  in 
the  southern  heinis|>here  ;  supposini;  th.U  the  torrid 
zone  niiK'hl  In'  the  tlainin^'  sword  apiiointcd  to  ilefend 
its  enlr.mee  against  mortals.  They  had  a  f.mciful 
train  of  .iri;uinent  to  suppotl  their  theory.  They  ob- 
served th.it  the  terrcstri.il  par.idise  must  be  in  the 
nolilest  an  I  h.ii'piest  part  of  the  ^lobe  ;  th.it  p.irt  must 
be  under  the  noblest  part  of  the  he.ivcns  ,  as  the  merits 
of  a  pl.ice  dii  not  so  mueh  depeii  I  upon  the  virtues  of 
thL'  e.irth  as  iip.m  the  happy  inlliien  es  of  the  stars  and 
the  f.ivorable  and  beniiin  aspec:t  of  the  heavens. 
Niiw,  areordiii;;  to  phil  isn|iliers,  the  world  was  divideil 
into  two  heniisplieres.  The  southern  they  considered 
th?  head,  and  the  n.rthern  the  feet,  or  under  p.irt  ; 
th".'  ri^lit  han  1  the  east,  wiience  i:nin:neni-ed  ihe  iiinve- 
m"nt  of  the  primum  mobile,  and  Ihe  lelt  the  we-^t, 
tow.ird  which  it  moved.  This  supposed,  they  observed 
that  as  it  w.is  m.mifest  th.it  the  he.id  of  all  things,  nat- 
ur.il  iind  artitici.il,  is  alw.iys  the  b<-st  .md  noblest  pait, 
j^ovi^rnini;  the  other  p.ins  of  the  body,  so  the  south, 
bcirn;  the  hea  i  of  the  earth.  oin;ht  l.>  be  superior  and 
nobler  than  either  east,  or  west,  or  north  ;  ani  in  ai- 
ronl.mce  with  this,  they  cited  the  opinion  of  ^  irioiis 
philosopliers  aneint;  the  ancients,  and  more  especi.illv 
that  of  I'toleniy.  that  the  st.irs  of  the  southern  hemi- 
sphere were  l.iri;er,  more  resplendent,  more  perfect, 
and  •'  course  ot  greater  virtue  and  elhcacy  than  th.ise 
of  the  northern  :  an  error  universally  prevalent  until 
dispriived  by  modern  discovery.  J  fence  they  cmi- 
tludcd  that  in  this  southern  hemisphere,  in  this  he.nl 
of  the  earth,  under  this  purer  ,ind  brighter  skv,  and 
these  more  potent  and  ben  ^  i. ml  stars,  was  pi, iced  the 
terrestri.il  p.ir.idise. 

Various  idtas  were  entertained  as  to  the  maijnitude 
of  this  blissful  rei,'i()n.  .\s  .\dani  anil  all  his  progeny 
were  to  h.ive  lived  there,  had  he  not  sinned,  and  as 
there  would  hace  been  no  such  thinj;  .is  de.ah  to  thin 
the  number  of  m.inkind,  it  was  inferred  th.it  the  ter- 
restri.il par.idise  must  be  of  ^reat  extent  to  cont.iin 
them.  .Siinie  ij.ive  it  a  sizeeipial  to  liurope  or  .Xfric.i  ; 
others  ^avt  it  the  whole  southern  hemisphere.  St. 
Aususline  supposed  that  as  mankind  multiplied,  num- 
bers would  be  iransl.ited  without  death  td  lie.iven  ; 
the  parents,  perhaps,  when  their  children  h.id  arrived' 
at  mature  age  ;  or  portiims  of  the  human  race  at  the 
enri  (if  cert.iin  periods,  and  when  the  popul.ition  of 
the  terrestri.il  p.iradise  had  attained  a  certain  amount. + 

Others  supposed  that  m.inkind,  remaining  in  a  st.ite 
of  primitive  innocence,  would  not  h.ive  reipiired  so 
mu(  h  sp.ice  as  at  present.  I  laving  no  need  (if  re.irini; 
animals  for  subsistence,  no  l.md  Wuuld  have  been  re- 
quired for  paslur.iKc  ;  and  the  earth  not  beinj,'  cursed 
w.lh  sterility,  there  wcaild  have  been  no  need  of  ex- 
tensive tr.i'is  of  c.iuntry  to  permit  of  fallow  l.md  and 
the  alternation  of  crops  re<|uired  in  husbandry.  The 
spont.meous  and  never-failint;  fruits  cf  the'  i;.irden 
would  have  been  .abundant  for  the  simple  wants  (d 
man.  Still,  ih.it  the  human  race  mi.nht  not  be 
crowded,  but  nii.,'ht  have  ample  sp.ice  for  recre.ition 
and  enjoyment,  and  the  charms  of  variety  and  <  hauLje, 
some  allowed  at  least  a  hundred  leagues  of  circum- 
ference to  the  tjardcn. 

St.  Hasilius  in  his  elo(|ucnt   discourse    on   paradise* 


Vir-.  (leor;;.  i.      I'nmp.  M,.;-,,  1,1, 


*  Merndot,  lib. 

C'l]..    K>. 

f  S'.  .-Niifiusf.  1  b.  i\.  cap,  ',.  Sup.  D.-ni'sis 
{  S'    Itasillc.s  «as  (.ill.'.l  il„-  tjr.'ai.    I!,s  w„rks  were  read 
.nrrl  .idmired  b.y  ,i!l  the  world,  even  bv  I'aiMiis.      Ili-y  ire 


exp.iiiates  with  r.Tptiire  on  the  joys  of  ihu  ,u^ 
abode,   elevated    to  the   third   region  <if  the  i,t  * 
under  the  happiest  skies.     There  a  pure  .im:  ntp 
f.iiliiiK  pleasure  is  furnished  to  every  scum-    i,, 
deli^jhts  in  the  admirable  clearmssof  llie  .iiir.ruM;,' 
in  I'le  verdure  and  beauty  of  the  trees,  .nnl  iiif  j,,! 
witheritiL;  bloom  of  the    llowtrs.     The  ear  in  rf»i. 
with  the    siiiKiiiK  of     the   birds,    iIk?   miuI!  mtj  ••] 
I  aromatic  odors  of  the  hind.      In  like  niaiimr  ihc  ,;^^ 
senses  have   e.ich   their   peculi.ir  eiijuyiiiir.is.    ; ,.] 
I  the  vicissituiles  of  the  seasons  are  utikiioiM;  .mi .  j 
iliin.ite  unites  the  fruitfulness  (if  siiiiumr,  ila-    c 
I  .ibund.mce  of  autumn,  ami   the   sweet  frost-,titss  .- 
(piietude  of  sprinR.     There  the  e.irth  l^  ahv.iw;.^. 
]  the  llowers  are  ever  blooming,  the  w. iters  lixriv 
I  didicate,  not  rushing  in   rude  and  turbid  tdrrtn;*  ;.' 
I  swelliiiK'  up  in  rryst.il  fountains,  and  wiinliiiL;  m  J,. 
fill  and  silver   stre.ims.      There  no  li.:t>li  iii.d  l.u;s;t;- 
oils  winds  ,ire  perniilted  to  shake  an  I  (lisli.rlnlif;.! 
.md  ravavie  the  beauty  of  the  K^oves,  there  |)r''v,.;!- 
mel.iiu  holy,  nor  d. irksome  we.ither,  n(olrii'\n;ii"f  • 
n.ir   pelting  h.iil  ;    no    forked    lii.;hliuni;,  nor  ten:-, 
and   rcsoundini;  thunder;     no   wiiiirv  piiKl;!ni>ti 
imr  withering;  .and  i>.inlin)^  simimer  In  ,it  ;  iMr.iinll:-.' 
else  th.it  can  ^;ive   p.iin  or  sorro.v  (ir  atiiKA.ir,.;. 
all  is  bland  and  i;cntle  and  serene  ;  a  piTpil;.,!,  if,. : 
and  jiy  reii^ns  throughout  all  naturi,  ami  i. ('.lung  > 
cays  .md  dies. 

The  s.inie  idea    is   nivcn   by   St.    .Nnihrosius. ;')  : 
book  on  I'ar.idise,*  an  author  likewise  cdnM.lic:,. 
cited  by  Columbus,      lie  wrote  in  the  fourth  crn..: 
and  his  t  uK  liinj;  ehxiuenre,  and  graceful  yet  vitirt .; 
style,  insured  ure.it  popul.irity  to  his  writiiits    M  . 
of  these  opinions  are  cited  by  (ilanvdie,  um:.iIvi, 
li.irthidnineus  Anj;licus.  in    his  work  lie  I'rciic: 
bus   Reruin  ;  a  work   with   whii  h  t'oluniius  »i«  ■  • 
dentlv  ai  qiiainted.      It  w.is  a  species  of  enrjilii'  . 
of  the  i;encr.il  knowled,L;e  rnrrent  at  the  time.  .int;v  . 
likely  to  recommend  itself  to  a  curious  .iiiil  iii',.:;:; 
voy.iLjer.     This  .author  cites  an  as-^ertien  as  r.w'.tu 
St.  M.i>^ilius  and  St.  .■\mbrosius,  th.it  the  w.itfr  iflhf 
fount. lin  which  proc( cds  from  the  (i.i!dcn(  i  K'lpni.i'i 
into  a  u'reat  lake  with  such  a  treineni!m,s  nnisc;!:/. 
the  inh.ibit.mts  df  the   neii,dibi)rhood  arc  I'lrn  in:; 
.md  th.it  from  this  Like  proceed  the  four  chid  n.tis 
mentioned  in  Oenesis,  f 

This  p.iss.i;;e,  however,  is  not  to  be  i'^'Mil  in  '.:t 
Ilex.imeron  of  either  M.isililis  or  .\lllliresiii5,  :'■;' 
wliii  h  it  is  <iuote<l  ;  neither  is  it  in  the  oraliim  c' i> 
.iilise  by  the  former,  nor  in  the  letter  en  the  slim 
subject  written  bv  .Xmbrosius  to  ;\mbrosius  Sabna 
It  must  be  a  niisi|uotati<)n  by  ('d.mville.  Ciaml:i. 
hiiwever,  appears  to  have  bien  struck  «ii!i  :;,  ar'. 
I. .IS  C.isas  is  of  opinion  that  he  derivcl  thcii' f  hM»;i 
til  It  the  vast  lunly  of  fresh  w.iter  whi^  h  hiicil  I'lc  (d..! 
of  I. a  Hallen.i  or' I'ari.i,  flowed  from  the  t(ian!..;n  ci 
I'.ir.ilise,  thouijh  from  a  remote  disi. nice  ;  aP'!ihat;a 
this  milf,  whCli  he  sii[ipose(l  in  the  extreme  ;■;''' '• 
.X'-i.i.  oriijii-ated  the  Nile,  the  Tigris,  the  1  uphriW 
and  the  O.innes,  which  iiiii;ht  be  i  (in  iir  te  1  nil  l«;ht 
land  .md  se.i  by  siiliterrane.in  channids.  to  ll:i/;.'fS 
where  they  spriii.L,'  fortli  on  the  e.irth  .ludas'U'ni''.'' ' 
proper  n. lines, 

I  forbear  In  enter  inln  various  otlii  r  o!  t!ie  v   .; 
ous  speculations  wIm  li  li.ive   been   formed  n  :.il 
the  terrestrial  jiaradise,  ami  perh.ips  it  in. iv !'''!''  •-• 
I'lat  I  h.ive  .lire. Illy  said  too  iiiucli  on  so  f.uK  :'■'•'•''■•'■ 
ject  ;  but  to  ibustr.itc  clearly  tl'.e  ih.ir.nler-'  '    ■■"• 

wiitleii  III  an  elevattd  and  maiesiic  ;l\le,  «iili  i:'   '■   ' 

lUir  ot  ide.i.  ai.d  v.i^t  erudition. 

*  Si,     .\iiiljro.siiis.     Opeia.      I'dit.     t'l'i.iji'-i"'-    "' 
I   MDCXC. 

t   I'.iraihsus   .auleiii    in    (iriente.    in   a!tl-^:l:l  >    iv  ■iii'  '■' 
I   cuius  cuaiiniiie  (.ideiites  aipi.e,  ina\i:iiinii   I  a!".iii  '■'■'"■ 

que  111  siio  casii  l.iiiiiiiii  f.iciiiul  slreiiMuin  el  li.ii;iirciii  |]i'' 
I  nmnes  iiicol.r,  jiixia  pr:edieniMi  l.niim.  ij,.^iantiT '■.ii'':>  *'' 
I  iiiiniodet.ilo  soiiini  sell  fr  iijore  seiisiiin  .lU'll  u  :ii|.ci«.' 
I   coinuiipeiile.      ft  ili^it  H.iulim   I'l  //<•.!. /"'<•'■"'.  '"";"'f'., 

./»/,'"(.  I''.\  illo,  lacii,  vebil  ex  iii  o  loeie,  liri"ci!"'^''' 
I   fbiiiiiii.i  qiLitiior,  I'l.i^oii,  (|iii  el  (i.iii^;(!<.  ••'<"i.  (!"''',' -^j'' 

(hr;hii,  el  ligris  ac  iMiphrales.  H.irt.  \iii;l.  il''  i  r^T"'' 
1   t.ititm-,  reiiiiii,  lib.  15,  cip.  112.     rr.iiicufuru,  1510. 


I 


,1  i<  nil  1"^ ■•"■^'  '•' 
,1;  thruuli  h'-' " 
'.,.|iiinu'ii.i  ii  III'' 
,n,l  ivhich  are  ol: 
,.,|  111  lii«  ,1  """  ' 
.  :ike«i>c.  ld<e  •■ 
mean,  lairy  u 
,;.,.  mvMcry  .md 

.  ihc  urc.if't  i'.i" 
di' 


.fi   oimpletely 

_n(  ujh  h.s  I'leii  1  H' 

K„r,<riw-i'iniiii;li'e' 

Uol   iivlulnllK'   I" 

-|h;:"itiis,  the  ollspr; 

kr.-n     ilewcvei  visi 

Ihn  were  all  t;f"nub 

jes^'  '!i.iii  (iM'  111  ir  in 

cn  ix.imiii.ib'ii'  f 

jP'i  :hc(iri(^s  nf  s.ine^ 

»na  erudition  lu  the  - 


\vi; 

h  the  n.ame  of  the 

me  a;ih  the  idea,  and 

to  ii'i;.  th.it  I  (')iili'.  n.i 

.  Spun,  by  traversiiiK  t 

^toiv.Miuiiicaied  to  lb'' 

Wqiifi''"'  """•'  '■■'' 
WIT'- pleased  10  fuiiii- 
ojiiifii  .mil  ships,  .1111 
the  'lU'l  (ireaii,  m  all 
itiwitiniiry  line,  dr.iwi 
jauMS  ivost  of  the  I' 
illlsoappduilitii.:  nie  I 
rdnuneiilsand  isl.i 
le  said  line  wi  stw.in 
!cilccl  ill  Ihe  s.iid  oil 
:jrs  tor  ever ;  and  a 
linKs  iiiun  I  ill  the  s; 
id  revi'inics  .irismi; 
[land';  ami  e\cr\thiiii^ 
jcorresponilinn  to  niy 
[ovcriii'r.  and  all  olh 
i>  mere  fully  expo 
inctie'ied  bv  their  h 
;\n  I  it  pliMsecl  the 
ic  lh"asaiid  four  lu: 
lisoiver  the  mntiner 
limimi!  them  lli'ip.ini 
llni!  the  Moiiii  oiii;os 
,Jastile  111  ilieir  hu;h 
(dtrtakiii;;  .1  second  e 
[inii  stu'ciiiiMil  :  .111 
|lbe  is'r.iui  111  llispaii 
,Uai;uts,  and  1  1  onqi 
jliiil  1  .iiscov'.'K-d  ni.i 
anj«'vcn  liuiidrtil  1 
^^iih  i>  |,i!n:ui  a,  w 
hur'ircl  and  thiitv 
SOf.h  In  West,  besit 
nfi-;h,  wliicli  I  (I'lir-o 
^With  ;:i.iny  .-!.:iids, 
mv  letters,  iTiemori.i 
iWchiipivn  (,..,1  th: 
TtViT.iii;  w.ll  lie  del 
ctntiii-nt.  01  vv!ii(  !i, 
toni'  lluMciiUi  ;>.nd 
tni"-u:nents  spe(  iCn 
■ti'.ae  inn-t.il.  :',il  1 
«i;i!leh!<afl:;u-,  an 


iBBic'ssiirs  the 


1)1  oj 


Iriijhl',.,     Wher-dir 
I  tail'- 1  estate  luiiivoi 
[laiiis,  pl.icos,  and 
[now  priMoed  to  st.i 
In  ihc  litst  place 


!    ■a 


iiiiLiiAlii 


AIMMADIX. 


^83 


Li  it  i«nn''s.arv  I"  dm  iil.iic  tliM!>r  voins  of  thnii«lit 
r',  ,,l,r„„i.ti  his  miii'l  wliilc  c(.nsi(|rriiinllt<'  siiinu- 
iri.'H'iM.nn'iia  ol  Ihf  iinUiioun  reniiMis  lif  w.is  rxplur- 
C.  ,'nl  A-hM-h  .irr  nitcil  luit  s|ij;litly  .md  vaguely  <!'  • 
'  liii  III*  1  iiiriMls  ami  lettiTs.  TlifM-  spcdil.i- 
Bor-  'kc«i-t-.  Ike  tliost.- r.mccrninK  f.mric.l  jsl.ii.ils 
II  "iMii.  latty  !!■*  !i.ii  k  t'  I  lie  liiiK",  ainl  lii.uk-  us 
•el  ill'  mvi'iiTy  ami  (niijiTliiral  i  harm  \vlili-li  U'i^jni'l 
fctr  itic  src  iti't  pari  d  ihi-  world,  and  havi-  '.iiu'' 
inmiilcU'lv  dispclli'd  liy  fTiiidcrii  diM'ivrry. 
Inci.^h  h.s  I'll''!  I  itrd  to  sli  nv  111  it  in  h^s  oliM-rva- 
loH'ioi'icTiiiinciiiftfrri'sti.il  |'aradi-i-,  Cohimlius  was 
K)t  I'l  aiUiiis'  1"  ■•iiiv  f.incilul  and  prisurniiliious 
liiii'i T.'S  ill:'  I'ti'-pniiK  of  a  hiMtcd  atid  disor'K'icd 
^rall^  iii'W"V'i  visi.iiary  his  coniccliirrs  may  si-crn. 
Iic\  wiTi' iiil  j;'i  inidcd  on  wrillrn  opinions  ludd  little 
J[j5i:i,iii  ()t:iMilir  111  his  day  ,  and  llii'V  will  lie  found 
In  i-x.iininatini'  !.•  jic  lar  cNi-ccdi'd  hy  the  sjicculalions 
j)(l  iliiiiricMif  saijps  held  illii^trioivi  for  llicir  wisdom 
Oil  (.■rudilioii  ill  the  sihool  and  iloistcr. 


No.    XXXVI. 

will    ol''  <  oI.I'MlllS. 

Iv  the  nami'  ''f  the  Most  I  ioly  'i'rinily,  whii  inspired 

LlDf  >v;ih  Ihciil'.'a,  and  altcrvvaid  inailc  il  perfectly  <  lear 

inv.'.  that  1  Miuji;  iKU'inate  and  k"  1"  the  Indies  from 

fep:iin,  h\  tr.iverMiit^  the  oiean   westwardly  ;    wliii  li  I 

oirtiiuiiicaleit  to  the   Kin^,    Don    l''er<linand,  and   to 

Jic  qiici'ii.  I'lina   Isal.ella,   our  sovereiiins  ;  and   lliey 

Irep' |ilfase(l  Id  liiiinsh  ine  the   necessary  ('(iiiipmeiit 

bfnifi;  anil  ships,  ami  to  ni.ike  nie  tlx'ir  adiinr  i!  over 

ic ':ii'l  iid'aii,  In  all   parts   Iviii^j  to   the   \ve>t   of   an 

Bnwiiiii.iry  line,  drawn  (roni   pole  to  ])ole,  a    hundred 

leai;'ai.'s  wost  of  the  I'lpi  de  X'i'rde  and  .\/ore  ishinds  ; 

|llsii  apjiiiiiilitu-  me  their  virerov  and   ^jovernor  over 

"ininc'iilsaiid  isl.imKthat  1  mii;ht  discover  lievond 

llhes,iii|  line  wistw.irdly  ;   with  tin-  ri^;llt  of  heinj;  sac- 

tcil'/il  ill  the  s.iiil  olh(cs  liy  my  eldest  son   and   his 

kelrs  ior  C'.'T :  ami  a  (,'rant  of  the  tenth    (i.irt   of   all 

"hini;s  loun  1  in  the  said  juris  lirtion  ;  and  of  .all    rents 

na  ri'vcnues  ,irisiiii;  from  it  ;  ami  the  eighth  of  all  the 

llanJ'^iiiKl  evrrMhim;  else,    toKelher   with   the   s.daty 

Icorrciponiliiiij  to  niy  rank  of  admiral,    virerov.    and 

|ovcrnur,  an.i  all  other  emoluments  accrllin^'  tiuret  >. 

ii-merc  (i:lly  espressed  in  the  title   ami   agreement 

ani-liii'icil  hv  tlicir  hiyhnesses. 

.\nl  it  pleased  the  Lord   Almighty,  that  in   the  ye.ir 

(One  tli'Kin.iinl  lour  Immlred  and   ninetv-two,  I    shiuild 

Idisonvr  the  continent  of  the  Indies  and  manv  isl.in.ls, 

lumont;  them  lli'.p.mi  )la,  which  the  Inili.ins  call  .Ayte, 

llinlihf  .\|,,ni.oiii;,,s,   C"ip.in>;o.      I    then    letiirned    to 

ICasiile  lu  liieir  highnesses,  who  approved  of  mv  iin- 

ldcri.iki!u:.i  sriiiiul  eiuerpiise  lor  f;irthcr  discoveries 

llmi  s(.ll«'m.Mii    :  .ml  ih,-  I  or.l  ^ave  me   victory  over 

|lllcis;.ii,  l(,i  llispamoj.i,  which  extends  six  hnndre.l 

ll<:.i:ii(s,  and  1  cmpa-red   it   and    made   it  trii/iit.iiv; 

lam  I  .:iRco'.-..„.,|  nt.my  isl.mds  inh.ihited  l.v  cmnilii'ls, 

linJvwn  hundred  to  th,- west  of   llisp.iniola,  amonv; 

tW^MH  |..;n:ma,  which  we  tall   Saiiti.ino  ;  and    three 

inu'^rcl  .ml  ihiitv  three   leagues  of  roniinent   from 

llouih  I.,  w.-M,  i.csi.ics  a  hnmlrcd   and   seven   to  the 

I  "''-III,  which  I  discovered  in  mvhrst  vovaKo.  toKcther 

i»':!l  iTi.cny  .-!,., ids.  as  mav  more  cicarlv   be   seen   bv 

imv  letters,  tnenioriai-,  and  maritime  charts.      .And  as 

^C' hop,.  Ml  (,,,.!  ihat  |„.,„re  hmi;  a   K""d   and    >;reat 

feur.uiMv:,l|„.  dv.,,v,.,|   (r,„n   the  above   isl,,n<ls  and 

ti-nlin-ni.  ,„  vvhi.h,  l,.r  th.'  re.isons  aforesaid,  bel.aii.; 

I^n''M.uMenll,  ,-;,„l,hp  ,,i^i„i,_  „.ilh  the   sal.uies   and 

fn."iuni,.ms  spe,'r„'|  above:    and   ronsidering     that 

noiiu'i '"""'■  '  "  '  "''''  ''  '"  l>'-'>l«"r  for  every  one  to 

»™en..s,iti.;,,.,  :„„|  ,„  U'aveileclared  to  his  heirs  and 

1m'„T '",,'•   '  l""!'<'r'.\- !"■•  I'ossess.'s  or  mav   have  a 
[  J'V  '     """■'"re  1  havcconchided  to  crea'te  an  en- 
la  ,k  "■"'""^  ""••'v.ir.i/i:,,i  out  ,,f  the  said  einhth  of  the 
'mv;''""'7'''"''  '"^•^•■i'i<-«.  i'l  llie  manner  which    I 

1"  il'>-'  litst  place,   I  am   to    be    succeeded    by   Don 


Die^o,  my  son,  who  In  e.isc  nf  de,itli  wilhail  rhildren 
l-i  to  be  siic(  eeded  by  my  other  son  I  (  rdin.iml  ;  and 
should  (ii(d  dispose  of  turn  aKo  willioiit  le.uinK  chil- 
dren .md  without  my  h.iviiiH  any  other  !<on,  then  my 
brother  Don  H.ntholomew  is  to  sin  -eeil  ,  and  .liter 
him  his  el  lest  son  ;  and  it  (»od  should  (li>pose  of  him 
wilhout  heifs,  he  shall  b-j  sucieiiled  bv  his  sons  froni 
one  to  another  lor  ever  ;  nr,  in  the  l.iiluri'  <d  a  son,  to 
lie  succeeded  by  Don  I'^crditKind,  after  the  s.ime  m.iii- 
ti'T,  from  son  to  son  successively  ;  or  in  their  pl.K  e 
by  my  brothers  ll.irtholomew  and  bn'Ko.  .\nd  should 
it  please  the  Lord  th.it  the  estate,  alter  liavinj;  ( (m- 
tinued  for  some  time  in  the  line  of  .mv  of  ihe  above 
sm  censors,  slioiild  st.iii  I  in  n<'ei|  of  ,in  immidiate  .md 
l.iwful  m.ile  heir,  the  sucicssion  shall  thill  devolve  to 
the  iie.irt  st  K  l.itioii  beini^  .i  m.in  of  lenilim.ile  biiih. 
and  lie.iiinj;  the  n.ime  of  Columbus  derived  from  Ins 
father  and  his  .ince-tors.  'Ihi';  eiit.iiled  estate  siiail 
in  nowise  be  inherited  by  a  woman,  except  in  c.nsc 
th.it  no  mile  is  to  be  found,  either  in  this  or  any  other 
(|u.irtpr  of  ths  world,  of  my  real  liiu  .i^e,  wh'isu  na.mc, 
as  W(  .IS  th.it  of  his  ancestors,  shall  h.ive  always  been 
(■(diimoiis.  In  such  an  event  (whiih  m  ly  l  i<id  foie- 
fend>.  then  the  feni.ile  of  le^itiin.ite  birth,  most  neatly 
rid.ited  to  the  prece.JiiiL;  possessor  of  the  est.ile,  sh.ill 
succeed  to  it  ;  and  this  is  to  be  lui'ler  the  i  onditions 
herein  stipiil.ited  at  foot,  which  must  be  midrrstood  to 
extend  as  well  to  Don  Die^;o,  mv  son,  ,is  to  the  .I'ure- 
s,iid  and  their  heits.  every  one  of  them,  to  be  fulhlleil 
by  them  :  and  f.iilmt,'  to  do  so  they  are  to  be  deprived 
of  the  succession,  fur  not  having  complied  willi  what 
shall  herein  be  expressed  ;  and  the  est.ite  to  pass  to 
the  jierson  most  nearly  related  to  the  one  who  held 
the  ri^ht  :  and  the  person  thus  succeeding;  sh.iU  in  like 
m.inner  forfeit  the  estate,  should  he  also  l.iil  to  <  otn- 
plv  with  said  conditions  ;  and  another  person,  the 
nearest  of  my  linen^e.  shall  suceeil,  piovidcd  he 
.ibide  by  them,  so  that  they  may  be  observed  for  ever 
in  the  form  piesrribed  This  forliilureis  not  to  I  e 
iiu  iirred  for  trillint;  matters,  ori>;in,itiiii,'  in  lawsuits, 
but  in  important  cases,  when  the  j^iory  of  (ioil,  or  my 
own,  or  that  of  niy  f.imily.  may  be  lomerned,  wl:i.  h 
supposes  a  perfect  fulhlmeiit  of  all  the  lhiii^;s  hereby 
ord. lined  ;  all  which  i  recommend  to  the  i  ourts  of 
instil  e.  .And  I  suppliiale  his  Holiness,  who  now  is. 
ami  those  that  m.iy  succeed  in  the  Holy  (  hunh.  that 
if  it  should  h.ippen  th.it  this  my  will  .md  testament 
his  need  of  his  holy  onler  and  eommand  for  its  tulfil- 
ment,  th.it  such  order  be  issued  is  virtue  of  obedience, 
and  under  pi'ii.ilty  of  exconiiminic.ition,  and  that  it 
sh  ill  not  be  in  any  wise  ilishi;ured  .\nd  1  ab-o  |ir;:y 
the  kim;  and  (pieen,  our  sovere'i,i  I   their  ((lest 

born.  Prince  Don  |ii,in,  our  lord.  ;  uir  sm  ci  ssors. 

for  the  sake  ot  tlie  services  I  h.i\>  done  them,  and 
bei  .luse  it  is  jus't.  that  it  m.iy  please  thi m  not  to  per- 
tnit  this  n.v  will.ind  constitution  of  my  enl.iiled  est.ite 
to  be  any  way  altered,  but  to  lea\  •  it  in  the  form 
.md  manner  wiiich  I  have  ordaineil  for  ever,  for  the 
Kreater  Klory  n.'  the  Almighty,  ai-.d  that  it  may  b(!  the 
root  and  b.isis  of  my  liiie.ii;e,  and  ;i  memento  of  the 
serviics  I  h.ivc  rendered  their  hi^;llnesses  ;  that,  beini; 
born  in  iJeno.i.  I  came  over  to  seive  iliem  in  Castile, 
.ill  I  discovered  to  the  west  of  Tcrr.i  Klrma  the  Indies 
and  isl.mds  bef.ire  mentioned.  I  accordingly  pray 
their  highnesses  to  order  tl.at  this  mv  privilcfie  and 
testament  bo  held  valid,  and  be  executed  summarily 
and  without  anv  opposition  or  di-miir,  accoidini;  to 
the  letter.  I  .ilso  pray  the  L;r.inde<  s  of  the  realm  .ind 
the  lords  of  the  council,  and  all  others  havint;  admin- 
istration of  justice,  to  be  pleased  not  to  suffer  this  my 
will  and  testanu'tit  to  be  of  no  avail,  but  to  c.iuse  it  to 
be  fuUilleil  as  by  mc  ord.iined  ;  it  bcui.i;  just  that  a 
noble,  wl-.o  has  servecl  the  kini;  and  ([lecn.  and  the 
kingdom,  sh(/uld  be  resj-ecled  in  the  disposition  of  his 
esLite  by  will,  testament,  institution  of  entail  or  in- 
tieritance.  and  that  the  same  be  not  iiifi  iii,i;ed  cither 
in  whole  or  in  part. 

In  the  first  pi. ice.  my  son  Don  Dietjn,  and  all  my 
siK  cessors  and  descendants,  .as  well  as  mv  brothers 
It.irtholoii'.'W  and  Dieu;o,  shall  bi  .ir  mv  am.s,  such  as 
1  bhall  leave  them  alter  my   days,  without  inscrtingj 


Jn.' 


il  I-' 


.!.;'-! 


m 


m 


I'iiiiH 


5;;  :  i^  > 


J  '  ■    ;  I 


■..■'«  H  im 


Ill 


i 


OQl 


any 


..!.• .1  ...  :..  .1 ,     .... 


i(j  cNc  in  tlit'iii  ;  .iinl  llH  V  'tli.ill  I'f' 


inin 
witn.ii.     I'oii  iMfKii 


llirlr  sciil  til      (iiiicw  inv  linulic 


ni.lV    miR-Ill    IIMX 

till'  iiiliiril.  

now  "    '• 


iy  I'OII,  IT  any  m 


iititr   wliii      til  (III 


'1  III 1 1 1 1 ti  t 


..I  >i...   ;., 


"-•.      ■Mill     ,l,,,l  ,-,,.. 


Sill 


.   '• 


II  iiiininw  intii  |>ii?<M«'«.>i 


iin  111      I  ,isf  111  ilisi 


1 1 11  111  lilt-  1 1 1 1 1  ■  1 1 1 1-  111 
....I   ii ^„  w  I,.  I...  .. 


i'>l.i 


:c:-.,)(  I 


'" .  m  ■ 


111  I ,  ^1 


I. til  Mi;ii  Willi 


ikiiialiiri-  wliii  li  I 


•    lll.lKl'     ll''C    IH.    "111.  II 


llli-   si  . 

X  with  an   S  OUT 


uiM  iiiii.  Mil-  I  .!><■  i:<  HI  iif  rriirrrii  t ,  iiv,n.,,  ■ 
!>*,  iir  nilii  r  nun  iif  lii'imr;  .unl  shiii.iiu,, 

ri-i*     ilTliiitir    I  1 1  f*lll..i>l  I'f  ti      llli'i*    luilt    .  I > 


n    .M    Willi    a    IM'I 
I    tlllMl  '     "        ' 


nviT  it,  ami  iivcT  til, I 


t    an 


HI  ,is  ,irliili. 


illU'^  aiiii  1"  'iiiiT* 


,1    iiii-iu 

r.  is 


N  ,  with  an  S  11 


v<r  it,   Willi 


lis 


IllT    II. I 


I  *. 


ni;  viriumis  .mil 


"IfJ'Wi,  I 


my  rusioin,  as  in.iv  I 


fi'ii  1\  lii'in     .\il 


inv  simi,itiiiis.  Ml   Willi  II  111 


>  tv       I , ^ 


si'i'ii  I IV  lllf  pu■^ 


I'llt  nilf. 


Ills  ri'v<'mn'  wlm  li    |    In  i.uiMih  i  " 

i.'..r,l,.,    ..,.1  ..,.1       ,     .       II •      ., 


iiliMiirn,   [1'   I  I  I  iiui.iiii  I,   ,11111    1  I    lllt'^,1,  >|f,f 
vi^rfii    111  :iiiil    li>ri-iv'i'il     liv*    llwln     ;iu    t,r..„...  i 


111-  sh.ill  only  writi.-      the  .\(iiiiir, 
litk's  till-  kiiiK  iii.iy  h.ivc  loniiTrci 


liiiir.ii.'    w 


l.llcVtT  nlllir        till'  lltil 


III  iiiiu  irii-i\i-ii    \i\   iiii  III  as   |irrsrr,'ii«it -jf)^  ■ 

lir-ilii.tl    (if    liiiillir    fiillitli!    Mil. I     I.. I.. I  I      1.  I 


Lllii.:!    liiv     1^1 

li)  liL'  iiirkTMii.  Ill   . 


liini.     'lliis  is      Ml 


r  iiiini,Miiiiii  111  ii'-iii^  i.iiuiiiii  ami   mv.il  I'l  |i,(j;,,,.  I 
111.  ur  Ills  heirs,  tlu'v  as  svoll  as  lluir  I'lnl.i,...  ..  I 


s   tis|ifrts   hi' 


•  siunatiiri-,   l>ut    nut      slioiiM  it  ,i| 


>,  nil  J  .1-.  Hill  ,i?i  iiirir  I'liiiiirtn  a  m 
,  ii,  ,1  ii.....   .  .  <  .1.  .    .  .m 


.111- 


lIlIRT.llliill   HI     ins 

I  li-ncl'i    it   ai; 


,    whiih   he  laii  tiLikf  al 


If  . 


iir.il. 


hrl 
iV(ir>l  cir 


'   <'i  iiU'tii,  h,, 
'  '■  ••^' ' » K  i"Vt'  liinn  \\\s\\ 

\\r\\K\\i't\\\:   III   t  hi>  t'.ifiii  t  v*     I  ir  >  .f  i  Km  <..•■».. 


ccilt-tl  akrainst  hitn  in  aiivthi 


->['(.  111^    'M    111-,    itiiiiiit,    \<\    I'l   mr  r>",,m'^  I  iii-ij .  ■ 
■  I  l«i>*.  I      tv  )i<*r>-l  >v'    tit  i  .1 1\(    fi  Mill.     ■..>.«)'    _  I  '     I 


1   11^    7*.  Ill  I     I 

?St.lll',     sill   " 


liiif,'!!,  or    111^ 


'i   (llllC 


inhcrit'ir  I'f  tin- 


t!l    piissrss    Ills'    olhios   ol    ailniii.il   i 


\\i  liiL;lii 
i..   . 


tu  I  hi-  wcsiol  an  nil; 


I   11 IV   11    I 

I'SS  III"  lITfH   ID   DC   I 


iinarv  line,  wliii  h 


iirii  HI  iiiTii,   wiii-irii)    iiiii;iii  iiiiiir  .v  s*  .inil.n  ,ir.  1  i.  ■ 

iisiMiK'iit  to  my  f.iniily,  aiiil  ailitrinutu  tiiniVfCiiK  ■ 

the      in  th;'t   i  asc,    iintliiiii;   liirtliiT  shall  lie  ni^ni  ti  ;*ih  P 

r,i,>i    ill   il    liiit,*    I  iir  It' 'I  n  I       in  .._.■....         ..     .L     .        I 


r  him     I 


1.  riinniiiL;   irom  ikiU" 


.tvs  III  111*  I'.iilhlnl  III  Ilifi'ii  .111 


lasiiuiHi  ,i>lti(rii  ■ 


■  I 


nil"    ,t    lUIIIiIIf'l    IC 

iiiy  iiMri-  lii'von  I ' 


Kiifs  In  voiiil  the  .A/iiifs,  ,iiul   as 


;  It.i 


111-   1.111,11111   HI    I 'll-^lI  .III  I  III  ins  >Ui"lf»lk:t!,     ■ 

.\   U      i  I     It       ,  W      III  \-     I  II  I  ,.  tl  1   i.   Ill        II    ll.     ,,     I      I'l,.  I    ..     .....        ^1 


.|)i.'  lie  \  V 


lie  Isl.iiiils.  1 


lU'cr  all       lliis  ciiLiilcil  I'sla 


i>  iii\  iiiii'iiiiiiii,  « 111  II  I  iiiM  :r,>l ".;>;  H 

1..  .K .1.    .    .....  '"  H 


I  Nil  II 


w.is   tiiiiili",   hy  their  oilier, 


their  ailinir.il   of 


LI,  ,11.  I      V^lll,.,       |.   '.,,.. I'.'. -V,      ..I       III.IL 

iliciiiiki,     f,,r    111**      ,il     I  Itti     li.iitl,     I 


It    r^t-il,    1^  1  III    III  1 


the  |iie-eiiiinenies  lieM  liy  Don  1 


n- 


Hll.l 
nil'   ill   f.i  t'lir  I  if 


lor  lite,  III   iiie   lentil   ;i,iU   ,i  ;ii{;^  i 


,iiliiiii,iUy  lit   I  aslile,  ami 


lUUl      111     till 

:uir  Ko.ernor  .iml   vueroy  pe 


lev  niinle   nie      in  roniiinnior.itioii 


eressiiuiis    iiersiins,  ,ii    i  li.;;!-.  i;  ■ 
..i  ll,..  .\  li.ii.il, .1  1',.....    1-      I 


rpetii.illv  ami  li 


ev<  r. 


i(   nt'i  i<ist  1  nir  villi   ill   I  hii^  f  iiiinii 


:iuv  aiM  I lU'iii,,. u>.-:  ■ 


ae  i.vi.iinis  anil 


main 


•i.iinl 


overeil,  orti 


lie 


■  '  I .■..», 

lull   M:i  li't.1  V-  will 


eil,   lor   iiiyscii   an  i    iieirs 


I,   as   is   mure   hillv      it,  in 


IV 11  iiy 


V  " 


y  .iml  privilege  as. iliove  iiientin 


iietl.       : 


I  ihii  or  the  .....    . 

tilhe  sli.ill  111'  ii.iiil 


.ISM    ' 
I'l'VV 


IS  iipiiiiHii,  iifiii  iui|';rn;ifti;t.i 
I  1. 10,  ami  llinse  wlmni.a  i"i'.ti; 
HirM.  I  have  umiUhI  uuI'^;  ■ 


iicm 
f  thi 
ler.s. 


1  lie  sail 


I  II 


I)iei;o,  or  any  other  inheritor  I'irsl     ll  is  to 


.  1.., 


I, .>.!..,. 


la.iiii 


I 'iiiii^  m 


t.ile,  sIMIl  ilislrilaite  tin 
'.or. I  to  i^r.iiit  liiiii,  i 


revenue  v 


il  ll  it  in. IV 


ri'Veniie  iif  llii'  i*sl 


I     l/i    l,j»    >ri.'#itl     ll.      Ik 


uii.ler  tlie  aiiove 


pen.iltv. 


nrsl— I II   llie  will  Hi: 


im  oiiie    of    this  estate,   now 


ll  lit  all  times,  .mil  nf  wh.ilever  may  he  li.iil  or  coi- 
cleil  Irom  it,  he  sli.ill  yive  the  fourth  part 


rei  ti'i 
1  inci 
hull'  revenue  i 

^  ill,'   in.-iintf'   ,1 


rsiooii  in.:i  tile  iniiriiipait::  H 
whirii  I    I'.ive  urii.iiiici  a! 


[  ,1111111. illv       iiierc 


I  ne  Ki\eii  ii>   I'liii  i  i,ii  uiiiiiiiiirtv,  iii,',ciitit  h 

■■' "Me   niilliiiii,    iiii  lihles  llie  Icnih  ni '..v.  H 

if  the  est, lie  :   ami  thai  ,is  jii  |irii|iiirl:<'  H 

L-  iiiioine  of  my  lirottier    D.m   I'l.irilu  ii'iii'ivs:!..  V 

.ise.  as  il  h.is  tu  lie  ilisiouiUeil   fimn  liii:  rr'i.sut  H 


my  iirmtu  r  I  ion   iiirtl 


mloinew  {.nUiniliii,< 


.  .-Vileli 


11- 


ilifi  fdiii 


I  tl     flirt     1.1      I  111,     1 


e  iiisi  iiuiueii   iiiiiii  nil:  [Curigt  ^m 


(lO  I) 


1  lilt  1 II 


(lies  :  ami  tins 


IS  tl)  ei  ntinue  till  he  sh.ill 


^  ■    I 

revenue  shall    lie   e,iliu!.i 


le  arijuireil  an  imome  of  a  niiihiiii 


of    111 


■,iv,iilises. 


ll     It   I  rl       :l 111, 11 Ifll 


,11.  ll  iiiit  ,  I ,    I.  >     It  1 1.  1 1>     ir. 
„    •,. I     ll, I, 


Ills  Sllpp 


III    will   I  IlIUIlllll 


,  anil  tor  the  servii c 


i   he   h.is   remli  leil 


I  i..   Ill, 


i|    (lie    p. Ill    Willi  ll  ivn.^  H 
..  /  .  ll .  ■ 


.'    to 


rentier   to   lliis  ent.iiie  1   (state.      ImiiIid 


<     lit.  t.ri.'-.ii  t       I''     iiiraiM.      iiji     lilt. 
liinif'll'    t;)l.ill    lilt    ri>i-|.i  l-i'i  I    lit-    t; 


IllHl'lIl      U'l     l'  ^ 


iKh  milieni  he  is  to  receive,  as  stated 


ler 


1°  veal.       as  m.iv  iiiiist  staiul  in 


e.i  Hv  sill  u    iM   nil 


inc  s.ii'i   loiniii   an 

ve  nol!iin>;  else  ;  but  it    Ik 


It  to  so  much,   anil   tli.it   h 


ill  li-nth    if  I  hi-i  r  i  ni-i 


....  .1 , 


possess   a   p.ul  or   ihe      s.iiiil   m.irav.ulisi's 


...  I  . 


loie  oi  ui.ii  ,1 


ITMUll 


rents,    ihal   ihencefurlli 


MM    itlriitilti     III     tilic     ;. 111,1 


ll  l-ii  I  iiiiii.ii^    1. 1  .  - 

iitluiilit  til  !:!iy '.r.i'.' 
ll  iinv  lit  liu--c  i<r.u".. 


ill  not  enj  IV  the  s.iiil  niillinn,  rior.mvp.irt  of  it,  i\-      awMr.le 

. ,     ,  U  .  .  .     I.  . .      .   i  .    .  1  1      1 .■    .       1  I.  .        -.      !    1      f      !  .    . .  I .       _ 


IIII  iiiiie    III    lilts    aiiiniiiii,  sill  II  , 

I    tl.,.111    '.e    1  It'll    i.j.i*..,,,,.:     ,'liiikiiti  ll 


\)\  in. 11  lie  sli.ill  11. IV 


e   in   the   saiil   fourlli   ii.irt   iiiiIm       ii 


\*  ilclerniin"    :i 


lO  persiuis,  riinseii  ini  lie 
..,  ...:,i.     I  \....     1 1: r  \ 


I  quai 


.  :i> 


of  a  milliiiii,  if   it  sliiiul'l  aiiinuiu  to       Tluis,  il 


nuirh  ;   ami  .is  ninth  as   he   shall   li,ive   of   revenue 


t'..  Ill 


siuc  lais  lourui  part,  \ 


lev  er 


>iim  of   111. I 


.I'liNl.,       the  \\ 


I  111  11 1 ..   ,1 1.  '.l^  I. 
is  to  lie   iimler' 
Doll  liarlliolui... 
,.  1 1, (•.. II 1 1 1,  lit  till. 


HI    I  lie.;'!,  11    ll.' 


tiiii III 


mil, 'nil  »i    .1,   I 


Miiitt  II  reiK  III  III 
I     :...    .  ,-     _ 


I   properly  or  periirtu.il  ollire' 


the       Im'  .lislriliiiteil  .-mil 


Ol  uie    esi.iie  .    wiiuii   p  lui 
.     ...  I  .  ....I  ... 


I'l    i|l 


IIIV    ol 


I    rei-ii   or 


reveniii:   Iroiu    propert 


tv   o 


•      1.1 


...^tii.'tiitii  ,1.11. ,111.^   lilt   II.  111.    t 

IIIIC        ill  tllM  lllltlllfll-         I  lilt..       ll 


ail. I  iiiii-i  .1'  ■■ 


|i;es  sh.ill  lie  iliscounieil  ;  .iml  from  the  saiil  niillioii       1 


n  M.irlholoniew  1 


r    1     ii.ue  uirei  ii-ii  .    ...  .  "i.- 


veil    wa, 


lever 


arri.ige  pi  rtion   li 


mav       that  111  illiiiti'  more 


iia\e  an  iiii  oiiii"  in  oiit-i 
,  u  .  11    1...  .  I ....  . ..    I.:..,    .... 


eive    Willi    .my    leuKi 


he    may   espouse  ;    so    ill  it   !   s.i 


■'.s  ■■■  ■■  ^    " •-  • 

ll    iiirl      llififl      IliiTi    Mii'iii 


aicver  lie  n 

lurlioii    sh.i 
ilion.    liul   ' 


reieive  ill  m.irri.ii;e  with  his  wile,  im      ^ 


1  ho   inuilc  on   tlial  aiiduiit  from  .s,iiil      wilh  the  two'oiher  i 


■  .iirl..  , 

L'  Iiii      til  _0'    1  .n 


I  iiim  IIII  .11  "''I'    ^B^H  , 
.  .,..  H^  li'i 


llieno  niV  '^iiil.  ill  "I  i'    I 


II       [Ml: 


ir  whatever  he   in.iv  ,iii|uire,    or      oi 


1    tut.    itt.i   I'liii^i     III  i>iiii7t    ttiiii  11     f    :tii.tii   11 
vll'ill    iiicii.ii  I    llii.     f, I'l', mute      !iilil    till  illtt'l 


t.:ir'"C'  ■ 


have,  over  and  .iltove  his  wife's  dowry,  aiid  when 
lall  ple.ise  (niil  Ilat  he  or  his   heirs   and  deseeml-  , 


111  I. 


f    till.    t-,it','t1  iw*     t:li:ill    will 


.1,    .11111    M  I  tl 


111  HI    lilt:  letiiiiit;    mi.iii   miu  i  .  iiiiiii.i.-    i"   "' 

itiiict    ti.i.i.it:..  i  1 1  1,  ic    III. ml)  .lire    >.t     itit'    t    il1ll!\    i 


s  siiaii  uerive  irmii  ineir  [ 


roperlv  and  olhci 


.■s  a  rev-    '.    be  fotmd  i 


:,i   It. 


It:     f\r     'IIII'    (lilt.. 


1   HI    111 


le  Of  a  million  .-irisiin;   from   rents,   iieiiher  he  nor 


V 


1  litis  or  anv  inner  (|ii.tiiei    m 

..,      1  I  i  I  i  ,,..fil  1  |.      L..,,,,tif      111. I     '        lll.l     \ 


\\iX   "'I'l.    I 


neirs  sli.ill   enjoy  any   l.tnt; 


■r  ativthiiiK  from   the      be  i),iid  out  of 


ii.«    r.t....i .t   f 


I  li.urtli  [)art  oi  ilu'  ent.iilt'il  csialt',  winch  ^hall  r<.- 
!i  wilh  I)r)n  I)it.x<),  or  whoever  may  inlicrit  it. 
ttiiii  .     Frtuu   lliL'   rcvcniRs  of  ihc   siiiil   osiatt.-,    or      Um 
'1  any  t-thrr  lr);inh  part  of  it  (should  its  amount  Ik-      as 
.iti- tl)  in,  shall  1)1*  pail   cvltv  year   to   my    son      m 


|M  I  I     1  I  t  '111     ^t   I  I  i'   ■• 

._.  :ii  ■     Ki,  I.  I. 


iM>.loniL*w  is  to  derive  his  iiiin..-,,  .   ....... 

)ii>       f-lL'iMI        illtfl      -if-i-rMITit  'itlil      ili'rlllr    tl-li      I 


((Ul.     •  — 


t       vvh  irh      ti:l)rtti  ll  1 


nt,    ana   (leaui  leo  U'-in  ii.>  ■;-*' 

\t    -.t.wtiittt    i.t   tii..ii>     llir  n'.'dt-tS 


I   :irist'*i  f rf nil   tlii»  fi  i 


,     tllll<'l4ll(i     l>'     lll<'>'    I     >" 


r|U 

iliiiaiiu  iwo  millions,  iiii  such  liiiu 

11  amoiiiu  to  t\ 

ine 


.1    I wri-evt  1(111  e    III 


■   lout  lit     p.iri.    Ml, 111    It    i;."' 

._ ,.._ :  I      .,i..i  si 


,  .  -  1'-^ 

:   as  Ins   revenue       not  be  siiHirient  ih.it    lion   i 


'O   millions,  in  the  same   form  .-inil      until  his  own   estate  noes  on   iiicicisin: 


I'll  i::>ai'  i    .    • 

nil  ' -''■"  '' 


■  :is  ill  Ihe  case  of   li,ir;liolomevv,  who,  as   well       sai 


t^iiiiu  mil  :>    iMi     III*.  1 1  .1  jit'tii 


1.-1  iii.ii  ?*,  ,11  »■    I'J  iia 


lilion  ...  , ^..v. 

'I'liit     <,::i  ill      I  >(  lit      I  1  !<•( 


lU   •"     I 


tt  II 


ik  Pi« 


c  wani 


lur 


m; 


'     I  If*       t  )li>      ■  rt  )ir>ril 


I  M  in    1  iirj^o    iiiy    ^"ii, 
1. ..  11    ;  •.(    t  If. 


em  :    1  lie  s.u  1    Don    l)ie;,'o 


Don    Ijartholoiiiew       cotiscience  a: 


1,11,.   .  ll".  ,      :-i,iiii     ..|i| 

I.I        iiillii.r: 1.1      ...1.1.1 


t    the  said   estate,    for   mv   broiher      llic 


I   miKe,  out   o 

;o,  such  provision  :,s  may  enable  him   to  Kve   ik-  :   a-nount 


iti>  i  1 1- 


ii:iu   ttiiiiniiu\,    .iiin    iiK'T'L 

ti>Mi-t     'ir-f.     \f\      11  V    I  I*  I  I  ix  J  .        till 


1  »t  1 '      J'-  •• 

nctii'" 


>V  I  M  f     .111.      1 1  J      L  A  1 1 1 1 1  i  I  i '  -         I  ' 

I .  f'  I  ■  I  t  1 '         •  1  tA  >  I       fit     1 "  >  I  I  ,J  I .       till 


(■     H'-tliu'- 


ly,  as  Me  is  niy 


l>rolh 


t;r.  to  \ 


'•horn  I  assign  no  nar-   '    r):i 


lit     rtf    t  hi.     ff^it  r-t  tl      fi 


I  ■  .1.    ri  ..,    ll.rrh. 


cir  sum.  as  he  has  allarhcd  himself  to    the  rhurrh,       is 


I    lilt;    iiiiiiiii     iitiiii    tviii'ii     1"- 

.1.    1,  1^.    ...Illii.i,        111   .1...  ..I.,.:!    Ill' 


mat  will  he  ^jivcn 


liiin  which  is  riuhl  :   and  this  lo   i    beis  of    ii 


III.    rimlli.       it.. 


'.Ill 


I.  ,11    lit  '    V.    ■     '• 

1  1    t,,.. 


iveii   htm   in  a  mass,  and   before  anythim,'  shall 


1    ' 


rit     wliMiii   till'.-   eh 


at   mav   i<e  inuiiu   ii>- 

,11    I....V-    li.r  ililiiii'MlIV 


ai'i  -■ 
1  1')  '<■   1 

il'T.'.?" 

,-.iuit  !!•'''"■  ■ 
-  "  i:r  t!*  P 


Aiiitiii*- 1' "' 


AI'IM'NDIX. 


iDicfo.  r,r  otlicniiifaTl.ini.  U>r  rc.iso.iN  vvhirh  may  ron- 


^.riillwrown  wrll,.n-,  or  iho  .  n-lil   aii.l  hdiMmrt  .-f 


|chark;>'  Uii-iti, 


(Ml  ihiir  «oiiN  ami   mjiim  itim's,  not  to 

ld.nui  ii>  .'^'rV.i.iki.'  il  l<no.vn.  rx.fpl  wilh   tli iisrnl 

0(11  I  l>i'-«"  "fl"'  I"'!'"'"  ''"•"  '"•'>■  '"""■•■■'I   I'""  ■ 
|bm.rtilif.»l.<.V(Mitlic  I.C1..U.1  in  llio  ni.imiLT  1  have 

li'iii:  In  iinliTl.'  ivoiil  all  disputes  in  the  choice  of 
llhMv.^.  luMnvl  ri-Ulioiis  who  an-  to  art  wilh  Don 
IDiiCMir  lin  hi.'ir-.  I  Im  nliy  eld  t  Don  Hailholoni<  w 
Iniv'r.r'iliiT  I'lr  oil.',  aih'  Don  reriMiwIo  my  son  (or 
|(hi"illHr  .III  1  wliiii  tliese  two  shall  tnter  li|ion  lh<r 
|busim->,  ilii'\  sli  >ll  1  lioose  two  oihcr  persons  anionj,' 
IthciiM't  iru-iiv,  .mil  nioct  iHMrly  relateil,  ami  lliisc 
|ll(a.n>!i.iil  i-k'it  Irto  ollirrs  when  it  shall  he  i|licslion 
|o(iiiiiii:iciii  iiiK  il'e  lAaniinalion  ;  ami  thus  It  shall  he 
Flll.in.«nl  with  itil.i;piice  Ironi  one  to  theother,  as  well 
lin'llus.is  111  llii' oilu't  ol  novcriMiifnt,  for  llu-  servlre 
ami  n'ory  of  <i<iil.   I'l'l  'hi'  hcnelil  ol  the   saiil  enlaili '1 

lliin  I  .ilfo  enjoin  l)ii>;o,  or  any  one  that  may  in- 
huiUhi.' (.stall',  to  have  ani  m.iintain  Iti  the  <  iiy  ol' 
IGenna,  mie  piTMiil  ol  our  lineage  to  irsiile  Iheri'  wilh 
Ihi*  ivi'c,  a!iil  aiipiiiil  him  a  siiliii  lent  revenue  to  cii- 
'alli'hini  \"  live  ileieiilly,  as  a  person  i  losely  eon- 
ni'i'leil  wilh  llie  (ainily,  of  whiill  he  is  to  he  the  root 
Unl  ii.isis  111  ihat  lily;  from  whiili  ^reat  ^ion.l  may 
Itcriueln  liim.  iiia>MUi(  Il  .is  I  was  horn  there,  ami 
Icjnv.'  fnuii  iheiice. 

hcin  :  ill'' s.iiil  Dm  Die^o,  or  whoever  shall  iii- 
Ihciil  llie  islale,  imist  remit  in  hills,  or  in  any  oilier 
ln.iv,  .ill ''iicli  sums  as  he  may  he  ahle  to  save  out  of 
llhi' rt'Vfiiiii' (if  the  (Slate,  ami  direi  t  piinii.ises  to  l.e 
[niii'lf  111  hl<  iiaiiie,  o."  tli.il  of  his  heirs,  in  a  siork  in 
Ilk' ii.iiik  if  .Si  (icor^e,  which  nives  an  inleiest  of  six 
Iper  niil  .iiiil  ill  sc  lire  money  .  ami  tins  sh.ill  he 
lilcvi/.i'il  111  the  [iiirpiise  I  am  .ilMiut  to  expl.iiii. 

llcm     .\s  it  liei  limes  every  man  of  properly  tn  serve 

I  full,  rillii  r  personally  or  hy  means  of  his  we.ilih,  aiiil 

|a<a;iiiiiiiiivsi|i'p(isileil  Willi  Si,  (ieor^;e  .irc  ijliile  safe, 

[anj  lienii.i  IS  a  iinhletilv,  ami   powerliil   hy  sea,  ami 

asalllK."  liini*  ili.it  1   uiiiiertook  to  s(  t  out  upon   ihe 

discovery  (.(  Ihe   Iniliis,    it  w. is  with   the   inlenlion   ol 

[luppiii'al'ii);  llic  kiiii;  .unl  iiueen,  our  lords,  ih.il  wh.il- 

eviT  inuncys  shoul  1  he  ilerived  from  the   s.iid    Indies, 

jhinil.l  lie  iiivcsltd  in  the  i(im|uesl  of  jenisalem  ;  .nul 

[as  1  :lii|  so  siipplii.ite  ihem  ;   if  they  do  lliis,  it  will  he 

if  not,  at  .ill  events,  the   said    [)ie^;o,   or   siu  h 

Iprrsiiii  .i.s  ni.iy  suueed   him    in    this   trust,  to   eollei  t 

I'mti-rr  all  ilie  iimney   he   laii,    and    aei  imipany  the 

[kin<i.iir  liiril,  shnuld  he  ^;o  to  ihe  ei)n(|iiest  of  jerusa- 

li'ili.  iinlsc  HI)  ilnTe  liiinself  w  ih  all  ihe  foriehe  can 

I  ccmniaiiii  ;   and  in   pursinnij   this    inlenlion,     it   will 

p'l'ase  ihe  Lord  to  ;issisl  i.jward   ihe  ai  coniplishmenl 

ti:  ;hc  pl.m  ,  and  should   he   not  he  ahle   lo   el'leit   the 

ton |iii-si  lit  ilu'  whole,  no  ijciubt  he  will   achieve   it  in 

PJft     l.el  him  iherehire  collect  .md  m.ike  .i   Uinl  of 

all  his  weal ih  in  .><t.  (korne  of  (ienoa,  and   Id  il  mul- 

I'.p.y  Iherc  lill  sui  h  lime  as  it  m.iy  .-ippe.ir  lo  him  ihat 

I  Siimelhin^' of  'i  nsei|uence  may  hi-  elfecleil  as  respects 

!  Ihc  !'■ 'H'lt  nil    lenis.ilem  ;  ftir   I    iielieve   that   when 

iHtfir  liii^hiiesses  sh.ill  see  th.it   tiiis    is   eonl.'liiphited, 

itli"v  iv;,i  wish  111  re.ili/e   il   themselves,  or  will   alToid 

^is  ihtir  servant  and  v.issal,  the  imrans  of  doinj; 

i;  ur  ihciii. 

i^tiii  I  ihari;e  niv  sun  Diei^o  ami  mv  desceiidanls, 
l-|«.'iMily  v,iiiH;ver  iii.iy  inherit  this  est. ile.  which  i  on- 
l^i-'s.  .is.iforcsaiil,  of  ijic  lenlh  "\  wh.itsoever  may  he 
f''"Y't '"liiul  ill  ihi'  Indies,  and  the  eii;hth  p.irl  of' the 
'"'.s.iinl  tents,  all  which,  lordlier  wilh  mv  riKdils 
5''!  vMMiumems  as  admir.il,  vicerov,  and  governor, 
a'^Mia.i  to  more  lli.in  twentv  five  '\wt  cent  ;  1  say 
'  'il  I  iC(|iiire  of  him  to  enipluy  all  this  reveiuu', 
''»  wc;i  .IS  his  person  and  all  the  means  in  his 
P';»'-r,  in  well  and  faithfully  serving'  and  supi-orl- 
i^:^.  l.idr  hii;hncsses,  or  iheir  successors,  even  to 
i..,',.!?^  "f  'ife  and  propertv  ;  since  it  was  their 
•■'S-wss,,.s,  next  lo  (Jod,  who  first  gave  me  ihe  means 


o(  ({cllInK  .md  nciiieviii^' this  propcity,  althotiKh,  it  Is 
true.  ]  came  .iver  tothese  re.ilms  lo  invile  llietn  lo  llie 
enierprise,  .iiid  ihat  a  loii^'  lime  el.ipsril  I  elore  any 
provisiiiti  w.ts  III. nil'  for  (.triyini!  it  into  extculion; 
wliiih,  liowever,  is  nut  surprising',  ,is  this  was  ,in  im 
derlaUiii);  of  wliiih  all  the  wiirhi  was  i(,rior,  tit,  and 
no  one  h.id  ,inv  f.iilh  In  il  ;  wIi'mIoh-  I  am  hy  so 
mm  II  the  more  indehteil  lo  ihein,  as  will  as  he(  ,ilise 
ihev  h.ive  siiii  e  .ilso  niui  II  favoied  and    pionioled  me. 

Ilem  1  .ilso  rii|iiire  of  Dii'Ko,  or  whomsoever  m.iy 
he  In  possession  ol  llie  est.ili',  ih.il  in  ll'.e  i  ise  of  imy 
SI  hism  l.ikiiik!  plai  e  in  the(  hurdi  ol  dod,  or  ih.il  any 
person  111  whatever  (lass  or  eondilinn  shi  iild  alli  nipt 
to  despoil  II  iif  iis  propirly  and  limiors,  iliey  h.iM(  n 
to  otter  .It  llie  fe(  t  of  his  lu.hness,  ihat  l>,  if  they  Hfc. 
not  iierelii  s  ( wliii  h  dod  forhid  !  Min  Ir  per  suns,  powt  r, 
and  weallli,  for  Ihe  purpose  of  Mipi':rssin(^  sin  h 
schism,  and  prevcniim;  .my  sjiulialion  .  f  the  lion-jr 
and  p'opetly  of  ihe  (  huri  h. 

Ilem  I  lomni.iml  ihe  said  Dle^;o,  or  whoever  may 
possess  the  said  <state,  lo  lal  (.r  iind  sinve  for  ihe 
iioiior,  welf.in  ,  and  !ij;ntandi/eni(  nt  of  llie  cily  of 
(ieno.i,  and  lo  ni.iUe  use  (I  all  his  power  and  means  in 
lU  teiidiiii;  .ind  enli..m  iiivi  ihe  ^ood  aii.i  i  udit  of  that 
ri'iiiihlic,  ill  all  limits  not  lonir.iiy  to  the  service  of 
ihe  I  luirch  of  ( iod,  or  the  In^li  di^nily  ol  (  ur  I.Iiik  and 
(jiieen,  our  lords,  and  iheir  sui  cessois, 

Item  :  Ihe  s.iid  Dietjo,  or  whoevir  m.iy  possess  or 
succeed  to  Ihe  est.ite,  out  of  the  fouiili  p.m  i,i  the 
whole  revenue,  from  which,  as alotesaid,  is  lo  he  laki  n 
the  tenili,  when  D'n  D.iriliolomew  or  his  heirs  shiiH 
h.ive  saved  the  two  niillions,  or  p.irt  (1  ihem,  and 
w  Inn  the  lime  shall  come  of  niikini;  .i  ilislriliiilion 
anions;  our  r(  l.ilions,  shall  apply  ,inil  invest  the  said 
tenlli  in  providini;  ni.irri.ij;(s  lor  such  d.iin;hlers  ol  our 
lliie.ine  as  m.iy  ii(|iiire  il,  and  in  doiiii;.ill  llie  j;ood  in 
iheir  poiver. 

Item  When  a  siiil.il  le  time  shall  .urivc,  he  shall 
order  .1  I  huri  h  lo  he  Iniilt  in  the  isl.iiul  ol  I  lisp.miola, 
.iiid  in  the  most  convenient  spot,  to  he  (  ailed  .^.iiiia 
.M.iri.i  de  la  C'oncepcioii  ;  to  w  liii  h  is  lo  he  annexed 
,111  hospil.d,  up  III  llie  hest  possible  pl.m,  like  those  of 
ll.ilv  and  t'aslile,  and  .i  (.Impel  erei  ted  lo  s.iy  mass  in 
for  the  ^;o<id  of  my  soul,  and  those  of  my  ancestors 
and  successors  wilh  ureal  devotion,  since  no  doulil  it 
will  ple.ise  the  l.ord  lo  yive  us  a  siillii  ieilt  revenue  lor 
this  and  the  aforemenli.ined  purpi  ses. 

Ilem  :  1  also  order  Dieyo  my  son.  i  r  whomsoever 
may  inherit  .'iller  him,  to  spare  no  p  liiis  In  h.ivim;  .mil 
m.iintainiiit;  in  the  isl.ind  ol  1  lisp.miol.i,  four  K'od 
professors  "I  thi'o|i)j;y,  lo  the  end  and  aim  of  their 
siiidviiiL;  .ind  l.ihorini;  to  (oiiveit  to  our  holy  f.iilh  the 
inh, (hit, lilts  iif  the  Indies;  and  In  propmlion  as,  l.y 
(lod's  will,  the  revenue  of  ihe  csl.ile  shad  lucre. ise,  in 
the  li.ime  il('i;ree  shall  the  numher  oi  ic.u  hers  and  de- 
vout ill!  rease,  who  are  to  sliive  lo  mike  t'hrisli.ins  if 
Ihe  natives  ;  in  .ittainim;  whii  h  no  expunse  should  he 
lhoui;ht  loo  i;reat.  .And  in  coninu  nioi.iuon  of  .ill  lh.it 
I  herehv  otdain.  and  of  ihe  forei;oin,y,  .imonumeiU  of 
pi.irhle  sh.ill  he  erected  in  the  s.iicl  (  hurch  of  la  Con- 
ci'pcion,  in  Ihe  most  C(nispicuous  pl.u  e,  lo  serve  as  a 
n-ciird  ol  what  1  here  enjoin  on  the  said  Dit  «(>,  as 
Well  as  to  other  persons  who  niav  look  upon  it  ;  which 
m.irliU-  shall  contain  an  inscriplmn  lo  llie  s.mie  effect. 

Item  :  1  ,dso  reiiuire  of  Diei^o  ni\'  son,  and  whoiu- 
soever  may  succeed  him  In  the  esl.ile,  lli.it  every  lime, 
and  as  often  .is  he  confesses,  he  Mist  show  this  ol.li- 
Kation,  or  a  copy  of  it,  to  the  confessor,  prayiiiK  him 
to  read  il  lhro'ai;h.  th.it  he  may  he  enahled  to  in(|uire 
respectini;  its  fiiililinent  ;  from  which  will  redound 
y,TL\il  f;o()d  and  happiness  to  his  soul. 

S.    .\.  .'^. 

.\.  .M.  Y. 

r.I.   .M.MlU.WTi:. 

No.   X.X.WII. 

SlCN.Vl  I'KI.    Ol-    I  '  iirMIUs. 

As  everythiiii;  resucctin.i;  (/oluni'.ais  is  full  of  in- 
terest, his  sieiMlure  .  ,is   been  .i  in.iuer   of   some   dis- 


il 


■I    , 


m 


iV 


iii 


«80 


It 


p. nil 


APPKNDIX. 

if   the   pfiLinlir   .itvl    tiiRon-il  i  Xrintu*.  Maria,  Yo<irphii«.     The  .\W//i  .l„ 


(it  .\|irll,  \>:~,  niiijKcstn  ilic'ni' 


|»iiiminn,.(i, 


fli.ir.iiitT  III  ilio  ,i«i',  .iii>l  |Hlll.ll'^<|l  III'' !>'•' iiliar  '  ti.ir 

arlcr  i)(  till.' iii.m,   »vlii>,    nuiMai'tiiik!  Iiiiiixi'll   my<irri-  (<ir  jiinrpliiis,  Init  Ihf  mi««cmIimi  o(  S|iMtorii ,  „,,^, 

•lutlv  ili'fti'il  .ml  "ii't  .ip.iil  (I'liii  .iiitiitin  nu'ii   lor  nr-  priili.ililv  i  nrrci  t,  as  a  iohiiudii  Spiinibh 

tiiii  uri'.it  piiipiistw,  ailiipifcl  ai  i>rtc!»piMit!cnc  Immalily  "  jcsiis  M.iria  v  Jum''," 


fJ.f'UiH 


ami  sii|ctiiiiit\  ill  ail  Ins  i  niiccTiis,      Mis  slj-iiatiirr  wa»  it  was  an  am  u  lU  usanc  iii  Spain,  ,i:i,|  it  (,, 

as  follows  c 


S.  A.  S. 
X    M    Y. 

xi'o  i"i:ui:ns. 

Tlu«  firm  half  uf  the  si^MLitiiri-    XI'O  (for  CIIUIS- 


tirrlv  K<iiic  l>y.  tn  ,ii  i  onipany  ilir  sniiLim,,, ,,,(,' 
wiirils  of  rrlJuiiais   purport,     Oiii-  oiijf,t,,( 


Hf 


till'  w.is  to  >liinv  '.hir   uriifr  lo  It  a  (.'i,, 


lllHf 
t»ti..R 


w, IS  111  s.iini'  iiiipnit.im  i-  HI  a  i  oiiiiity  in  v.i;,iii,^ 
ami  Miihamincil.iiis  wore'  prostrilu'il  .hk)  |,..r.,,n^| 

Dull       rcrilllldll,       Mill      to      CollllTllllIN,    >.|V,    Hij  1, 


T('t,  is  ill  liriik  Ullcrs  ;  thi-  si-roii.l,  l"l:Ul".NS,  is  in      fallur,  when  In-  iimk  his   pen   in   h  iiiil 


l.atin.     Sill  h  wa-  ll.c  u»ai;r  of  ihosc 


nicnri'il  liv   writing; 


I'siis   riiin 


M 


imi.iiiy  [If, 
III. I  Pit  m!iii ; 


iillllil.il  prf|!;ilf.l  1 


al  pri'scnt  h'lih  (ircik  .iiul   Knmiii  Icttfrs  ,ir<'  iisnl  In      via  ;"  .iii'l  ih','  IkmiI*  whirh  the 
«ikiii.iluri.'S  .iiiil  itis.riplions  in  Sp.iin. 

I  hi- iipluis  or  iiiiii.ils  aliovi' the  sit;naiiirp  arc  su] 
posi'il    to   rt]ii('siiu   .1    [lions  riariil.ition.       'I'o   ri-.iil      anil  to  the  rcs'iir  of   the  Imlv  scpuli  hri',  | 
then)  one  niiisl  liryiii  with  ihi-  lower  Itltrrs,  anil  con-      tin-  s.iiiic  words.     Tins  pr.n  licp  is.il.m  iniii.un! 


sitit   to   the    sovirciyns,     cont.iiiiiiii;  the   (r.iplii 
vhiilihi-   ronsiilprcil   .is   rcfrnitiL!  lo  liiii 


irn 


ncit   tliciii    Willi   those   .iliove. 
SpoUirni 


Sii;nor  <>ii 


H.itist. 


inn 


th 


e  mill, lis  I 


i!i*'iiir»i 


11. Ills  worils  .iliove  hissi^jiiiiiift  <« 


iH'i  lures   them   to   me. in    either    Xrisliis    ]  ^ives  i;re.it    pro'i.ilnlity    to  the   llluilc  in  ivhicii  i! 
(Chrisliis)    S  lUi  l.i    M.iria   Yosephu?,    or,    Salve    ine,    I  h.ive  been  iKi  iphereil. 


:    i      ,       '•  jl' 

Ittm'^ 

It  * 

'^ 


a^u 


jk'fi<i*4 


1  X  I)  i:\. 


A. 

Icun.i  I'""  Ali)n7o  <Ip,  summon*  Coliimlius  to  Rive 
in.iiv.  :mi  "i  hiiiisiK,  citi  hi*  ri-turn  (mm  ilif  New 

.W'lrll,  I.:.  .  ,       , 

d,|„,s.'  ,iM  liMli.m  <>(  <  uliii  til  (  (iliimhiis,  im,,. 
dciaii! '  "'■  iiiliMif,  K'vi'"  '"  tliriHi(i|.ti('r  l'i)limil/u», 
ftuiiHtriip.l  \>)  llic  kiim,  133. 
dn.in  ill'  Mi'Miii.  li' 

Hdnura'.  llii-.  ■>  Htli*  K'l'iti'il  t')  Ciilumbus  ami  liit  ilr- 
<  rn  Liiili.  l.lj. 

Alm.i,  -■iMViiinliiMMviK.i'i""  "'.  •'>'  thr  :iiic  icn's,  2;;, 

Akii.iIii  liMM.  iriiiiliiiu'liilril  Co  llu'  Spaiiisli  ( luvptli 
nifiii  iiv  ('iiliiiiitiii><  <)!';  ii|i|iiiinii'il  lllnl^ll^^i(lll<■r 
ti  ini)iiiri':iil''llKMiiiiiliii  I  ii(  I  iliiinlius,  1-5  ;  arruis 
a;  Isiilitll.i.  ill  .  111"!  irisnlciit  lichavuir,  ili  ;  his  iii- 
Itrvii.vv  with  (' iliiiiiliiis,  i."'i;  tlif  Caciiiurs  having 
pr.iirii  I  (umiilaliilH  a^jaiiisl  Cniunilius,  he  ilcu-r 
niinrviiii  ri'tiinimi!  in  S|i.iin,  i.'7. 

Ali'vaiilit  VI.,  |i(i|ic,  1  haractcT  of,  74  ;  f.mious  laills 
0;  fliiivi' ii)  Itic  New  VVorlil,  ilj    ,  lelttr  oi  Coluiii- 
liiK  [11,  l''4- 
iAiii  I.  I'cirii,  ttoiK  of,  ii-fcrri'(|  to,  113. 

Alik.ii  '*,  tmiiiil  III  urea  luiiiilicrs  al   I'licrto   Hello, 
1 1'. 

A!  Mi'ii-.  li.Mdvi'iv  of  the  I'ay  of,  2.p 

All  i/ii.  Iiiiti.  Iiiir  ,i|>[iar('iil  <'f  l'iiitii>;.il,  lii>  tii.irriaKC 
\v.;lt  !.i  ■  I'riiiii-ss  l>,ilii'll,i,  -jH. 
t  Aipiii  .1:;     OiiR't;,!,   Ilif  cMri-mc  point    of  (  uIm,  ti, 

Al'.i,  liiikc  nf,    i)oii    I)it',i;o    ('oliiiiiliii-,   marries   his 

il.iu,;lUft.  :.<7  ;  he  u^^i!>ls  in  oNl. lining   jii>li< c   foi 

n  •,  Miii-iM-l.nv,  ill. 
Alwirii,  1)1111,  lie   I'urtunal,    iitt.ii  k   U|ioii,  in    lhcro\al 

iiiii.  -■;. 
Ai'.i/'iis,  ,111  i^Uiiii  of  sii|i|M)scil,  <ij  ,  UMtiiki- woniiii 

i'lhi;  {'arililiiT  i>l,iilils,   "3,   r.'  ), 
Ar..!iiih.,  civLT  i,|,  iliscoviTcd  Ijy  \'iiciili'  l''n/on,  17S. 
An  ii.r,  •■piv  liiii'tis  of,  .iiiioMx  Uie  iiioiint.iin>  of  CIImo, 

Ai;,i  ii'MM,  wifi- to  t\ioiialio,  retires  with   In  r   bioilur 
li-iu-i  l.i...  after  llie  ;;re.it  li.illlc  of  the  \'<'.i;.i.  t22.  n  mi- 
!.»-i's  li-«cii(l,iry  lallails,  14s  ;  her  .ulinir.aioti  of  the 
>;Mn;.ir.Js,  ili.  ;  lomiM'ls  Ikt  liiotlicr  in  (oneili.ite 
111"  fnfii.N'iip  of  tile  Spaniards,  ilj.  ;  her   reeeplion 
'Mill' A.lviinlailo,  141.;  her  womier  and  ileli^lit  at 
>".  n,;  .1  Sp.itiisli  siijp,  14.)  ;  her  ^rief  at  the  depart 
-rt  l.i  llie  Adtl.intailo,  ili.  ;  her   cundint  in  respe(  t 
:    iiiTi'..aii;hler  and   (luevara,  ifiy  ;  her  ailniir.ition 
<!i;ii' Spaniards   turned   into  dtleslatioii,  215  ;  re 
'tacs  a  visit  from   <  )vandi),    216;    is  seized,   ili.  ; 
..rricl  in  .hains  to   Si.    Domini;..,  11..  ;  and   Ikho- 
nmiiiHivIv  handed,  il..  ;  her  fine  character,  217. 
:  Av  11,1,  i.r  the  imicapple,  hrst  met  with,  Si. 

•v;:il  Luis  do  St.,  his  reii'onstr.iiiic  witli   the  (pieen 
rvi.i;,-,,-  t'lhe  prcjert  (.f  Columhus,  31  ;  suceccds, 

Ai:ii..u,,   :>|,,n.!  (.f,  discovered,  S2. 

I^'-'K  the.  discovered,  S2  ;  'taken  possession  of,  il.. 

,A!'r.inl,i,ns,  ide.is  ol   Mie  Hnytians  in  respect  to,  .,7. 

''r.u  IJieyode.  left  incharKeot  llispaniola,  dnrim; 

'  r.rn  ahs»-n.T  of  Columlnis,   do;  history  ol   the 

Y'ltr  which  occurred  to  him  after  the  dep.irturc 

'■  (-"amilms,  ,S|;.  ' 

f;:.,  iV.iro  de,  commander  of  one  of   Columbus's 

j-.j^'si'ii  his  ihird  vovage,  13*^1. 

"uvli'i'"'''-"'  '"■"  ''""^  "f  s"'iJ.  ("^nd  in  the  New 
"'''111,  11)1. 

A'cyius,  or  ballads,  of  the  Haytians.  98. 


Arisiiiabal,  |)on  C.d.riel  de,  lolicitA  the  removal  of  the 

remains  of  Coliinibiis,  215. 
Arri.iKa,  I, ills  de,  is  shut  up  within  the  walls)  of  Mag- 

d.drn.i,   iifi. 
Astrolabe,  the,  .ipplii-d  to  ii.iviK-'itlon.  jo 
,\i,tl.tnlis,  I'hito!!,  observ.itioMs  on,  2(.<), 
Audience,  royal,  court  of,  e«i,iblinhed,  237. 
Aunustine.  .'n.,  hin  arKumeiUii  a),',tinst  the  exlstcnre  of 

.NntipoileS,   2( 

.NiiKiisline,  St.,  Cape  of,  dlscovcre.!  bv  I'in/on,  17S. 

.\iire,i  ChiTSonesus,  the  place  wheni  c  Solomon  Is  sup- 
posed to  h,kve  h.td  K<'''b  I')''. 

.A/ores,  the.  when  discovered,  1  1  ;  .11  rival  at  by 
Columbus  on  his  return  fimn  Ids  lir?t  voyage,  (.5. 

ii. 

ll.dieipie,  a  supposed  isKmd,  Coliitribus  ^jnes  in  search 
of,  !;ii,  11.3. 

li.di.iin. I     I^l.inds,   discovery    of,    41  ;    cruise  among 
the,  44. 
j    H,dl.iils  of  the  ll,iyti.ins,  <)'^,   123. 

ll,dlesier,  Miguel,  hisionduit  during;  the  cons|iir,icy 
'  of  KoM.ui,  151  .  reieivtsa  leltir  fii  in  Coliunbus, 
1;.';  his  (haracter.  ib.  ;  inter\iew  with  Uold.in, 
ib.  ;  second  interview,  lio  ;  sends. idvii  e  to  the  ad- 
miral, lb.  ;  is  li'.-sieKed  in  ilie  f.  ilrcss  of  Ct.ncep 
lion,  ib,  ,  sails  lor  Spain,  i'>3. 

H.irb.is,  I.as.  isl.mds  of,  discovetid,  Ji>l. 

li.irr.iiitcs,  ti.iri  ia  de,  s,iils  for  Sp,dn    I'lj. 

I'.irros,  lo.iin  lie,  his  account  (.t  Ccliiinbus's  pr()|)<.- 
sitioii  to  John  II.  Kim;  of  rortiii;,d,  20. 

Il.isil,  .St  ,  his  description  of  |'ar,idise,  2''2. 

H.istides,  Kodi.i;o,  of  Seville,  e.Nploies  the  roast  of 
'I'eri.i  I'lrina.   1  7s. 

It. I/, I,  surrender  of,  2s. 

Ile.it.i,  C.ipe    s.iilors  if  Colutnt  lis  (limb  the  rock  of, 

141. 

I   liehiin.  M.irlin,   his   |il,inisplieie.   i;  .  ,111   account  of, 

2H4  ;   the  assertion  rtl.itivc  to  his  li.ivinK  discovereil 

I       the  western  worlil,  previous  to  Ciduinl  us  considered, 

i    Hefie.hio  assists  C.ionabo,  and  kilN  cm- of  the  wives  of 

(;ii,ic,inaKari,   117  ;   the  only  I'.m  iipie  who  ihes  not 

i        sue  for   pe.ice,   122  ;   receives   a  \;s;l  Ironi  Hartholo- 

i       mew  Coliunbus.    145;  his   ri.ipn.n   of   liiin.    14'.; 

'       consents  to  p.iy  tribute,  ib.  :   iin  lU--  llie  .Aik  l.ml.ido 

to   come   and    receive   il,   14)  ;   his   a^tunisliment  at 

visilini;  .1  S[)anish  ship,  ib. 

I'elen,    river   of,   discovered,    lo)  :    al  omuls    in   fish, 

ii/i  ;     Columbus    conuiiences    a    selilinient   on    its 

b.iiiks.  ib. 

Hell  ot   Isabell.i,  thesiipcrsiiiious  ide.isol  the  Il.iyti.ms 

in  respect  to  it,  1 1  s. 
llelvis   I'ablo,  sent   to  Il.iyti   in   the   pl.icc   of   Fcrmin 
C"edi:,   I2s. 
I    Herahoma,  condemned  to  death    for   having   violated 
I       the  wife  of  the  Cacicpie   of   the   \ei;,i,    150;  is   par- 
doned, ib. 
Hernalde/.  .\ndrez,    a  short   account   of   his   life   and 

writinv;s,  27-^. 
lii-rnardo  of  \'alenlia.  his  conspiracy  .it  J  im.iira,  2oV 
liloodhounds.  first  use  of  in  ihe  New  Worb',,  103  ;  em- 
I       ployed  by  Columbus  in  his  wars  with  the  llayli.ms, 

121. 
Mol.adill.i,    Don   Francisco  de,   ch.ir^ed   \.ith  a  com- 
mission to  Ilispaniol.i  to  inquire  into  the  conduct  of 
CoKinibus,    170  :    his   character,    ib.  ;     instructions 
with  which  he  is  charged,  ib.  ;   sails,  ib.  ;   arrives 


i: 


1  !i  1. 1 


i  !'i 


.lilifli 


.«:; 


it'l. 


I    ! 


4 


! 


I 


i4: 


he  Icav 


cs  Ills  ship,  I 


il).  ;  stdriiis  ihf   lor 


•  I  11' 


siiinrs  pdwrr  (111   l.iiKliiii;. 


siiiiK's   till'  1,'iivcrniiu-iit   liclnrc   I 


lii>lfir<>     li#»     I  fl  I'l'vt  i  I'.ltl'S     lll< 


I  lisp. mini, I,   167  , 


conclui't  III  C'diuniliiis,   ili.  ;  sci 


'"    .....  .  ..^, .... 

...     I.;..    ...-....■ 


ihc  rc-l)i-ls  (J 


f    .\; 


sccfL't  p.i[»TS,  l-tr.,  i!i.  , 
pf.ir  liulorc  liim,  i'  \  :  In 
(li'Mi'c,  iti  ;  puis  |)ori  I 
Ci)liimlaH.  i-.t  :  liis  Ic.-ir 
la'lo,  ill    ;    pills    him    in 


isir.ili< 
his  L'ovcri 


M  ;  .1  s.iymi,'  (ii  riis.    id. 


lit   liy   (ivainln, 


.-i'l  I  is  Idsl.  wiih  .Ml  his  i k-w,  in 


*■*- '  ••••^  ••■  ••■-■.    ^ 

iiiimiill.S    ('(iluilllUIS  In  .Ip 

Imsciiiss  ill  idllci  liii({  cvi 
ii^o    ill  chains,    ill.  ;  als< 

in  rcspri  t  to  the  .NcIi'I.im 
irnns,  ill  .  Ins  nial.Klinin 
'  '•■•■  ■'■  ;  siipiTscilcil  II 
s.iils   (nr  'Mi-iii 

■;,.),.,.>     I.,,rr 


Iriki's  on  a  s.t 


VDliinlcfrs  111  fill] 

1    l)lifilicilri 


i 


I 
1 


111'. 

{iii'.i  i!cl  .Sirrjiv    I  "o. 
{i)rL,"inoM,   Iiian,  I.iIhts  t"  riinv( 
loyh-,  M'  rn  irdn,  fri.ir,  .ipi 


uJ  ;   his 


liv  l.iml,  I  -  ^  ;  siisp 
I  ;i)  ;  lakes  a  letter  In 
likes    jiiDiii 
IM   ;  ;il: 
l.i 

thi 
Cam 

( ';isa* 


r.inu.i 


iiaiiK,  III.  :  ai 


II  ions   eiiii'i 


I  * "  ^  'II  .^  I .  I 
itailH-.l   :,^;i:, 


-itions    troiii     KnM 
Hither  interview  Willi  l< 


•t'lnni.ii  II)  I 


i(  tnr  111   (  iiliiniliiis,    I  SI  ;  hi' 


liscd' 


I'ks.  ill 


very  nl  the  i n.ist  of  I' 


I'i'iaii,  il., 
1  eviijciii  r 


■scriiilini 


ol, 


.,   I,  IS,  his   (  ha 


er   of 


11  n 


iiliservatiiiii' 


;    Sei-   111. 

III. II  I. 


s 


riii'Ilies  of    II 


.wo  Sp.inianls,  i(« 


lei.iiivi-  u.   i 


> :  IMS  I 


L-    N 


Worl.l,  7H  .  h 


iiinte'l  apnstolii  ,il  viiar  I 

iili'iff*     III    (    f  til  I  ni  I  itic   ill    r 


Speit     I') 

sent   honi"  liy  Cn 


IS   ,IU\  li.C     I'  I     V.  wiiiiii 


an,    '^  ^  .     1  omiiin 


'..-.  <., I fii 


chui 


t  Is, ill 


'iii  ;  his  halrei 


I 


usi  on 


ella,  il 
I  of  (■ 


•ii  ;   I  iinsei  rales   the  fir 

s   (  liar.i'li  r  .iiiil   (oinlai 
.....     , , '  .■   *i 


ii'ile  ;   his  .arcount  of  a  i 
ami    two   inoiintfd 
ti.itlle  in  I  lii;iiey,  ai'i- 
I  e|)liiin   of    C'liliiinliiis 


:ie    ailniinistrati'iii 


.11  miwi  r 


1  rav.iliers,    I'l;  : 


lii't  of    .\I.irt;.ir 


u  II 1 1  ui-i    I  '  r  .    '  II'  ' 


I I  ... 


seizini,'  I'l  irllioloineiv  C 
ini;  to  .■sp.iin,  1.).  ;  sets  s.ii 


III 


• I 

's  sliijis  am'  ••■•"" 


in  rcspfi  t  to  the 
•  K  I  fiiiiit  <if,  '-'7.(  ; 
•.'7;  ;  his  (liibiinip 


.'o  ;  MIS  re 
liy  the  kii 
•  til 


t 


s'.  -.ir, .  l:i. 


I  i:    111     r  f 


of    hiiiii.in    inisi 


Ills    /eal    in    In  IliI: 
e.xpeilient  In   le^.f 


■ry.    II).  ;    tli. 


Cn 


H 


Mii'l.m,   St  .  iiiKit;in; 


le  (  oiirt  oi  .M, 


1  r^  .     II'.    ,      111^    <t'   <   ii~..iii.' 

\)  .  I,;  I    ... 


Hr.izils,    Il 
Dart  ili; 


ry  IS 


!•,    iiisi  iiver'-'l    liy 


laii'i  Ol.  ., 


C;isl 


slnry  of  the  Indies,  ili. 


aneili,     In. in    de. 


vereil  ai 


taken 


a 


Ciiltiniluis    on 


IS        ill 


i.'i  : 
,ihi 


USi 


his    rei 


imlui  t.  III. 


liisUese  (r;iwii  hy  Calir.il, 
Hreviesia,   .Xirm-nn    de,  a  wn 

rondui  t  -111  '  i.iiiii*.Vi?iwMt    i 
Hmklers 


.1,   a  (  .iril).    her    .idn 


111. 


Ill 


•  .    proposes    to    her 


11  I.UMIM 


It  111 


ri-tfain  tin  ir  i 


tinieiit,  111. 


IliT.     III. 


1  apn\  r    '  'iin 
iilierty,  ili    .  1  > 


lii... 
ati 


•I'll  i.y  llie  natives  1 
ion   issued  hy  I'l 


( '.llilin.l,   .1   frill.ile  C.li 


lie. 


1  ill    I'lVf  \vi;:i  } 


VI.,  7). 


to  ihi-  .New  World, 


1"    •••■• 


issiR-'i   liy  I'll] 


.  r 


IS,  the  1  ou 


-  1* 
Huv^i. 
Hutios,  the  priests  of  ..._  ..  .... 

I'litterllies,  i  liuds   of,  seen   mi 


( '  ith.iv. 


es  111   I  l.iyiia.  ili. 


len 


Mr  I. 


I  roi 
ilin  .M.I 


Ills   <lf    > 


•rine.  St.. 


,  f 


C 


ilisrii\ 

I    iverii,  near  t'.ipe  I 
<    iviiians.  isl.ii 


ub.a,   107. 


I  i-fl'>.  I'l-tinin,  his  I 


if,  201. 


ill  I  lisp.iiiioLi,    ,2  , 


opinion  in  re 


1  I,  the  ' 


o~ilioii  i| 


"I'  lit,  his  .lr^;l^llents 


th 


In  kcr 


unit 


liiiii 


us.    jij  ;   pro 


e  first  tli.a  ' 


'I  J  n 


Visited  tr.e  ;ti 


till     .,ill<  1   <  ■! 


.    t 


to  send  .1  shin 


MIS  in  siispi-nse 


ji' .  1.1  .11'  ' 


f  ; 


I   III 


nc 


.1  ti.'d  1 


zils,  and  lii 
Kill;?  of 
("aliroM,  C.i|ie 


iKes    pii-.- 


I    "•M'  Ml     «  M 


L   III     I ;;'-  ii.iiiii* 


^■.11.    1  ,  ' 


(    Il  HUM. 
C.l 


Upon.  111.  ;   aii'l 


riiiiie    |irii]" 


I  )r. .    1  oiihiins 


I. II  I'-.  1.1 


rlc-. 


iilais.  'il 


ue    .11 


il  .   K  UK  of 


("ara 


1,  first  kii 


'  "aeiiiues. 


lo  111 


th 
C 

th 

.3' I 


se;/iite    if    I 


t-      .TJI.llll 


tliol.iiiimv 
Ch.irles  V.  s 


I  I  .till  1  .    Ill> 


'oill 


'lurieci;,     in 


naries.    .an   opii    d  d' 


!iiiiiis  .iii'i  nis  01 


13  ;  .irnvii 


i-iusiun   SI 


1  01  V  oiu.iiMis  ai.  I 
,.(    ..:.,. _.-. 


Ill  I.  1  s,    I  I    . 
en   l)V   the     pen 
ill  his  lirst  V 

ins    s 


reriiyni/es 


ill 


iii'i  eeds  hi^ 
the  innoii 


,   ai'klio' 


f  ( ise  the 


(•lines   III 


'  olh.e  (if  VI 


1  the  claims  i 


e  rii,'l 
roy, 


It  111 


s  I'liri- 


iiiini  CS  rela 


Doll  Dieno  s 


,t     r 


live  to  t 


III'  I 


h.irlevoix,  his  desi  r 


f   SI, 


ve 


iiile 


=•1,1  iri'.r  •  ;/•• 


Caonalii). 
fortress 


Sii.iiii  iri 


.at    I.. I    N 


hi  in  I 


I'l    ;     !^ 


ivi.I.e!.    Ill 


1    111. 


the 
IS,.         I 


I.  17 


piioii  01   liii: 


Cliailfepie.    Iaii|ues  (<eori;e,  ii 


i.lSS.ll' 


hr 


1-  CoUmit) 


val.  St.. 


liiis.    14.)  ; 


lortress  rii.    cri 


an  1   ri  1 


■■,  I'll  ;   t""-! 


'  u  T       1^  (  u  I 


iri,'.irile    lo    sur-      Cili.io,  (.'olum 


re-,    1  I,  ;  lor 


i-v;rs    I  iieil.l,   I 


I ' '    .     k;  I  >  I.  .1 


t;a 


.  117;  I 
1  h.i 


V ; "  i  1  ■  s 


'1.411      ■    ■  .        1     ,\  1 1     I    I  I  I  I  I  1  . 1  L 

if  IfTrilf irif.L.   Ill    (  '.I 


r    tl... 


,'*•  II 


•J  ;  tiie.uiini;  of   th 


lais  s    e.\pi'ilitioii    In   llii 


s(  riDtii 


.n  (if  the  moll 


ord   C 
itains  o 


a  desmn  to  entrap 


er  01,   I  1  •  ;  It,  ' 


I.  iiiii'it.  -.  1,1  ifi 
IS  visili'il   III*  (  li... 


Coluiiilius,  .an 


L' 


,  .ani  sitf-  I 


I,     lii.    .     il^rei-s    01    w.iu    up 
\v;irrl     il,     •     is  1   .L',.,1   !.»•  t»r  . 


Ci>;u.iyeiis,  .1  w.irlike  India 
Cintr.a,  rorl;  of,  arrival  at, 

rid,  (17. 


pi 


,  111.  ;  IS  ' 


I2'j  ;  a  ( 


lence    of    (  olii 


liaineil.  ih. 


ill.  ;   dies  o 


uadiil 


liU' 


his  1 1 


ilidiii  I  when 


111  from  the  Sow  World. 

.1-      ('ii).im'o  1 


s.      11'..     eillil 


riil...rL'i^     fi.i-     <r.  . 


,    I 


le       Cities,  i^l.inii  of  i'i( 

n,     /Jliidera,  I)on  Christov;! 


r  lap.iii  I,  .\I.iri  o  Polo  s  .1'  1 


C.iri.iri.  1 


roi-ol,  islari'l  ol,  1  ) 


n  ine  voyai,' 


e  woman    lalls  in   lovi 

.  I  "  .  I  r  ,  .  I   '. .  . 


,      t    yj. 


I. ; 


III.  ten  l)v 


ini  11 


.  1)1 


ltd,   to    II 


Car 
Car 


11'-.  K 


j    Colon,   |)ieijo,  a(  ts  1 
I        to  th'-  ii.ilives  of   I 


ItJiiee   Isl.iiiili.  (il 


I        of  the  C.l 


as inlcrprete 
'llliii,     1  in  . 


>    < 


UHliie  (lUarioiie.x,    1 


( 


•i"s,   (hiiri 


to,   231. 


ler    'il    Ihi 


'  V 


ailomlio.  the  old  (k 


■   1 


of  I'ortui 


noese  anmir.ii. 


Il      .....I.s 


lo. 


K'll  to   the   .Mei 


I 


on 


tUK^il.  77' 


lo        C  ilomliri,    the  Volll 


nt;er  iiicplicw  oi 


,,.!mir'iiis  liy  linli.u 
j  il'  on  his  fuiirlli  v 
crniir  '.f  r.rci'ia,  ili 
ll'.'i'liirris  111  ilif  nai 
1--  ;  !  Ill  Is  ,il  (!ari.i 
II  :.i/i:in,  I'|7  :  does 
ilrfii  ri  :  ijiiiliiail 
r"'jrn  1  i-  ,  is  Iin,' 
!  ■  '"11"-!  I  ;i>  aii'ilh 
f,T  ,',  ,  i'iii,i.eil'-i| 
:.  1  h  s  nicn.  ;:i,'i ,  ■• 
Spiiin  \\'.\h  Ins  III" 
iir.;c  llic  jii'-tiie  if  1 
lr''llii'r  11  1  uiirt.  :■, 
m  ih'-.inr.-.il  ..:  the 
::" ,  i'-  ^'  fit  nut  I'l 
i.lmi'iiisl,  Ills  neplii- 
''  t'l  till-  ;,r'iii'"riy  ai 
.  il..  ,  dies  at  S 

inl'i'-;.  fliristoph 

■,  .ill  I  e  iuiali'i', 

■  ■■11.I'.  ||  ,  i'ni;.ii;i  ■ 

N'.i|iics.  I'l. ,  altei 

'  "I  ilereive  his  1 

I'l  Meiiili.Tr.iiic; 

•   [ji'iinti-'li  ,iptai 

'.i  If  <  f  l.'Hiis  .\l 

'ii'i;   wi'li   (>,|(,r 

■i"'i,  wlicre  111' 

'iirii  1,1  Ili-,  perse 

i'-'S  1  n,imiired  o 

iri^iii,  '.vliinii  he  inii 

lis  I'liiier-in  law's 

■  ■  ''•':'■'  111  the  islan 

■  'iuainte'l  with  I'e 

;  is  aiirtiali'il  w 

;  ;;rimirls  on  w 

•  i'l'i'iiid  of  imilis 

■1 '  lorrcsponiJcin 


iM)i;x. 


ysu 


^'Cr: 


„    riiltlia/.i!".   ii'  rurrnro,  loses  tiis  cause   in 
, ,',    I'r  licirship  nf  (.(iluinl'Us,  -.•(<.. 


»-_   ij.m,  (■.mnantlcr  of  <mic  o 

on  l!i^  iliif'l  vov.inc  i.i''. 
.jtoli.ni:us  th-  ii.ivi«al<>rs,  an   arroiint  of 


f    Colimiliiis's  sir' 

^ _  (^  ;  '•'!■ 

'"l'un"f  I'l''  Vcncliaii  n-illi')";,  :!.i'' 
'''Cnlinii'.ii-,  li.irllioldnirw,  udiiiiipaiiifs  Harllir)li,iiu\v 
D.-iV.u'ni,'  ili'Mi'a.t  of  Africa,  1 1 -•  ;  an  adomit  <i 
hi.!  prnrcniitifs,  II);  arrives  at  Valhwioli.l,  ih.  . 
5c:;!  Kiiissi.t  liis  liroilier  vvilli  llirce  ships,  ih,  ;  diar- 
.i(ler>if,  ill  .  i^  invesl'-il  hy  ('oluiiitnis  with  llic  til!'- 
an^l  .ui'tliiiriiy  of  Ailelaiilailii,  I  14;  atlemls  Ins 
hriiihcrin  l.is  cx|ie(lilioii  against  the  Indians  of   tlie 

\'i-K.t,  1-1  .  «'"''  '"  '^''  '"""'^  "'  ll-'iyi-''  '-"^  '•  '^  i'l- 
vcvtfij  wii!i  the  ci'iiinMii'i  on  the  return  ol  ("oluin- 
liU'.t')^!"!'!-  i''-  ;  '•''^'"^  I'orras  prisoner,  i;','.  ;  sails 
in  liiccl  111'- •  roilier.  I  |i  ;  acioiintol  hisailtninistra- 
ilio.i  iliirin;;  llic  alisenre  of  Colutnliiis,  I.|.)  ;  scnc.'s 
.»]  In:ii.ir<  lo  '^P'-iiti  I'l  he  sold  .as  slaves,  ih.  ; 
crTls  111'' ('Hirers  of  Sill  lloininn",  I  |r  ;  p.ays  ii 
nil  to  HcIk'i  i.i".  K|<i  .  his  rei  eplioi:.  ih.  ;  demands 
a  tril.illc.  ill.  ,  '"•l.'ihlishes  a  ( liaiii  < '(  inilil.iry  posis, 
i',.  ;  f;iii«i's  several  Indians  who  had  hmkeri  some 
Clirisliaii  im  iijes,  etc.,  to  he  liurnt,  1.(7:  marches 
r;;Minst  ill'  ('■icit|iies.  who  had  formed  a  <  onspirai  y 
r„;aiii'-l  lin'  Spaniards,  ip;  <  aiises  lliem  to  he 
M  .?ol,  I'j.  ;  p.inlons  most  of  iheni,  i!'.  ;  a^ain 
1  m;>  Ik-hei  tiio  to  receive  the  trihllte  of  (otlon,  i,p(  ; 
',i- vli'ill  in  y.n-eriunct,!,  ih.  ;  a  (imspiracy  lornn  d 
.:,;.:ii<t  liiiii  hv  Kohl  in.  Mo;  narrowly  01  ape.s 
n^s.is'-iti.Mi'in,  i;i  :  rep.iirs  I'l  ihi-  \'e>;a  in  relief  of 
I  .r!  ('jiici-plion,  ih.  ;  Ins  iniervicw  with  Koldaii, 
i^: ;  i<  sluit  i;p  in  I'ort  (.'onceplion,  if);  relievid 
i  ythf  .irriv.i!  of  {'oriMial,  ih.  ;  piihlishes  an  amiiesiv 
l^  a!i  I'.liii  return  I)  their  duly,  ih.  ;  marches  a^j.iinst 
lii:iri''iic.\.  who  has  lehelled,  1:4  ;  his  laii'p.iii^n  in 
i:;f  nioiiiii.iins  of  (  iijuay,  ih.  ;  Kdeases  the  wile  of 
ciC' ( thi- raci(|ars  w  lio  n  he  h.iil  l.iken  with  May- 
rani'X,  If;  .  f.ivcr.ihle  ( onseijiierK  es  of  this,  ih.  ; 
h.- vit;"rtius  [iroceedit.>;s  aniiinst  the  rehcis  enj;a^;ed 
in  the  fi'ii'-pirary  of  ( iuev.ira  and  .Mo.xic.a,  l'i->  ;  is 
tJtiinr'iiis  hy  jifih.idill.i,  174  ;  accom|)anies  Coluin- 
Uwiii  hi-.i  fourth  voya^'.e,  1^5;  w.iits  on  the  (iov- 
ern'ir  '.f  I'rci!i.i,  ih.  ;  takes  po.'-s'-ssioii  of  ( '.ipe 
ll',riiltir.i<;  111  llie  name  of  the  soverci^;ns  of  C.istile, 
;■•;  ;  tills  at  (.'ariari,  1  ^v  i  forms  a  pl.iii  lu  seize- 
U;;!ji.in,  I',;  ;  dncs  so,  with  his  '.vives  atnl  elii!- 
';rfn,  1:1  :  (Jiiihian  escapes,  ib.  ;  and  attacks  in 
r'turn  \n.  is  iiii.Jly  KJinpelled  to  remove  the 
;  :;l'iivi  I  so  annll.er  pl.ice,  Kj.)  ;  is  in  ^,'reat  dan- 
^rr  .',  .  r.)ri,i.ei!>-d  lo  enihark  with  his  hrother  ami 
:'  lis  men.  ;:oo  ,  sets  sail  from  St.  I)o[niMi.;o  for 
.'^-.lin  with  his  hroihr-r.  'J'.'-j  ;  proceeds  to  court  to 
:<n  the  juMire  .,f  (l^.  kinf,',  2ji;  ;  a' comp.iiiies  his 
r'.tlicr  I'l  riiiirt,  ,1,  ;  j;oes  to  rejiresent  his  brother 
n  the  aril ■.•;il  ..1  the  new  kini;  and  ipieen  of  Castile, 
:-::  i-.  V  nt  out  f>  St.  DoniiiiKo  hy  Terdinand  to 
'mi.nisl;  !,!s  nephew,  lion  Die^ft,  s.is  ;  is  presenteil 
■'  t.'i  111'-  ;,r'iperly  an  !  i;overninenl  ol  .Mona  for  life, 
<■:'  ,  ;:..  ,  ihes  at  St    l).,niinKi<,  i'>.  ;  I'is  character, 

|.'  .ir.M';.  (  hriM.iphei,  a'cnnt   of  his  hirth,  parent- 

■■■'■,  I  elu',ili.,i:,    .T  ;  early   life  of,  ih.  ;   (us   lir-t 

'  '^'v'-,  '.  .  e!ii;,,irts  in  ihe  service  of  keinier,  Kim,' 

'   N-ii/.cs,  i',.,  ,-,!ter>i  the  point  of  the  compass  of  his 

:.  ".ilcK-ivi- his  d.s.  ontenteil  rrew,  ih.  ,  t-UKaned 

''•:  Medilerr.inean  and  the   I.ev.int,  10;  said  to 

■■i;!''Mnied.aplaiiiof  several  (ienoese  ships  in  thr- 

f;'i  't' !  I.oiij,^  XI  _  |(,    .  iij^  i,,,n;„u  tondu.  I  wiicn 

,-■"'•;  wi'd   l.olonih'i   the   youn|.;er,    ih.  ;    ^oi'S   to 

•  ''"'■',  Wiiere  hi-   takes   up   his    resideilie,    Ki,    I J  ; 

t-re-.t  hi,  person,  ih.  ;  ,>,irlv  <  li.ira.  ler,  ih.  ;  he- 

_'ii"S  .  namured  ol    Dona  Telipa  Monis  d<;    I'.iles. 

"1''.  'vIk.mi  he  marries,  ih.  ;  becomes  p..ss.-ssed  <l 

-  liinr-r-in  laws  charts,   j.airnals,   etc.,    ib.  ;    n- 

■■'•^'■^  t"  the  island  of  I'orlo  Santo.  I  1  ;  becomes 

■/iuainiH  with  IVdro  Correo,  a  navigator  of  note, 

'  .  isaiirnai.-d  wit;    a  wish   to   make  diseoveri.  -. 

■  «r'Hiir Is  on  which  he  founds   his  belief  of  the 

■Wnce  of  iindis-overed  ..ainlries    in   the   Wet. 

<    corrc-sponden-euf  Columbus  with   I'auh,    l',  s 


caiielli,  1^1  ;  makes  ;i  voyai;e  lo  the  north  of  I'urope, 
ih.  ;  the  asirol.ib(r  h.ivinj;  been  jipiilied  to  navi^.i- 
lion.  Colunihus  proposes  a  voyai'.e  of  diseovcrv  lo 
John  II.,  Kim;  of  l'ortii;;al,  'Jo;  this  proposilion  is 
ref(  rred  to  a  junto  (  liar(;ed  with  .'ill  mailers  relating; 
to  iii.irilinie  discovery,  ib.  ;  who  re^arcl  the  project 
as  \ision.iry.  ib.  ;  the  kini;  then  refers  it  lo  his  ( oun 
(il,  ib.  ;  by  wdinm  u  is  c  oiiclemii' d,  ji  ;  a  ship  is 
sc-(  rctly  sent  in  the  direction  propo',c'c|,  bi:t  return^, 
lb.  ;  Columbus's  inclii;n.ilion,  ib.  ;  lo-,es  his  wife-. 
1!).  ;  cjuils  I'ortumal,  ib.  ;  fjocs  to  <  lenoa  and  pm- 
poses  his  project  to  the  j;o\  c-rnnieiit,  ib.  ;  it  is  ri - 
ji-cted,  ib.  ;  visits  his  f.ilher,  ib.  ;  supposed  by 
some  iM  h.ivo  carriecl  his  plan  to  \'inice,  2'^  ;  arrives 
ill  S[)aiii,  and  icijiiesls  a  little  bre.icl  and  water  at  ;i 
•  onvenlof  I'l.inciscai,  friars,  2')  ;  the-  [nior  detains 
him  as  a  ^u'"'''.  !''•  ;  '"i'l  invites  (lariia  i'ern.indi./ 
to  meet  hiin,  ib.  ;  ^;ivcs  liim  letters  c,f  introcliK  li'  ti 
t')  I'crnando  cle  'lalaver  ■.,  (Jueen  Isabell.i's  con- 
fessor, lb.  ;  sets  out  forC  c.rclova,  'j.;  ;  arriws  there, 
2.1  ;  finds  it  inipc  ssible  10  c,!,|:,iii  a  li'',irini;,  ih.  ; 
the  (|uecn's  c  cnlessor  re-.^ards  his  pl.n,  as  impossi- 
ble, ill.  ;  maint.iins  liimsell  hv  dvsi^^iiiin;  m.-ips  and 
charts,  2.S  ;  is  received  into  'he  house  of  Alon/o  ile 
yuintanilla,  23  ,  introclui  cil  to  tin;  Ar' libishop  of 
Toleclo,  24  ;  who  (.;ives  him  an  attentive  hearini;, 
ib.  ;  becomes  his  fiieii'l  and  procures  him  an  audi- 
ence of  the  kiiiK,  ib.  ;  who  desires  the- prior  c)f  I'raclo 
tc)  a'.semble  astronomers,  etc. ,  tc)  hold  conference 
with  him,  ib.  ;  Columbus  .ippears  before  tin-  assem- 
bly at  S.ilamani  a,  ib.  ;  ;iri;iinic-nts  .•n;ainst  his  theory, 
2;  ;  Ins  reply,  ib.  ;  the  subject  experiences  procr.is- 
lin.ition  aiicl  iic-i;lect,  2''  ;  is  1  ompi-llccl  |ci  follow  the 
movements  of  the  c durt,  .'7  ;  Ins  pi. 111  rei  'iiiiinencjeci 
ley  the  .Marchioness  ol  .Mov.i,  27.  io,  31  ;  receives 
an  invitation  lo  rcliiiii  to  l'orlui;al  troni  jilin  II.. 
27  ;  receives  a  favor, iblc-  letter  tiom  Henry  \II.  of 
I'!n^;land.  ib.  ;  clistinjjuishes  himself  n  th-  (nm- 
p.iiijn  of  l.|-c),  aticl  IS  imptes'-c-d  ilc'C'|iIv  with  the 
arrival  .irid  message  of  twc)  fri.irs  Iroiu  ilie  Soldari 
of  I^i;>  pt  ril.ilive  to  the  Holy  L.iii'l.  2-  ;  deteriniiies 
tc)  devote-  the-  profits  arising;  from  his  inlenelecl  dis- 
( iivc-rv  to  ihe  purpose  of  rescuing;  the  holy  sepul- 
I  tire  from  the-  lianels  cif  the:  iiilidi  Is  ib.  ;  council  i/f 
learnc-'l  men  a^'.un  convene  d,  ib  ;  who  (iionounic 
the  ':i  hc'iiie  v.iin  ami  impossiPie.  ib.  ;  rc'eives  ;i 
nies>.,iL;c-  fioni  Ihe  sovereigns,  ib.  ;  has  an  auelienre 
ol  the  S"\ereiv;ns.  ib.  ;  leaves  Seville-  in  elis^jusl, 
2c)  ;  forms  a  (cinne-ciion  with  iii-atri\  liiiri'|ue/..  24  ; 
applies  to  the-  Hiike  ed  Mecjiiia  Sii|oiii,i.  who  rejeds 
his  phiii.  22  ;  applies  to  th'-  I>ul.'-  of  .Me-clin.i  Cell, 
who  is   prevenlicl  from    acccclui:;  i<<  hi-,  pi. in  fioni  a 

fe.ir  'if  the-  c  iHirt.    ib.    ;    le  tliri.s    to  the-    •  cine  lit   ct    I., I 

K.ibila.  2');  /Monzo  I'lii/oii  e  llc-is  |.i  [  ..y  his  (.\- 
(lenses  in  a  renewed  application  I"  Ihi-  '  cairl,  ib.  ; 
re-turns  at  the  ih-sire-  ol  the  'jiiec  n,  ;o  ,  wilnesses 
the  surrender  of  (ir.iiiaela  lo  the  .Sp.mish  .iriiis,  ib.  ; 
IK  ^;oti.ltioll  with  pi-rsi>iis  appiiinled  by  tin-  'ovir 
(•inns,  il'.  ;  his   propositions  .nc-  c  e.nsideri  1!  e.slr.iv- 


;aiit. 


ai'- 


rom  iiini  e 


I     iiiac'missihie. 


ll>. 


hiwer  tc-rnis  an-  olb-r'-d 
the  nc-L;oli,ilion  bricken 
I.uis  dr  St.   .Aiu;e-|  li-.i'-' 
at    l.i'^t   I  orseiif;,    lb.  ; 
rec.iil   Coliiinbes.  ib.  ; 


Inni,  whii  h  he  ri-je-cts,  31  ; 
ill,  1!  .  ;  cpiits  S.mt.i  I-\',  ib.  ; 
n  ■.  with  the-  eni(-en,  ib.  ;  wlio 
a  nie>.sc-iiv;(-r  dispatched  to 
le  returns   to   Sant.i  ie,  32  ; 


arraIl^,'ement  w-ith  lie-  Sp.ini'-h  •  en  i-ri  ik.Mis.  ib.  ;  his 
SOI,  appc)iiite-i|  p. 1^1-  to  I'lMii  1-  III, in,  1  1  ;  he  reHirns 
ti  .'.,1  K.iliid.i,  ib.  ;  prcp.ir.ilic.ir,  .it  the  rort  of 
I'ui  -s,  ,inc|  .ippreheiisioii^  ilieie-  leliliM-  to  lh(- 
expeclition.  ib.  ;  not  a  vessel  c.iii  be  ptoi  iireil,  ib.  ; 
thev  .in-  .it  l.ist  furnished,  i!i.  ;  Columbus  hoists  his 
tli^,  it;  sails,  3=  ;  |irolo.;u'-  11  his  voyage,  ii>.  , 
an  .ic  count  'if  the  map  he-  ha  I  piepared  picvious  to 
sailing,  ib.  ;  ■'iHiiii!tii-s  le-i;iii  to  arise,  3b;  arrives 
al  ill'-  (  .iii.iii's,  ill  ;  iciuii's  in  siv;lit  'f  .Mount 
Tenpriffi-,  ib.  ;  arrives  at  ( iciiner.i,  ib.  ;  the  news 
whi'  Il  ri- ichi-cl  him  ihiTc-,  ib.  ;  ,il  irm  of  his  s.iilors 
on  losim;  all  si^'hl  of  land,  ib.  ;  bc-^ins  to  keep  two 
re-e  koniiiKs,  37  ;  fiills  in  with  p.iit  of  a  mast,  ib.  ; 
notices  .1  v.iriation  of  the  ni-edic-,  ib  ;  his  opinnin 
relati'.  (■  to  th.it  phenomenon,  ib.  ;  they  .ire   visited 


.11     I 


'     i  ■ 


■i  ii 


>;    ;! 


.Ii 


290 


INDI'X. 


m 


by  two  liirils,  ih.  ;  UTrors  of  the  seamen,  il).  ;  sfcs 
lari;c  pad  lies  of  .vceds,  ib.  ;  his  situation  lie.  onus 
more  cniiral,  3S  ,  part  of  his  crew  ilctonninc, 
should  he  rrfiisJ  to  irturn,  to  throw  him  into  tlic 
SLM,  ■})-.  I.ilsi-  appt-arance  of  himl,  ili.,  40;  his 
crew  ljCL(Mue  f.\  :ocdini;ly  chiniorous,  41  :  Ihf  as- 
sertion that  he  capitulati-il  witii  tht-ni  tiisprovcd, 
ib.  ;  his  ailiiross  to  the  crt-w,  ib.  ;  sees  a  li^;ht,  4-'  ; 
la.,  t  (jisi-ovi-rcd,  ill.  ,  the  reward  for  land  ad  nulled 
to  him.  il:.  ;  l.mds  on  the  island  of  St.  Salv.ulor, 
11).  ;  which  he  takes  possession  of  in  the  name  of 
the  Caslilian  soverei,i;ns,  il).  ;  the  surprise  of  the 
natives,  ib.  ;  ^;old  first  discovered.  43  ;  recon- 
noitres the  island,  44  ;  takes  seven  of  the  inhab- 
itants to  te.ich  them  Spanish  that  they  minht  be 
come  interjjreters,  ib.  ;  di.scovcrs  Santa  Maria  de 
la  Conrepi  ion.  ib.  ;  discovers  ICxunia.  45  ;  dis 
covers  is.diell.i.  ib.  ;  hears  of  two  islaniis  called 
Cuba  and  Hohio,  4'i  ;  sails  in  seanli  of  the 
former,  ib  ;  discovers  it,  ib.  ;  lakes  formal  pos- 
session, ill.  :  sends  two  .Spaiuards  up  the  country, 
41  ;  coasts  alon«  the  shore.  il>.  ;  return  of  the 
Spanianls  with  their  report,  41  ;  );oes  in  search 
of  the  supposed  island  ol  H.d)e(iue.  ?o  ;  discovers 
an  arcliipLuino.  to  whirli  lie  tjives  the  name  of  the 
King's  liarden,  si  ;  desertion  (  f  Aloiizo  l'in/o;i. 
ii).  ;  discovers  St.  C'ath.irine,  in  which  he  finds 
stones  veined  with  gold,  ib,  ;  spec  imen  of  his  style 
in  description  ib.  ;  reaches  wh.it  he  sup[)oses  to  be 
the  eastern  extremity  of  .\si,i,  ib.  ;  disicners  His- 
paniola.  ib.  ;  its  transcendent  appearance.  Ji  ; 
enters  a  harbor,  to  which  he  gi\cs  the  name  of  St. 
Nicholas,  ib.  ;  a  female  brought  to  him  wh.)  wore 
an  ornament  of  gold  in  her  nose,  ib.  ;  coasts  along 
the  sli.ires,  :;  ;  is  visitecl  by  a  CacKpie.  ib.  ;  re- 
ceives a  mess.ige  from  ( iuac.magari.  50;  his  ship 
strikes  up  ni  a  sand-bank  in  the  ni.L;lil,  57  ;  some 
of  his  crew  desert  in  a  boat,  ib.  ;  the  ship  becomes 
.1  wreck,  .mil  he  takes  refuL;e  on  bo.ird  a  caravel, 
ib.  ;  re.'eives  assistance  from  tiuacanag.iri,  ib.  ; 
transactions  with  the  n.itives,  ili.  ;  is  invited  to  the 
residence  of  (iuacanagari,  58  ;  his  affec  tionate  re- 
ception ol  him,  il).  ;  his  people  desire  to  liave 
permissio:!  to  remain  in  the  island,  50  ;  he  forms 
the  1)1.111  ot  a  colony  ,-uid  the  design  of  construe  t- 
ing  a  fortress,  ib.  ;  and  of  reluming  to  Sp.iin  for 
reinforcements,  ib.  ;  entertained  in  the  most  lios 
pil.ible  ni.uiner  by  (luacan.igari,  bo  :  who  pro 
cures  for  hini  a  great  (luantity  of  gold  previous  to 
his  departure,  ib.  ;  his  acldress  to  the  people,  ib,  ; 
gives  a  feast  to  the  chieft.iins,  M  ;  sails,  lb.  ; 
coasts  towarcl  the  eastern  enil  of  Ilispaniola,  tj2  ; 
mef^ts  with  Pinzon,  ib.  ;  I'ln/on's  .ipologv.  ib.  ; 
account  c,i  the  Ciguayens,  63  the  hrst  n.itive  blood 
shed  by  the  whites,  ib.  ;  account  of  the  return  vov- 
age.  64  ;  encounters  violent  storms,  ib.  ;  the  c t'vv 
draw  lots  who  sli.iU  perlorm  pilgrimages,  (,;  ;  two 
lots  fall  to  the  adniir,il  ;  vows  ni.ide,  ib.  ;  commits 
an  account  of  his  voy.age  in  a  b.irrel  to  tl.e  sea,  ib.  ; 
land  discovered,  il).  ;  which  proves  to  be  the  Azores, 
ib.  ;  transactions  at  St.  Mary's,  fib  ;  receives  sup- 
lilies  and  .1  message  from  tht;  go\ernor,  ib.  ;  at 
tempted  perform.incc  of  thj  vow  made  during  the 
iitorrn,  ib.  ;  the  seamen  talien  prisoners  by  the  rali 
ble.  he.ided  by  the  governor,  ib.  ;  the  governor's 
disgraceful  conduct,  ib.  ;  seamen  IiIjc  r.ited,  ib.  ; 
c.iuse  of  the  governor's  conduct,  i'.i.  ;  \i:.lent  gales,' 
67  ;  Jots  for  pilgrimages  again  cast,  ib  ;  arrives 
off  Cintra.  in  I'.irtugal,  ib.  ;  writes  to  the  sovereigns 
and  the  King  of  I'.irtug.il,  ib.  ;  is  summoned  bv  a 
I'ortuguesc;  admiral  to  give  an  aicounl  of  himself, 
ib.  ;  effect  c)f  his  return  at  Lisbon,  ib.  ;  receives  an 
invitation  from  the  King  of  I'ortug.d,  (.S  ;  inter- 
view  withtheking,  ib. ;  jealousy  of  tlie  king  excited, 
il),  ;  a  proposition  to  the  king  bv  some  of  his  cc)urt 
iers  to  .issassinate  Columbus  and  t.d.e  advantage  of 
his  discoveries,  ib.  ;  rejec  ted  by  the  king,  (n)  ;  dis- 
graceful plot  of  the  king  to  rob  Sp.iin  of  the  newly 
discoveri-d  possessions,  ib.  ;  his  interview  with  the 
(Jueen  of  I'crtug.d,  ib.  :  enters  the  harbor  of  I'alos, 
ib.  ;  account  ul  his  reception  there,  ib,  ;  arrival  of 


I'inzon,  ib,  ;  receives  an  invii.ai,,,!  fioni  ih.j.. 
eigns  at  Barcelona,  70  ;  his  recepti.n)  r-n  tne  ,«* 
71  ,    is   received    in   a   magniticeiit  in.inmr  bv  ■'. 
courtiers,  lb.  ;  aiicj   the  sovereigns,  '.h.  ;  hisvint"- 
respect  to  the  holy  sepulchre,  ih   ;  the  ii.anjt, . 
which    his    discoveries    were    reu'ivccl   ihrciMir-, 
I'.urope,    72  ;  a  coat  of  arir.s  giicn   \,m^  i^    ..',' 
m. inner  in  which  he  receives  the  hc'iiiiis>,|ii|;)||,. 
73  ;   preparations   tor  a  seiciiid  ^  oyui;i.]  ;^  ^  j_j. 
nieiit   nuide   with   the  soveringns,   7;  ,  ;mi\ers » ■ 
which  he   is    invested,  ib,  ;  t,ikes  le,ivc  (i(  ft^i-" 
ereigns  at    li.ircidon.i,    ib.  ;  arrives  ill  Scvi!>  •■ 
prep. ires  for  the  voyage,  ib  . ;   ideasciiCilumiiusi- 
the  people  rel.itive  to  the    New  Wcukl.  jb,;  j;, 
lence  of  ju.m  <!e   Sori.i,    7S  ;  cordu'  I  i.f  ['or 
ib.  ;  dep.irture  on   iiis  second  vov. ii;o, -);  ar.c'-'v 
attiomer.i,  .''o  ;  gi.-es  sealed  insliiu  l:ciiis  ,.1  ihecf. 
m.mder  of  each   vessel,  ib.  ;  sees  a  nc.iilniv  : 
encounters  a  storm,  ib,  ;  sees  tl;e  !:i;lilsip(  !fi.  E.- 
ib.  ;    discovers    tlie    Caribbce    Isl.iiuls,  ii/. ;  u, 
possession    of    them.    ib.  ;    discovers  (iiiadilci;: 
lb.  ;    transactions    there,    Si  ,    criiisis  .imor.j  ;• 
Caribbi'cs.    S2  ;  arrives  at   1  iispaiiicl.i,  >4;  ,1; -. 
(iiill   of   S.imaiia.    ib.  ;    anc  hors  :,l  .Mciuc  (.r.r- 
ib.  ;    arrives    at    I. a    Navid.id,    ib.  ;    ;s  vi>itfc; 
a    cousin    of    the    C.iciciue,    ib.  ;    Ic  ;:ri;>  ,1  ciisas:- 
whic  h  luid  occurred  at  the  fortress,  11  ,  ;  vislisG.. 
cmag.iri.   Sb  ;   aliandons   l,a   N.iviil.;il.  ••;::i'.;.i 
the  cily  of  Isabell.i  at  Monte  Chiisii.  ■•1:  uls!:; 
ib.  ;  sends  .Moii/.o  de  ()ied,i  to  espl.'ri  ihc Iraer  ■ 
o'  the  isl.ind.  ib,  ;  disp.itches  twelve- sh'i'S  in Spr 
c)o  ;     rec|iiesls     fresh     supplies,     i' .  :    rfc;i)n".rar;;' 
I'edro  M.irg.irite  ami  Juan  Aguado  in  tin;  |mrnii,i.; 
o|  the  government,  ill.  •  recomnunils  aciiil.'Kj.- 
in  respect  to  an  exch     ige  of  Caribs  fcii  live?;.. 
c)l  ;    reconimeiid.iticiii    of   Columbus  in  rintc. 
the  C.iribs,  ib.  ;    his  conduct   in   r— -jrcct  1)  'Oi.- 
niuliny.  <>-  ',  cciiiscc|uences,  ib.  ;  scls  cu.t  iin  arc 
pedilion  to   the  inouiiiains  of   I'ilr.in.  lii.  :  i:re;L-. 
iiirtress    of    woocl   amon.g   the   mcuiiilaiiis. 'U. '•■ 
turns   to    Isabella,    •i'^  ;   receives  uiiplea'iai:!  a\:  ■ 
gence   from   I'edro   M.irgarite.  c).i  ;  sickness  ia ::: 
colony,    ib.  ;   puts   his   people  on  sImiU  ,i!liiwt:t. 
ill.  ;  cpffi'uds  the    Hidalgos,    ly   ni.ikiii;.;  ,  lem  s.-r; 
the  common  Uliors  of  the   colcjiiv,  :i'.  .  distnci.;:' 
his  fc)rc:es  in  the   interior,  loo  ;  givL>  ihc:  c-:iir.r.»r; 
ol  them  to  i'edro  Margarite,  io.  ;  his  ln>m;c;io'> 
that  olli.cr,  ib.  ;   instrucis  .M.irg.irile  li:  s'.iririse/ 
secure   Caonabo,    101  ;    his    con. but  i:i  m;;*.. 
ll.iyti.m    thieves,    ib.  ;    s.iils    lor    CuIm,  i^.,'■^^ 
1., I  Navid.id,  102  ;  arrives  at  St.  Nic  lici  cs.  ii'. ;  a'-^ 
at  Ciuant.in.imo.  ib.  ;  anchors  at  Si.  \i:-\  1  '   -• 
in  search  of   H.ibeque,  ib.  ;  disicA    is  J,.r,i.iiai  i 
received  in  a  hostile  niaiinc  1.  ib.  :  I  -.k.-.  ii';>>cij.c'. 
ot    the   ishind,    ib.  ;    amiialle   in;.  r>'  i  .m'  «'ip :»( 
natives,  ib,  ;   leturns  to  Cub.i,   l"i;  i.!'.  .^  ••' '-■'-'' 
de  l.i  Cru/,  ib.  ;  encounteis  a  sl'iui.  li  •  ^  U"'"'- 
eng.iged  in  .1  most  clillic  nil  n,ivig.i!ii'ii.  i  ■■  ,  c:..-;^'' 
an  arc-hipel.igo,  to  which    he  gives  tlic  11  iiiic  cl"' 
Oueen's  (i.irdeiis,    ib.  ;  he,irs  of   .1   pfViU'C  Ca.." 
.M.mgon.  whic-li  greatly   excites  li  -  ..lie".!,  "i-  ■ ': 
cci.isis  along  the  southern  sale  ci   tiil.i,  1     '•■ 
counters  a   dangerous   n.iviga'ion   '.n  .1  "••■■'•  "" 
lo<i  ;   sends   p.irties    to   eX|ilou'    the   i;i;ri:'ir  ■;  ■■• 
country,   ib.  ;  deceives   himself  in   n-r;  vil '•   "■■'■ 
he    wishes,    107  ;    fancies    he    l:as  ..niul  c "  ■ -■ 
part  of  Asia  v\hicli  is  bevond  the  1  "c:a  iims";  '  • 
Old  World,  laid  down  by  I'loleniy,  1  -  .  .cn'..^'^'^" 
returning    to     Sp.iin    l)y    the     .Au'.ca    (  iii'i.- ii'';"- 
■['.iprobana,  the  Slr.iils  cif  |!,ibelm.inc:ci.  ciK  ll"  "^J- 
Sea.    or   the    co.ist    of    ,\frica.    il     :   uui.n>  ■■■"'« 
the  southern  coast  of  Cub.i,    in   li;     i.^^ur.mos  '■•|' 
Cub.i  w.is  the  extreniily  of  the   .'\si.it.    ci;;i.M'_ 
ib.  ;   discovers   the   island  <■(   I',v.inec-;:'la,  !■'■  •  "". 
ship  runs  aground,  loc;  ;  sails  .ihirii;  tin'  pru"-'^  •  ' 
Oruof.iy,  ib.  ;  erects  crosses   in   c  onsi'iinus  *■;•-_ 
lions  to  denote  liis  discoveries,  ib,  ;  is  .c  llrfS"'-^"^ 
an  Indi.in.  ib.  ;  l.ikes  an  Indi.iii  ":tli  'ii'"'  " 
ship   leaks,    ib.  ;    leaches   Saiit.i   t.  :...:,  i'  • 
along    the    south    aide    c)f   Jaltl.iica.    ■  '  •   •" 
visited  by    a   Cacicpic   aiul   his   v.-i^cilc;  [.iwi'}'  -' 


uho  Ciller  to-iccomi 
yothiikinuaiicliiuc. 


(■as;! 


'I'i 


ttt.li '"i».iiii 


INUI-X. 


'^U\ 


ii' 

M 

lie- 

hi 

HP' 


;icrt"  wcompanv  him  to  Spain  to  do  homatre 
kiim  .md  (|wii'ii.  Ill  ;  lie  fvadus  this  offer, 
(Uisis  alonii  the  south  side  of  llispaniola, 
i.ikis  an  tr'or  in  rcckoiiint,'.  ii'J  ;  arrives  at 
,1,.;  i<  suddenly  depiivcd  of  ail  Ins  faciil- 
,  ■  Vrrivi'S  at  Lsaliclla.  ili.  ;  is  joinud  liy  his 
r  iurlholoiiiew.  ih.  .  invests  him  willi  the  title 
;;ilioriiy  i>l  Adflaiitado.  114;  is  visited  hy 
•Mi;aii,  who  informs  him  of  a  league  forinei 


iiiiM  him  hv  the  Ilaytiaii  Cacicpies,  117;  Ins 
ic,i<;in-s  ti<  rc-storc  ihi:  (|iiiet  of  the  island,  ili.  ; 
l^inV  (uer  iiKariorii-x,  an.l  prevails  upon  him  to 
ive  Ins  ilaiii;h(i'r  in  uiarrLige  to  Uie^o  Colon,  iii  ; 
luil  Is  I'ort  Coii('e|Uioii  in  the  territories  <d'  tiuario 
;  CiDii.ilio  is  delivered  into  liis  hands  by 
lOifii.i.  ill. .  lie  puts  him  in  chains,  1 10  ;  liis  interview 
iffill:  hull,  ill-  ;  liis  anxiety  lelirveil  hy  the  arrival 
of  Aiili'iii'iiie  Torres,  ib.  ,  sends  honu'  s]ieriinens 
of  ->i;l,  plants,  eU".,  and  live  hundred  Indi.in  pris- 
omr'-  t(i  lie  SuKI  as  slaves,  ijo  ;  iinderlalses  .ni  e,\)ie 
dil:  .;i  aK:iiiist  the  Indians  of  tlie  W-^a.  ib.  ;  a  batlle 
ensii's,  121  .  the  Indi.uis  defeated,  id.  ;  makes  a 
iriiil.irviiiiirthroiish  various  parts  of  the  isl.ind,  and 
reuiM'S  il  M  oliedience,  ih.  ;  imposes  a  tribute,  l:!J  ; 
reli;si's  the  "fler  of  duarionex  to  culliv.ite  ^r.iin, 
ins'.i-.iil 'li  payiiii;  in  i;idd,  ib. ;  crei  ts  furls,  il).  ;  the 
nuir.os  hai. 11,1;  destroyed  the  crops,  aie  hunted  and 
compvlliil  111  return  to  iheir  hibors,  u  ■,  ;  account 
of  ilic  imriu'iies  against  Columbus  in  the  I'ouit  of 
Spain.  iJ.i:  rliarRes  brought  against  him,  ib. ;  his 
pupui.riiv  ilei  lines  in  lorisi'iiuenee.  ib,  ;  measures 
lakfn  in  Sp.mi.  ili.  ;  .Ai^ii.ido  .irrives  at  Is.ibella  to 
Cnici.'t  infurm.ition  rcl.aive  to  the  st.ile  of  the  col- 
ony,  l.'ii;  his  dinnilied  condin't  at  his  Inst  inleivieiv 
wiili  .\.;uaiio.  ib.  ;  the  Caciques  jirefer  c'lnnplaints 
ag.iiist  him,  IJ7  ;  he  resolves  on  retuinin.:;  to  .Sp.ijn, 
lb.  a  vi.ilcnl  liiirrirane  occurs  pre\  ions  to  his  de 
p.iriiiif,  which  sinks  si.t  i-.iraveis,  ib.  ;  pleaseii 
\V!lh  llie  iliscmery  of  the  ^;old  mines  of  I  l.iyna,  ib  ; 
cuitrd  .1  fort  Id  i.e  erected,  12S  ;  invests  his  brother 
will;  ihc  CdimiKind,  ib.  ;  sails  for  Spain,  ib.  ;  arrives 
al  o...id.iliHi[)c,  12')  ;  his  politic  conduct  there,  ib.  ; 
leaves  (lua.i.ii.iupc.  il).  ;  a  f.iinine  on  board  llie  ships 
Ij'-i :  Ills  la.iKii.iniinous  coiuUici,  ib,  ;  arrives  in 
Spu.ii,  il).  ;  his  represent. ilion  of  things,  i!i.  ;  writes 
iibtria  linns  fur  ihc  conluct  of  I  l.irlliol.  iniew,  i!i.  ; 
invii"  1  ic)  c.Mirt,  lu  ;  favor.ibly  received,  ib.  ;  pt"- 
po>c's  a  Ihi'd  voyage  of  discovery,  ib.  ;  the  kiiij,' 
pr.'ii.iscs  liini  ships,  ib.  ;  del.iys  and  their  c.inses, 
il).  ;  refuses  thr-  title  ,,(  (hike  or  m.inpiess,  and  a 
gran;  ( 1  lands  in  I  lis|i.iniula,  IJJ  ;  terms  on  wdiich 
he  w,;- 1)  sail.  151:  honors  bestowed  upon  him,  ili.  ; 
liisrespcit.ind  iove  for  tienoj,  il).  ;  makes  his  will, 
ib. ;  cMiuiii  ihrowii  upon  his  enlerprisrs.  1^4;  pl.m 
to  which  he  v.as  compelled  to  result  to  proc  uie  men 
fcrh:>  third  \;iya>!e,  ib  ;  in  consc(|uence  of  delays, 
Ii'-iiiniist  rc-.ilvi's  to  ^;ive  up  all  furllier  enterprise. 
!■•.  ;  c:ia.~iises  a  niini.in  of  I'onseea,  I  15  ;  consequc'i- 
«••  1  ;  llii>  ch.istisenient,  ib.  ;  sets  s.iil,  ib.  ;  his 
opmh.a  1:1  res;.ei  t  ti.  ;i  .  Diuinent  in  the  .Suulhern 
O'A'an.  1!).  ,  .irrives  at  C.ciinera,  i;,(.  ;  retakes  a 
Siunish  ship,  li,.  ;  is  sei,red  with  a  tit  of  the  ^out. 
;,rrivc.-,.iiii,)nw  tfie  Cape  de  Verde  Isl  :nds,  ib.  ; 
^•i-->  ilie  isl.md  \i^■\  Kucno,  ib,  ;  arrives  under  the 
'■I?  ::    ;  the  licit  becomes  intolerable,  and  he  alters 

^hiS'iiiirsc.  lb.  ;  discovers  'I'tinidad,  i;,;;  discovers 
jinalirma,  li).  ;  steers  alon^   the  <  i.ast  of  Tririi- 

:|-''-.  i,i':  iillicultv  in  respe.  t  to  ;i  rapi.i  current. 
I'  •yicis  the  (.ulf  ,,f  l'.,ria,  ib.  ;  suffers  from  a 
C'Mi:;ilaa,l  in  !liet\i-s,  14,,;  discovers  the  islands  of 
•^i-rnarn.i  .111.1    (iib.inu.i,    141;    exihan).;es    plates, 

;t"-.l':i  jicaris,  ib.  ;  Ills  i omplaint  in   the   c)es   in- 

-"•^■'■-'s.  il^i.  ;  ariiusat  llispani,d,i,  ib.  ;  his  brother 
sal.-'  Ill  ni..-i.i  hiiu,  ib.  ;  his  consiiiuiiun  seems  to 
^■•''  >iav,  is. 

■  0!  Pat:. 


il 


Ins  speculations  rel.itive  to  the  coast 

-a,  14:  :  pol.irstar  augment. ition,  ib.  ;  doubts 

at- rereived  theory  of  the  earth,   ib.  ;  acccunts  for 

W.ati  .n„(  the  needle,  14.,;  difference  of  climate. 

•'  ■  11  ;    iirrnes  at  .-ian    I)(imin>,'o,    i;(i;  st.ile  of 

n,s  Jii'altn   ,Mi   .irrivinK   at    llispaniola,    ib.  ;    state 

■    iK;  <-ul(iny,    157;    negotiates    with    the    rebels. 


il).  ;  offers  free  pass.ij^e  to  all  who  dcsiie  lo  return 
to  Spain,  15S  ;  oilers  a  pardon  to  Kold.in,  which  is 
received  with  contempt,  To.  .  writes  lo  .Sp.iin  an 
account  of  the  rebellion,  etc.,  and  riipiircs  a  juil);e 
and  sonic-  niissionaiies  ic)  be  sent  out,  ib.  :  writes  a 
cone  il;,itmn  letlei  to  Kolilan.  151);  interviews  with 
Uolil.in,  ibo  ;  issues  a  proc  l.nnation  ol  p.iidoii,  ib  ; 
receives  [iropo^.ils,  whicli  he  accedes  to,  ibi  ;  (^ocs 
on  a  tour  lo  visit  the  various  slalions,  ib.  ;  receives 
a  cold  letter  from  the  sovei  eiL;ns,  wi  aicn  by  i'onseea, 
11).  :  the  former  arranj;emc  iit  with  K..lclaii  not  iiav- 
in^;  been  c  .irriecl  into  c  If'-c  t,  enters  into  a  second, 
U>2  ;  grants  latids  to  Keddan's  followers,  ib.  ;  con 
siders  liisp.iniol.i  in  the  linht  of  aionciuered  coun- 
try. Idi,  reduces  the  natives  lo  the  eeiuliticjn  e.f 
villains  or  v.iss.ds,  ib.  ;  >;r.ints  hmiis  lo  Kidilan,  ib.  ; 
determines  on  rctiirnin«  lo  Spain,  ib.  ;  I  ul  is  pic-- 
venled  by  cire  unislane  c  s.  ib.  ;  vviiles  to  ihe  sover- 
eiijns,  eiilreatin^j  tbein  to  iiiijuiie  into  the  truth  of 
the  lale  ti.iiis.ictions,  ib.  ;  lecpiists  iliul  his  son 
l)ic^;o  mi^ht  be  sent  out  lo  him.  1(14  ;  sencl>  Koldan 
to  .Mon/o  de  Ojed.i,  who  l.asariivcd  on  _■  west- 
ern c 0,1st  on  a  voy.i^e  e>t  discovery,  ib.  ;  l.is  indii;- 
nation  at  the  Ire.ich  ol  prcio^jative  iniplicil  by  this 
voya^^e,  105  ;  hears  of  a  (onspiracy  entered  inlo 
a^;ainst  him  by  (iiit'var.i  and  Moxica,  Kb;  seizes 
iMosica,  iiis  ;  an  !  oideis  him  to  l:e  llunj;  headionn 
from  the  baltlemcnls  of  Tort  Cone  e|)tion,  ib.  ;  vi^C'r- 
ous  proceedinj;s  a.L;.iinsl  the  rilels,  ib.  :  beneliii.d 
consecpiences,  ib.  ;  vision. iry  fancy  at  iiiKlit,  ib.  ; 
representations  at  couit  a).;.Mnst  him,  i(i);  hi;;  sons 
insulted  at  tir.in.ida,  ib.  ;  ihe  (piecn  is  c  ffencled  at 
his  perlin.icity  in  inakiiii,'  sl.ivcs  of  those  taken  in 
warf.ire,  ib.  ;  and  consenis  to  the  stndinK  cait  a 
commission  to  investigate  ills  conduct,  170;  lioba- 
elilla  is  sent  eait,  io.  ;  and  arrives  at  St.  I)iiiiin);o, 
171  ;  his  judgmenl  fc;rmed  before  lie  leaves  his 
shi[),  ib.  ;  he  seizes  upon  the  j^ovirnmcnt  belorc 
he  invesliKates  the  conclin  t  oi  Colund  us,  172; 
Columbus  is  summoned  10  appe.ir  bi  lore  llobadilla, 
1  73  ;  f^oes  lo  .St.  ')oiiiiin;c)  without  );iiarc;s  cr  retinue, 
and  is  put  in  iions  and  coiihned  in  the  fortress,  17.)  , 
his  niaKnan,mity,  ib.  :  charges  ;:^;ainst  him,  175  ; 
jubilee  of  iniscre.ints  on  his  de^;i,idation,  ib.  ;  li;s 
cidlocjuv  with  Villejo,  previous  to  their  sailing;, 
lb.  ;  sails,  ib.  ;  arrives  at  Cadiz,  170  ;  sensation  in 
.Sp.iln  on  his  ariiv.d  in  irons,  ib.  ;  sends  a  letter  to 
Ooniia  [liana  de  l.i  Torre,  with  an  account  ct  his 
tre.ilmeni,  ib. ;  indinn.iiion  of  the  sovereigns  at  rcad- 
in.U  this  account,  177  ;  is  invited  lo  court,  ib.  ;  his 
(gracious  reception  there,  ib.  ;  his  emotion,  ib.  ;  is 
liromised  ,1  full  restitullMn  of  ids  piivileKes  and  dig- 
nities, ib.  ;  disappointed  in  receiving,'  them,  ib.  ; 
causes,  170;  his  interests  ordered  to  be  resjiecttd 
in  llispaniol.i  by  (Ivaiido.  im;  remembers  his 
vow  to  furnish  an  army  wlietewith  to  recover  the 
i  loly  Sepulchre,  iSj;  endeavors  lo  incite  the  sov 
ereinns  to  the  eiitetprise,  ib.  ;  lorais  the  plan  for 
a  fourlh  voyage,  which  is  to  eclipse  all  former 
ones,  l.si;  writes  to  I'ope  Alexander  \'iI.,l.-^4; 
manuscript  copy  of,  ib.  :  t.ikes  measures  lo  secure 
his  failK-  by  pl.icin:.;  il  under  the  Knardiansiiip  ol  his 
native  country,  ib.  ;  sails  from  (.'.ubz,  1^5,  ;  arrives 
at  l':rcillo,  ib.  ;  at  the  lii.uid  Canary,  ib.  ;  at  St.  Do- 
mingo, 1  ^b  .  lequests  permission  to  shelter  in  the 
harbor,  :;s  he-  .ipjirehends  .1  storm,  ib.  ;  ids  rcc|uest 
refused;  a  violent  hurricane  soon  after  sweeps  the 
se.i,  in  which  he  ami  ids  propel ty  are  p.reserved, 
an. I  sever,d  of  his  ijitterest  enemic's  o\  erw  iiclmed, 
ill.;  encounters  .mother  storm,  1.^7;  discovers 
liuan.i.na.  ib.  ,  a  C.icicjue  cc^mes  on  board  ids  ship 
with  a  inultiludc  of  articles,  the  produce  ol  ihe  coun- 
try, ib.  ;  selects  some  to  send  them  to  Spain,  il).  ; 
is  Within  two  d.iys'  s.iil  of  Ync.ilan,  iSS;  natives 
dilferent  from  any  he  h.id  yet  seen,  ib.  ;  voy.i^jes 
alon>>  the  c  o..st  ol  llondur.is,  ib.  ;  eiiccjunters  vio- 
lent storms  ol  tP.imder  and  liKiitniiit,',  ib.  ;  voyage 
.iloiig  the  Moscpiito  shore,  loc)  ;  passes  .1  cluster  of 
islands,  lo  which  lie  gives  the  n.ime  of  I,.'mionares, 
ib.  ;  comes  lo  an  island,  to  whii  h  he  gives  tiie 
name  of  La   Ilueri.i,  or  the  Garden,  ib.  ;  iransac- 


■\  b:  ; 


!  m-' 


I  b 


1^ : 


,11^ 


i;» 


on-; 


INDKX. 


I  ■  ■    !i 


<  / 


t  ons  at  ("iiii.iri,  ib.  ;  voynRP  alonij  Costa  Rica, 
li)i)  ;  spi'iiilatitiiis  (-oiin-rniiij;  the  istlimus  of  Vc 
ra«iia,  hii  ;  iliscovfiv  nf  PiiiTto  lU-llo,  kjj  ,  itiscov- 
cry  of  1-1  Rctrcti',  ih.  :  disorders  of  his  men  at 
this  port,  and  the  conseiiiienccs,  ili.  ,  relin()iiishes 
the  furtlier  prosecution  of  his  voyage  eastward,  lii;  ; 
returns  to  Puerto  Hello,  ib.  ;  encounters  a  furious 
tempest,  ib.  ;  ne.ir  beinj;  lirowned  l>y  a  walers|io«t, 
i(i4  :  returns  to  N'era^ua,  il)  :  re^'.irds  k"1<1  as  one 
ot  the  nivstic  tre.isiires,  il). ;  is  nearly  lieim;  wrecked 
in  port.  ib.  :  ^ives  his  n.ime  to  the  iniuinl.uns  of 
\'erai,ui.i,  im=;  :  sends  his  brother  In  explore  the 
country,  ib.  ;  which  appe.irs  to  be  inipreL;nated  with 
Rold,  ib.  ;  believes  that  he  lias  reached  one  of  the 
most  favored  ports  ol  the  Asi.itic  conlineni,  iw'i  , 
commences  .1  settlement  on  the  River  Helen,  \\k  ; 
determines  on  reluriiinj;  to  Sp.iin  fiir  reinforce- 
ments, ib.  ;  is  stopjied  by  discoverinj;  a  ciinsiiir;icy 
of  the  natives,  ii)7  ;  sends  his  brother  to  surprise 
yuibian,  il'.  ;  who  is  seized,  ib.  ;  and  afterward 
cscajies,  iti.  ;  disasters  at  the  settlement  stop  his  sail- 
ing. 11^  :  some  ot  his  prisoners  escape,  .and  others 
(lestrov  tlu'mselves,  ii)o  ;  his  anxiety  produces  de- 
lirium. »;iio  ;  is  comforted  by  a  vision,  ib.  ;  the 
settlement  is  abandoned,  and  the  Spani.irds  embark 
for  Spain,  ib.  .  dep.irture  from  the  coast  of  X'er.i.nu.i, 
20I  ;  sails  for  11  isp.mioia,  ib  ;  arrives  at  Puerto 
Hello,  ib.  ,  ,it  the  enir.mce  of  the  liulf  of  Darien, 
ib.  ;  at  the  {Jncen's  (i.irdens,  ib.  ;  encounters  an- 
other violent  tempest,  20J  :  arrives  al  Cape  Cruz, 
ib.  ;  at  l.ini.iic.i,  it).  ;  runs  his  ships  on  shore,  ib.  ; 
arranijes  with  the  n.itives  fur  supplies  n!  provisions, 
ib.  ;  his  conversation  with  I»ieijo  Mondez  to  in 
(luce  him  to  u,'i  in  .1  canoe  t<>  .St.  I)i)miii>;o,  ib.  ; 
Memlez  offers  to  v,'o,  ib.  ;  Columbus  writes  to 
Ov.indii  fur  a  ship  to  take  him  and  his  crew  to  llis- 
paniola,  203  ;  writes  to  the  sovereiijns,  ib.  ;  Men 
dez  emb.irks.  -'04  ;  the  I'orras  ennatje  in  a  mutiny, 
20?  ;  the  mutiny  becomes  i,'eneral.  20(1  :  is  cnnlined 
by  the  Kiiut.  ib,  :  rushes  out  to  (|uell  the  niiitinv, 
but  is  buriie  back  to  the  cabin  by  the  few  who  rem.iui 
faithful,  ib.  ;  the  mutineer:;  embark  on  bo.ird  ten 
Indi.m  canoes,  ib.  ;  provisions  become  e.\cecdim;ly 
S' .irce.  207  ;  employs  a  stratagem  to  obtain  supplies 
from  the  natives,  il).  ;  another  conspiracy  is  formed, 
ill.  ;  arnv.d  iif  I)iei;o  de  Kscob.ir  from  llisp.oiuila 
on  a  mission  from  the  i;overnor,  ptoinisinij  that  a 
shi])  shall  soon  be  sent  to  his  relief,  ib.  ;  (i\ertures 
of  the  admir.d  tu  the  mutineers,  211  ;  nut  accepted, 
ib.  ;  they  send  .t  petitidn  for  pardon,  212  ;  it  is 
granteil,  ib.  ;  two  ships  arrive  from  1  lisp.miuhi, 
213  ;  departure  of  Columbus,  221  ;  arrives  at 
Heata,  ib.  ;  anchors  in  'he  harbor  of  St.  l)iimiiii;ii, 
ib.  ;  is  emhusiasticiilly  rceiveil  by  the  pople,  it).  ; 
is  urieved  ;it  the  desolation  he  sees  evervwhere 
around  him.  ib.  ;  finds  that  his  interests  had  Ijcen 
disre^;,irded,  222  ;  sets  sail  for  Spain,  ib.  ;  en- 
counters several  tempests,  ib.  ;  anchors  in  the 
harbor  of  St  I.ucar,  ib.  ;  finds  all  hisatTairs  in  -on- 
fusion.  223  ;  is  compidled  to  live  liy  borrowin;;,  ib  ; 
writes  to  Kins  Ferdin;ind,  ib.  ;  but,  rtceivini,'  im 
satisfactory  replies  would  have  set  out  from  Seville, 
but  is  prevented  by  his  infirmities,  ili.  ;  death  of 
^jiieen  Isabclia,  224  ;  is  left  to  the  justice  of  Kerdi- 
nan<l,  22|;  ;  employs  \'espucci,  ib.  ;  i-nes  with  his 
1/rother  to  court,  then  hc-ld  at  Seijovia,  ib.  ;  is  re 
ceived  in  a  very  cidd  manner,  ib.  ;  I)i,n  Dieiro  de 
Deza  is  appointed  arbitrator  between  the  kin^  and 
the  admiral,  22')  ;  his  daims  ;ire  referred  tf)  the 
luiit.i  de  DcS'-ar^os,  ib.  ;  is  confined  with  a  violent 
attack  ot  the  i;out,  ib  :  petitions  the  kinj;  that  his 
son  DieKo  may  be  a()pointed  in  his  place,  to  the 
Kovernment  of  which  he  li.ul  been  so  lonj;  deprived, 
ib.  ;  his  petition  remains  iinattendeil  to,  ib.  ;  writes 
to  the  new  Kint;  .and  (jiiecii  of  Castile,  227  ;  who 
promise  a  speedy  and  prosperous  tcrmina'liiin  to 
his  suit,  ib.  ;  his  last  illness,  ib.  ;  writes  a  testa- 
mentary codicil  on  the  blanl<  pa^e  o(  a  little  bre- 
viary, ib.  :  writes  a  final  codicil,  ib.  ;  receives  the 
sacrament,  22>  ;  dies,  ib.  ;  his  burial,  ili.  ;  his  re- 
luains  rcinuveJ  to  llispaniola,  ib,  ;  disinierrcU  unU 


conveyed  to  the  Ilavan.i,  ib   ;  epit.iph,  ib    ,;„.. 
tioiis  on  his  char.icter,    ib.  ;    his  reni.iins  :'']'Z 
with    Rfcat     ceremony    to    Cuba,    •.'•,;.  rtijjp!'. 
thereon,  230  ;  hislori(  al  .iccouiil  of  liK^i^jrcB^j,.^  I 
ib.  ;  .in   import, mt  l.iwsuit  relitivc  1"  the  htit!*"^  I 
(in  the  fern, lie  line)  to  the  family  lillcs.inil '^i.p,-.' 
240;    decided    in    favor  of    Don    Nu,,,,  (;'(.   | !  , 
PorlUK.ill".    ib.  ;    an    .iccount  of  his  lineajf,  i,^ 
.an   account    of  his  birthpl.n  e,  2|t  .  an  arti'jf... 
the  ships  h<-  used,  2i;7  ;  an  ex.miinali(irio|i,:s,J,., I 
in  the  first  voyage,  25S  :   the  efledni  thctravti" 
M.irco  I'olo   on    his   mind,    2(14;    his  liclieiis'^ 
im.ininary  island  of  .St.  Hraiidan,  270 ;  .m  acat- 
of  the  earliest  narratives  of  his  first  .iii^l  sen  r.(!vtj! 
a^;es.  27c)  ;   liis  iile.is  relative  to  the  siiii.Ki. ". .j.^ijl 
terrest'^i.il    par.idise,   2^2;    his  will,  3»;  ;  Us  j;j,^ 
til  re,  2S5. 

'ohimbiis.  Don  l)ieL',o,  character  (if,  (12;  ii'v..; 
wiili  the  comm.ind  of  the  ships  duriiii;  ;h^  e<:(.  1 
dition  of  Columbus  to  the  mount. lins  cl  (.'uao, 
made  president  of  the  junta,  loi  :  reproves  P( 
M.iri^.irile  for  his  irrei,'iil.irities,  11:  ;  ihc  iiiiafi  I 
form  :>.  faction  ayainsi  him  diirint;  the  .il>"i!:t 
his  brother,  ib. ;  returns  to  Isabella.  1 2li :  .icor.<|,'ri:;  I 
lornied  ai;ainst  him  by  Rold.m,  i:.);  le!t 'n 
mand  ,it  St.  Dominno,  during,'  llie  ii  iir  nt  C  >xrLi  | 
I'll  :  his  conduct  on  the  arriv.il  ol  Ifuh^iiii.ij  ; 
seized  by  onler  of  Hobadill.i,  tluowii  in  ;:' r,> 
confined  on  bo.ird  of  a  e.iravel,  173. 

— ,  Don  Diei,'o  (son  to  Christo|ilieri.  .i])ii'iii-,'e':i;i  I 
to  (Jiicen  Isabell.i,  134  ;  en'b.irks  with  his  l.i'.htt  •. 
liis  SCI ond  e.\pedilion,    I.'^4  ;    left   in  ch.irsi'  - 
f.itlier's  interests   in   Sp.iin,  ib.  :  his  iiii;r:il!!u:f'' | 
Mendez,  and   falsitic.nion  of  his  prnnii-.e.  ;t- 
ch.ir.icter.  230  ;  succeeds  to  the  rii;lits  "1  !'..■  -' 
as  vicerov  and    tjovernor   of  the   New  \V> :  ; 
mt;es  the  kinj;  to  k''^'-  hi"'  those  riuhis.  1' 
niences  a  process  a,i;ainst  llie  kini;  In  fi'f'.l'.vC  ;::.  I 
ot  the  Indies,  ib.  ;  the  defence  set  lip,  ib  .  ilit<:;| 
Lists  several  years,  ib.  ;  bee  omesenamnrni  ■ 
M.iri.i  Toledo,    ib.  ;    a  decision,  in  re>|'i  i 
of  his  cKiim,  raises  him   to  i;te.it  weaitli.  i'l.   ri:' 
rirs  Don.i  M.iria,   niece  to   the  Duke  (if  .\>.M.  :" 
throiii;li  this  connection  he  obtains  the  il:(;iW;:S»'.! 
]i(nvers  enjoved   by  Nicolas  de  '  tvamlii.  :'>.    er- 
barks  for   llispanioa,  237;  keeps    up  i;ie,i;  *».  | 
ib.  ;  becomes  embroiled  with   some  < '.  his  :.it-.:- 
enemies,   ib.  ;    the    court   d   royal  ,iu.!icnro  effl- 
lishcd   as  a  cheik  upon    him    ib.  ;  opposes  ;fce  :^ 
p  irtimientos,    23s  ;  his    viitnes  n;ake  him  mvi- 
ul.ir,  if).  ;  subjugates  and  settles  the  isliiv!  I'.Vi  | 
wilho-.it  tlie   loss   of    ;i   single  m.in.    :li.  :  sails: 
Sp.iin    to   vindic.ile    his    (oiidiKt.    iti.  .    a  «<■■'■'■ 
ceived,   ib.  ;   the  death  of    l-'erilinand,  i'l.  .  oliits  I 
a  recoj^nition  of  his  innocence  of  aii  charsL's-inat.?.  | 
him    from    Ch.irles  \'.,    ib.  :  .md   h.is  lis  rth; »:; 
knowled^ed  to   exercise   the   offn  c  <f  ucu'v  ar.i. 


(,'o\ernor  in  .ill  plices  discovere 


d  pv  \v-  Uhr,;:. 


sails  for  St.  DoiniiiK'o,  wheie  he  .iirivcs.  2'i   - 
cullies  he  has  to  encounter,  ib.  ;  .Aliicaii  si.ivc".»i''  j 
iiiK  been  iiitroduce(l  anil  most  cnieny  iiscd.  it''^  * 
volt,  ib.  ;  are  s'lbdiied,  ib.  ;   is  accused  c  ;i<i:'?iii 
too  much    power,    ib.  ;    rceei-'es   in  censfi.nien:!  i  j 
severe  letter  from  the  Council  of  the  IiicfS.^' 

and  is  desired  to  repair  to   court  to  vm  ■i'-''"-' [ 

sell.  ib.  ;  sails,  l.mds,  and  .appears  lielnrc  t':'-f  «' 
at  X'ictoria,  ib.  ;  clears  himself,  ib.  :  T'"''';;' 
his  claims,  ib.  ;  follows  the  court  from  r:tv."-i- 
ib.  ;  is  atl.icked  by  a  slow  fever,  ib  ;  ilics,  . '  '■■' 
family,  240. 

•  'olumbus,  Fernando  (son  to  Chri-lnphcr'.  Tu>r."i' 
nies  his  f.ilher  on  his  fourth  >oyai;c,  !"•  ,,■■ 
l.ilher's  encomium  on  him,  22=  .  eiiili.itks  1  ' '^^^■ 
p.oiiohi  with  Don  DieKo.  237  ;  an  accnuni  il  •"■*■ 
241  ;  writes  a  historv  of  Ids  father,  ib.  , 

,  Don  Luis   (son  to   Don   Die,t!ii\  pr"seci:'.es-' 

claims  of  his  father  and  ^r.indlather,  24'     '""''!"' 
inises  all  claims  for  two  titles  aii  1  .1  pens;"". '  ■ 

Commeri  e,  despotic  intUience  of  the  Spanish  i"-  • 
111  respect  to,  75,  iSi. 


•C„|,-ptlo^.^:"U.'^■ 
|.-„ll.  elected   I' 

loi.  15'  , 

lonir.Wiiii""'*'  the 
lonv.cts  wh.i  h.iit  •" 

tol,  in  lli>p.>'>i"'''' 
[o|.piT  h.iii.licli'  -'■'^" 

lorai  (ound  <:\  \  craL 
i,rm.ir.ints  i.'ri;c  fb 
loiCllb.1.  i"7. 
Wnci,  I'cJro  1-ern 
[ships,  134  :  aff'^''- 
I  If, ;  is  sent  tc  pci 

j  duiv.  ill. 
^orriii.rciiro,  ai..iv. 

b;;s  bei-dines  .ictiu.i: 

_^orU''.  llernaiidi), 

fXiK.i  KliJ,  t'oilHIlbll 

CoM'.in.ini  I,   C.ii'Ki 

I  ei,;hi  STiniards,  21 

[  ib  ;  sues  fur  peai 

2l^ ;  .iiidllicr  war 

;,  1 .  i.iiics  shelter 

lariT  i.avern.  ib. 


>  iivcrpowcrc 
muisi)  and  h.iui: 
!,  nhcrc  first 
si'cii  ill  LitK'' 


iS). 

11' 
_  G'l: ' 

4". 
,    0:.  1::. 

trancs.  lliii'ks  iif  lar^ 

trealiim,  ideas  in  o 
1!  ivli.ins.  i|ii. 

Cro.'mklcs  fdund  .it  1 
Niiii,  I 

Cr('-si..s   eifcleil    by 

i  Cdverics.  lui). 

brus.iile  l»  rcci'ver  il 
C'.liinilius.  t^; 

Cru;,  Calii)  (le  li,  so  1 

JCub.i,  isl.ind  of,  Co 
quest  of  it.  ib.  ;  di 
iis  appcuraiice.  il 
in.  4;  ;  hi'licf  (if  ;! 
fii ;  Coiunibiis  rev 
of.  lo-,  ;  CoUinil 
si !'.'.  ill  ;  natives. 
Dun  l):ci;o  Coli.inil 
bus  rciiMved  to.  23 

jCubaijUii.  Islo  (if,  d 
pearl  fisheries  on  t 

Cubii;a.  a  villai^c  in 
C'lld  was  supposed 

pucimibcr';  f.rst  seen 
irrcnry,  pnncqiles 
th;<  woik  have  bee 


^.tmcs'if  the  Ihiytf 
Darici'.  (iiilf  ol,  201, 
De.rfand  dyini;,  ma 

lians    ,7. 
Delphi:i,  is'.aii  1  of.  I 
Dei-n,'.  universal,  it 
m  ics|ic'it  to.  .;7. 
iDe/a    Dici;.)  (le,   ,1 
Cuiumliiis  at  the  c 
h.in  witii  liis  purse 
52? .   IS  chosen  ; 
C'l  umliiis,  2211. 
|Di...^  l'..(rlhoiiinieiv. 
~-  Miwnei,  his  ro 
s'dM  niiiies  ol   11: 
'■I  St  |)iiiniiiKi)  a 
his   conlurt    on 
prisnnors,  ili. 
'^-'lii  I'isi,  inulin 
t'ithe  ships,  (,;. 

Dis-istir,  river  ot,  1 


-»!»■  «*.r-i..i  . 


'-■^■ilxfc. 


INDKX. 


■l'J3 


,  Ch 


fn„     .c  ihP,  hrnuuf't  int..  more  Rcneral  use,  ti. 
.',ii,',„   \inu  M.iri.i  .!<•  la,  .lisrovtry  of,  44- 
j.-,„;,  cr.'iti'l  bv  Columlnis,    lin;   present  state 

ol.  '^'  , 

InntMiiiti'ms,  ihi-  •■('•'st  of,  i<H.  ^   ,       , 
tonv^cis  whci  h,iii  .ucompanifil  Columbus,   ror.ihict 

Hisiuniol.i,  1-''.  ,     ,    ,.  ,  ,. 

Cm     r  li.iicli<-ls  !^<•e"  ■'1"""'^  '•"■  I'l'liaiis  of   (.iianaca, 

|-" 
torn;  found  in  Vcraijua,  l<)2. 
toriiMMnls,  l.ifKC  Hiijhis  of,  seen  on   the   south   coast 

|f)i  Cuba.  I"7. 

loronri  i'ciiro  Feriianik'/.  sails  for  llayti  witli  two 
ish:'is,l34:  arrivfs  at  St.  Domin^jo  witli  supplies. 
'  i;i':'is"fi'"t  to  persiiaiJe    Koldaii    to    return    to    his 

jdiiiv.  it>.  ,  . 

tonv.  I'c'iro.  .ii.avmalor  ot  note,  with  wlioni  (.oluin- 
b;;;  'icriiilR's  .Kt|uamleil,  I  ^. 

tony.  Ilern.imlo,  i:onJiict  of   Fonseca  to,  2S0. 
ii.i  ki'a.  fdliuiibus  sails  aloni;  the,  mo. 

Coi:iMn.ini.i,   C.iriinR-   ef     lliKUey,    114;     massacres 

'  e'.li:  Si:iniarcls,  J17  ;  Uvaiid.i  inarches  ai^aiiist  him, 
il)  .  sues  l(ir  [icare,  ih.  :  visits  the  Sii.misli  camp, 
21^:  .iiiolhi-T  w.ir  ensues,  ib.  ;  cruelty  to  his  tribe, 
2i  I ;  iikt^s  ^ilc■ltcr  with  Ins  wife  and  children  in  a 
Lirw  '.avcrii.  ib.  .  his  rencounter  witli  Juan  Lopez, 
ill.    ;.-. 'ivcrpinvcrc'd  and  cli, lined.  22u  ;  sent  to  St. 

,  [lominsii  and  h.inueii,  ib. 

ColtiMi.  ivhcrc  tir^t  seen  in  the  western   hetiiisphere, 

I  4", ;  seen  in  larfje  (jii.mtities  in  Cuba,  41)  :  tribute 

;  0:.  1;:. 

Princs.  "li"  ks  nf  l.irL^e,  seen  in  Cuba,  107, 

Cre:ii. I'll,  ideas  in  ievpe(t  to  the,   entertained   by  the 

ilnll.in?.  i|(:. 

Cro.'ivliles  ftiUiiil  .it  I'.l  Kiirete  similar  to  those  of  the 
Xiie.  I  1:, 

Crosses  eiecteil  by  ('uluiiibus  to  denote  liis  dis- 
CiiV'.'ries.  lui). 

Crus.iile  to  recover  the  holy  sepulchre  proiwised  bv 
Ci'kinibu?.  {■^2. 

tru2,  Cal/o  (le  l.i,  -io  named  by  Coiuniljus,  I04. 

Cub.i.  isi.md  of,  Columbus  hears  o',  4(1  :  sails  in 
quest  o(  it.  il'.  ;  discovery  ot,  ib.  ;  description  of 
its  appearance,  ib.  ;  hurricanes  seldom  known 
in.  4;  ;  belief  of  the  inh.ibitants  in  a  future  st.ite. 
fii ;  Coluinbus  revisits  the  coasts  of.  104  ;  natives 
of.  1115  ;  Columbus  co.ists  aloni;  the  southern 
side.  ill.  :  naliics,  ib.  ;  subjuijated  and  settled  by 
Doll  l):ei;o  Coiuiubtis,  jj-^  ,  the  rem.iins  of  Colum- 
bus reiniived  to.  L'15, 

Cu'iaK'ua.  isle  of.  discovery  of,  1.(1  ;  n.itives,  ib.  ; 
pearl  lishenes  on  the  coast  of,  est.iblished,  •J?'^. 

Cubii;a.  a  vill,■l^'c  in  \'erai,'Ua  where  the  country  of 
i;"ld  w.as  supposed  to  iiTiuinate,  i.)i. 

Cticimiljcrs  t.rst  seen  in  ILiyti,  1)11. 

ICarrenry,  principles  on  which  the  sums  mentioned  in 
lh,s  woik  liau- been   reduced  to  modern  eurrencv, 

n. 

fc.Wf.'iMftlie  llavtians,  .);. 
Dariei'.  (nilf  i,|,  ^ni. 

De,.l,inl  ilyini;,  manner  of  treating;  the,  tiv  the  llav- 

iians    j7. 
te\[.h;.i.  isiaulni,  140. 

De..i!<:.  universal,  ideas  entertained  bv  the  llavtians 
in  icspect  to,  .)7. 
|De?,i  l)ii.i.„  ,l^,^  character  of.  jf,  ;  coinritles  with 
^o.iimbus.it  the  council  of  S.damanca,  ib.  ;  assist> 
f:an  «uh  nis  purse.  2S  ;  made  Archbishot)  of  Seville. 
"=;.   IS  chosen  arbitrator   between    the    kitiL'    ,ind 

(-'I  imibiis.  22t:. 

IDu!.  IWiholouieiv.  account  of  Ins  discoveries.  113. 

I        Mituei.  his  romantic  historv,  127  ;  discoversthe 
s'orl  mines  ol   llayna,  170;  commands  the  fortress 
">t   I'omiuKO  at  the  time  I{ob,idilla  arrives,  17- 
ni*^  conJurt    on    b,•in^^    desired     to    i;ive    up    his 
prisoners,  ib,  '^  ' 

"r^.t '',''''•"""'">'  ^f'  Vi  ;  confined  on  board  one 

1^1  ihe  ships,  (12. 

>D^..ster,  river  ol,  iSij. 


Discovery,  progress  of,  under  Prince  Henry  of  Portu- 

VVil,  10. 
I)')>,'s,  dumb,  found  at  Santa  Maria,  105. 
I)omin^;o,  S.m,  foundation  of  the  city  of,  145. 
Dominic, I,  isl.ind  of,  discovered.  So. 
Doves,  stock,  presented  to  Columbus   liy  tlie   natives 

of  Cuba,  10;. 
Dro){eo,  a  v. ist  country,  fabled  to  have  been  discovereil 

by  some  tishermen  of  I'riseland,  25^1. 
Drum,  a  spei  ies  of,  used  by  the  ll.iytians,  98, 
Dyin^j,  manner  of  treating  the,  i;7. 


Kar,  coast  of  the,  1  ss. 

llden,  garden  of,  speculation  of  Columlius  in  respect 
to,  2'^2. 

I-'gg,  anecdote  of  tl;e,  73. 

I'gypt,  Soldan  of,  his  message  to  Ferdinand,  2S. 

ICImo,  St.,  electrii:al  lights  seen  by  Columbus,  -^o. 

I'.iK  h.mters.  the  n.ui\es  of  Ciriari  taken  to  be,   iijo, 

!jirii]uez,  Keatrix,  her  connection  with  Columlnis,  24; 
Columbus's  legacy  to,  227. 

Escobar,  I)iegode,  arrives  at  j.imaica  on  a  mission 
to  Columbus  from  the  governor  of  llispaniola, 
20S  ;  returns  to  his  ship  immedi.itely.  ib. 

,  Rodrigo   de,    chiel    notary   to    CoUimljus's   first 

e.xpedition,  34. 

F.scobedo,  Kodrigo  de,  his  conduct  after  the  depart- 
ure of  Columbus,  ^()  ;  death  of,  ib. 

F.spinal,  .Antonio  de,  the  first  prel.ite  sent  to  ilie  New 
World,  iSl. 

Fisiiuibel,  luan  de,  employed  against  the  natives  of 
lliguey,  217  ;  his  atrocious  <  onduct  to  his  prison- 
ers, 2i()  ;  causes  the  natives  to  be  liunted  like 
wild   beasts,  ib. 

Kstoiiland,  a  supposed  island  on  the  coast  of  N'l  rth 
America,  said  to  liave  been  discovered  by  some 
tishermen  of  Friseland,  25(1. 

I'.udo.xus,  remarks  on  his  voyage,  257. 

I^vangelista,  island  of,  discovered   by  Columbus,  101). 

i;.\um.i.  discovery  of,  45  ;  named  Fernandina  by 
Ciilumbus,  ib. 


F.irol,  Cape,  at  Jamaica,   111. 

Ferdinand,  King  of  Ar.igon  ami  Castile,  character  of, 
2_'  ;  eng.igenu-nts  of,  on  the,irrival  of  Columbus  at 
Cordova,  23  ;  lays  siege  to  the  city  of  Lox.i,  ib.  : 
grants  an  audience  to  Columbus,  24  :  desires  the 
l)rior  of  I'rado  to  assemble  men  of  science  to  con- 
sider his  pl.m,  ib.  ;  attempt  to  ass.issinate  him,  27  ; 
t.ikes  Mal.iga,  ib.  :  forms  an  idliance  with  Henry 
\11.  of  F.ngland.  ib.  ;  one  of  the  rival  kings  of 
(ir.m.ida  surrenders  his  pietcnsions.  2s  ;  receives  a 
message  from  the  Sobl.ui  ol  F-gvpl,  il).  ;  his  mes- 
sage to  Columbus  on  learning  the  unfavoratile  elc- 
cision  of  the  council,  29  ;  refers  his  pl.m  to  per- 
sons of  conhilence.  30  ;  his  reluctance  to  the  plan 
after  the  ipieen  has  consented,  32  ;  his  joy  on  learn- 
ing the  success  of  Columbus,  70  ;  his  reception  of 
him,  ib.  :  prepares  a  seiond  expedition.  -.\  .  his 
negotiations  with  John  II.  in  respect  10  the  new 
discoveries,  7(1:  listens  to  the  i  barges  against 
Columbus,  124  ,  his  conduct,  ib.  ;  his  reception  <>f 
Columbus  on  his  second  re'.iirn.  131  :  lavs  the  fcu:n- 
dation  of  the  power  of  Charles  \'.,  ib.  ;  promises 
Columiuis  to  furnish  him  with  ships  for  a  third  voy- 
age, ib.  :  dis.ipi'ointed  ih.it  his  newly  discovered 
possessions  h.ive  not  become  a  source  of  proht,  Kki  ; 
assaulted  by  the  clamors  of  rulhans  who  b.id  re- 
turned from  llispaniola,  ib.  ;  his  ingrattiide  10 
Columbus  becomes  evident,  ib.  ;  listens  to  the 
rebels  who  had  been  permitted  to  leturn  to  S[)ain, 
170:  sends  out  a  commission  to  inquire  into  the 
conduct  of  Coliiriibus,  ib.  ;  reprobates  the  conduct 
pursued  ag.iinst  Columbus,  and  invites  him  to  court, 
177  ;  promi--es  to  restore  him  to  all  his  rights  and 
privileges,  ib.  ;  his  icihuisy  aw.ikened  at  the  dis- 
coveries of  the  l.nglish  and  I'ortiiguese,  170;  his 
ingratitude  tj  Columbus,  ib.  ;  listens  to  the  pi  eject 


■'  'J:'  I 


'l'':   ! 


;  if  51 


.'til 


INDI'X. 


of  Columlnis  for  a  foiirlli  v.iy;ii;(\  i=f' ;  lii«  ini;r;iti-  I  C.r.ina.lM,  .liscr.vorv  <>(.  i.)i 


tilde    more    t'vimcd    on    llu'    ntiirn 


f    ('(iluinlui'i      (lr.i|H-vincs,  very  liixiiri.int,  foiiml  in  C 


from    his  last   voy.i^jc,   2;:i.    erert-;    .i    iiioiuiiiu-iii  ,  lirii'ul.iiiil,  asscttiiuis  ri'l.iiivc  In  its  ihwi 
over  Cohiinliiis,  2JS  .  his  loiKhut    to    Don    l)iet,'o,   |       Sciiuliii  ivi.iiis,  js;. 
ColiiMiliiis's  son,   237  ;    I'on 


vcrv  [ 


sents  that    Don    Die^n  '   tlranada,  surrender  of,  30 


sliouli 


unincni-e  a  process  ae,ains 


t  him    before  the  '   Iniadaloupe,    islaiul   of,   disrovcreii.  So ;  h, 


Council  of  ilie  indies.  2311  ;  the  defence  set  up, 


separates    the    Istlnmis  ot    D. 
provinces,  2\-  ;  deatli,  il 
Fernandez,  (J.irci.i,  pliysician 


irieii    into    iw.i    f,'real 


niture,   etc. 
cannib.ds. 


d    the 


natives,    ,-1 


it). 


C'oliinilnis  revisits  il,  1 . 


ilescri[ition 


iisfi,! 
I'll-'  islana,  , 


1  ;   women  1 


>f  I'.ilos,  his  ac 


It  of      tiuacin.inaii,  C,icii|ue  of  llisp.mio 


iL, 


a.  sciuls.i 


Columbus  at  tlie   i^ate   of   tile  convent    on   Ins   first   i       to    Colimil)Us,    5,0  :     receives    ilie    .S| 


itcisaj 


arriv.il 


in  ."^iJ.un,  Jo  ;  testiinonv  < 


'f,  rel.itive  to   I'in- 


U're.it  courtesy, 


ib. 


sheds   tears 


Fi 


,  lavme,  an  eminen 
letler  to  C'liliimbiis,  l>.t. 


t  Lipid. I 


suost.mce  o 


f   his 


slupwrei 


if    C"olumbus,    ST  :    his  assi 


'.ii'.i.inii  n 
nil  k'Jtninj  ui  I 


Festiv.d,  religious,  of  a  llavtian   Caciipie,  dcycriplion 

of,    ()('i. 

Fiesco,     Bartholomew,    embarks   with    Meiidez   from 


and  kiiiilni'ss,  ii).  ;    invites  Columl 


iMdilfc,  il: 


<lence. 


manners     o 


'US    fi  |;;s  «, 


h.i 


f    Unld 


pro'-iires  a  Kr''-''   qu. unity  of  ^ 
previous  to  his  depiriure  lor  Sp.iin,  ih. 
cousin  to  ^reel  Columbus  on  his  so 


•I'liaMy,  u, 

T   lilC  KB'-; 


^onii  ra 


ciiiul  :iir;v;.' 


Jamaica  l.>  llisp.mio 
moments  of  Columbus, 
ous,  1 12. 


.1,     2oi  ,    attends    the    last  his   suspii'inus   conduct   duriiii;   llic  liisiMtrail 


N'.ivid.iil.    So  ;    visits    C'tdumbus's    si 


Fish,  curi 

Fishiiii;,  curious  mrthod  of,  105 

Fonsec.i,  |uan  Kodrii,'ue/.   de,  appointed   superinteni 


If" 


ent  of    Indi.m  afi.iirs,  74 
dilferc'iuc  with  Columbus, 


of  Columbus 


;j  ;  writes    a    ci 


1  h.ir,icter,   it), 
rnpedes  the  .ilf.iirs 
lid  letter  to  Colum- 


bus,    bv    order     of    the     sovereii;ns,     101 


Columbus's  letter 


to   M 


Die! 


"•4 


liaseness  fully  disphiyed,  Ids  :  supposed  to  h.ive  in- 
stil:.ited    the    violent   measures   ot    li.>'.,idi!!.i,    175; 


mires  u  captive  Carib  wonuin,  lU.  ;  l;is  j^- 
into  the  interior,  S,s  ;  his  mysterious  ii/iiiltc'.ti; 
tinned,  102  ;  refuses  to  partake  in  ihc  ii,.ir  ■>;:< 
by  Caonabo,  ot  exlerniinatim:  the  S|«ir.i,if ;>,[;• 
incurs  the  hostility  of  his  tellovv  Ciuia-.  ;: 
visits  Columbus  duriiiL;  his  sickness,  .iiu!  ;:;;,~ 
him  of  a  leai;iie  foimed  ajjainst  liim,  i'  i^s5 
Cnlunibus  in  his  expedition  ajjaiiist  ihu  In  ;i,ii:(ii-.: 
\'ei,M,  I2t  ;  is  present  at  a  b.iiile.  i;j,  ir,  hs: 
haired  of  all  the  Cuiiiues.  ib.  :  is  ncvetiniltss.  • 


d    to    luive    lieen    the 


throws     impcilim"nts    in    the 

fourth   voyaiie,    isj.    suppos- 

cause  of  ( )vando's  ilisi;r.u'e,  2\~  :  by  order  of  Ferdi-      ( 

nand,  establishes  a   court,  ca  led   the    Ri.y.d   Au  li- 


.ly    of    Columbus's  ji'dlcil  to  p.iy  nibule.   1  J j;  t.ikes  lef 


t.iins 


nes  111  misery.  124 


I  li:ii.i 


11, m. I.  reyardei 


ith   di 


ii;ust  by  liii;  S|i.iiii,r 


ence,    ib.  ;    becomes   interested    in 

slave  tr.ide,  27.1  ;  his  opposition  to 
an  account  of,  2 


tlicy  coni|uer  their  prejudice,  1.(0 


lUinuini;    the      du.inij 


I,  di 


scoverv  0 


I..1S  C 


llu.iiir.i,  C.iciiiue,  liuiUed   like  a  wilil  ben't. 


character  of,  ib. 


'I 
mdiict  '       ward  h,l^^;el 


to  C;)rte/,  ib.  ;  accused  of  having  loiiu'iited  a  cuii-  >   I  lii.irionex,   Cai  i(|ue    of    the    re 


spir.icy  to  ass.issin.Ue  Cortez.  ib. 
Fountain  of  pure  water  in  the  sei.  21'  . 
Frani'iscans.  the  order   hrst   introduced    into  the  N'ei 


L'ivf  his  ;l,'.;.,i 


Columbus,  and  is  prevailed  on  l' 

tc  Dk'k'o  Coll  III.  the  iiuerpreler.  1  i-:  pcriiiilsO.. 


1  us  to  build  a  fortress,  in. 


cliar..cier  n!.  1;;: 


Fueg 


mits  to  the 


iinin.uion  (d  the  .'>; 


land  of,  seen  bv  C oluaibus. 


pelled  10  p.iy  triluite,  il 


oilers  M  (■ 


nil:'. 


lie  fu: 


retusei 


I,    ib. 


the    l',ilct-:iis:ii.  .\-; 


till 


(j.iilevs,     \'etietian.     capture     of.     by     Culoi 

yoiini;er,  24'i. 
(jama.  N'.isiiuez  dc-.  doubles  the  C.ipe  of  (;(>od  llnpc 

and  oi)ens  anew  road  Inr  the  tr.ide  cii   ilu-  ['..ist,  ij 


M.iri.i,  etc.,  1.(7 
1 


rei,i])ses,  ;i 


nd  till 


econies  incensi 
for  desiriyi".LJ  some 
ciinspirc 


ed   at   several    Indi,!ns  if:: 


to 


Ljes,  lb.  ;  l.ikis 
assassinate    llie  >p.i!ii;ir! 


■4" 


spiracv  with  Kolil.in 


IS  p.irloiun,    I 


b. 


eiilcrs  int  <  ; 


;i)l;.uii' 


■  I  the  .\dci 


i!;l;ii:(.  p; 


(jarcia, 


Harrantes,    his   condmt   durnii;   the  con- 


spiracy of  Rold.iii,  151. 
(i.irdens,  the,  coast  so  <:d!ed,  l^'i. 


puts  a  Caciipie  to  death,  l~\  ;   llies  ii.  the  i;:.i,;r.U:r> 
of  Ciiju.iy,  ib.  ;  is  compelled  tcj  retire  ini  1 


lesi)|,ite  pl.ices 


ib. 


L-i/eil  and  taki-n  i" 


to  Fort  (■ 


Kini.;  s,  isl.mds,  50. 
t)iieen's.  islands  ol. 


inception,   if" 


St  111  a  luirr.iaiii 


,  the 

G.ito,  I'.iuh 


I  lesp 


"4- 


Ciu.iticpi.ma,  .1  C,ni(|ue  ol    ll.iyt 


I.    1 


u'.s 


tcr, 


t  >  de.ith.  and  sets  lire  to  a  In  use,  I  H' 


eriaii,  oliservations  m  respect  to,  2si. 


iiuov.ir: 


Don 


leriiamlo    iie, 


U! 


I  species  oi  monkey.  141 


ji^uainota. 


I 

in     tiic  ilivi-i, 


An. I 


c.ion.a.  111. 


.ind  sent  tw  >aii   llniiiii.; 


(ieno  I,  Columbus  shows  t;reat  respect 

(ientlemen.  the  pass  of,  a  ro.id  so  calle 

Cieraldini,  Alexandria  and  .-\ntonio,  warmly  entiT  into      Ciitierrez.  I'edro.  his  ci'iiiluit   .ifler  the 


0  1 


t  lulf  Slream,  i.ti. 


the  views  of  (^ilumbus,  24  ;  they  intrn  luce 
the  .-Xri-hbishop  ol  Toledo,  ib 


(jold  (VS'estern),  discovereil  lirs 


t   in   .St.  S.ilvai! 


liim   to 


or,  .\} 


Ccillllllbus 


specimens  of  virii;in  ore  (oiui  1  in  the  interior  of  Hi 


de.itli  1.1.  ill. 


II. 


p.miohi,    <)0  :     particles  founi 
and  pieces,  1^5. 


11   llie   streams 


94 


Harnacs,  used  bv  the  natives  of  lAunia. 


.  tribute  of,  122. 
mine  discovered  in 


remarks  on  the  i'eriplns  1 


n 


Ins   evidence  rel.i 


l;vc  t.>; 


127 


in.iss  01. 
'iiiperstitinus 


which  wei;.'hed  3'ioo  casli llanos,    : 

notions  in   respect  lo.  11)4;  ^Mlhered  friiin  the  roots  I    Hawk's  bells,  deliLdit    of    the    liaytians 


il.iro,  Hernaldo   de, 

covery  of  the  coast  of  i'ar.a  bv  Coliiinl'tis 
il.iti  liels  of  iron,  said  to  l.e  found  .11  tluai"'! 


»;,ir.ni. 


if  the  trees  in  \'er: 


(i 


\<\ 


ii;ii  1    ]<,' 


.irriv.il  .it,  ill 


(iods  of  the  I  iaytians,  . 
(ioiii,ir,i.     Fern  irido    I,' 


•4.  b4. 


avn.i,  mines 


of.  di 


ch.iri;':  relative  li 
of  ('oiumiiU'i.  2;' 


pez    di-,    eNaniinalion     of    his 


pilnl's  h.ivin^'  died 


leriry,    i'rince    of    i'ortui;,il,    projjress  1 
under,  lo  ;  account  of,  ib   : 


,f    lliS. 


II  the  house 


ircumiiaviuablc 


ib 


conceives 


siders 

(he  idf.ll'f  !"'■ 


1  ill  explores  part  of  the  inleriir  o(    His 
r'turns  to  Spain,  ili. 


joiirds  introduced  into 


paniola. 


the  tr.ide  of  the  ii.ist,  11  ;  est.iblishes  a 
It  .S. litres,   Ib, 


|.lV.lh'.i! 


.ivti. 


Gracias  a  Dios,  c 


ape  of,  l:!ij. 


')')■ 


j    I  lenry  \' II .  ot  lvn,t;lai 


writes 


a  f.ivor.il.i' 


Columbus 


Herbs,  Furopean,  introduced  in  llispaniou.  ri 


Ijlor'^ri.  .Antonio  lie.  ■ 

«:,!llli:S.  -/'I  •      "', 

;„,,  -,.n,.nUr.'  '1 

'  1    'I'-.  :"■      .  , 

H,      .ce  llisji."""''' 
,  .iH,  ilcstni'ii'"', 

|a;niiuii  imp'"*'''. 
jib.,    hicy  cnici-    1' 

thi'  'i"!"'   ''-'  ■ 
111'  ,, 

|iil,„o'3. 1  ompe''^'; 
Tla'.iiisii;  liicM'tiic; 

(uriviiiailion  a^Ml• 
[abH'na-oilnsiin't: 
hi;;;..aiuiu.diii:;hler 

P.imIIc:"''"'!'"'^'  ' 

|ii^;i.iil,illl.i,  •'  I'-'Iual' 
0\.iiul>i.  -JIT.      ^ 

|Ji(;i;i'V.  iloiiiain  "t. 

:  p,  ,  IK.iii.los  «.ii 
ciMWi-lcr  >'t  the  1" 

!  (i.-iri've.l.  ill.  ;   si:i 
:i- :  .md  si.iiiuhii  ^ 
tln.r  iiiwiis.   li  -  : 
coiicimI   ihci'isi'vi 
huaicii  like  Wild  I  . 

Hi),;  iiCiu..  error  n;, 

^Hi-.cii"'-'.  discover', 
•  '.■.o\.  ■'■:;  di-scri: 
tr.'.'  ciiuMtry.  F?  I  ' 
iorui  III  t;iiveriiiiui 
c'n.iri;c'ii(c;innon,  i 
(iMii.iiiis  into  v.hv 
nii-lrcpiilis  ui  the  >• 
Un  the  aiuieiU  ' 
miiulicis  of  the   n 
thtMV.iritc  oi  the  u 

jHmniiifa-.  C.i[ic  (li. 

;.;;i.iuii,inis,  lU. 

iHiM'.cy  :i!iil  was  ioiin. 

{H.tm's,  (uir  o!  the   I 

s;;k>1  liy  then  .ii  d 

!,-.,irk,il)le  line  whic 

,:,i\iul,  .•111. 

Ih.dva,  .Moiizn  S,iiii 

,:  ril  in  the  linuse  ( 

kHu'ita.  I..1.  acli«htli 

I'li. 
[Hu:ii':i  ^ilt.  liis  accnu 
•  i;a!u-i:i  side  ol  l 
ii,uaii:nis.  :'n\. 
H;.:r;' Miles,    s:  liloni 
:..  il  ll.ivl',  1J7 
■lUS  t  1  II,  11). 


'.    ..;.!.   Cnhiinbu.s 

..!M.Tilli|lS    .(.i.ltUI 

!i,i'.  i.iiis.  j;|i. 
Iniprt'sMciciii  resort 

li'iii.iii-.,  siv  t.ikeii  f 
'■.i.iii..    I  7  ;     an 

1,1111. ili:. I  ilesu'es 
I...4. 
I  iliiii,  .1  p.iii  111,  seel 
i  ls.ii;i'il.i,  disc  iverv 
,  i''ilii'ess,  111,1 
[■•  riii^.i".  .'V 
--,  ijiitreii  111  .Nri 
[:nHiii;cinemsol, 
i'j  ;  repairs  to 
tli'Oiiie    to   (j,illi 
tempt  10  ass,iss 
nieniled  ut  her  I 
IXT  .iLiuty  in  111; 


iM)i;x. 


.'05 


l||„.  M  Antonio  (Ic.  n  short  .uToii'it  of  his  life  ami 
u"    •  ""ii,.n  Upn  lit.   I:'!*   iiiissicii  to   tlu-   loutt   of 

Sc'c'llis|Mniiila\  clisi-oviry  (if.  ?i. 

'  -li  (icstiii'iidii  lit  ilifir  fii.iiuiLTs,   cusiiims,  rr- 

''  ,',..,•    ,,i  ,   ilicir  <h.irii(tL'r,  t)>  :   dcfi-atfil    in 

'.'  itlic  "'It    till-'    ViK^i.    1-';     s-ulijilKaliHl,     I2J; 

.'  ;iii   iiii|ios<!.|  U|Hiii   llicMii,  ill.  ;    llit-'ir   ilfS|i.iir, 

.,1  ilii'V  ("liT    i'""    •'"    assuciatiiiTi    to    (Ifsliciy 

[thr  >ii.|s,    1"-'.    ili^'   <-"Vil>    I'lil    "I"'"    llicmscivo, 

bjji_.,,;  ,,impelliil  ai  Ilayii  m  sli.in-  the  ciimtDiiii 

I  la!  "!'•  ill  ih^' ^^■"'^■"" '"■'''•  •  <-!i'"."  "•■■  "f  ''"'.  '""  ; 

((ini' .1 1.i'!i""  :'i;'i"-l  '>i»-";<"  f'lliiinlnis,  .Iuhii.l;  llic 
jai/'i:H-L'  (it  Ills  himhcr,  i  K. 

BiR!:..!miii. 'i  "i^'"'"''  "'   t-'adiialio    falls   in  lnvc  witli 

floii  ili-;ii.inilii  ill-  lim-v.iia.  i^;. 

gii;;i,in.iiii...   i  iviu.iic   f.ii  li|in.-,    liaiujfd    1  y  nnlcr    iif 

>  Oi.i:i.;".  ^I7. 

Bini'v.  ilmnain  of.  ii.(  ;  ili.iracttr  nf  its  inhabitants, 
i  il).  :  (K.iIkIu's  w.ir  wuh  the  natives,  'J17  ;  martial 
I  cKiMi.!i.r  .it  !lif  jici'iili-,  il  .  ;  miiltiiuiU's  uf  them 
triAt':!,  ill.  ;  Mil'  lur  (iiMft'.  ili.  ;  ai;.iin  revolt, 
:i-:,in.l  ^i.llll;llll'■  ihcir  tvraiits,  ib.  ;  sitii.itinn  ui 
ihcr  tfuviis,  li  ■  ;  arc  ilfft-ati'il  and  comiiclk'd  In 
coiicimI  tht'tiisi iVL'S  ill  tlic  l.istiu'sscs,  ib.  ;  arc 
hciiii-ii  liki'  wil.i  I  caj-ls,  ji.). 
Hi|ii,iK:ai.,  iTii.r 'it,  m  rcsiicct  df  Africa  and    Iiidi.i, 

9iS|.i.'iliil.i,  (lisi'fivcry  nf,  ft  ;  cause  cf  its  bcini;  so 
Ciiiiol.  =.'  ;  ili>iri|.t;(iii  ol  tile  iiih.ibiianls,  ili.  ;  of 
thi'  country,  55  ,  tr.insactior's  with  the  n.ilivcs,  57  ; 
form  of  i;iivcriiiiicnt,  5S  ;  al.irm  created  liy  a  dis- 
ch.irijeiif  cannon,  ili.  :  nciier.il  description  of,  i|?,  ijd; 
iliiiii;iiMS  into  which  il  w.is  divided,  it);  made  the 
nietri'p.ilis  uf  the  New  World,  ili.  ;  thought  to  li.ivc 
ki'ri  the  ancient  ("phir,  ijS;  ,in  account  ot  the 
niinilii'is  (if  the  n.itives  who  perished,  vie  tints  to 
ihiMvaricc  (li  the  whites,  .'i?  ;  ceded  lo  the  French, 

floM.iiira--,  C.ipe  ui.   discovered   liy   Columbus,    l.--,S  ; 

i;;h.(UU,ints,  ih, 
[liiiicy  :i!iil  wax  iiUKicI  ,it  Ciii.id.diiupe,  .-^2.   1  .'  ), 
|HotM-s,  fiar  of  the   ll.iytiaus  cf,   (|i),    Icji  ;   icrri.r   in- 
si'iiod  ley  thc'in  .il  the  b.ittlc  cl   t!ie  \'e,!;a,   1  _•  t  ;  a  re- 
nt.irkiihle  one  which  niovcil   in  c airvels  to  the  music 
of  ;i  \Hi\,  :'ii,. 
jHudva,  AiiiM/o  .S,un  he/  c!e.  the  jMldt,  f.ibied   to  li.ive 
I   ciit'd  111  the  liou.-e  ol  I'olutuiius,  j;-,, 
jHui'tla.  I.,i,  delii;!itliil  island  ol,    i^.j  ;   inhaliitaius  of, 

ill. 
|Hum:i  ^i.lt,  Insaicnitit  of  ihr  present  condition  of  the 
>^i;il!ii-i:i  side'  ol  t  111,,!,   io(.  ;   aci  cjuiit  cif  the  loute  of 
('iiii.aiiiius,  J.'.',. 
|Hi.rr;',incs,   ^:  lilcm   Uru.uti  ;n    Cuba,    .;-  ;    ,1   violent 
..  .ill.ivt',  1:7,  re:!e(lions  of  ihe   ll.i.vtians  pre- 
■''..s  t  )  It,  ,,,, 


I. 

•  :■■•■■.  (oliiiiibiis  siipposecj  to  h.ive  visited,  !■)  ; 
•;>(-Tii..ns  iil.itive  to  us  discovery  bv  the  Scandi- 
'l-.'.i.iiis,  j;;. 

l-ii'rtjssi.ient  resorted   to   on    CoUmdiiis's    third    vov- 

'^■'''ii:-,  M.  t.ikeii  itoiii  the  N'cjv  World  ;  arriv.d  of  in 
"i"'''''  '  "  •  ''i(-'  b.ipti/ed,  75;  ,in  Indi.in  of 
i.iiM.aca  desuvs  Coiumbus   lo    lake    him    to  Spain, 

['■■11  ,.  [MM  ,,l.  seen  ,,;  (iuadaloupe,  St. 
'^■li'i'.u,  ..ISC-  cverv  o!  ihe  isLituI  of,  s,,. 
■       r'i!i|  CSS  inatri.ine  of,  with  the  heir  .ipparenl  of 

^-.  l»i'fvn  1,1  Arnnon  an.l  C.islile,  .  haracter  of,  2',  ; 
:^i!«iiicMnenlsoi,  ,,n  ihe  arrival  of  Columbus  in  .Spain, 

1  .   repairs  to  the  seat  of   war    in    (ir.m.uia,    ib.  ; 

»■■'"■«■    to   (..illicia    and     Salamanca,    2(  ;     an     at 
'■"'I't  tc.  asvissmate    her,    27  ;    Columbus   recom- 

■■"■t'c:  t.i  herbv  the    Marchioness  of    Mova,    ib.  ; 
'■^'•"^Mlyni  iniluary  affairs.    2s  ;  receives' a  letlcr 


from  the  prior  of  L.i  Raliida,  20  ;  invitus  Colum 
litis  lc>  court,  V)  ;  I.uis  de  St.  .An^jel  re.isons  with 
her,  31  ;  si>;iiities  her  assent,  ib.  ;  declares  her 
rfsoluiioii  to  pawn  her  jewels  lo  defray  the  ex- 
penses, ib.  ;  her  enthusiasm  in  the  cause,  ib.  ;  her 
motives.  32  ;  her  joy  al  IcarniiiH  ihe  success  of 
Columbus,  71  :  her  reieplion  of  him,  -2;  her 
ze.d  for  the  welfare  of  the  Indians,  75  ;  her  an.xieiy 
in  respei  I  to  the  conversion  of  the  llavlians,  121^; 
humaneiv  prevents  the  llayliaii  sl.ivcs  from  beim; 
sohi  lo  shivery,  ib.  ;  crders  them  to  be  sent  b.a  k  to 
llayti,  ill.  ;  enters  into  the  \  lews  of  Coluiidius  m  rc- 
s|iccl  to  a  third  voyage,  132;  her  humane  diiei  lions, 
133  ;  de.ilh  ol  her  son.  Prince  Juan,  134  ,  makes 
Columbus's  iwo  sons  her  pa^;es,  ib.  ;  lej^ins  lo 
doubl  the  conduct  of  Columbus,  Hmj  ;  olfinded  at 
his  pertiiiddty  in  making  slaves  of  the  Indians 
taken  in  w.ir,  17"  ;  orders  all  those  sent  to  Spain  U> 
lie  restorccl  to  their  country  and  friends,  ib.  ;  ((in- 
senls  to  the  sendini;  out  a  ccjinmissioii  to  invi  stiijatc 
his  conduct,  ib.  ;  tilled  with  sympathy  and  indi^;- 
n.ilioii  on  re.idini;  Columbus's  letter  to  I)ori.i  dc  la 
Toire,  170  ;  invites  him  lo  (ourl,  I77  ;  is  moved  lo 
te.irs  at  beholding  him,  ib.  ;  her  concern  for  the 
welf.ire  of  the  Indi.ms,  iSt  ;  listens  with  com- 
plac'eiK  y  to  the  (iroposiiion  of  Columbus  for.i  fourth 
vc.y.iv;e,  l'~3;  receives  the  news  of  the  sanijuiiiary 
acts  ot  Dv.indo  with  horror  and  indiHiialion,  222  ; 
exacts  a  promise  from  the  kin>^  ihal  he  shall  be 
superseclcd  in  ihe  ijovcrnnu'nt.  ib,  ;  causes  of  ihe 
melancholy  under  wliic  h  she  labored,  224  ;  her 
death,  ib.  ;  ami  character,  ib. 

J. 

).aniaic.-\  disrovcrecl  by  Columbus,  103  ;  the  natives 
receive  Columbus  in  a  hosliliMiumner,  103  ,  Colum- 
bus I. ikes  possession  of  it,  ib.  ;  amicable  inter- 
course with  the  natives,  ib.  ;  their  ch.ir.icler,  ib.  ; 
iheir  canoes,  ib.  ;  subiiii;;ilej  by  lion   I)ii'.i;o,  23s. 

,  Ca(ic|ue  of,    visits  Columbus,  ancl   offers   to   ^;o 

ancl  do  homage  to  the  king  and  (pieen  ol  Spain,  III", 
this  (.|"fer  ev.ided  by  Columbus,  ib. 

I.ip.m  (Cipangol.  M.^rco  l'(do's  account  of  il,  c'.^. 

j.isper,  specimens  found  among  the  mountains  of 
Cibao.  c).}. 

lere/,  [<c)clrigo  de,  sent  up  the  isl.ind  of  Cub.i  by 
Columbus,  4S  ;  account  of  his  journey,  4). 

jews  not  allowed  lo  establish  themselves  in  the  colo- 
nies, or  underl.ike  voyages  of  discovery,  1^1. 

John  of  .Xnjou,  .111  accounl  of  his  expedition  against 
Naples,  240, 

II..  King  cif  I'ortug.d.  the   passion   for  maritime 

discovery  revives  under.  lc)  ;  sends  missions  in  quest 
of  I'resler-lohn,  ib.  :  receives  a  proiiosilion  of  a 
vovage  of  discoverv  trim  Coliimbus,  20  ;  refers  it 
to  a  juiilo  and  his  council,  who  report  it  to  be  vision- 
arv,  lb.  :  consents  lo  use  an  imwarraiit.dile  slrata- 
gem.  21  ;  desires  to  renew  the  negoli.ition  with 
Columbus,  ib. ;  who  refuses,  .iiid  (jtiits  I'orltigal,  ib, ; 
invites  Columbus  to  I'orUlg.il,  and  promises  protec- 
tion, 27  :  invites  Columbus  on  his  return  from  the 
New  World,  b.S  :  his  jealousy  excite. 1  ib.  ;  his 
.irniament,  76  ;  his  :Hgolialions  wilh  Kerdinaiid  in 
respect  lo  the  new  discoveries,  ib.  ;  his  idea  in  re- 
spect to  a  continent  m  ihe  southern  ocean,  ib. 

Josephus.  his  opinion  rel.ilive  lo  the  gold  used  in  the 
Temple  of  jerus.ilem,  lc|(i. 

lu.m,  I'rince.'his  nupti.ds,  132  ;  his  death,  i'',4. 

'iiian.i,  Oueen  of  Castile,  ariiv.d  of,  227  ;  promises  a 
prosperous  t-.-rmination  to  the  suit  of  Columbus,  ib. 

iimladf  Desc.irgos,  the  cl.iims  ol  Columbus  referred 
lo  the.  220. 

K. 

Kings.  Moorish,  of  lir.in.ul.i.  one  of  them  surrenders 
his  pretensions  lo  I'erdiiiand,  2,S  ;  the  other  sur- 
renders (iran.ida,  30. 

Kircher,  .■\lli.ui.isius,  his  opinion  relative  to  ihe  ir.iv- 
els  of  Marco  I'olo.  21.7, 


'■i 


!  I'iili 


i.' 


II  ^iHii 


H'Mifc 


i'r 


W  Iri 


mS 


hi  1  ■ 


.!i!  «1. 


•  ;■    '-I  •• 


'  t." 


!    !i 


i> 


290 


i\i)i:x. 


•  I 


1  ^'ii: 


Labrador.  (Ii«rovproil  bv  Scbasii.in  Cibot.  1;^. 
Lactatilius.  pass.iLiP  <iiiotnl  from,  lo  |>ri>\c  llic  mipos- 

siliilUv  I'l  ibfrt-  lifiii«  .iiiti|ii>cli's,  J?. 
L.ipis     l.i/iili.    spi'cinuMis   (uiiinl     am. mi;     lb.-   iiuuiii- 

t, litis  of  Cibao,  1)1. 
UhIi-mh.i,  IV.Iro,  Ins  gallant  coivliu  t,    l.|.)  ;    involv.s 

himsrll  ill   I'orras's  iinniiiv,  ami   ri-icivfs  a  imilti- 

tiiili'  of  woiimls,  2 1 J  ;  is  assassinatnl,  ib. 
I.cpi',  Dicijo  (If.  ilis.dvers  mori- of  thi.-  soutlu-rii  lon- 

liiiciit  than  any  voy.ik;cr  of  bis  day.  i;'^. 
I.im'ai;i'  of  CliristophiT  ('ohimbiis.  an  airouiit  of,  2.(-. 
Loniliards,  ibc  fxli'iil  of  tluir  trailc,  ll. 
I.opc/.  luaii.  bis  roiitoiure  with  ("oiaban.inia,  2i>). 
i.ots  for  pd^;riIIl.ll,'l■s,  dr.iwuik'  ot,  *>-,. 
Liixan.   Iiiaii  di-,  bis  excursion  amoni;  ibi-  inouiuaiiis 

of  Cibao,  ijj. 

M. 

Macham.  bis  discovery  of   Madeira,    to  ;    an   aicount 

of  liis  adventures,  2-}. 
M.ideira,  an  account  of  tbe  discovi'ry  of  ibe  isl.md  .if, 

Magellan,  electrical  li^bts  seen  durin^'  bis  voyage  on 

the  masts  of  ships,  So. 
Maiju.mi,  domain  of,  an  account  of,  114. 
M.ihoi,Mny,  c.ini>es  m.ide  of,  103. 
M.ii/.e.  ciiiliv.iled  in  li.iyti,  i)"^. 
Maiailies  of  the  Sp.mi.irds  m  llayti,  > ),  <■)'-). 
M.ilaua,  su'ne  .md  c.ipture  of,  27. 

M.ildon, 1,1(1,  Don  Alonzo,  appointed  Alk'uazil-mayor  in 
tne  pl,ice  of  Kold,in,  in  llisp,iniol.i.  \^\. 

-,    .Melcbor,     visits     ("lU.icanagari,     S(i  ;     proceeds 

aloni;  the  coast,  .■>.S, 
Make  Uriin,  bis  conjecture  rel.Uive  to  Columbus  con- 
sidered, 257. 
Man,  origin  of,  accorvling  to  the  Il.iytians,  117. 
Manicaotex,  succeeds  C.ionabo,  120  :  ( oiiini.inds  in  a 
battle,    121  ;  is  c,.n(jU(  red  .ind  sues  lor  pea(  e,   122  ; 
compelled  lo  pay  half  a  calaliasb  of  gold  every  three 
months,  ib.  ;  .issembly  (^f  the  C.i('i(|ues  .it  his  bouse 
to  prefer  compl.iints  ag.iinst  Columijus,  127. 
Mandeville,  Sir  John,  a  short  a( count  of  his   travels, 

2(iS  ;  held  in  great  authority  by  C(.)luiiibus,  2'i'). 
Mangon,  a  province  of  Cuba,  10;. 
Map,  I'.iulo  Toscanelli's,  used  by   Columbus   on   his 

first  voyage,  if). 
M.ips,  a  great  improvement  made  in,  12. 
Marble,  masses   of,    found   among   the   mountains   of 

Cib.io,  1)4. 
Marcoiini,  his  account  of  F.stotil.m  1  and  Drogeo,  25'i, 
Margarita,  island  of,  discovery  of,  141. 
—  —  of  .Austria,  her  nuptials  with  Prince  Juan,  1  ;2. 
Margarile.    I'edro,    recomniended   to    a   ciin.m.ind    bv 
Colunilius,   ()()  ;    made  commander   of    the  fortress 
of   St.   Thomas,  ij;  ;  sends  an   .icrount  of   the  coii- 
du't  of  his  colony,  etc  ,    ()■)  ;  is   invested   with   the 
ciimniand   of    the    forces,    i>»)  ;    disreg.irds   his   in- 
structions, mi  ;  his  misconduct  during  the  al)sen(  e 
(jf   Coluiiilius,    114;    is   censured    by  I)iego  C(dum 
bus,  115  ;  forms  a  plan  of  reluming  to  Sp.iin,   ib.  ; 
sets  sail,  ib,  ;  his  ac(  usations  of  Cidunibus  at  .M.i- 
drid,  124. 
Mar(iue,   Diego,   misseiJ  at   (iiiadaloupe,    Si  ;  his   re- 
turn, S2  ;  is  pi, iced  under  arrest,  ib, 
M.iria,  Santa,  discovery  of,  S2. 
M,irien,  (himaiii,  account  of,  114, 

Martin  \',,  i'lipe,  concedes  to  the  crown   of    l'ortui;,il 
all  the  lands  it  niighl  discover  from   Cape    li.ijador 
to  the  Indies,  74. 
Maria,  Santa,  ilis(:overy  of,  10?, 
M.irlin,  Sm,  island  ol,  disi  overed,  S2. 
M.irtyt,  i'eter,  his  account  ol  Cuba,  50;  his  descrip- 
tion of  till-  natives   of   ilispaniola,  =:  ;  sent  to    the 
Soldari  of  i:gypt  to  ni,ike  arrangements  for  the  con- 
servation of  the  holy  sejiiili  hre,  1^4  ;   short  account 
of  his  life  and  writings,  j;!,  ;  p.issagcs  from  his  let- 
ters  relative    to   (dhmibus,    ih.  ;     bis    char.icter    of 
.■\merigo  Vespucci,  247. 


Marig.il.intc,  isl.ind  of.  ili^rovcry  of,  Vi 
M.ilco,    JiMii,    .1    ll,uli.in   (oiuerteil  lu  Chri;.,- 

147. 
M.iuro,  conslriKts  a  cehdir.iled  111. ip,  1;, 
.M.iyob.iiiex,    C.iciipie  of   the  Ciguav.iiis.  r  ;    1,,^,, 

liex  tiles  to  him    lor  refuge,   1^4  ;  his  ,inMvi.ti".', 

Adebinl.ido.    when    desired   id   give  U|i  lll;a(.^,^,^ 

ib.  ;  is  deserted    in  bis  need,  isf;  ( i)iii|icI1m  ;Jt; 

ib    ;  is  seized  with  his  wife  and  children,  it.      ' 
Medin,!    Cell,    Diike     o',    entert.iins    t'l 'uiu!  ,  -• 

applic.itioii    of    Columbus    to,    ili,  ,    wrii') 

(lueen,  ib, 

,  Sidonia,  Duke  of,  application  df  fi.;umuj;i 

22  ;   pi. Ill  rejected,  ib. 
Melons  intioduced  iiilo  llayti,  ly)- 
.Mende/,    Diego,    his   bidd   condiici  at  V(.'nj;;,i.  :,,  I 

I()S  ;  his   reward,  201  ;  his   meri'orinus  ri)n.;j(i 1 1 

lamaica,  20?  ;  his  conversation  with  Coliimt.s,;'. 

'undert.iUes  logo   in  ,1  raiioe  |o  St.   Iluiiiiiisn, u 

dep.irls  with   one    Sp.mi.ird   and  six   Imliiin^  ~\ 

narrtnvly   escapes   being   imirdere.l  by  the  I':;,-,!  | 

of  the  coast,  and   returns,  204  :  accdunt  dI  h< 

age,  2()ij  ;  sails  for  Sp.iin,  213  ,  his  suljscqu;r.! Jj-  | 

lory,  ib. 
Mendo/.i.    I'edro   Cion/.dez    dc.     See  Tolcdi    Alt: 

bishop  of. 
Meneses,  Don  I'edro  de,  his  answer  Id  the  11  >r.' 

Ceuta  in  respect   lo  the  propriety  of  m.inicv  ,. 

coveries,   2o. 
Mermaids,  three  suppo.^ed,  seen  bv  Cnhmi:  ls. ':, 
McxialriUo,  Kodrigo,   i  ommands  the  MiWijry  a; :;' 

m.issacre  of  X.ir.igua,  210, 
Misa,  Rio  de  la,  so  c. died  from  lu.iss  pcrf(Tii:c.!  :.\ 

banks.  110. 
Mollis  de  Talestridlo,  Don.i  Felipa,  her  ni.irri.'.;":. 

Colum'ius,  12. 
Monte  Chiisti,  descripition   of,  ss  ;  Culuirlus :..:..; 

the  city  of  Is.ibella,  ib. 
Montserr.it,  discovery  of,  S2. 
Moors,  w.ir  against  the,  23, 
-,  none   permitted   to  est.iblish  themselves  n ;: 

colonies  or  go  on  voyages  of  discovery,  .'■! 
Morales,  C.isp.ir,  e.xpeditioil  of,  lo  the  l',icil .■,  : 
,  Francisco,  his  evidence  relative  to  the  i::v  ■■'' 

of  the  loast  of  P.iria  by  Columbus,  2:". 
Mother  of  pearl  found  on  the  coast  ol  l'ar.,i,  i;, 
.Moxica,  .\drian  de,  conspiracy  of,  id,  nie;;  t./.t- : 

dcith  of  the  admiral  .ind  of   Uold  111,  i!'  :   ■  <f 
I'.s  ;  and   flung   he.idlong   from   the  lutticmrr,. 
Fort  Com  e|ilioii,   ib. 
Moya,  Marchioness  of,  becomes  a  fricn.l  t'C." 

b'us,  27  ;  and  recoiiiineiids  his  suit  to  tlai,ufi::i. 

also,   30,  31. 
Mul.'itas,  islands  of,  discovered,  2ol 
Mules,    the   employment   of,    under  the   s.i.l.ii; 

hibited  in   Sp.iin,  225. 
Music  of  the  Il.iytians,  i)'^. 
.Musici.ms  sent  t.'.  ll.iyli  to  enliven  the  -;"'  ■''    ' 
;       colony,  134. 


N. 


N:'mcs,  exchanging,  an    Indian    leaKUf 


,.f  ■a::. 


\.iv,irrete,  his  opiniori  rel.itive  to   the  isl.ir- "■ 

covered  by  Columlius,  25'), 
Navas.i,  isl.i'iid  of,  210  :   fountain  mar,  il . 
'   N.ividad.    I. a,  or    the    N.itivity.    con-truli""  '^'; 
fortress  of,  do  ;  disasters  at  the  fortp-'s,  -y. 
doned  by   Columbus,  .■^■•,  ,    ,  ^ 

Needle,  v.iriation  of  the,  lirst  noti(  ed.  -'» ^  ;"  ''f ,^ 
I       wdiole    point,    1  12  ;    Columbus's  speci.i.'H '"  "■ 

sped  to,  1.13. 
!   Negroes  of   Africa   intro.luc(>(l    into   llis[  ..c    >'  •■ 
their  hrsl  revolt,  ib.  ^. ^. 

Negotiations,  diplomatic,  between  the ''H^t''"" ''  .' 
and  Portugal,  with   respect  to  the   new  ■.;i>i">'- 

Nc'wfoundl.ind.  assertions  relative  i,.  the  ihs'-uv")'"" 
by  the  Sc.indinavi.ins.  2^5. 
I  Nicholas,  St.,  harbor  uf,  52. 


Kif 

(■,,v:lc 

Nil-' 


,,  ni*R"  '>'■ 


,|rn  ,M"ii'". 

,    M>:c"f  'l''^"'M 
'(.,,. Miter  a  ai".'i'l 

(,    :     ||l»!i,lMiola. 
Olli'T'.   '3-         ,  . 

Jlov  >.  iwn  '!'■■  l'"*  '■' 


Ocf,'    liiu'o'  •ItT'"^ 
1'  •Hi^.C.  T'l- 

„l  ttLilivr  I"  I  "hii| 

\Uv\nv.  at  (.11,11.. I 
,,;  I,'  ihc  interiov 
1., cll.i,  i"i  .  '''■'" 
j.„, l  ll)  some   ll.i:> 
1'-  ,  islii'siege  I  '' 
uii  liTLik^s  li>  sei/c| 
i,;;,.llic  hands  el 
(.^.tslillll  die  'icll 
uki'hiiiii'fl.  lb  :  > 
tr.;ihcr  (if  Caoii.ib 
0'  Iho  \cga,   121  . 
li;,|,,iiiit'la  oil  a  \ 
,.  hij,  \,iyai;c,  K' 
,..  ;  leaves  the  e 
1    >|i,iiii  ivith  .1  ' 
i;pM.rivir  of  New 
aiL-iisiiig  KKolo'l 
rr:,il;ve  to  the  d''- 
(    iiimhus,  J-o 
Or,.,  Rio  del,  crS.iii: 
Otto.  Moiis  ,  lem.ivk 
re'.;itiv(;  10  Martin 
■  0..<n.io.  Don   Nich. 
I'.nludilia,  17')  ;  '' 
^t.mted  to,  ill.  ;   'i 
silk,  prei  ious  st.Jii 
St.  D.imingo  and 
ri-;;isesto  ;et  C'lin 
tiTHHis  fondu.  I    1 
!,iiri;iua,    210  .    a 
,111:1  oppression, 
under  itic  1  ivil  pc 
(.j.etifoiis  of,  215 
inn  hi*  he, 111  that 
r.:;  his  .itleiiiiaiils, 
,i;',   tliC    t'.iiiiines 
',;;  ;    anil    causes 
li.,ni;e(l.  217  ,  his 
iiiitonimatc   liidi, 
(liiiimeiiioration 
s^.iiiist  the  nativi 
Iheiii  to  he  slaui 
l.jrnt.  ib,  ;  li.ing- 
I''.  .  ruiises  '>'">  I 
in  iir.e  'Iwelling  i 
Ci.ii:nilui>  on  hi 
hvrioTiiital  (mill 
(Hicdo  lion/.ilo  I' 
liic  ,in  i  writings 
Oyters.  in  the  Ciii 
ra,in.i;rove  trees, 
Ojcini,  river  of, 
1:  .V-,  1(4. 


Pai  iS  tne  port,  w 

tx'|ii"litiiin,  yi,  ; 

P.ilii'.s  I'.ipe  ul,  1 

Pan...,  Ivmian.  l.il 

P.irailiie,  observe' 

trial,  2S1  ;  of  tl 

Pariu,  ihill  of,  C 

'lescr.;  tion  of 

naiivi's,  ib.  ;  ci 


.<t  i;^4f^i4(_iJ-AjjsiU 


INDF-X. 


Oft*» 


)f,    V) 

'■'1  I"  Chris 

'«-"^t 

1'.  1 ;. 

ilV.iiis,  1  \    1 
Ilis  .inMf,.. 

iill, 
1  .  •;, 

•  '"m|iciit.; 

■-to. 

1^    <-'''ii(iil' 

,. 

'•  ;    wriifs 

■  , 

'  "f  Ci.ium-,. 


ifh  ('"lumi.s,,;. 

"!>(    Iii-Im<.  :■,' 
CDUm  i.'i  h  J  r  . 

is  su!.sf';;;.T;:;. 


r  lo  ihf  li  • 
of  in.ini:" 

Ciiliim:L,v  •;. 

^  l'i-il<r:ri 
licr  iii.irriJi,- 5 
f-'i'Iuir!'i.s  :'  .: 


iverv.  J- 1 
Ik-  I'.ici;,. .  ■ 
e  II)  the  !:;■ 

II  l'.ir:,i.  i;. 

''' ,  riic:  i,i;t<;:; 
II.  i''  ;  ■-  <('.:t:. 
II-'  iMttifnifru  J. 

iilvn.i  :■  (.  ■ 
In  till- >,.;;::. 


■  iMaiij  ■:•'■ 

:  it. 

■tri)  lii'ii  ";  : 

trt'ss,  M.  •-• 

,  2n  :  ill'  :''!'■ 
-i-i.l.ili  I"  " 


louris  111  ■■■; ' 

ew  disii'vcr 
K'  dis'-uccry 


Ifif..' 


PifK"!  lie.  appointed  governor  <>f    (ioldcn 


ilin    ivilr'!  Al')n/o.!>.iil!ifor  lliiyti.  130  ;  im.lcrlakcs  ^       1 
•'"' '  <  .1:^ ..ri-    ;iiul  ri-iurns  from   ihi!   ttcarl   ■    I'.ii 


-;  .liter 


iliMiiviTV,  ami  rfiurns  from  ihi;   pearl 
a  iiia.iliv<'  viiyaKr,  \h.  ;  arrives  at  Cadiz 


Hoy. 


Ili-iii.iiiiiil.i, 
■.  ',52 

tl.lM  ' 


Willi  .1  luiiiilicr  lit 
his  esrape  l')'  diving', 


Indian    pris- 


)•!■ 


o. 


\- 

1; 

Ull 


Qjc,,..  line  of  (Icm.vrkaiion  of  the,  l.i  iweeti  Spain  and 

r  r'.iig.ii.  T'l.  .  /.,,•, 

Oder  ^".  iliiiiiniCMls  in  (he  possession  "f  tlie  f.iiiiily 
oi  'iLiiivr  III  (■iihiiiilnis,  H?. 
i  Oic.1.1  Dun  .Mon/o  de.  goes  in  S(rarrh  of  Dietio 
'  M  .r'  IK',  'it  (■uail.iliiiipe.  >2  :  his  expedition  t<i  ex- 
,',  ir'ih'i'  interior  of  llispaniida,  Hi);  sallies  from 
i.ll,i,  i(i|  ,  .  h.ir.Kler  of.  ili.  ;  his  rondiict  in  re- 
:  uVsiimr  li.i\ti.in  thieves,  11).  ;  character  of, 
;s  lifsieKel  liy  Cion.iliii.  it).;  anetdnte  of,  ill.  ; 
;cri.ikis  In  »vif'-  CaniLitio.  and  deliver  him  alive 
.,.,  ilic  hiiiiiN  of  Ciilimihus.  iih  ;  visits  him.  ili.  . 
pi;..Ts  Imii '.111-  Sell  of  Naliclla,  ili.;  his  Mr.ita>;em  to 
U^f  hiin  iifT.  ill  ;  ri)ni|iiers  in  an  ent.;,iv,'enK  lit  with  a 
brulhcriif  C'aon.ihn,  1  U)  ;  his  rondiu  1  at  the  liallle 
0!  'ilie  \ina,  IJI  ,  arrives  at  the  western  p.irt  of 
Il;-]i,iniiil.i  iin  a  voyage  of  discovery,  U>.\  ;  eanse 
c!  Ins  v.iyaijc,  K'S  :  his  mamruvres  with  Kuldaii, 
V  .  Itavi-s  the  island  with  a  tlireat,  il>.  ;  returns 
I.  ,S|i.iiii  with  a  liriive  of  sl.ivcs,  ih.  ;  .ippointed 
gnvirnur  nf  New  .Andalusia.  2^^  :  fails  in  his  nn- 
dcrt.ikiiii,' liii'iil'i'ii/i' llial  eoimtry,  ili.  ,  liis  tvidem  e 
relalivc  III  the  disrovery  of  the  coast  of  I'.iria  liy 
C. 'iniliii".  --II 
Ori'.  Rii  jcl,  <T  S.intiaiio.  discovered.  (12. 
Otl'.  y.i'i's  .  ii-m.irks  on  his  letter  to  l)r 
rel;iliv'.'  Ill  .M.irtin  Mehem.  255. 
,,0.<in<i'i  Dull  N'lthiilas  ilc.  chosen  to  supersede 
Holijiiilia,  171)  ;  character  of,  ill.  ;  ^reat  privileges 
grinlid  111.  ill.  .  his  Meet,  l.si  ;  allowed  to  we.ir 
silk,  prii  inns  st.ines.  etc.,  ih.  ;  sails,  11).  ;  reaches 
St.  DiiminK'n  anl  .issunies  the  novernmeiu,  l^o; 
refuses  III  let  (iiUimluis  lake  shelter,  ih.  ;  his  inys- 
teriiiils  romhii  I  to  Columlius  in  his  distress  at 
J:imaii';i,  210:  an  ai  <  ount  of  his  administr.ition 
and  iipprcssinn.  .11.  suffcrintrs  of  the  n.itivcs 
under  the  iivi!  policy  of,  ih.  ;  view  of  the  iDJIitarv 
o|,i'r:iriins  of.  'Jij  ,  visits  ..Xn.ii  .lona.  215  ;  takes  it 
inir  his  be.iil  that  she  intends  to  m,iss,icre  him  and 
.".li  his  .ittcnil,inl>.  -mO  ;  seizes  An.n.iona  and  burns 
a;!  tliL-  (.".uii|ik's,  ih.  ;  massacres  the  popul.ice, 
ii;  ;  iinil  causes  .Anacaona  to  lie  innominiously 
li.ini,eit,  ji;  .  liis  further  atrocious  conduct  to  the 
unloruinatc  Indians,  ili.  ;  fminds  Santa  .Maria  in 
ci:.nii!!cnior:itinii  of  his  atrocities,  ih.  ;  w-i^-es  war 
3^.iin>t  Ihc  natives  of  lliijuey,  ih.  ;  causes  many  of 
them  to  be  sl.uiijlitcred  and  their  chieftains  to  be 
t'jrnt  ib  ,  li.im;s  a  female  C.iciiiue  of  distinction, 
1  ,  iLHisc!.  'iMi  Indi.ms  of  S.ion.i  to  he  imprisoned 
in  line  iiwellinn  anil  put  to  ihe  sword,  ib.  ;  receives 
Ciii;nihiis  on  his  arriv.d  .it  St.  1  )ominL;o  with  ,111 
hvr''iriliv;:ii  (.nliteness.  22 1 


I'rankbn 


tion/.iio  Kern, 111  iiv.  de,  a  short  account  of  his 
.iM  i  wn!ini;s,  27^. 
'^y«li"'rs,  ill  the  I'.iilf  uf    I'.iria,  round  the   roots  of  the 
maiii.;rove  trees,  1  V). 
iO.--iT!i.  r.ver  of.  and    the   country    throUKh    which  it 


Ovicild  t 

n 


!!■ 


••  1  )4. 


P.i.  '«  ttie  port,  whence  Columbus   sailed  on   his   first 

e-spi-'litiiin,  ;;  ,  present  state  of,  71). 
i.ilii'.s  r,ip,.  „i^  di.'.covercd,  ^^. 
';iii'-.  Rnni.m,  l.ibors  to  convert  the  llaytians,  147. 
l'ira.liie,  obsiTvations  on  the  situation  of   the   lerres- 

tf'^".  2.S1  ;  „(the  llavti.ms,  ,,7 
'•'ri^.  i>ulf  of,  Ciilimibus's  voyage  llirouRh  the,  13.S  ; 

'"!^lr.^ti(nl  (if  the  coast   of, '  I  ^7  ;    maimers   of   the 

Mt'vcs,  ib.  ,  current  uf  the  sua,  143. 


Parrots,  first  seen  in  the  western  hcnuspherc,  43  ; 
lar^je  flights  of  seen,  (s  ;  found  on  the  1  oast  of 
I'.iria,  II), 

I'.irtilion.  pap.d  bull  of,  73  ;  line  of  removed,  7'). 

I'.iss.imonte,  Miv;uel.  becomes  an  enemy  to  Don 
hicno  Coliinibiis,  237, 

I'j'arls,  the  Ciiilf  of,  140, 
—  ol  Cuii.iKua.  I  ti).  141. 

I'edrarias,      .See  I).iv...i, 

I'epper,  A^i.  <i\. 

I'erez,  ,\lon/o,  discovers  land  in  Columbus's  third 
voy.iite,   13;. 

,  Fray  jiian,  prior  of  the  convent  of   I. a   Rabid.i, 

entert, litis  Columluis  on  his  hrst  entry  into  Spain, 
2')  ;  nives  him  letters  of  introduction  to  the  (|ueen's 
confessor,  and  educ.ites  his  son.  ib.  ;  reception  <>i 
Cohiinbus,  ib.  ;  writes  to  IJueen  Isabell.i,  ib.  ;  in- 
vited III  court,  ib,  ;  pleads  the  1  .iiise  of  Columbus, 
30  ;  receives  a  visit  from  Columbus  after  his  suc- 
cess, 33. 

I'hilip.  Kin^;  of  Castile,  listens  to  ihe  ri'ipiest  .of 
Columbus,  and  [irondses  a  prosperous  termination 
to  his  suit,  227, 

i'ii;eons.  wood,  vast  numbers  sei.n  on  the  south  side 
of  Cuba,  107, 

I*ilk;rimai;es.  lots  'or,  drawini;  of,  05,  (17, 

I 'dot.  observations  on  the  rumor  of  a  pilot  having  died 
in  the  house-  of  Columbus,  2>i, 

Pineapple  first  met  with.  Si. 

Pini-s,  isl.md  of.  discovered  by  C'olumbus,  lo.S, 

I'inos,   Isl.i  de,  disi  overy  of,  1-7. 

I'iiita,  desertion  of,  jsl. 

Pinziins,  family  of,  they  cn.ilde  Columlius  to  offer  to 
bear  one  ei;;hlh  of  the  (  h.irye  ot  the  expedition,  and 
to  add  a  third  ship  to  the  .irinament,  32  ;  their 
activity  and  interest  in  the  voyaije,  33  ;  furnish 
Columbus  with  money  to  defr.iy  the  eiijhlh  sh.ire  of 
the  expense,  ib,  ;  accounl  of  their  f.iniily,  70, 
note. 

Pin/on,  Martin  .Monzo,  offers  to  be.ir  the  expenses  of 
Columbus  in  a  renewed  apiilication  to  the  court, 
2i)  ;  his  opinion  relative  to  the  ne,irness  of  I.md, 
)i>  ;  begins  to  lose  confidence  in  the  course  they 
are  piirsuini,;,  ib.  ,  crediting;  the  accounts  of  the 
Indi.ms  in  respei  t  to  a  very  rich  island,  deserts 
and  noes  in  se.in  li  of  it,  51  ;  Columbus  meets  him, 
(  2  ;  his  apology,  ib,  ;  account  of  his  proceedin),'s, 
ib.  ;  his  duplicity  becomes  more  eviilent.  ib.  ,  his 
arrival  at  l',ilos.  tn)  ;  effect  of  his  treacherous  con- 
ihict,  ib,  ;  his  de.ilh,  70  ;  rellections  on,  ib,  ;  ob- 
serv.itions  rehitive  to  the  sujiposed  idea  of  Colum- 
bus owinv;  to  him  the  success  ot  his  f^re.il  enter- 
prise, 252  ;  his  character,  253. 

,  Vicente  Yanes,  obtains  ,1  license   for  voyages  of 

discovery.  125  ;  sails  on  a  vny.ii^e  of  discovery,  1  7*^  ; 
discovers  the  Hrazils,  ib,  ;  is  .illowed.  as  a  rew.ird, 
to  colonize  and  ^jovern  the  Kinds  which  he  h.id  dis- 
covered, ib, 

Pl,inis(ihere  of  Martin  lUhem.  35. 

I'liny,  his  notice  of  electric.il  lights  on  the  masts  of 
ships.  So. 

Poetry  of  the  Ilaytians.  (jS. 

polo,  Nicholas  and  M,itteo,  an  account  of  their  tr,ivels 
into  the  east,  2(14  ;  their  first  journey,  ib,  ;  return, 
it),  ;  their  second  journey,  205  ;  their  return,  2t)()  ; 
invite  their  rel.itives  to  a  splendid  li.mquet,  ib, 

,  .Nl.irco,  intluence  of   his   travels  upon    the   mind 

of  Columlius,  lb,  2''4  ;  sliort  account  of  his  tr.ivels, 
2f)4  ;  his  relurn,  ib.  :  commands  a  );alley  at  ttie 
b.ittle  of  Cuzzol.t,  2()()  ;  is  t.iken  prisoner  and  sent 
in  chains  to  Cieiioa,  it).  ;  writes  an  account  of  his 
tr.ivels,  it).  ;  is  liber.ited  and  returns  to  N'enice,  ib.  ; 
an  account  of  his  work.  ib. 

Porras,  rr.incisco  de.  en^anes  in  .1  mutiny  at  Jamaica, 
205  ;  they  embark  with  most  of  Columtms's  crew 
in  ten  Iiidi.m  t  .inoes.  20(1  ;  are  driven  tiack,  ib,  ; 
and  with  their  <  omp.inions  rove  atjout  the  island, 
207  ;  refuses  an  otfer  of  pardon,  211  ;  att,icks  l\u'. 
Admir,il  ,iiid  ,\delantado.  ii2  ;  t.iken  prisoner,  it),  ; 
is  tict  at  libertv  by  Ov.mdo.  221  ;  and  sent  to  Spain 
to  be  fxaiiiined  liy  the  liidiai)  board,  ib. 


:      i 


,1     .-;;' 


■•i/iii 


■ilr   li: '  i  i 


1.M 


:::l!i 


208 


INDKX. 


!    .4 

\4 


'i'       !     ■' 


Port"  Rico,  nr  Itdriqiien,  ilisrovery  "f.  S.?,  a.iT. 
I'orliiij.il  .111.1  S|Min,  .li|il(MU.itic  lU'UDtiatioiis  litlui-cn 

the   MUirls  of,    wUli  tcspcrt  10  llio   new  ilisroViTifs, 

7(1. 
I'utalo  ill  ll.ivti,  1)*. 
I'railc),  |iriiir  of.     S.'i-  T.ilavL-r.i. 
IVcMiT    |olm.  .Ill   iiii.inin.irv    I'lui.-li.iii   Uiin;,  !•»  ;  ;u- 

cmint  I 'I,  jn. 
Pricsls  1)1  ilii-  llavti.iiis,  oi'. 
riolciiiv,  .lilfMillv  .11  llii'  iiuiiicil  of  S.il.iiiiaiira  t.i  rct- 

Diii  ili;  ilu-  ilifDry  oi  (.■ohiml'iiN  vviili  ili.it  ii(,  :('. 
I'lKTlo  .li'  Histiiin-'iito,  harliiii  .i(,  mj. 
■    —  ISclid,  iliM.-iivcry  iif  by  l.'«ilumlm>,  I'lJ, 
S.iiUo,  Cipliiiiiluis's  ilcsi  ripliiiii  nf,  51, 


u- 


O.R'in's  Ci.irdL'iis,  Ciiliiml'iis's  arri\.il  ,it.  iti  lii>.  third 
vciv.ii;!-',  i."^;  ;  ari-liippl.i;;"  "(,  disi'iiMTcil,  lu.j, 

(Jiif>.tiiiii,  llif  lorritorial.  limv  settled,  71 

yuiliian.  Cacique  ii(  Ver.inua,  interview  witii  H.ittlinl- 
iiiiiew  l."iiluml)iis.  l();  ;  sii'iiii  1  interview,  ib.  ; 
detfrniines  on  preventiiiv;  tiic  Sp.ini.irds  (roin  i>b- 
t, lining  .1  sfttleiiU'iU  in  iiis  territories,  ib.  ,  ((in- 
spires to  burn  their  hou-es  and  murder  them,  |i)()  ; 
is  seized  by  llie  Adel.uU.ido  with  his  wives  and 
children  1,7  :  esr.ipes  in  .1  very  extr.iordin.iry 
ni. inner,  ib,  :  att.itks  tht;  Sp.ini.irds  and  is  de- 
feated,  ir. 

(Juins.ii,  Marro  I'olo's  acrount  of,  jliS. 

yiiintanill.i,  Aloiuo  de,  receives  Columbus  into  his 
house,  2J. 


R. 


Rabid.i,  I. a,  ronvont  of,  Cidumlius  is  entertained  at,  on 
his  first  arriv,il  in  Sp,iin,  2)  ;  present  stale.  70,  note. 

Reeds,  river  ol.    14. 

,  immense,  seen  .m  the  Mosquito  coast,  l"'). 

Rc.nicr,  Kini;  of  Naples,  Columbus  engages  in  liis 
service,  (j. 

Religion  of  the  native-,  of  Ilavti,  '.''. 

Rep.irtimirntos,  i>rik;in  of.  liii  ;  o])positiun  of  Don 
l)ie;;o  Columbus  t  1  the,  •_'  i•^. 

Re()uelme.  I'edro.  m,ikes  his  house  the  lie;id.|U.irters 
of  the  rebels  at  ilispaniola.  l?-);  ni.ide  Alcalde  by 
Rol dan,  \('}  ;  joins  in  a  conspiracy  with  .\drian  dc 
Moxica,  li.'i  ;  is  taken.  1(1^. 

Rew.irds  and  punishments,  ideas  of  the  llaylians  in 
respect  to,  ij7. 

Rio  \'erdc.  or  the  ilreen  River,  lU- 

Ri,i.|.  the  first  constructed  by  I'.uropeans  in  the  Sew 
World.  '13. 

Ivi  lri.i;ue/:.  Seb.islian.  t.ikes  .1  letter  from  the  ]irior 
I'eriv  to  the  (piecn,  2.) 

RoMan.  IV.incisco.  history  and  cliaractcr  of,  Ijfi  ; 
an  account  of  his  ( onspiraiy,  lb.  ;  takes  pos- 
session of  Xar.iijua,  157;  his  conduct  in  re- 
spiTt  to  the  ships  sent  forwanl  t)y  Coluintius, 
i!)  ;  promises  to  repair  to  St.  Uominijo  on  the  ar- 
rival of  Columbus,  ib.  :  his  interview  with  H.illestrr, 
T5'i  ;  rejects  an  offer  of  pardon,  ib.  ;  dem.inds  Ids 
discharge,  l''0  ;  his  interview  with  Caravajal,  etc.. 
ib.  ;  determines  on  Koini,'  to  the  adn.ir.il,  161  ; 
correspondence  with  the  ailniiral,  ib.  ;  sends  prop- 
ositions by  ("arav.ijal,  ib.  ;  which  are  ac(epted, 
ib.  ;  circumstances  prevent  their  bein^;  acted  upon, 
ib.  ;  makes  a  scctmd  arrangement  with  the  admiral, 
ib2  ;  is  pL-rini;te  I  to  resume  his  otrue  of  .Alcalde 
mayor,  ib.  ;  receives  .1  ^rant  of  lands,  idj  ;  visits 
his  l.inds,  ib.  ;  assumes  new  authority,  ib.  ;  is 
sent  to  meet  .Monzo  deOjeda.  1^4  ;  his  mapd-uvres 
vi-ith  him,  ifj?.  i(,l>  ;  his  tiv.ilship  with  ( luevara,  107  ; 
seizes  him  in  the  dwelling  of  ,\nac.iona,  ib.  ;  treated 
with  confidence  by  Holialill.i,  175  ;  his  conduct 
inyesti,i,Mted  by  Ovando,  lOi  ;  sails"  for  Sp.iin,  and 
is  iost  in  a  violent  hurricane.  1S7. 

Roman,  Friar,  his  account  of  Ihe  natives  of  Ilispan- 
iola, c/i. 


S.ibellicu>i,  his  account  of  tif  c.ipiure  nf  ilu  v,,     . 

j;,illey!»,  2  (i".  *" 

S.il.im.iiu  .1,  the  learned   as*eml)le  at,  to  i'ti<il«i!,  1 

proiiosiilon  of  (  oluinbns,  21  ;    pronmincc  ;ht ,? 

to  be  v.tiii  .md  itnpos'iible,  20  '     * 

S.ilcedo.  Wiegode,    arrives  al  J.ini m.i  wiih  ,^,(,  ■ 

from  <  iv.in do,  221.  ' 

Salv.ulor,  St.,  discovery  of,  .|2  ;  aw"  .ml  5.^,,,,, 

the  n.itives  on  first    Iteholdmi;   the  slii|,s  „j'(^'J., 

bus,  -H  ;    (h'scfiption    of   them,  ib.  ,  (juli  (;;,;•' I 

covered  in  this   island,  il). 
S.im.m.i.  (iulf  of,  discovered,  b;, 
S.m  U.ibiel,  discovery  ol,  112. 
Sanchez,    |u. in.  t.ikes   ch.ir^c  of  ^)iiil,i.m,  1  ,•   ».■ 

escapes,  ib.  ;    killed   in   b.itlle   liy  die  .A  ice;.;; 

=7-|. 
Sande,  I'on  Riiy  de,  liis  mission  to  the  Spjn;-h ::r 

-Ik 
S.mtil  M.iria,  isl.ind  of,  discovered,  in;. 
Suit. I,  l.a  Isl.i,  discovery  ol,  l:;7. 
.S.int.i  Cruz,  island  of,  dlsi overy  of,  S.v 
S.int.i  (iloiia  (St.  Ann's    H.iyi,  dismurcil  !■.  .j;,.- 

llUS,    |()1. 

S.mti.ino.      Sec  jamaii.i  ;  letter  of  lleMcl.cji,  1: 

-— — ,  river  of,  discovered.  (i2. 

S.iomela.  discovery  of.  .(?. 

.S.iona.    isl.iiid   of.  discovered.    112;  diiicn  nc(  ct,  •. 

^itude  lielwcen,  and  I'adiz,  ib 
Scandinavians,  an   essay  rel.ilive   t  ■  llie  \  .;,.ii;c< 

Sihedel.  rem. irks  on  an  interpol.itioii  iti  h^  ,;ir(.i. 

255- 
Seneca,  his  noliie  of  elci  triial  lights  on  iliv  k.>\: 

ships.  So. 
Ser.ilin  l'.>int.   loo. 
Sh.irks.  a  multitude  of.  seen  on  the  ii.,iM  ni  Vt:.... 

I')4  ;  curious  method  ol   t.^kill^,'  tiiciii,  i  ■■  .  -:.<■ 

stition  concerning'.   '')  I 
.Ships,  observations   nd.itive  to  the  si/e  nt  liiD-  c; 

ploved  by  Columbus.  .';7. 
Sl.ives,  live' hundred  .ire  sent  to  Sp.iiii.  I.vMl.f  ?:,r- 

dred  sent  to    ii.irtliolomew   Columbus,  lii    .r;..^ 

in  Sp.iin,  125  ;  (.jueen    Isabill.i   interest  t.ir*i:: ;: 

their   favor,  ib.  '  orders    them    to  be  sriit  la.ii ; 

Ilavti,    ib,  ;    neijroes   first   introiliHccI  to  the  .Vei 

W'o'ild.    I'l;    revolt   of.  230  .    Ili--p.iniu'..i  ;hc  ::<: 

island  to  exhibit  an   awful   retribution.  >\'.  .  :•:....■ 

lions  in  respect  to.  ib. 
Solomon,  the  ^(dd  used  in  the   temple  of.  l.-. 
Sori.i,  lu.in  de,  his  insolence  to  Colmnhiis.  ;•■ 
Soul,  ideas  of   the   I  l.iytians  in  respect  In  the.  >•   W 

after  slate  of,  believed  by  Ihe  n.ilivcs  el  Ub...  l.'i 
Spain  and  Portugal,  diidomatic  nei;oii.ition>  IcWrt-. 

the  (durts  of,  with   respect  to   the   new  ilifcrt::! 

7''- 
Spotorno,     (iio,     iiublishes      documeii'..s     k.j.  ■ 

Columbus,  185. 

Sut;ar-cane  introduced  into  llayti.  i)'i. 

Superstition  of  St.  Idmo  lights,  ><>. 

Sw.illow,  .1,  encircles  the  ships  of  Colutnini--  '■■■ 


T. 


.ilavera,  Fernando  de.  prior  of  IV.ido  and  n -.(•■•  i 
to  yueen  Is.ibell.i,  2^;  esteems  (."oUimW- >  r'-' 
impossible,  2.)  ;  he  is  desired  by  the  kinn  l^' J^:':- 
ble  men  of  science  to  consider  tin-  m.itfM'  ■  f^" 
ports  to  the  kint;  that  the  council  had  prcii '.x-;. 
the  pl.m  vain  and  impossible,  ib.  ;  t.rM-^  ."""•■';  ■ 
from  the  kin«,  ib.  ;  disKUSted  .u  th.'  h..;"  !^'"' ■•' 
sisled  on  by  Columbus,  10.  .^ 

rilfe,  fea'rs  (d  the  crew  at  l)eh(ddin^   ^'  '""' 

errilory,  (piesiion  (d,  how  settled,  71  , 

hoinas^  St.,  fortress  of,  creeled,  o(  :    ^"^■''  ""'';|,. ' 
( (induct  of  the  colonists  there,  i)')  ;  alt.u  k«  'I.  '■ 
ibacco,  (iist  seen  in  the  isl.ind  of  (  ula.  1  ■ 
>\>:iiio,  discovery  of,   141. 

oledo,    Archbishop     of,    his    ch.ir.ictor,    ;i 


nes 


I  cuinc>cii '•"••"';■''' 
tn.ark.iti.Mi    I'" 
qiM-l.,lM.  l>.."; 
(„|  SIMIII.  -P  ■     ' 

I  Cii^uiii''"'  "■"'' 

%.,lh  tw^'l^^-  ^'''i;" 

I  |j;  ;    ,lhnill'S'''l    I 

"'l.ui-ae,  -ci'l 
Ibiis.  p;  .in.K" 
fori'iisis.  'ca''"^' 

Cii''.i.  1";  •  '■'" ' 

imc  t.,ki'ii  "lit  •  I 

JosciiiicHi.   I'ai'l". 

,  bii?  !"■ 

fni.U  III  the  (dioii 

Si'i.ii  r".  i'' 

t;ru'S.  1-1 


■  Tr,i~:i'rr.c 


|a.;n  dc 


Ti,.;i,i.  RcdriKO'.c- 

u  .t:.i.  r- 

Tn'.ile  iiiipiiscd  lip 
Ir.iii.l.nl,  isl.ind  (.1. 
,:;  pe;ii.iii''c.  I'l.  • 
Tr;-liii,  l)ici;n,  IT 
Tuiiic  Hcni.iiiaa. 
^llr^^  M.iii'l.  obsci 


fr^ .'...,  Santa,  islan 


V,i«;il5.  natives  01 

dilicin  cjf.   li'v 

VcR.i.  li.iri.id;is"  de 

int;;lit'il  in  die  liol 

-,  River.  'I',  ;  cal 

Kc.il.  :lic  loy 

v'ei.b.c,  rr.inrisco, 
'Vel.iS'nic;.  Ihenc  c 

?.irroul  Xara^iia, 
ViT.ii:iia.  11' 'St  ol, 

ui  iiii.'  inhabitants 

ii.iicil  with  I," lid. 
Ver.ii;iiis.  lUike  ol. 
liiluinlius  renicv 
— ,  the  heirship  t 

".4.). 
ViTilt;.  C:ipe  lie.  (li 
Vcpiicci,  .\ini.;ino 


^trfyi^ 


M 


lCi.li.mi''"< 


;in  aiK'iiu 


[him  III  .iii'lis'iif''  " 


I  ilii-  kinn.  il' 


iNi)r,x.  'jfo 


I  eiiploycd   liy  rohimlmi  at   r(piirt.  :2'  ;  an   .irmutit 
il,  ••17  ;  it  suiiiiiiary  view  ol  his  ( l.kiiii  t'l  tin.'  lillc  c.f 


||,,i,i  M.iii.t  ill'.    1'""    "ii'U"   I'liUmiluis   lie-  a  ilisicivfrcr,  il'.  ;  tlif  voy-mc  whciic  l-  hit  iia 


[till' '.11 


(m  T 


I..S  fll.lllll'"' 


1 1)1,  'J!;  ;  tlitir  iiiarria^t.',  ib.  ;  and         k'^'-"  '"  '''•■  AtiuTitati  ckiuiiiimii,  jp  ;  Cohiniljus'M 


ilimi    I'lr    lli>palli<.la 


il). 


:•(! 


,>l  SI.    l)nllllll«l'  'II 

ill  .  hill  line*  a  wulDW 


I  ihi-  saihni;  of    I  »i)ii  I  liit;' 


,1111, 

Drfl.l    .111.'"  I    'It' 
'CiMinibii-  wiih  .11  ail- 


IflUT  tn  his  Mill  rcLilivt!  ti)  ihc  iiwrit  ami  mis- 
fdrliiiirs  ()(,  2\i)  ;  I'cirr  M.irlyr's  i  haraitcr  nf.  ;:i  ; 
liis  hilir  ti>    l<|.ni  .  |)iil»L'(i(   l.iirrairif,    ■2.\i)  ;    olist-r- 


I,    r(.rfivfs    a    h'ltfr    frmu  vaiinis   rc'Liiivi.   in  ili(.   poinis  in  I'liniruvfrsy.   ih 


It  iif  his  Ircitnit'iit,  17(1. 


iiitliiir's   riiiu  iiision,    ihat   the   vny 


IK'' 


asscricil   to 


I     .      \tiliiiii''    'li'i  ili'-p.'l'''"'!    Ir'iin    I  li>-|i.iiiiiihi,  h.ivu  hi'i.n  iiiaiti-   l.y  .\iiit'ri(;i)   W'spucti   never  K^ok 

■'""''''    ■  ■  ■     >- ,,;.....     ..    ('..I;,  |ila(0,  J51. 

\'i'sscl.  slcrn-post  (il  a,  (uuinl  in  (inf  uf   llr-  hniiM-'s  at 


[  Willi  IWliU' 

12: 


ships,  In  ^p,im.  ')" 


irrlvi-.s   ,ii   C.'.idi/ 


ssril  Itniii  (illiix-,   I  U. 

i.llivill.,  !>ITt  up    III'-   i"-!.'" 


if  full, I  hv  C'liliini- 


(■n, 


llMllllllK 


II  pi 


I  bus.  p:  '"'  aioiiiiU  "1  his  jouriU'V,  ih. 

[.(I  with,  on  tho  sontliiTtl   mast  <if 


Villains,   n.ilivts  (if   I  lisp, mini. i  iLilini'd   tu    thi; 


lorliii"': 


ki.,1  covrrt.i 


ililmn  II 


f,    Kit. 


uU'M, 


1117 ;  tiir mis  nn 


ihiiil  ol  l,iklnn,  ii'S  ;  .1  living      \'illi.jit,  Ahui/o  I'.v,  appuintcil  lo  carry  (nkinihus  i: 


the  in.iw  of  a  shark.  I)(. 


.iiililii!  isl.iiiil  'if.  iliscdvcry  nl,  ?  = 


pni.  ukcn   ml  <'l 

^OtlU;;.!^ 
foSiMIK' 

bus  111. 

rail  .ii  till  Miliiiiii"<  tniiiiiipiiii 


I'.'in.  17s 


rharai  ti-r   of,    ili 


Hi,   i',iiilii,   liis  (orrcspiinikMHe  with   fuUim-   I   \  in<-s  intrdilini 


('i)liinilpiis  previous  to  thi'ir  sailing,  1; 


IS   1  olloijiiy    with 


ito   l|,ivt 


1.     !)'». 


\'itil.iiul.  ,1  siippoS(.il  ilis(dvt.Ty,  '.'•;!;, 
/c.l   hv   ill''  rrown   of      \'irj.'.itis,  the  MUvlii  'I'hons.inil,  isl.mils  of, 


ns.'ovfrfu 


^l'l.ll   I  "I 
l;:;irs,  IM. 


ihc  Sp,nii.«!i  system  iho  sroii  oi  iniHlcrn 


ir;i>ii'rf.i. 


ii,m  ill'    I'  1. 


rri.iii.i.  IsiMnn' 
IV-T..I,  r.! 


.If.  Ins!  sees  th'-  l,ii 


)f   the  western 


Vows  inaile  in  a  storm   by   Columbus  and   Ids   crew. 
O5  ;  attempt  ul  fuUiiincnl,  (/O, 


fril'uU'  iiii|iii''til  upon 


llie  ILivtians,  UJ. 


'rinii!,iil,  isl.iml  (,l,  discovered,  1.17  ;  de^(  ription  of  its      VVatcr«.poiit, 


i\'\K-J 


.,WV.  ll).   ,    lUrioUS.K  1 

ki 


(lUnt  of  the  ii.itives,  ib. 


\V, 

rk.il/lr 


n    on    ih 


^t     (f 


ffi>i.iii,  l)n.■^'(l,  I.).-* ;  IS  killed,  ii|. 
rudiii.  Ilciii.unin,  travels  of,  i<). 


lurk: 


ohserv.iiions  relative  to,  2;i;, 


I' 


Sfrs;;..,  S.iiila,  isuiii.l  t.f,  diseovcred,  S3, 


a   reduced    to   the   con- 


;.  iLilivi'S  01 
dilion  of.   11.3. 
Ifcg.i.  (i.inin.iMi  di. 
inn  dii'il  ■'"  'h'"  house  of  Coluinbus,  ,i^^. 


his  I, lie  rcl.itive  lo  ,1  pilot  hav- 


iwr.  i|', 


ailed  by  the  n.ilives  N'auui. 


Ill-   I..\al    |ilam,  .|.|,    i>s 


1  r:iIU'15io,   I" 


account  ol,   see 


VeUy 


Di 


ceo.  <  iinin.inds  tiie  soldierv  at  ihe  inas- 


Ver. 


.Hii.i.    I'M- 


\V.i\,  (.ike  of,  presente.l  to  Ihi;  sovereign';   by  Ci 

bus,  f, I. 
Wheat  introduced  into  llavli 
W 


'I'). 


(lives,  se.i,  sever.il 
lola,   1  1  I. 


kill 


the   coast  of    llispi 


tint  of  a  very  slroni,',  of  (iuad.dnupe,  IJ./  ; 
{Akvn  to  Columbus's   ship.  ib.  ;    f.dls   in    love    iviih 


Wol 


n:in.  ai((i 


,ion,uio,  a 


lid  refuses  to  return  on  shore,  il 


omen,  o 


ri^;in  (.f,  according  to  the  llayli,ins,  ()7 


W 

Wrilini;,  fe.ir  of  the  'ndi.ins  ol   Carlari   at   seeing   the 
Sp,ini,irils  write,  Mo. 


.X.iijua.  Ciiilf  of.  lori. 


X 


ir,i);ii.i,  (Icniaiti  ol,  ,in   acn  mi 


It  of.  1  14 


lescilplion 


III  .N.iragii; 


I.  2111. 
i'r.ii;,;a,  Lii  ist  ol,  disci 


ivi-rv  of,    i.)i 


w,irlike   spirit 


oi  •.111.- iiiluibilaills,  ib.  ;  soil    appe.irs  to   be   Inipre^;- 
n.ilcil  wiih  i;old.  in?  ,  linldeu  (".isiilc 


IVer.i, 


M7- 
'iike  (.1.  I  oiiseiits   lo  have   the    renl.iiiis   of 
C.uluiiiiiijs  rciiinM.I  In  Cuba,  'j',^. 
I— ,  ihc  licirshiii  t  I  ('(Munbus  dci  ulcil   in   his   f,ivor, 

\t-r.li...  C.irc  (le,  discovcrv  of,  11. 
V 


if  its  inh. (bit. lilts,  ib.  ;    Kold.in    lakes  possession  cf, 

If  7  ;   iiuissacre  at,  2i  -.. 
Xerif  al  [■".(Iri/i.  his  description  of  the  .-Xthmtic,  7. 
Xiineiies,  Cardinal,  2;,S  ;   prohibits   licenses  tu  imjiort 

sl.ivcs  linm  .\lric.i  to  the  colonies,  J75. 


Van 


Kluc,  river  o 


f,  o.t. 


Zipanf,'a  (  japani,  Marro  Polo's  account  of,  268. 


c'l-ucti,  .Vincigo,  first  notice  uf  his  e.xpedition,  105  ,   .   Zones,  the  observations  relative  to,  2(iij 


Id  ail'!  ri  'it-  t 
."iiluiiiij;;>  ^  r-'- 
e  kiriK  ti'  .isifK- 
m.iiiiT.  i! . ;  '■' 
had  prmi 'W.ct. 
l.iia-s  a  Mics>..i;i, 
..  Iii.'.li  liTiiis  :r.- 


Bf.U 


ii 


*'.i: 


ti 


AN  EC 


I'll 


1  Ni- 
ls- il'C  roiiiM-  ' 
mc:.  V'Mr-  sini'c. 

\Yi;  :   siimi'   "t    till 

ji; ,  ■.i.'a;-,i  Kill-  (■' 
in  •  ;;,.il  -ilv  le  ai  M 
Hi'n.'  tnr   Ur- 
I,,,,,. vis  I  m:c.isii)n 
cll•;•^>.   uvl  liardy 
pi,', ;  iiu'ii  who  1 
fi.\'..'f  1  siKii'iy,  .111 
ar, ,  ,v!vi  li.i'l  Wiiiuli 
v,i, !  iicri'ijrinatidii' 
lli;r  iit-nlotis  ailvt 
cr/'s.iai'iiii;  \\v  I 
imi^iiulinii  Iciul- 
llv   •(t'lncs  ot   the 

n'l :  ii-  'hi'  lite  lit  ■' 
roivii.  1-  In  inc.  1 
viMi  t.i  till-  ri'inol 

In..!'-  .\liiih  .IIIIUI. 

e;s.  ;v'ij^  itiiTi-lii 
aiii  1  'i.ivf  I'vcr 
vriv."  1  ly  I  in  urns 

U.'l'  '■.<\''i  i-tli'i  I, 
ihc  ^'r.m'.l  I'aliTiin 
an  1  11,1'  h  1/  Uilou 
lhc'...M  puu  lit 
biT'  i-i'-;ni-s  .if  I 
h'  •  t'  it  ai'Mnu-. 
Vi-  u-M'i-,  rx|ic  li 
th.i'.  ;ir  Mi'.'-d  Uii'  I 

All  ■■.{    t  All    UM 

Ir  p  :i  in.ir  iijui 

h.  '     1    ;-.lU\lTS;iti 

r  c.   As'.'ir.  ril.iiii 
r, ,  1 1  i!',i  ailvri 

lilt-  ■,.;i;'rl)i.i.     ■ 
cir"-jiri-:  Ml  (ii 

tH     ■;    UM'lilv    .1 

i'.-  'iS'',i  t  M  i-.ir 
M"  ri'.iins,  ;iii(l 
r::viin^'  that 
!"■  i'\iiri-,Sf.i  a  1-1 
■  ti;,l  i>\  iii>   rlUi- 
.'<>'■    ::n;.urt,uicc 


m  i.'f 


i!!;,^ 


iAm 


ASTORIA 


OR. 


ANECDOTES   OF   AN    ENTERPRISE 


IlKVOND    TIIK 


ROCKY  MOUNTAINS, 


DY 


WASIIINCirON'    IRVINlJ 


i\TK(»i)i'(:ri')N. 


.1  \\i-.li  that  I  ucMiM   III 


It  iki-  to 


;i\c  ;m  accmiiu 


Iv  il'c  roiiv.-.f  I't  nccasiiiii.u   \i~ii 


its   to    C 


ot  It.     'I  hi'   sii;4;,'rsti(in   struck  upon   ihi-   chord  u[ 
in. id  I      iirly  .isMii  i.itioiis,  ,ilriM(l\  \  ihr.iiiii"  in  mv  mind 


in;i:y  viMr>  since 


I  I 


K-caiDc  intiinatt'iy  •>>  (|ii.ini 


tcl      It 


oil  lined  to  nir  tli.il   .1  Work  ot  this  kind  niij,du 


V\V\  siinii-  nl  tli<'  principal  p.irincrs  o|  the  ^;riMt      comprise  a  \aiiit\  ol  ihosi-  i 


llllolls  ill 


tail 


S,   so  Ml- 


r[\<M, 


ho., 

CllT 


t  I'lir  (,'oinpany,  who  ,it  that  time  lived      tinstin^r  to  me,  illustrative  ot  the  liir  trade  ;  ot  its 
style  ill  Mont  ri'al,  and  kept  almf)st  open      remole  and  adventurous  inieipiises,  and   ot    the 


tor   till'    s 

I    .n'i;.i.-,|iinal 


tr.iiiucr. 


At    ll 


U'lr    liospitalile      \.iriou,   piupli 


mi  tnix 


s,  ant  I  Isles,  and 


1  har- 


y   met    whU     partners,     and      aciers,  civili/ed  and   s.iv.ij,m-,  .ittected  liy  its  opera- 


.irdv   tiir  trailers    li 


oin   the   interior      tioii> 


■11 


le   loiirnals,  .iiiii   letters  also. 


it  the  ad- 


liu  h.id    p.issed    years  remote  Irom      vinturers  by  se.i  .iml  land  employirj  hy  .Mr.  .Xstor 
s.iiulv,  .imoii:;  distant  and  sav.ii;e  trilies,       in   his  compreliensive   project,  mi',,dit   throw   lii,du 


ani  ^'^'^  h.cl  wanders  to  recount  ot  their  wid<»  and  upon  portionsot  our  countrs  ipiiie  .ait  ol  the  trai  k 
T.ill  ]irr.'i,'rin.itii)iis,  their  hiintin;j  exploits,  and  ot  urdin.iry  travel,  and  ,is  set  luii  liitle  known.  I 
tht.r  |iinloi:s  ailveiitiires    and     h.iir-lire.idlh    is-      theretore  lilt  disponed  to  undertake  the  t.isk,  pro- 


V  the  Indiai 


wis  at  an  ai;i 
thin 


\ided   documeiUs  ot  siitticiint  extent  ai 


111  niiiiiite- 


inii,  1  iiinn  icnil-.  its  colonni.;  to  everytliin^j,  ami      ucss   cui 


iild 


turnishid   to  nil 


All  tl 


th- 


si'irics 


•t   ihi 


le  |).ii)ers 


esr    Sinh.ids    ot    the    wilileniess      rel.itive    to    the    eliterjUlse    were    .ici  i)rdllii;K  suh- 


n.iif  ;tii'  lite  III  .1  tripju'r  and   liir  tr  ider  p  m  tcci      initied    to    niy    ins|)ection. 


iiio: 


tlicm     were 


ri>:ii,i ,.  I'  111  Ilk' 


even   llledit.ited   at  one  time  .i       loiirnals  ,ini|   lelli-rs  n.iriatim,'-  expeilitinils  liv  se.i, 


VM! 


Ihi'   rcinote    no 


.ts    lit    f 


e  comp.mv  in  llie 


an 


d 


oiirni'vs 


to  .iiiil  tro   ,icri 


the  Kockv  .Moll 


11- 


li'iis  ,  hi,  h  .iiiiui.ilK   ascended  the  I. ikes  an  I  riv-      t.iins   hy   routes   lietore  untr.nelled,  to^rether  with 


e;s,  ;ir'  v^r  t!i,.rei,i  invited  liv  one  ot  the  p.irtncr 


Vfi;; 


i.ivi-  (".cr   since    rei;retti'( 


th.it  I  w.is  p 


documents  illustrative  ol   s.i\-,i^i'  .ami  coloni.il 


lilt 


111   the  liordeis  ot  the  I'.icilic 


Wit 


1  such  m.itrri- 


ly  1  ii'i  iimsi.iiii  es  Irom  c.irr\  iiiij  mv  inieii-      ,ils  in   h,ind,  1   undertook  the  work.     'I'lie  trouhlo 


th 


itti'i'i,     l-'mm  tl 


lo^e  e  irlv   impri'ssiuns. 


I'.r.inil -•lUerprisi's  ot  the  ^;re,o  lur  comp.iiiH 


th,' 


h    -.  !■ 


Iii/UijiiUs  erraiitr\  ot  then  .issn,  i.ius  in      and   commonplace  i 


ot  riimm.ij^iiiL;  amon<;  husiness  piprrs,  ,iiul  ot  coi- 

li'ctini;    ,inil   coll.itiiii,'    t.icts     tiMiii     .imid    tedious 

letails,  W.IS   sp.iled    me  li\   mv 


I'.irii 


if 


>t  inir   v.lsl 


ontinmt,  h  i\e  alw.u- 


I'ierre   .M.  Ir\'inir, 


•ted 


I  h.irini  ll   inieri'si   to   me 


,ini| 


I       I 


ii'i-r.    .iiul    to    whom 


.1111    t;ie,iii\    1 


my  pio- 
ndehted  tor 


it  .ii'Minis  t'l  j;ct  ,it  the  di't.iiis  ot  their  .i  I-      smunthini;  mv 


'Is  I'Kpi' litinns    .iinon^    the    s.iv.ii^e    tril),'-; 


As  tl 


p.itli  .mil  le^hlenmL;  mv  i.ihor- 


le  lourn.ils  on  win 


■hi 


liielK  deiii'lii 


li'.l  had 


'ic'-fl  Hit'  (Jcii 


th 


s  III  till'  w  llderiless. 


\'i    'it    IWil 


Us  ;i^r,),  not  lon^r  alter  m\'  ri'tiirn 
a  lic.ir  iijioii   till    prairies  ot  the  l.ir  West,  I 

r.  John  j.i- 
lortion  ot  our  coiintrv. 


■•itUiTsaiioii  with  inv  Iriend,  M 


I'.ii! 


V'T.  icl.itive  i,,  that  iiortion  ot 
'  l!u  ailvrntiiroiis  tr.hlers  to  S.int.i  Fe  aii'd 
lis  ll  I  hihi  Id  .idvert  lo  a  j;re.u 
looi  .iiid  condiuied  l)V  him,  l>e- 
ice,  li.ivini;'  tar 
iir  trade  across  the  Kockv 


"riiri- 


hi.i.     Th 

.set    nil 


'.  twi'iiu    ,111, 1    ihirlv   ye.irs   sii 

'''•'1   tl)   C.UTV    ihr    I 


''"i!.illi.s,  and  1 


been  kept  bv  rmn  ot  business,  iiueiil  upon  the 
m.iin  object  ot  the  enterprise,  and  but  little  versed 
in  science,  nr  curious  .iboiit  m. liters  not  immedi- 
ately be.irmj,^  upon  their  interests,  and  as  they 
were  written  otteli  in  moments  ol  t.itiijue  i)rhiirr\-, 
,imid  ihe  inconveniences  of  w  ' 
thev  w ere  ,1 


ilil    encampments. 


tell  me.e^re  in  their  det.iils,  furnishiii;;' 
hints   to   pio\"ke   rither  th. in  n.irratix-es  to  satisfy 


m(|Uir\'. 


i.ive,  theii'loi'e,    av.iiled    iinselt   occa- 


sion,illv    ot    coll, I 


fin,  I 


"J(   ill, it    I    took 


11  swei   1  the  shores  of  the  I'acilic 


I   I 


ilcr.il    li,i;hts  supplier!  by  the  pub- 
n.ilsot  other  travellers  who  have  visited 


'■xpro-ii'il  a  ri'.j,'ret  that  the  ti 


Mil  Hi     [ 


.m  interest  in  the  subject, 
tie  n.iture  anil  e\- 


iis  I'lUi  rpri 


se   .111(1   Its   nation.i 


1   cl 


lar.icte 


iH'^r'aiice  luul  never  been  uiulcrstood,  and 


Islieil   lour 
le  scenes  described  :  such  as   Messrs.  Lewis 


tl 

Cl.irke,  lir.iilburv,  Hri'ckenridijc,  I.i 


and 


i'r.inchert 


d    k 


(ox,  and  m.i 


ke    .1    eeiier.U  acl<liowlei.tir- 


iciu  ot  aiil  rccci\ed  tiuin  these  ciU.irlerb. 


I »   1 


U  ^1 


\i    '■ 
::| 
•I  1 


30-i 


ASTORIA. 


mm  \m 


■i  ii 


if 


■J' 


Th<^  work  I  \\r\-<^  prcsnU  t.>  tlu-  puhlu'  is  iic'cs- 
sariK  ot  .1  r.iinliliii.t;  .iiul  scinculiat  (lisjomU'ii  n.i-  i 
luiv.'  i-oiniiri>iii--   \,iii(Ui-.  (A|KMliii(iiis  ami  ailvcii-  j 
Uiivs  hv  l.mil  ,'mi!  MM.      Tiif  l,ul>,  however,  \m11   ^ 
]M-ove   lo   Ik-   linkf.l   .m  1    li.iiulcl   lo-rlluT  l.v  mu' 
^r.uul   -,( lu'inc,  .l<\.M-.l  .in>l   ,  omliu  ii-,l  liy  .i  lu.is-   j 
UT  >|)inl  ;    o:u'  ^et  oi   cIkumi  ur^.  .ii>o,   eontimif.s  j 
lhr.iU:;hoiii.  ,ii>|h-.ii  iiv^  (ut.imoii.iiU  .  tlu)iiL;h  .sonic-   | 
linu>"^il  K'lii;   ;r.tri\,ii-,  .iihI  tlu-  whole  nitci-pii-e 
winds   U|i   !>\    .1  ici^iii.ir  r.u, islrophc  ;    so  ih.il  llio 
wiii-k,    uilho'u;   .inv   lalmiTi!    allempl   at   artitu  i.il 
coiiv.'i'h  lion,  i.'ai.illy  po.s.M's-M-s  mm  h  ot  ih.ii  iiiiii\ 
t.o    nuuli    sotiL;hl    .liter    i.i    works    ot    In  lion,  .iiul 
roMsiilereil  so  miportaiil   to  the  interest  ul   every   i 
histor\-. 


fllArri.R   I. 

Two  le.iilin";  o'>i(  .".^  ot  i  uiiiniri\i.il  i;  on  h.ive 
};-iveii  tiirlli  Ii  wi'le  -.mil  (l.iriiiu;  riUerprise  m  the 
eariv  hisioiv  ot  llie  .\!iiene.is  ;  ilu-  pm  uuis  met- 
als ot  tile  s''iii;:i,  ,111.1  the  ruli  peltries  ol  the  norlli. 
Whili'  th.e  lirrv  .-.lul  ma-iKliee'it  Sp.im.ml.  in- 
ll.imeil  with  th.' m.ui!,i  torj^-iM,  h.is  lAiemled  his 
(lisi-o\eries  ami  e  .mpiests  mer  those  hrilli.iilt 
countries  seorei.eil  !'>  t'.ie  .inh  nt  sun  ol  t!ie  trop- 
ics, the  ailinii  .iiul  oiMv.ini  I'reiu  hin.m.  and  tlie 
cool  .iml  I  .il.  ii' itii.u;  llriton,  h.ive  ]Hirstieil  the  j 
less  sjilemlul.  hut  no  i  >s  luer.ilive,  tr.illir  in  lurs 
amid  the  iivp;  rliore.m  regions  ol  the  Cm. id. is, 
uniil  ihev  ha\e  .idvMiuel  e\en  w  ithm  tiii'  Art  lie 
cirele. 

Tiiese  two  piuiuits  h.i\e  thus  m  a  ni.ii'.ner  been 
the  pioneers  .lii.1  pre,  uisors  ot  ei\  ili/.nioii.    \\  itli- 

out  p.UlslllL;  oil  li.e  holders,  tiieV  h.UC  pt'llel  IMte  1 
at  oiue,  in  d.  11.01,  e  ol  dillKuitieS  ,inil  d,i:iL;ers,  to 
the  lie.irl  ol  s.i\,:-i-  louiiiries:  Liviiv^  open  the 
hidden  secret-.  ..i  i,ie  wildernes-,:  le.idiiiLj  the  . 
w.iv  to  remoti'  re^i  Mis  ot  luMUtv  ar.d  tertiii'.v  th.it 
nii>;lu  h.ive  I'em.sinel  i:ne\iilored  lor  ai^es,  ,in  I 
heekoiun,;-  .ill.  ;•  I'leni  the  slow  .ill.l  p.iUsiiiL;  steps 
Ot  a^'rietiliurk'  ,01  1  eiMii/.iiion. 

It  w.is  tlu-  lur  tr.ide.  in  t.e  1,  whieh  |^.i\i' e.ir'y 
susteii.iiue  .in  1  \ii,.iny  to  ihr  v;ie,a  ( '.iii.i'h.in 
]iro\inees.  I'ei;!',;"  i!e-.iitiite  •■'.  th"  pi  r.  lou-,  nut- 
als,  at  th.ii  nine  t!ie  le.id'.m;  ooje'  I-,  nt  Aiiieru  .111 
t'lUeipiise,  ihr\  •.'..■,-e  loiii^  nei;leetel  l>ytlup.ir- 
ent  countrv.  Tiie  Trem  li  ad\ciuiii'ers,  howcvrr, 
who  h.id  setiiel  on  the  li.inksot  ihi-  .Si,  |..i\\- 
rcni'e,  soon  i.mnd  ih.ii  in  the  1  uh  peliin  s  ol  i!.e 
interior,  tliey  h.id  s.nirees  ot  vu-.ilih  th.it  me,;ht 
almost  riwil  l!;.'  inin.s  ot  Mesieo  .iml  I'eru.  '1  lie 
Inili.i'is,  as  \;l  111!  u-.piainle.i  witii  the  ,1111111  ;.il 
value  s;iven  1. 1  s. line  de~eripii.)iis  ol  tuis.  meuil- 
i/ed  lite,  hroii',^iit  ipl  liititie-,  ot  tie.-  ino-.l  prei  lous 
kinds  and  Iloii  re.l  tiiein  ,iw.iv  toi  l.tirope.m  trink- 
ets and  (help  eiinmiodities.  Immense  pr.iliis 
Were  thus  ni  1  le  li\  the  i..iriv  ti.uh  is,  and  the 
trallie  w.i ,  piirsUi  .1  '.•,  ith  ,i\  i.lily. 

As  the  v.dii.ilile  lurs  soon  bet  .ime  se.in  e  in  the 
ncij^hliorlioo.!  ot  tlie  settlements,  the  Indi.ms  ol 
the  vit  initv  were  siiimil.iii-  1  lot, ike  ,1  wider  r.uii^e 
in  their  lumii:".,  .Ap.Mliiions  ;  they  were  ^fner.iiiy 
aecomp. lined  on  ihese  expedilioiii  hv  some  of  the- 
traders  or  tlu  ir  depi-mh-iits,  who  sh.ired  in  the 
toils  and  p'-rils  ot  tin-  1  h.ise,  and  .it  the  s.ime  lime 
made  then,s'-!ves  .ncpi.iinted  wiih  the  liest  liiini- 
iiii;  .and  tr.ippin^  grounds.  , iml  with  the  remote 
trdies,  whom  tliev  <  m  (Hira^cil  |.i  In  in:;  their  ptd- 
tries  t.i  the  M-lllemeiils.  In  this  \\.i\-  the  tr.ide 
aie^m'-nted,  .md  w.is  drawn  Irom  re-mote  (piarlers 
to  M.intre.il.  l-'.vt  now  and  then  a  lar^n-  hody 
ut  Olt.iwas,  Ilurons,  .and  other  tribes  who  iumle.l 
the  cuuiurieb  borilcniig  uii  tht  great  lakes,  would 


eonu-thnvn   in   .1  siiu.niron  ol  li^lu  i-,|.> ,... 
with  be.uer  skills,  and  oilier  spuiU  (,t  ji^.,.  ^^ 
luintin;,;.       The   e.moes   would   |„.  unl.i.l.-,  ,"'., 
on   shore,  .md   their  contents  (li-,|\iisi-.|  i-  „,L" 
A  c'linp  ot  birch  b.irk  would  be  pit.  In-. |  ,,,;■,  1.': 
the  to\Mi.  :\i\i\  .1  kindol  primitive  I, nr  u::e 
ill, It  t;r.i\e  ccrcmoni.il  so  de.irlo  iLv  p,,.. 
.ludieiice    would    be    dem.iivled   el   1!  1 
l^enel'.ll,   W  ho  W.UlI.l    llol.l    the  I    inlrl.  :;.  . 
coming    sl.iti-,  si  .lied    in  .m   elliow  i  li.iu, 
Indi.ms  r,inj;ed    in   seinu  in  U-s  heloii- In    , 
on  till'  i_;iound,  .iml   silently  sinokm.^  ih:  :■■■.; 
.Spee.  hes    would    be    IlKlile,    presents    .v 
,llld     li.e    .lUvlleli.  t      would     bre.ik   up   11. 
^ood  humor. 

Now   wiuild  ensue  .1  brisk  '.rillic  v.nii 
eh. mis,  .iiul  ,ill  Moiur>-.il  would  he  .iliv.  „,,;•,, 
ked  Indians  ninniiii;   trom  simp  |.i  sii..;.,    i;-r.. 
lilt;-    tor    arms,     kettles,     knuis.    ,,\c'.,  .,  i,.;;.; 
briL;ht-color'-d  cloths,  .iml  oila  r  .iiii.'.tM.-  .■  . 
t.incv   ;    uii.iii   .ill    whicli,  s.iys   ,in   (cdl:-,     ... 
ler,  the  mercli..nls  \M-re  sure  to  i '.;  .ir  .1' !   •-.•.■, 
hundreil  jier  cent.      Thei-e-vvas  11, .  mnn.',  .-.i- 
this  tr.illn  ,  .111.1,  .liter  .1  lime,  .ill  p.uirn  r.;  ,;-.--■. 
iliious    Inpiois   w.i-,   prolnliitcil.  in  coii-.o,.;- ■  : 
the    tr.intic    ,i!id    tii^htlul     e\i  1  sses   .ii.-i      ... 
br.iwis  which  th.ey  were  .ipt  t.i  ini;!>i.ia. 

Their   w.inls  ,iml  ciprices   lu  lii;^  siipp'    .;- 
would    t.lke    le.ue-    ol    the   ^;.i\eliiiir,  sli,-.- 
tents,  l.iunch   their   e.moes,  .md   ply  liu;.-.. 
the  Ottaw.i  to  tm-  hikes. 

.\   new    ,ind   .inom.ilous  i  l.iss  nl  in.  n  ^r  ..... 
i;ri w    out   ot   this   tr.ide.      The---  u<  re  ..m,  •,. 
I,  :irs  1/1  s  tu<i\.  r, infers  ol    tl'.i-  w.'oil- ;  >  1  ,,:,. 
nun    who    had    .u  comi'anied   the   liuli.iii^      ■ 
huritiiiL;    t-\pedili.  .MS,     ,ind    ni.ide   tlll^M.-^ 
tpi. Hilled   Willi  I  emote  tl.icts  and   tl  ilr- ;  ,.' ., 
How     bei  .line,  ,1s    11    Wc-re,   pi-illers    .it   1.-'       •.- 
ness,      'llu-.e    men    would    set   oiil  Ir.nr,  \'.   .'.  . 
with    I  .llioes    Well    stocki.-d   With    ;,;.  U'ds,  '.>-.' i" 

,ind  .iiunuimtion,  ,iiid   would  m. ike  tin  a  i'.' 
the  m,i/'c  ,iiid  w.imh-riiiu;   riMi.-.  licit  ii.i-i. 
\.ist  toiests  ol   the  (.'.mad. is,  i  .i.istiii;;  ll.i  ;    <' 
in. lie    l.ikes,  .m.l    in.ilin.u;    new    wiiiis    v.  - 
tu.les   .unoiiL;    tiie    ii,iti\es.      ^nineiiii-,.  ^  I,  '' 
i.uirne.l   lor  moiuhs  ,1111011;^  iheiii.  .is-iir;.''.'. 
their   t.istes   ,iml    li.ibitswilh    tlu   icippNli     ' 
I'renchii.'  n  ;  .i.lopim^"  m  soiiu- lie^o-i- n.^   ■ 
dress,  ami    not   untreipieiilly  l.ikiii^  l  ■ 'n  :..' 
llidi.in  w  \\  es, 

I'welve,    tiltreii,    ei-lueell    months  -.M.tii '" 
i-l,ipse    without    ,ii'v   iidm;,;s   ot   tl't  in, '.."  ■ 
would  come  swi-c|iiii,i;  their  w.iy  d..-.',n  f.-  '  ■■ 
in  lull  ,i;lee,  their  cimu-  1  nh  n  down  -..ai  . 
I  beuer   skins.     N.iv,    i.ime   iiieir  ririi  :     '• 
.111.1    i-Ml.iv.i-.im  e.        '    N'oil    woulil    he    c.i' 
s.ivs    .m    old    wilier    , lire. Illy     ipioted,    "    '■  :    ■ 
h.o'w   lewil    ihc^e    iK-dh-rs    ,ire   when  I'.'iV  :  '• 
how  they   le.ist  ,ind   ^.ime,  .iiui   how  pi  '• -I 
.ire,  not 'only  m  tln-ir  clothes,  but  ui>.ia  t  '  •■ 
lie.irts.      Such  I't    thi-m    ,is   ;ire   m.iiii"i  '< 
wisdom    to    retire    1. 1    their  ownli.u-.is,     1. 
b.ichelors   ,u  I    -list    .is   .111    hiist   Imii.iiu.i:.  '• 
i   r.lles   are  wont  t.i  do  ;   lor  ihev  huish.   '-.i'.. ' 
!  and  play  .ill  ,iw,iy  ,is  Ioiim   a^  ihe  u,,odsl;'- 
and  when  these  .'in-  :;one,  lliev  evni  snl  t'''-' . 
broiderv,  their     l.ice,    and    their    . 'o'.li''^ 
,  done,  ih(-v  .ire  torced  iip.m  ,1  m-u  \oy.i.;''l  • 
sisicnce.'  '■'*■ 

M.iny  of  the.e  .    ■.irriirs  ,/•<  /'.'/.  he.  .I'lic - 

i  ustoiiu-d    l.i    the    llidi.in    modi- ol   livir;,',  ■.'.>■ 

I  pertect    treedoin   ot    llie   wilderm  ss,  ihit  1. 1'- 

j  all  relish  lor  civili/.iliun,  and  idcntilied  ihi^:-- 

I 

1       *  La  1  Ionian,  v.  i,  let.  .). 


ASTORIA. 


30;] 


to 
ric. 


th:- 


p:i: 


•„  =;>v;i'T(-i  ainoni;-  wliom  thoy  dwelt,  nr 
',„lv  hr'^ilistin-iM^licd  Iroin  them  l)y  supc- 
,.|UioUs:uss^  '  riH'ir  roiHliict  .ukI  cx.implc 
.llvfirniiu.'-l  111.'  iKUivi's,  aixl  ini|HMlc<l  the 
"  ,'' t'u-  L'.ilholic  mission, irif-;,  \\lu»  were  at 
'  ,','    iiros-.'ciiiii.-    their  pious   labors    in   the 

■!  Ciiiad.i. 

'u'lk  tlu'M    aliiises,  and    to  protect  the  lur 
:  ,1)1  various  irre^'ularilies  |)raetised  by  these 
Ivi'iitiiPT-',  Ma   order    was  issiu'd    by   the 
.  i;,,\vri\m':it  iindiibitiiiK'   'dl    p(MN,)ns,    mi 
■  ,k-.uh,  Irom  tra  ling  into  ihe  interior  <.t  llie 
-.  witlvnit  a  licen-.e. 
fTlv'v-'  li'i!!-^''--  ^^ere  jrranted   in  writint;  bv  tiie 
ov  ■•'!  M--iri'iieral,  .m  1  .U  lir^t  were  ^'iven  only  to 
Ser--  :i-'rri'S|nTtai)iiity  ;  to  .^enllenien  ot  broken 

fi,, ,;    to  "111   ol'ti 'i'l's   ot   the   army  who  had 

fai:  .  11  |)i>ividf  tor  .  or  to  their  widows,  llaeh 
lice-  ■  |Kr:iiillf  I  the  iittins;  out  ot  two  lar-e  canof-, 
^vili,  ;;!  r.'h,in:lisc  |or  the  lake^,  and  no  more  than 
t\vi  :\.'ivc  lieciis;'.-.  were  to  be  i-^^ued  in  one  \eii-. 
Bv  '.  ivc-;,  liiiwevi.T,  private  licenses  were  aUo 
giv.  Y  a!i;l  the  luiinlv.'r  rajiidly  increased. 
Til-  Ahfi  did  iMl  choase  to  fit  out  the  esjie  li- 
tion^  Muin-ielves  were  p  •rmitted  to  sell  them  [to 
the  111  ivhanis  ;  th"se  employed  the  coitrrurs  ,/,■.< 
ki>  ■'■  rin^i as  ol  ihe  woods,  to  undertake  the 
loir  ^  '■■Ik'"'  "II  -•h  ire-.,  and  lluis  the  abii-,es  ot 
th?  'd --^^teai  w  Te  re\,\'.l  ,ind  coiitimie  1.* 

Til'  ])ina,  iiiw^ion  irics,  employe  I  by  ihi'  1'^  1- 
ni.r;  Catli'iii':  (.'luirch  to  convert  the  Indian-^,  did 
everv.l.ir.;,'- in  their  power  to  cunnter.ict  the  protli- 
.11-,  i',ui>'.' 1  and  propagate,!  by  tie-s"  men  in  the 
L'.ir;  1!  tile  wilderness.  The  C.ilhcdic  chapel 
mi,r!i  ii:i-,n  !).■  seen  phmted  beside  the  ir.idinuf 
ho'i'.',  .1.1''  its  s|)ire  siirinounted  l)y  .1  cross,  tow- 
ering ir.iai  the  midst  ot  an  In  li.m  vill.ai^-e,  on  the 
b.i:i:<-.  et  ;i  river  or  1  Like.  Th"  missions  ha  I 
ottfii  I  I'LMit  lici.il  el!  ct  on  the  simple  s ons  ot  the 
jori^i,  Imt  had  little  p  iwer  ovw  tiie  reni';^ide. 
fnrii  ■  i,'-;i/atian. 

.\!  1 -M.;!!)  il  w.is  fnun  1  necess  iry  to  establish 
fj";,'  I  \ri^\>  .It  the  c  eilheaice  lit  llierivers.ini 
thsiN  ^  ter  th"  iirot-ethiii  ot  tlv  tr.ide,  ,in  1  ih  • 
ris:iii'i-  oi  thev  pr.idii;  iti'-.  ol  the  wilderness. 
Ti!:  Ill  .,t  iinpiri  111!  ot  tliese  was  ,it  Miehilim  ud<- 
ni!'.  Mtuaiel  ,1!  liie  strait  of  the  sanv  n  ime, 
fM:..a  1  miu-c'.s  l,ik">  Ile.ron  .and  Mii'hi|.;.in.  It 
b;  i:iv,.  till.'  KIT  It  interior  marl  and  pl.ace  ot  de- 
p  -.1,  :i'!  I  soni"  ot  the  retjular  meridiants  wdio 
pr^  1'.,'-!  the  tr.idi'  in  p.'rs.m,  nnder  tlieir  li- 
C'.;i"j>  ;  i.'iiK' 1  cstablisiinvjiUs  here.      This,    lo". 


iiiC  loll.iwiniT  arc  the  terms  on  wlileh  these  pxpe- 
d-.iir.v  wore  ■.■oiiino-ily  unilei taken.      The  nierchaiu 
ti'.'i'iii;  llie  lireiis"  wduI,!  fit  out  tlic  two  canoes  witl\ 
aiii'iusinl  crowns'  wortti  of  k"o:Is,  an.)  put  tiieiii  un- 
der l.ie  oan'iiiit  of  six  coiireurs  des  li  lis,  la  \vlu>m  tlie 
g'i'iAvu-  tliariri.;!   ill  ilie   rate   of    liflccn    per   cent 
aj'^vc  ttiL-   rs.vlym  iiK'v    price    in    the   colony.     The 
cirejirs  .trs  dii^.  m  their  turn,  ilealt  so  sli.irply  with 
;tti'."^iu.;cs.  thil  thi-y  ,i;enerally    returncil,  at  tlie  end 
[0.  av.  ,r  ur  s.i,  witli  f.)ur  ciimes  vv<'ll   i.vicn,  so  ,-is  to 
Mi;>-!'':"  (;lo.ir  iifdiii  of  seven  hiin  Ire  i   percent,  inso- 
ji'.    11  tint  tin-  ihouiaiel    crnvns    invested    pnnluccl 
|euti!tliHis.m.!.     Of  (his  cNtr.iv.iLi.mt   prodt   th.-   nvr- 
■CilJnt  ha.tihe  jinti's  '^lia  e.      In  tlie  lirst  pl.ice  he  woull 
sti.i*i.esi\  linn.'lrcl-r.nvnstorthe  .'ostof  1  is  li-ense, 
tii''n;it»;.ius;in<l  i-rinviis   fur  the   cost   of   lie   original 
[Ti  Tr .1.111  iw.     This   w.  ui.J   le.ive    six   thousand   four 
I'"' .re  I -Towns,  fnnn  which  he  would  t.ike  forlv  |ht 
.  C''ini>rl,.)ti<m)ry,anioiintinKlntwoth()U..anil  livehun- 
"■'l.ino.'.ixtv  crowns.     The  residue  wiaild  be  equ.dlv 
i-i'l':'a.iii,nnn  the  , is  ^..(,,1  rammers. wlio  w.iuld  thus  re' 
"ive  I'Ul.;  innr,.  i|,aii  six  hundred  crowns  for  all  their 
l"i,s  an-l  perils 


w.is  .1  rende/voiis  for  the  r.ant^ers  of  the  woods, 
,is  well  '.ho-,e  who  e.ime  up  with  !.;o.  11  Is  from  .Minit- 
re.il  .IS  tho>(.  will)  retiirmij  wil!i  pidiries  tiuin 
the  mil  rior.  Here  new  expeditions  were  lilted  out 
.iiid  to(d<  their  dep.irture  tor  Lake  .Miihi;.^^in  .111  1 
the  Mississi]ipi  ;  Lake  .Superior  .uu!  the  nollh- 
we^t  ;  .ind  here  the  peltries  bidiii^hl  in  return 
Were  embarkeil  loi   Montre.il. 

1  he  I- reiicli  niei  .li.iiM  ii  his  tr.idinL;'  |io-,i,  in 
these  piimili\c  da\s  (i|  ('.inadi,  was  ,1  kind  id 
commeia  iai  p.itri.iich.  With  the  lax  h.abits  .and 
iMsy  l.imiliarity  ot  !iis  r.ic(.,  he  h  nl  ,1  li'Mi'  world 
ot  sidt  indulge  nee  .md  misrule  around  l...n.  He 
h.id  his  ch'iks,  iMime men.  ,ind  ret. liners  ot  ,ii! 
kinds,  wdio  h\ed  wi'di  him  on  terms  ot  perteci  so- 
liability,  .alw.iys  <  .illiiii.;  him  bv  ids  Cdiristi.in 
n.ime  ;  he  had  his  h.irem  oi  li'ihan  beauties,  and 
his  troop  ol  halt-breed  children  ;  nor  w.as  there 
ever  w.intino' a  loutine;  tr.iin  ot  Ind'.ans,  hniii^'in':;' 
.ibiitil  the  cstablishnu'iit,  e,itin;_;-  :ind  drinking;'  ;U 
his  expense  in  the  interv.ils  ol  their  luintin;;- cxp  - 
(iitions. 

d'lie  Canadi.in  tr.iders,  f. n-  a  Imij^  lime,  h  iil 
tnuililesome  com|)etit(n-s  in  the  I'riiish  mere  h. mis 
ot  New  N'oik,  who  :n\-eij;lid  the  Indian  hunlei-s 
.and  the  n-ur.urs  (/,-.<  /','/.  t'l  their  posts,  and 
tradeil  with  them  on  more  t  i\'or.ible  terms.  A 
still  more  tormid.ible  opjiosiiinn  w.  .1-.  (u-eani/ed  in 
the  lludsim  IkU'  ("omp.inv,  ch.irtiacd  by  Charles 
IL,  in  1070,  with  the  fxcli!-.i\a'  pri\  ileifi' ot  est  1!)- 
lishini;-  ir.idini;  houses  on  the  slinr.  s  nl  th.at  b.iy 
.iiid  its  tribut.irv  ri\ia-s  ;  a  |'i:\  ilc^c  which  ihey 
have  maintain". I  to  the  pr.  se'it  d  ly.  Letwcen 
this  lirilish  company  .and  l!ie  I'rencli  mere  hauls 
ol  Can.ui.i  feuds  .and  content-,  .irn-e  .ibuui  aUeecil 
infrin.ecmeiits  ot  lerritori.d  liniil-.,  and  acts  01 
\  iohau  e  .and  bh  odshed  o.'cuired  belwceu  lliLar 
.iL;enls. 

In  \~(\Z  the  I'rencI,  l.ist  p  i^ses-ion  of  t'.inada, 
.and  the  tr.idi-  tell  jiiani  ip.dly  iiitn  tlie  h.mds  ot 
IJritish  sulijects.  I'nr  .1  time,  ho.vexar,  il  shrunk 
within  n.irrow  limits.  The  cdd  i  •:<  w/r.s  i/rs  /','is 
weie  br.d.en  \\\i  ,\nd  disp.as.ij,  or,  where  they 
ciiuhl  lie  met  with,  were  si.e.v  I  1  wci.-  islom  them- 
s(!\e~,  ti)  the  habits  and  mirrcrsnl  tlvcir  llritish 
emphners.  Thev  misstil  the  Ir.'edom,  indul- 
;;e!!ce,  .and  l.imiliarity  (d  the  old  h'renidl  tr.l'liiyLj 
houses,  .md  did  not  ri'lish  the  suber  ex.ictiiess,  re- 
ser\e,  and  nicthod  i  I  tiie  new-i  liv  I's.  d1ie  ISrit- 
ish  tr.iders,  too.  wane  i^n  ir.uit  ol  the  country, 
.md  dislrusttiil  ot  the  n  iiives.  Ihey  had  reason 
to  be  so.  ddie  Ir.Mcherou-  and  Moody  atfairs  of 
Detroit  .and  Miehilimai  kin.ic  siiowed  them  tlu! 
lurkiii,:;-  hostility  cheridied  b\  the  sav.i^es,  w!io 
h.id  too  Ion;.;-  been  l.iu:.,du  by  the  French  to  re;..;ard 
them  ,is  enemies. 

It  W.IS  not  until  ''  •  ;e.ii-  1-00  ih  it  the  Ir.ade  re- 
e.i;neil  its  old  chanmds  ;  leu  it  w.i-.  then  imrsued 
with  much  avidity  .iiul  enuil.ition  by  individual 
mendi.inls,  and  soon  Ir.in-ciidel  its  tormer 
boun-ls.  i'',xi)editions  were  title  1  out  by  v.irious 
pia'sons  from  Montreal  ..lel  Michiiimackinac,  ,and 
riv.tlshiiis  :in.l  je  ilousic  s  ot  cmirs"  ensued,  ddie 
tr.ide  W.IS  iniuiasl  b\-  llu  ;,■  .irtiiii  es  to  outbid  and 
undi  rniiiie  each  otiur;  ll.e  livlians  were  de- 
bauched by  the  ,al"  111  spMaiii.m  s  liipnu's,  which 
h.id  been  '  prohibited  un  h".'  die  l"r"nch  rule. 
Scenes  ol  (bamkenness,  brut  \\\\\ .  and  bravl  were 
the  ciinsei|',ience.  in  tia-  liidi.an  \all.ii;- 's  .and 
.iroiin  I  the  tr.idiii:;  hoii-..,  -  ;  i\hile  bloo  ly  lends 
look  pl.ice  bidweeii  ri\.il  t'.ilii".^  |)  ir.ies  whefi 
th.  .  '  .ppened  to  encounter  e  ich  .illu'r  in  the  law- 
less depths  (d  the  wildernei^s. 

To  put  an  end  to  these  sordid  .iii'l  ruinous  con- 
tentions, sevcr.d    ot    the    prin.ii'.d    merchants   ot 


i! 


■y.  t 


■lip  '■:,  'A\ 


'■'  :'l 


%'■■: 


304 


ASTORIA. 


^      f 


\1. 


Montrpnl  onti'rc.l  into  a  p.irlnorsliiii  in  tlu^  winter  ' 
ut  178',,  wlm-h  war,  ,uii;nuiUi'd  hy  .im.ili;.iiu.itic.n  , 
witli  ,i"i-iv.il  comp.inv  in  i?"')'.  ''''n','^  ^^•'^  .Tcalril  j 
tlu'  l.uiKuis  ■•  Noitli\\L'>t  Company."  wliii'h  lor  a  1 
imu'  l.ciil  a  lonllv  swav  ovc>r  the  wintry  lakes  | 
ami  boundless  iorests  ot  the  Canail.is,  aliixist 
cipial  to  th  It  ot  the  Il.ist  Indi.i  Conil'.my  over  the 
voluiniious  iliinr-,  and   ni.i-nilieenl   re.dnis  of  ihe  ^ 

Orient. 

The  eonip.ins  eonsi-^led  of  twenty  iliree  share- 
holders or  p.irliiers.  lull  held  m  Us  employ  ,ili'>ut 
two  thoiis.md  persons  .IS  elerks,  j;iiides,  interpret- 
ers, and  "  \o\.i,i^eiirs,"  or  ho.itmeii.  These  were 
distrilnited  at  \.irio\!s  tr.idini;  imsis,  estahhshed  | 
l.ir  and  wide  on  the  interior  lakes  .iiid  rivers,  : 
at  immense  di-l.inces  trom  e.ieh  other,  and  in 
t!ie  heart  ol  lr.ukli>s  eouniriis  .md  sa\M,u;e 
iri'oes. 

Several  ol  ilie  partners  resided  in  Monireal  .md 
(Hielxe,  to  m.,in,iL;e  the  m.ain  (oiueliisol  the  eom- 
junv.  Thes"  were  e.ilied  at;fnts,  and  w.re  jier- 
soiia;.;es  of  ;.;reat  wi  i;.;dit  and  import, inee  ;  the 
other  jLirtner--  took  their  st.ilioi\s  at  the  interior 
]io>ts,  wl'.ere  tliey  remained  throiij;liom  the  win- 
ter, to  superintend  the  intercourse  with  the  v.iri- 
ous  irilus  (it  Indi.ms.  'I'hey  were  ihenee  ealled 
winterin;,;'  p.irtners. 

The  s;oods  destined  for  lliis  wiile  and  w.mder- 
in<^  tratlie  wi'ri'  put  up  .it  the  warehouses  ot  the 
comp,iin-  in  M^ntnil,  and  eonveyed  in  l),iUe.iii\, 
or  lioais  .md  canoi--,  up  the  River  .\tt.iw.i,  or  <  H- 
low.l,  whieh  hil'sinto  l!ie  St.  i.awreiiee  ne.ir  Mont 
real,  and  hy  oilur  riveis  ,ind  |)(U-t,ii;rs  to  L.ike 
Nipissin,;;,  Lake  Huron,  L.d^e  Superior,  .md^ 
ihenee,  1)\-  se\er.d  eh.unso!  j;re.it  and  sin, ill  hikes, 
to  Lake  VVinnipeL;-,  Lake  .Xthahasea,  and  liie  ( ".re.il 
Slave  Lake.  Thi-,  smi;'ular  and  heautilul  svstem 
ot  miern.d  se  1-.,  whieh  renders  an  immense  re- 
<;ion  ot  wilderness  so  ,ieeessilile  to  the  Ir.iil  h.iik 
of  the  Indian  or  the  tr.ider,  w.is  studded  hy 
the  nnioie'  prists  (it  ihe  eoniiLiny,  where  they 
e.irried  on  their  ir.iHie  with  the  surroundin- 
trdies. 

The  eomp.ur.,  .as  W('  h.ive  shown,  w.i,  at  lir-t 
a  s|-on'., incur-  .(.-.oci.itjon  ot  merch.iiits  ;  hiil  ,ill(  r 
it  h.id  iic'-'i  refill, ir'v  or:,Mni/cd,  .idmusion  into 
it  In.-c.ime  c\treine!\  dilticuh.  .\  (  .dididate  h.id 
to  enter,  as  it  were,  "  hetore  the  m.isl."  to  undcr- 


;;'o  a  lon,^  p:'  lii.itein.  .ml  to  rise  slowI\  hy  \\':-> 
merits  .and  sc!\ices,  lie  he;.,Mn  /it  an  eiily  .il;c 
.IS  ,1  clerk,  ,111  1  s  ■i"\.il  .in  ,ipprenti(esli;p  ul  se\en 
\'e.irs.  t"r  whicii  he  re(ci\cil  one  luindre.!  pounds 
sierhiiL;,  w.is  maint,;ine(l  at  the  e\p(  use  of  the 
comp.mv,  an'!  lu;-ms!ied  with  suit.ible  (lothini,' 
and  eipiipnu  i.is.  His  prohation  w.is  j;ener.ir;y 
passr-il  .It  ilic  mfrior  tr.idin;.,'  posts  ;  renuncd  tor 
\c.irs  t;'o!ii  eivdi/id  soidctv,  le.idin;^'  .1  lite  .i.most 

t!ie   .sawi:;!--.    .iround 


;is  wild  .111(1  jire,  .irinii  ,  ,;>,  i 
liim  ;  exposed  i  >  t!ie  s'Aerities  ot  a  ni  rthi  in  win- 
ter, olteii  siill  rini:;-  liM:a  .1  scircityot  hiil,,ini! 
s.imetini's  deitituie  lor  .1  loni;  time  ot  liotli  lire. id 
ami  s. lit.     W'ieii   his  apprenticeship  h.id  expired, 

he     recc;\i'|     ,1     s.il.irv    ,li(ordin^f    to    hu    desert-., 

v.iryin;.,r  trom  ei.^ht)  to  one  lumdred  and  sixtv 
pounds  sterlm;,^  ,ind  w.is  now  elii^ilile  to  the 
};real  ohici  I  o!  his  amliitr'ii,  ,1  ]i.irtncrship  in  the 
('Unp.my;  tlioui;h  \e,iis  miLjht  \et  eLijise  Inlore 
he  .itlained  in  th.it  eini.ilile  st.ition. 

Most  o|  tile  elerKS  were  yolllV.;'  men  ot  i;o.i  '   '  im- 

ilies,  trom  the  liisrhl,ii,i|.,  nj  Scotl.ind,  ch.u-.u  ler 
i/ed  hy  the  perseveranee,  thrill,  .md  lidelit\  ot 
their  country,  ,iiid  lilted  liy  their  n.itivc  h.irdihood 
to  encounter  the  ri^^'irous  ( Ijmaic  ot  the  noriii, 
aii'l  to  eiKlure  the  Iri.ils  .ui'l  |)riv.itions  ot  tiieir 
lot ;    though   It  must  not  Iji;  coiieeakd   that   the 


constitutions  of  ninny  of  tlum  hciMinp '■.n-,,.,: 
hy  the  hanlshi|)s  ol  the  w  ildcnus'^,  aii.l  t-»! 
stomachs  injured  hy  oi'c.isioiKi!  t,imis!m;i'  •■ 
especially  hy  the  w.mtol  bread  .iiulsalt.  Nju' 
then,  at  an  iiiterv.d  ot  years,  they  were  lurr.:," 
to  come  down  on  a  visit  to  the  est.ihlislir,':- 
Mvinire.il.  to  recruit  their  he.ilth,  .uul  t^i  ).,, . 
t.iste  ol  i  i\  ili/ed  lite  ;  .md  ilus,,  wen  ir,;,;- 
spots  in  iheir  I'xisteiice. 

.\s  to  the  prineip.il  partners  or  ,i;.;ints,  r  ■, 
sided  in  Moiitre.il  .iiul  '  Hie  bee.  they  lornnd  ,i.,- 
of   commeicial   .iristocr.icy,    living  in  lor.iiv  " 
hospitable  style.     Their  e.iiiy  .assncritin'!, '•,(-.- 
clerks  .it  the  remote  trading  posts,  ami  tirr'.,,. 
ures,    d.ui(;ers,    ,id\ cntures,    and    niisli.i]',  v,  ■ 
they  liad  sh.ired  to;.;cther  111   tiieirwilil  w.nv,  ^ 
hid'    linked    them    he.irtil)   to   e.icli  ntlii  v,  v  :  • 
lliev   lornied    .1   (  onvi\ial  Iralernity.     l(,v'.r. 
lers   th.it    h.ive  \  isited  C.m.ul.i   some  thin:  v./; 
since,  in  the  d.us  ol    the    M'T.ivislies,  ihi  MV.,  . 
\r.ns,  the    .M'Keii/ies,    the    I'rohisluT-.,    ini 
other  m.ij;n.ites  ot   the  northwest.  \\hc:i  ;',;i 
p.inv  W.IS  in  .ill  its  ;^lory.  but   must  rniv  •;.%;:■ 
round   of    leaslini;    .iiiil    re\-eliy    kept    i.|'  :i:-  ■; 
these  liy|)erbore.in  n.ibolis. 

.Sometimes  one  or  two   ]),iriners,  recnu.,  :.- - 
the    interiiu'   posts,  would    m.ike  their  .i:i]m:. 
Ill  New  N'oik,  III   ihe  course  ot   ,1  t  uir  .'t  ^.i' ■  ■ 
.md    curiosilv.      (  )il  these   oc  isioiis  ihere  .  .,■ 
w,i\s  .1  dei^ree  ol  ni,ij,;niricence  ot  tlic  ■ii-.r-  , 
them,  .and  ,1  iiecnliar  propensity  to  expeiiiliu: 
the  i;-oldsmith's   .md    jeweller's,  tor  rini;v     .;■;, 
l)roo(hes,  neckl.ices,  jewelled   walclic^.  ,i' ^  " 
riili  trinkets,  partU' tor  their  own  vwir,  ;,/■ 
presents   to   their   lemale   .icipi.iint.iiiii^    ,,  . 
Ljeoiis  prodii;.ilit\ ,  suidi  as  w  is  oltcii  le 'n- ' 
m  former  times  in  southern  ]il,inters  a!il  Wi- 
di.i   Creoles,  when    llusli   with   the  \n-«\\> 
pi  iiitatioiis. 

'I'o   behold    the    Northwest   ( ■(linn.ii'.v    ' 
slate    .md    i;rindeiir,    howe\iM',  li   v,  is     r    ".. 
to  witnes-,  .111  .innual  ;..,Mlherini;  .it   !!;■'.,'.   ■'  "■' 
nor   ]ii,ice  id    conlerema-  est  ililishe.l  1!  I 
ia!ii.  ne.ir   what    is   c.dled    the   C.r.ind  I'  r'i, 
La!ve  Superior.      Here  two  or  three  el  li'.i   ' 
p.irtnta-s  tr  an  Montic.d   proeeeded  oiirr'  ;\ 
meet   the   p.irtiuis  trom  the  \  .iriois  ir.i':;;'.., '  ■ 
ot  ihe  wilderness,  to  discus-,  the  att.ur-  ■■:; 
p.iiiv  durini;'  tlu;  precedini;-  year,   m  !  !-  • 
pi. ins  lor  the  tiiture. 

I  In    these    Oil  .isions    mi>;!it    be  seen  ;  ■■' 
since  the   iiMccremoiiious  times  ot   t!i(  "!  .  I 
tiMdeis  ;  now    the  .11  istoi  rain  .d   ( li.ir  iit' v 
I'.riton   shone    toitli    m.i^'niliiaailK .  er  r  e, 
teud.il    spirit    ol    the    Hi'^hl.inder.      I'.'.d.   : 
wlio   h.ui   cii.iii;,'  of  an  interior  jiost.  '.!m    -'   • 
ol  ret. liners  .at  tiis  coinmand,  tell  like  the  .,:  i''-' 
ot   a    lli'.,'-liland   1  !.in,    .and   w.is  ahivisi  .1,  ■;';'■• 
'ant   in   the  eves  ot    his  dependiai;-^  .e.  e*  -' '"''^^ 
To    him    a   visit    to   the   ^;r.ind  coa'er."  -■  ■' '  '■ 
William  W.IS  ;i  most  imiimt.int  e\e;>t  ;  c  , 
p.iired  there  .IS  to  a  meetini,^  of  p.irh  inie:' 

The  p.irtners  tnmi  Monti  e.il,  honevi '■.  ''  ^ 
lords  ol  the  .iseendanl  ;  coming'  (rom  t'  ''■•'_' 
ot  luxurious  .md  osleiit.itious  lite,  l-i';  '1' " 
eclipsed    their    .ompeiU's    Irom    the   '.veaih,  «••>« 

tonus  .md  faces  h.id   be.  11  b.itlend  airl  I  "-'I'''; 

hv  ti.ird   livin.i;-  .md  h.ird  serv,.  c  ami  wi"'- -'^; 

mellts    and    cipiipmiails    were    .dl   li"'  ''^''''"'„ J'. 

wca,-.      Indeed,  the    p.irtners   tr.'U   h- i'V.' ow*  • 

la-ed   the  whole  (lii,Muty  ol  (he  >  ompaiu  0 'I,; ' 

sented  in  their  pers(ms,  .and  condu.  led  tli'"'i''t-^ 
'■  in   suitable   style.     They  .as.a-ndel  die  nv''>||^|, 

^n-eat  state,  IIkc   so\ frei:.;iis   m.ikin:^  a  l""'"-",/,! 
i  or  rather  iik(j  lliiihlaie   chiellams  naviy.itini,"* 


ASTORIA. 


305 


511'''' 
tlir  '■ 

.»((<■■ 
can . 

Wl'i 

ch'i 

all 
hi    , 

SI" 

i 

i  bar-. 
W"  ' : 
a'h '  ■ 

(li:. 

th- 

v:: 

b". 

te; 

if-:- 

as  ■ 
ot-  . 
iiiL   . 

nil' 

t--. 

fc,','- 
lill  "i: 


t  likes  Tliev  wore  wrapped  in  ricli  furs, 
)nvH-  c.inocs  iri!>;luc<l   wiili   rvt  ry  lonvui- 

in^lluNHiy.  ami  maimed  liy  C.madi.m  \ny. 
.,'  .is  oht'iliVnt  as  llii;ldand  elaiisnu'ii.  'I'Mfy 
,|'u|)vudi  du"n  Kpok^  and  liakcrs,  t(i>;clluT 
i'elicacifS  "1  i\ ••'■>■  l^ii"''  and  ahimdaiicf  nl 

wines  !('|-  ihi'  l)aiu|iH'ts  wliicli  alUMidcd  tins 

„mi)c.iti"ii     Happy  wciL-  they,  loo,  it  ilii-y 

Purt  with  sonu'  (lislinniii''''d  stranK^T  ; 
,   ■ill  some  tilled  nu'inhcr  ■.,[  i\\-  \',v\Us\\  no- 

: )  aa-ump.iiiy  them   on   this  stately  oeca- 

lui  i^Miie  their  In^li  solemnities, 
i:  Wiiliain,  the  seene  ot  this  im.ioitant  an- 
;;u■(■lln'^  was  a  eoiisiderable  \ill,ij;t  on  the 
-  ol  i..rk'e  Siiiierior.  Here,  in  in  immense 
rn  IniildiiiK.  was  the  K^^'at  couneil  hall,  as 
:„■  l);i'ii|iietiii^'  I  hamber,  decorated  with  In- 
,r:ii-,  .iiul  ,ii'. ■inurements,  and  the  trophies  of 
i!  iiMiii'.  Ilie  liouse  sw.irmed  at  this  time 
i.uld-.-.  iiiul  vi)ya,i;c\irs,  some  from  Montreal, 
1  u)  the  interior  posts  ;    some   from  the  in- 

posti,  iiotind  to  .Montreal.  The  eoiincils 
r,M  111  .:rea*  stale,  tor  every  meml)er  tell  as 
ii^  ill  parli.inunt,  ami  every  retainer  and  de- 
ni  uiDKi'd  tip  to  the  as cinhlas^e  with  awe, 
I'lR' iidi.se  ol  lords.  There  w.u.  a  v.isl  deal 
iiiiii  litliheiiiloii,  and  hard  Scottish  reason- 
ui!i  an  (iciasioii.d  ^well  ol    pomixms  decl.i- 


CHAPTER  II. 


generous  wine. 
:i  time  ot  loyal 
iiul    hrimmiiisj 


M' HiMve  aiidwrij^hlv  comuils  wert;  altern;i- 
,  luii;f  teahlM  and  ri'vels,  like  ^oine  ol  the  old 
ilescrilu'd  m  Iiii;hlaiid  ca.  'Irs.  The  tables 
L;reat  haiKjueiiiij,'  room  i,'roane(l  under  the 
■.  Ill  i,Mine  of  all  kinds;  ot  venison  Irom  tlie 
-,  .iiiil  fish  Irom  the  lakes,  with  luintrrs'  deli- 
lcac:rs  sui  I)  as  hultaloe^.'  tonj^ues  and  beavers' 
Itaii^ .  and  \arimi>  lii\iirie>,  Irom  Moiitre.il,  ;dl 
isei'.rl  tip  l)v  rvperieiiied  cooks  brought  for  the 
puipoM',  'liiere  wa>>  no  stint  ot 
pior  r  w.is  a  h  ird-drinkiiiL;'  period 
|tOa>N.  .iiiil  hacchanaliaii  niii^s, 
|bun!|-jrs 

While  ihe  rhii  I-.  thus  re\(  lied  in  hall,  and  made 

the  rilti  r>  r  -iDiiad  with   luir-.li  "I  Idv.iIiv  and  old 

.Si'iilli-ii  mi;il;s.    chanlrd    in    voices     cr.icked    .md 

Ijsh.Kiiiiu-ii  li\  the  iiciithern   bl.i-it,  tluar  merriment 

Iv.'.i.i  II 'liiitl  .\\n\   proliini;ed   by  .i  mon^^i'el  li:;ion 

Nf  li,  iiiiris,  (aii.iilian   vo\  ai^'ei,,  •,,  halt-iii'eeds,  I;i- 

f'di.c.  Iiiaiurs,    and    vagabond    h,u)^er-.-on,    who 

fc-iMeil  MiinptiMiisly   without  on  tlu'  crumbs  that 

fe.i  troiii   ilu-ir  labie,  .ind    made    the  welkin  rini;- 

|:\v;ui  i)!i|   Fr.'iicli    (hiiics,    iniiiL^led     with     Indian 

|yci:)s  aiul  yell!i\k,'s. 

Si:ch  wa.i  the  \iinh\iiesi  Cnmpanv-  in  its  power- 
p  ful  ami  |irospennis  da\s,  when  it  held  a  km  I  of 
feu"„i!  sway  over  a  vast  domain  ol  lake  and 
forisi.  We  are  ilvvelliii^-  tiio  Imij;-,  peril. ipi,  tl|)on 
tlioL-  m.lividiial  ]!ictiires,  endeared  to  us  bv  the 
awmatioas  lit  early  hie,  when,  ,is  yet  a  striplin.i; 
y'l'J'i',  Uf  have  s.it  at  ilie  hospitable  bo.irds  ol  the 
"i'',,'lit\  Nrrihwesicrs,"  the  lonis  ot  the  asceiul- 
ai'i  a'.  Montreal,  and  i;i/:ed  with  wondering-  .md 
[afxpeniMivil  eve  at  the  !)aronial  w,i. sailing-,  .md 
'i>I>iit,l  with  astonished  (  ar  to  their  t.llcs  ot  hard- 
sailisa'id  ailveiuaies.  ii  is  .me  object  ot  mir  task, 
li');^'''vrr,  to  present  s.  enes  ol  the  rouj^h  lile  ot  the 
wiKi  mess,  and  we  .ire  templed  to  'lix  these  few 
"i-i"  mils  III  ,1  i.MMMeiit  stale  ot  thiiio-s  fast  p.iss- 
''^;'it<)  ohhvion  ;  lor  the  feudal  state  of  Fort 
Wii.iini  is  ,,i,„i  end;  II-,  council-chamber  is  si- 
'«^m  ami  (leserted  ;  us  ban(|Uetdi,dl  no  l.m^^er 
|iy\"'S  10  il-.e  biiisi  „|  lov.div.  or  the  "  auld 
l^'Hil  ,i„,y;  ,h,;  U„.,ls  of^  the  l.ikcsand  forests 
"»  •■passe.l  .way  ;  and  the  hospitable  macn.itcs 
01  \louWuil-vvl.ere  .ire  lliey  .'  „ 


Till'  surress  of  the  Xortliwest  Company  stimu- 
lated lurtlier  enterprise  in  this  o|)eiimj;-  and  apj^ar- 
eiitly  boundless  lield  of  jirotit.  'I'lie  tr.iltic  ot  tliat 
comp.my  lay  prim  ijjally  in  llic  liij,di  northern  lat- 
itudes, while  there  were  immense  rej^ions  to  the 
south  and  west,  known  to  abouiul  with  v.daablc 
peltries  ;  but  which,  as  yet,  liad  been  but  bale  ex- 
l)lorc;il  by  the  fur  trader.  ,\  new  .issociation  of 
flniish  merchants  was  therefore  formed,  to  pros- 
ecute the  trade  in  tliis  direction.  The  chiet  t.ic- 
tory  w.is  established  at  the  old  emporium  of 
.Micliilim.ickinac,  from  wliich  id.ice  the  associ.i- 
tion  look  its  n.ime,  .ind  was  coiunionly  c. tiled  the 
.Mai  kinaw  (.'omp.iiiy. 

While  the  .Northwesters  continued  to  push  their 
enterprises  into  the  liy|ierborean  n-i^ions  Irom 
their  slron^ii./i.i  ..t  l-'ort  William,  and  to  liolil  ,il- 
most  soverei|;n  swa\-  over  tin-  tribes  of  the  up|K-r 
l.ikes  .111(1  rivers,  the  M.ickinaw  (.  ninjianv  sent 
lortli  their  lif;ht  pero,i;iies  and  b.irks,  by  dreen 
flay,  l''ox  Kiver,  and  the  Wisconsin,  to  tli.U  i;reat 
.irtery  ot  the  we-sl,  the  Mississippi  ;  and  do.vn 
lli.it  sire, nil  to  all  its  tribut.iry  rivers.  In  this  w.iy 
thev  hoped  soon  to  mopopoli/e  tile  trade  with  ail 
t'U'  tribes  on  the  southern  .md  western  w. iters, 
and  of  thoic  v. est  tr.icts  coiiiprised  in  .mcieiu 
Louisi.in.i, 

rile  .i;o\eniment  of  tlir  I'liiinl  St.ites  beL;',in  to 
view  with.  .1  w.iry  e_\e  the  t;r"winu  inlhience  thus 
ac(piired  bv  combin.itioiis  ot  torcii^ners  over  the 
aboriLjinal  tribes  inh.ibilini;  its  ici  ritoiies,  .md  en- 
de.ivored   to  i.  oimter.icl  ii.      I'or  this  puriuise,  .as 


e.irK 


7i/)  the  ;;overiinicnt  sent  out  a),^eiils  to 


establish  riv.d  tr.idini;  houses  mi  the  Ironiier.  so 
■  IS  to  sup|ily  the  w.iiusot  the  liulians,  to  link  their 
interests  .ind  teelinns  with  those  ot  tlu'  people  (if 
the  rnited  States,  .iiid  to  divert  this  import. iiU 
br.iiii  li  ot  tr.ide  into  n.ilion.il  i  iciiiiiels. 

I'lie  e>;|ieilieiit,  however,  w.is  iiiisiu  cesstul,  as 
most  coninii  rcial  expedients  ai'c  prone  to  be, 
where  the  dull  p.itron,iu;e  ut  l;o\  ei  nnuiu  is  cnunt- 
(■(1  upon  to  out\  ie  till.'  keen  .icti\',iy  ot  priv.Ue  en- 
terprise. \\  li.it  government  t.iiled  to  elfect,  how- 
ever, with  .ill  its  p,itri)ii,if;eand  .ill  its  aj^eiits.  was 
.U  leiiL;lii  broUL,dit  .iboul  by  the  enterprise  and  jier- 
sevi'r.iiii'e  ot  a  siiil^K?  merch.mt,  on.  ol  its  adopted 
citi/ciis  ;  .ind  tills  brin;.;s  us  to  '.pc. ik  oi  the  mdi- 
idu.il  whose  enterprise  is  the  espe«i.d  subject  ot 
th.'  follow  iiii;'  pa^cs  ;  .a  m.in  whose'  n.ime  and 
cli.ir.icter  are  woiihv  ol  beiiii;"  enrolled  in  the  his- 
tory of  (oninierce,  as  iilustr.uinL;  ils  noblest  aims 
.md  s(>undest  ni.iMiiis.  .\  lew  Innl  .inecdotes  of 
his  e.irlv  lile,  .md  ot  ll-,e  cir.  unisi.inces  vvhiLli 
tirst  determined  him  to  tlic  biMich  ol  commerce 
of  wliii  h  we  .ire  ire.iiin;^-,  canimt  be  but  interest- 
in-. 

John  jacid)  .\stor.  the  iiidividiiil  in  cpiestion, 
w.-i:;  born  in  the  honest  little  (.iei'm.in  villa:.;e  of 
W.ildorf,  ne.ir  Heidelberg;,  on  the  b.inks  ot  the 
Ixliine.  lie  W.IS  brought  ip  in  the  simplicity  ot 
rur.il  lite,  but.  while  y,-t  .i  mere  -tnpliii;;-,  left  his 
home  and  l.umched  him-rlt  .iniid  the  busy  scenes 
of  London,  h.ivini;  h.ul,  Irom  his  very  boyhood,  ,i 
sin),Milar  presentiment  ill, it  lu  wiuiid  uilim,ile!y 
arrive  at  ^reat  torttm 

/\t  the  close  of  the  .Vmericin  Kevolution  he  was 
still  in  London,  and  sc.iice  ui  the  iliresliold  of 
active  lite.  .An  elder  br.itlicr  h.id  been  tor  some 
years  resident  in  the  rnited  Si.iles,  and  Mr.  .Aslor 
(letermined  to  follow  him,  and  to  seek  his  for- 
tunes in  the  risini^  country,  investing-  a  smal' 
sumwhiih  he  h.ni  .im.issed  since  le,iviii>;  his  na- 
tive viU.it'e,  in  mercluindisc  suited  to  the  Amcri- 


!l 


If  '     !■!  I- 1^  ! 


i 


ft:     *' 


;     1 


30G 


can   maiKi'l,  Iio   omn.ii 


ASTORIA. 


kfil,    in   tilt-   nv-intli 


.t  N(i- 


viMnl)cr,  17S3,  in  a  ^liip  hmmil  to  l.alnnnrf,  am 


I      t 


llir  military  post;  nrciipiccl   liy  the  Ti 


u-  icri  itiirial    limits 


arrivL'il  in  llaininon  Kiiail>.  in 


tlu'  ni'inih  ot   l.imi-  1  hi'    siirrcndcri 


A 


.1   the  I 
croriliivK     (I 


ntis", 
niir.l  Si:iu-^ 


!■>■• 


Tn 


iiiUT  was  I'xtriMiu'ly  scvfic 


h\\\  with  many  1 


in    an 


1 
iihs 


ahoul    LIK.sapi' 


(i   ti)t 

lie  ii-c 

ikL'    \'i.\\   ti'T   iu'a;:\-   tliri'c 


iliKTS,    was  (It'lanu'd 


ara,    IU'Iimi 
A 


t,    M 


iiliiiiniaclxntai 


swr;,,    V, 


on  Ihf  .\nicrKMn  si.lc 


ot    liiC  I, 


An  o] 


icnin''    was 


111 


anil  nthtf 


10*.. 


us 


niadc   tiir  the  An 


mcn-hant  to  trailc  on  the  conlini 


nuriivj;  this 
ous  ships  ummI 


the  passenger.' 


.f  tlic  \ari-      wiilun  the  icrritoiii's  ot  the  I 


(.1  (■ 


l!U'll 


ml  I'll   Sl.ll'S.     .V;,, 


.isionallv  to  ''"o  o!i  ■'More, 


m  inlcvval  ot  sonic  ycais,  :iliiuu  1807,  \, 


niin''k'  scn-'.a 


)lv  i.i..tihf|-. 


In  tliw  wav  Ml.  Astor  '  vm 


l>,Tki 


in  llus 


tr.i.l 


r.  .!»■ 


JHH-anu'  ;u'(piaintf(l 
iurricr  In  ir.i'lr.      H 


with  .1  CO 


wini: 


untrvm an  ot  his,  a      r.ipit.il   .md    ri'soMivi-s 


t'  on  his  own  aiioiini    |; 


Kill  .1  pi 


Shin   tn. 
New 


(•\ions  r.n|iri'S- 
th 


tcl,  .and   hi-   had    r 


'V  this  tip 


ISl'll 


trniii  sm.ill  ir. 


It   this    nii;;lu   ln'   .1    lufiMlivc  tr.idr  in  thr      nini;s  to  t.ikc  his  pl.acf  anioiii;  ihr  tirM  nv 


\\oii<l,  hr   111. nil-   ni.iny  in<piincs  ot  hi>  new      .ind    liinnricn 


t  th 


I'    l'OtHlII\. 


IIS    '"'i-lii 


at-iitiaiiU.iiuc  on  tin-  su\i]vt 


•t,  wlio  clu'crtullv  t;-.i\  t      fVfr    licni     in    advaiuu    ot 


111-,    cirn 


th.'   mloini.i 


tion   in   liis   powtT  ;is  to  the  '  promptiiii. 


till. 


(|uality  .111*1  V 
(it  i\UT\iiv,f  I 
conip.mu'tl  iiini 


it   diltt'ivm    tur>,  aii'l  tlif  mode   1   prist'    bfyoiid    the   sfopc    ot   oi-tjiiiarv    iiitrih 


limi    to   new  ,111 
th( 


li 


flih  ill,- 


111   the  tr.illii 


II 


ti  Ni 


York 


!•     SUb-il'll 


IK'lltIv  .11' 


Witl 


!.  1 


Mr.  Astor  w.is  imliur.l   to  1 


n\i--.i  the  ] 


i\   his  .i(;\-ic(' 
iroi'cfds  o 


his   cntcrprist'  ami  rt'^nurii'' 

III 


lif    soon    toiiiid    till'    powi'r   .111(1    iiilhiciiic 


I   i  .Mu'liilim.ickin.n'     (or 


M 


ICkllKIV. 


iiaipi",i 


lis   nii'r.-lianili-.t'    m    lurs. 


With   till' 


■rcat 


ll.l\  III'''    I'lll^l'OS 


lllo^l  (i!  ill- 


from 
tlit'in 


Nt 


N'orK   to 


OIKloM     m 


:ulv  ini  i''-i'oii-lv.   ma 


1 1.'  h 


i-S.;.  (lispoMvl  ot      within  tht'  .\iiii  ih'.ui  hordfi 


turthcr    at' 


\  plan  li.id  ti 


)  JH'  (li'\'i^t'd  til  fii  i;ii( 


([uainli.'tl  villi  tlu-  fovirs 


L'  ot  llu'  tratif,  and  rtinrn-      into   siii-rt's^tiil    cor.ipclilion.       Ilr  w.i-  .m,,-, 


tl 


If  s.mu'  v;'.ir 


to  Ntnv  York,  with  a  vit-'W  to  stt-      ihf    wash   ot    tlu' 


Anii'rii  .111 


'iviiiiiiu'iil.  1' 


iL-  in  till 


I 


lit'  now 
nu-rcf    wi 


nitrd  Mati'S. 

(K'volv'ii  hiiiiM'lt  to  tlu'  hr.mrh  o|  lom- 


th 


wliii'h    111'    h.ul 


thus    lM>U.l 


lU 


-itatt'd,  that  the  tur  tr.nlc  will. in  its  hm-.r 
>liou!tl  he  in  the  hands  ot  Anifru  111  il',;,'!': 
I'l  tlu-  ini'tfiTlu.il  nu'.isiirt's  it  h.ul  i  iki  "i  1.1 


II-  .ii'ipi.iiiitf 


I.    II 


f  1 11';'-. 1 11 


his  ( .in-cr.  ot  I'liiirsf,      jilish   ih.it  oliit-i't.      llf   now  oili-r.  il.  n 


on 


If    n.iirnA  fst    SI'. Ik 


.'1   IH'l'S' 


ll 
task 

sirivi   iiiir;^rily.       To 
iiii;;  spirit  ih.it   :i!\\.i\- 


iHit   hf  h 


roll'' lit  to   tl'.r 


]iriitfCtf(l    by   ^ 


nt'rnnicnt,  to  farii   th' 


■\-i'riii''  inilustrs ,    ni;iil   n  mi 


lusr  wi'ii.'   a 


I.U'd 


inn  , 
an  .ispir 


that  tr.idi'  into   .Xniriu  .111   I'li.iiinrls.     ll" 
vitfd  to  uiilolil  his  pi. ins  to  '^o.i'innuni    in 


I'liikt'd  I'pw.ird  ;  a  ^t'liuis  '  Wf  re  warmly  .ippnnt'd,  tlii)iii;h  llu' f\i-t  !Hi 


hold,  tfi-til 


f,  ;in(l  f\]i.msivf 


Itv    qU'.rk    to       ;4i\i'  no  dirt-rt  .111 


prasji  .md  finvfrt  cvrry  cinnimst  iiu'f  to  n 


Tl 


I'lUiiitiii.'inri 


'I,    1 


vant.i'.jf.  .inn 


1  siiv'iil.ir  and  uf Vf r-w.i\'rrin;';  ci 


11-  '   iSoi).  ,1  I'W.irtrr  trom  the   l,i'L;is!,itiir 


lowi'Vi'r.   lu"  oiii  I!' 

I-, 


t'.di'iii-f  ot  si.'-ii.il  s'afi'fss. 


As  vi'ttr.ulf  in  pn-Urii's  \s  .is  not  or;^' iiii'i'il  111  tiif 
.  and    could   not    he   s.ml   to  f  irm  ,1 
it   Inisi'ifss.      j-'urs   .md   skills  wire 
u'  rounirv  tr  1  Irr-.  in  tlu'ir 


)l   NcwN'ork.  inrorporatiii;..;  a  conin.ii'i  ir 
i.inif  ot  "Till'  .Xmt'rii'.in  l''iir  (  omp.iiiy 


L  nitfd   Sta.lr 
rci^ular   hill- 
casually  r  1 
(lealiiv^s   w 
hut  thf  iii.ii 
As  Mr.  A  St. 


tanitai   of  oiu 


llion  ot   d 


wii' 


.11'  1 ' 


f;4f  oi  in('ri.'as;n;4  it  to  t'Ao  million-; 


li'il'.'d   U\  il 
il!i   the    rmh.iiis  or  tlif  whit  '  liiiii!' r- 

lin    s'^;n]i|\-    w.is    i|fri\'i'  I    tro;il  C'.lll.l'l, 


was  liiriiisiifc'  11', 


hii 


It    -iif ,  m  I  u't,  ■11'.-"!: 


Il 


H-  fomiiin', 


tor,   tlioi.m'.i  hi'  h  il  .1  ''  ■  iri 


nii'.ms  111  'iT.isr: 


111'  mail 


V!slt>  lo 

the   hmi 


M' 


iiti-'  .ll 
at    t! 


Thf.se  h''  shippr  I  I; 


here  111'  piir''li 

pl.li'f    rn^Mj^c 

im  r.m.i'l.i  to 


lurs  Ir  im 


in  till 


ifi  tors.  tiii'S'  writ.'  m.':-t';\'  noiiiiuu 
biKiiir-iS  w.is  I  onlui'tni  on  his  p.. 11 
his  rrsiiuri  t's,  but  he  IHrli'l'li'd  to  ilo 
impo-.m'.;- .mil  tormid.ib'i'  .1 -pi  i  I  o!  ,1 


'III.  11')  ili- 


r.ilhi'r  tli.iii  111 


iiiilu  iibi.il  n.imi',  aiiii 


reel  tr;ide  bnni,'  .illir-vf  1   troni  that  I'l'ony  to  .my 
but  the  mother  toun'ry. 

a  ireatv   ■.vith  (".re. it   jlrit  lin    re- 


in  1704  i>r   'H 


nio'. 


ith  tl 


trii't.ons  imposeil  U|)on   the    1 


the    res 
le  t'oionies,  .in  1  opened  .1  di 


ir.ine 


rei  I  r'lir.nu-rrial   | 


w  .Is  s.io.ii  I'  ais  .Old  ell  'I  li\  e. 

.\^  till'  .M.irkin.iw  roniiiiiiy  still  i" 
riv.ilrv,  .-md  as  tlu-  Inr  tr.nK'  would  n  ' 
j^fojsU'  ;idmit  ot  toiiipt'lition,  hr  ai.ul' 
raii'ifineiU  in  iSii,  by  whiih.  in  1  inju:! 


ten-'iurse    bfiween    C.inad.i    .'iiid    the     I'liited   I  eert.im  p.irtmis  ot   the 


in 

Si.iti 
and 


Norilu 


Cl'IT 


Mr.    .\- 


ir   w.is   111 


Lon 


don   .It  the  iiiiie,    1 


tl 


H:  lur  tl'.li'i'. 


immediatflv  made  .1  eontr.iet  wi 


th  tl 


If  nsjeiUs 


ot  the  N'lrll 


ivVest 
C'lablfd   t'l  imp   r 


t  Conip.mv  for  furs.    lie  w.-^s  no 


w 


the 


her  persons  eni;ai;'eil  m 
It  the  Mai  kin.iw'Comii.my,  .md  "U'li 
Anu'ne.iii    I'Lir  t'omp.iiiv  into  ■!  1 


d  '.btril 


t  tliein   trnm   Montre.il   into  thf      tioii,    to  be  e.illeil 


Tne   SoutliAi'si  I 


United    "'States    t 

1 

shipped   tlunri- 

well    ,'ts     to    Ch. 

1)ost    m.iiket  toi 

'      ,  ' 

peltry. 

Till.'  tre.ity  in 

1 



*  An  instniicp 

i 

.li 

doiilit  alilc  1   to  ' 

we  huve  from  Itn: 

almost  a  stranKc-r 

cumstanres,  he  p 

1    '■■ 

just  been  erertcl 

!  ^1 

superior  style  of 

boast  of  the  city. 

greater  house  th; 

said   he   to  liims 

i          ; 

diction. 

«Afct.t.w..> 

.'iji-i 

tor    th' 
to   dill 


mm''    supply,  .im 


■rfnt   parts  o 
wliifli    li.is     e\ir 


I'". 


to  be 
urope.  as 
been    the 


T 


us   he 


hk 


I'wise  1 


lit! 


Willi    the  I 


llVltV  .lii 


itionof  the  .\merie.in  s;oV(  riimi  rt. 
\W  this  arrani^emenl  Mr.  .Asi- 


r  the    rirhesl  and   tinesi  kinds  ot   1  elor  of  me  hit 


t  ot  th('   Indian  1  si.ihhsnr.i 


•mods  which  the  Mackin.iw  (..'onipuiv 


l„il 


(liiesl.oii  ])ro\idetl,  liki 


\',i'H',  th.it   1  the  territory  ot   the 


In' 


iunir\   111  I' 


M.itc 


.'ind 


it  WIS   Ull'lerst'iod   t 


h  il   till'  Wlilli' 


nf  this  buov.ant  r 


ontulcnre,  wlm 


h  no 


to  be  siirremleri'd  into 


his  iiands  .it  tlu'  ixn 


r.i' 


produce  tlie    succss    it    antii'i|)aleil,    |  ( 

lips  ot   Mr.   .\.   Iiiuisclf.      While  yet 

r  in  the  city,  and  in   very  ii;irro\v  1  ir- 

paspi.'d  by  where  .1  rtnv  of  houses  h.ii! 

in    liriiii.iwav,  and   which,  fro'u   the 

ll 


livt 


\fars,   0 


ll    t'ondilion    th.it   till 


;\p'.crin 


oni|i:my  won 
I  millions. 


I'l    not   tr.ide   wiiliiii 


ihr  r.r'.'^i'' 


Inluckilv,  the  w.ir  whirli  broke  mi'  1 


11  tSi:' 


tiair  architecture,  were  the  talk 

I'll  build,  one  day  or  other,  a 
in  any  >if  these,  in  this  very  street," 
elf.      He  has   acromplislicd    his  pre- 


tWi't'll    t  lie. It 
|iendi'd  the   .isso 
enlinlv  dissolve 


u-  I  mil'  i  "^'i'""; 
■i  llion  ;  .and  alter  the  w-i'' '' 


Irit.im    iiiiil   t 


iiro 


hiliit 


iiu 


15riti 


L'on-ress  having  p.isscii 
sh  tur  traders  Iroin  pro* 


;i  la.v 
utin; 


their   enterprises    within    the    territnrics 
L'lUted  .States. 


ot  t 


f         ,t  'he  I'u'l' 


I  an',  '.he  siiverciiin 


ASTORIA. 


307 


CllAl'TKU  111. 


01' 
\V,i- 

C'l 

J"' 

Coi 

Ip.i 
in; 

V.' 
di^ 

■  (I:, 

£: 

hi^ 

■  w, 
K  v:  ■ 

fTI' 

iwu. 


i;ilK'he  vnriDiis  comiiaiiics  we  have  nntircd 
';,,iVhinj.  their  (•ntiTiinsi'sl.ir  and  wide  in  ihi; 
i;  C,!".; 'i,   .'I'd  alonfi    the   comsc   ot   the 
./otiiii  w.ittTS,  other  advcnturi-rs,   mlcnl 
,  sinit  iibjciis,  wiTf  travi'isin^'  the  watt-iy 
.  jf  the  i'liilii"  ''"id  skirtin;;  the  northwest 
■    i!  Aimrii.i.     Tlie   last   viiya),'e   nt   that  re- 
,1    Irjt    iiiilortiinate     discoverer,     Captain 
ii  i.j  ni.iili'  known  the  va^t  ((iiantilies  nt  the 
''.'.•.T  t(i  be  toiinii   alon^"-   thai   coast,  and  llu- 
M'  irin's   to   lie   oiil. lined    for    its    fur    in 
it  w.'S  as  it  a  new  j,M)hl  coast  had  been 
.ir.il.     Individuals  from   various   coumries 


,|  i;ito  iliis  lucrative  irallic,  so   that  in  the 

<-ij:  there   were   twenty-one  vessels   under 

ill  ll,l^^,  plying  alon^f  the  coast  and  tradinj( 

ifc  niilues.     The  ^Mcater  part  of  them  wi;re 

H.ii,  and    owned    by    llostnn     merchants. 

^fiUT.dly  rein.inu-d  on   the  eo.ist  ,ind  about 

',itiMt  seas  for  two  years,  carrying;   on  as 

•I!!)'.,'  and  adventurous  a  comnu;ree  on  tin; 

;>s\iii|  the   traders  and   trappers  on  land. 

;r:uii' cvtmded  .don^;  the  wlude  co.ast  from 

Mii.i  1(1  the  lii^di  northern  latitudes.     'I'hey 

,  run  III  lie. ir  shore,  anchor,  and  wait  for  the 

,uv.\f  oil   in  their  canoes  with   jieliries. 

Ill"  ;r:iili' f\li,iiistc'l  at  one   pi. ice,  they  would  up 

faniiiiir  :inii    ilf   to   another.       In   this    way    they 

wo'.iiii  cnn.iunic  ihe  summer,  and   wdien   autumn 

canif  (111,   wi/iild    run    down     to    the    .S.mdwii  h 

IslaiiiU  ,i!iil  wiMlrr  in  sume  friendly  and  plentitul 

P/hnr'ii'!'     Ill  the  fidliiwinj,^   ye.ir    they    vsould    re- 

suim-  uuir  suimiier  Ir.ide,  commenciiiy,'  at  C'ali- 

,  torii.i  :inil  |ir"ceedin^  nurih  ;   and,  ha\inj,f   in  the 

|coi,!-.i  nt  ihe   twii  se.iMilis   coilecti'd    a   sullicient 

|caij;o  (1  |u'l!ries.  wiiull    111. ike   the   best  ot   their 

|\v;i\  I'l  C'liii.i.     Here  they  would   sell    their  luis, 

hih  in  lc:is,  iMiikeens,    and   otlier  mercb.iiidi->e, 

|an:l  iiauii  u.   Ho^tuii,  ,dter  an  absi'iice  ot  two  or 

Ithrn- jc.irs. 

T!h- iH'M|ile,  liowrver,  will)  entered  most  exten- 
tsilfly  .I'vl  ctfeilnelv  in  the  fur  trade  ot  the 
IPai'irii-,  were  die  Kussi.ms.  Instead  of  maUinj,'' 
fcisti.;!  v,'ya;.;es,  iii  tr.uisieiit  ships,  they  established 
f  rf;'ii!anr,ii|iiiir  houses  in  the  hif^h  l.uitudes,  aiom;- 
I  thi' iiiirlli'M'st  co.ist  (it  Anierie.i,  ,iiul  upon  ttie 
;ch,iin  ot  die  .Meutiaii  Islands  between  K.iiiit- 
^scliatki  :,n,|  the  promontory  of  Alaska. 

prdiiiote  and  ji.otec't  these  enterprises  a 
fCKimiiiiv  u.is  in((ir|i(irated  by  the  Russian  ^;(tv- 
kr.'iiiUT.t  with  e\'■luslveprivile'J■■^,  and  ;i  ca|)ital  of 
■ed  .iiid  sixt\-  thous.ind  ])ouiids  sterling;-  ; 
land  '.he  sovereis^nty  (it  that  jiart  of  the  American 
[cmi'.iiunt  ahiiiiT  the  coast  ol  which  the  jiosts  hail 
•11  (•'-iihlished.  was  claimed  bv  the  Russian 
fcriu:,,  ,,i,  the  plea  that  the  land  had  bjen  discov- 
•  cr"i;  :!!i'l  oicujiied  by  its  subjects. 

As  (Jmiu  w.is  the  ^,'rand  mart  for  the  turs  col- 
tl«:id.  II.  these  (|U.irier..,  the  iiussiaiis  bad  the  ad- 
I  vaiii,ij;e  ner  their  competitors  in  the  tr.ide.  The 
M'Wt-r  h.i.l  to  take  their  peltries  to  Canton,  which, 
".  w.is  a  mere  receiving  mart,  from 
'.hey  had  tu  be  distributed  over  the  iiite- 
jfiur  ot  t :,.  rni]  Te  ,ind  sent  to  the  northern  parts, 
pia.Tc  thro  was  the  chief  consumiition.  The 
:  Ku■^=l.lil^.  nr.  the  contrarv,  carried  their  turs,  hv 
I  iisltorlL-r  v(jya)fe,  directly  to  the  northern  parts  o'f 
'f''  (-Imie.e  empire  ;  thus  beinp-  able 
!li^'"i  111  the  market  withou'  ' 
'"'eni.il  transport. ituHi. 


hviieiici 


Jt  the 


to   .ilfiird 
additional  i  ost  of 


Ijj  iW  tile  ijroat  eiiterpribe  we  iiavc  undert.ikeii  to 


^i;^(;Mne  now  to  the  immediate  fiidd  of  opera- 


Amonjit  the  .American  sliips  svliich  traded  along 
the  nortiiwcst  coast  in  17(^2,  w.is  the  Columbia, 
C.ipt.iin  (Iray,  of  IJostoii.  in  the  course  ni  her 
Miy.ij^e  she  (iisco\ered  the  mouth  ot  a  l.iii;e  river 
ill  lat.  40^  K/  north.  Ijileriii;,^  ji  with  some  dilli- 
i  uity,  on  account  of  s.ind-bars  and  breakers,  she 
came  to  anchor  in  a  spacious  bay.  .\  bo.il  was 
well  inanned,  and  sent  on  shore  to  a  vill.i^'e  on 
the  he.icli,  hut  all  the  inhabitants  fled  exceplinfr 
tile  aj;ed  and  inl'irm.  The  kind  manner  in  which 
tliese  were  treated,  .uid  the  presents  ^i\  en  to  them, 
.i;radu;iily  lureil  i»,ick  the  others,  and  ,1  friendly 
intercourse  took  pl.iee,  I'lu  y  IkkI  never  seen  .1 
ship  or  a  white  man.  Wheii  lliey  liad  tirst  de- 
scried the  Columbi.i,  the)-  bad  suppo.^ed  it  a  tloat- 
iny;  island  ;  then  some  moii,~,ti'r  of  the  decii  ;  but 
wlieii  tliey  s.iw  the  boat,  luitling  tor  shore  with 
human  beings  on  board,  they  considered  them 
cannibals  sent  by  the  (Ireat  Spirit  to  rav.ij;e  the 
country  anil  devour  the  inhabit, iiits.  Captain 
Cray  did  not  ascend  the  river  farther  th.in  the  bay 
in  (piestion,  which  coiuiiuies  to  bear  Ins  name. 
.\tter  puttini,'  to  sea  lie  tell  in  with  the  cele- 
br.ited  disco\erer,  X'ancouver,  and  inlnrmed  liini 
(d  his  discover)-,  turnishiiig-  him  with  a  cliart 
which  lie  li.id  m.ide  of  the  river.  X'.iiuoiiver  \is- 
ited  the  river,  and  his  lieutenant,  l!roii;^lui)n,  ex- 
plored It  by  the  aid  of  C.iptain  Cray's  chart  ;  as- 
(endiiii^r  it  ujiward  of  one  hundred  miles,  until 
within  \  iew-  of  a  simw)  mountain,  to  whi(-h  he 
}(,-ive  the  name  of  .Moimt  Hood,  which  it  still  re- 
t.iiiis. 

'Ihe  existence  of  this  ri\-er,  however,  was  known 
loii),r  betore  the  visits  ot  Cray  and  \'anc(nuer,  but 
the  inform, ilion  concerning  it  w.is  v.igue  and  in- 
(lelinite,  being  gathered  tror.-i  the  rejiorts  (d  the 
indi.iiis.  It  W.IS  s[)oken  ot  by  travellers  as  the 
Oregon,  and  as  the  gre.it  river  of  the  west.  .V 
Sp.mish  ship  is  s.iid  i{)  li.n'e  been  w  rei  Led  .it  ihe 
mouth,  se\eral  of  the  crew-  of  which  liM-d  lor 
some  time  among  the  ii.iti\-es.  The  Columbia, 
liowe\-er,  is  belie\ed  to  be  the  I'lrst  shi])  th.it  made 
.1  regular  disccncrv  and  aiK bored  wuiiiii  its 
waters,  .iiid  it  has  since  generally  lioiiic  the  n.im-j 
id  that  vessel. 

As  early  as  I7f).>,  shortlv  after  the  .'u;i]uisiiio!i  of 
the  C. mad. is  by  Cre.it  liiitain,  Ciptaiii  Joii.ilhan 
Carver,  who  li.id  been  in  tlie  llritish  provincial 
army,  projei-ted  a  journey  ;icross  the  continent 
between  the  forty-third  ;ind  forty-sixth  degrees  of 
iiMithern  l.ititude,  to  the  shores  td  the  Pacific 
('cean.  His  object-,  were  to  ;isi-i.|-l,iiii  tiie  bre.idth 
ot  the  continent  .it  its  bro.idest  p.iri.  and  to  de- 
termine on  some  ))lace  on  the  shores  of  the  I'a- 
citic  where  government  might  e-,t.i!)lish  ,1  post  to 
facilitate  the  discovery  ot  .1  northwest  ]),iss.ige, 
or  a  communication  bei\secii  Hudson's  li.i)  and 
the  I'acitic  Oce.iii.  I'his  pl.ue  he  iiri'siinied  woiikl 
be  somewhere  about  the  .Straits  of  .Amii.in,  ;it 
which  [loiiu  he  supposed  the  Oregon  disemliogiied 
itself.  It  was  his  opinion  also  th.it  a  settlement 
on  this  extremity  of  .America  would  disclose  new 
sources  of  tr.ide,  |)romote  many  Uictul  discoveries, 
and  open  a  more  direct  communicition  with 
China  .ind  the  l-!iiglisli  settlements  in  the  l-last  In- 
dies, til. Ill  that  b)-  the  C.ipe  of  Cood  Hope  or  the 
Str.iits  of  M.igelian.-*  This  enterprising  and  iii- 
tre|)i(l  traveller  was  twice  b.it'tled  in  iiulividu.il  ef- 
forts to  accom])lis!i  his  great  journe)-.  In  1774 
he  was  joined  in  the  sclieme  liy  Richard  W'liit- 
w-orth,  .1  member  of  I'.irli.imeiit,  and  a  man  of 
wealth.  Their  enterprise  w.is  projected  on  a 
bro.id   and   bold   plan.      The)-   were   to   take  willi 

■*  Carver's  Travels,  IntroJ.  b.  iii.     I'hilad,  1796, 


I  i    i  c 


13 


J    ■   :i 


ih'.l 


:!-T, 


!:hC 


:!  rn 


J-,  1; 


■I    iV 


II 


II 


308 


ASTORIA. 


.  j'iipf 


:  ;  :';i 


:■'  ^:i'^ 


'1 


tlu'iii  llftv  or  sixty  mrn,  nrtificrrs  and  mariners. 
With  ihi-sc  thcv  Wfrt-  to  make  llu-ir  wav  up  oiu- 
ot  the  hranclu's  ol  tin-  Missouri,  rvplnre  the 
moui\tains  tor  the  source  ot  the  l)rej,^)n,  or  river 
of  the  west,  and  sail  doun  that  river  to  its  sup- 
posed exit  near  the  Straits  of  Annian.  Here  they 
were  to  (•re(  t  a  tort,  and  hiuUi  tiu'  vessels  neies- 
;vU\  to  oair\  their  discoveries  by  sea  into  effect. 
Their  plan  had  the  s.mction  ot  the  British  ^jov- 
crnnieiit,  and  i^r.ints  and  other  reipiisites  were 
iieaiiv  compK-ted  wlien  thi;  lirealvin^;-  out  ot  the 
American  l\e\oUuion  imce  more  (Ufealed  the 
undert.dxin^^* 

The  expedition  of  Sir  .\lcxan(Kr  Mackenzie  in 
1793,  across  tile  continent  to  the  I'acitie  ( >eean, 
wliich  he  reached  in  lat.  ;2  :;o' 48,  ai,'ain  sii^r- 
gesleii  the  possii)ility  ot  linking;  to;;etlier  the  trade 
of  both  sides  of  the  continent.  In  lat.  52  30'  lie 
had  descended  a  river  tor  some  distance  which 
flowed  tow.ird  the  south,  and  was  railed  by 
the  natives  Taroutehe  Tesse.  and  which  he  erro- 
neou-^lv  siip])osed  to  be  the  Columbia.  It  w.is 
jifterw.ird  a.-.i  ert.iined  that  it  emjitied  itself  in  lat. 
49",  whereas  the  month  of  the  Colunibia  is  about 
three  de;.jrees  farther  south. 

\\'heii  Macken.'ie  some  years  substMpienily  pub- 
lished 111  account  ot  his  expeilitioiis,  he  sui.,'i;ested 
the  policy  of  openinj.^  an  intercourse  between  the 
Atlaniic  ami  Pacific  Oceans,  and  tormini.;  reijular 
estal)lishments  throui;h  the  interior  and  at  both 
extremes,  as  well  as  alonj;  the  co.i-^ts  and  islands. 
liy  this  mt\.ns,  he  observed,  tlie  eiuii'i-  comm.ind 
of  the  fur  trade  of  North  Americi  might  be  ob- 
tained from  lat.  48'  north  to  the  pole,  excepting 
that  portion  lieUI  by  the  I'Jussi.ins,  lor  as  to  the 
Americ.m  adventurers  who  hail  hitherto  eiiioved 
the  trat'tic  along  the  noithwi'sl  co.ist,  they  would 
instanti)'  di-^.ippcar,  he  added,  before  a  well  regu- 
lated tr.'idi . 

A  scheme  of  this  kind,  however,  w.is  too  vast 
and  h.izardous  tor  indisidu.il  enterprise  :  it  could 
only  be  undertaken  bv  a  company  under  the  sane- 
ti  Ml  and  proicetioii  of  a  government  ;  ;ind  as 
there  might  be  a  clashing  of  claims  betwi'i'U  the 
Hudson's  U.iy  ,ind  N'orihwest  Com|)anv,  the  one 
holding  by  right  ot  (barter,  the  other  liy  right  of 
possession,  he  ])ro|>osed  that  the  two  r.)m]),inies 
should  eo.ilesee  in  this  gn^at  undert.ikiiig.  'I'he 
long-cherished  jcdousies  ot  these  two  coniii.inies, 
lioweser,  were  too  (lee()  and  strong  to  allow  them 
to  list)  n  to  such  c(ninsel. 

In  the  iiie.ui  time  the  .attention  of  the  Amrric.m 
government  was  ;itiniried  to  the  subjeci,  and  the 
meiiKU'alile  expedition  under  Messrs.  Lewis  and 
Clarke  fitted  out.  These  gentlemen,  in  1S04,  ,u- 
compli^hed  the  enterprise  which  h.id  In  en  pro- 
jected by  Carver  and  W'hitwortli  in  1774.  Thcv 
ascended  the  Missouri,  passed  through  thr  stu- 
pendous gates  of  the  Rocky  Mount.ains.  hitherto 
imkiiowii  to  white  men  ;  discovered  ani'  explored 
the  upper  wati'i-s  of  the  Colund)ia,  .-ind  followed 
that  river  down  to  its  mouth,  where  their  country- 
man, (ir.iy,  had  anchored  about  twelve  ve.irs  prl'- 
viously.  Here  they  p,issi-i|  the  winter,  and  re- 
turns' •irro-,s  the  mount.iins  in  the  following 
spring.  The  reports  published  bv  them  <if  ihei'r 
exp'dition  demonstrated  the  practirabilitv  ol  es- 
t.iblishing  a  line  of  communication  across  the 
continent,  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific  Ocean. 

It  was  tlien  ih.at  the  jde.a  presented  itself  to  the 
mind  ot  Mr.  Astur,  of  grasping  with  his  individ- 
ual hand  this  great  <-nterprise.  which  for  vears  had 
been  dubiously  yet  desirously  contemplated    by 

*  Carver's  Travels,  p.  360.     Philad.  179O. 


powerful  associations  and  matfrn.tl  (jnvernirc- 
l-'or  some  time  he  revohcd  the  idea  in  iiism:,'i 
gradually  extending  .md  m.ituring  his  pl;in,aiit 
means  of  executing  then,  augmented.  'Ww^^-^. 
fi-attire  of  his  scheme  w.is  to  est.iMJsh ;,  ;,|,,^i 
tr.iding  posts  ,ilong  the  Missouri  ami  tluG.uji, 
bia.  to  the  mouth  of  the  l.itter,  wlitic  \\,|,;ji,'' 
founded  the  chief  trading  hoiisi'  or  inir;  -, 
terior  posts  would  '.  •  established  in  ih-.' "iirrrr' 
;i  \t\  on  .dl  the  tributary  stre.mis  ot  the  Oilii:iii|,j' 
to  tr.idi-  with  the  Indians  ;  these  |iii,i,  \,r,i;,i 
dr.iw  their  su|)plies  from  the  mam  esi.iii.Ktimr' 
and  bring  to  it  the  jieltries  tliev  coilectol  tm,'!'. 
ing  craft  would  be  liiiill  and  tilled  out,  ,i'.MMi!>i 
mouth  of  the  Columi)ia,  to  trade,  ai  l:\or,ili.t 
scisons,  all  along  the  mirtluvest  coast,  .vM\tt. 
Uirii,  with  the  |)i  >ce(.'ds  ot  their  xoyaj^i'-.,  lu  itjs 
pi. ice  ot  deposit.  'Ilius  all  the  Indian  inilc  ho;a 
of  the  interior  and  the  coast,  would  i.iii\iT|;e;(i 
tills  point,  and  tlieiice  derive  its  sustei',,c  r. 

A  shi])  was  to  lie  sent  annually  troni  NwV  •< 
lo  this  m.iin  est.iblishmeiit  with  reiiiioromvr.a 
,ind  supplies,  .and  with  mendiandisc  siiiifl  i„i:t 
tr.ide.  It  would  t. ike  on  board  the  furs  O'.ia'id 
during  the  preceding  year,  carry  tluni  t.i  Cij. 
ton,  in\esl  the  jircu'eeds  in  the  ncli  iiU'n ii.in{':« 
ot  China,  and  return  thus  trieghted  tc  Niv,  Y.,x 

As,  in  extending  the  .Amrric.m  tr.iile  .lin-.^';:! 
co.ist  to  the  northward,  it  might  he  liieii^',,t::,;.i 
the  vicinity  ot  the  Russian  I'ur  Ci)ni](,i;.\,  ..rj 
jiroduce  a  hostile  riv.ilry,  it  w.is  ji.irt  !■!  i:v;m-: 
of  Mr.  Astor  to  concili.ite  the  good  will  1!  r,ai 
(ompany  by  the  most  .imicable  and  luiHt.iL  ir. 
rangements.  Tlie  Russian  estahlislmv : ' 
cliied\'  dt-pendent  lor  its  su|)plies  iipup  ;:,' 
ir.iding  vessels  from  the  rnited  Static. 
\essels,  however,  were  often  ot  more  n.ii: 
.adv.intage.  I'leing  owned  by  priv.ite  aiKi ' 
or  casu.il  voy.igers,  who  c.ired  only  !or 
pioiit,  and  had  no  interest  in  the  |)erni.in!'.i  ;'W. 
]ierilv  of  till'  tr,ide,  they  were  reckli  s-<  in '.'m 
di.iiings  with  the  n.itives,  .and  ni.ide  ne  M;'.::i';ffi 
su]ii)lying  them  with  lirearms.  In  thi-.  w.  vv. 
er.il  lierce  tribes  in  the  vicinity  ot  tiie  K'JS>'..n 
posts,  or  within  the  r.ilige  ot  their  lr.ii:::i..;  a.;.:- 
sions,  were  furnished  with  deadly  iiu-Ui- '>!  ■i'- 
tare,  ;ind  rendered  trouble-iome  and  i!.iiii;''rvJi 
neighbors. 

'I'he  Russi.m  government  h.ul  inaile  reiirr-d;;!- 
tions  to  th.it  of  the  I'nited  St.itt's  ollii-cn..:- 
pr.iclii'es  on  t!ie  part  ot  its  citi/eiis,  anil  uisi'i!';' 
iia\i'  this  tr.iIlM'  in  arms  pridiibit'il  .  i.ui.  a-  '• 
dill  not  intringe  ,in\-  immiciii.il  l.iw,  our  i,'.>vt"!i- 
meiit  could  not  interfere.  Vi-t  still  il  ri-i,Mri'.!:il. 
with  solicitude,  a  tr.iltic  which,  it  peisi^l'-ii '^. 
might  give  offence  to  Kiissi.i,  ;it  th.it  lar.'  .i"'"*! 
the  only  power  friendly  to  us.  In  tliis  uii''!"".> 
the  government  h.id  .ipiilied  to  Mr.  .Xsinr  hiK 
lonvers.mt  in  this  branch  of  tr.ule.  Inr :  .'"fnj- 
tion  that  might  point  out  a  w.iy  to  niiivili  i- 
evil.  This  circum  'ance  had  suggi  >tc(l  ii  'I 
the  ide.l  fif  supplying  the  Russian  es'..il'ii^ii"'''"j 
regul.irly  by  means  ot  the  .annu.il  ship  ih.il -''•*'' 
visit  the'settlement  at  the  mouth  ol  the  OiH";'''' 
(or  Oregoni;  by  this  me.ans  the  cimmI ''>■■»■''' 
vesstds  would  be  exi  liided  from  tho>i-  iMr!^"!!'' 
coast  where  their  malpractices  \verc  su  M)"™'" 
to  the  Russians. 

Such  is  a  brief  outline  ot  the  entcii'n.M' I'f"'^': 
ed  l)v  .Mr.  .\stor,  but  which  coiitinu.illy  exii.i'"'') 
in  his  niind.  Indeed  it  is  due  to  him  li'^i'')' "^'j' 
lie  was  not  actuated  bv  mere  motives  o!  ii"'"'"" 
ual  profit.  He  w.is  aire.idy  weallbv  hi-V""','" 
ordiL.irv  desirt'S  of  man,  but  he  nmv  .i^in""' 
that  Inno.ablc  fame  whicii  ib  awarded  lunicnoi 


;;■,>( 
•r.ij 

ITiscVi 


Ip./-;  n-i  tin-  p.-u-iTi 


ASTORIA. 


;]00 


-.rnpo 


mind,  who  liy  their  ^ront  mni- 

ii  L-mfr|)risi-s  have  cut  u  iu-il  nations,  pcuplfd 

;,;s  :iml  I'Nti-ii'Icil  llic  l)inni(ls  (it  i-nipiif. 


..insKkif'l  his  proicctfil  fsialiiishniLMU  at  the 
noiii'i  III  ihclDluinbia  as  tiu'  rniimrunn  to  an  ini- 
li,sf  i(miinor(c  ;  as  a  ((liony  liiat  would  torni 
..■rm  1)1  a  wi'li:  livili/alion  ;  that  would,  in 
■acl'"  "I)  ''"'  Amcruan  |iii|nil.itii)ii  .icruss  the 
Vk\  Mmintaiiis  .uid  spread  it  alon^'  the  shores 
bl  till'  I'.irilic,  as  il  already  ,iiiiniated  the  shores 
bftlif  Ailantii. 
As  Mr.  AsKir.  hvthe  niai,Mmu(le  of  his  comnier- 
linancial  relations,  and  the  vij,'.)r  ,ind 
icopeol  his  sfli-lauKlit  iniml,  had  elevated  hini- 
kelf  iiuo  ihi:  I'oiisiilcration  ol  ^nivernnient  ,iiid  the 
bniiminien  ami  ci)rres|)ondeiii-e  with  le,i(linj,r 
Lilesiiun,  he,  .it  an  early  period,  eoninuiiiicited 
ii's  schcnu'^  ti)  President  Jetlerson,  soliritin;,^  tht! 
jtoiiiiltiiaiKL'  i)f  j^dvernnieiit.  How  hij^hly  they 
H'eru t^ifc ned  lu  that  (iniiient  man,  wi;  m.iy 
|g(l"c  liy  llu'  loliowin^  pass.i^je,  \s  ritten  hs  liini 
|oni(.-lniie  alterw  ird  to  ^Ir.  A^lor. 

"I  renifMilier  well   havinj;  invited  \our  projio- 

fcilion  nil  this  sahjeit,*  and   eiu-our,ij,a'd   it   with 

|he  .issuraiu'c  nl   every    fac  ility   ,nid     protection 

ft'hich  the  t;i)V(ri!ineiU  roiild   pro|)erly  afford.     I 

Iconsidrred,  ii'i  a  !,'ie,it  jiuhlic  ;ie(piisition,  the  eoni- 

ntiuciiK'nl  ol  a  settlement  on  thai  point  of  the 

Jwesicn  coait  ol  .\nierie.i,   and   looked   forward 

|«ith  jjiMtitiraliiin  to  the  time   when  its  deseend- 

|ani'<  sliiiuM  h.ive  sjiread  themselves  ihrouj^h  the 

iwh'ilc  lcii),'ih  of  that  co.ast,  covering''  il  witl\  fret' 

lanJ  iiiiii'|ieiuleiU    .Americans,    unconnected    with 

lus  lull  liy  the  ties  ol  hlood  and  interest,  .and  en- 

Ijoyiii^'  lik'L'  lis  ihi'  rii;lit;>  of  self-government." 

T;;l-  cahiiiet  jniiuvl  with  Jefferson  in  warm  ;ip-  1 
iproii.itKiii  of  the  pl.in,  and  field  out  .issurance  cif 
levi'ry   proteciioii   th.it    could,    consistently    with  ' 
geni.T.i!  pilicv,  lie  afforded.  I 

.Mr  .V^tor  iiiiw  prepared   to   c.irry   his   scheme  ' 
linti  jiruaipt  execiuion.       He   li.td    some  com|)eti- 
ltio'i,h')\\c\i  r,  to  .ipprcheiul   ,iml    j,'ii,ird    a;,Mm-.t.    I 
iThf  Xarthwesl  Comp.niy,  acting;  feehly  and  par-  , 
Itiaii;  ii|ic;nilir  Mi;;,i;estioiisot  its  tormer';i,i(ent,  .Sir  ! 
lAleviiKhT  M.ii'ken/ie,  h.id  pushed  one  or  two  ad-  ■ 
ivanccil  iracliiij;    iio,ts    across    the    Kocky    Moun-  ■ 
Itai'ii.  ml  1  a  tract  ol  counlrv   visited    hv'  that  ei 
lti:r|ir!,:iio  traveller,  and   since    named    New  C.il- 
led'iiii.i.     fills  tract  lay  about  two  de^rrcc.,  n.irth 
|olihv(.'iiliitn!)i.i,  and  intervened   between  the  ter- 
jril  Ml.-,  ul  the  Tiiited  Stales  and   those  of  Russi.i. 
|Il>kii:4:;i  was  .iliout  five  hundred  .and  tlltv  mihrs, 
lani  is  biv  iilth,  !rom   the  mountains  to  'the   I'.i- 
[CiV,  from  three  hundred   to  three   hundred   and 
jfim  .i;.Mj;i-aphical  miles. 

SlinulJ  ihe   Ncirihwest   Comi).inv   persist  in  ex- 

Ittiniiii,,' their  tr.ide  in  that  (pi.irier,'  their  comjieti- 

jtwi:  iiip^ii;  he  -jt  seiious  detriment  to  the  plans  ol 

I'Mr.  .\st..r.     h   i^  tiiie   thev   would   contend  with 

n™  l.i  a  v.,-,1  disadvantage,  from  the  checks  and 

rMrii::i,,n.s  to  which  they  were  subjected.     They 

jvcri'  Mr.iiieiud  on  one  side  by  the  riv.ilrv  ol  the 


1-  I 


H 


v.n  ^  li.iy  Company  ;  then'  thev  had  ho  .ijood 
Pp;  i"i  t,ie  I'acilic  where  thev  could  receive  stip- 
I'l'i^^  liy  s,,i  t„r  tlunr  establishments  bevond  the 
ni":"U.uii^  ;  nor,  if  ilu'v  had  one,  could  t'hev  ship 
•"•-•^i-  li.r.',  iktiKe  to  CI   ■ 


Inn. I,  that  Ljreat  mart  tor  p<d 


*  On  ihis 
\^f'''.  Then 


"t  Mr.  lelTcrson's  mcmorv  was  in 
m,„.  ^  Pf'Posnioii  alUidcl  t„  was  the  one,  already 
C  ."'''"'  ■  •",'*""  '■^l-'''hshn.eiil  of  an  .American  fur 
prt.r-  '",  '"-'  •^"•""'=  ^t-'t'-s-  The  Kreat  enter- 
shiVw'',!,',  '.'"''""'■"■'''■  'hatw.is  to  sweep  the 
■     I  lie  la< 111,,  originated  in   the  mind  of   Mr. 


IS  proijoscd  by  him  to  the  yovernmc-nt. 


tries  ;  tho  Chinosc  trade  heinfj  romprisod  in  the 
moiiiipoly  (,(  the  l''.,ist  India  Comp.iny.  Their 
post  be\ond  the  iiKjuntains  h.id  to  In-  su|)plied  in 
yearly  ex|)e(liiions,  like  carav.ins,  front  Montre.il, 
and  the  furs  conveyed  l),ick  in  the  same  w,iy,  by 
lonj;,  precarious,  .and  expensive  routes,  across  the 
I  ontinent.  Mr.  Astor,  on  the  contrary,  would  he 
.ible  to  su|iply  liis  projiosed  establishment  at  the 
mouth  of  the  C(dumbi.i  by  se.i,  and  to  ship  tiie 
furs  collected  there  directly  to  t'hin.t,  .so  as  tt) 
underseil  the  Northwest  Comp.iny  in  the  j^rre.it 
Chinese  m.irket. 

.Still,  the  comiietition  ol  two  ri\;il  com]),inies 
west  of  the  Kocky  Mount. lins  could  not  but  jirovc 
detrinieiital  to  both,  .and  fr.iuijht  witli  those  evils, 
both  to  the  trade  and  to  the  jndi.ms,  th.it  had  at- 
tended similiir  rivalries  in  tin-  Can.iilas.  To  jire- 
vent  any  contest  of  the  kind,  therefore,  he  m.ide 
known  his  pl.m  to  the  a^jenls  of  the  Northwest 
Comp.iny,  .md  proposed  to  interest  them,  to  ihe 
extent  i>\  one  third,  in  the  tr,idethus  lobe  opened. 
.Some  ( iirres|)ondence  .iiid  iiej^oti.itioii  ensued, 
'file  com])any  were  aware  ol  tlie  ad\  ,iiilaj^e.s 
\sliich  would  be  possesseil  by  Mr.  .Astor  should 
he  be  able  to  ( .irry  his  scheme  into  elfecl  ;  but 
they  .inticip.Ued  a  monopidy  of  the  trade  bevond 
the  mountains  by  their  establishments  in  .New 
Caledonia,  and  were  lo.ith  to  share  il  wiin  ;m  in- 
dividual who  had  already  |)roved  a  formid.ible 
competitor  in  the  Atl.inlic  trade.  Thev  hoped, 
too,  by  a  timidy  move,  to  secure  the  mouth  of  the 
Coluinbi.i  before  Mr.  Astor  would  be  able  to  put 
his  plans  into  operation  ;  ,iiid,  that  key  to  the  in- 
ternal trade  once  irt  their  posse:,>,ion,  the  whole 
(duntry  would  be  at  their  command.  After  some 
nej,n)liatioii  ,ind  delay,  therefore,  thev  declined 
the  proposition  ih.it  had  been  m.ide  to  them,  but 
subsecpieiitly  dis|)atclied  .i  parly  tiu"  the  nioiith  of 
the  C(dumbia,  to  establish  a  post  there  betore  .my 
expedition  sent  out  by  Mr.  Astor  mi^ht  arri\e. 

In  the  mean  lime  Mr.  Astor  tliulini(  his  over- 
tures rejected,  proceeded  fe.irlessly  to  execute  his 
enterprise  in  I, ice  of  the  whole  power  of  the  .North- 
west Company.  His  main  est.iblishment  once 
p!. lilted  ,it  the  mouth  of  the  Coliimhia,  he  lookeil 
w  ith  conlidenc<'  to  ultimate  success.  ISeiii^' able 
to  reintiH'ce  ,iiid  supply  it  am])ly  bv  sea,  lie  would 
push  his  interior  posts  in  every  direction  up  the 
ruers  and  .iloii;^  the  coast  ;  suppKiiiir  the  natives 
.It  a  lower  r.Ue,  .iiid  thus  ;;ra  lually  oblij^rjnir  the 
Northwest  Company  to  ^ive  up  the  coni|)etition, 
relin(|uish  New  Caledoni.i,  .iiid  retire  to  the  other 
side  (d  the  mountains.  He  would  then  have  ])os- 
session  of  the  tr.ide,  not  merely  of  the  Columbia 
and  its  tribut.iries,  but  of  the  reL,non->  f.irther 
north,  (|uite  to  the  Kussi.m  |)ossessions.  .Such 
was  a  jiart  of  his  brilli.int  and  comprehensive 
pi. in. 

He  now  proceeded.  Willi  all  dilii^ence,  to  pro- 
cure proper  ai^feiits  .and  co.idiutors,  habituated  to 
the  Indi.m  tr.ide  ,ind  to  the  life  ol  the  wilderness. 
.Anions  llu  clerks  ol  the  .Northwest  Company 
were  sever, il  ot  j^re.il  c.ip.u'ilv  and  exiiern-nce, 
who  li.id  served  out  ilu'ir  probation, iry  terms,  but 
who,  either  iliroutjh  Lick  of  interest  anil  iiitlucnci', 
or  ,1  want  ot  \,icancies,  li.id  not  been  promoted. 
'I'liev  were  cor. ■.cipieiiiU  much  dissatistied,  and 
ready  tor  .iiiv  .mploymenl  in  which  their  talents 
.itid  .icipiiremeiiis  mi^hl  bi-  Uiriie<l  to  better  ac- 
count. 

Mr.  .Astor  made  his  overtures  to  sever.il  of 
these  persons,  .md  thia'e  (d  them  entered  into 
his  views.  ( )ne  ot  these,  Mr.  .Alex.uider  M' Kay, 
had  .iccomjianied  Sir  .Alexander  Mackenzie  in 
both  ot  his  expeditions  to  the  northwest  coast  of 


Hi 


i'li-: 


i   '■  !"  -h 


I 


I 


I;' 


I 


■t' 


■(     '! 


I 


i    ;if^■< 


310 


ASTORIA. 


Amorira  in  17S0  -ind  179.V  Tlio  oilirr  two  svi  re 
Duiu'.iii  M'l)i)U,i;.il  and  Dun.iM  MKiii/ii'.  'I'd 
these  well'  hiil)si  i|uciuly  .uMi'd  Mr.  \\  dsnu  I'riii' 
Iluiu,  (it  New  JiiM'v.  As  this  j^iiitlfin.iii  \s,is  .1 
luitivc  lioin  liti/cn  nt  the  I'liili'd  M.iti  ■,,  .1  iicrstiii 
of  grc.it  inohity  and  worth,  lie  \sa-.  seK'iti'd  by 
Mr.  Astor  to  lie  his  iliicl  aj,'fi»l,  and  to  rcprcsi'iil 
him  in  the  lOiUtniplated  I'.stahlishnu'nt. 

On  t!ic  2ji\  ot  Jiuu',  iSio,  arliili's  nt  ai;ncnicMi 
wore  iiittMi'd  inlo  ln'twocn  Mr.  Astor  and  tho.if 
four  ^;iiulenicn,  acting  lor  tliemselves  and  lor  the 
several  persons  who  had  aire, idy  .iijri'ed  to  be- 
come, ol'  should  therealter  l)eeoMie  assm  i.ited 
under  the  I'lriit  ot  "  I'he  I'.uilie  I'ur  C.'oin|ian\. " 

Aeeordin^'  to  these  articles  Mr.  Astor  w,is  to 
he  at  the  he, id  ol  the  iom|i.iiiy,  and  to  m  in.i^,'i'  its 
•nff.iirs  in  New  \'oik.  lie  w.is  to  turnisli  \tssels, 
j;oo(ls,  provisions,  .uiiis,  ammunition,  ,ind  all 
oilier  requisites  tcjr  the  enterprise  at  lirsi  eont  .md 
eh, irises,  ])n)vided  th.it  they  did  not,  ,it  ,iny  time, 
involve  ,in  advance  ot  more  th.in  tour  luindred 
thous,ind  dollars. 

The  stock  oi  the  roniiiany  w,is  to  be  divided 
into  a  luindred  e(pi.il  sh.ires.  with  the  prot'its  ac- 
cruing thereon.  I'llty  sh,ires  wvw  to  be  at  the 
disposition  ot  .Mr.  .\sior,  and  the  other  I'ltty  to  be 
divided  amoii^  the  partners  .md  their  .issoci.ites. 

Mr.  .\sior  w.is  to  ha\e  the  pri\ile^e  ot  intro- 
(iucin.i;  other  |iersons  into  the  coiiiiectioii  ,is  p.irt- 
ners,  two  ot  whom,  ,it  le.ist,  shoulil  be  coiners, int 
with  the  Iiuli.m  ti,ide,  .md  none  ot  them  entitled 
to  more  than  three  sh.irt's. 

A  ;,fener;d  meetini;  ot  the  comp.my  w,is  to  be 
held  annually  ;it  Columbi.i  River,  tor  the  iiivesti- 
fjation  and  re^nil.ilion  ot  its  alt.iirs  ;  .il  which 
absent  members  mi^lit  be  represented,  .-md  mii;hl 
vote  by  proxy  under  cert. tin  spccitied  conditions. 

Tile  asS(Jci,aion,  it  suecesstul,  was  to  oonliiuu' 
for  twenty  ye.irs  ;  but  tin:  parlies  li.id  lull  power 
to  ab.mdon  and  dissolve  it  within  the  tirst  tivi- 
years,  should  it  be  tound  uii|)rolUal)le.  l''or  this 
leriii  .Mr.  .\stor  coveil.uited  to  be.ir  .ill  the  hcs 
that  nii<,du  be  incurred  ;  alter  which  it  w.is  to  bi' 
borne  by  .ill  the  jj.irtiiers,  in  [iioportion  to  their 
res|)ectivc  shares. 

The  parties  ot  the  second  p.irt  were  to  execute 
faithlully  such  duties  as  mi,!;ht  be  assii;iied  to 
them  by  a  majority  of  the  I'omp.iny  on  the  north- 
west coast,  and  to  n^ii.iir  to  such  place  or  pi. ices 
as  the  majority  mii;hi  direct. 

All  .ii^eiit,  appointed  tor  ttu:  term  of  hvv  vears, 
was  to  reside  at  the  princip.il  est.iblishment  on 
the  northwest  co.i^,t,  .md  \\  ilsoii  Trice  Hunt  w.is 
the  one  chosen  tor  the  lirsi  term.  .Should  the  in- 
terests of  the  concern  ;it  .my  lime  reijuire  his  ,ib- 
sence,  a  person  w.is  to  be  .ipp(]iiued,  in  };elier,il 
meetinj,r,  to  lake  his  pi, ice. 

Such  were  the  leadinij  conditions  of  this  ,issoci- 
ation  ;  we  sh.ill  now  procied  to  relate-  the  v.uious 
hardy  and  evenllul  expeditions,  by  sea  ami  land, 
to  wl'iich  it  LMve  rise. 


CIl.M'TKR   I\-. 


Ix  jiroseculi 


his  j;reat  scheme  of  commerce 
.ind  coloni/alion,  two  expeilitioiis  were  devised  by 
Mr.  Astor,  one  by  si-a,  the  other  by  Kind.  The 
lormrrwa-,  to  c.irry  out  the  people,  stores,  am- 
munition, and  merchandise  reijuisite  for  est.iblish- 
ins  ;i  fortified  trading;  post  .at  the  mouth  of 
Columbia  Kiver.  '1  he  laiter,  londueted  by  .Mr. 
Hunt,  was  to  jiroi  eed  up  the  Missouri,  .uid 
across  the  Rocky  .Mountains,  to  the  same  jwiiu  ; 


i  \plorinjj  .i   line   of   comiriunic.iti.in  ,icr,,,  • 
loiiiinent,  ,ind    noting;   the   pl.iie>  where  ivr" 
tl.idlii);'  posts   mij;ht  l)e   I'sl.ibliMhcl.     ■[•l,,.  ,^,'/ 
liim    b)-   se.i   is   tlie   one   w  hii  h  eniues  hl^,^u^  ■ 
consider. ition, 

.\   line  ship   W.IS   proviiled,  e.illed  tin  T,,;,  ^ 
of  two   lumdreil   .md   ninety  tons  hiinliii,  ii;,!j! 
\u^  ten  K"ns,  with   a  crew  of  twenty  iikn.T- 
cirrieil  ,111  assorlmeiii  ot  nterch.iiuliM'' |,,r  i-jj,. ! 
with  the  ii,itivcs  ot   the  sealio.ird  .md  ui  liio  ' 
terior,  toj;etlier  aiih  the  tr.inii- ot  ,1  silnnjinr' 
be   emploved   in   the  coasting   Ir.ide.    .Soa,  ^, 
were  provideii  tor  the  cultiv.itioii  o|  the  mi!  ,: 
nothm.i;    w.is    neglected    tor   the   liere^.n^  ^I'l.,;  ^ 
ot   the   est,ibli-.hment.       The  comni.iiul  id  tin  v 
W.IS  intrusieil   to  Jon.ith.in  'I'horn,  nt  Neu  \    , 
.1  lieulen,inl   in   the    L'liited  .St.ites  N'.ivv,  (in',i.. 
ol  .ibsence,      lie  w.is  a  111. in  ol  i  our.ij;'' ,iii(|  ti-- . 
iiess  who  h.id  distiiij;uished  himself  in  nur  f,-;:  . 
it, in    w,ir,  and,  from    bein^  accustniiuil  u  ;,,,. 
disciplini',    W.IS   considi'red    by  Mr.  .\^i'ir  ,h  .,  . 
titled  to  t.ike  ch,ir>;e  of  .111  expedition  el  !ill■^:,. 
I'our  of  the  partners  were  to  emb.irk  in  i;i:  >:; 
ll.lllleK,  MesMs.  .I'K.iy,  M'I)oui;.il,  l),r.ils,,,- 
and   Ills   nephew,  Robert  .Siu,iit,      Mr,  M  [i.;.,, 
was  empoweleil  liy  Mr.  .Astor  to  .11 1  ,is  lii-.  |i..  . 
in  the  .ibsence  ot  .Mr.  Hunt,  to  vote  lor  liiir.  ,1,,: 
his  n.ime,  on   any  (jueslion   tli.it  ni!i;hl  1  i;nt 
lore  any  meeting- ot   the  persons  iiilere.ilc.i  ..r 
voyage. 

lU'sides  the  |)artners,  there  were  twehf  clirL:, 
^'o  out  in  the  ship,  sever. d  of  ihein  in'iim  1: 
L'.in.id.i,  who  iiad  some  experience  in  li  .„„", 
tr.ide,  'I'iiey  were  liouiid  to  the  st-rvite  0:  ;;.; 
comp,iii\  for  live  ye.irs,  ,il  the  r.ite  ot  one  iiuivir::! 
dollirs  .1  ye.ir,  p.iy.ible  at  the  exiiir.iuni',  :  l.e 
term,  .md  .111  aiiiui.il  eiiuipment  of  L'Kiiiim^'  ij 
the  amount  of  forty  doll.irs.  In  case  m1  ;;1  :i:i- 
duct  they  were  li.ible  to  torleil  their  w.i^'',--  1:.-; 
disiiii.ssed  ;  but,  should  they  ac(|Uil  ihenbc..- 
well,  the  conlideilt  ex|)ect,ilion  w.is  iielii  W.  ;o 
them  ot  promotion,  and  partneishiji.  'n,i':r:> 
tere-.ls  Were  thus,  to  some  exlelU,  idelllilini 
those  ot  the  comp.iny, 

S(.'\er,il  .irlis.iiis  Were  likewise  l"  s.iil  ;:i 
ship,  tor  the  su])|)ly  of  the  eoloin  ;  hut '.in- :i.  ;■ 
peculi.ir  and  ch.ir.icterisiic  p.iri  .it  liiis  ii;  ; ...' 
emb.irk.ilioii  consisted  ot  ihirleeiit  .iii.ili.iii  ' .  •• 
aj^euiM,"  who  h.id  enlisted  lor  livi'  m  irs.  A- '  > 
chiss  ot  tunetioiKiries  will  contmu.iily  leiut  ■'•'-■ 
course  ot  the  tollowin^r  ii.irr.itioiis,  .ir.vl  .i>  ti'-; 
form  one  ot  those  distinct  and  sin.:ii;!y  iw.ik:'. 
c.istes  or  orders  of  |)eople  sprini;iiis;  njji'i;-* 
v.ist  continent  out  ot  );eo>;r.ipliical  circiiiii.->'.i'i  ■•• 
or  the  v.ined  imisuits,  li.ibitudes,  ami  cn:,'.:>  : 
its  po|)ul.ition,  we  sli.ill  sketch  a  lew  of  their  >.  : 
acteristics  for  the  inform. ilion  of  the  reail'-r. 

The  "  \'oyaj;eurs"   form  .1  kind  ol  lonli-i'i 
in   the   Cm, id, IS,  like   the  .irrieros,  or  '.i::" 
Spain,  aiul,  like  them,  are  employed   m  1  ", 
terii.il  expeditions  of  travel  .md  tr.itli'      '.uia  i- ' 
dittereiue,    tli.it   the   .irrieros  travel   !i\   Un>l '■'■■<: 
voy.ij^eiirs  liy  water  ;  llie  former  with  num- 
liorses,  the  kilter  with  b.itte.iux  and  ciiMiv    ' 
\oy.i);curs  m.iv  be  said  to  have  sprim:.;  I'l' ^"^'■■; 
the  fur  trade,  h.ivin,n  ori^iiKilly  been  einplnU' ''' 
the  early   I'reiudi   merchants  in  llu  ir  ir.ili:;, 
iieditions    throuifli    the    laliyrinth    ol    rm ' ■- 
lakes   of   the   boundless   interior.     They  \^i'''|.''' 
eval  with  the  muni/rs-  i/r.t  I'ois,  or  r.m;^"'* "■ '"'' 
woods,  alre.idy  noticed,  and,  like  theiii,  in  i^'f  ■'• 
t'Tvals  of  their  lonif,  arduous,  ;mil  l.ihoriiuiy^K" 
dilions,  were  jiroiie  to  p.iss  their  time  in  i'"'''''' 
and  re\(dry  ,i!)out  ihelr.ulin^  posts  or seUknH■^.^ 
scju.indefinti  their  fiard  earnings  in  hceJIcis  ^Jf'" 


V  vi,ilitv,  and  ri- 

(iMib,  11  '•"'';''■" 

,l,srr,Mrd  ot  the  .. 
Wlicn  C.m.i'l.i 
tHii,  .md  the  '" 
br.ikni  ti','  I'l''  ' 
/iv.,,\uTi'  !i'|-  a 
l;i,f,  .md  with  c 
H'^otnthesi-rvi 

;,.;;  ,11  ii.iliis.  m-' 
l,.,,„-r  rmplou'r- 
lu:-:i!nf  :lirilstoni 
j„,,,.  tn  fniisidel 


]X 


,;,Hv  tiv,'  mend 
!..  ihfla'iimiate 
Tiif  drc'^s  tit  I' 
i;c;l,  h,dt  s;iv,i'^( 
,,.,i,lc  „|  a  blank 
tpuvii'rs,  or  leat'i 
ikir.,  :i"i!  1  '"'ll ' 


:m  sil<]iiTiiiei 


th. 


inipicinciu-^.  'I'll' 
ci-,.ir.ii  liT,  hein|.; 
with  Indi.m  ;ini 

The  lives  ot   ll 
:i;u!  extensive   10 
11,1k,  hiit  more  e. 
arc  j;f!ii'r,illy  ol  1- 
(it  thr  j,Myety  .0 
rl•^tl•l^s.  lieini;  tai 
Mdy  lor  the  d.iii 
civili'tv  ;ind  com 
h.uilncss  ;uid  i;i 
111   .ire  ajil  to  md 
miitiwlly  ol)hj;iii 
rr.;in;.,'mi,'  kind  o 
aiii"  anil  finutori 
the    tamiluir    :; 
"  brother"  when 
Tiit-;r  natural  f^oi 
,1  ;-.'iiiiminity  ot 
pro'  irimis  .md  w 
No  men  ,ire  1 
p.n  I  i'm|)io\ers, 
sir  p.  or  more  j: 
NfV.r  .ire  they 
r"!„'il   e\]ii'(lillol 

lakes ,  fill  .inipii 
i;it;  rmind  their  I 
air.    'llu'v  are  1 
adroit  with  the  1 
n'ornin'4  until 
stirrsnian  iiiten 
sii'v.,'.  with  soiii 
a!i  inin,  kecpiiii 
rniir  thi'v  ll  ii( 
'a:  neress.iry   ' 
inn  ilunii  all  11 
I'anadi.in  w.uer 
r'l.'.iisotis,  ih.it 
iisontn  ,ind  tr.it 
f..  I  adiesl  day 
i"ii;  (tfei  I,  111  a 
?t.a-  a  lialleau 
ravl  dip.|)in;.,''   ' 
(inaint  (lid  ilnii 
I'l  a  hrioju  si',1 
nirrcnt  ot  (me 
I'lllt  we  are  t 
av.a\  '      Tlie 
d'lvinL'  everyil 
ii'iats,  which  , 
r"m.inc<-  ot  01 
'uhdni  the  wo 
ai  l.il.d  tu  the 


•*it>u- 


ASTORIA. 


811 


i,.M|li'v   ,in-l  riv.iilinij  tlioir    n.Mj;hbnrs,    the   In 
(,V„„'n  i:ul<'l''iil  in'liilK'<'n<c  .in>l   ;in  imiirudcnt 
,j,;.,.,,rl  ..t  tlic  iiDriinv  „  .  .  ,     , 

wiiiM  (.111.1(1.1  iMN-^c'l  iindiT  Ilntish  (loniina- 
,i„,  ,11,1  till'  old  l''|-fn.h  ir.idiiiK'  Ikhiscs  wtTf 
LriMii  "'>  lln-  vt)V.ij;riirs,  lik.-  the  o'lir.urn  ,frs 
I  •.  win'  tor  .1  tunc  ilisliciiu-iicd  and  discnnsn- 
I, .',.'., ml  with  didicidtv  r^iulil  rccoiuili-  tlicin- 
>.,,,•>  Ill  till' st-rviic  lit  the  iicw-i-oincrs,  sn  ddtcr- 
r:  ill  iiahits.  ni.iiiiuTS,  .nid  l.in^jii.i);.'  Iioiu  tlu-ir 
),,  ;iur  ciiiploviTs.  r.v  di'Kri'cs.  (mwcviT,  tlicy 
|„  ,inc  :iinisiomcil  in  ilic  clian;;!',  and  ,it  len^jlh 
c;,,;.,.  tn  CMiisidfr  tli<  lintish  tur  tr.idcr';.  ,nid  cs- 
pi.-uillv  till' mt'iiilicrs  ot  ttu'  \('ilhw(-.t  Corni-  "v, 

.Vlhrici,'!!""."''  l'""''^  "'  '"'■•Mtinn. 

Till' (Ire. .silt  tlifM-  pfoplf  is  j,'cncr.d!y  li.ilt  civil- 
i.'i;l,  ll.ilt  s;i\m:,'L'.  Tllcy  w<  .If  a  caput  nr  siirco.lt, 
n;,i(l't' 111  ,1  hlank-fi,  a  striped  <  niton  shirt,  clnth 
IPiwvrs,  nr  If.ithcrii  lci;i^iiis,  nincc.isons  id  dccr- 
skii;.  ■iiiil  1  lii'lint  \;iric',Mlcd  worsted,  from  which 
.Iff  s'.Kpi'ndi'd  tlic  kiidc.  Inh.iccD-pom  h,  .ind  other 
iini'iinu'iits.  Their  laii^ii,ij;e  is  ot  the  s.iine  pieh.dd 
c".ir,ii  liT,  heiiij,'  a  i-'reiuh  jiatois,  einhroidered 
wiin  liiilian  and  F.nj,dish  words  and  phrases. 

Tlic  lives  lit  the  voyaiji-nrs  are  passed  in  wild 
a;id  (Vtcnsive  rovin);s,  in  the  service  ot  individ- 
ii.iU,  hi.i  iiinre  (-.peciaily  of  the  fur  tr.iders.  They 
,irf|,'f!uT.illviil  French  desi-ent,;md  inherit  much 
|i|  the  j,',ivetv  .lild  li);litiless  of  heart  ol  their  ail- 
f('^t^r^,  bi'iiii,'  tiill  ot  anecdote  and  sonj,^  and  e\er 
frt'lv  tiir  the  (1. nice.  Tiiey  inherit,  too,  ,i  fund  ot 
civililv  ;uiil  coliipl.usaiice  ;  and  instead  ot  til, it 
h.irdiiiss  and  ;,Miissiiess  which  men  in  ialmrions 
111  .ire  .1] it  Id  iiidiils^e  toward  e.u  h  other,  tliey  are 
mii'ai.illy  oliliKiiii,'  and  aeeonimod.itiiij,^  ;  inter- 
cnaii;.;inj;  kind  otfu  es,  yieldinj^  ea(  li  othtM"  .assist- 
,iiii  ■  ;\iii|  lonifiirt  ill  every  emergency,  and  nsin^' 
the  liiinih.ir  appell.itions  of  "  cousin"  and 
"lipitlicr"  when  there  i'i  in  fact  no  rel.ationship. 
Tiii-;r  iiMlinal  j,''nnd\vill  is  prohahls-  hei;.jlUened  l)V 
.T  .•I'lmiiiinity  nt  aiKcntiin-  .iiid  li.irdship  in  their 
priiMriniis  and  waiideriiiu;'  iilc 

Nil  incn  are  more  suhmissive  to  their  leaders 
nn!  iMiiploycrs,  nio'-e  cap.ilile  ot  endiirin;^-  h.ird- 
sii:p,  or  iiinre  ^fond-hiininred  under  priv.itioiis. 
Nfvvr  .ire  they  so  li.ippy  as  when  on  lonij  and 
rn!;'h  fSiHililinns,  toiling;  up  ri\'ers  or  co.istiiii; 
i.ikcs ,  ciicunpiiiij.tt  iiii;lit  on  tile  liorders,  ^o^sip- 
i:!!,' riiiintl  their  tires,  ,ind  tiivoii.ickini,'  in  the  open 
.'i!r  llu'v  ire  dexterous  ho.itmeli.  \  ii^orous  .iiiil 
I'iroit  with  the  II, ir  .ind  p.iddle,  and  will  row  from 
P~iini!iic;  until  nii;lit  without  a  imirniiir.  Tlv 
Mi-iTsai.in  (itieii  sini,'s  an  idd  tr.iditionarv  [■'reiich 
S''■'.^■.  v.itli  MMiie  ic',,'uiar  burden  in  wliich  thev 
i"i  "'in,  krepiii'^'  time  with  their  o.trs  ;  it  at  aiiv 
"111'  di.'v  tl  iir  n,  spirits  or  rel;ix  in  exertion,  it  is 
'"'.  ai'i'rss.iry  in  strike  uj)  ;i  son;.;  of  the  kind  to 
!';"  ilii'in  all  ill  tresh  spirits  ami  .aitivitv.  The 
''"'uh.inw.iieis  are  vucil  with  these  litile  French 
^''■'■iisiins,  that  h.ue  lu-en  echoed  troin  mouth  to 
ii!'H:tn  ,inil  transmitted  from  t.itl 
I""  ".iHiesldaysot  the  rolonv 
-'■:  ftto  t,  in  I  still  ^'olden  summer  evenii'ii,',  to 
^t^^c  .1  iutic'iii  -^Muvr  ., cross  the  lidsom  ot  .I'lake 
'"'■'I. 'lippini,-  ■;>,  (MI'S  to  the  c.ideiice  of  these 
'i'i'i'it  old  duties,  or  sweepinj;  alon^^  in  full  (diorus. 


ler  to  son,  from 
ami  it  lias  a  iiieas- 


,  •  .-.  ...VI,,  -,,  <.|  s\\i-r|iiii).;  aioii;^  111  luii  (  noi  us, 

'''■■•  h!i;-ht  siinnv  mornlll.■,^  down  the  tr.ins]i,ireiii 
^iirren'  ul  om-  nt  the  Canad.i  rivers. 

•'ii'.^we.'ii',-  t,ill<ii,^r,,t  ihin^rs  th.it  ;ire  f.ist  t.idiiit,'' 
'■^'••'y  Ihe  ni.irch  (d  niech.uiical  invention  is 
<;-iviii;r,.v^.,.yih|,;^.  p<.<-tic,il  |„.|ore  It.  The  steam- 
""■"•s.  which  are  t.ast  dispelliii;,r  t|,e  wildness  .-ind 
r'lni.iii.-e  of  our  lakes  ;ind  rivers,  and  aidin^r  t„ 
''""hii  the  World  inio  i  nmmoiiiila.ee.  are  r.rovim: 

.•15    ,11.1     t,,  tl, .,    .1...    ,- 'l: _  _    '     _.._        ^ 


I 1 H 

r  ICC  ul  the  Canadian  vuyageurs  as 


the\'  liave  lieen  to  that  nf  the  Iinattnrn  of  tlie  Mis« 
sissippi.  Their  ;;loi-y  is  dep.irted.  Thev  .ire  no 
lon^jer  the  lorils  ot  our  iiiterii.al  seas  and  llie  j^reat 
n.r.'ii^Minrs  cd  the  wilderness.  .Some  of  them  ni.iy 
still  oce.ision.illy  he  Seen  co.istinj(  the  lowar  I. ikes 
with  their  tr.iil  li.irks,  and  pilidimj,'  their  e.imps 
;ind  li;;htiii'^'  their  tires  iipun  the  shores  ;  hut 
their  r.inj^e  is  f,i.,t  coiiir.Ktiii;,'  to  those  remote 
w.itei's  .ind  sh.illow  and  olistrucied  rivers  iinvisit- 
ed  hy  the  stcimlui.it.  In  the  course  ot  si'ars  they 
will  ;;radii.illy  dis.ippe.ir  ;  thidr  soii;,'s  will  die 
away  like  the  ei  hoes  iliey  once  .aw.iki'iied,  aiul 
the  Canadi.m  voy,i).jeiirs  will  liecome  .i  tor;,^otli:ii 
r.Ki',  or  rememliereij,  like  llieir  associates,  the 
Indi.ins,  .imoii^''  the  jioetic.il  ini.i;^es  of  past  times, 
and  .as  themes  for  Im  .d  .md  rom.inlic  asbocia- 
tions. 

.■\n  instance  ol  the  hun\ mt  temper.imeiU  .ind 
the  pndessioii.il  pride  of  these  people  was  ftir- 
nislied  in  the  ;^My  aiui  l)r.ii.;i,Mrt  style  in  which 
they  arrived  .il  New  N'ork  to  join  the  enterprise. 
They  were  determined  to  re^.ile  .md  ,'istoiiish  tlie 
people  ot  the  "  States"  with  the  sij^ht  of  a  Caii.'i- 
(lian  lio.it  and  .i  Can.idi.in  crew.  They  .iceord- 
inj,dy  tilted  up  .i  lar^e  hut  li^^lu  li.irk  c.inoe,  such 
.IS  is  Used  111  the  liir  tr.ide  ;  Ir.msporied  it  in  :i 
w.t;;on  from  the  lianks  of  the  St.  Lawremc  to  ihe 
shores  ot  Lake  Champlain  ;  tr.i\'iTst'd  the  Like  in 
it,  from  end  to  end  ;  hoisted  it  aj^.iin  in  a  wa^on 
and  wheided  it  off  to  l.ansiin,dnirL;h.  .md  there 
l.iiinched  it  upon  the  waters  ol  the  Hudson.  Down 
this  ri\iT  tliev  plied  their  course  merrily  on  a  line 
summer's  dav,  m.ikiii;,'  its  h.uiks  rc-ound  tor  thii 
first  time  with  their  old  i'reni  h  h.iat  sonjrs  ; 
passing;  hv  the  villajfes  with  wdinop  and  li.ilioo, 
so  ;is  to  make  tiie  honest  Dutch  hirmers  mist, ike 
them  for  .i  crew  of  s.iva;;es.  In  this  wa.y  they 
swejit,  ill  lull  soiiij,  .md  with  rei^iil.ir  tlourisii  of 
the  paddle,  round  New  York,  in  a  still  summer 
eveiiiiii.;,  to  the  wonder  and  admir.itinii  ot  its  in- 
h.ihitants,  who  h.id  never  heloie  witiu'ssed  on 
their  w.'iters  a  n.'iuticil  .ipp.irition  ol  the  kind. 

.Such  was  the  x'.irieL^.ited  hand  ot  .i.dventnrers 
ahoiil  lo  emli.iik  in  the  'foiupiin  on  this  .irduous 
.111(1  doiihltul  eiiteriinse.  Wliiie  \-et  in  )iort  and  on 
dry  land,  in  llii'  hustle  ot  prepar.itioii  and  the  ex- 
citement ol  novidty,  all  w.is  sunshine  and  |)romise. 
'Ihe  Canadi.ms,  esjiecially,  who,  with  their  loiisti- 
tutional  \ivacity,  lia\e  a  eonsider.iliU-  dish  of  the 
luiov.int  and  hoasttul,  .iiid  ;4reat 
tiitiire  ;  while  all  those  who 
h.'id  iieeii  in  die  service  ot  the  Northwi'st  Coiii- 
])any,  and  en;.,M^ed  in  the  Imlian  tr.ide,  idumed 
themselves  upon  their  harddiood  and  their  c.ip.icity 
to  endure  privaiions.  It  Mr.  Astnr  ventured  to 
liint  at  the  difii,  allies  they  niii,dit  have  to  encoun- 
ter, thev  tre.iled  them  with  scnni.  They  were 
"  northwesters  ;"  men  seasoned  to  li.irdships. 
who  I  ared  tor  neither  wind  nor  wcither.  T'hey 
could  live  hard,  lie  h.ird.  sleep  hard,  eat  doi^s  ! — 
ill  a  wiird  they  were  re.idy  to  do  .md  suiter  .my- 
thiiiLf  tor  the  i,nii)d  ot  the  enterprise.  Willi  all  this 
prolessKiii  of  /e.il  .md  devolioii,  Mr.  Asior  was 
not  over-(  iMitideiit  of  the  st.iliility  .md  firm  t.iiih  ot 
these  men  iiri.il  liiiiiL^^s.  He  li.id  received  informa- 
tion, also,  th.it  .m  .irmed  \n'v^  from  Halilax,  prob- 
ably ,it  tile  iiistiir-ition  ot  the  Nonhwesi  Cuniii.my, 
I  was  hoverin.i;:  on  tlie  coast,  w.iUdiiiiL;-  tor  the 
'  'I'ln-Kpiin.  with  the  jnirpose  id  impressinj;-  the 
i  ('.in.idiaiis  on  bo.ird  ol  her,  as  lirilish  sulijects, 
.md  thus  iiiterriipiinf,r  the  \oy.ii;e.  It  was  a  lime 
ot  doubt  .mil  .mxiety,  -.vhen  the  rel.itions  between 
the  United  States  and  dreat  Hrit.iin  were  d.iily 
I  assumini;'  a  more  prec.irimis  aspeet  ,md  verL;iny; 
I  toward  th.il  w.ir  which  shortly  ensued.     As  a  prc- 


^.iscini.    were 


lira<^;;,irls  .is   to   iht 


i 


iiilii 


' 


;■•  i 


i;  !! 


Mi-u 


'^'ilSi 


e  I 


•i^;  ■  li 


WVi 


ASTORIA. 


:li 


cautinn.irv  mcasiirr.  thrrcfoir,  he  rrqiiircd   tli.it 

llu'  \ii\,l^illls,  .l>.  tlii-s  were  .lliout  to  tlUrlilllK  ihi' 

sciAuiiil  ,m  AmciK.ui  .ismk  i.itiDii,  and  tn  loulc 
within  ttif  lunil^  <t\  tlu'  rnitfd  Sl.itis,  sliuiild  l.ikr 
tlir  o.aU>  (it  n.itin.di/.ition  a^  Ann  ru  an  i  iii/cns. 
'lo  llus  lliiy  if.idily  a>,'ii'i'il,  .md  slimlly  atuiuaid 
assnii'd  hmi  tlial  ilu'\  liad  ai  lu.dly  dmu'  so.  It 
was  nut  until  atiiT  lluy  li.id  s.iilid  that  lu'  discuv- 
t-rt'd  ihal  lluy  hail  ii\liii'ly  diri'ivcd  hini  n)  the 
matter. 

Tin'  cdiit'idcnci-  nf  Mr.  .Xstnr  w.i^  .ihusccl  in 
nniitlur  (|ii,irtrr.  Two  dI  tlu'  ii.irtiurs,  lnuli  nt 
them  S<'nt(  hini'ii,  .md  riciiuly  in  ih-  scrviic  dt 
llu'  .Nortlnvi-st  (.'onip.inv,  had  nus^ivi.i,,s  as  tn  an 
fntcrprisi  which  ini^'ht  cl.ish  with  the  inttrtsis 
and  (•si.ilili>hintiUs  prdtcrlfd  by  tlu'  I'.ntish  tl.i^;. 
TluA  priwiiily  w.iitcd  upon  tlu'  Ilrlti^h  ininistir, 
.Mr.  Jaiksiin,  thfii  m  Nrw  York,  l.ud  opi  n  to  hnn 
the  whiih'  schtiiu'  ot  Mr.  Astor,  thoiij;h  intrii^icd 
to  tlu  in  111  loiMidiMtCf,  and  di'pcndi'nl,  in  ,i  n^'a' 
iiUMsuit',  upon  scrri'i  y  at  the  outset  tor  its  sUi- 
ifs>.  ,ind  iiupiiiid  whether  they,  .is  llrilish  siil)- 
jet  ts.  eould  lawlalU  in),Mi;e  in  it.  The  rejily  satis- 
tied  tlieir  scriiiiles,  while  the  intormation  they  iin- 
p.irteil  uxi  itid  the  surprise  .iiui  adinir.itioii  ot  Mr. 
J.u'kson,  that  a  pri\.ite  induidii.d  should  ii.ivi 
coiuiivi'd  and  set  on  toot  al  his  own  ri>k  and 
expense  so  ^re.ii  .m  interprise. 

This  step  on  the  jiart  ot  those  j,'eiulenien  was 
not  known  to  Mr.  Astor  until  sonic  time  .itter- 
ward,  or  it  niit;lit  li.i\e  inodilied  the  trust  ,ind 
euntideiui;  ixpox-il  in  them. 

To  j;ii.iril  .i^.iinst  any  ititerru|Hion  to  the  \-i>\- 
a^e  by  the  armed  liri^;,  s.iid  to  bi:  oil  the  harbor, 
Mr.  .\sior  .ipplied  to  Commodore  Ki)d;;ers,  at 
th.it  time  comm.indiii),'  al  New  \'ork,  to  j;i\e  the 
ToiKiuin  .sate  coiuoy  oil  the  coast.  The  com- 
modore i;,i\in(,'  received  trom  a  hi>;h  ollici.il  source 
as>ur.ince  ot  tiie  deep  interest  which  the  (govern- 
ment took  in  the  enter|)rise.  Sent  directions  loC.ip- 
tain  Hull,  al  ih.il  lime  iiuisinj;-  oil  the  h.irbor  in 
tile  Iri^-.ue  Constitution,  lo  aiford  the  Toiupiin 
the  re(juiretl  prulection  wlu'ii  she  should  put  to 
-se.i. 

llelore  the  d.iy  ot  eml;irkation,  Mr.  Astor  ad- 
dres-.ed  ,1  letter  ot  instruciioii  to  the  tour  p.irtiiers 
who  were  lo  sad  m  ihe  shiji.  In  this  he  eiijoineii 
them,  in  the  most  earnest  manner,  to  eultiv.ite 
h.irmoiiy  and  unanimity,  and  recommended  tli.it 
all  ditfereiKes  ot  opinions  on  points  (onni-rted 
with  the  objects  .md  interests  ot  the  vovai^^e  should 
be  discussed  by  the  whole,  and  deeidi'd  bv  a  m.i- 
jin-it\-  ot  \ote^.  IK-,  moreo\-er,  ,i,MVe  iheiii  e~,|)e- 
i  i.il  cuuliin  .IS  to  their  conduct  on  .irri^inj^  .it  their 
destined  port;  exlKu-tilii,'  them  to  be  i  .tretul  to 
make  .1  t.norable  impresMon  ujion  the  wild  people 
an. on;,'  whom  their  lot  .md  the  fortunes  ot  the 
enterprise  would  be  cist.  '•  It  you  tind  them 
kind,"  said  he,  ".is  I  ho|.)e  you  will]  be  so  to  tliem. 
It  otherwi.-.e,  act  with  c.iution  and  torbearaiice. 
and  convince  ihem  that  \ou  ( nine  as  triends." 

W'ltii  the  s.inie  anxious  torethou^dit  he  w  rotc>  a 
letter  of  in-iruclions  to  Captain  'fhorn,  in  which  he 
ur;;i(l  the  siricte-,t  .■itteiitioii  to  the  he.dlh  of  him- 
selt  ,ind  Ids  crew,  and  to  tlu;  iiromotioii  of  ^r,„i(|- 
humor  and  liarmony  i,n  bo.ird  his  shi]).  "  'I'o  j)re- 
veiu  any  misunderst.indm^r  "  added  he,  "  will  re- 
(piire  your  particular  j^ood  man.ii^ement."  His 
letter  clo.^e<l  with  an  injuiu  tion  ot  wariness  hi  his 
intercourse  with  tlu  n.itives,  a  subject  on  which 
•M;-.  Aslur  w.is  justly  si'iisibK;  he  rould  not  be  too 
earnest.  "  1  must  reiommeiid  vou,"  said  he, 
"  lo  be  particularly  c, ireful  on  ihe'  lo.ist,  and  not 
to  rely  too  much  on  the  fri^mlly  disposition  of  llu- 
natives.      All   accidents    which   have  as  vel  luin- 


neneil  there  .Trose  frnm  l(vi  niiK  h  c.>niuli;nct.,„,L 
Indi.iiis."  '       '"' 


Tlie  reader  will  lie.ir  these  instruitiniK 


j  as  events   will    prove   their  wisdom  ,in,| 
j  t.mce,  ,ind    the  dis.isiers  which  eiisuiil  m ".',!!' 
(|UeiUf  III  llie  iiej;lect  of  llitiu.  "' 


CIIAi'Il.l^  V. 


n\  tlu-  ei^jhtii  of  September,  iSio,  thcTm.vj 
put  to  sea,  where  she  w..s  soon  joined  Ivlln-iri 
ate  Constitution.      I'he   wind   w.is  Ireih  .im;  tj*|i 

I  from  llle  southwest,  ,in(l  the  ship  U.is  saiiii„u[  „t 
'  siyht  of  j.iiid  .111(1  free  trom  the  .ippreiuinKil  il, ! 
'  ^er  of  mil  rruption.     Tlie  tri^.ite,  thei-ilun, ;;'v,.. 

Iier  "  (lod  speed,"  and  left  her  to  tier  con rx-." 
!  The  li.irnioiiv  so  e.irnestly  enjoined  In  .Mr. .\v 
,  tor  on  this  lieieroj;ene(ius  crew,  and  uluiih,,!. 
i  been  so  lontidently  promised  in  the  liuin.,;;;ni. 
I  meiUs  of  prepar.ition,  w.is  doomed  to  uuit  v.u;; ; 
I  check  al  the  very  outset. 
'  C.i|)lain  TfuM'ii  was  an  fu)nest,  sirai^jlitlnrw.ir! 
j  liui  sonii'wh.it  dry  .md  (lit  t.iton.il  Knv.m.ind.- 
j  wlui,  li.uiii;;  been  nurtured  m  the  svstem  .iiiiUi;.. 

cipliiie  of  a  sliip  ot  w.ir,  iind  in  a  s.icrt  I  utrnv 

ol    the   supiem.icy   of   the   (piarter-deck,  w.isi;. 

posed  to  lie  .ibsoliile  lord  and   m.lster  eMhi.ifi 
'  his  sliip.     lie  .i|)pears,  moreover,  to  li.ivc  im; 

^re.ii  opinion,  from  the  first,  ot  the  ])fr>"o'' 

b.irkeil   with    film.       He   h.id   stood   hv  tti',:iji;r. 
'  contempt   while  they    \'.iimtc(l  so  br.iveh  to  ).[' 
'<  Astor  (d    all   lluy    could   tio  and  all    tiv;  oi. 
I  under^ni  ;   luiw   they  could   lace  ,dl  wc.itlu>„  j , 

up  with  all  kinds  id  fare,  and  even  e.it  ili)i;s ',\  •. 

.1  relish,  when  no  liilter  food  w.is  to  he  li;ul     II; 

h.id   set  them  down  ,is  a  set  ol  l.indliihhtr<  .'.r.il 

'"'■'nK'"'""  '""•■   •'""'   ^^•'■'■"'    disposed    to    trcit  il'f". 

■  acciudin.LiK .     .Mr.  Astor  was,  in  liis  eyes,  I;im; 

j  re. il  employer,  bein^;  tlie  father  of  the  eiiltrpp-' 
'  who   furnished    .ill   funds    bore   all   lossi's.    1 
'  otiiers  were  mere   aj^er.ts   and  subordiii.iii\  v 
li\ed  .It  his  expense.      He  I'viilelitly  li.ul  lillt.;:'  : 

■  low  ideaot  the  scopi' and  n.'iture  id  the  niti:;''- 
limiting;  his  views  merely  lo  Ids  p.irt    't  it;    ■' 

,  thiiii.;  bi'yoiid  the  com  eriis  of  Ins  ship  u;l^  .;.' 

]  Ills  sphere  ;  ;ind  anything;  ih.it   intertered  uHh 

'  routine  of  his  n.iulicd  duties  |)Ul  him  in  i  ji.i-'- -:'.. 

■file    p.irtiiers,   on   the   otiu  r    li.md.   Iii^l    'H-^ 

brou;.;lit  up  in  the  service  ot  the   .Nortliuc^i  i'''"- 

'   paliv.  .mil    in    ,i    iiridouiid  idea  (d  the  in.juM'.ii.;. 

di^^iiity,  and  .luthority  id  .i  |),irtiier.    'I'liey  >iir-.i;;y 

liej^j.ui  ;o  coiisidiM'   themselves  on   .i  p.ir  wi'.n  ;:> 

M"ravislas,  the  M'CdIlivrays,  the   1-  rohisluis, ,i;i.l 

the  other  111. i^jn.ites  of  the  iiorthw  r^t,  whrni' li'-y 

h.id    been    aicuslDmed   to  look  up  [■'  .i^ '.H'  ^i-'' 

ones  of  tlu;  e.irtli  ;  and  they  were  .i  liitlr  i!i^i'"-e.. 

perhaps,  to  we.ir  tlieir  suddenly-. ici|inri'i!  liiiii"!' 

w  ith  some  .lir  ot  pretension.      Mr.  .\stM: ,  1 1 1. 1... 

put  them  on  their  mettle  with   'especl  !ni.;i m;- 

tain,  describing-   him   as  a  gunpowder  teii'iw  ■'.» 

Would  ((mini.iiid  his  sliip  in  tine  st_\  Ir.  .aiil,  t  rur; 

W.IS  any  tinhtmj;   lo   do,  would    "blow   all  u:'.  >'l 

the  w.iter." 

Thus  |)repared  to  reijard  each  other  w  ili'.'i"^''' 
corilial  eye,  it  is  not  to  be  wondered  :it  lliun.c 
p.irties  soiui  came  into  collision,  •  Mi  thi'  u'v 
first  ni^;lit  C.i|)t.iin  Thorn  be,i,Mn  his  in  i!i-o!-v:ii' 
discipline  by  ordering;  the  li^lils  in  the  iihi'i  '-'"'•' 
e\tiiij;uish(;d  ,il  ei^dit  o'clock. 

The  pride  ot  the  partners  was  ininieii'  lU"'}'  -ij 
.irnis.  This  w;is  an  invasion  ot  their  ri^lil-' '"'I 
ibi^iiiiies  not  to  be  borne.  Tlie\  wfre  or.  Iiii.iril»'' 
their  own  ship,  and  eniiilcd   to  coiisuli  dicir '.ivj 


'M«mi 


'  .^aiiy 


ASTORIA. 


313 


,„U.nj(.vmcnt.  M'no.^-J  was  lli.-  .hamp'un  ..f 
il'ir-'  iiixi'.  !'.•  «.iN  .111  aiusf,  irnlalilc,  liiniin;;, 
V  ■u'l'irii'ii'-  !illl''  "'■'"•  •■""'  '■''■^■•"*'''  '"  '"■'  "^^" 
opinL.  l>vl''''"Kil'-|''''>:y'''  ^''■'  AM-r  A  vio- 
Ifii;  .lii.Tianoii  fiHiKil,  111  till'  loiirsr  of  which 
T,,',n,  ihii'iU'iuil  to  put  ihi-  partners  m  irmis 
shi'iiM  Uh'V  pniv  iftrai  lory  ;  upon  uhi.h 
M'mii'mI  M'i/i'd  a  pi-t(jl  und  swore  to  lie  the 
,1,  iiIh'MIii:  i.ipMin  mIioiiIiI  h<'  ever  olfer  siieh  an 
ii;.!ii;iiin.  It  was  siiiue  lime  lielore  the  irrilateil 
|ir!:, -,.1111(1  lie  paeiheii   !iy  tilt;  more  temperate 

lu^iui'lir.v  . 

Ml,  ii  \v.i.  llu- ia|ita'n  s  laitset  with  the  |iartners. 
>  (III  III"- clerks  stand  much  hi^;her  in  his  t^mid 
riHt-s,  tiulcfil,  lie  s(-enis  to  have  reKanlcd  all  the 
fi  I  liiiidi  nil  hoard  his  ship  as  a  kind  ul  live  Imn- 
li.i  iiiiiiimialK  111  the  way.  'riu-  poor  voya^'eurs, 
t,,.  .iiiiiiiually  irntaied  iiis  spleen  'ly  their 
"1ii:.Ii'.tIv'  and  iiiisceinlv  lialiils,  so  ahliorreiU  to 
O'lt  .Ul  ustuiiicd  to  the  cleanliness  ot  a  m.in-ol- 
v,i:-.  i'hcse  poor  tresh-water  sailors,  so  vain>;lo- 
ri  .-IS  1)11  slinre,  .md  .ilinost  amphiliioiis  when  mi 
l.iM-i  .111(1  river i.  l(>>t  .ill  he.irt  and  siom.ich  the 
111  iiKiii  iliey  were  ,it  se.i.  For  d.iys  they  sullered 
till-  lifdil  ri;,'(irs  and  retthinjjs  ot  se.i  sickness, 
li;  Kiiv;  Ill-low  in  their  berths  in  s(|U.ili(l  state,  or 
tiiur;;iii),f  now  and  then  like  spectres  Iroin  the 
h:i',.  iii'.avs,  in  cipole.-,  .iiul  lil.mkets,  with  diriv 
iii,'nii.i|is,  i,^ri//ly  hc.ird,  I, intern  \isaj,'i;  and  iin- 
h;i;i|n  cyi:.  sliivcniij;  alnuii  the  deck,  and  e\-i-r  .iii'l 
,111(111  ( r.iu  I iii^;  to  the  sides  of  the  vt.-ssel,  .ind  olk-r- 
in;' u|i  ihi-ir  iiiliutes  to  the  windw.ird,  to  the  iii- 
tiiiilt  .iiinoyaiice  ot  the  captain. 

lib  lil'irs  to  Mr.  Astor,  wherein  he  pours  forth 
the  IrnkMiicis  of  his  soul,  and  his  se.im.mlike  iiii- 
piii^ikc  ut  wh.it  he  I  oilfillers  the  "  liihlurly" 
ili.ii'.K  i(-r  iiid  KiiuliK-t  of  those  around  him,  .ire 
lu'iiift-  -IS.  .iiid  ,irc  .iimi^iiii^ly  char.u  ti-ristic.  'I'tie 
hl||ll■^t  c.i|U.iiii  is  lull  ol  ve.x.itioii  on  his  own  .ic- 
coiiiit,  ,111'!  iolicitiide  on  .indiint  of  Mr.  Astur, 
wiidM.'  |)M|ierty  he  considers  at  the  mercy  ot  ,i 
ni'i.ii  iu-iiTd^fiieous  ami  w.isteful  crew. 

.\s  111  tile  clerks,  he-  ]iroiuiunces  them  nii-re  |)re- 
teiiil(.r->,  nt.t  one  of  whom  li.id  e'  er  lieeii  .imciiir  tlie 
Indi.iii,,  nor  lariluT  to  the  nortliwesl  tli.m  .Moiit- 
rc.il,  !,ur  III  lii^'lier  r.ink  than  i);irkeei)er  ul  a  t.iv- 
crn  nr  n.irker  of  .i  Inlliard-table,  excei)tin,i;  one, 
w):  I  i:.if|  hei-ii  ,1  schoolm.ister,  .and  whom  he  em- 
li,v-i:ii'.ill_,  s-.-is  down  for  "  .i.i  l()oli.-.li   .i    ped.iiit   ,is 

l-ViT  M.;-(|." 

l'H-!i  ,1-,  [o  the  artis. Ills  and  l.iliorcrs  who  h.id 
lin-'i  liruii;;nt  Inmi  C.in.ida  ami  shipped  .it  such 
t\'i -':■.(.  til'-  ihree  most  respectable,  acc.-rd'iii;  ,o 
t.i''  (.ipl.iin  s  account,  were  cul|)rits,  who  li.id 
ti'-il  Iroiii  Ciiiad.l  on  .-iccoimt  of  their  misdeeds  ; 
Ji'.tr  rest  |i.u|  ti^nired  i;i  Montre.il  as  dr.iymen. 
li.irin-rs,  w,iiifr>  .md  c.irriole  drivers,  and'  were 
1:h'  md.^t  liel|)less.  wortidess  beings  "  th.it  ever 
l.T'iKi-  .sea-hiscuil." 

'■•  m.iy  easii,-  hi-  iin.i;rii,fd  what  a  series  of 
lii;s|iii:lersi.ui(|iiiirs  and  cro>s-puri)oses  would  be 
I'Kci)  lo  lake  pi, ice  between  such  ,i  crew  .uid  sm  h 
■'C.nim.uuler.  The  capl.iin,  in  his  ze.il  tor  the 
m-.iliii  .111(1  cle.uihiiess  of  his  ship,  would  m.ike 
■'^";;'''i',"'s7'i'^ilatioli.',  to  the  "  lubber  nests"  of  the 
"I'licKv"  \oyai;eurs"  and  their  coni|).iiiions  in  mis- 
<•••).  Iciret  them  out  of  their  berths,  m.ike  them  air 
■iji'i  w.ish  liii-niselves  and  ilit-ir  accoutrements. and 
f'^'c  ihi-in  to  stir  about  briskly  and  take  exercise. 

■>(ir  f  ill  his  disirust  and  ve'x.ition  cease  when 
p  Hands  had  lecovered  from  sea-sickness,  and 
W'limc  accustomed  to  the  ship,  for  now  broke 
^"•i'-n.darminj;  keenness  of  appetite  th.it  threat- 
i^'-'l  iiavor  to  the  provisions.  What  especiillv 
'•^'•niililn;  ciplain  was  the  daintiness  ot  some  ut 


his  rabin  passpnfjcrs.  They  were  loud  in  their 
compl.iints  ot  the  ship's  tare,  thou^fh  their  t.iblc 
w.is  served  with  fresh  pork,  h.ims,  ton>,'ue-i, 
smoked  beef,  and  piiddiii^js.  "  When  thwarted  in 
ihcir  cravin^;s  lor  delicuies,"  s  iid  he,  "  they 
would  e\(  l.iim  tli.it  it  w.is  d  -d  h.ird  they  coiilil 
not  live  as  they  ple.isi  il  upon  their  own  projurtv, 
beinj;  on  bo.ud  ot  th(-ir  own  shiji,  fn  i^^hti-d  with 
their  own  merch.indise.  And  tlie-.e."  .idded  lip, 
"  are  the  tine  fidlows  wlio  m.ule  siu  h  boast  that 
they  could  '  eat  do^s.'  " 

In  his  ir.di>{ii,ition  at  wh.it  he  t(-rme(l  tlu-ir 
fffemin.icy,  lie  would  swc.ir  th.it  he  wdiild  iie\-er 
takt-  them  to  se.i  a^'.iin  "  without  h.ivin','  l-'ly-m.ir- 
ket  on  till-  forei  astle,  fovelit-^.irdcn  oil  the  poop, 
.111(1  a  cool  sprin^f  from  Cin.id.i  in  the  m.imtoi)." 

i\s  they  proceeded  on  their  voy.i^je  .iiid  ^nt  inlo 
the  smooth  scis  and  ple.is.mt  we.-itlur  of  tlie  troll- 
ies, other  .iiiiioy.inces  occurred  to  vex  the  spirit  ot 
the  captain,  lie  li.id  bieii  crossed  by  the  irrilablir 
mood  ot  om;  ot  the  p.irtners  ;  he  was  now  txcess- 
ividy  annoyed  by  the  j,'ood-liumor  ot  another, 
'this  was  the  elder  .Stuart,  who  was  an  easy  soul, 
.ind  of  a  soci.il  ilisposition.  lit- h  id  s<-en  life  in 
Canada,  and  on  the  co.isl  of  I..ibrador  ;  h.id  been 
,1  fur  trader  in  the  former,  and  a  tislu-nn.in  on  the 
l.itter  ;  anil  in  the  course  of  his  e\|)er!ence  h.id 
m.ide  various  exp-ditions  with  voy.i^fiiis.  lie 
was  .III  ustomed,  ilicelore,  to  the  f.imiliarily 
which  |)re\ails  between  tli.it  i  l.iss  and  their  .-.u- 
periors,  and  the  >;os-.ipin;;s  \sliich  t.ike  pl.icc 
anion;;  thciii  when  s<,  ated  round  .i  tire  at  their  i-n- 
campments.  Stu.irt  was  ne\er  so  happ)  ,is  when 
he  could  seat  liimselt  on  the  deck  with  a  numiier 
of  these  men  round  him,  in  c.impin;;  style,  smoki; 
to),'etlier,  p.issin^'-  the  pipe  from  iiioiith  to  nn  iith, 
alter  the  m. inner  of  the  In.li  ins,  siiii,'-  old  ("ana- 
ilian  bo.it-sonj^s,  and  tell  stories  about  their  hard- 
ships .md  aiUeiitures,  in   the   course  ot  which  ho 


ri\alled     Sinbad 


III     his     lon^,"-    t.iles   ot    the    se.i. 


about  his  rishin<;  exploits  on  the  co.ist  of  I.abr.idor. 

'this  K"''Siiiiiii;'  familiarity  shockeil  the  c.iptain's 
notions  of  r.iiik  a. id  subordiii.itioii,  ;iiiil  iiotliin;;- 
w.is  so  ;ibliorreiit  to  him  .is  the  i nmmiinilv  of 
|)ipe  between  m.ister  and  m.in,  and  their  mingling 
in  1  horns  in  the  outlandish  boat-soni.js. 

riun  there  w;is  .uiotlu-r  whimsii  al  sourctr  of 
annoy. iiiie  to  him.  Some  of  the  yoimi;  (dciks,  who 
were  making  their  first  \oyi,i;'-,  and  to  whom 
e\ervtliing  w.is  new  ami  str,iiij;i  ,  were,  \ery  ra- 
tion.ill\',  in  the  habit  of  taking  notes  .md  keeping 
journ.ils.  'I'his  was  a  sore  .ibomiii.itioii  to  the 
honest  c.iplain,  who  held  llieir  litcr.iry  iireten- 
sioiis  in  gre.it  contempt.  "  The  collecting  of  m.i- 
teri.ils  fo'-  long  histories  of  their  vo\,ij;t-s  and 
tr.ivels,"  <iid  he,  in  his  letter  to  Mr.  .\:.tor,  "  ap- 
pe.irs  to  engross  nmst  of  their  attention."  We  can 
coiicei\e  what  must  lia\e  been  the  i  rusty  iiiip.i- 
tieiice  of  the  worthy  iia\igator,  win  n,  on  .my  tri- 
lling occurreiii  e  in  the  course  ol  the  \o\,ige,  quite 
comnioiipl.ue  in  his  eyes,  he  saw  lliese  young 
l.indsineii  running  to  record  il  in  their  journ.ils  ; 
and  wh.il  indi^n.int  gl.mces  he  must  have  cast  to 
right  .md  Ictt,  .is  he  worried  about  the  deck,  giv- 
ing out  liis  orders  for  the  m.inagement  of  the  ship, 
surrounded  by  singing,  smoking,  gossi|;ing,  scrib- 
bling <;roups,  all,  as  he  thought,  intent  U|)on  the 
.inuisemeiit  of  the  ]i.issing  hour,  instead  of  the 
gre.il  purposes  and  interests  of  the  \ov.'ige. 

It  is  possible  the  capt.iin  w.is  in  some  degrcd 
ri(jlit  in  his  notions.  Though  some  of  the  passen- 
gers li.id  much  to  gain  by  the  vo\.il;c,  none  of 
them  had  anything  positively  to  lose,  'they  were 
mostly  voung  men,  in  the  heyd.iy  of  lile  ;  and 
luuing  got  into  line  latitudes,  iii>on  siiuxHli  seas, 


%MM 


M'     ■ 


■i;    ' 


H  I 


'if 


iSl   li 


V  :'^ 


ii         i:'  ilf 'I 


!ii 


I 


ht 


311 


ASTORIA. 


\vith  n  \\iH-st(.ri'(I  ••Iiip  untltT  thrm,  nnil  a  (.»ir 
wiml  in  llu'  slmuliliT  nl  llic  >.iil,  tin  y  miiiu'iI  to 
have  >jot  inlo  .i  hdliil.iy  worlil,  ami  wiTf  (Ii-<|iiimvI 
to  injiiy  ii.  'I'hat  (  lavin;;  ilrsirr,  n.iliit.il  In  uii- 
travflli'vl  tiu'ii  nl  tushaiiil  livi-ly  iniiuls,  to  sci- 
straiijic  lands,  and   In   viMl  sicnts  tanu'iis  u,  lu>>- 

I  liy  snnii-  III  till'  part- 


tiilA   o 


r  fal>l 


V,  was  t  xprcssn 


ni  IS  ami  t  ii'ilx.s,  willi    rtsiirrt  tn  sumu-  nt   ilic  sli 


rit'd  coasts  .1 


nd 


elands  thai  lav  witlun  (lu'ir  rmilr, 


Tl 


u'  (iptain,  ImWfMT,  whn   rij;a 


nli'd 


I'ViTv  iiia'-t 


nnil  Islam!   ui 
iiiiiri'  aiMU  ia 


Ih 


a  ni 


iitttriit-l.u  I  »\i',  ,ind  had  in 


linns  inniui'lfd  with  ilicni  than  iIid-^c 
laid  dins  11  in  Ins  MM-ih.irt,  tunsidi'nd  all  this 
rniiiiiity  as  cm cfilini^ly  idle  and  ihddish.  "  In 
tile  tir.st  part  ot  llu'  \nyaj;i,"  says  lir  in  hu  Ittti  i , 
"  tliiv  wtTf  dftiTiiiiiuMl  tl)  ha\»r  it  said  tlu'v  had 


in  All 


nd  thiTflurc  insisted  nii  my  slnp 


pin^'  at  the  Cape  df  N'trdis.  Ni\t  they  .said  the 
.slnp  shduld  stop  (in  ihe  toast  ot  r.ita;;onia,  tor 
they  nuist  s.i-  the  lar^;i'  and  iiiu'iiiiinion   inhabit- 

must  j;o   to  the 


't   that   pi. lie.     'l"hi'n   the 


ant-' 


islaml  where 


•ioliiiison  Cruso 


.11 


I  so  I, 


i\ml 


,IS 


tlv,  tl 


illij  llVei 


lev  were  deti'rmined  to  see  the  li.tnd 


some  inlialiitaiils  o 


1 1: 


sler 


siaml 


II   al 


these  resulvi's  the  i  .ipt.iin  opposed  his 
pvreniptiny  veto,  as  "  contrars'  to  iiistrm  lions.  " 
'riuii  would   break  lortli 


111  unavailing  explosiiin 
<if  wrath  on  the  part  ot  eert.iin  nt  the  piriiurs,  in 
the  course  ot  which  they  tlid  not  cmii  sjiari'  Mr. 
Asior  lor   Ins  ;iit  of  su|icrero^r,ui,,||  ni  lurnishin^- 


Ills 


orders  lor  the  i  muroi 
on  bo.ird.  iiistctd  ot  h 
where  it  would  In   best 


i|  th 


ship  while  the\  were 


.ivin^;  Iheili  to  be  the  pid^i  s 


hiT  to  toiiili,  an 


I  h 


lonj;  to  remain.     The  ch  ileric  M'DoulmI  look  tl 


le.id  in  these  r.iilin;,',-! 
Served,  a  Inile  putted 
Mr.  .Aslor's  prow 


bein 


Ki 


eill 


Up  with    the  ule.i  ol   bi-niL 


The  e.iptaia,  however,  became  only  so  iinu  h  the 
mure  crnstv  .iiid  doi,'),'eil  in  his  adh'eieiue  to  his 
orders,  and  touchy  and  h.irsli  in  his  de.ilin^'s  with 
his  ji.issenjrers,  .uid  tiequent  alleiLations  eiisiird. 


e  ina\  in  some  measure 


ll.ive  been  inlluenecd  b 
his  se.imanlike  i;npatienec  ul  the  inlcrterence  tit 
landsmen,  ,iml  his  hi;;h  notions  ot  nav.il  einpictte 
and  (pi.irter-dfck  authority  ;  but  he  evidentlv  had 
an  htaic-t,  irustv  eimccrii  lor  tl 


empioM  r. 


H. 


ie  interests  ol 


Ills 


III  turnl   to   hiinst 


It 


he 


jn-oiti'iiir  ot  the  enterprise,  who   had   disbuisi 
muiiiliceiiilv  in  lis  ouilil,  ealrul.iiii 


aiiMous 


iij'  on  till-   /f,il 


lidtlity,  and  siii:;leiless  ot  pur, 

;;ml  a),'enls  ;  wliile  thev,  on  the  other  li.iiul,  h.i\ 


lose  ol  his  .1 


ssoei.Ui" 


.^ood   ship  ;il   their   dispos.il. 


kct  .a  hoinr  to  bf.ir  tl 


am 


•a    (Irij) 


leni  out,  sefiiifd  if.idv  !■ 


■iitrr  (.n   e\fry  co.ist,  ,uul  .iiiuise   tlaim 


i;.i-i\ei    i:i 


every  port. 

(  In  the  Irairth  of   1) 
tif  the  l-'.a!Ll.uid   Isl.imii 


fcemher  thev  emu 


tim 


(•  oil  .111  ailow.iiuf  ot  \..iler,  u  w 


Ilaviii}^  been   I  ir  S' 


111  si"ht 


int.' 


,is  resolved  to 


anchor  h,  re  ;tiid    obuiin   ,i  si;pj)l\-.      .\   |)o.it  w;ei 


Sent    into  a    sm.il 


to   tal. 


M'l). 


I  Us. 


and  .Mr.  .M'K.iy  took   tl 


soiindini 


Ml 


o  on  shore,  but  with 


n.s  tiee.ision   lii 


that  they   wouiti    not   detain   ll 

.sh.ore, 

order:- 


I  reijiiesl  from   the  i  .ipl.im 


le 


hill. 


(  Mil 


however,  they  were  in   no  h.i^te  to 


'J'l 


but  l.imbled  ;il 


loiii  in  se.ircli  ol  <  urio.^ities. 


le  anchor.e.,'!'  i.rovin..^'-  unsafe,  .•tiid  w.ii.t  diltlcult 


to  be  |)roeurei!,  tln'  c.iiitain  siui 


ml   out  to   se.i, 


Hid 


ide  repealed  sij,'n,il-i  tor  those  on  shin-  to  re|oin 
tlie  sliip,  but  It  w.is  nut  until  nine  .a  niL;|il  ihal 
they  came  on  bo.ird. 

The   wintf    beiii);    adverse,  the   boat 


sent  on  shore  on    the   followii 


was  a},''aiii 


.noriiin: 


j,'enilemeli    aj;-.iin    landed,   but 
off    at 


am 


1  ll 


le 


promi.sed   to 


lorgol  their  ) 


a   moment  s   w.srnin! 


thev 


.is/.iin 


iroinise  in  their  e,i),'er  pursuit  of  wild 


Hjerse   ,Tnil   sr.i-wolvc 


Aft 


'•f  1  limp  till 
<•  tn.iilrt.irih. 


h.iuled   l.iir,  .iiiil  si^n.ils  wei 

II. lit  .in   hour  el.ipsed,  but  no  bo.it  niitiiii 

i.ipt.iin  reeonnoitretl  the  shore  with  I 


I'  itTt-; 


ns;;i.iv 


to  Ins  inlinite  m  x.ition,  s.nv  thi  loittiirs 
en)o;.  iiieiit  ol  their  "wild  i;onse  cli.n,, 
to  the  ipiick,  he   imniedi.iti  ly   m.idi' 


""'"II.. 


S.ll 


those  on  shore  s.iw  the   ship  ;ii  unliy 

they   emb.irketl    with   .ill   spcfd,    jmi  In,!  ,  J^ 

pull  of  ei^;ht    miles    before  the\  ^n\  im  |i„..f, 


tl 


nil    espelli  lit  III  but  .1    ^;rlm    lei  rptuiti. 


st.indin^;  th.it  they  t  .iiiie  wi 
id  the  I  li.ise. 
Two  d.ivs  alterw.ird,  on  th 


uihtlu- 


'jfci'i 


•\elitli 


ber,  tlu'V   aiiehoreil.it    I'ort    I  v;inoiit. 
isl.ind,  where  they   rem.iined   tour 


111  liii'i.nii' 


y  rem.iined  tour  i|a\s  t.iKiii;-  ^ 
water  .iiid  m.ikiii;;  np.iirs.  This  u  i,,i  i,,\n>iMiin,. 
for  the  l.indsiiieii.      'Ihes   p'li  lied   I  ll  lit   iiulvif 


at   at  their 


I  omni.md,  .iinl 


|ia'>Mi|  I; 


tune  merrily  in  r.imblinj;  .ilmut  the  islm.!  i,; 
eo.istinj;  ;ilon^-  the  shores,  shontiitj;  m,,  in,r< 
se.ils,  loses,  ^eese,  dlK  ks.  and  peliynii'-,  V,,!,,. 
\Mre  keener  in  pursuit  of  this  kind  nl  i.eiif'.i 


MDi 


"iK'il 


d    I>.ivid  Stu.irt  ;   the  l.iltei 


tiiiiiiled  ot   .iipi.ilie   sports   on  th 


I.IhI    111 


dor,  ,1 


nd  his  lumiiii)^  e\ploits  in  the  imriliv 


.|!1'J. 


Ill  the  mean  time  the  e.ipt.iin  aililn 
ste.idily  to   the   business  ot   his  ship,  s. 


a  h' 


mn-: 


hobd. 


ly  spirit  .iiiil  useless  pursuits  of  In-,  n 


p.iteil    messm.ites,  anil    w.iriim^'   them,  tr  nM;"'c 
to  time,  not  to   wander  .iw.iy   nor  be  mr  .>  i;,,' 
They    iiroiiiised,    .is     usu.il,    tli.it    the   ,,iii|    ,v'j 
nr\er  eNprrielli  e  .i  moment's  detelllioti  111'  ll  r  ' ! 

t  oiiiu.  but  .IS  iiMi.il  tiir^;ot  their  proiniM- 

< 'n  the  morning;  ot  the  lltli,  the  iip.UN'.-i 
.dl  linished,  .iml  tin'  w.iti'r-e.isk-;  repliiii-.r.i ',  i 
si^Mi.il  w.is  j,'iveli  tiieinb.irk,  .llid  the  slti|i  Ki;;,i'i 
wei;;li  anchor.  ,\t  this  time  .sexeral  ul  iln  'm-v 
yers   were   dis|)ersed   about   the 


thenistdves 
d  t 


in  various  wavs. 


Sone 


■t  th. 


men  hail  tound  two  inscriniioiis. 


1-. 


pl.ii  e  w  here  two  uiilorUin.ite  m.iiniers  h.i', 


liurie 


d  in  tl 


us   tiesert  isl.ind 


.\s    ll 


were  iie.irlv  worn  out   bv  time 
wt 


!,•   iiiM  P|it;. 
Ul-  itiiir  t 


re    pl.iyin^;  the   p.irl    ol    "  (  )ld    .Nb 


Tl 


|iloUsly  reliewili),^  them 
sumiiioiied  them  trom   their  l.ibois 
s.ails   un 


V 


M'l>, 


lulled,    and    lli.it   she   w. 
11-   two  sportin;;   p.irtiiei 


le  Sl;;n,ll  lioiii  llv 
they  -vi-^ 
•etlKh    111 


11, 


i\id  Slu.il 


t,  h 


,.  hii'.\i\  r,  I 
sir.. bill  .iv.iv 


the  south  ol  the  isl.iiul  in  pursuit  oi  pi  rmiins 


would  never  do  to   | 


nt    olt    Wltliolll   tlielil.  .i>t', 


W.IS  liut  one  lio.it  111  I  oiiNiA   the  who 
W'hilir  this  del.u'  took    |il.ice  on   s! 
tain  w.is  siorniiiij^  on  bo.ird.      Ibis 
lime  his  ortlers  li.id   been   ire.ited  uith  i    iii-''' 
.mil  the  ship  w.inlonlv  ilel. lined,  .-ind  M  -i'nni 


ll'i 


the 


,lst 


SI)    tie    siire.U 


sail 


swe.irinj,'  he 
theliiseht's. 
niatle   remonslr.iiices   and    entre:iiits. 


mid    leave   the  l.ii,'!,'.iri!s  i-i-,lim''ir 
t   was   in  v.iin    tli.n  those  eii  '■■ 


seiited  the  horrors  ol  ab.indonim; 
sterile  and  iininh.ibileil  isl.ind  :  i! 
t.iiii  was  inliexible. 


.nil!    11, 
llleli    li:'  1'   ' 


11  tile  mean  lime  the  i)en)i:uin  hiiplers  ll 


llle    en^rax'ers    ol    tombstones,   but 
ship  W.IS  alreadv  out  al  se.i.   ■rhe\ 


llol 


{■ 


lie 


of 


einht.  Hire 


w    tl 


lelllseut's 


into   tlicn 


which  W.IS  alioul  Uveiits' 


III  lenell;,a:'i!:i«i 


w 


itii    mij^ht    ;iiiil    mam. 


For  three  lioui'^ 


ami  .1 


h.tll   tlid    they   tuy   an.xiously  and 


Mlelv   .1' 


o.ir,  sw.is 


bed 


oee.isiiin.illv 


)v  the  siirum:.;'  " 


the 

;1VCS 


ot  till:  open  se.i,  while  the  ship 


ilieMil.ibh  .<ii' 


her  1  ourse 


ami  seemed  determined  to  leaic 


ll'd.i 


iA  #i>i 


JsiiJUii 


ASTORIA. 


315 


.,  ii.unl  III  the  ship  w.ih  the  nophrw  of  D.ivi.l 

hiuiii  asciink' '"■'""' ''I'"'''  •'"''  ''""'I""""'  ^'''' 
''        '     ■   ilnmnht.  till-  i.i|it.tiM  iilisim.ilrly  hi-iit 


„.    „  nc  umuKiii.  i>'-    ...|.......  ■••  .,    ..v... 

»U  .ilwnlimiiiK'   I""'  >'"' !•'  •""'   ''""    ">'>'■''*.   I>'' 
.1  .,,1  I  mstul,  .mil  III  .1  I'.iritxysm  nl  vmmiIi  swon- 
hcv,4ilil  l>liiwmit  lln'  uiiitain's  liiaiiis  iiiiIi-mh  he 
nut  .iiuiit  Ml-  sliiirlfiifil  sail. 
K.iriiiii.iti'ly  lor  .ill  p.irlics,  ihr  wiiul  jiki   then 

c,in;i' :ilu'.i'l.  ■""'  ''"■  ''•'"  ^^'''*  '■"■''''•'''  '"  '<••"  li 
th.^  slip ;  iitluiwisc,  ilis.istmus  i  iniiinst.inrcs 
lini'*,!  iMVfi'iiiiif'l.  NV«'  (^'"  li.inlly  hflirxr  ih.il 
thi"!  i|il.iin  rc.illy  iiitt  lulfil  to  cirry  In-,  tliicu 
inn  lull  till' I.  .i'"'  I'.itli''''  iliiiil<  Ik'  iiiiMiii  t"  li't 

ihi  i:i;),'."^'l''  ""  ''""  ■'  '""'»'  I'""  ■""'  ■'  '"■■"''>■  'i  !>;•"• 
ill  unl.iii'l,  ho.vivtT,  ill  Ins  letter  iv  Mr.  .Nsior, 
th.it  h'-  «.is  hci'iouH  III  Ins  I  lire. Its  ;  .iiid  there  is 
miki)  iwinn  hew  l.ir  suih  an  inui  iii.iii  in.iy  push 
|lHn,iliiiii.,o!  .iiilhority. 

"ll.nl  the  winil,'  writes  he,  "  (iiiitdrtiin.itely i 
Init  Li'ileil  .ill''."'  ^""'1'  .it'er  le.ivin^,'  the  harlmr's 
ni.irih,  I  slii'iilil  pDSilivelv  have  lelt  them  ;  ,mi|, 
imltT'l,  I  (.iiiinil  (lilt  think  it  an  iinlurlim.iie  eir- 
CKiv.'ii.im I'  t(ir  \iai  that  it  so  h.ippeiieij  tnr  the 
fir-;  !'!>>  Ill  tills  iir.i.imi'  woiilil,  in  my  opininn, 
hu'u  prdvtil  the  hesi,  as  ihey  seem  to  h.ive  no 
iilt'i  lit  the  v.iliif  ot  pidpeny,  imr  .iiiy  apparent  re- 
{[.irl  liir  y<iiir  iMterc-.t,  .illh(ni^;li  interwoven  with 
tliiirawn." 

This,  it  niu-.t  he  runtessed,  was  .-ntin;^  with  .i 
hi(;li  h.iml.  and  i-arryin;,' a  re^.n-il  to  the  owner's 
nnimrty  to  it  (l.iii>,'eri)ns  length.  Wirioiis  petty 
tcii.Is  ndurrcd  .ilsn  between  him  and  the  jj.irtiKTs 
in  ii-iicrt  til  iIk'  ^{iMids  on  hoard  the  sliiji,  soiiu 
arth lis  ol  wliiih  they  wi-.hed  to  distnluite  tnr 
c!"',l)ini;  iiinnii);  the  men,  or  tor  other  piirpoM's 
wkiiji  ihcv  ileeiiied  esseiili.d,  The  rapt.iin,  how- 
ever, kept  ,1  inisiiit  w  itrh  upon  the  i.ir^;;!),  .ind 
giMwlc.l  :iM(l  siiaiiped  il  they  iiiit  ullered  to  loin  h 
l)ci\  iir  hale.  "  It  w.is  eontr.iry  to  orders  ;  it 
viruM  iiirliit  his  iiiviiranee  ;  il  was  oiii  ot  all 
riii:  It  u.is  111  vain  they  insisted  iipoii  iluir 
ti,i;hi '.mlo  so,  as  |)arl  owners,  and  as  .k  im.^  tm- 
t!ic);("/l  nt  Ihe  enterprise  ;  the  caiitain  imlv  slin  k 
to  Iii3  |iiiiiit  tin:  more  staiiehly.  They  i  oiisoIcmI 
tlu",n>clvi's,  iherelore,  hy  dcrl.iniij,'  tli.it  .is  sooii.i-. 
they  i-i;i<k-  land  they  would  assert  their  rights,  and 
i>i\\\[n  ship  ,in;l  ciii;,.  ,is  they  pitvced. 

l^siik'5  these  lends  tietweeii  the  captain  ,'ind  the 
Iwriii'Ts,  there  were  leiuls  lietween  the  iiartiiers 
lht"Hbi-lvcs,  o.  I  ,i-.ioned,  in  some  nie.isiire.  hy  ieah 
iju-;.  'd  iMiik.  M'Doiij^al  ,ind  M'K.iv  I.eMan  to 
(.M'A-  p  ,ins  tor  the  l.iri,  .md  other  liiiihlint^-,  ol  the 
\rf-Mr,\  cslalihsliment.  1  |u-y  aj,'reed  very  well 
"V''.  the  (nitliiie  and  diniensioi'is,  wliiidi  were  on  a 
siilixiiinlv  >;raiui  seale  ;  hut  when  thev  eame  to 
a''.tn:;r  die  det.iil.s,  lirnc  disputes  arose,  and 
[''•vwoiildiiuarnl  h^  the  hour  .iliout  the  distri- 
"i'-:'':i  ol  the  (lodi-s  .md  \vin<lows.  M.mv  were  ilie 
''■'fil  words  ,111(1  hard  names  li.indied  lutweeii 
l!':n  on  Uu-se  decasions,  aeeordiiij;  to  the  r,i|,. 
'l'''^  ■ici-oiint.  Kaidi  accused  the  oilier  ot  en- 
'■■'"I'liiii;  In  assume  iiiiw.irr.intahlc-  power,  .md 
'"t.iM' the  lead  ;  uii.ui  which  Mr.  .MT)ou-al  would 
^iii!miij,'!y  l,iy  down  .Mr.  Astor'.s  letter,  constitut- 
'",!.iiii  tiis  rcpreseiitalive  .md  proxv,  ;i  docimieiil 
■■-' I'l  he  (lii|)uled. 

'■'".^:  wordy  loiilests,  though  violent,  were 
"■'■:  'ami  within  hiteen  minules,"  s.ivs  ihec.ip- 
"V  ■  liey  would  lie  t.iressinir  e.ich  ■ollor  like 
C")i'iiTn. 

/^'''^''■'-  all  liiH  prttv  an.ui  hv  was  a.^itatini;-  the 
■'*  won.  \Mih,n  the  Ton(|uin.  the'  ^;ood'  .ship 
F'b|).Tously  pursued  her  course,  doubled  C.ipe 
"■'"'"  liu'JSlh  o!  December,  careered  acn.ss 
I'^^lH'som  ot  the  Pacilic.  until,   on   the   nth   ot 


I  I  lini.irv,  the  snnwv   peaks  of  Dwvitpc  were  seen 

bn^hlcnin;;  ,iliove  the  liori/oii. 


(II.M'lIk   \  1. 

nwvin f,  nr  ll.iw.iii,  as  il  is  written  hy  more 
ex.ict  ortho^'raphers,  is  the  l.ir^^est  id  the  i  luster, 
ten  111  number,  ol  the  S.indwich  Isluids.  It  is 
about  ninety -si'M'ti  mihs  in  li'iit,'th  ,ind  seventy- 
eii;ht  111  bre.idlh,  rising'  ^;r.idu.ill\  into  three  py- 
lainid.il  siimmiis  or  i  ones  ;  the  higlu'st,  Moiiii.-i 
Ko.i,  liein^f  eighteen  tlnnisind  teet  .iluive  llie  level 
ol  the  sea,  so  as  to  domineer  o'.cr  the  whole  Ar- 
ehipel.igo,  and  to  be  .i  l.indmark  mcr  .i  wide  cx- 
li'iit  ot  ocean.  It  iiin.iins  a  Listing  moimiiient  of 
the  eiiterprisinj;  and  unlortuii.ite  I'.ipt.iiii  .Cook, 
who  was  murdered  by  the  natives  ot  this  islanrl. 

The  Sandwich  Islanders,  when  lirsi  discovereij, 
e\inced  ,1  rh.iracter  superior  to  mo>i  ot  ihesav.iges 
ot  the  I'.icitlc  isles.  They  were  traiik  and  open 
in  their  deportment,  friendly  ,tnd  liber.d  in  their 
de. dings,  with  an  .iiil  iiignuiits  a|)p,innt  in  all 
their  rude  inventions. 

'I  he  tr.igii  .d  Lite  ot  the-  discoverer,  whii  h.  for  a 
time,  brought  them  imdir  the  i  h.irge  ot  terocitv, 
w.is,  in  l.n  I,  the  result  ot  suddcii  esasper.ilion, 
i.iused  bv  the  sei/uie  ot   their  i  hif|. 

.\t     the    lime    ot    the    \islt    ot    the    TniKpijn,    the 

islanders  ti.id  prolited,  in  ni.nu  n  ^pr(  is,  b\  occa- 
sional   intercourse    with    while    iiirii  ;    and    h.ul 

lown  .1  (piickness  to  observe  and  culii\,ite  those 
,iris  impoii.ini  to  their  mode  ot  living.  Origin. illy 
thev  li.iil  no  me, ins  ot  n,i\  ig.itirg  ilie  se.is  hy 
which  they  wen;  surrounded,  superior  to  lig'ht 
pirogues  which  were  little  competent  to  contend 
with  the  storms  ol  the  bio. id  oce.iii.  As  the 
isl.inihrs  are  not  in  sight  id  i  ich  oth.er,  there 
( mild,  tliendore,  he  lull  c.isii.il  inteii nurse  between 
them.  The  tr.iltie  with  white  mi  n  h.id  put  them 
in  jiossession  of  vessels  ot  superior  description  ; 
they  h.id  made  themselvi's  acipi.iinted  with  their 
m.in.igeimnt,  and  h.id  even  m.ide  rude  .idv.inces 
ill  the  .irt  ot  ship  building. 

These  impro\emems  luid  lueii  |)romoted,  irt  ,1 
gre.il  au'.isure,  hy  the  energy  ,ind  s.ig. icily  ot  one 
man,  the  t.imous  Tam.i.ihm.iah.  lie  h.ul  origi- 
nally been  a  petty  eri,  or  cliiet  ;  but,  being  ot  :m 
intrepid  :n\i\  .ispiring  nature,  he  h.ul  risen  in  r.mk, 
and,  availing  himself  ot  the  su|reriiir  aiK'.intages 
now  attorded  in  navig.ition,  h.id  brought  the 
whole  ,\rcliipel.igo  in  subjcciioii  to  his  .irms.  At 
the  time  o|  ilie  arriwil  id  the  ToiKpiin  he  had 
about  lortv  schooners,  ot  trom  twenty  to  thirty 
tons  l)iinlen,  .and  one  old  .\meric.in  .ship.  With 
these  he  m.aint.'iined  undispuicd  sway  over  his  in- 
sul.ir  dom.iins,  and  c.irried  on  .in  inurcourse  with 
the  ciiitds  or  governors  whom  lu-  h.id  jdaced  in 
command  ot  tlie  sever.il  isl.uids. 

The  situ.ilion  id  this  group  ot  isl.uids,  tar  in  the 
bosom  of  the  vast  I'acilic,  and  their  abund.uU  fer- 
tility, rendered  them  import.int  slopping  places 
on  the  highway  to  China,  or  to  the  northwest  coast 
ot  .Xmeriia.  Ilere  the  \essels  engaged  in  the  tur 
trade  toiii  hed  to  make  rep.iirs  and  |irociire  provi- 
sions ;  and  here  they  otteii  sheltered  themseUcs 
during  ihe  winters  th.U  occurreil  in  iheir  long  co.ist- 
ing  expi'ditions. 

The  I'.rilish  navig.Uors  were,  from  the  t'lrst, 
aw.ire  id  the  \;ilueot  these  isl.mdsto  the  purposes 
lit  commerce  ;  and  Tamaahma.ih,  not  long  after 
he  had  .lUained  the  sovereign  sway,  was  per- 
suaded bv  \'aiiC(.)Uver,  the  celehr.ited  discoverer, 
to  .icknowledgo,  on  behalf  of  himself  anil  sul'jects, 


il 


L    ,  • 


hi 


'  .1 


it 


813 

tille^ianco  to  tho   Kln^^  of  (".ri-at    r.rit 


AGTORIA. 


reader  caniuit   l>iit   lall   tn   mini 


I   t! 


Tin 


u'  \iMt  whu  h 


im. 


the  r 


(>\al  t.miilv  and  cou 


rtol  thf  Saiidwiih  Islands 


U 


as,  in  late  yJars,  iiidiiii'd   to   make  tn  the  luuit 


111 


ot  St.  James 
niiH-k  par: 

est\-  (it  m-MhU'.'hal  stvl' 


K'  seiiD-riMnie  (  ereauinials  an( 


am 

wh'cll    attended 


that 


iini;ular  trav- 


•re  selddni  worn  bv  either  sc 


the  (lav,  when 


tl 


iiriPL'  til 


K'  eximstirc  (i|  their  pti- 


at  tirst  Very  revoltiit)^  to  a  civili/cil 
Toward    evenii  •;   several   (it 


5"'1S  WAS 


•lerk< 


s  went  on  shore,  where  tliev  wci 


eye. 
pari  lit- 


vx 


V."!! 


reived  ,ind 


)s|)it,U)ly  enteriaiiii  ( 


A 


It  was  a   put  ol   tlie   wide  and  roinprehensive  •  teen  younjj   w 


perlornu'd   lor  their  anuisemeiit,  in  ulij  n  i; 


omen   and 


plan  ot   Ml 

course  between   the.-- 


one    man  li;,>uN 


in- 


\si;ir  to   estahlisli   a  friendly  inter-     graeeliiUy,  sii  ninj;  in  concert,  ,iiul  mkiv 


(Is 


and 


intended  ;  c.ulence  of  iheir  sonj^ 


"S  10  t':t 


colonv,  which  mii;ht,  tor  a  time,  have  occasion  t 


All  this,  however,  was  nothing,'  t 


i>  the  111; 


d 


raw  Slipiihes   theiu  e  ;   a 
th 


nd 


le  even 


I  vaijue  ;  in  the  eyes  of  Cajitain   Thorn,  wli 


riiose 


idiM  of,  some  time  or  other,  t^ettinj;;  possession  ot 
one  ot  their  islands  as  a  remie/votis  tor  h-s  ships, 
and  .1  link  .a  tlie  c!iain  ol  his  commcicial  esiah- 
i 


11,    iH-in.,;  ,]|,3.|. 

pointed  in  his  hope  ol  obtaiiiinL;  ,i  siqipiy  ni  iMjii 
or  tindimj    ijood   water,    was  an\ioi:>  in  he  i,i 


his  it  was  not  so  ea..>'  to  eftec  t.    Tl 


isliments. 


On  th 


e  evenin;,''o 
d 


t  the  I2th 


if  ]•• 


larv  theTon- 


oiue  on  shore,  were 


i>V  the  (Kcasion. 


d, 


p;isv,'lii;vi 


Tl 


as    UmIMI,  In  |,|int 


quin   anchored    m   tlie  hay  ot    K.ir.ikakooa,  m  the 


th. 


le  jiartners  li.iil  ni.my  iii(|,!nt 


to  make  relative  to  lite  island,  with  ,i  view 


island  ot  ( )\ 
wild  and 
Jnices  of  I 


mdiii: 


'  shores  were  .   ncss  ;  whi 


(•  the  voiiiiT  clerks  were 


ilcll 


i;hU'i: 


irokeii,  wi 


th  o\irli.int;in.i(  cliffs  and  prcc-  .  t!ic  charms  and  j^races  of  llie  d.mcinL;  ll;ln1^t■'l> 


ai 


xoicuMC  rin 


k.    1 


e\  iinil 


th 


ese 


■[•( 


ever 


the 


oiimi"  was   lertile  and  well  ciiltiva 


ted. 


tl'    their    );ratilic.iliiiii>,  .m  I'M  r:.r, 


oltered    to  contliict   them   to  th 


with  inclosiires  ot  \ams. 


sug-, 


ir-canes, 


and 


antains,  sweet  potatoes, 
■       "  li- 


nn C'l 


\sas  massacri( 


1.       1 


mates  and  teemiiii;  soils 
talions  o 


other   jiroduciions  of   warm  i-|i 
id  the  luiiaerous  hal 


the   natives    wire   p 


isantlv  s 


helti- 


e  s|),ii  u lifiv c,:;). 
le  priipti-,itir.ii  -.v;, 
ea};erlv  accepted,  and  all  hands  sit  lUit.on  ,i ;«,. 
.;rima^e  to  the  |/..;ce.  The  \cler,in  ishiiiiii in- 
formed his  promise  laithliil!),  and  p.diritcil  miiihe 


beneath  clumps  of  cocu  i.aii  ,iiid  liread-fruit  trees. 


which  afforded  imth  toi 
Variel\  id   ';ardcn   and 


th 


e    sides   < 


if    ti 


,iiul  shade.    This  mi 
;rove  swept  j;railu.i 
h 


icry  spot   wliei 


th 


e    iinlorMinati-  (liMuvircrk, 


ii;led      The  rocks  and  coiiia-trees  around  hinv  niori!  oi 


Iv  up  ,   the  f.ict,  ill  th 


m.i 


rks  of  thi-   lialis  tirt-il  lmir.r,i: 


:lense  lorcMis 


mount. iins    until   succeedn 

l;i 


1) 


lats  ui)on  the  sa\ 


T 


le 


which   in  turn   ijave  place  to  n.iked      nnii 


nd    the  old    man,  ami    dresv   liniii 


pil.i,'rims  ;,'.;lhcM 


and  cr.ij^^y  rocks,  until  the  summits  rose  into  ilie 
rejjions  of  iH-rpetu.il  snow. 

Th  •  • 

this  t 


i.nticulars  he  had  to  rel.ite  ti  ^pcciiiii;  this  ni! 


:aii  ..li  r:i 


■ni- 


event  ;  while   the   honest  c,ii4.uii  sloi'iHiv 


e    ro\.il    re-iiileiice    o 


.im.i.ihm.i.ih   w.is 


d  'lit 


mil-  at  aiiuilii-i-  i-.;aii.l  ii.imei 


1  W . 


Tl 


is  n  -lis  with   im]iatieiu 


Tl 


I  HI) 


isi.ind  of  (iw\hie  w.ii  under  the  comm.md  nt  one 


ot  ins  eris,  or  duels,  who 


sided  at  the  village  of 


ift 
the 


■N.ilion,  tfiey  employi 


thems 


if  tl 


..ad  cutliiii;  nil  ilr  li.irs 


trees  marked  l)\-  the  li.iUs,  whu  h  iluv  < 


Iroin  the 


h,  situ.ited  on  ;.  differmt  part  ut  the  coast  i   back  to  the  ship  as  |irecious  reli(- 


ik.ik. 


Ki-ht  .rl. 


I  her 


l(ire,  was 


I't  them: 


On  tl 


If  nioi-iun''-  alter  hi-r  arm; 


t!ie  shii)  w.is 


surrmmdi- 
the  islamli 
of    f 


in- 


and 


]iiriij,nies, 


til 


P 
ed   \\itli 


-ies,  briU'rin'r  off  supplies 


till  ir  treasures  lairly  on  bo.ird,  uluii  he 
'iom  this  unprolltalile    pi. ice,  and  stcircil 


ru; 


i.d.li 


Pan 


waterme. 
capt.iiii    > 
number  iif  Im 
The  tr.idr  in 
subject  of  thi 
with  it.     Sue 


PP 
anas,     plantains,      t 


if  r 


oc.iii'li,  tlie 


fur  l-^ 


■sidelice  of  the  illii-r  iT  IJO 


nior  ot   the 


>ns,   y.im> 
ai   desirnus. 


caiiliaLres, 


am 


1    t, 


irn. 


io\\i-\er,   ot   iiurchasini 


I'he      succi-sslul  in    olit. lining    su| 


he 
iplle 


1,1  pel  I  til  .  i:  "'-"J't- 


(Ml  ((Mnn^'.O 


Hit    tlu-ie    were    none  to   be 


h, 


.nil  hor  till-  captain    went   on    shnn-,   acinn-.iwiiieii 
IV  Mr.  .M'Dou.mU    and    Mr.    M'K.iv.  .mil  r.ini  ^ 


v.a>  .1   ii!\,il   monopol\-,  .and  no      \  i^ii  to  the  ^.joxcrnor. 
It   T 


his  di^iiil.ii}  |ii  111  1  ''■■"•■ 


im.ialimaali  dared  to  meddle 


an   old   s.iilor,  liv  the  name  ot 


ho 


nauisions  as 


th 


ev  could   furnish. 


after  beiiiij  toss 


about  th'-  SI  .!-> 


Vnllll!; 

like  .1111  il'ir 


tiani 


wever,  were  brou'dit   bv   the 


d  .1  livelv  intercourse 


the  (lav,  111  which  the  women  miiv'led  in  the  kind-  .   isl.md.     lb 


natives   in   abiiii-      b.id,  h.id,  bv  one  ot    the  whimsicil   tte.il».-'  "I  W- 
s  kept  up  durilii;       tune,  been  elevated  to  the  j;overiillli'Iit  ul  i  m' ,!,''; 


his  visitois  with  nvr-,- 


cst  m.anni  r. 


complex! 


■-Liad 


ers   ,ire   a   ,  nmi-lv  r.ice. 
The    iiu-ii    .ire   t.iU    ,iiu! 


it   a 


tamiliarit\  than  person. ij; 


es  in 


his  lii-!i  st.if''!. 


with  lorms   indn  atiiiLi    sin-nirth   and 


women  w 


nil 


ictivitv  ;   the 


It  to  ind'ult;(-.  but  'Soon  ^a\e  lln  ni  to  laicn'"-''!- 
Ill, It  ]irovisions  wen;  scanty  at  I  oc.ai;li,  .ml  I'.i- 
there  was  no   j;oo(|    wat(-r,  no    r.ii  i   haMi;' 'Ht^' 


rejjul.ir  and 


feat 

ot  tl 


occisionallv 


-^oml 


111  tin-  nei 


.hb 


d 


lires,  .iiid  a  lascivious  expre- 
leir  tempi-r.imeiit. 


nearlv   tl 


Th(-ir  st\ 


.is   in   the  (l,i\  s  -il 


T 


har.icieris'; 
it  dre-.s  w.i 
aplam  ("link 


in  three  yi  ar--. 
li.iielv  !or 


lie  (  .ipt..in   w,!-.    immei 
conlerencc    and    departing;. 


hri-iki 


Jt    the 


-re  not  so  williiv'   to  part  with  the  nicn  a- ; 


le  iiieii  Willi-  liir  niaro.a  b.md  one  tout  in  widtli  ,  ernor,  who  seemed  disposi-d  to  be  extri  iiu: 


t'-rt    in 


leli-'th. 


swati 


loins,  ,md  Inrii 


if  ta 


kit 


ip.i,  or  ell 


ah  lit 


tlie 
th 


nuinicative,  and  Irom  whom  ttu-v  im 


il  I'l 


\  l.iri 


or  III  mile,  aliout   six   feet    siiu.ire,  tn 


not  over  one  shoulder. 


e      procure  some  uselul  inlormalion 

.1      s.ition  ac( ordiiiHly  ensued,  in  the  cnur 


arm,  so  .is  to  leave  it  b.nc  ,ii,-l,  f.iUin''  it 


jiassi-d  under  ihe  op|)osite  ,  they  m.ide  m 


inv  iiHjuiries  about  the  .itl.nis' 


f 


olds  hefon 


.IIK 


1 1 


r.icetul  I   islands,  their  naiiir.d    production 


iii>l  ti'.i' 


some  reseinhlance  to 


The   f 


111 


l.de    il 


ment  forii 


I  kom.in  toi;, 
1  oiwistiil   III    the   pall,  a 


<_r,.  in  i'lf  v^.a  • 
trade  ;  nor  did  they  tail  to  impure  nim  thr  ii'i'*" 


lehiml,  to  the  I  me,  so  as  to  bi-.ir      bility  of  tiirnini,^  them   to  adv.inta 


.il  historv  of  John  \'oun^ 


<■  and  how  I"'  ''.i'^'' 


lehf^th  ai 

and  real  Inn- 


piece  of  t.ipp.a,  sever.il   yards    in      governor.   This  he  ^.ive  with  j,nc.it 


id  one  in  width,  wr/qiped  round  tin- w.iist      runnin'^  throu^;h  tlu-  whole  course 


,|  hi.  l"i"->  •''■■' 


I  pt-lticoat,  to  the  knees.     ()\ir  ,   "  e\(-n  trom  his  bovish  davs. 


this  a  kilit  I  nr  m.iiiile,  l.trin-rthan  that  of  th 


II 


e  w.is  a  n.itive  o 


f    I 


ivi-rpoi 


il,  in   i'.Pijian- 


sometinie 


\viirn     liver 


shawl 


iiotll 


shoulders. 


.1   :    had  followed  th 


e  sea  Iron 


>\  In 


IlllK. 


.sonietinus  over  one  only.     These  mantle^  \  ot  yuod  (.oiiducl,  lie  had  risen  so  lar  n 


l:i>  I'r 


hVliii'.  .iiichmt-il 


grcil  iiiiiiibcrs  , 


i&  i)*i*-. 


ASTORIA. 


.„•„•  ■,  '0  hr  boabAvain  (.1  an  Anu-ru-an  sliip 
[';,l'i"ii,e  Klcanor,  cimm,ui(k-(l   l)y  Cplam  Mcl- 

f  t  'n  lliis  vfsvl  lie  liad  .sailed  in  1 789,  on  "lie 
!„j,|,,,M-  (isual  cvixililions  b>  ihc  northwest  roast 
I  ip  „u,,t  ol  lJr>.  In  tlH-  . cursc'  ..I  llu'  voya-c  ih.- 
iciDiiMi  lift  a  Miiall  .s(luH)iur,    named   ihc    lair 

Viu'ricaii,  at  .soolka,  with   a  in-w  <.t   tivc  men, 
i a'mm.Hi'l'' 'i  bv  liis  son.  a  yiiuili  ct  ciKditt  -n.     Siic 
f^vn'oi^'ili'^^'i"'  111  iIh'  track  ol  l.u-  hU-aiioi-. 
'    'liiV.liiuarv,  I7«^'.  fapimn  Mciclt  toiulu'd  at 

Ihv  islaiul  (it  Mdwi  f.  «iu;  ut  the  Sandwii  h  Kioup. 

Wliil;  .indiMicci  hiMc,  a  hiiat  which  was  astern  of 
[tht;  Kli  iP.ur  was  stoliii,  and  a  seaman  wiio  was  in 

jtu.bkiiled.    The  natives,  ^;eiierally,  liiselaimed 

ticuiraj;!',  ami  l)i-(>u^;ht  the  shattered  remains  ot 
ithl'iMi  .111.1  I'le  (lead  tiudy  t)t  the  seaman  to  tin.' 
jS;:;!'.    SupiiosiiiK  that  they  had  thus  appeased  the 

a:ii;tr.'l  ll'.c  captain,  they  thronj;ed,  as   usual,  m 

crr.it  mimhers  .diout  the  \esscl,  to  traiie.   faplam 

■  Mdci.t,  luivvever,  dett  rmiiied  on  a  1)1  xnly  re- 
Veii'c.  The  I'k.iiior  niounled  ten  >;uns.    All  these 

I  he iirihre(i  to  he  lo.ided  with  nnisket-halls,  nails, 

I  aiul  i.U'LCs  ot  old  iron,  and   then  tired  them,  and 

till'  small  arms  ot  the   shi|),  .iinon^^   the  natives. 

Till' hnoc  w.is  (Ireadtul  ;  more   than  a  hundreil, 

aci'iiiiliiij;  to  Vouiy's  aci  ouiit,  were  slain. 

Aii'.r  t'lissi^jiial  ,icl  ot  veii^eanee,  Captain  Met- 

Cilt ^.lii^■(l  from  Mowee,  and  made  tor  the  island 

|oH)w',l)ic,\vliire  he  was  well  reeei\ed  by  lama. di- 

[ni.i.ili.    Tl!f  torl.iiies  of  this  warlike  cliiet   were 

at  ili.il  time -a.  '.ne  rist;.   lie  had  orij^inaiiy  tierii  ot 

inlenor  iMiik,  ruling'  over  or.ly  c)iie  or  two  disiiicts 

■  01  "vuhie,  hut  liad  j^radu. illy  111, ule  hiiiiselt  sov- 
eivi_;"i  ot  his  native  isl.ind. 

Thi' Kleaiior  rcin.imed  some  fewd.ivs  at  .iiichor 
lure,  aiiii  an  ,i|i|i,irently  triendly  intercourse  w.is 
ki'pl  up  with  the  iiih,d)it.ints.  On  the  l/tli  .March, 
Joi'.ii  Vcung  obiaiiied  |)eriiiission  to  pas>,  the  i/ii;ht 
or,  shuru.  t)ii  the  tollowini;  niornini;  a  signal  j,eii 
summ.iiifil  him  to  leturn  on  hoard. 
Ilf  lUiu  to  the  shore  to  emh.irk,  hut   found  .ill 

■t.u  iMiUH-,  haulei  ii|)  on  the  In  ch  and  ni;orousl\- 
tr.;iij",'l,  or  inienhi  ted.  He  would  have  Luinclieil 
o;.v  limi.M'it.  bill  w.is  informed  hv  rania.dim.i.ih 
ti:.it  ;:  ii'j  iiresuir.Ld  to  do  so  lie  would  be  put  to 
iti;. 
Vr ;;,.;  was  obiii^cil  lo  submit,  .md  rem. lined  .ill 

;  (...)  ir,  !,'riMt  perplexity  to  .11  a  ount  lur   this    ni\ste- 

'  i'."tis  i.iiui.i.  :in(l  learUil  that  s.mie  ho-,tilily' w.is 
niri(li-i!.     In  the  evenin^j  he  le.irned  the  caiis"  ot 

;  i|.  .111.1  \\\^  iine.isincss  sv,is  mcre.ised.  It  .ippe.ired 
ti'i.u  ■,!;.•  mihIk  live  a.  t  ot   (',i|)tain  Metc.ilf  h.id  re 

i.Ci'"^-'  'ijion  Ills  own  head.  The  schooner  {■',iir 
|\iii"!.i,ia,  .oininaiided  by  his  son,  following-  in 
li;'' ir.iik,  had  l.illfii  iiuo   the  li.uids  ot   the  natives 

[ti|iii'„iiiilnv.inlot  Tocaigh  li.iy.  ,ind  young  .Met- 

U'l;'   til  t'Uir.il  the  ,  rew  had  been  mass.ured. 

«'ii  a-iiiviiig  iiitflligrnee  of  this  event,  T.i- 
"■'■'■'-I'laili  had  imme.liatelv  tabooed  .ill  ibe  ca- 
ji''5,  ■ni.lirilcrdicicl  ,ill  intercourse  with  th.e  ship 
[  ;■  ':!'■  ripi.un  should  Ir.irn  the  I. He  id  the 
"  ^'"'''f,  :i!l.l  l.ike  his  f'Vfnge  upon  the  isl.ind. 
' ''"  'iiiii- riMsoii  he  prevented  Voungtium  re 

ll'i^'/iij;  ^.'.MoiiMlryhien.  The  Ide.mor  coiitinued 
Wiifr-  .;s^r„.,|.,  j|,,,„  ,11^^^,  1^^  |^^^^^_  j^^^.  1^^^^  i\:iy^^  and 

'•L>.|i.i.!;  lom.hnhng,  11.,  doubt,  tint  the    bo.it- 

.'"•''  ^"ui'.'  was  in  d,-,p,i 
|=;|;l'  r.akL'  sail,   and    louin' 

!  ■ 'liyi.HMj^'i.s  ;  and  savages,  too,  sanguin.irv  in 
^^  i  '''.ir.utcr,  .mil  imlanied  by  acts  ot   hostility. 

r,..'^''^ ''"''7''''''-'   '''■^■'PP"'l'ted,' however,  in  (\pr- 

,  ''"/"s  is'iiliing  out  kind  treatment  from  T.im.i.ih- 
■,:':!"'■'  "-^  I'c'iple.  It  is  true,  he  w.is  narrowly 
■•'"•  Ittlv.never  a  vessel  came  in  sight,  lest  he 


iir  w  lien 
himself 


le  s.iw   the 
ib.mdoned 


!  should  escape  and  ndate  what  had  pas.sed  ;  hut  at 
ether  times  tie  was  treated  with  entire  eontidence 
I  and  gre.il  distinction.     Me  became  a  prime  favor- 
ite,  c.ibinet  counsellor,    and    activi:   coadjutor  of 
I  'r.iiiiaahniaah,  atteiulmg  him  in  all  his  excursions, 
j  whether  of  business  (U'  pleasure,  and  .liding  in  his 
I  w. II  like  and  ambitious  enterprises,    fly  di  grees  he 
I   rose   to   the   nink  of  a   chiet,  espoused  one  ot  the 
j  be.iutiesot  the  isl.imj,    and  became  h.ibitu.ited  ami 
I  reconciled  to  his  new  way  ot  lite  ;  thinking  it  bet- 
!  ler,  perhajis,  to   rule   among   savages   than   serve 
1  among  white  men  :  to  be  a  fe.Hhered  (  hief  th.iii  a 
\  tarpawling  boatsw.iin.      lli.-,   t.nor  with   T.imaah- 
'  iiiaah   ne\er  declined  ;  and   when  that  sag.icious, 
infepid,   ,ind   as|):ring   chieftain    h.id    111. ide   him- 
self   so\ereigii   o\'vT   the   whole   group  ot   islands, 
and  removed  his   residiaice  to  Wo  ihoo,  he  left  his 
t.iillitul    adherent  John     Young    in    command   of 
t  >\\  yhee. 
i       Such    is   an   outlini'   of  the  histinv  of  (io\ernor 
Young,  as   furnished    by  hiniselt  ;  and    we   regret 
ih.it    we   .ire   not   able   to  gi\i-   anv  account  ot  the 
sl.ite   maintained   by  this   seat.inng   worthy,    .and 
I  the  manner  in  which  he  discharged  liis  high  func- 
tions ;  though    It   is   evident    he    h.id    more  id   the 
I  hearty  t.i.nili.irity  ot   the   loia-casile   th.iti   the  dig- 
nity of  thi:  guberiiatori.il  ollii c 
]       'i'hese  long  contereiues  were  bitter  Iri.ils  tl^  the 
;  p.itience  of  the  captain,  who  h.id  110  resput  eitiier 
lor  the  governor  or  liis  ishiiid,  and  w.is  .uixious  to 
push  on   ill   (|Uest  of   pi'o\  isions  and   w.iter.      As 
soon  as  he  could  get  his  in(pii-..itive  p.irtners  once 
more  on    bo.ird,    he   weighed    .1111  lior,   and   ni.ule 
s.iil  tor  the  ishmd  of  W'o.ihoo,  the   r. jy.il  residence 
of   I'.im.i.ihmaah. 

This  is  the  most  beautilul  ishmd  td  the  .S.mdwich 
group.  It  is  forty-six  miles  in  length  and  twenty- 
three  in  breadth.  .\  ridge  ol  \oliaiiic  mounlaiiis 
extends  through  the  centre,  rising  iiiId  lottv  jxMks, 
.111(1  skirted  by  undulating  hills  ,iiid  rich  |)laiiis, 
where  iIr'  cabins  .4  the  n,ai\e~.  )K'i  p  mil  from  be- 
ne,ith  groves  of  cocoanut  and  other  luxuri.iiil  trees. 
On  the  2ist  ot  l-'ebru.irv  the  Ton(|iiin  cast 
.iiichor  in  the  beautiful  b.is'  l)idi>re  llie  \illage  ot 
W'.iitui.  I  jiri'iiounced  Win  teetee  1,  the  abode  of 
'  Tarn. I, dim. I. ih.  This  \  ill. ige  .(int. lined  about  two 
hundred  h.ibitation.-,,  compused  id  poies  set  in  the 
ground,  tieil  logetlur  at  the  ends,  and  thatched 
with  gr.iss,  and  was  silu.ited  in  .111  open  gnne  of 
coco. units.  '1  he  rnval  |).il.ice  ot  T.im.i.i'im.i.ih  w.is 
.1  l.irge  house  of  Iwii  sloiies  ;  the  lower  o!  stone, 
the  upper  (d  wood.  Round  this  his  body-guard 
kept  watch,  composed  id  iwent\-t,iur  men,  in  long 
blue  cassocks  turneil  up  with  yellow,  and  each 
.irmed  with  ,1  .i.usket. 

Wdiile  .It  .inclior  ,it  this  pi. ice,  mm  h  eeremo- 
niiMis  \i-.i(ing  .md  long  conleicnce-.  i.itd<  place 
between  the  potent. ite  of  the  i.d.inds  .and  the 
p.irtners  (d  tlv  compiiu'.  T.im.i.il.m.i.ih  came 
.111  bii.ird  (d  the  slup  ia  lov.il  st\!e,  in  his 
d'luble  pirogue.  He  w.is  between  lilty  .md  sixty 
,  \e.iis  ol  .Ige,  above  the  middle  si/e,  huge  and 
well  in  ide,  though  somewh.it  cmpnleiu.  jle  w.is 
dresseil  111  .an  uld  suit  of  regiiiieiii.ils,  with  a 
swuril  bv  ills  s  lie,  .md  seemed  somewh.ll  eill- 
b.irr.issed  b\  Ids  m.igiiiliceiit  .itiire.  I'hree  of  his 
\\i\es  accompaivid  liim.  'I'hey  were  almost  as 
I. ill,  and  quite  .is  corpulent  as  himselt  ;  but  Iw  no 
nie.ins  to  be  eomp.ired  with  him  in  gr.mdeur  oi 
h.ibilinief  ..  wearing  no  other  g.irb  th.in  the  \i.ni. 
With  him  .ilso  c.ime  his  gre.u  l.iviu-i'e  and  con- 
lidenti.il  counsellor,  Kr.iimaker  ;  who,  Ironi  hold- 
I  ing  .1  post  equiv.ilelit  to  th.it  id  ]irime  minister, 
i  h.id  bei-n  t.imili.irh  n. lined  liiliy  I'ltl  by  the  Uritish 
\  isiturs  to  the  ishiiuls. 


ii: 


.■Ilii.i.M; 


':.i 


i   !■ 


.«'; 


m 


m-i 


m 


•I 


...  .|^j 


318 


ASTORIA. 


ii. 


■111 

||! 

I^M 

'       ;  ' 

3b 

H^ 

ite  ! 

laR' 

HH  ■' 

uf ' ' 

■P»i 

B* 

1 

i 

1  ^'t 

!              i     -f 

'       "       *l        ' 

,    !     .is- 

wrirT 

i     '' 
1   ■'!,; 

ib. 

.i^i/..:.'.J^JijJU|K 

The  sov(MTiL:ii  was  rcccivod  with  l)flittinix  riTc- 
nionial.  'I'lir  Aiiifflcaii  llat,' was  ilispla\iMl,  tour 
jjuns  wiTr  tircil,  aiul  tlir  partners  ajipcand  in 
si'arU't  CO. Its,  an.i  coiuhu'ti'il  iluir  illustrious 
guots  to  the  cabni,  wlu'iT  llu'v  wvw  ri'jjaied  with 
wiiio.  In  thi-.  nitrrviiw  thf  partiifrs  I'lidcavorfd 
to  impress  the  uioii.ireh  \\  '^  i  sense  ot  iheir  im- 
portance, and  ot  the  im|)oi.  .  c  al  the  associ.ition 
to  whicli  thi\-  licloiii;ed.  'l  liey  let  him  know  that 
lhr\-  were  ens,  oi-  chiefs,  ot  a  i;reat  comiiany 
about  to  be  est.iblisheil  on  llie  northwest  co.ist, 
and  t.dked  ot  ilie  prob,il)iht\-  of  ojieiun^f  a  tr.ide 
with  his  islands,  and  ot  sending,''  sliips  there  occa- 
sionalK.  All  this  was  gratityin.i,;  and  intereslini; 
to  him,  fi>r  he  w.is  .iw.ire  ot  tlie  adv,inta;.;es  ot 
trade,  ,ind  desirous  ot  jiromotini,''  tre(|iient  inter- 
course with  white  men.  Me  encour.ii;ed  I'.uro- 
pe.ins  .iiid  Americans  to  settle  in  his  islands,  ;inil 
intermarr\'  with  his  sul'iects.  There  weri>  be- 
tween tw<-;itv  and  tliirty  while  men  .it  th.it  time 
resident  in  th<'  isiaiid,  but  maiiv  ot  tlu-m  were 
mere  v.it;Mboads,  who  rem.iined  tlure  in  liopes 
(it  ie.ldm;.;  a  la/\  .;nd  .in  e.lsy  lite.  l-'or  sucli 
Tama. dim. 1. ill  hail  .a  !.;re.it  contempt  ;  those  only 
had  his  esteem  ,i:id  comitenance  who  knew  some 


At  leiiLCtli   the   royal   harjifaiii   w.is 


the   necessarv   suiiiilv   of    lu 


)ht,i 


rniii. 


Iiesiilts 


lanic    .irt,  .mil    were   solu-r 


.ind 


in- 


trade  or   nu 
(lustrioiis. 

( >n  the  <'.iy  subseciuent  to  the  miniarch's  visit, 
the  p.irtiiers  l.mded  .and  w.iited  upon  liim  in  re- 
turn. Know  mil;  the  ttfect  ot  silow  and  dres.'  ujion 
men  in  s.iv  iv;i'  !i:i\  .and  wishinjj  to  ir..ike  ;i  f.ivor- 
ahlc  impre  -lion  as  the  rri's,  or  chiefs,  ot  the  i;reat 
American  I'm  Company,  some  of  them  appeared 
ill  Highland  pl.iids  .uid'  kilts,  to  th.e  i^reat  admi- 
r.itioii  of  the  n.itives. 

While  vis'ts  ot  uremonv  .and  L,^raiid  diiilom.iiic 
contereiices  were  i^oiii:;;  on  between  the  p.irtners 
and  the  kaiLj.  the  i.ipl.iin,  in  his  pl.iin,  matter-ot- 
t.ict  w.ay,  w'.is  pushinj.^  wh.it  he  considered  a  far 
more  import. iiu  ncL^^otiatioii— the  purchase  of  a 
scpply  of  ho-s.  ife  found  tli.il  the  kins;  li.ad 
prohied  ill  ni'ire  w.us  than  one  bv  his  intercourse 
with  white  men.  Al.o\e  .all  other  .irts  he  li.id 
learned  t'-.j  ::v\.  of  drivim,''  .a  b.iri^ain.  llew.'s.i 
ni.it;iianimoiis  m'Hi.iri  h,  but  ,i  shrewd  purk  mei- 
chaiit,  .and  ]  i  ri.  ips  thoir^dit  \  ■  could  not  do  In  t- 
ter  witli  his  luiure  allies,  the  Anu-ric.in  I"ur  t'om- 
pany,  th.in  t^'  be-in  by  close  de.dinj;-.  Sever. il  in- 
terviews Were  !■  .;uisite,  and  mucji  li.iri^Minin;;, 
betiire  he  <  n\\]i\  iie  i)roU'.;ht  to  ]i.art  with  .1  liristle 
ot  his  bacon,  .and  thiai  he  insisted  upon  beiii'.;- 
paid  in  hard  Sp.mish  dollars,  },Mvinj.j  as  a  re.isoii 
tli.it  he  w.inted  money  to  ]nirchasi!  .a  lrit;-.ite  from 
his  brother  ("ieor;;e,  as  he  affection. Uei)'  termed 
the  Kill;..,'  of  Ijij^l.ind.* 


*  It  appi-ars,  f-om  ihe  arroiuUR  of  sufjscnucnt  vnv-  ' 
ai;ps,  that  T.uii.i.i'im.i.ih,  attcrw.ird   suicccilcil    in   liis  ' 
ui-ti  of  punliasiiif,'   a    l.irt;t'  ship.      In    tliis   lie   sent   a   I 
cari;o  of  s.ind.il-woud   to   faiitou,    liavin;;   disrovpred   I 
that  the   forc-i.;n   mercfi.uus   tradinR   with   him    made 
hir<''  profits  1.11  tliis  wool,  shipped  by  them   from  ttie  '. 
islands  to  the  <'liinese  markets.      The  ship  was  tnaniie.i 
liy   natives,  fiut   the   otiiiers   were    linKhslnr.en.     .Stie 
arcoinplrshed  tier  voyage,   and   ri^tlirned   in  s.ifetv   to   i 
the  islan.Js.  iviifi  the  ifawaiian  (i.ii;  lloatin^'  Kl'iriously   i 
in  tlie  hrei /(■.     The  fiini;  h.istened  on  hoard,  cxpedinir 
to    lind   his   s.ind.il-wood   converted    into   crapes   and 
ilainasks,  .uid  other  rich   sti:lTs   of   China,   but  (ound. 
to  his  astonishment,  by  the  U'^erdemaiii  of  trairic,  his 
carjjo   h.id   all   disappeared,    .ind,    in    place   of   it,    re- 
mained a  bill  of  ch.ir^^es  ainounlinf;  to    /Ar,Y   thoiiuimi 
■/,i/.'.;> r.      It  was  some  time  liefore  he  could   he   nude 
to  enrnprchf-nd  certain  of  tlie  most  impfjrt.mt  items  of 
the  fjill,  surh  as  (iilot,iRe,  anrhorai;e,  and  ruslom-luuise 
fees  ;  but  when  he  discovered  that  maritime  siute.i  in 


le  necessary  su|)|)iy  ot  iio);s  olu,ii:ic(|. 
sever.il  >;o.Us,  two  sheep,  a  (pi.intitv  of' puuhr 
.and  vej;et,ibles  in  almiidance.  I'he  lurnl  r,  r '• 
urged  to  recruit  their  forces  tronuhi  ii.du  v'j 
this  ishiiul.  They  di-clared  they  ha.l  im,-,  s,.,.', 
waternu'ii  e(|U.il  to  them,  even  aiiiiiiu'  t::c  'n-. 
ajfeurs  of  the  northwtst  ;  .imi  indeed  ilK'v.ir,- p.. 
m.trk.ible  for  their  skill  in  m,in.n;iiv,r  ;ii(,r;|,^ 
craft,  ami  can  swint  and  dive  like  w.iur-f,*' 
The  ii.irtiiers  were  inclined,  therffoiv,  n  ij,i 
thirty  or  forty  walh  them  to  the  (■(iluinlc.,  i,,'.^ 
empio\cd  in  the  service  ot  the  conip.cri.  f;. 
capt.im,  howe\fr,  objected  that  there  »\,;,  r,,; 
room  in  his  vessel  tor  liie  acconuiiii(!,itioii  i !  yjch 
a  number.  Twelve,  only,  were  tlierclorci-;iii.v.tii 
for  the  :oinp.iny,  and  as  m.anv  ninir  Im '.ht  str. 
\ice  of  the  stiip.  'J  he  former  eil;;,ij;i(l  tn.scne 
tor  the  ti'rm  of  three  years,  diiniij;  uhiihinty 
Were  to  111'  led  and  (dothed,  .iiid  at  flic  cvpir.ctnj 
ot  the  time  weia.'  to  reici\e  one  hundred  iloilars 
in  merchandise. 

.\iid  now,  having  emb. irked  his  livi  si.i''<, 
fruits,  vej;etables,  .mil  w,ater,  the  cijit.iii;  :ii:i,ie 
'eadv  to  set  s.iil.  I  low  nnu  h  the  honest  i;wn  hti!  '| 
sultcred  in  s])irit  by  what  he  considercil  tlv- iri'/ki 
.and  v.is^-.iries  of  his  passeni;t'rs,  ,iiul  Ikuv  l,it!t'» 
had  understood  their  humors  .ind  iiUi'iUinin, i; 
amusingly  shown  in  .i  letter  written  tn  .Mr  .i^-.nf 
from  W'o.dioo,  which  coiit.iiiis  his  cunini  ntb  la 
the  scenes  we  have  described. 

"  It  Wduld  be  difficult,"  he  writes,  "  to  !iin.;;iie 
the  frantic  g.imbols  that  are  d.iiiv  pl.ivcd  cillivfe; 
sometimes  dressiiij;  in  reil  co. its,  luul  dthcriVise 
verv  tant.istically,  .and  colU'cliiii,''  a  iiumlurcil','- 
nor.int  natives  .i  .)Uiid  them,  iclli:".,'  tiiun  t'n.V. 
thev  a.e  the  ^jrt  a  t'aris  t)t  the  iKirtiiuci!.  .".;;J 
m.ikin^f  .irr.in^i  nients  for  sen.hiii,'  iliu'c  ei'toiir ' 
vessels  yearly  to  them  from  the  coast  \.:tli  siurs, 
etc.;  while  those  \'ery  natives  c.iiiiint  cvi'i  iinii^h 
.1  hoj;  to  the  ship.  Then  dressiiv.,'  iii  lli-nl:rd 
]il.iids  and  kills,  .and  m.ikiiit,'-  siiiul.ir  .:ir.!i"i,'i'- 
nieiiis,  with  presents  id  rum,  \iinc,  ur  .I'uinirii; 
th.a  is  .It  h.iiid.  Then  takiny;  a  lUiiiihcr  i'!  i  v^i 
and  men  on  shore  to  the  ver\-  spot  eii  \Mihli(..i> 
t.im  Cuok  was  kdU  d.  .md  e  ■<  h  fcich  n;'  'iff  a 
piece  of  the  rock  or  tree  th.il  w  .is  t'Uii'l.ui! 'v:''' 
shot.  Then  sittiii;,'  down  with  some  whii-'X.m 
or  sonie  n.itive  who  can  be  a  little  lavitrsioj,., 
.ind  ccdiectiiii;  the  history  of  those  i>!.in''s. "I  '■'"■• 
aahmaah's  w.irs,  tlie  curiosities  of  tlieisi.mJ.s i.^'- 
prepar.itin-y  to  the  histories  of  their  vc\;ii;is:  ar.d 
the  i-ollecti'on  is  indei-d  ridiculousK'  i  aiiicii;);:nie. 
To  enumer.ite  the  thous.and  mst.iiiiis  y\  K^> 
ranee,  filth,  etc.,  or  to  |)artictil.  li/e  ,iil  Uu  :i  ii't'i 
^Mmliols  til, It  an;  daily  pr.ic  e(l,  umilii  ■.-■\y'^^ 
Volumes. " 

litdore  embarking,'  the  ;;re.it  ens  i>l  ll''  Aire:- 
c.an  Fur  Comp.iny  took  lea.ve  of  ;lu  ir  illu^ini'i-S 
.ally  in  due  style,  with  maii\-  pidtessu.iiis  "i -'■''■■  ^ 
fnemlshii)  .ind  promisi  s  of  future  in'i'ii '''■'"'■ 
while  the  m.atler  ot-t.ict  capt.iin  .m.itl't  t.i'.i". 
him  in  his  lie.vrt  lor  a  t,MMspiii^r,  tiMllick;ni;  O'- 
a^,re,  .is  shrewd  and  sordid  in  his  dc.ii.i:^'-""^' 
white  111. in.  As  one  of  the  vessels  I'l  '.'.r  ■' ; 
pany  will,  in  the  coarsi;  of  evciiis,  havi  !■■  .q'!"" 

other  cf)untries  derived  larfie  revenues  i"  '",'^''^.  i 
lier,  to  the  t;re.it  '  ost  of  the  nicrch.int.  ',.^^'j'';  \.  ij' 
he,  "  tlien  I  will  have  h.irlmr  fees  .also."  "'''''* 
lished  them  arrordinslv.  Pilotage  a  dmlir  ;i  l""'';_ 
the  draft  of  each  vessel.  An^horaiie  from  -'^  ,'' 
seventy  dollars.  In  this  wav  he  k;really  ii'''f'|'\*f'' ", 
royal  revenue,  and  turned  his  China  speci;.i'-'J 
at  count. 


(■  ''■iindrcdd.jil.i,-; 


ASTCJRIA. 


319 


ItO  till'  ji'-'' 


|te:ii'il'' 


re  and  niajrnanimiiy  ot  this  islan<l  po-  ^  lent  storm  ;  and    nn  tlic  twcnty-scrond  of  Marcli 
'   1   the  lioiiL'st  capt.iin   i  [hv  Toiuiuin  arrived  at  the  mouth  ol  lUv  Urej^oii 


ur  shall  SCI' 


Imw  1. 1 


il  in  I'.is  niiiiiioii. 


or  Coliimiii.i  River. 


1 


(  llAl'TKR  VII. 


on  lh( 


:St 


h  lit  Kel)ruary  tliat  the  Tor 


ispecl   ot    llic  riv'er 
I 


d  tl 


le  ad 


areiit  roast 


was  wild  and  danurroiis 


\\v.  moiilh  ot  the  t."u- 
hinr  inih-s  wide,  \suh  a  pen- 


himhia  is  ui)ward 

insuhi  and   pronioiitory  on   one  side,  and 


■>pit  ot 


iind   on   the  o 


tlier 


letween  w 


a  h 
hie 


Iquii 


■  I 


tmm 


the  San(l\Mi  li 


(Lro  till'  \^i 


Islands.       l-'or  ,  s.md-har  and  ehain  ot   i)real^ers  ahnost  bhx  k  up 

untry  rises 


i:d  was  contrary,  ,ind  tlie  vessel      ilu.'   enlraiue. 


ne   nit(;nor  ot 


(i.ai 


„.,1  u\  ilicir  nci>;r 


at  hMij^li)  a  ,  iiKu   successive   ranges  ot   mountains,    which,  at 


f|,r,  r.iiilc  hm-/r  spranj^r  up.  an(    m  a 


littli 


i  til-  111 '1  i;riivi'i 


s.  i;recii  lulls,  and   snowy  peaks 


the  time   o!  the  arnv.il  ot 
erc(i  \\  iih  snow. 


the  'I 


oniiuin,  were  cov- 


I  till'- 
|si,i;ht.  'T  "I 

or.qii:; 
Irt'iiiib 


ipy  islands  on 


u  alter  anc 


her 


ik  tr 


A  t 


lesli  w 


ind  f 


roin  the  iioriliwesl  sent  a  rnu'rti 


ritcil  into  ilic  blue 


[•imi^iu-i 
1  ihi'  I'acilic 


dist.ince, 


d  til 


tumbling    se.i   upon    the   coa-.t,  whicli  broke  upon 
I  her  ctuirse   toward   the  sterner      the  bar  in  turious  surges,  and  exteinied  a  sheet  of 


almost    across    the    moelh   ol    the     ri\er. 


Ihc  Mi^iiiulcrstaiulinjjs 


bit\ 


the   captain   ,  rnder   these   circumstances   the   laplain   did   not 


lis  ii,isscn"ers  s 


till  coniinued  ;  or  rather,  in-  i  ihink  it 


hc(!  in  j,'iM\iiy. 


niiH' 


i.|v  hiinmrs  in: 


liy  his  altercations  and  his 
iiad  cut  himsel 


ltd   th 


irudent  to  ap|)roa(  h  within  three  leaj^'ues, 


ar  sliould  be  s( 


il  .and  t 


lam.  in:tv  it  tluai 


'dit  or  Ireedo 


m  ot 


le  channel 
otf  Irom  .dl  .i-^certained.  Mr.  l''o.\,  the  cliirt  male,  w.is  or- 
convers.iiion      iKred    to   this   service    in    the   \\  haleboat,   accom- 


;:',  i",--iii. 
■  rr  i"  ilirir  y: 
:  th'-'  nu'.uiin,:;  e 
'  in  !.ii''i': 


lie  (hsilained   to  ask  any  <piesti 


eedinjjs,   and   could  only  j{uess  at  ,  tornierly   visited    the    ri\er 


i.miid  bv    John  .M.irim, 
th 


Id  se.nci.in,  who  h.id 
iiid    bv   tlirt'i'   Cana- 


eir  movements,  and   in  S(i  do;n 


llh 
ciiniectiires 


]• 


and 


sus 


ox    re(|Ue^,led    to   h.i\e    |-(i;uiar  sailors  to 

re 


nui-it  whimsical  se 


It-l 


)icions   whii.li      man    the    boat,  but   the   cipt.iiii    wnuld   not  s|ia 


orment. 


them   Irom 


the 


jrsicc  of  the  ship,  aiul  supposed 


Tliib.  in  line 


.Ikes 


i  to  lik- 


lis  disputes  witl>  them,  rel.iti\e      the   Cmadians,  beint^j   e\|)ert   boatmen    on 
ids  nil  board,  .some  ot   the  |iack,i;;("i  ot      and    rivers,  were   competent   to  the  sirvic  l^  es|)e- 


v.hicli  ihi'V  \\islicd   to  o[)en,  to   take  out  arli(des      i  i.div   \\hen   (lirette< 


and 


mil  d 


iiv 


ON   .Ulll 


Nb 


o! 


he   men,  o 


r  i)r<'sents   lor  tlu'  n.i- 


o\  seems  to  have   lost  .ii!  tirmness  o 


,i!l  p.itii' 
-.■,!  |UI 


irsli  ,uul  peremptory 


that  tl 


1   hinted   that   thev  we 


re  the 


tin.      I' 

on  the  'iccasion,  and  to  1 

V.  iih  a  miiijivimr  heart. 


lave  ri  e.o uei 


th 


ts] 


lint 


mi 


It  redt 


jce  him   tl)  a  \er\'      lor  svmpathv. 


il.Mi,  ililciniua,  liV  t.iKiii;'  from  liini  the  cum-  ,  cant.iin,   a 


ml   tl 


enow  injJT 


He 
their 


le   tears   were    in    liii    i 


ame  hi  til 
lilteri'iii  e 
h 


e  serx'ice 
p.irtncrs 
with  the 


n  111 


.\  •Ji'nii'ht   now   11.1  .lied    across    tlu- 


IlliiiJ  III, It  llii'V  re.dlv  h.id  .i  lie: 


C.'l[)t, 


represented    his    case 


1 


:iin 


•U 


tl. 


s.iu 


1  1 


te. 


\\ 


itl 


lout  se.'iiiien   to  m.in  mv  lio.u,  m  boisterous 


;n  to  depose 


him 


we.ilher, 


am 


1  on   the   most  ilanL;troiis  part  ot  the 


nr.  1 '.li.it,  liavini;  iiicked  U|)  some  information    at      noithwe^t  co.ist.      .\1\  uncle  \s. is  losi  ,'   tew  yi  ar.- 


Oivvhc 


I' 


ssililv   of   war   between    the     I'liiti' 


i«ro  on  this  s.inu-  P.ir,  and 


Ulll,  thev  me.int  to  alter  the 


tiiKiliiii 'it  tlie  Miyaj(i',  ])erhaps  to  sei.x'  upuii  si 


des-       mv  bones  alongside  i 


f.ir  tl 


leir  ii\^  11  use. 


(hi 


ci:  li.uinu   conceived 


th 


lis   suspicion,    eveiv- 


p.llhl/ed 
with  the 
I')  be   m 


it  his 
h 


in   his  appri'hension 


,iiti 


ipt.im. 


Tl 


.1111   now  ;;  ■''h.i,'  to  Uiy 
The  parlners  sym- 
ul  remonstrated 
i\\e\  er,    w.is  not 


)\ed.      He   h.ul   b 


diMlli 


\\ 


i)\  m  the  culler  1 


,irt  of  tl 


iih  Mr. 


cmsidermi: 


t!i:;ij,'  Willi   to   luster    it.     They   had   ilistributi 

bv.iriib    nil, in.;    -.nine   iif   their    men,  a   common      lijni  indolenl   and   in.u'l;\e,  .'iiid    pi'i'b.ibly  l!ioui(lu 

i.~,  ])iesent  repuL;n.ince  .iro.ie  trom  ,i  w.iiu  ot  true 
.uitic.il  spirit.      The  interference  ot  liie  |)ariners 


j);;'c:ui!i'.a  .iniMiiLr  the  lur  tr.iders 


when  miniJiim. 


lIlM 


\v.i:i  !'\' 
r.ri'wn. 


anil  '-.onu'  n: 


This,  h;:'vt'\er,  looked  like  ji 


r.d  ot   the  jLirtners  and  cierk-.      in   the   business  o 


tht 


ship,   ,Uso, 


ineii,  beinj.[  Scotsmen,  wire  .ic 


.iteil 


to   h.ive   a   lavor.ible  elti  el 


ctiiint'il  with 'h,:  ll.ielic,  and  h'-ld  long  com  er-^.i-      .luthoritv   like   himself,    especi.il 


not  c.ucu- 
stickler  for 
his    .ictu.il 


tnn.^ 


hat  l.ui!;u.i;.;;e 


r 


lese  convers.i- 


Iiuil.s  VM-iv  iiii|.,ii|iTeil   by  the  ciptain  ot   ,i   "  mv: 


■-tale  ol  lieling  tow.ird  ihel 


I'.riiv 


s  iivl  iiiuvarr.uit.ible  n.ilure, 


.\t 


OIU'    o  cloc 


k    I'.M.,  then 


■ o\    and 


us 


and  rel, ded 


ii'iii'Hiiit,  !i)  MMUi-  tout 
ii'.i.'  'iiii  m  '  thei.i.     lb 


conspir.icy  that  was  brew- 


nrades   set  off   in  the  wh..leboal,  wnich   is  rep- 


ted 


IS  small   in  si/e   and  cra.'V  m  condition. 


I'l''llllb    I'l    l;i 


mkh 


avows  such  sui 


•n 
eves  were  strained   alter  the  little  bark  as  it 


•;  Ictlcr  to  Mr.  Astm-, 


t.iil  tvc  siuK  I  re.idv  lo   n 


but  intim.Ue-. 


ulled  lor  shore,  rising 


and  sinkiii'.,''  \\  i 


th  tl 


le  hugt: 


lirt.ik,  ;i!,'J 


sisl  any  treasonous  oul- 


ii 


IlllL 


•ins   to  think  that  the   evidenc 


waves, 
the   U>: 


until     It    entered 


irea 


I'pnuiiia  im   his  ]virt  h.ul  an  effect  in  over.iw-      t'l  viei 


i:«  tl 


V:x- 1, 
on-  11  till- 
wiih 


I'  1  iiispir.diir- 


.venmg 


ker. 


set    111.    n: 


a   mere   s] 


)eck. 


\\.i~,  soon  lost 
III  1  ceded    .and 


ut  Is 


.IS  we 


ave  since  been 


infi 


p.issed  awav,  and  morniii;. 
the  return  of  the  bo.it. 


returned 


but 


without 


p.iMl 


t'-^.  It  was  a  mischievous  ple.isure 


.\s  the  wind  had  moderated,  the  ship  stood  near 


iimu' 


.It  111 


e  p.irtiiers  and   clerks,  who  were      to  the   l.md,  so  as  to  comm.ind  a  view 


ot  the  riv- 


yitiii,,^  mc-ii,  lo  pi.iv  upon   the  susi 


I11.U 


I'lc'it-'tic  hiiinors  ol  the  e.ipt. 


ncious  temper      er  s  moull 


Nothing-   W.IS  lo  be  seen  but  a  wi 


Id 


To  tl 


'i;"niie  ni.mv  ot  their  whimsicd  or.. 


ch.ios   ol   tumbling  w.ives  hreaki 


iig  upon 


the  I 


lar. 


■:Mn  |iri|,„siti„ns,  and,  above  all,  their  nusteri 


O'hi-iill 

la  11 
pursuf 


:i<|iin's  in  C.aelit 
ii\vire  and  irritable  m 


d   I  .and   app.irently   lorming  a   to.imii'.g  barrier  trom 
Toward    night    the  ship   again 


ood  did  the  capt.iin 


I'lUrse,  keeping   a  wary  eye 


'""remnit,  ,ui  1  hristlmg  up  whenever'the  iletest- 
ingu.ige  grated   upon  his 


isiiun.b.l  tlie(;aelic   1 


nr.    .\,i,| 
ilisturlj  th 


ling  occurred,   however,    m.iteri.dly  t 


ICSKi 


shore    to   shore. 

stood  out  to  g.iin  sea-room,  and  ,i  gloom  was  vis- 


ible in  every  countenance. 


The  captain  himself 


shared  in  the  general  anxiety,  and  prob.ibly  re- 
jiented  of  his  i)eremi)tory  orders.  Another  weary 
and  w.itchful  night  succeeded,  during  which  the 


wind  snhsiilei 


d  th 


e  weather  becime  sereiU'. 


lue  ot  the  voyage,  excepting  u  vio-  1       On   the   toUowing  day,  the  ship,  having  drilled 


P; 

|1 

1 

1  J 

'  '■  i 

il! 

H  ■     1 

i  ii 

■ 

1 

''■>    '  ill 

!'    '■ 

is 

I-.  I  '( 


ii 


I3"te!r, 


m' 


3Q0 


ASTORIA. 


in 


fllli 


!i       M: 


'    '/ 


near  the  land,  nnrliorod  in  fourtpen  fathoms 
water,  to  the  northward  ot  the  h>n^  ]Hninsul,i  or 
promontorx-  wliu  h  tornis  the  north  side  ot  the  e.i- 
tranee,  and  is  called  tJ.ipe  Disaiiiniintnient.  The 
pmnaee  w.is  tlien  manned,  .and  two  ot  the  p.nt- 
ners,  Mr.  David  Stuart  and  Mr.  M'K.iy,  set  o|f 
in  the  hope  ot  iiMrnintj  sonieihinir  ot  the  t.ite  ot 
the  wh.ilelxiat.  'l"he  surt,  hu\\e\er,  broke  with 
siicii  viok-nee  .iloni;  the  shore  that  they  lould  tind 
no  laiuhni;  pl.iee.  .Srver.il  of  llie  n.Uives  aiijie.ir- 
ed  on  the  l)each  and  m.ide  sii,nis  to  tiiem  to  row- 
round  tiie  e.ipe,  Init  the\  thought  it  most  prucK'nt 
to  return  t(>  the  shij). 

The  wind  now  springing;  iiji,  tlie  Tontpiin  i^'nt 
luider  w,i\'.  and  stood  in  to  seek  the  eh.iiinel.  luit 
was  .I'^.aiii  deterred.  !)y  the  trij,dillui  ,is]iect  ot  the 
hre.ikers,  from  venturiiii^  within  .i  le.ii^ue.  Here 
she  hove  to.  .ind  Mr.  .Mumlord,  tlie  srroml 
mate,  was  dis])ateiied  with  lour  iiands,  in  the 
]iinnace,  to  sound  .leross  the  ehaniiei  until  he 
should  tind  tour  f.uhoms  depth.  'I'he  |iinn.ii'e 
enteretl  anioni;^  the  hre.ikers,  init  was  near  heini,^ 
lost,  and  with  diftieulty  j^ot  li.aek  to  the  shi]i.  'I'l-.c 
captain  insisted  that  Mr.  Mumtord  h.id  steered 
too  nuieii  to  tlie  southward.  He  now  turned  to 
Mr.  Aiken,  an  ahle  m.iriner,  destined  to  eom- 
ma.nd  the  sehooner  intended  lor  the  eo.istinij 
trade,  and  ordereil  him.  toijether  with  John  foil's, 
sailmaker,  .^^'ejihen  \\'e(d<es,  armorer,  and  two 
Sandwieh  Isl.inders,  to  proceed  ;ihe,id  .-ind  takir 
.soundintjs  while  the  ship  should  follow  under  e.i^v 
sail.  In  this  w.iv  they  proceedetl  until  Aiken  had 
ascertained  the  ehinnfl,  whi'n  sitjn.il  w.is  ujucn 
from  the  ship  for  Inni  to  return  on  luiard.  Ih' 
v>';is  then  within  pistol-shot,  hut  so  furious  w.is 
the  current,  and  tumultuous  the  hre.ikers.  th.it 
the  boat  l)ecainf  nninanajfe.ible.  and  was  hurried 
away,  the  crew  cryinij  out  piteously  lor  assist.un c 
In  a  few  moments  she  could  not  he  seen  from  the 
ship's  deck.  .Some  of  tlie  passfui^ers  climbed  to 
tne  mi/./entop,  and  beheld  her  strui;;;linL,r  to  reach 
the  slii])  ;  but  slioit'v  .alter  she  bro.iched  bro. id- 
side  trj  the  w.-;m'S,  ,ind  her  case  seemed  des]ier.ite. 
The  attention  of  those  on  iioard  ol  the  ship  w.is 
now  called  lo  their  own  safety.  Thev  were  in 
shallow  w.Uer  ;  ihe  vessel  struck  re])eatedlv.  the 
w.i\es  broke  o\er  her,  .and  there  w.is  d.inm'r  ot 
lier  foundei-iii'.;.  .At  lenLjlh  she  );ot  into  se\f:i 
fathoms  w.iter,  and  the  wind  lullinij,  an<l  tlv 
ni};ht  comiii;^  on.  cast  anch<ir.  With  the  darkness 
their  anxieties  inere.ised.  The  win  i  whistled,  the 
sea  roared,  the  L;!iioni  w,as  only  broken  bv  the 
i^hastly  cfkire  o!  die  foaminjr  breakers,  the  niiiids 
of  the  se.inien  were  lull  ol  drearv  appn-hensions, 
and  ;.onie  of  them  fancied  they  he.ird  the  cries  nt 
their  lust  comr.ides  min'^hnj;^  with  the  ujiroar  ol 
the  elements.  |-'or  ;i  time,  too,  the  rapidiv  ebb- 
inj:r  tifle  threatened  to  sweep  them  Ironi  their 
precarious  aiichora,;;e.  .\t  lenj,ftli  the  retlux  ol  tin- 
tide  and  the  sprini;inL,'  up  of  the  wind  en.ible.l 
them  to  (put  their  dan;;erous  situation  and  take 
shelter  in  a  small  b.iy  within  Cape  Disappoint- 
inent,  where  th.ey  rode  in  safety  during;  the  resi- 
due of  a  stormy  ni;^dit,  and  enjoyed  a  brief  inter- 
val of  refresliiiii^'  slec|i. 

With  the  hi;ht  of  day  returned  their  cares  ami 
anxieties.  They  looked  (jut  fnm  the  m.isthead 
over  a  wild  co.ast  and  wilder  se.i,  but  could  <lis- 
cover  no  trace  of  the  two  boats  .and  their  crews 
that  were  inissin;;.  Several  of  the  natives  came 
on  board  with  peltries,  but  there  was  no  disposi- 
tion to  trade.  They  were  interroi,rated  by  si^jns 
.after  the  lost  bo, its,  but  could  not  understand  the 
inquiries. 

I'arties  now   went   on   shore   and   scoured   tfie 


iviiheJ 


i  cstt 


nei^hhnrhoficl.     One  of  these  w.is  he.iil 
capt.im.      They  h.id   not  proceeded  lar  wh. 
beheld  a  person  at  a  (list, nice  in  civil','.',i  ,,,  i;  i 
.As   he   drew   ne.ar   he   proved   to  he  \Vt..|,i.,',';', 
.iniiorer.      'I'liere   was   a   burst  of  itiv,  tiT  i^  " 
liojied    his    comrades    were   near   at  '  *" 

story,  however,  w.is  one  of  disaster,  ii,-  ,,;,ij,. 
companions  h.id  found  it  impossible  ;.i. •!,;.,' 
their  boat,  h.iviii).;;  no  ruddfi',  and  lif;i,.-^i ''" 
by  r.ipid  and  wiiirlin^  currents  and 
surges.  After  long  struggling  the\  h.u<  „.,,, 
go  at  the  mercy  of  the  w.ives,  tossing  alii,;;;  ^;,n,p. 
times  with  her  bow,  sometimes  with  I  tr  |irr,||i. 
side  to  the  surges,  threatened  e.icli  iiisi.i--,;  urji 
destruction,  yet  rejicatedly  esc.iping,  iim,; ,.  ],■;„ 
se.i  broke  over  .and  swamped  lur.  W'-ik-sv'!; 
o\-crwli(dnied  by  the  boiling  w.ives,  Im;  cir.ir'i!' 
.ib(.\'e  the  surf.ace.  looked  rinind  lor  his  ..n  nj^ 
ions.  .Aikin  .and  Coles  were  not  to  he  -i.ni  r.ai 
him  were  the  twai  Sandwich  Islanders.  >ir:',-iinj 
themselves  of  their  clothing  tli.ii  tin  \  irii;t;t  >,'(in 
more  freely.  Hedid  die  s.nne,  ,ind  the  1  ...a tin,;;, 
ing  ne.ar  to  him.  he  seized  hold  of  it.  Thi-t«o 
iskinders  joined  him,  and,  uniting  thiir  fuicij 
they  suci-eeded  in  turning  the  Im.it  lip.i-,  htr 
keel  :  then  l)earing  down  her  stern  .iinl  rockir" 
her.  they  forced  out  so  miicli  w.iter  that  she  wis 
.ible  to  hear  the  weight  of  a  in. in  witiim;t  >inkinj;. 
( )ne  of  the  islandi'rs  now  got  in  .nni  in  .1  lit'.le 
while  bailed  out  the  w.ater  with  his  h.uiils.  The 
other  swam  about  .and  collected  tl.i'  u.irs,  ,rul 
they  all  three  got  once  more  on  bo.inl. 

I!;,  this  time  the  tide  had  swept  iln'iii  liy.^ij 
the  breakers,  .and  Weekes  called  on  Ins  ic;)i|).,ii- 
inis  to  row  for  land.  They  were  s.i  rliiiltii , Kid 
benumbed  bv  the  cold,  however,  tli.il  i!u".  '.ii>t:i!l 
heart,  and  .absolutely  refused.  Wi'ckfs  \v:iS 
cipiallv  chilled,  but  h.id  superior  s.i^Ka'y  l^! 
selt-command.  He  counteracted  the  iciii!i:u',;o 
drowsiness  .and  stU]ior  which  cold  pnHlii';.5  i>y 
kee]Mng  himsidf  in  const.int  exercise,  aiii!  v'firii; 
tli.it  the  \css(d  w.as  ad\',incing,  ;ind  tli.it  iM.iV.hir.,; 
dipended  U])on  himself,  he  set  to  work  inscill 
the  bo.it  clear  of  the  bar,  and  into  ipnet  wiV:!. 

Toward  iiodnight  one  of  the  jioor  islaiuli  istv- 
pireil  ;  his  comp.inion  threw  hinise'.t  on  hij 
1  orpsc  .and  could  not  be  persuaded  ti>  li  .ivi  him. 
Tt;e  dism.al  night  waire  aw.iy  .iiiiid  'Jn -t-  \:<>i- 
V  irs  ;  .-IS  the  day  dawned,  Weekes  loini'l  h'list.i 
near  the  I.tnd.  He  steered  dinatly  t.-r  it.  .in  1  .it 
h'ngth,  with  the  aid  of  the  siirl,  i.in  Lis  I  -.i:  f.,.": 
u]ioii  .T  s.andy  be.ach. 

l-"indiiig  th.at  one  of  the  S.indwich  l-l  i!u!rri;;t 
g.ax'e  signs  of  life,  he  aided  him  lo  lea\e  the  Imi'., 
,<i;d  set  out  with  him  toward  the  .idt.ii  eiii  wi'-'.y 
The  poor  fellow,  however,  was  too  tei'li'c  "a  I'- 
low  him,  .and  Wecdies  was  soon  (ibl,L;eil  t"  :i'i';"- 
don  him  tohis  fate  and  ])ro\  ide  lor  Ins'iun  ^.ifr'.; 
I'alling  upon  a  beaten  path,  he  puisuci!  it..i'<- 
aher  ,1  few  hours  c.aine  to  a  part  "t  th-va*: 
xshere,  to  his  surprise  and  joy,  he  Im  held  dv.  ^'vp 
.at  anchor,  and  was  met  by  the  c.aiilaia  .ini;  .;;i 
partv. 

Alter  Weekes  h.ad  rel.ited  his  .irlveiitutv-..  ti  ;■ 
|i,irties   were   dispatched    to   belt   up   liif'"'^''' 
search  of  the  unlortunate  isl.inder.     They  trm. 
ed  at  night  without  success,  though  tl'ey  hi'l '""'' 
the   utmost  diligence.     On   the  lollowiiij;;!.iy  t'l' 
se.arch   w.as   resumed,  and   the   poor  fellow  "'ly 
length  discovered  Iving  bene.ath  a  groiipi''  f"-'"*" 
his   legs  swfdlen,  liis   feet   torn   and   liloody'!"!;' 
walking  througfli   luishes  and  briers,  .ami  li;"";'  ' 
h.ilf  dead  with  cold,  hunger,  and  f.itigue.  ^^'■'';^'^\ 
and   this   isl.ander  were  the  onlv  sui\ivar 


crew  of  the  jolly-boat,  ^and  no  trace 


was  cvi'i'ii^- 


^Mk±:^.^L£^t. 


ASTORIA. 


821 


„,.,.p,!  ei  Fos  and  his  party.     Tims  ci^'lit  men 

;,,Vlo>-'  on  ihf  t.i-sl  appr...ich  to  the  coast  -  ;i 

crmnuMKrmrni  tl.at  cast  a  k1"">"  "vrr  tin-  spirits 

r,  ,h,.  «l,nk'  partv,  and  was  rcK'an  cd  by  soiiu-  ot 

thesiiPfrsiiliniisasanomcn  that  boded  no  ^;ood  to 

rmvarTiuKht  th<-  Sandwich  Islanders  went  on 

ishiPli'biirv  the  Ixidv  of  their  iinfortunate  coun- 

tminn  ulio'had  perished  in  the  boat.     On  arriv- 

iiv  It  lh<>  place  whiMV  it  had  been  lett,  they  dii^  a 

Lnn-  in  tht--  sand,  in   which   tliey  (le|)osite(|   the 

'  oiip>^-  witli  a  l)iscnit  underone  ol  the  arms,  sonii; 

l,ir,i  under  the  chni,  and  a  small  (jiiantily  ot  to- 

li;i(  (I  ;is  pnivisions  tor  its  i(>iirney  m  the  l.ind  ot 

i  spirits.    Havin|r  covered  the  body  with  sand  and 

'  flinti,  thcv  kneeltd  alonjj  the  >;ravt'  in  a  double 

row.'wiih  iheir  faies  turned  to  the  cast,  while  one 

who  olliriated  as  a  priest  sprinkled    theni    with 

I  writer  from  a  hat.     In  so  doini,^  he  recited  a  kind 

of  pr.iyi'r  or  invoc.ition,  to  which,  at  intervals,  thr 

o'.htT.s  iiiaile  responses.      Suih   were   the   simple 

r:!is  pcrtnniied    by   these    poor   savaj,'(;s    at    the 

iT.iVi'i'l  their  comrade  on  the  shores  of  ;i  stran^je 

L.'i  I :  and  when  these  were  done,  they  rose  and 

rii;irii('l  in  silence  to  the  ship,  without  once  cast- 

ir,  -  a  lu.ik  behind. 


CII.M'TKR  VIII. 

The  folumhia,  (>r  i  >re^on,  for  the  distance  of 
l:;iri\  or  turlvnrles  from  its  t-ntr;ince  into  the  sea, 
is.  priipcrh'  spe.ikin},',  a  mere  estuary,  indented 
'.n  (ictp  havs  so  as  to  vary  from  three  to  seven 
ii;:!i">  111  width,  and  is  rendered  extremely  intri- 
c.it''  ani!  (Luif^aToiis  bv  shoals  reachin,;^  iie.arlv 
[i-nm  shore  to  shore,  on  which,  ;'.t  limes,  the 
winds  ar.d  currents  i)rodnce  foaminjjf  ,ind  tumult- 
u  U';  breakers.  The  mouth  of  the  river  pro])er 
is  init  about  half  a  mile  wide,  formed  bv  the  con- 
tnctini^  shores  of  the  estii.ary.  The  entraix'e 
trill  th.'  sea,  as  we  h.ive  already  observed,  is 
liivji.;k'd  on  the  south  side  by  .-i  ll.it,  s.indy  spit 
tt  land  strel'diin;.,'  into  the  ocean,  'i'his  is  com- 
miiily  calif  I  Point  .Ad.ims.  'i'h<'  opposite  or 
mrilu'rn  side  is  Cipe  I  Jisajipointment,  a  kind 
fif  peniiisiibi,  termin.itinij  in  ;i  steep  knoll  or 
prnnuntory  cro\vne<l  with  a  f(M-est  ol  ])ine  trees, 
a:''  ruiiiiccted  with  the  main-land  by  ,i  low  ,ind 
narrow  neck.  Iniiiie  liat(dy  within  this  c.ipe  is 
iiv.ide,  open  h,\y,  terniinalinj;  at  Chinook  Point, 
SI  callffl  troin  a  neiirhborinjj  tribe  of  Indi.ins. 
1'iiS  wa:;  c.dled  li.iker's  liav,  and  here  the  'lon- 
'l'.:!'  was  anchored. 

Ttu-  natives  inh.ibilinj^r  the'  lower  ji.art  of  the 
nviT.  and  with  whom  the  comp.uiy  was  likely  to 
r.i'-  :hi-'mositre(pii-nt  intercourse,  were  divided  at 
iHistmu-  into  tour  tribes— the  Ciiinooks,  Clatsops, 
Wahkiaciims,  and  Cithl.imahs.  Thev  resembled 
Mch  other  in  person,  dress,  lan^ju.ii^e,  and  m.m- 
r.iT,  and  were  pro!).iblv  from  the"  same  stock, 
Hit  .iroken  into  fibes,  (ir  rather  hordes,  bv  those 
iHifisand  schisms  frecpient  .imon^r  lndi,ins.' 

IlU'Sf   pcopl,.    ^r,.m.,.,,|l\.    Ij^.^,   1,^.    Cshilijr.         It     is 

tru<'t[ipy,.c,Msion.illv  hunt  the  elk  and  deer,  and 
(rnnive  th,.  w.iierfowl  of  th<dr  jwiids  and  rivers, 
™'  tliMf  are  casual  luxuries.  Their  chief  sub- 
sisteiicp  IS  derived  from  the  salmon  .and  other  fish 
«nit!i  aliound  m  the  Columbia  and  its  tribut.;iy 
Streams,  aided  by  roots  ,ind  herbs,  especi.ilb  the 
\\appatoo,  which  IS  found  on  the  isl.uids  o'l  the 
ri'.cr. 

As  ihr  Indians  of  the  plains  wdio  depend  upon 
™  f^liase  are  li,,ld  and  expert  rid.-rs.  .md  pride 
'HMibdvcs  upon  thdr  horses,  su  these  piscatory 


tribes  of  the  coast  excel  in  the  m.anatfpment  of 
e.inoes,  and  ,ire  never  luore  .it  home  than  wdien 
ridinjj  uiKin  the  w.ives.  Their  (  anoes  vary  in 
form  ,ind  si/c.  .Some  are  upw.ard  ot  tifty  feet 
lonj^,  cut  out  of  ;i  sinj^le  tree,  either  lir  or  white 
ced.ir,  ;in(l  cap.ible  ot  carryini^f  thirtv  persons. 
They  h.i\c  thw.irt  pieces  from  side  to  side  .about 
three  inches  thid:.  and  th.ir  {gunwales  tl.ire  out- 
ward, so  as  to  cast  off  the  sur^^es  of  the  w.ives. 
Th(!  bow  and  stern  are  decor. Ue  I  will'  j^'rotestpie 
b^rures  of  men  and  .anim.ils,  sometimes  live  feet  in 
liei^^ht. 

In  ni.anaj^ini;-  their  canoes  they  kne(d  twf)  and 
two  alon^'  the  bottom,  sittinij  on  'heir  he(ds,  and 
wiiddin^f  p.iddles  from  tour  to  live  teet  lon^,  while 
(Mie  sits  on  the  stern  and  steers  with  ;i  paddle  of 
the  same  kind.  Tlie  women  are  equ.illy  expert 
with  the  men  in  man,i|^dnt;  the  canoe,  and  gen- 
erally t.ike  the  helm. 

It  is  sur|)risin;,f  U)  see  with  what  feaih-ss  uncon- 
cern these  sav.iges  venture  in  their  li.Ljht  b.irks  up- 
on the  rouf^diest  .and  most  tempestuous  seas.  T'hey 
seem  to  ride  upon  the  waxes  like  se.i-towl.  Should 
,a  suii^c  throw  the  canoe  upon  its  side  .and  end.in- 
j;er  its  overturn,  those  to  windw.ird  lean  over  the 
upper  |.;unwale,  thrust  their  |)addles  deep  into  the 
wave,  ;ip]i.irently  c.it(di  the  w.iter  aiui  force  it 
under  the  cmoe,  .and  by  tins  .action  nut  meiady  re- 
gain an  e(]uilibrium,  but  gi\'e  their  bark  a  \'igor- 
ous  impulse  forward. 
'  The  effect  ot  different  moiles  of  lite  upon  the 
I  human  frame  and  human  ch.ir  icH'r  is  strikingly 
instanced  in  the  contrast  between  t!ie  hunting 
Indians  of  the  jirairies  and  thi'  piscatory  Indian*" 
'  ot  the  se.i-coast.  The  former,  continu.illy  o" 
hors(d),ick  scouring  the  ])!ains,  gaining  their  food 
by  hardv  exercise,  and  subsisting  idiietly  on  llesh, 
are  geiuT.ally  t.ill,  sinewy,  me.agre,  but  widl  form- 
ed, .and  ot  bold  and  t'lerce  deportment  ;  the  latter, 
huinging  .about  the  river  banks,  or  stpi.uting  and 
curved  up  in  their  c.inoes,  are  generally  low  ia 
stature,  ill-sh.aiKil,  with  crooked  h-gs,  ;hi;  k  ankles. 
,ind  bro.i'l  tl.it  feet.  Thev  .are  interior  .also  in 
nuis<  iilar  ])o\ver  .and  .ictivitv,  .and  in  ev^/zi'' (pi.ali- 
ties  .and  .ippe.arance,  to  their  hard-riding  brethren 
ot  the  ]ir,iiries. 

lla\ing  premiseil  these  few  p.ir'icul  ir.-,  concern- 
ing the  neighboring  Indians,  v.e  v.  ill  return  to 
the  immediate  (luicerns  ot  t'-f  Tniv|i'.i:i  .-'.nd  her 
I  rew. 

r'urther  search  was  m.ule  for  Mr.  I'ox  and  his 

p.irty,  but  with   no  lultia-  su>ci'ss,  and  they  were 

at  length  given  up  .as  lost.     In  the  nie.in  time  the 

c.ipt.un   .and   some   ot    tlu'    p.irtners   explored   the 

river  for  some  distance  in  ,i  l.irge  bo, it,  to  select  a 

suitable   place   for   the   traciing    pist.      Their  old 

jealousii-s  and  differences  continued  ;  they  never 

could   coincide   in   their  choice,  and  the   ca])tain 

olijected  .iltogether  to  any  site  s^'  high  up  the  river. 

;    They  all  returned,  therelore,  to  li.iker's  Hay  in  no 

very   good    humor.       The    piitiurs    proposed   to 

1  examine  the  opposite  shore,  but  the  c,ii>tain  was 

impatient  ot  any  further  delav.     1  lis  e.igerness  to 

i  "  get  on"   had  incriMsed  upon  him.     He  thought 

'  all  these  excursions    a  sheer  ot  lost  time,  and  was 

I  resolved   to  kind   at  once,  build   a  slndler  for  the 

reception  ot  that  p.irt  of  his  cargo  destined  tor  the 

I  use  ot  the  settlement,  and,  h.u mg  ( le.ired  his  ship 

■  ot  it  and  ot  his  irksome  shipmates,  to  depart  upon 

1  the  prosecution  ot  his  coasting  voy,ij;e,  .ucording 

to  orders. 

( In  the  fidlowing  d.iv,  thertdore,  without  tn  ub- 
ling  himsidf  to  consult  the  partners,  lie  l.iiideil  in 
li.iker's  Hav,  and  jiroceeded  to  erei  t  ,a  shed  tor 
the   reception  ot    the    rigging,    eiiuipmenis,   and 


ti; 


)■!  V 


';  'iM'iil 


;i ,  ■[ 


Jia  '     V   c- 


,.::-^    li;i 


;  i ' ' 


;     Si  I 


m 


I 


•    3 


883 


ASTORIA. 


stores  of  the  scl\onncr  that  was  to  I)c  Imilt  fur  tlie 
usi:  ot  th^  setlltnu  lit. 

This  (loijj^fil  (IctiTiniiiation  on  tln'  part  of  tlu" 
Sturciv  raiitain  .i,M\t'  liiK'i  otfi'iicc  to  ^ir.  M'Dou- 
ca!,  Cvlio  now  conMilcicd  liini.sflt  at  llic  Ih'.kI  ot 
the  ccnuiin,  as  Mr.  Astoi's  rcprfscntatixc  and 
prow,  lie  st't  oft  tllf  same  d.iy  (April  5th),  ac- 
conipanit'd  \i\  Mr.  Havid  Stuart,  tor  thi:  soiitiifrn 
stiori',  intt-ndini;  to  he  liai  k  i)\'  tlu'  seventh.  Not 
ha\ini(  tin-  captain  to  lontend  witli,  tliev  soon 
jiilrlu'd  upon  a  spot  wliieli  appeared  to  them  ta- 
yoraliie  tor  the  intended  establishment.  Il  u.is 
on  a  point  ot  lam!  called  I'omt  (leorj^e,  liaxiiij;  ,1 
very  jjood  harbor,  where  vessels,  not  exceedinif 
two  hundretl  tons  burden,  nii[;lu  anchor  within 
titty  yards  ot  the  shore. 

.Alter  a  day  thus  prolltablv  spent  they  recrossed 
the  river,  !>ut  landed  on  the  northern  shore  sev- 
tral  miles  alune  the  anchoring'  j;round  <A  the 
Toiu|uii),  in  the  neit^hborliood  ot  C'hinooUs,  ,ind 
visited  the  villaj^e  ot  th.at  tribe.  Here  they  were 
received  with  j;reat  hospitality  by  the  <  hiet,  who 
was  named  Comcoinly,  a  shrewd  old  sa\M;;e,  with 
liut  one  eye,  who  will  occasionally  I'l^ure  in  this 
narrative.  l'..uh  \ill.i>;e  forms  a  petty  sov- 
efeij^nty,  ^-overned  by  its  own  chief,  who,  how- 
ever, jiossesses  but  little  authority,  unless  he  be  .1 
man  oi  wealth  and  substance— ih.it  is  to  s.iy,  pos- 
sessed of  Cannes,  slaves,  and  wives.  The  j^re.iter 
luimber  of  tluse  the  },n-eater  is  the  cllief.  How 
many  wives  this  one-eyed  jxitentate  maintained 
we  are  not  told,  but  he  certainly  ])iissessed  gre.it 
sway,  not  merely  over  his  own  tribe,  but  o\er  the 
neij^hborliuod. 

llavinj;  mentioned  sla\es,  we  would  obser\e 
that  slavery  exists  ,11110111;  se\er.d  ot  tin-  trilies  be- 
yond the  Koi'ky  Mountains.  The  sl.ixes  ari'  well 
treated  while  in  i;oo(l  luMlth,  but  occui)ie(l  in  .ill 
kinds  ot  drudijeiy.  .Should  they  become  useless, 
however,  by  sii  kness  (ir  old  ai;.;,  they  an;  totally 
ncKleeted,  and  le!'  to  jierish  ;  nor  is  any  resjiec't 
paid  to  their  bodies  alter  <le.ith. 

\  sinj^ul.ir  custom  prevails,  not  merely  among 
the  Chinooks  but  .iniong  most  of  the  tribes  about 
this  |)arl  of  the  coast,  which  is  the  tl.itteiiing  ot  the 
forehe.id.  'I'he  jiroi  ess  by  wliu  li  this  detormily 
is  effecie.i  c.imnii-nces  immediately  after  birth. 
The  infant  Is  l.iid  in  .i  wooden  trough,  by  was  ol 
cradle.  Tht:  end  on  which  the  he.id  renosjs  is 
higher  th.m  the  re^t.  .\  p.idding  is  pl.u cl  on  the 
forehead  ot  the  inl.mt,  with  a  jiiece  ot  b.irk  abo\c 
it,  and  is  jiressed  down  by  cords,  which  pass 
tiiroilgh  iioles  on  e.K  h  side  of  the  trough.  .Xs  the 
tightening  ot  the  pad<ling  and  the  pressing  oi  tiie 
ilead  to  the  boani  is  gr.idu.al,  the  process  is  s.iiil 
not  to  be  atteiide.l  with  much  pain.  The  a|)i)e.ir- 
ance  of  the  int.iiu,  however,  while  in  tl'.is  sl.iti-  of 
comi>ressio!i,  is  \\himsically  liideous,  and  "  its 
little  bl.ick  eyes,"  we  are  told,  "  lieiiig  forced 
out  by  the  tightness  of  l!ie  b.indages,  reseiabie 
those  ot  ;i  mouse  choki-d  m  .1  tr.ip." 

.■\bout  ,1  \e,ir's  pressure  is  suiiicient  to  produce 
the  desire  I  eifect,  at  liie  end  of  which  time  the 
child  emerges  from  its  b.ind.igcs  .a  complete  ll.it- 
hc;i(l,  and  continues  .so  thiough  life.  It  must  be 
noted,  how'-ver,  that  this  ll.ittemng  ol  the  he.ul 
has  something  in  it  of  .iristocralical  sigiiilic.iiK  y, 
like  the  crippling  ot  the  feet  among  Cliinescr 
ladies  of_(iu.ility.  .\t  .iiiy  rate  il  is  a  sign  ol  tree- 
doin.  No  sl.ive  is  permuted  to  bestow  this  envi- 
able deformity  upon  his  child  ;  all  the  slaves, 
therefore,  .ire  roundheads. 

With  this  worth)  tribe  of  Chinooks  tiie  two  part- 
ners jjassed  a  p.irt  of  the  d.iy  \ery  agreeably. 
M'Dougal,  who  w.is  somewhat  vain'ul  his  otiicml 


r.ink,  li.id  given  it  to  he  understood  tl.nti',, 
were  two  duets  of  .i  great  trading  compam'  ;,,,j,', 
to  be  eslal)lislied  liere,  and  liie  ijiiHi!,;,,,,,.! 
though  one-eyed  chief,  who  was  sonicwh,'; ?,;,,. 
Used  in  tratiie  with  white  men,  iinnn  (li.an,  ,ij.r. 
ci'i\fd  the  polic\-  of  cultiv.iting  the  tne'uK'i  -  mt 
two  sucli  important  visitors.  Me  riLMlcl  ik!™ 
.  thentore,  to  the  best  of  his  ahilitv,  wiih  ,iVip,! 
d.iiice  ol  s.ilmon  ;uul  svajjpatoo.  The  lU'vi  iiMri. 
ing,  M.irih  7th,  they  prep.ired  lo  return  in ih.  ■,,.^. 
sel,  .according  to  promise,  '{"hey  had  ,.;,.'(,',, 
miles  of  open  b.iy  to  tr.iverse  ;  'the  wiiiil  ^^-j 
flesh,  the  w.ives  ran  high.  Comcomli'  rcnviii. 
str.iteil  with  them  on  the  hazard  la  \\\vx]\  I'r,  ■ 
would  be  exposed.  The\- were  rcsohuf,  huwcvcf 
and  l.iuncluHl  their  iioal,  while  the  wary  chu:i,i;ri 
toUowed  at  some  short  (list, mi  e  in  his  ex'.^t. 
Scarce  h.id  they  rode  .1  mile  w  lu  11  a  w.ivi' hrnki; 
over  their  bo.il  and  upset  it.  Tliey  w irc  in  mi- 
minent  peril  of  drowning,  es|)ecially  Mr.  Mlmj. 
g.d,  who  could  not  swim.  C'omcoiiily,  hir.ic,^r 
c.ime  boundiiig  o\cr  the  wa\es  in  his  l'i;.;ht  ar.i-, 
and  snatched  tiiein  from  a  watery  grave. 

They  were  t.ikeii  on  sliore,  and  ,1  tir.' ni.i'!'.',  ^i 
which  they  dried  their  (lothes,  .liter  which  Gj;i;. 
comly  conducted  them  back  to  hi;  vill.njc.  Ihri; 
ever_\  thing  was  done  that  (ould  lie  (!evis!'d  It 
their  entertainment  during  iliit  c  d.iv,  th.ii il w 
were  detained  by  b.id  wiather.  (' -ni  nnilv  n.i.C 
his  people  ]ierfor-n  antic;  befiire  them  ;  ;ii',  1 ',;3 
wives  and  d.iughters  ende.uored,  liy  all  Ihi'soniii- 
ing  and  endi'aring  arts  of  women,  lo  tiiullavurm 
their  eyes.  Some  even  ]Kiinted  their  h()(liis\ui!i 
red  clay,  ,ind  .anointed  themselves  with  lis'oil, 
lo  give  additional  lustri:  to  their  charm-,.  Mr. 
.M'I)oug;il  seems  to  h.i\e  a  he.ut  siiscrpliib'!! 
the  inlhieiice  of  the  gentler  sex.  W'hitlier  ":•;:> 
it  w.is  lirst  touched  on  this  ici-;i  iion  wv  li  iin". 
le.irn  ;  but  it  will  be  found,  in  tl.e  c  lun.f  0! 'hi-, 
W(M-k,  tlKit  one  ot  t!;e  (Laughter .  of  t'le  liiiSi)i!.!'''e 
Comi  iimly  eveirai.iUy  in.ide  a  coiujUest  ci  ll": 
great  <'ri  of  the  .American  Fur  Coinp.aiy. 

When  the  weather  had  moder.ited  a.id  lii.'-f. 
become  lran(|uil,  the  one-eyed  chief  ol  I'lr  C;  • 
nooks  m.mned  his  :;t;iti'  canoe,  .url  coaduiic''; ;.:; 
guests  in  s.ifetv  to  the  ship,  where  t'u-\  wen  v.'  ,. 
cuned  with  joj-,  for  apprehensions  had  ln'in:.'. 
lor  their  s.atetv.  Comcomly  and  Ms  ])"■;):■: 
wire  then  entertained  (in  bo.ird  of  tlu:  Tiii'.i|;;". 
.mil  liber.illy  rewarded  for  their  liaspitality  .i^l 
s'-rvices.  Thcv  returned  home  highly 
]iromising  to  renjain  f.iithful  friends  and  .ii^ii-' 
the  white  men. 


.^.Kis'i''-, 

■I     /iM,i;:'i 


rn.M'Tr".!;  ix. 

Fl^MM  the  report  made  by  the  twi  cvp!  i::r;; 
]i.iitiiers,  It  was  determined  that  I'oint  iir<r:-; 
should  be  the  site  ol  the  trading  liou-)e.  I""-' 
gentlemen,  it  is  true,  were  not  perleitlv  s,i'.:  •  1 
With  the  place,  .and  were  desirous  ol  con!au..'i,' 
their   si-arch  ;    but   C.iiitain   Thorn  u. is  ;iii|i.i'..  "j 


continue   I'.i^  Vii\.i.:;i'. 
wh.it   he  !'" 


l.l'.l'->'> 


1 2th   of  April  the  U'  ^ 
things   necessiiry  !'"■'• 


to    land    his   cargo  ;in( 
protested    against   any    more  o 
"  sporting  excursiims.' 
.Aci'ordingly,    on   tht 

was   Ireighli-ii    with   al .,  ,   ^ 

purpose,  ;ind  sixteen  ]iersoiis  dep.irted  111  In' J^' 
commence  the  est.iblishmeiit,  leaving  tlu'  I""- 
(|uin    to    follow    as   soon   as  the   harbor  I'oi.M  ^''^ 

solliuled. 

Crossing  the  wide  mouth  of  tlie  river,  the.ariv 
l.imled,  .and  encamped  at  the  bottom  of  .i'^ '1:111 
bay  within  I'oinl  George.     The  situation  clu-iti 


•■ii»ii.... 


ASTORIA. 


3-33 


fnr  the  l'>'-lili''''   r"'''  '^■■'''^  ""  ■'^"  «'l(>vnrmn  hcinjr 
nh,  with  tlu'  wide  I'Stu.iry,  its  sarul-liars 
iitMl\(rrs    sprcail   out   hftoic   it, 


IJ'.'IU  ilii 

UllllultlMll.'. 


!,';i,'l  the  nruinoiiiorv  ot  CaiR'  Disappoiiumfnt, 
i;|.vn  mili-s  (li->l.'ii>.'l<''*'"S>'  t'l*-'  l'n)s|H'.t  K.  the 
,  ?    Ti,..  ^iiiTDiiiuiiiiL'-  coiintrv   was    in    all    the- 


,..[  Tlic  Mirrouiuiiii!,^  country  was  iii  ai 
hs'iiiLSS  (4  si-nn-  ;  the  Hits  were  in  llif  younj; 
l^^^  'hu  wiMlhii-  was  supcrl),  ami  everything' 
l,MkViilik'li'hii  ''I  II"-'"  i'l^'  eniaiRipated  innii  a 
1,11),.  diirnu'iiii'iit  oil  slnphoard.  The  ■r()n(|iiii) 
sh.i^llv  alitrw.inl  made  her  way  ihnni>,'h  the  in- 
tr;i.i!>- (.h.imicl.  Hid  came  to  anchor  in  ihi;  little 
b,u  ami  was  s.diiud  fioni  the  encampment  with 
tl'ii'irvolltys  >i\  imiikciry  aiul  three  cheers.  She  rc- 
t,jiin-ilihi's.iUite\Mlh  three  cheers  and  ttircf  ^niiis. 
^AI1  hands  11(1"  sci  to  work  cultmj;  down  tree:., 
f;..iri!ii,' .may  thickets,  and  markiiij;  mit  the  pi. ice 
Ijrthi-  rcsidincc,  sturehmise,  and  powder  niaja- 
;:!R',  which  were  to  he  built  ol  loj,;s  and  co\ert;i! 
\\\'.h  haik.  (Mhcrs  l.uideil  the  limhers  intended 
!  tile  I'ar.if  III  liie  cnastinj;  vessel,  ;ind  proceed- 
(!  !j  |)u;  tia'iii  iiij,'ttlier,  while  others  prep.ired 
;,  ,;i!-.lcn  s|):>t,  and   sowfd    the  seeds   ot  various 

VL.;"iil)icS. 

['m  lU'Xt  th()ni;lit  was  to  j;i\e  a  name  to  the 
(■:;i'ir\o  nienniiolis  ;  the  one  that  natur.dly  prr- 
v'iieil  ilsell  'va-i  th.U  ot  the  projector  ,ind  sup- 
|i!  r'.iT  ot  tile  whole  eiuerprise.  It  wa;;  accord- 
ingly naineil  .•\>li)kl,.\. 

lii'.'  iii'ij^hl)i>riii;,f  Indi.uis  now  swarmed  about 
t:i''  !■  ,u  c.  Skiuc  hroii^du  a  tew  l.md-otler  ,ind  sea- 
oiur  skills  M  barter,  but  in  very  scanty  i).ircels  ; 
tnc  ijriaior  nuiiibcr  cime  jiryin^j  about  to  j^ratiiy 
tuircuriijsily,  tor  they  are  said  to  be  imper  mieiil- 
Iv  inqiiisilive  ;  while  not  a  lew  cinie  with  no 
oihi""  ik'sii^n  than  lo  pilier  ;  the  laws  ol  iiiriini 
an  I  tuiim  hi'iiij;  but  sli^dilly  respecti'd  .imoni; 
lliriii.  .S>j:ne  ol  llii'iii  be~,et  the  ship  in  their  c,i- 
r.i'fs  ainoii'.;  whoiii  w  as  the  Chinook  cliiet  (."om- 
iiaily  .imi  lii-.  lic,;;e  subjects.  These  were  well 
rufivi-ii  hy  Mr.  .M'IJou;,mI,  who  w.is  delighted 
v.n.li  a;i  o|ij)nruinily  ot  enteriiif^  upon  ins  tunc- 
liMr.saiul  ,iii|uir:a;4  import.mee  in  the  eyes  of  liis 
iiitiin  nc!;;h!n;  1.  I'he  contusion  thus  ])roduced 
en  huanl.  and  die  der.in^'emeiit  ot  the  carjjo 
enseal  hy  this  |ietty  trade,  stirred  the  spleen  ol 
tiisi:,i|itaiii.  wlin  li.id  ,i  soverelj^n  contempt  tor 
thenne-mrtl  i-hieltain  and  all  his  crew,  lie  eom- 
jjiiiicil  loielli  III  h.uin^f  his  shi])  lumhered  by  a 
nov.  of  ■■liiiiian  r,ii;amullins,"  who  had  no';  a 
^^ln  la  ili.spise  ot,  and  at  len^nh  put  bis  posUi\c 
in;e.\iM  upon  all  traftickin.i;-  on  board,  I'pon 
!:iisM:-.  M'i)LHii,Ml  was  tain  to  l.md.  .ind  establish 
h;M  i|iiait'TS  at  the  eiK.unpnient,  where  be  could 
iM.':i;v.'  liH  ri:;liis  and  enjoy  his  (lij;nities  without 
(.T.'.r'i!. 

l"'-'  li-.id,  however,  between  these  riv.il  jiowcrs 
s'Ih  riiniiiiiieij.  !,ti!  w.is  chielly  carried  on  b)  letter. 
'■''•'  il!ir  d,i\  ,111(1  week  alter  week  el.ijised,  yet 
i:i'-. store  houses  leipiisite  tor  the  receiuion  ot  the 
cr-.i  ■.\eiv  iioi  .■  mipleled,  and  the  sliij)  w.is  de- 
tii^ic'l  in  jiori  ,  uh.le  the  captain  was  teased  by 
iwiiiLit  iV'jiiisuions  lor  v.irious  .irticles  lor  the 
|i^'^oltliecs'.,il.|i^hmeMt,or  the  trade  with  the  ii.i- 
"■'•>■  .\n  an;,'rv  >  nrrespondence  took  place,  in 
uwal);,.r,n,|,iaine.l  bitterly  ot  the  time  wasted 
jii^  sniokiiii;  .md  sportinj;  parlies,"  as  he  termed 
'■'■<■■  i-coniiniierin;:  expeditions,  and  in  cle.irin^' 
iin'Mir'T.'nn-m.'ailie.N  ground  and  turnip  p.itcbes 
"'iw.l  i,t  .hsp.uchiiijj  his  ship.  At  leiiKtli  all 
"esu  ;in-,i,,^r  m.itters  were  .adjusted,  it  not  to  the 
S'l'iMaition,  .u  it.a.t  to  the  .ac.piiescence  ot  all 
''"ii-s.  the  p.irt  of  the  cargo  destined  for  the 
«ot  ,\st„n.,  was  l.iiuled,  and  the  ship  left  tree 
'«  i'roccal  on  her  voyigc. 


As  tlie  Tonquin  was  to  roast  to  tlic  nortli,  to 
tr.idi'  lor  peltries  .it  the  ditfereiit  bariiors,  .and  to 
loui  h  at  Asiori.a  on  li(;r  return  in  the  .lutumn,  it 
w.is  uii.uiimousl)  determined  tb.it  ,\lr,  M'K.iy 
should  go  in  her  as  su|)ei c.irgo,  taking  svi'l'  hini 
Mr.  Lewis  as  ship's  clerk.  On  the  tiistotjune 
the  ship  got  under  way,  and  (lrop|)ed  down  to 
n.iker's  H-iy,  where  slie  w.is  detarned  ior  a  lew 
d.iys  by  a  he.id  wind;  but  e.irl\-  in  tlie  morning 
ol  the  httli  stuoil  out  to  sea  with  ,i  line  bree/e  and 
swelling  canv.is,  .md  swept  oil  g.iyly  on  her  t.ilal 
voyage,  from  which  she  w.is  nc\er  t(j  return  ! 

( )n  reMcwing  the  toiiduct  ot  Ca|)tain  1  born, 
and  e\.imiiiing  liis  peevish  .md  somewhat  whim.si- 
( .il  corres|)oiiden( f,  the  im|)ression  lelt  upon  our 
mind  is  upon  the  whole  di'cidedly  in  his  favor. 
While  we  smile  at  the  simplicity  ol  Ins  heart  .md 
the  n.irrowness  of  his  >iews,  which  made  liim  rc- 
g.inl  everything  out  of  .ne  direct  jiath  ol  his  d.iily 
duty,  and  the  rigid  exigencies  ot  the  service,  as  triv- 
ial and  impertinent,  which  inspire>i  him  with 
contem|)t  tor  the  swelling  vanity  of  some  ot  his 
coadjutors,  ,md  the  liter.iry  e\eii  ises  ,iiid  (  urious 
rese.irches  of  others,  we  c.innot  but  applaud  that 
strict  and  conscientious  cle\o;'on  to  the  interests 
ot  his  employer,  ,ind  lo  what  p,e  considereil  the 
true  objects  ot  the  enterprise  in  whit  h  he  was  en- 
g.iged.  He  certainly  w.is  to  blame  ociasionally 
lor  the  ..s|)erity  of  his  m.mners  and  the  .irbiiraiy 
n.iture  ot  his  measures,  yet  much  th.it  is  excep- 
tion.ible  in  this  part  of  his  londui  t  n-.iy  be  tr.iced 
to  rigid  notions  ot  duty,  accpiired  in  th.it  tyranni- 
cal school,  .1  ship  of  war,  and  to  the  construction 
given  by  liis  companions  to  the  orders  of  Mr. 
Astor,  so  little  in  conformity  with  his  own.  His 
mind,  too,  ;i])pears  to  ha\e  beeiuiie  almost  dis- 
e.ised  bv  the  suspicions  he  had  lornied  .is  to  the 
loyallv  of  his  associates  and  the  n.uure  ot  their 
ultimate  designs  ;  yet  on  this  point  there  were 
circumstances  lo,  in  some  me.isuro,  ju.siily  him. 
the  rel.itions  between  the  I'nited  .Slates  and 
(".re.it  Britain  were  at  that  time  in  a  critical  ^tatc  ; 
in  f.ict,  tint  two  countries  were  oil  the  e\e  ot  a 
w.ir,  .Se\er,il  ot  the  partners  were  ISritish  sub- 
jei  IS,  and  might  be  ready  to  desi  n  the  llig  under 
which  they  acted,  should  .i  w.ir  I, ike  pl.i.  e.  Tiuir 
api)lic.itio'n  to  the  l!riti.sh  mini.sler  .it  New  'Siiik 
shows  the  dubious  leelmg  with  which  they  hatl 
emb.irked  in  the  present  enterprise.  They  h.id 
been  in  the  employ  of  the  Noiihwest  Compain, 
.111(1  might  be  disposed  to  r.illy  ag.iin  under  that 
association,  should  events  threaten  the  prosperity 
of  this  embr\()  establishment  ot  .Mr.  Astor.  lie- 
sides,  we  liave  the  t.icl,  averred  to  us  by  one  of 
the  partners,  that  some  of  them,  who  were  y.'ung 
and  heedless,  to(d<  a  mischievoiis  .md  uiiw.irrant- 
able  pleasure  in  playing  upon  t)"'  je.ilou.s  temper 
ot  the  captain,  and  affecting  mysterious  consulta- 
tio'is  .ami  sinister  movements. 

These  circumst.inces  .ire  cite.!  in  p.iUi.ition  of 
ihe  doubts  and  surmises  ot  C.iiit.iin  Thorn,  which 
might  otherwise  appe.ir  strange  and  unreason- 
able. Tli.it  most  ot  the  p.irtneis  were  pertectly 
upright  and  l.iitbtiil  in  the  (bsch.irge  of  the  iru.st 
reposed  in  them  we  are  fully  s.iti.slied  ;  still  the 
honest  captain  w.as  not  invari.ibly  wrong  in  his 
suspicions  ;  ,md  th.U  he  tormed  a  pretty  just 
opinion  ol  the  inlegrily  of  thai  .ispiring  jierson- 
age.  Mr.  M'Dougal,  will  be  substantuilly  proved 
in  tlie  seijuel.  

CHAPTER  \', 

Willi. I',  tlu;  .Vstorians  were  busily  occupied  in 
completing   ilieir  factory   and  tjrt,   a  report  was 


,  ! 


\i  m 


I  ii  (. 


j; 


!  j!!  ■:  m 


51 


rM: 


324 


ASTORIA. 


lir(nit;lit  tn  them  )iy  an  Ind'.in  from  the  iip|)cr 
part  lit  tile  river,  that  a  party  ot  thirtv  white  iiu'ii 
hail  appeared  on  the  hanks  i.t  the  C'ohinil)ia,  ami 
were  a. mails-  huil(hn^;  houses  at  tlii'  second  rap- 
ids. This  mtoi  iii.ition  c.iiised  nuuh  (lis(|uiet.  \Vc 
have  alre.idv  mentioned  that  the  Nortiuvest  C'oin- 
panv  had  est.ililished  posts  to  'lie  west  ot  the 
Koi'kv  Mountains,  in  a  (hstri.t  called  hy  them 
New  Caledonia,  which  extended  fron\  lat,  52  to 
55'  north,  bein^;  within  the  liritish  territories.  It 
was  now  appreiunded  th.it  they  were  advancing; 
witliin  the  .\merican  limits,  and  were  endeavor- 
in|f  to  sei.-e  ujion  the  upiier  part  ot  the  ri\'er  ami 
forest. ill  the  .Xmericm  l-'ur  C'oir.pany  in  the  sur- 
romHiini;  trade  ;  in  which  c.ise  bloody  feuds 
mi^flit  he  .mtu-ipatcKl,  such  as  had  piev.iilcd  be- 
tween tile  rival  fur  com|ianies  in  former  d.iys. 

A  reconnoitnnj;  p.irty  w.is  sent  up  the  river  t<i 
asceri.un  the  truth  ot  the  report.  'I'hey  .iscended 
to  the  foot  of  the  tnst  rapid,  .ibout  tuo  humlred 
miles,  bi;i  could  hear  nothinj;  ot  ,iny  \sluie  men 
l)cin^  in  the  nei^jhborlKiod. 

Not  loiijj  alter  their  return,  howescr,  airthei 
accounts  were  itceivd,  by  two  wandernii^  In- 
dians, wliii  li  (st.iblished  ll.e  tact  that  the  North- 
west Compaiu  hail  .1  tua'ly  erec  te<l  a  trading' 
hou^,'  on  the  Spokan  i'lver,  which  t.ills  uito  the 
nort!i  l-"anch  ot  the  C'oliimbia. 

Whet  rendered  this  intelliij'nce  the  more  dis- 
qiiietini;  w.is  ine  'n.dnlity  of  the  .\stori.ins,  in  their 
present  redured  sl.ite  :is  to  numbers,  and  the  e\i- 
jjencies  ot  their  new  establishment,  to  furnish  de- 
tachments to  peiietr.ite  the  countrv  ■!)  ditterent 
directions,  ,in(i  ti\  the  posts  ne(tssary  to  secure 
the  interior  tr.ide. 

It  w,is  resolved,  however.  ,»t  .anv  r.il(  ,  to  ad- 
vance a  counter-che(  k  to  tins  post  on  ''.v  S|iok.ui, 
and  one  ot  the  p.irtners,  Mr.  D.ivid  Stuart,  pre- 
pared to  set  out  lor  the  juirpose  with  eij,'ht  men 
and  .1  s  ill  .issorfiieiit  of  j^oods.  He  w.is  to  be 
p;uided  i-y  the  two  Indi.ans,  who  knew  the  i  ,)uiitr\', 
and  pioniised  to  take  him  to  a  place  not  l.ir  troin 
the  Sj)okan  Kivi;',  .ind  in  a  ntij^hborhood  .dioiind- 
in^  V.  iili  beaver.  Here  he  was  to  est.ibbsh 
hiir.selt  and  lo  reiii.Tiu  for  ,■  time,  provided  he 
found  the  situation  .idvanta^eous  and  the  n.itives 
trie:ui!y. 

On  the  15th  of  July,  when  Mr  .Stti.irt  was  near- 
ly re.idy  to  embark.  .1  canoe  m  ule  its  .appear, mce, 
standiii).;  for  the  liar!)«r,  and  manned  by  nine 
white  men.  Much  speculation  toi>l;  place  who 
these  slran;;ers  could  be,  for  it  w  ,is  too  .soon  to 
expect  their  own  jx-ople,  under  Mr.  Hunt,  aIio 
Were  to  cro^s  the  conlineiit.  .As  tlie  c.inoe  dr>w 
near,  the  I'.itish  stand.ird  w.is  (hstin.Lrmshecj  ;  on 
co;nin;4  lo  land,  one  ot  the  crew  Mepped  on  sliore, 
and  announced  himself  as  .Mr.  HaMil  Thompson, 
astrin-mer,  ;ind  jjariner  of  the  Norllvvest  ''oni- 
pany.  A(  cordiii).;  to  his  account,  he  had  set  out 
in  tile  jirecedinjr  ye.ir  with  a  tolerablv  Strang; 
party,  and  a  supply  of  Indian  jjoods,  to  cross  the 
Rocky  Mount. iins.  A  part  ot  his  people,  how- 
ever, hr.il  deserted  him  on  the  eastern  side,  ant! 
returned  wiili  the  ^(o  ids  to  the  nearest  north-west 
post.  He  hid  |iersisted  in  crossin;;  ti.e  moun- 
tains with  eii,'ht  men,  who  remained  true  lo  hm. 
They  h.id  traversed  the  hi^dier  re).;ioiis,  ind  ven- 
tured near  the  source  of  the  folumbi.i,  -vhere,  in 
the  sprin>(,  tli,y  had  constructed  a  c  <-d.ir  ( .inoe, 
the  same  in  which  they  h.id  rc.iched  Astoria. 

'I'his,  in  f.ict,  w.is  the  ji.irty  disjiatihed  by  the 
Northwest  Company  to  antieip.ite  .\!r.  .Xstor  in 
his  inteniionot  effectin^r  a  settlement  at  the  moutfi 
of  the  C'llumbia  Ri.er.  It  appears,  Horn  inhir- 
mation  liubscjueiicly  derived  from  otiicr  sources, 


th.it  Mr.  Thompson  had  piislu  d  on  Ins  .-„,,p 
with  ijre.il  h.iste,  callin),'  at  all  the  liiil:.iiM.:!,,,.fj 
in  his  m.irch,  |)resentin^,'  them  wiih  llriihhii.,« 
and  even  pl.iniin^;  them  .it  the  forks  ot  il,i  ri.r 
liroidaimin^;  form, illy  th.it  he  toiik  in,-,-i>,Miiii  ,( 
the  country  in  the  ii.ime  of  the  Kiiij;  (.;  {.re  i 
liriiain  tor  the  N'lU  thwi  st  Comp.iiu.  As|i.s,iri". 
in.il  plan  w.is  dele.ited  by  the  dcscrt.oii  •  1  i^^ 
people,  it  is  prob.lble  th.lt  he  desceiKl,.,!  il,,.  f.,,. 
simply  to  reconnoitre,  and  ascert.im  wluihcr  j 
.Americ.in  settlement  liad  been  i  uniiiinicid 

Mr.  Thompson  was.  no  doubt,  tin  inst  v\|i,< 
m.in  who  ilesi'ended  the  northern  hniah  ot'.rt 
(■(^umbia  from  so  iie.ir  its  souiie.  Lewis  ,r,i| 
Cl.irke  struck  the  main  body  ot  the  river  .itne 
torks,  about  tour  hundred  miles  truiinls  ninun. 
They  entered  it  from  Lewis  Kivrr,  its  iuui'',;n 
br.imh,  and  tluiu  e  desi  ended. 

Tfioii^jh  Mr.  Thompson  could  he  (■(iiisiiii'R;l,is 
little  better  than  .1  spy  in  the  ciinp,  hi-  vv.b  rt- 
reived  with  yjrM  lordiality  by  .Mr.  M'1Ii:'jj;i1, 
..holiada  lurking  feeli'ij,'  ot  cunpaninnsliipiir:! 
jjood-will  'or  all  of  tlie  NiuMliwist  (.nnip.inv.  He 
invited  him  to  he.id-r|uarters,  where  ht  imi  :,:5 
people  were  hos|)itably  euint. lined.  .N'.iv,  fa- 
ther ;  beinj,'  somewhat  in  extremity,  he  w.is  l;:r. 
nished  b\-  Mr.  M'Douj^al  with  v;no(ls  ;imi  iiPui- 
sions  for  his  journey  b.iek  across  ilic  m"iin!;iir,;, 
much  a^.i'ist  the  wishes  of  Mr.  Ha'.i'l  yx^n, 
vitio  (lid  not  think  tlie  object  ot  his  vhii  cr.ircJ 
him  to  .any  f.ivor. 

1  )n  il.  ''^vl  ot  July  Mr.  .Stuart  sit  nut  iijin:'.  r,;s 
evjiedition  to  the  interior.  His  |  .iriy  nuvs'.;-.!  1 
liiur  ol  the  clerks,  .Messrs.  I'llli  t.  kii-.s,  M  l.n- 
non,  .111(1  Montigny,  two  C.inadiin  voy.i;;<iii>  'iiil 
two  n.itives  of  the  .Sandwich  Isl.inds.  Ti  iv  1  .il 
three  c.inoes  w(dl  l.aden  wiih  ]irovisinns.  ,inil  -.in 
j^'oods  and  necess.iries  for  a  tradini,'  est.iMii'iir.'r'., 

.Mr.  Thom|)son  and  his  p.irty  set  (iiit  n  h/ii- 
|i.iny  with  them,  il  bein^  Ins  iniintmn  to  |irn.-.tii 
direct  to  .Moiitre.il.  The  jiariiieis  .c  Asl'in.i  Inr- 
vv.irded  by  him  a  short  letter  to  Mr.  Asier  :r."":i- 
111^'  hiin  ot  their  safe  .irrival  at  the  mnudi  nt  fj 
Coiiinibi.i,  .".nd  th.it  they  h.id  noi\et  IumI'I  ;'  Mr. 
Hunt.  The  little  stpi.idron  ol  canoes  Ml  Mil  v^lii 
a  l.ivorable  bree/e.  and  souii  passed  1  iii,j;ii,  I'm", 
.1  lon^',  hiijli,  and  rocky  promoiiio;y,  cuvt-ri'.! '■.■..i 
trees.  ,ind  stretcliin^r  t.'ir  into  the  nvd.  cpp'^'e 
to  this,  on  the  northern  shore,  is  aiif.,'  '.ly 
where  the  Columbia  anchored  .it  the  l;;r.f  i,i ;  e 
'bs( overy,  ;ind  which  is  still  c.dled  lir.i)  ••  !*•''. 
Iro.ii    he  iiaiii'  of  her  commander 

from  hence  the  ^'ener.il  course  ol  ll.e  r;w  ilT 
;iboi  t  s<-venty  miles  was  nearly  s-miliiis; 
in^.'  in  l.re.iillii  .k  coning  to  its  b.ivs  :ii!  ; 
tloivi.  and  n.ivi^Mble  lor  M'ssels  o!  t 
t  (lis.  The  shores  were  in  some  Jil. 
rockv,  witli  low,  marshy  islandsa.  i!u-ii  i.^i.^'i" • 
ject  to  inundation,  and  covere.l  wit.i  vviii  .wj, 
|)oplars,  and  other  trees  that  love  .m  .illiivi.il  1"" 
Sometimi's  the  mountains  reced-d.  "lil  ^''^ 
pi. ice  to  beautiful  plains  and  noble  tmesw.  \\i;''' 
the  river  m.ir^MP  was  richly  frin.i,'ed  vvr.l,  v::--"~ 
dei  iduoiis  to;i:i).;e,  the  roti'di  upl.mds  vseri;.  r  ivvniv 
l)V  ni.i)esiic  pini'S,  and  tirs  ot  ^'i^Mniic  si.u-  ••''■'•' 
lilwerint;  lo  the  hei},dit  of  betw.eii  two  ,iim  ti'' 
hundred  ieet,  with  proportion.ile  ,  ir.  iimt'rr'i" 
Out  ot  these  th(-  Indians  v  roui;ht  tlieir  ti'^''' 
canoes  .anil  pitoj^aies.  ,^ 

.At  one   part  of  thi-   river,  tliey  ]).issci,.  m'  '" 
northern  side,  an   isolatefl   rock,  .iboiit  une  ■■'"' 
(Irei 
soi 

lTl(/^i  i(itiiii.~Ti  aii:.-*     »»iij     in-t'i      •••      f^ 

the  neiijhboriin;  Iiulians,  Leing  one  ul  their  I'f 


ry- 
,!■;■  I'.uiidrr;: 


1)1,11  fs  ii':.;l.  :i" 


lorthern  side,  an  isolatefl  rock,  .ibmit  unr  '■>-' 
red  and  tittv  feet  hi^h,  rising,'  from  a  low,  mir>  ^ 
oil,  and  totally  disconnected  with  tlie  ■i"!''^  '',  ; 
nount.nns.     Tt'iis  was  held  in  j,'"' "  rev-r<n(f  ''■ 

.      ■  .       .  ,    .l,..,i-  nr    • 


ci'x'  I'll  ill'-'  ''•■' 

hiiiii'iii; '•''"■'"i 

th-  iibi''ii"'T  ""I 

LriOtineil  ^^i"' 
airl  Ills  l">*^'  ■""'[ 
he  .11 IV  IH-  l'<'>" 
liiiuinii;  k'f""'"'\ 

I  ihel.iller,  du:  lill 

;  5Vi;>,l.'»l  '"  '*'''[ 

s|)-.,r,  .iii'l   ">'" 
,,li,vJ.ili'ttoasl 

,  lii.LiiiK  'Ih'  nvei] 
;  (p.'iite.l.    Ill--  !■' 
'  u]Mii  those   |i!  i| 
1  s'Kkeil  vvillia^l 
;ir- jiiv;i.ireil  111 
,i,(|iiiltfilthemsi 
...M'l  husli.inds, 
Jliiiri;'  their  iimr 
I  he  isiiliied  il 
1,11  ;c  (li  tlie  kind 

l.M,iilll   111   I.IIIIK 

.iiuiiulwere  tmi 
,.!  iriiikels,  ^arn 
;,ri'i!es  tiirtlie  11- 
leiliiiiClTDtecl^  1 
rMi'i'.  The  tricii 
v.ii;iieii.  repair 
5,i;iic  liiiu'  ;dt( 
ihi-e,  .uul  i!'t( 
;i,.;is, 

rmin  the  imin 
stiveil  iipoii  tliis 

riwr,  11  rr(eivcd 
1;  I  nalimies  to  1 1 

lievdiid  this  r 
r;.;r  (Ml  the  r\'^ 
appe.iieil  t(i  i.ik 
'.  .vered  with  si 
i.'.T  vv.is  the 
tSer  I'll  tliey  I 
viMV,  so  c.d'.e 
>i\iy  iiiili.-i  111 
Siniih-^'iiiiluMst 
lli,■.^,  vvim  h  ho 

■   ■•.'ii;;li  the   n 
I    In  .uitiliil 
•  .'.]]  e.iiiie  w.ri 

;--i.-!i  :i  yet  i 

■  i  sitlLltMIl 

US  (flei  i  II pi) 

■  ,il  lie.i'.ltv  .III 
i  ijrieii  liv  11 

nil  irilies  vvei 
111:;'  I'le  1 1.1  Ilk' 
.1  i"l!l  ci^hl  1 
!V,-H  the  little 
"il  so  i.illei 
.'■r  'i\  his  lit 
■>':■.:  He  rive 

■  ''.■:  nvi,>t  lif 
•  '■';.  :iie;i(liivv 

l!ie  (I  litre,  t 

r.s  'Mwiied 

■I'M-i  by  Ml. I 

■>!i'.i;  into  .1  li 

'  ■■-•  >iaiiri,Ue  l.i 

I'liiii  Vanci 
"Jill  .\'-turi.i. 

"  I'ronounec 
llic  scroml  syll 


'  ii  ritSttri'"  ii ,'  "^  iiiMif 


ASTORIA. 


•625 


Thf  same  iirovidcnt 


ic,;„  pl.nTS  of  sqiultiirp. 

ihn„iMi«  !:i!"'s  of  th.'  pr.nncs  is  (.l,.f rvat)lc  .iinoiiK 


,1,,.  |„„at '.IT  tril'.'s  ..I  tin-  rivers   ;.n.l  sc'a-...,.st. 

null-- the  I'onnrr  llir  l.ivoiilr  liurs.-  ,>i  the  li.in  - 
iV'sliineil  \\illi  lii">  i"  ilu-.s..ri!(hiiicriMl  iiKuin.l, 
.,„'il,i,  howaiul  ;irr..us  an-  I. .id  l.y  Ins  side,  that 
1.,  iiiiv  he  ncrtrdly  .•(jUipiM^d  K'r  tin;  "  Happy 
]|,,,„i:i''  .^Tdiinds"  ot  lite  lan<l  <>t  spinis.  Kinnu^r 
[W\\nvr.  ihc  Indian  is  wrapped  m  his  ni.,iule  (.1 
s^is  l.'iti  ill  his  ran. If,  with  his  pa. I. lie,  his  lishiiiL' 
sprir  .mil  .illKf  implfmcnls  husidt-  him,  aii.l 
ii'  i.i'j  iiliitt  on  soin.,'  rm  k  or  other  eniiiu'iu'f  ovcr- 
|,i;il,iiij;  llir  liver,  or  hay,  .ir  lake,  that  he  has  Irc- 
(|i.;ilt.i.  lit'  is  tliiis  lillfd  out  to  launch  away 
up  III  those  iilaciil  streams  and  sunny  lakes, 
s'likfil  Willi  ad  kinils  ot  lish  .'.ml  watertowl,  wliii  h 
;ir;' ])iv|i.ireil  in  tin'  'H'xt  world  for  th.ise  wh.)  have 
i„(mitte.l  tlienisehes  as  ),'o.id  sons,  ^jood  l.itheis, 
.'in!  hiisli.inds,  and,  .ibove  all,  j^.xi.l  li:,lurintii, 
(iurn;'  their  nmrl.il  Mij.nirn. 

llu:  i.Miliieil  rii.  k  in  (lUestion  presenle.l  a  s|if.'- 
tjiifiif  ilie  kiiiil,  numerous  dead  liodies  heiiij;  .le- 
iKKiinl  in  cimies  on  ils  summit;  while  .in  poles 
urniiulwere  Irophies,  or,  rather,  tunereal  .)lleriiii,fs 
u!  iniikels,  ijarnients,  baskets  of  roots,  .-md  .)ther 
.,ri  ili'S  fiirtin:  use  id  the  de.-e.ised.  A  r.'\-erenti.il 
k(iiiij,'|in)tei'ts  thest-  saereil  spi>ts  from  roliliery  .ir 
i-.su'i.  The  liieiids  iil  th.-  dee.Msed,  esp.'.'i.illy  tin; 
v.>i;iK-n,  repair  here  at  sunrise  an.l  sunset  for 
Siinii'  time  alter  his  death,  sin),(iii^'  his  tuner,il 
il;r;;c,  .iiul  uttering;  loud   wailiii^'s  and   lameiil.i- 

ihillS, 

froiii  the  iiiindier  of  dea.l  bodies  in  eanoes  oh- 
stivcil  ii|)OM  tills  III.  k  hy  the  tirst  explorers  .if  tin; 
:..ir,  II  rc.eiic.l  the  name  id  Mount  Cotlin,  \\hiidi 
;:  I  oniiiuies  to  hear. 

IVvdiiii  this  roi  k  ihev  passed  the  month  .if  a 
ri.rim  ihe  right  hank  .it  the  C.ilumhia,  whiih 
appciieil  tfi  lake  il^  rise  in  a  ilistant  mountain 
'  .v.''til  with  snow.  liie  Indian  n.ime  of  this 
I.'.' r  w.is  the  ''in\  leskei'.  .Some  miles  liir- 
!''rr  ii:i  they  e.inie  to  the  ^n'eat  C'olmnliian 
vi!li\,  sn  e.dled  li\  I.cwit  .ind  ('l.iikr.  It  is 
MMVIIilh.S  111  uidlli,  .Old  eMenils  t.r  to  til.' 
Si'i!lii;''iiilhe.ist  I'.iNMen  p.ir.ill.d  |-idi;i'Sid  iiKum- 
i!i..\  whiili  hound  it  mi  th.'  east  and  \wst. 
Tir.'ii;di  thi-  centre  id  this  v.illrv  llnwed  .i  l,ir;.;c 
■M  iii.iutiliil  stre.ini,  ..died  the  W'.ill.iinot,  * 
■■■■;i.'li  i:iliie  v,,,iulenii);  fur  ,sc\-er,il  hundr.-.l  mil.'S, 
'"■■■■'.i,:;h  .-!  yet  mi''\plore,l  wilderness.  'I  h.'  shel- 
^  -i  ulu.iium  ot  till',  immense  vallev  h.id  an  oh- 
'•''iiscffei  I  tipiiii  the  elim.iti-.  It  w.is  ,i  region  id 
,;'riMt  iH-.r.ilv  and  hlMiri.mce,  \sith  hikes  and  pools, 
■.ii'i  h'ri-eii  nieuldws  shaded  liy  n.d)le  j^roves.  \'a- 
t'-iuilrilies  were  s.iid  to  reside  in  this  vallev  and 
31  i:i,i!- I'le  h.uiks  id  the  W.dlamot, 
,  .'ViMiit  fiv;ht  mih's  above  the  mouth  ot  the  \V,d- 
'"'i!  the  little  .s.pMdioii  arrived  at  Vancouver's 
l'"'.^^")  1  ailed  111  honor  ot  that  ci'lebr.Ued  voy- 
■'S'-f  I'l  his  lieilten.iiU  i  HroiiLjhton  i  when  he  e\- 
I'l'T-.M  i;ic  ruiT.  This  jioint  is  said  to  present  une 
';■'''"  iivist  ii.-aiitiful  sc.  n.-s  on  the  folumbi.i  -a 
:''''!}  nie.iduw,  with  a  siKer  sheet  of  limpid  w.it.'r 
."'■|!ie  II  litre,  enlivened  bv  wil.l-fowd,  ,a  ranj,'e  of 
-ji.s  rniwiied  by  forests,'  while  the  prospect  is 
'■'J^'-l  hy  .Mnuiit  lloiid,  a  m.ii^nihcent  nuuintain 
^■'"lin  iiuii  ,1  Kilty  |ieak,  ;uul  C(iv<;red  wdth  snow  ; 
'■"•• 'lilim.ite  laiidiii.irk  .i!  the  tirst  exidorers  ut  the 
r:.-i-r,  ' 

,  ''""11  \'.ini:ouv(  r  is  .ilK.ut   one   hundieil    miles 
'■>:ii.\-t(iri,i.     Here   the   i-edux  of    the  tide  ceases 

I'ronoun'.ai   W.i'lamot,   tlic    accent    being    upon 

tlie  sccon.i  :.yllaldc. 


to  lie  perreiitilile.  To  thispl.ace  vessnisof  two  atvl 
thr.c  hundre.l  tons  luinh  n  may  asceii.l.  Thu 
party  under  the  .  .unman. 1  .d  Mr.  iStu.irt  had  been 
three  or  tour  .la\  s  m  re,i.  liiiij;  it,  thou^di  we  li.i\c 
f.irborn.'  to  notice  th.'ir  .lady  priij.;rrss  ,ind  nij^litly 
eiicampm.iils. 

I'dom  I'oiiit  V'.incoiiver  the  riv.T  turned  tow.inl 
tile  iDrthe.isl,  ami  be.  anie  iiior.'  contra,  te.l  anil 
r.ipi.l,  \\iili  occ.isi.inal  islands  ami  fre(|uent  s.md- 
banks.  These  isl.inds  ;ire  i'lirnishe.l  \^ith  a  nuin- 
ber  ot  jionds,  anil  at  cert.iin  seasons  .iboiiiul  \siili 
swan,  ^eese,  brandts,  cr.iiies,  ;;ulls,  plo\er,  .inil 
other  wild  lo\'.  1.  The  shor.'s,  ton,  .ire  low,  ,iiid 
closely  wooded,  and  i:ii\ered  with  iiii  h  ,in  under- 
^'r.iwlh  ot  vines  and  rushes  .is  to  be  .ilniost  im- 
passable. 

Ab.iut  thirty  miles  .ibove  ruiiil  Wincoiiver  the 
niounlains  a>,Min  ap|iroa.di  on  both  sides  ot  the 
river,  whi.  h  is  liiirdered  by  slupendinis  pre.  ipices, 
covered  with  the  tir  and  the  white  ced.ir,  and  en- 
livened o.'.'.isioii.illy  by  lieaiilitul  c.isi'atles  lea()ing 
Iroin  .1  )^riMi  luii^hl,  and  sendiiiy;  up  wre.aths  of 
vapor.  (111.'  of  ih.'si  pr.-.ipi.rs,  or  clitfs,  is  cu- 
riouslv  worn  by  time  an.l  w  e.ither  so  ,is  to  lia\f  the 
.■ip|)e.ir.in.c  id  a  ruined  fortress,  with  lowers  .iiul 
battlements  beetlin^f  Idj^h  above  the  river;  wliile 
t\\.)  sm.ill  .  .isca.les,  one  hundred  ;ind  lilty  feet  ill 
lieij,r|it,  |)iti  h  down  from  the  I'lssures  of  the  rocks. 

■|  he  turlnili'iice  .mil  r.-ijiidity  of  the  current  con- 
tiiiu.illy  aut^meiitiii).;  .is  they  ,i.l\  .meed,  j,M\'e  the 
\'oy.ij;ers  iiiliiii.itiiui  th.it  th.y  were  appro, u  liiiij^ 
the  ^reat  ob-.tru. lions  ol  the  ri\er,  an.l  at  Kiij;lh 
thev  arri\fd  ;it  Strawberry  Inland,  so  e.dled  by 
Lewis  and  Cl.irke,  wlii.dilies.it  the  Imhi  of  the  tli'it 
rapi.l.  As  this  |i,iit  ot  tin-  (.■oluiiibi.i  \sill  ln'  r.'- 
pe.ite.lly  nieiilioned  in  tlii'  course  of  this  wurk, 
iiein^  th.'  scene  .d  som.'  .d  its  MicichiUs,  we  sh.ill 
^i\'e  a  ^f.'ii.T.il  .lescriiiticm  of  it  in  this  |il.,c.'. 

Tlu;  t.ills  or  r.ipi.ls  .d  the  Cohinibia  .ire  situ.itcd 
.ibout  one  hfn.lri.'d  and  .-ij^dity  miles  above  the 
month  of  the  ri\er.  Tint  tirst  is  a  |ierp.-iulii  ul.ir 
casc.ide  ot  twenty  feet,  after  which  there  is  a  swilt 
descent  tor  a  mile,  belw.-en  islands  ol  hard  bl.ud; 
luck,  to  .iiiother  pitch  nf  eij,du  Ui  I  .livided  by  two 
rocks.  .'Ml out  two  aiul  a  li.ilt  miles  below  this  tlie 
riv.r  exp.uids  into  .i  uid.:  Ii.isin,  seemin;;ly 
d.iliinied  up  b\'  a  perpeiidicul.ir  rid^e  of  bi.ick  rock. 
.\  current,  hnwever,  >et->  .li.ij^.m.diy  to  the  left  of 
this  rockv  b.irrier,  where  there  is  ,i  ch.isni  tort\- 
live  yards  in  width.  'Idirou^rli  this  the  whole  body 
of  the  ri\'erro.irs  aloiij;',  sw.-lliii^'-  .iii.l  whirling;  aiul 
boiliiijj;  tor  some  dist.ince  in  the  w  ildest  confusion, 
'1  firoiij^li  this  irenu'iidoiis  ch.innel  the  intrejii.!  e.v.. 
pl.irersot  the  river,  Lewis  and  Clarke,  p.issed  sate- 
i\-  in  their  bo. its  ;  the  d.in,mfr  beiii^-,  not  from  the 
rocks,  but  from  the  threat  surges  .mil  wliirl|)o(ils. 

.At  the  dist.ince  of  ,i  mile  .md  .i  h.ilf  Irom  the 
tool  of  this  narrow  ch.iiiiitd  is  .i  r.ipid,  formed  by 
two  rocky  islands  ;  and  twn  mile.lie\ond  is  ,i  sec- 
ond ^rreat  fall,  .ner  a  led^e  ot  r.u  ks  twenty  teet 
lii^dl,  exlendini^  n.Miiy  Irom  shore  to  slmre.  ddie 
ri\'er  is  aj^ain  compressed  into  .i  ch.innel  from  I'ltlv 
to  a  hundred  t.'et  wi.le,  wmii  throui^ii  ,i  roiit;li 
bed  of  hard  bhick  rock,  aloii^  which  it  lioils  ,iiul 
roars  with  ;;r.'at  lury  tor  the  .list. nice  .)f  three  miles. 
This  is  calle.l  "   Idle  i-.m^'  Narrows." 

Here  is  the  ^rcdi  llshinif  id.ice  of  the  Columbia. 
In  the  s|)rin,i',  ot  the  year,  when  the  waiei  is  high, 
the  salmon  as.'eiid  the  river  in  incredible  minibers. 
.■\s  they  pass  through  this  n.irrow  str.iit,  the  In- 
di.iiis,  standing  on  the  rocks,  or  on  the  end  ot 
wo.ideii  stagis  projecting  from  the  banks,  scoop 
them  up  with  small  nets  distended  on  hoops  .md 
.Mtached  to  long  haiullcs,  and  cast  ihcm  on  ihc 
shore. 


I   1    . 


1 


'  I 


i  »iff  ■ 


Qi^i 


ASTORIA. 


Thcv  uv  tlirn  rnrcd  ainl  p.u  kc'(!  in  a  lu-i-uliar  ' 
maruu'r.  Atur  liaviiij;  Ixtn  upciu'd  and  iliM'm- 
liDWi'lU'il,  !lu'\  arc  tA|)iisc(l  tit  thf  Mill  on  siallnlils 
ercitfil  (in  lilt'  iiMT  hanks,  W  lun  MilliiiiiuK  ilr\,  [ 
thfv  arc  poundrd  I'lnc  hctwccn  Iwoslnncs,  picsMd 
into  till'  Mivdlist  idinp  iss,  and  |)aik('d  in  li.iskrts  ■ 
or  liali'-.  nt  [;imms  inattinj;,  ahmit  two  Irct  loi\j;  and 
oni-  in  diamcttT,  lined  witli  the  in  red  skni  ot  a 
salmon,  'riic  top  is  liki'svisc  lovcifd  will)  lisi)- 
skins,  sceiin'd  In  innls  jtassin^  tltroii^'h  holes  in 
the  ('dv;eot  the  luskel.  I'.nkajjes  ,iie  then  made, 
caeli  (  oiu;dnin};  tuelve  ot  these  h.des,  si\en  .U 
bottom,  ti\e  at  lop,  pressed  ilose  to  e.uh  other, 
with  the  ii'ided  side  upward,  wrapped  in  m.its.md 
corded.  These  are  planMJ  in  dry  sitiiatii'Hs,  and 
a.i;ain  eo\'ered  with  inallinj;.  l-'.a(  h  ot  lliese  p.u  k- 
;ii,ns  luniaiiis  trom  ninei\  to  a  lumdred  |iounds  ot 
dried  tish.whuh  in  this  st.ilc  will  keep  sound  tor 
several  ye.irs.  * 

We  hlive  j;iv<n  this  proeess  at  some  lrii^;lh,  as 
lurnished  hy  the  lirst  e\|)lorers,  heeaiise  it  m.irks 
a  pr.iciise  r  inj;eiuiily  in  |>repaiin;;  .irtules  ol 
tr.itTu-  tor  .1  m.uki't,  >el,|om  sun  .imoii^-  our  abo- 
riginals. I'or  like  re.isoiis  wi-  wnuld  m.ike  espe- 
cial meiiti(U)  ot  the  village  ot  Wish-r.im,  .it  the  i 
he.id  ot  tlu-  I.on^;  Narrows,  as  lieiiii;  ,i  solitary  in- 
stanee  ot  ;in  abon^in.d  tr.idiii;^'  marl,  or  em|>o- 
rium.  Here  the  s.dnion  e.ui^ht  in  the  neii;hbor- 
in^;  rapids  u-ere  "  warehoused,"  to  aw.iii  eusioiii- 
ers.  liiilur  the  tribes  trom  the  mouth  ot  the  Co-  i 
himbia  rejiaircd  wilh  ihe  lish  ot  llu'  sea-eoast,  the  j 
roois,  lurries,  and  espeeially  the  w.ipp.iloo,  )^:ilh- 
cred  in  ihe  lower  jiarts  ot  the  ri\;r,  lo);ether 
with  i;-oiuls  and  irinkets  i)buuiud  Iriim  llu;  shi|)s 
whii'h  ca-iuallv  \isil  tlu-  en.isi.  liilhrr  .ilso  tin- 
tribes  trom  the  Koeky  Mounl.iiiis  broU;.;lil  ilowu 
horses,  be.ir-j;rass,  (piamash,  and  other  i  tuuinod- 
ities  ot  the  interior.  Tlie  nierch.mt  tislu  rmeii 
at  the  t.iUs  .icted  .as  miildlemen  or  t.utors,  .iiid 
jiassed  the  objeL'ls  ot  tr.ittii',  as  it  were,  eross-hand- 
fil  :  tr.idin;^  aw.iy  part  ot  the  ware,-,  received 
from  tlu-  iniHint.iin  tribes  to  those  ot  tlu-  river  .md 
the  pi. on,-.,  and  ;'/.(•  t'crv,;  .■  their  ]),ii  k.ii^is  ot 
poimdei!  s.ilmon  entered  l,irj;i-ly  into  the  system 
of  b.irter,  .in.l  bciiu^  carried  otf  in  o|)pii>ite  direc- 
tions tound  their  way  to  the  s,l\.i'.;e  huiitiiv.;- 
camps  tar  in  the  interior,  and  to  tin-  c.isu.d  while 
tr.-i'!crs  who  tout  lied  upon  the  c(i.i-.t. 

We  ha\f  already  noticed  cirt.iin  coiurarielies 
of  cl'i.iracter  between  the  indi.m  tribes,  pr'xluced 
liy  their  diet  and  mode  of  lite;  .and  luiwlu  re  ,ire 
thev  more  .ip])areni  than  about  the  f.ilU  <.t  the  Co- 
lumbia. The  Indi.ins  ot  this  ^;re,it  tishim;  marl 
are  reprcsenietl  l)y  the  earliest  e\i)!orer>.  assletker 
and  t. liter,  but  less  li.ardy  and  .utive,  th.in  the 
tribes  ot  the  inounl,ains  ;ind  the  prairies,  who  li\e 
by  huiitini,;.  orot  the  upper  ji.iris  ot  the  iImm-.  where 
lish  is  sc.oitv  and  thi-  inhabit, mis  musi  eke  (.iit 
their  suii>isteiue  by  di^^.i^dn;^  ro.iis  or  ch.isin:;  the 
(leer.  Iiuleed,  wlu'liever  an  Iiulian  ot  the  up|ier 
(Miiilry  i-,  l(ii)  l.i.'y  to  hunt,  \et  is  tond  ot  ;^ood 
luiiiu;,  In-  repair-,  to  the  tails,  to  li\e  in  .ibund.mce 
williuul  lalmr. 

"  iiy  sui  h  Worthless  doj^s  ,is  these,"  savs  an  hon- 
est tr.idi  r  ill  his  jnurn.il,  which  now  lies  betore  us, 
"  by  sill  !i  wiiiihless  doijs  ,is  these  are  these  noted 
lishinuj  pl.ices  peopled,  whii  h,  like  our;,rre.it  cilie-., 
m.iy  with  propriety  be  c.illed  the  head-(|u,irters  ol 
viti,il(  d   priiu  iples." 

The  li.diits  ot  tr.ide  and  the  ;i\idity  of  ^ain  h.ive 
their  coriuptin;r  effects  even  in  the  wilderness,  as 
ni.iv  lie  instanced  in  the  m(;mbers  of  this  a!)orij;i- 
n.al  emp'.iium  ;  tor  the  s.inie  journaiisl  denounces 

*  Lewis  and  Clarke,  vol.  ii.  p.  32. 


them  as  "  saucy,  impudent  rasc.il.,  vIi.mviI; ,.„.• 
when  they  can,  ,ind  pill.n;e  wlieiK\er,iw  X  ' 
t.ills  in  their  power. " 

I'll. It  he  does  not  belie  them  will  he  cviiJcf , 
here.itler.  when  we  li.i\«'  Decision  a^Min  1,1  („(;,' 
■It  Wish  ram  ,ind  n.ivi^;.iti'  the  r.ipiiU.  Intlir  j,,-,,.^ 
ent  insl,ince  the  tr.ivellers  t  ttci  ted  tlu:  l.itior , u, 
■isi cut  ol  this  p.irl  ot  the  river,  w  iih  ,i||  iis  i  ^j,  .^^ 
)ort.ij;es,  without  molest, itinn,  ,mi|  on,,,  p,  ^ 
.lunched  ,iw.i\  111  smooth  w.iier  ahovi.'  ihi  ji  j, 
t.ills.  ■  " 

The  two  p.irties  conliiuied  Idi^'etlitr,  Wii'.,-; 
m.iteri.il  im|iedim(nt,  lor  thne  or  luiir  liuni'.t; 
miles  tunher  up  ihe  Columlii.i  ;  Mr.  riiijm|,„', 
.ippe.ii'iij;  to  Like  ^11. It  inti  rest  in  the  mio,,„ii 
Mr.  Slu.irt,  .md  pomiin^  mit  pi, ice-,  t,iMii,iiif, ,1, 
lu'  s.iid,  to  the  esl.dillshinelil  ot  his  iniilciii|i;,..;i;; 
tr.idin^  post, 

Mr,  Slii.iil  who  distrusted  his  sine  .,al  [i-.i'.', 
pielellded  t.i  .lilopt  his  ,iil\ice,  ,<■.:;,  l.iklii;  ,i,|ij; 
ot  him,  rem. lined  ,is  it  to  esl.ibli^h  liiiibcll.  \vi;,c 
the  other  proceeded  on  his  iiaiise  tim.iril ',•,•.• 
mount. liiis.  No  sooner,  howi\iT,  li.nl  hij  !,\;: , 
dep.irted  ih.iii  Mr.  Stuari  .ii;.iiii  piislieil  tii-v.it.i. 
under  ^•uid.mce  ot  the  two  Indi.ius,  imi  (liili;i'-!i;i 
until  he  li.id  .irrived  within  .iboiii  one  Iuii.iIivh  ni 
forty  miles  ot  the  Spok.in  Uiver,  which  In-  Mir„i;. 
erei'l  ne.ir  enough  in  keep  the  li\,ii  e,,t.i|)lisi,nn.v; 
in  I  hei  k. 

The  pi, ice  \shi(  h  he  pilcheil  upon  fur  f.Mriiiiri; 
])o-,t  w.is  ,1  iioilll  ot  i.ind  aboiil  llivee  rv.nN  ■'-, 
length  .md  two  in  bre.idlh,  formed  In  tlu-  im,- 
tinii  lit  the  (  i,ikm.i>;.m  w  ilh  the  Coliiiiilii.i.  i!-t 
fiirmi-r  is  ,1  ri\(-r  whu  h  has  its  suur>e  in  arm-on,- 
er.dile  Like  .iboiit  oneluin(lr(-d  and  lilly  milovi-' 
ol  the|)ointot  iunction,  Tlu-  two  rivi-rs,  aiimit ',:i; 
|,i.ice  of  tluir  conll-,ii-iu  (-,  .ire  horilend  !'\  im- 
mense prairies  covered  with  heib.i.i;e  hill  ili--'. ;;.■,;,■ 
of  trees.  The  point  itself  w.is  orii.inii-;iUil  uv.i 
wild  flowers  ol  every  hue,  ill  winch  iiimiir,r,:ir,c 
huinnun>;-birils  were  "  b.iiiquctin;.;  lu.irl;,  ;,■; 
liv(-lon;,4  d,i\ ." 

'Ihe  silu.itioii  of  this  point   ;ip|ie,ir(il  lu  '<•'   ' 
,i(l,i|ileil  tor  a  tradini;  post.   'I'lu-  i  hin.iU- «.i- ■   . 
brious,  tht-  soil  leitiie,  the  river--  well  ,-.l(ii-ko,  .  ■' 
lish,  the    n.itivi-s    pe.ice.ible    .md    fnenilU.     I'- 
wi-re   e.isv    communications    with   tin-  iiilr!    " 
the  upper  w.itt-rs  of  the   Coliimbi.i   .oi.l  tl'f  '■''  ' 
stre.im  ot  the  «  )-ikina^an,  while  the  d'''.\n,i;'  -  |'  ■ 
rent  of  the  Coliimbi.i  turiiishe,!  .1  liij;ln\:i\  i"  .»^ 
toria. 

.■\\Milin-:   himself,    therefore,    ot    the  dnliv^ 
which  had  collected  in  (|ii.intities  in  the  m  •^"' 
in;4  bends  ol  the  river,  Mr.  Stu.irt  ami  hi^  "'"  ■  ■ 
to  work  to   erect  a  house,  \\hicli   in   a   litti'-  ','■ 
was  sullicientlv    comi)leted   tor   their   r^-^;•i  '  ■ 
and  thus  was  e^t.iblislied  the  tirst   mterinr  I-  •' 
j  tile  lomp.my.      We  will   now   return  tun -i'.^  ' 
,  pro^M-(-ss  ot  .affair-,  at  the  mouth  ot  tlic  L  i.u'«!).i 


Cll.\l'TI-.lv   XI. 

Tin-;  sailing' of  the  Tumpiin,  .mi!  tin- ilj-p'"-' 
of  .Mr.  D.ivid  .Stii.iri  .iiid  his  det.ii  him-nt,  h.ii,  '; 
duced  a  striking;-  effect  on  aff.iirs  at  .\sturM.  I' 
natives  who  li.ul  sw.irmed  about  the  pl'i'''  '  ":> 
immedi.-itelv  to  drop  otf,  until  al  icn-lH  mU  -1"  - 
di.iii  w.is  to  be  seen.  This,  .it  lil^l  '^''^  "'J', 
lited  to  the  w.int  ot  iiellri(-s  With  w  l.icH  tu  ti.i'. 
l)Ut  in  a  little  while  the  mysti-rs  w  i--  '■M'l-'"|^'''^'_ 
a  more  .ilarminj;  m.inner.  .-\  coiispii  u-y  ^^-p  '; 
to  be  on  tool  amon^;  the  iieiKld'orm.ii  to'"'-' 
m.ike  a  combined  .itt.ick  u|)on  tlie  white  ""■'■  ';, 
thai  ihey  were  bu  reduced  in  numlx-r.    r-^'  •- 


..inSWy: 


ASTORIA. 


ivm 


purr 


isr  I 


here  li. id  ln'c"  .i  U''ll'>-''''"K'  ' 


if  w.ui 


Kirs  lit 


ll 


ilmiii  lilt'  cn.ist. 


'I'licv    w 


nt.|.;lil"iriii),'  I'.iy 


iiMilcr  prcii'M  ot   li^liiiij;   tor 


s.liir^;i' 

julM 


'nin  ;  .iiul  III 


I'lN    (l|     f.llU)L-S   SVfll-    CXIUt 


led  U 


iHiii  Iroin  itu  luirih  .ind  so 


iith.      l'.\tn  Coin- 


he  (im'-i'\ 


1(1  ( liK  I,  luilwitli'^l.iiulin^;  Ills  pn 


■;!  triiMidsMi|i  till- 


,i,n;tc.l  111 


lilMiC  111 


Mr.  .M'l)iiii,:;.il,  u.is   sli(i|i;;ly 
111  I'rntil  III  iliis  j^iiu'r.il  iniii- 


iTc  miiilci 


tun, 


1) 


sliifwd   (lid    ( hi(  f    n.mird    NiMiLmiis,    who    I'lad 
^roun  i,'r,iy  ii  tr.illic  \silli  New  iMi^rl.iml  skippers, 


itid 


1' 


Disilt    Upon     his    .11  iiti'iie.ss. 


IliH 


ipiniun   Mcinrd   lo   rt'L'iii.itu  the  iii.irkcl.     Whfii 


(  .ipt.iiii   riiiirn  made  vvli.it  lu-  luiisidi  lud  .i  lilii  r.il 


iliii  tor  .111  ottn-skm,  lli 


iv  iild  Indian   trc.itcd 


hiiuliii 


,\l.irin''il 


;il  niinnrs  dt  this  impi 


(lin;,r 


It  vvitli  xorii,  .111(1  ;iskfd  inure   than   di)iil 


)lc 


Ili3 


,\siiiri:ins  Mispinded  Hif 


t:ic 

sit  III  ^^"1 


ir  r<  iio\AV 


:  (l.ini,'cr, 
hdi',  .iiid 


(  (iliii'.ides  .ill  tciuk  their  (lie  ll'iiin 


iiiin, 


iitul   nut  all 


k,  Willi  all  ha^t(  .  tn  ihriivv  up  tenipor.iry 


,rk. 


iwa. 


w 


'  ri-liii'e  and  (l(  i( 


in  t 


le  nnirsi'  o 


Lu's  ihi'^  surrounded  ilinr  dwelliii^jdnuise  am 


f  .1 
1 


()lt,ir-ski 


II  vv.is 


to  h 


le  had  at  .i  le.isonablc-  r.ite 


'Ihe  (dd  )(  How,  iiovvevcr,  ovcrsliot  hi.s  ni.irk,  .ind 
niisl(j()k  the  cliar.itter  ot  the  man  lie  was  ire.itiiij; 
witn.     'riKirii  was  ri  plain,  strai^;httorvvanl  .s.iil.ir 


iiu'.i/iiHS  wi'.ii  .1  pit  ket  leiu  e  mm  ly  tecl  s(|iiare,  |  who  never  liad  two  minds  nor  two  priics  in  his 
ll.iirkiil  liv  twu  hiisiiiHis,  (111  wliuh  were  moiiiited  I  de.din^^s,    vv.is  delkient  in  paiieiici!  and    |di,ini 
iiiur  liHir-piiiuiders.       J'.very   da\'   they   e\eri:isi;d  !  and  tot.illy  w.intin^' in  the  i  hit  aiiery  ot  traltie.    1 


ti'ciitsclifs  in  the  use  ot  their  weapons,  so  as  to 
(jiMJily  liii'ni.sflves  t  ir  milit.iry  duty,  and  at  ni^;ht 
csiiM.a-d  llieilisehcs  111   their  hirtress  and  poste(l 


In  tl 


us  vv.iv 


li 


h.id   a   vM'it  de.il  (it   stern    hut   liomst   prid 


e  111  111' 


iml,    nioriMivir,    luld    thi 


wliok;   .sa\'auu 


iiainre, 

r.iee  in  sover(d.i,ni  idnlempt.      Ali.indimiii)^-  all  lur- 

tlier    .ittempts,    theretore,    to    li.irL'.iin     with    iii:i 


I:H'V  luipfil 


ficn  ill  i.ise  of  att.uk,  to  lie  .ilde  to  '  shul'ihiiK  (  u->toiiiers,  he   tlinist    hi~i  hands  into  his 


lliHli'il  liV 


|iiickets,  ,111(1  p.u  111  up  .ind  (low  n 


the  del  k  in  sullen 


ill 


e  lUii'iin^  old  Inili.in  tuiluweil  hiin  to 


I  rill 


III  mil  until  till'  arriv.il  ot  the  p.irty  to  lie  cmi- 
Mr.  liuiit  ,u  ross  the  ism  kv  Mount. liiis, 

il;l  ihf  return  111  the 't'oiupiin.       i  hi    Litter  dr-  '  .ind    tru,  holding    nut   .i   se.i-niter  .skin    to   hii 

doomed  soon   m  he  de-  |  t'.eiy  turn,  .ind  pe-.teriiiiL;  him  to   trade.      !• 
in^^  li.iiid   of      other  means  uii.iv.iiliii^f,  he  suddenly  ( li;inj;t 
|-iir.i  m.ide      tone,  .ind  Iiclmh  to  jeer  and  h, inter,  him   uim 


|iiiHii-nc',  hdwiver,  w.is 
siii'uil.    I-;,irly  III  .\u.i,Mist  a 
s;iv.i;,a's  (ruin  the  .Strait  of  Ji 
tiicir  :i|i|)LMr.ii;r(:   .i 


II 


iiidiii^i 


■;,irlv  III  .\ii.i,Mist  a  wamlerin^^ 


t  the  mouth  of   tin-  (olumlii.i,  '  me. in   prices   he  ollcred.     This  was  loo  nuh  h  tur 


,Uu 


tlity  e.iii'.e  to    lish    lor  sturj;ei 


'I'liiy  I  the    iiatiriice   ot   the   c.iptain,  who   was   m.\i  r  re- 
in.irk. ilde  tor   reli'.hiii'f  a  joke,  es|)eciallv  win  n  at 


;t   (lis.istniiis    ;ii( ouiits    ot    the    Toiui 
wire  ,it  lir^t  ticited   a.s   mere  tallies,  Imt  |  his    own   exoeiise.      'rurniii^j    smfdenlv   U|)oii   his 
.ii  WLTc  til.)  s.idly  i:ont"irmed    hy  .i  dilteri'iit  |  persecutor,  lie    sn.iti  lied   ihe    proftered   otter-dsin 


trill'.' iliit  .irrived  .i  tew  davs  suliseiiueiitlv. 


Wi 


troiii    Ins 


.iiids,  rulilied    it    in   liis   f.u 


11(1    (lis- 


sh..  1  rtLiie  the  ( ircimist.inees  of  this  mcl.uicholv      missed  him  over  the  side  of  the  ship  with  no  very 


l;iir  as  c  irrtcily  as  the  e.isu.il   (liscrepaneies  in 


. I' statements  tliat  li.ivc  re. lined  us  will  permit. 


Wt 


lavc  airea 


dy  st.ittd   th.it   the   'riiliii 


uin 


set 


rum  the  iiioiitli  ot   the 


complinieiii.iry  applu  .ilioii  to  .hi  derate  Ins  (vit, 
lie  then  kii  ked  the  jieltries  to  the  ri^ht  and  i<  !t 
alioul  the   deck,  .mil  luiikc   up   the   m.irkct    in    tiic 

uok.imi;'  lu.lde 


lii;k'. 


Th 


river  on    the   litth   ot      most  iifnomimiuis  iii. inner,      uld    \ 
rd  I  tor  shore   in   .i   Ihimus   p.issiuii,  in   vv 


e  vvliuie  nunihiT  ot   iicrsons  on   ho.i 


.iiiMUnled  til  twciitv -tlirei 


111    one   ot   the   outer 


Ikiv-i  ihcy  pii 


ked 


nil,  Irnin  .1   ti-.hiin 


,111  111- 


il  I'l  iMiiied  I.,iin.i/ee,  who  li.id  .ilreadv  m.idi;  two 


vj'..i 'IS  .iliiiii:  the  1  (i.ihi,  .im 


I  k 


new  somelhiiit,''  ot 


tiicli   hi 
hv  .Shew  isli,  iii.e    (it    the    sons   of    \\ 


]oir 

llish,     who     Wrlit      I 


lit  I 


iriMthiin. 


Veil;;  ea  nee 


the 


III!    W  .11    S(l'  111 


WI 


ii.iiidonei 


I  I IV  the  n;Ui 


Mr.  .M'  K.iv  n  turiiei 


iiii.,'il,i^e  ill  the  v.irmu.s  tribes.      lie  agreed  to   '   pntcr  i  il.ited    wli.it   h.id   |MSM'd 


iji.diy  tliein  .as  interpreter. 
I'cniii;  to  the  north,  C.ipt 


ill  board,  the  ii'.ter- 
and  fjcy^ed  him 
1, 


It  \' 


ineoiiver  s 


■1 
il.ind. 


lorn  arrivt 


•d 
hore 


to  piiv.iil  ii]iiiii  the  ea]it.iiii  to  m.iKL'  s.iil,  as, 
troiii  his  knowledge  of  the  temper  ami  pride  ot 
the  iieoide   ol   the   place,  he   vv.is  sure   ihev    would 

t   th 


111  liic  harimr  ot  .\e\veetci-,  vei\  mucli  .iL;.iiiist   the      it  sent  the  iiidi^^mtv  ottered  to  one  ot  their  chit  I 


■r.'i-i' lit  his  Indian  iiiinpreter,  who  w.iriied   hiiii      Mr.    M'K.iv.   who   himstlt    ]n 


d 


some   exiie- 


iil-iiiisl  the  perlidioii>  cliar.icter  ol    the   natives  ot      rieiice   ot    liidi.m   t  li.irat  ler,  went   to   thu    c.ipt.ili 
V:^  |i.irt  lit  the  CO  1st.      .\uml 


iir.  1 


lers    ot    t'.inoes  S'iMii 


who  w,.s  sii 


tlu;  tIecK   111   moo. 


Iv  I 


minor. 


iriiiiriiiv 


sea-otter  skins   to  sidl.      It  w.is      represi  iiie.l  tlu-  il.inL;er  to  vvhu  h  his  h.ist}   .ut  h.id 


I  111--  ill  the  tl.iy  to  commence  a  ir.iiiic,  but  Mr. 

Kay,  aoir.npaiiied   by  a  lew  ot  the  men,  wtiit  j 

^•'Mic  to  .1  larLje  villnre  to   visit   W'ic.in.inish,    ! 


Jot 


tlif  surnamdm''  territorv,  six  ot  the 


•111 


.1111.1111  mat 


le  I 


..   'I     ' 
i'jjht  ot 


urn    to    Will, 
lis  counsels. 


iiul  poiiuitl  to  his  cannon  and  lire. inns  as  a  s 


,utti- 


"i'.'o'>  ifniaaiin;.;- on  bo.ird  .is  host. is. 
ri'iv-.i-.i  \\itli  j_r|-f,it  pndessions  of  tr 
''friaiiicd    iiispitahlv,    and 


cieiil  sale^uard   .if^'.iillsl   ii.iked   sivai^e 


I'lirther 


lie  W.IS      remoiistr.inces  only  |)rovoked  t.iuntinvj  replies  a 


lit 


lelldsliip.  en 


.1    coucli    o 


sh.irj)  altercations. 


The 


passed  awav  wilhoul 


si.-a-;i 


IS  iiivij.ired  tor  him  in  the  dwelling  ot  the      tired 


tier  '  .my  sii.^;iis  ot  hostility,  and  .it  ni^ht  the  c.i])t.iin  re 


.IS  usu.il  to  his 


c.iinn. 


t.lklll; 


r  no  ir.on- 


c.u!t,:iii,  whfir  he 


w.is  prev.iiled  upon  to  ii.isstlu: 


Ih 


e  u^iial  preiMUtions. 


ihc  mornlin,'.    h.tore    Mr.     M  K. 


•iiii-;i''  I  tu  di 


hid 


j       ( >n  the  hdlowin;;'  morniiiL,',  .at  daybre.ik.   wnilc 


tl 


M' 


1   .Mr.   .M  K  IV    were  vet  asl 


iiiif  i.|'(  in  tl 


f  Ship,  |.;re.it  niiiiiliiis  ot  the   ii.iiivcs      c.inoe  cime  .iioii 


iitW 


ie:r  c.uioes   to   ti.ide,  he.itleil    b\    two   I   dialis,  comm.ini 


;,rslth 


in  \'.  I  lie 


vv 


lied 


IV   vouii.'  .'shewi.s 


eep 

ere  twfiiiv   In- 
h.  Thev  ■ 


were 


icaii.iiiisli.     As  thev  brouoht  .iluind.ince      unarmed,  tluir  .ispeci  .iiul  deme.inor  frieinlly,  .iiui 


M:a  inter  skills,  .md    [| 


'  lir.sk   ti,„lt 


lere  was  everv  .ippe.ir.iin  e 


ipt.iin 


■J' 


\'iirn  „1    Mr.  M'Kav,  but   spre.id 


lorn  did  not  vv.iit  tor 


his   vv.iri'S 


h.dd 


up  ottei'-skins,  and   iii.cle  sign 


they 

tivi'  lit  .1  wish  to  ir.ide. 


s   iiulici- 


'V 


le  iMuiMii  en)oinfi 


.Mr.  .\stor,  in  re^pi-i  t  to  the  admission  of    liidiai 


■ins,  k 


'"";i  d"|  k,  m.ikin'j  .i  ifini'itinuj  display  of  blankets,   j  on  bo.ird  id  the  ship  li.nl  been   ne^decied  li 

i.  .ml    lishdiooks,  e\pectiiv4  a  '  time  past,  .md  the  oltieer  ot  the  watch,  perceivino- 

ml 
ily 


nivi" 
,111 1 1 


j.Piai;, 

i"''>"r,  Wfi-f  not  so 


i,  he, id' 
protitalil 


I" 


le    Imlians, 


those  in   the  c.inoe   to    he   without  Vie.ipc 


e.i'ffr  .111 


iliL'  value  of 


it  sinijile  as  lie 


had 


.11 


'•^  learned  ilit 
nierchaiulise  Iro 


t  ot   1 
m  the 


nip 


receiveil  no  orders  to  th 


e  conirary. 


).iri,Minim;  .ind   i   permittei 


ilii'in    to  iii'iuiu    the    ( 


eck. 


An 


su.il    tr.nler: 


c.inoe  bocui  sticceeuei.! 


the  crcwot  which  was  like- 


j 

' 

m 

1     '  '  1 

n  w 

■  i 

'  1 

!!*l 

'' 

i 

m 

l'.'?'('i 


if!  !i't 


tl  ii 


I  ( 


ih   f; 


f'^^ff 


S98 


ASTORIA. 


1^' 


n 

Mi 


wise  .idnullcil.  In  ,\  liltli'  while  (iilicr  r.iiiofs  r.iinr 
off,  ami  Iiuli.ms  uiic  m'»i>  i  l.milii'iiiij;  uuo  tlir 
Vi'>.sil  on  all  Milis. 

Tlu'  i.lVuir  111  ihc  wall  h  ni>\v  1<  It  alarim>l.  and 
ralU'd  in  faptaui  'ItiDi-n  and  Mr.  M'K ay.  I'v  tin- 
linn-  thfv  lamc  on  iltt  k,  it  was  llirc>nj;r.l  wnli  In- 
dians, 'riif  MUiT|)ifii'r  notiicd  to  Mr.  M'Ka\  iliat 
many  nt  ihr  n.ilivr.s  wort-  slmrl  n),nitU's  ut  skin-^, 
jind  inliniatfd  .1  Mispiinin  that  they  \n«  rr  sniTtly 
arniid.  Mr.  M'K.iy  m^vA  the  lapt.iin  to  i  li'ar  llir 
hhip  .md  ^;t■t  inidii'  \v.i\.  ilr  a^-ain  \\\.n\v  ll^;llt  ot 
the  .uUiif,  luU  ihc  .ninnuntrd  sw.inn  ol  r  inm  -. 
alionl  ihc  r»hip,  .md  the  luiiuhirs  sidl  imitin^'  oil 
troni  short',  at  hiiK'lh  awakened  his  disirtist,  .md 
ill'  onlireil  some  ol  ihe  ci.w  to  wiiy;h  am  hor, 
while  soll\e  Wi're  sent  alolt  to  ni.lke  s.iil 

'1  he  Indi.m.  now  ottered  to  tr.ide  wiih  the  eap- 
t.un  on  his  own  Iithis,  prompted,  app.innlly,  li\ 
the  appro.ii  hill);  dep.irliire  ot  the  shio.  .Ntn.rd- 
inj;l\,  a  luirritil  tr.ule  w.is  eomiueiued.  The  m,\in 
anu'le.i  son(;ht  l>y  the  s,iva},'is  in  hartiT,  wire 
knive>  ;  .IS  t.i--t  as  some  were  supplie<l  they 
liio\ed  off,  .md  oil.'  rs  smi'ceiled.  \W  (lei;rt  es  thev 
were  thus  distriluiii  d  about  thi  dei  k,  .md  .ill  \Mih 
We.ipons, 

The  .im  hor  w.is  iiuw  nearly  iii>,  the  s.iils  were 
loose,  .md  the  c.iiit.iin,  in  .1  loud  and  peremptory 
tone,  ordered  the  ship  to  lie  clean  d.  In  .m  iiist.mt 
n  sij^n.il  \ell  WM>  '^iM  n:  it  w.is  eclioecl  on  every  side, 
ktiivi's  .iiid  w.ir-.hil)^  were  lu.ilidished  in  every 
<lirectioii,  .md  the  :..i\ar,rs  rushed  updii  their 
marked  victims, 

The  first  lh.it  Irll  W.IS  Mr.  Lewis,  the  shiji's 
rleik.  lie  W.IS  It  .min^^  wiih  foldi  d  .irm^,  nvi-ra 
h.ile  ot  hl.inkets,  en^  i^'ed  in  li,iri;.uninj;,  when  he 
reciiMil  ,1  ile.iilly  stal)  in  the  h.ii  k,  and  tell  iluwn 
the  >  iimn.inion-way. 

Mr.  M'Kay,  who  w.is  seated  "W  the  t.iffr.iil, 
spr.iii;;  (iM  his  fei  t,  hut  w.is  inst.mtly  kiioi  ked 
down  with  a  w.ir-iiuh  ;mtl  iKmi;  li.ukw.inl  into 
the  m;i,  where  he  w.is  di-.p. itched  liy  thrwuiiun  in 
the  1  .'.noes. 

in  the  mean  time  dpt.-iin  Thorn  m.ide  iles|it'r:,tc 
fi^dit  ,ij.;.iinst  te.irlul  i.diN.  lie  w.is  a  poweitui  as 
well  .IS  .1  resuliur  in. ill,  but  he  had  cuiiie  upon 
deck  without  we.ipons.  Sluwish,  the  yoiiii;;  1  hiet, 
.sin);led  him  out  .is  his  |ieculiar  prey,  .mil  rushed 
ii])oii  him  ,il  the  first  mitlire.ik.  The  c.ipt.iin  had 
b.irel\  time  to  dr.iw  a  cl.isp-kiiile,  w  iih  mie  blow 
ot  which  he  laid  the  youn^^  s.iv.i^e  tie.id  at  hisltrt. 
.Se\er.il  ot  the  stoutest  followers  ot  Shewish  iiuw 
si't  upon  him.  He  th'tnided  liiuiself  vi^nrously, 
de.ilinj;  crippliiiL(  blows  to  ri^ht  .iiid  left,  and 
strew  111;;-  the  (pi.irter-deck  N'.ilh  the  sl.iin  .md 
wounded.  I  lis  iibjei'i  w  .IS  to  h;.4ht  hisw.iy  to  the 
r.i!)iii,  where  there  were  fire, inns  ;  but  he  w.is 
henuiud  ill  with  foes,  comtciI  with  WDUnds,  ,mi| 
t,iint  with  loss  i)f  bliMil.  I''or  ,111  iiist.iiit  he  ie.nud 
iip'iii  the  tiller  wheel,  when  a  bliiw  troiii  liehiml, 
with  .1  W  .ir-i  bib,  lei  It'll  him  in  the  dei  k,  w  lu-ie  he 
w.is  ilisj). itched  with  knui's  and  thrown  ii\ei'- 
bo.i  rt  I . 

While  this  w.is  trans.ictiiii;  upon  the  tpi.ii'icr- 
deck,  ,1  I  hance-nii'illey  lii;hi  w.is  j,'oin^r  .m  thinii^h- 
out  ihe  shij).  Tile  (  rew  foUj^ht  desper.iteU  with 
kni\es,  h;iiulspikes,  ,in(l  whatmfr  wtapon  they 
could  sei/e  u|)on  in  iln-  iii.iment  of  surprise.  'I'liey 
were  soMH,  howevir,  u\erpowereil  by  numbers, 
.ind   mercilessly  butchcrtd. 

As  ti)  the  se\'enwli(i  hail  been  st  lit  .ilnft  tii  m.ike 
s.iil,  ihi-y  contemplali'd  wiih  hnrrnr  the  carnaj,'e 
tli.it  was  Jjoinj,^  on  hi  luw.  r.eiiii;  destitute  nt 
we;ipons,  they  let  tliiinsel\-cs  iluwii  bv  the  riin- 
nini;  ri'..,^ging,  in  hopts  nl  ^^feltili;.;  between  decks. 
One   !cll    in   the   attempt,    and   was   instantly   dis- 


p, ill  hid  ;  another  recei\<d    ,t  ile.iili  hlow  ii 
b.h  k   .is   he    W.is    descending;;     .1    ifuni.  Si, 
\\  eekis,  the  .irmorer,  was  inorl.illy  wmihI^, 
he  W.IS  >;eltm),'  down  ihi    h,itchw,iy. 

The  I  em. lining  four  in.iile  ^^mid  tht  ir  nri,,; 
till' I  .ibiii  w  In  re  they   lound    Ml    Lewis,  miIj 
thi)U>;h  molt. illy  wounded.     H  n  1  u  .ii|iti>;  lie ,, 
door,  they   broke  holes   lhriiU^;h  die  ii.m]i,ii,i„;'! 
w.iy,    aiul,    with    tlu'    imiskets    ,un|   ,(inmi;;ii(.  • 
j  which  were  at  h.iml,  opeiud  ,1  brisk  fire  tlut  vii 
,  cicired  the  deck. 

Thus   t.ir  the    liidi.in    inteipn  n  1,  lr"m  \\!-,  m 
ihesi    p.iriii  iil,ir>  .ire   derivid,  h.iii  licm  an  |..,(. 
witness  of   the  ile,iill\  conllnl.      lb    ti.nl  |.,ls,| 'i,, 
'   p,ill  in  't,  and  h.id    been   sp.ired  by  (lie  ii,it,iij,„ 
I  liciiij;  lit  their  1,11  e.     In  the  1  oiiliisinii  ,,|  ihi  nv). 
;   melit  he  look    relu^;e   with  the   lest,  in  ii-.c  r.ii,,,,, 
The  siir\i\iirs  of    the  crew  now  s.illu  I  tnr.li,  ..ik! 
disch.iij^ed    Slime   ol     the   ili  1  k    nmw    ulmli  i,; 
);ie.it  evccutloii  ailloli^  tlU'   c.inoei,  ,1  id  ilrir,i.' ...1 
the  :..i\.i);e,s  to  shore, 
I       l''or  the  rem.iindi-r  of  the  il.iy  i">  mif  \iiii'ari.l 
to  put  oft  to  the  ship,  ileleritd  by  tdt  tlli'iln.ti;,; 
lire.irms.     The    ni^lit    jLissed   .iw  ly   \uil-."W   ■■, 
further  .lilt  iiipl  on  the  J). irt  ul  the   i.iliu-s.    Wii'i 
the  iLiy  d.iwned,  the  Ti'ni|Uin  still   ,iy  ,it  iiU'lmni 
I  th.e    b.iy.  her   .s.iils  all   Iohm'  and  iLiiipiii^  m  \\;". 
wiii'l,   .md   no  one    app.irently  oii  hu.mlit  Ur 
i   Alter  .1  time,  some  111  the  c.iliius  .eiilliri'il  liuh  ;i 
I  rectiiiiioitif,    t,ikiiii,'    with    lilt  in    the  iiiii  r|iii::if. 
j  They  p.iildleil   abmit    her,  kee|im;   >  .iiHii'ihli  d  ,. 
I  tlist.mce,  bill  ^;row  ini;  more  .mil  noir  1  mhiMiln.Lil 
.It    .steill^;    her   l|inel     H\m\    lifeless        I  Hic  I'Mii  .it 
leii^'th  made  his  ap|ieaiance  on  tin  di   k,  ,in.il .'.  n 
I   rrcimiii/eil  Ly  the   interpreter  .is  .Mi.  l.i'.u>    !1' 
'  m.itle  friendly  si^ns,  .md    iiuitt  d  ihem  •  n  li  ..i.i 
It  W.IS  loiij;  before  they  M-nturctl  In  i  "in|.l\,   L  ■ 
w  l;o  mounted    the    tieck    met    Willi   im  iiji|i"^.U  >:. , 
no  line  was  to  be  seen  on   bo, nil  ;  fir  Mr,  I.e..;''. 
,itti  r  in\  itin^'  tht  111,  h,id   tlis,i|ipi  ,iii '1.    inlirr.i- 
j  i.ocs  now  iiressed  fnrw.iri!  to  bn.ird  the  ]ir;,i    '.:•.■ 
decks   were  stii'll   clowtletl,  .illtl   the  salisi     1  , . 
with  I  l.inibi'rinjf   s.iv.i;;es,  all    iiittiit  11:      ••' > 
III  the  midst  tit  their  ea^;eriiess  .mil  eMiU.il:' ''•■  '. 
ship  blew  iiji  with  .1  iremeliilnus  e\]iliisi'iii.    'i!''.'. 
I   le,i;s,  ,ind  mulil.lted  botlies  were  bln'.Mi  ml" '.'.t  .1 ', 
;  and  ilie.idtul  h.i\oc  w.is  m.id.'  in  iIh    suin  ic:. 
c.iiiiies.     The  interpreter  w.is  111   ihc  m.iri  •  !..i 'S 
at  the  time  of  the   explosion,  .iliil   w.is  llir.i.'.     • 
hurt  into  the  water,  w  here  he  siu  1 1  tileil  111  ;;i '.':;:; 
into  tine  ol    the  canoes,      .\ciorihiii;  in  !.>  ■'•■■•' ■ 
1  mt  lit,  tlie   b.iy  preseiueil   an   awful  siHiuii''    ''"f 
\  the  c.itasiropl'ie.     The  ship  li.itl  tlis,ip|H-,ii"'l.  "u: 
[  the  b,iv  W.IS  cii\-ereil  with  fr.ii^liieiits  n!  ll"  '^-''-^ 
'  with  sdattereil  c.inoes,  and    liuh.iiis  s'.MiiiiMi'i;  !•; 
till  ir  liit'S,  or  slrn^;^lin^-   in  the  .i^mu' s  I't   I'''' 
\shile  th'isf  w  hob, id  est  .i|)t'il  the  d.ill.yiT  !ir..i   '■ 
,li;h,ist  .md  stllpcflid,  or    lll.idc    Wl'dl  tl.iMl     ." 

for    the    shore.      Ipw.iid   0!   .1   hiiiuhi'''  -"i'  .-■ 
I   wfre  ilestroyetl  by  the  explositm,  niaii\  im"'   '_' 
'  shtickinj,dy  I'lUitil.'ited,  ,ind   tor  tl,i\s  .ittt  r\\.ii'''  ' 
i  limbs  .'11111' botlies  of   the  hi, tin   wd'    tliri'^v; '•!' ' 

the  beach. 
[        Tht'  inhabit. lilts  of  Neweetee  wi  if  nv  r"U:n'' 
with   consteni.ilion   at   this   astountlU'.U  i.c''""' 
1  which  had  burst  upon  them  in  the  vti\  inuiiii'i'. 
triumph.      'I'lit:   w.irriors  s.it  mute  .mii  iimur^;^' 
while  the  Women  lilleil  the  .lir  with  l"ii'l  l.'"'^''' 
I  lions.     'I'heir  wee|iiii^  and  w.iilinu.  f  "^^cv.  r  >i.- 
'  sudileidy  ch,in},retl  into  yells  ol  jury  at  ihi  -V-^^ 
four  uidorlun,ile  white  'men,  luoii^ht  .  ,ipir>''' '''^" 
the   vill;i^;t;.      Thev  h.iil    been    tbi\cii  tin  s!i''i''' 
one  of   the   shiji's'  bo.its,  .md   t.ikeii  .1'  "i"''    ' 
tance  alon^  the  t  o.ist. 

'I'ht;  intt.'ri)reter  v,...'  permitted  to  coiivL-r.^'  ■•  • 


thim.     '''"'^I 
^lui  li.nl  "'"'' 

cilin.    'I'l"  '" 
,,  lU' i-ariicul. 

turilHT,  ll1.1l.  ■;" 

anil  'li'''"'''  " 

sh.itiul  ■'111' "'! 

'l|,,V.|,i'llllf<l 

wM  "'  >"" 
(iri'.c  llii'i"  "" 
ji  \i,is  li'ir'*' ''' 
whuhiliry  .M' 

t.)  cu.l't  .iIi'Hk 

fciiliiiuHi  iri' 
o'inii.iiiy  t'i''"| 
l„i;K'lf"  "'  '■""1 
rfiii.H'.  ('i"l 
txiiif^fil  .1  l'i'*1 
o'.vii  li.iml" ;  '."I 
siuiiilil  Ih'  l''l«''l 
ti'.i-,  .iii'l  hi'iiij 
lunimit  Sim  I'll  I 
11,-  ii.iw  .li'fl.ire 
„l  111,  ,iM|i  until 
si'',i;i  1  111! 
!!,>■  p.ivMliT  mm;. 
5l;,'il.ll  .lit  111  'Cl 
j„'i,  'i.'c:!  sho\v 
inliiu hilly  -I'lii 

niiftlili  i».     " 
);a  ni;i  of  tfi 
ui.iliur.i  piiiiit 
IhIiviI  lu  like  s 


lli'lH 


1  to  rcni.iii 


li-  iniirt'  tavur. 
v.iUliitit;  lli''y 
y..iit'  '.\cri'  sill  pi 
ubtt'u  t.u-  th.i 
I'Liini'l  with  l.t 
115  It  w.i.i,  tlity 
j,;.i'r.u'ti'il  111. nil 

I  .  till'  lll.llR'S  1)1 
I  I'tlli'l'i  111  S.lV.l 

iliMiii,  the  intt'i 

lit  |irisiiii''r    1! 

liriiuj^lit  the  n.i 

hilili  Is  the 

,ilul  .such  W.IS  t 

Jiiin.iiitler,  a 
1  ,it;isiri)i)he  th: 
i-rpiiM-s  til  ill 
ihstruciii'iis  lit 
iii.'iii.  Mr.  .\' 
whii!'.  liiips  \vi 
-  'l^  with  ihe  11 

,!  the  l.iiit.-r  tt 
i;il.irilnl  lUnlil' 
i.pin  l.",i|)taiii 
iiii;.  in  ins  lei 

ali.l  Ivlllil  111  hi 

1;  1  means  to  t; 
n  r  l,>  ihlmit 

iiilf'  ,ll  ,1  l!)ll, 

ll.iii  the  il 
uniit-rly  re;;i 
s.n  i^'.'  priile 
lit  ..'nLirii'il  t 
t'.U'S.i\,ii;es  ' 
maitcry.  Hi 
tiM'  the  lU'ies 
luinnr-l  111  ;i 
it  ■.i-iic.itli  hi 
uii.iriiu'd  s.iv 

With  ,'ill  11 
spcikul  him 


41)  ^1 .', 


ASTORIA. 


3>'3 


thi'iii. 
w  \w  It 
ciIm'i. 
(il  il  f  !'• 


Tht'V  |)i'o\r(l  I"  Ik"  'I"*  f'""'  l>ravc  fellows  ^   l.ilc  ;  fur  we  rrmrmhiT  liim  w<H  in  i-arly  life,  .is  a 
I  mull,  sill  II  ili's|ii'i,ilf  ili'Iriu  (•  lidin  llif  j  t  iiiii|Mriiipii  m  |)li-.i',,int   si  tnt's  .iml   jnynis   Imur*. 


tiirilH'i' 


^hl^Ul.i  •'lip 


I'hf  mlrtpiiti  r  K.illii'ttil  limn  tluin  snmi 

lic.uiv   ITl.llfil.       I  licv  tnlil  liini 

llif)  (\.ul  hiMliii  (lit  llic  I  runi\, 

Il  ind   li'<'   --liil''    l-''*^'"*    .idvisftl    lli.it    lluy 

III!   i.ililc  .mil  cndcavdr  lo  net  In  sc.i. 

ij  ID  I  ikc  liis  .iilvuc,  allcKHij,'  tli.il  ilu' 


irliiiil.irs  a 
lli.it,  attiT  Ihf 


llifVla'lini' 


n    iiii  sliiiii 


inj(   Ills    Iriiiiils,    lu'   sv.is    il 


\\,'M 


I    ,(<    1(1(1     Slll'll^l) 


\\    into  till'  b.iv.   ami   ssuuld 


riu-  ihi'ii) "" 


sjliiU 


'I'llcV    icsiilvitl,  as   sdiili  .IS 


II  rt.is  (l.ir 


« 


huh  tlu'V  Mill 
t ,  ru.iit  .lliMli; 
I-  ..iiullnil    II  I" 


k,  1.1  put  oil  i|iiiflly  in  llii'  ship's  Ixi.it. 
i|  hr  alilc  to  >l<>  unpen  I'lVL'iJ,  .iml 


^  iii|i.iiiy 
|i(i|ii'li"''< 

c\|i;i'"i' 


I" 
.!<  k  to  Asioii.i.  I  liey  put  till 
;ll<(  t  ;  i)'ll  Lewis  letuseil  to  .11  • 
ihiiii,  liciii;;-  ilis.ilikil  by  Ins  wound, 
it  esc.ipe,  .iiul  detiiniined  mi  .1  teirilile 
(III  the  .o).i^'e  out,  lie  li.id  re|ie.iledly 
1 ,1  |ire-.iiitinieiii  th.it  he  should  die  liy  his 


Sllii 


h.iiiiis :  ihiiikmn  It  highly   proh.ihle  tli.it   lu 
K'lil  III  some   eoiUesl    with    the   iia- 


iikl 


,(•  i-ii;;.iK' 


tiu>,  mill   lii'iiU,' 


i(i:i\iiii 


rcsiiUiil,  ill  L'.ise  of  c'Xtieinilv,  to 


U-  IMW  ( 


t  suiuili    r.iilur  til. Ill  he  m.ide  a  piisoner. 

ird 


Ifii.ili'i!  Ills  iiilelilioii  toielii.iin  on  Im, 


ri  nil'  >P1|1 


until 


ll.lV 


liuht,  In  (let  ov  .IS  ni.in\  ol  the 


oil  hiiai'il  .IS 


t!,.  p. 


iliT  111 


till  II   lo  sit  lire  to 


'K 


l/ilic,  .iiid  lei  iniii.ile   Ills   lite  hy  .1 


SlL'il.il  .Kl  lit  veliLM'.uu  e, 


Ih 


'II 


he  siiii  eedeil 


w 

li.iiik,  in. ml),  siiiinillie.irted  s.iilor.  <  )ii  lio.ini 
shiii  lie  cMdeiitly  .issiiined  llie  hardness  ol  deport- 
ment and  sternness  ol  deiiic.inor  ulmh  in. my 
lUeiii  esseiiti.d  to  ii.ival  serviee,  'IhrouKhmit  tin- 
whole  ol  the  expedition,  however,  he  showed  hint- 
sell     loy.il,  smuleiiiindcd,     strai^jhilorw.ird,   ami 


te.irit 


.md   it    the    t.itu  ol 


rli.iri;ed   to    his  harshness 


IS  \e.ssei   may 


mil   impruilcni'c 


Wf 


sliiiulil  rei  II 


I  tli.it  he  p. lid  lor  ills  I  iror  sviili  his 


The  loss  ol  the  ■rollipiln  w.is  ,1  >(rie\oUS  jilow  Id 


the  ml. ml  esi.ililishineiil 


.Aslori.i, 


that 


lllM'.lll'IU  I 


lo    I 


rlll^J  .liter  It  .1   train  of  dis.isters. 


riu-  miellimiK  e  of  It  did  not  re.u  h  Mr.  Astor  until 
111. my  nioiiilis  atterw.iid.  lie  hit  it  m  .ill  its 
lone,  ,md  w.is  .iware  tli.it  it  must  uijiple.  il  not 
eiitirelv  dete.it,  the  jjreal  seheiiie  ul  his  .iinliition. 
In  his  letters,  written  .it  the  nine,  he  spe;il<s  ol  it 
as  "  ,1  I'.il.iinit) ,  the  lin^ih  ol  wliiih  he  loiild  not 
loresee."  lie  indulged,  howeM  r,  in  un  we.ik  ind 
\.im  l.iineiu.ition,  but  soii^r|u  t,,  devise  a  pimnpt 


and  ellii  lent 


dy. 


Tl 


le   \er\'  s.iine  eveniii' 


i.is  Ik'cii  shuuii. 


ill 


hii 


.ippr.ired  .It  the  tlie.itre  with  his  usu.il  sen  nuy  ol 
t  lumieii.mce.      .\  tiunil,  whokiievv  the  dis.istrmis 

I  h 


IS   i  i>m|i.inions    li.uli'    him  .1  j   inielh^eiii  e  he  h.ul  nii'iM'ii,  evpresseil  his  asiiiii 


n.ii.iiu-iiiily  .I'lieu,  and '.ft  oil   on  their   prei  .irioiis  |  islmieiit    lh.it 
t'\|ii'(liii  111.    'I'liey  strove  witli   mi^;ht  and  mam  to 
ji.i),    hut  loiind   It   inipossihif    to 


lie    (  ollli 


1    II 


i.iliniuss    ol    spirit 


thi 
mini 


l.md,  .md  were   .it    li'ii^^tl 


1  I  >ni- 


inllvil  Id  I  iki'  shelter  ill  .1  sill. ill  eo\e,  where  they 
li(iiit.'il  to  ri'in:iiii  loiife.iK'd  until  the  wind  should 
li,-  iniii'r  l.iviir.ilile.  lAh.illsteil  liy  l.iti^ue  .md 
\.,.uliini;  llley  lell  into  .1  sound  sleep,  .md  m  lli.it 
i.;, III!  wi'ii' sill  pri.ii'd  liy  the  s.i\.ij,'es.  Heller  h.ul 
1;  |ii:iii  lur  thoie   unlorlim.Ue  men    had    the\    re- 


Ill.llMl'.l  Ul 
Hi  It   W.l.-i, 


Ih  I 

Ihi 


(  WIS,   .nil 


I  sh.ired  his  luroii  de.uh 


suMu  lent  lor  siii  h  .1  scene  ot    lii^hl  amusement. 


Wh.it  Would  VDU  have  me  do 


W.IS  Ins  I 


liar 


ic- 


would  \oii  h.ue  nie  slav  at  home 


terislH    lepU 

and  weep  lor  wli.il  1  i  aniioi  help  .' 


Cll.MTKK   .\1I. 


Till',  ti 


i(linv,"i  id  the  loss  o 


I   the  ■roiKjuin, 


tlie 


in.iss.ure  ol   her   irew,    sirinU    disin.is     into    tlu* 


y  perished  in  .1  more  p.iintui  .mil  he. ills  ol  the  .Xstori.m-..  'Iliey  tound  themselves 
|jiotr.u!iil  iii.iiiiu'r,  lieiiij,' s.u'iirui'd  Ity  the  n.itues  j  a  mere  h.mdtul  ot  men,  on  ,1  s.i\'.i;;e  loasi,  sur- 
|.  the  iniiii'Mit  their  trii'iids  wiih  .ill  the  liii;;i'riii>;  |   rounded  hy  hostile  tribes,  who  would  doululess  he 


I  I'lure., 


s,lV.lj;e   ililellv.      .Suiiie  lime  .illel    their   '    ilU  itei 


and 


who  li.ul    II 


iliMth,  the  inlet  |)reli 

ul  liriMiluT   :it    Lir^e,    elteeled    his    i 

l)iiHij,'ii!  ihe  tiMj^iial  tidings  lo  ,\stoi  1. 


eneouram'd   to  deeds  o 


t    VI' 


ill, lined    .1   kind   '    the  l.ile   le.irtul    r.it.istroiih 


In   this  jui  lure  Mi 


'1  in  iiv  \s III 


.'iiiih  IS  the 


niel.iiuholv 


slorv  ot    the    I'l 


ami  .such  W.IS  the  l.itcol  her  br.ive  but  he.idstroi 


itiirin.iiiiler, 


.'IIKI 


her 


aihentunius  erew. 
Il 


t.it.i-.lro|iiie  that  nlmws  the   iiiinorl.iiu  e,  m   all   in 


11  I-, 
II 


md  I   .\r  I  )iiiil,m1,  ue  .ire  told,  h.td  rerourse  to   .1   sir.ila- 
i  h  to  .i\ail  himseil  ot  the  it^noraiKe  and 
.111(1  which  lerl.iiuly  does 

indeed,  of  all  the 


ledulily  ol  the  s.i\.ij. 
redit  to  his  inj;eiiuity. 


11 


le  n.iliM's  ol  the  eo.ist,  and 


regions  west  ot  the  moiini.ims. 


had 


.111   e\trenic 


l:ii;lll. 
wIulIi 


piiM'>  III  iiioineiu,  to  keep  in  mind  the  ^ener.il   1  dre.id   ot   the  sin.illpox,   lli.il   lerrilie   seour^'e  hav- 
ing,'. .1  tew  \e.irs  pre\ii)Usly,  appeared  .imun^  them 


i-.i'.ri.i  .ii-n-i  I 


il  tl 
Ml'.  Asii: 


le  s. 


i>;.ii:ious   lie. Ills    w  liu  li  ilcMse 
d  tl 


or  was  well  .iware  ot  the   perils  to  \  and  almost  swept  olt  entire  tribe 


h 


s  I  infill  .UK 


->ni|is  ue:ee\pi)sed  on  ihiseu.isl  tnmi  ipi.ii 


ith  t! 


U'  n.itives, 


"tiht  l.iUfr  to 


and! 


rom  |)erli(iiuus  .itteinpts 


surprise  .ui 


I   e.ipt 


ure  them  m  un- 


laluie  Were  wr.ipjied  in  mysleiy,  .md  the)'  eoii- 
leived  it  an  evil  intlieted  upon  them  by  the  ( '.re.it 
Spirit,  or  broui^ht  amonjj  them  by  the  whit 


k'liirilccl  niiiiiunts.    He  h.ul  repe.itedly  enjoi  .ed  it  |    The  l.ist  ide.i   w.is  sei/eil  upon  by  .Mr.    M'l)oU)4.il 
i:|)iii'-'.i|Uaiii 'Ihorn,  in  ionversalion,and  at  |)arl- 


iiK  111  Ins  letter  ol   iiistruitions,  to  be 


kii 


1(1  In  hi 


eourteous 


s  de.ilintjs  with  the   s.iv.ij^es,  but  liv 
'ineaiis  to  uDiitidf  111  their  .ijiiiarent   Irieiidship', 


II  •>'  /i>  ihlinit  til 
iiiit'tl 't  tun, 
il.iii  the  il 


/// 


'"  "  J' 


/', 


,/  (/  hi 


eporlineiu 


IT'l'tTly  ri-'jul.iicd,    tl 

^■i^  i;,'"  prill,,  uoiild  never  ha 

11'' ■.•niarccil  ih,.  nil 

t!ii's.n,ii-L'S  would    not  h.ive   1 


C.intain 


Tl 


insult     so  woundiiij^f    to 


;'en  jri 


II. 


e  to  .idmit  hut  .1  few   al  a  tin 


Ik 


.issemDIeil  se\i 


ral  ot   tht 


hielt 
W 


iins  wiiom  he 

lell  lliev  were 


belii'Vi'd  lo  be  in  the  eonspii.uy. 
.ill  se.ited  around,  he  intornu'd  them  ili.u  he  h.id 
he.ird  ot  the  tre.uhery  of  some  ol  their  nnrihern 
bietliien    louard    the    'foiu|uiii,    .uid    was  ileter- 


mined  on  veii^aMiiee. 


vou. 


s.iid 


.ire 


The  white  nu'H  animi^ 
tew  in  number,  it  is  true,  but 


11 


lev    .ire  mi'ililv   m   medieme. 


See   here, 


con 


tinned  he 


dr 


iwmt; 


lottle  and   hoi 


n-astcrv.     He 


)een   able  to  ^et  the 


tl5 


was  too  irritable,  however,  t( 


luiriiii'ffi 
it  ^H'ne.ith  I 
uinrnu'd 

With  .-ill 
Bpe, 


f  necessary  sell-conimand,  and,  haviii;;  tu-i 


forth  .'i  sni.iU 

this   bottle  I  iiold  the 
raw 


in>;  it  before  their  eyes. 

smallpox,  safely  corked   up  ;   I   h.ive   but  to  d 


tl 


le   curl 


.UK 


1    let    II 


tile   pestilence,    to  swi 


ni.m, 


woiiKin,    ;ind    child    from    the    face   of    the 


11  a  proud  contempt  ot   d.inj^i'r,  thoii},dit  I  e.iilh. 
linn  1(1  manilesl  .my  te.ir  ot   a  crew  uf  i        The 


.-hiefs  were  struck  witii 


liorror  and   alarm. 


■iKfS- 


Tl 


ills 


.lulls   .111(1  foibles,  we   e.innol    but  i  tliev 


ley  implorei 


hiin  not  lo  uncork  the 


botll 


e,  since 


'i^ul  liim  wahcsiL 


eein,  .uid  deplore  Ins  untimely  ,   white    men,    .md   would   alw.ivs   leni.un  bo 


all    their   people   were  tirm  Irieiuls  ot  the 
1   would   alw.us   lem.iin  bo  ;    but, 


If 

I    :  i  1 1 


'd 


ij'lf 


\\A 


830 


ASTORIA. 


should  the  smallpox  he  once  let  out,  it  would  run 
like  wihitire  thmujjhout  the  eoumry,  sweeping'  oti 
the  j;oo(l  as  well  a^  the  Iiail,  and  surely  l)e  wouKl 
mil  he  so  unju>tas  to  pui\ish  his  triiiid^  lor  eriims 
coinmilted  liy  his  iiuniiis. 

Mr.  M'l)()Ui;.d  pri'teiuled  to  lie  eonvinecd  hy 
tlieir  re.isonii!^;,  and  assun-d  tin  in  that,  so  lon^,'  is 
the  white  people  shoidd  he  unnioleslcd,  .mil  tlic 
condiut  ot  ilu'ir  Indi.iu  neitjhbors  friendly  and 
hospitable,  tiu'  plii.il  ol  wrath  slmuld  rcin.iin 
sealed  up  ;  hut.  on  tlie  le.isl  hostility,  tlu-  t, it.it 
cork  should  he  dr.iwn. 

l-'roni  this  tmu  ,  it  is  .added,  he  w.is  iiiueh 
(Iri  ided  l)\  tni'  n.Uivi's,  as  tine  who  held  tluir  t.ite 
in  his  hands,  and  w.is  ealled,  by  way  ot  prt-iiui- 
neme,  "  the  llreat  Sinalli)(>x  Chief." 

All  this  while,  the  l.iiiors  at  the  int.mt  scltlr- 
ment  went  on  with  unremitting^  assiduity,  and,  by 
tlu-  ^r-th  of  Septeinlu'r  a  eoiiinioiiiuu-,  ni.msion, 
sp.'ieiou:,  fnoui;h  to  .uioninioil.Ue  all  h.inds,  was 
conijileted.  It  w.is  liiiiit  ot  stone  and  i  l.iy.  there 
beiii^  no  c.ileareous  stune  in  the  neighborhood 
from  whiih  lime  tor  nioriar  eould  be  |)roeureil. 
The  sehooner  was  also  tinislu-d,  and  l.umehed, 
with  the  aeeustonu'd  eeremoiu.  nr,  the  si'eond  of 
Oetoher,  ,ind  took  her  st.ition  below  th.i'tort.  .She 
was  named  the  Dolly,  .and  was  the  tirst  Amirie.in 
Vessel  launidied  on  this  eoast. 

On  the  5th  of  <  Htober,  in  the  e\ciuni^,  the  little 
community  at  .Astoria  w.is  eidieened  bv  tlu  un- 
expected arriwil  .it  .1  detaehmeiit  tr.iiii  ,\lr.  l),i\id 
Stuart's  ])i.st  on  the  I  i.ikin.i;;.,!'  It  1  hums  ted  ot  two 
ot  the  clerks  and  two  of  the  prnates.  Tliev 
i)roui;ht  f.ivor.ible  aeinunts  of  t!ie  new  ist.iblish- 
nieiu.  but  reported  th.it,  as  Mr.  .Sui.  ri  w.is  ap- 
piehensive  tture  mi,i,dit  be  a  ditlieult)'  ol  subsisting 
his  whole  party  tlii'oiiLjhoui  the  winter,  he  h.id  sent 
one  hall  h.iek  to  .Xstori.i.  retaining'  with  him  onU 
Ross  >dontij.;ny.  and  two  others.  Sucii  is  tlie  hanli- 
hood  ot  the  Indi.in  tr.idir.  in  tlie  he.irl  til  ,i  sa\ - 
a;^^.  and  unknown  lountry,  seven  hundred  miles 
from  the  ni.iin  bidy  nt  his  fellow-adventurers, 
Stu.irt  had  dismissed  half  of  his  little  number,  .ind 
was  pre[),ired  with  the  residue  to  br.ive  .all  the 
perils  ol  the  wilderness,  and  the  rij^mis  of  .1  lonj( 
and  (Ire, try  winter. 

With  the  return  ji  irlv  t.ime  a  C.in.idi.in  Creole 
named  Re;.;is  l'ruL;ierr,  .md  an  IrotjUiiis  hunter, 
with  his  wite  .and  two  children.  As  these  two  |)er- 
sc)naj,'es  helollj^  to  t crt.iin  classes  wliieli  ha\e  de- 
rivt-d  I'leir  petuli.ir  ih.ir.icteristics  Ironi  the  liir 
trade,  we  deem  sunie  tew  p.irtiiul.ws  loncerniii^ 
them  |)ertinent  to  till-  n.itiire  ot  this  \\(irk. 

liruj^'ien  ".as  ot  a  cl.iss  of  be.iver  tr.ippi  rs  .and 
hunters  technically  called  treemen,  in  the  l,;n- 
iiun^c  ot  the  tradi^Ts.  They  are  ^,'.  'iiaMllv  I'ana- 
(lians  by  birth,  .and  ot  l-'reneh  ilestcnt,  who  h.i\c 
been  employed  tor  .1  term  of  \ears  b,-  Mime  fur 
com().iny,  but,  their  term  beinj^  expired,  (oiitinue 
to  hunt  and  trap  on  their  own  account,  ir.idm^f 
with  the  lomp.inylike  the  irvlcans.  llep.iMhey 
derive  their  .i|)pell,aion  ot  freemen,  to  dis;m^'uish 
them  trom  ilie  tr.ipper..  who  .are  bound  tor  a  num- 
ber ot  \e.irs,  and  receive  w.i^es,  or  hunt  on 
sh.ires, 

Ila\  mcj  p.tssed  thi-ir  e.irly  youth  in  the  wilder- 
ness, sei'.irated  .I'niost  entirely  trom  civih/ed  m.iii. 
and  in  fre(|Ueiu  mt'n  ourse  w'llh  the  Indi.ins,  tliev 
rcl.i|)se,  witn  .1  l.icihty  comni  m  to  hum.in  nature, 
into  the  h.ibitudes  lit  .sav.aj^e  hie.  '!  hou^h  no 
lonijer  bound  by  en;^r.i^r,.;iiems  to  (  ontnun'  in  ihe 
interior,  tlit  y  have  bet  oiiie  so  at  <  usiomed  to  the 
freedom  of  the  toresi  .and  the  iir.iirie,  that  they 
look  b  II  k  with  r'pu^Mi.tiH  f  upon  the  nstr.iints  of 
civiliAition.     Most  ot   them    intermarry   with   ihtj 


n.itives,  anti,  like  the  hitler,  ii 


n,itives,  antI,   llKe  ine  l.ltter,  11  l\e  ohfn  ,^  |; 
ot    wives.      Wanderers  ot   the  w  iKIfrncs,.',,,^,',',',/ 
in^f  to  the   vicissitudes  t)f   the  scisoiis,  n,,  „  J," 
tions  of    anim.ds,    and    the    pleniv    i-r  s,  ,;  1^ 
};.ime,  they  lead   a   precarious  ,iiul  tiiisinlii,., , 
em f  ;  exptiseii  It)  sun  ant!  storm  .iml  :il|  > ,,, , 
h.mlships,    until    they    resembh    Irdi.ms  ,;■' , 
plexion   as   wf!l    as   in    tastes   .md  \].\\{\\s     [• 
time  to  time   they  brin^f  the  peltries  tiuv,i,,v. 
leiled    to    the   tr.idin^,''   luiuses   ol   the  ,  .mhi,  .. 


whose  emplov  tliev  have  been 


■'■"ii;;mii|,.  h-c 


they  tr..lhc  tliem  away  tor  such  .iriu Us  ,,i  .„(... 
<  h.indise  or  ammunition  as  i!iev  ni.iy  y,;;,!  ., 
need  tit.  At  the  time  when  Moiil'i  il  \\,h  'f,» 
j,^re. It  emporium  of  the  lur  trader,  o;eiil  iinsiif.... 
men  ot  the  wilderness  wnuld  suiliUniv  rvM'- 
after  .m  .\bsenre  ol  m  nv  \e.us.  ainuii'  jiu  ,,.,1 
trieiids  .iiul  ciinr.ides.  lie  would  he  ■^■rci !•. :  j 
one  risen  trom  the  dead  ;  .and  \\\l\\  Hie  ■f.'.r 
w t  Icome,  as  he  n  tinned  llusii  ol  nimav  .\y,\:{ 
time,  however,  spent  in  re\fhy  wmiiil  lie  m,:;i. 
cient  to  tlrainhis  purse  .and  sate  hiin  uiih  ■,:,...] 
lite,  and  he  woultl  return  w:ili  new  ria>h!'.;::e 
unshat  kled  freetlom  tit  the  Imest. 

Numbers  ot  men  ol  this  1  1  i>s  weii'  -.:.;;(rc,l 
throuj^diout  the  northwest  tei  rilor.es,  >m- j'. 
them  ret.ained  .1  little  ot  the  thiilt  and  Kniii'if-t 
ol  the  eiiili/ed  m.m,  .and  liecaiiii  \vt  ahl;\  jii.r/' 
their  im|)r'ivident  lu  ighbors  ;  their  v, t  ..ili  Ih';i'' 
t  hietiy  displ,i\  I'd  in  l.irj.;e  b  iiuls  ol  1.  l|■>^^  v.liici 
eo\ered  the  pr. lilies  in  the  \  iemiiy  ol  thi  i;- .il.^ii-s. 
.Most  ot  them,  hoWt'Ver  were  prone  tn  iv-!],;  ,,;i; 
to  the  red  m.iii  in  their  heeillessness  e!  '.;;f  I',';!!;, 

Siith  W.IS  Ke^is  l)ru).;iere,  .1  tri  iin.in  11;!  'lu-r 
of  the  wililerness.  H.ivmj;  been  l'!iii,:,Iit  i;'i  .:' 
the  service  ot  the  Norili\\est  Coinp  iii\.  i  r  h.iii  :;.!• 
lo\s'ei|  in  the  tr.iiii  ot  one  of  its  e\pi  dan.i'.s  lu  r-s 
the  Rock,'  .Mount. lins.  .md  unih  iiaki  u '.1  lr„;i:ir 
the  trailing  post  est.iblished  on  the  Siieiv:!!!  Iv.k: 
In  th"  course  ot  his  hiintinf;  e\eiirsii  a^  It  i.nl 
tather  .icciilent.allv,  or  desij^ia  (!!\ ,  loam:  l;s  a.ij 
to  the  post  ot  .Mr.  Stu.irt,  .ind  been  pre\.iiiol  ;i:..!i 
to  'lescentl  the  CoUnnbi.i,  .nil  "  tr\  nis  l1.l..^^:l 
.\sioria. 

lj;naee  Shonow.me,  the  lioipmi,  huater  n.ij.i 
spei  mien  ut  ,1  tiiftiaaaU  cl.iss.  lie  w,.si'iii.  i'' I'l'ri 
abori;;in.ils  ot  Canad.i  wl.o  h.ad  p.iMnl'"  "  > 
tormed  to  the  h.ibits  ol  civili'.ilion.  .iii'l  li;- '!'  ■ 
tianes  ol  L'hristl.mity.  under  the  I'lllmiac  1.!  Vi 
!■  rt  111  h  (iiloiiists  ami  the  ('.iiliole  p-ii -!-  "■' 
Seem  j;eiua'ally  to  have  in-iai  n..irr  -.u.  i-sVii,  n 
concilla^^l^^  t.immj(.  and  .  iiiu  en  H'.^  ih-  v.i  i;;r>, 
tb.iii  their  !-'n;;!!'.!i  .and  i'roiesi.uit  rn  ev  I'l-'- 
li.dl-c  i\ali/t  (1  liidi.ms  ret.mvd  some  ei  tl  1  '.;''id 
.and    m.inv    ot    the     e\il    (|U.llltles    ol    '.lli'r  'li',:i'l 

st.M  k.  '1  hey  wtat-  tirsl  r.:te  hunti  r~,  .mil  liievr- 
ous  111  the  m.in.i^emeiU  .d  the  i  .ii.oe.  I  'ma  i:  J 
undt  rj,'o  ^i, re.it  |iriv,ititiiis.  and  were  .id'iai.ai  '"f 
the  ser\atc  ol  the  rivers,  lakes  .mil  j.u -t-.  ""■• 
\  ideil  tlie\-  could  be  kept  sober,  .mil  I'l  |'tiM"i  •^''• 
ordin.-ilioii  ;  but.  oiiee  iiit'.iii  rd  Willi  i.i|i:''r. 'J 
which  they  \m  re  ni.idly  .  denied,  all  Hi"  lii'" ''i'.t 
p. I  .dons  inherent  in  th.  .1  ii.itiio  '.\eii  ;i'  1  ' 
bre.ik  lorlh,  and  to  burr,  lla  111  11. '•  ti.e  im"-!  ■•'■• 
dirii\e  and  lilooiU  .icts  ol  \ioleni  1  . 

ihouj^h  tliei,  -(aiei.illv  proh  ssed  the  K '"  ^''' 
("alliolii  i(  li^ion,  \\t  itvv.is  'iii\' d.  Ol  .l^l■  i.i  i'. 
\sitnsomei.t  tlieir  .mcient  siiprrsliiioi  - ;  iii'' 'i'" 
ret  lined  nun  h  of  the  Indi.m  beliel  m  '  ami'-  •>'•' 
omens.  Numbers  ot  these  mill  v^'i'i  '■iii|'''e'' 
by  ihe  .Nurthwfsi  ('o:n|i.iny  .is  trijij" 's,  lai'.U'v 
ano  c.moe-nieii,  but  on  lower  tt  rni~  tli-in  ^y  '  '''' 
lowed  to  wliite  UK  n.  I^;iiaif  Sb.iiioA.me  M'l' '■' 
this  w.iv.  lollowed  the  elllia-priM  i.|  tl.r  i  allK'V  ^ 
I.)  the   b.mkb  ot  the  Spok.m,  beiii)^.  piulublv, -'"^ 


^iiiiMM^iJjl^^MJ 


ASTORIA. 


m 


pj  ilu'  tiist  of  his  tribe  tli.'U   liad   tfavcrscd    the 

Sa'h  were  sdine  el  tlie  niolU-y  pi)|)ul,i(c  of  llu- 
\,i'M't'riu-ss,  iiici.lcnt  to  the  fur  trade,  who  w.-iv 
,r  1  T.allv  alir.Hii-'il  tn  tlif  lu-w  sfUlfmciit  ct  As- 


I'lH-  ni.iiUh  nl  OrKilu't-  now  l)cjjan  to  ^ivi:  indi 
ciiiuiisdt  .ippni.uliiM};  winter.  Ilillierto  tlif  col- 
„.'i,;i  hail  l''-'»  "'•"  |>leasi-il  with  llu-  clmialc. 
T  K'  M.miiuir  hail  hcin  iciniH-rate.  tlie  nicniiry 
„,'.,,  -rW.r.'j,  ;ihiivcci^litv  dfi;rfes.  Wfslcrly  winiN 
luanivvairnliUirmu  thf.si)nii^'  and  ihe  c.'iy  part 
cil  siiiiimfr,  a:i(l  liien  suiii"ilcd  liy  fresh  lireeves 
fioni  the  nordiwest.  in  the  month  ol  ( )eiohcr  the 
siumeriy  winds  -set  in,    brint^int;   with  tlieni  tre- 

I'iiL-  liiih.iiis  M'lW  licL^an  to  iiiiit  the  iiorders  of 
the  ucciii,  ami  In  reliie  In  their  Winter  quarters  in 
■Jir  shelleivil  hi'sn'n  ot  lile  foi-e'-ts,  or  .don;^  the 
siii.iil  river.-i  and  hniolis.  'I'he  r.i:ny  season, 
•,\h;;h  I'dmnieiiit^  in  Detoher,  (oiiliiuies,  witli 
li;ili  inU'niiissioii,  iiiilil  A|)nl  ;  .md  tlioii^li  tliir 
wriurs  .ire  j^eiier.diy  niild,  the  niereiiry  .seldom 
MiAini,'  helDW  t!ie  tree/iii;.,'  point,  yet  the  tempests 
(il  wiiul  ami  r.iiii  are  ti  rriSle.  'i'l'ie  sun  is  some- 
liniis  .ihsiurrl  for  weeks,  the  brooks  swell  into 
ir.;!!!;.;  Iiirrrii'.s,  and  the  country  is  thre.iteiicd 
•,w,;i  ,i  ilelu^r. 

The  ileii.irliirr  ol  the  Indi. ins  to  their  winter 
iHKiriLTs  uMMiluall)'  rendered  provisions  se.inty, 
,:!;.!  uliliired  the  colonists  to  send  out  foraf^inj.;  ex- 
pi.liiiaiis  in  lilt-  Dollv.  .Still,  the  little  h.mdlul  (d 
.iih.iiiiiircrs  kept  up  their  s|iirits  in  their  lonely 
lir' ,!t  .\stiiria,  Inokiiij,'-  lorw.ird  to  the  tune  when 
t ,,',  ^i;(lllld  lie  .iiiiin.ited  .uul  reintort'ed  hv  the  p.irty 
'.' 1  I'M'  Mr.  Iliiiil,  lh.it  w.is  to  come  to  tliem  .uross 
111'  Ivii^y  .MuiiiU.iins, 

The  vi.ir  |,MMdu.illy  wore  awav.  'I'he  rain, 
\\hiih  had  pmired  ilowii  almost  inci'ss.mtlv  since 
l:,!  I'lis!  lit  I),  toiler,  ile.ired  up  tow.inl  the  eveli- 
iiiij  I.!  the  ;,i  .1  .it  IJeceniber,  .ind  the  monnm;  ol 
ihi' iir>t  ol  J.mu.iry  ushered   in  .i  d.iy  ot  sunshine. 

I'he  hereilit.iry  I'reiu  h  holid.iv  spirit  ot  the 
l-.in.iiliaii  voy.ii;elli -.  is  h.irdiv  to  he  (le])ressed  by 
.er.  a.lvi  r^itic^  ;  .-ind  they  can  m.in.i^;e  to  i;et  uj) 
;'.:.■■.'<  :;-,  tlv.'  most  squalid  situ.itions,  and  under 
I!!'  iii.isi  iinlow.ird  circiimst.iiu'es.  .\ii  extr.i 
jil'.v.ia.e  ()!  rum.  .ml  ,i  little  llour  to  in. ike  c.ikes 
11!  i  I'll  Millies,  constitute  a  "  re),Mle  ;"  .md  thev 
t'^'ii  all  theu  toii.1  .md  troubles  in  liic  son.^'  .md 

d.l!..  L' 

".1  tile  presciU  ociMsion  the  p.irtners  elide. ivm- 
I'-i  !■'  rc'i-lir.itr  the  new  ye.ir  with  some  etfec|j 
.V  siiiuise  the  drums  heat  to  .irms,  the  colors 
v.iie  huist,-il  wuh  three  rounds  of  sm.ill  .iriiis  .md 
t:!rie  di.si  h  irijis  of  c.mnon.  Tlie  il.iy  w.is  de- 
'.  '''l  to  ^Miiiis  ot  .l^'illty  ,ind  stren,i,'tli,  .md  other 
'■iHi  .■•m.-ni-,  .  ,111,1  ^;rov;  w.is  temper.ilelv  distrib- 
i;:"i.  lii^ediM-  with  hre.KJ,  huller,  .md  cheese. 
b"  esi  ijiiiiur  their  circumst.inces  could  .itfoid 
"■"■vivcd  III)  , It  imdilav.  .\t  sunset  the  cdors 
VTi'  i.uv,r,.i|.  ,Mt|-.  .molluT  discharge  of  ,irtillery, 
'•■■  i:i'flu  >\;i-,  spent  in  d.mciiiij  ;  .and,  thouj^h 
•'"■■  '.i.is  ,  lai  k  ol  tem.ile  ],,irtiieis  to  e\i  ite  their 
;■''  i»ln,  tl,..  voy.li^eurs  kept  up  the  bill,  with 
'■'I'l  i-'-n.li  spirii.  until  three  o'(  lock  in  the  morn- 
■nc.  So  p:i,v-,|  (lie  iii'w  u-ar  lestiv.il 
'■''iM.ii;!  inhmy  ,,1  Aston, i'. 


o 


t  1SI2  at 


("llAITI-K   Xlll. 


nave  fidloAcd  up  the  fortunes  of  the  m.iri- 

l''""'    'I  tin,  enierpnse   to  the  shores  ut  llie 

•  ■  aa  hai.j  comliicle.l   the  .ill.iirs  ol  ilie  em- 


bryo pst.iblishmcnt  to  tlic  npenint,''  of  the  new 
ye.ir  ;  let  us  now  turn  b.ick  to  the  .idveiiturous 
h.iiul  to  whom  w.is  intrusted  the  land  e\|)edition, 
and  who  were  to  m.ike  their  w.iy  to  tlie  mouth  of 
the  t'olumbi.i,  up  v.ist  risers,  across  trackless 
pl.i.ins,  and  ovt  r  the  ru;.;i;ed  b.irriers  ot  t!ie  Kocky 
.Mountains. 

'I  he  conduct  of  this  expedition,  as  has  been  al- 
ready mentioned,  was  assi;,Mud  to  .Mr.  Wilson 
1  lice  Hunt,  ot  Trenion,  New  Jirsey,  one  id  the 
p.irtners  ot  the  coinpanv,  who  was  ultim.ittdy  to 
be  .It  the  he. id  o|  the  esl.ililishment  at  the  moutfl 
of  the  Columbi.i.  lie  is  represented  as  a  man 
scrupiilousls  upri;.;!it  and  laitldul  in  his  de.ilin;.(s, 
.imic.ihle  111  Ills  disposition,  and  ot  ino-,t  accom- 
niod.itiiij;  m.iniiers  ;  and  his  whole  cniiducl  will 
be  found  in  unismi  with  such  .a  ch.ir  icter.  lie 
was  not  practic.iUy  cxperitmed  m  the  Indian 
tr.ide  ;  that  is  to  s.iv,  he  had  ne\(r  made  any  ex- 
peditions ot  trallic  into  the  he.irt  nt  the  wilder- 
ness, but  he  h.iil  been  eii^.i^ed  iiiciiiimerce.it 
St.  Louis,  then  ,i  frontier  settlement  on  the  Mis- 
sissippi, where  the  chief  branch  ot  his  business 
li.id  consisted  in  turnishini;'  Indi. in  tr.iders  with 
j^'oods  and  eipiipmeiits.  In  this  w.iy  he  had  ac- 
ipiired  much  knov  ledi;e  ot  the  tr.ide  at  second 
h.inil.  .md  of  the  v.irious  tribes,  and  the  interior 
colllUlA'  o\er  which  it  extended. 

.Another  ol  the  p.irtners,  Mr.  hop.dd  M'Keii/ie, 
W.IS  .issoci.ited  with  .Mr.  I  i  unt  in  the  expialition, 
and  excelled  on  thostr  points  in  w  huh  the  other 
w.is  deticient  ;  tor  he  had  been  ten  _\e.irs  in  the 
interior,  in  the  ser\ice  of  the  Nurthwisi  Conip.my, 
and  \.ilued  himself  on  his  know  lednc  ot  "  wnoil- 
cr.itt,"  and  the  stratetf\- ot  In.li, in  tr.ide  and  In- 
di,m  w.irt.ire.  lie  h.id  .i  Ir.inie  sr.isoiied  to  toils 
and  h.irdships,  .a  spirit  not  to  be  intimid.iled, 
and  w.is  reputed  to  be  a  "  remarkable  shot  ;" 
w  liii  h  ot  itsell  w.is  sulticieiit  to  ^ive  him  renown 
upon  the  frontier. 

.Mr.  Hunt  and  his  co.idiutor  rep.iired,  .about 
the  hatter  jLirt  ot  July,  iSio,  to  Moiure.d,  the  an- 
( lent  emporium  ot  the  fur  tr.ide,  where  ei, crythiiijj^ 
reipiisite  toi  the  expedition  could  be  procured. 
( »ne  of  the  first  objects  w.is  to  recruit  ,i  comple- 
ment of  C.in.idi.m  vov.ii^eurs  Irom  the  disband- 
ed herd  usu.illy  to  be  tound  loiterin^^  .ibout  the 
plaif.  .\  decree  of  lockeyshi]),  howe\er,  is  rc- 
(plireil  tor  this  service,  for  a  Cin.idian  \oyai;eur 
Is  ,is  lull  of  latent  tricks  and  \  ice  as  ,i  horse  ; 
.md  when  he  in. ikes  the  L;re.itest  i  Xtelll.d  prom- 
ise, is  pioiie  to  prove  the  i^ie.itest  "t. ike  in." 
Hesides,  the  Northwest  t'umpany,  \s  ho  ni.iint.iined 
a  lonLj  esta!)lishie(l  control  .it  Montie.d,  .md  knew 
tne  ipi.ililies  ot  every  \  .iy,iL;eur.  secretly  interdict- 
ed tlie  prime  li.inds  from  ent;.i;.;int;  in  this  new 
service  ;  so  ih.it,  allhouoh  liber, d  terms  Were 
otfered,  tew  presented  t  uinseUe^  but  such  as 
Were  not  worth  h.ivin^r. 

I-"roni  these  Mr.  liiiiu  eiii^.n;!'!  a  number  stitTi- 
cient,  as  he  supiiosed,  for  present  ]uirposes  ;  and, 
h.ivini;-  Laid  in  .i  supply  of  ammunition,  iirovisions, 
.md  indi. Ill  ,i;oods,  emb.iiked  .ill  on  bo.iril  one  of 
those  ^;re,it  c.moes  ,ai  that  time  imivcis.illy  used 
by  the  fur  traders  tor  n  ivi^.iliii-  ihe  mliic.ite  ,ind 
oiten-obslrucled  rivers,  d  he  c.inoe  w.is  between 
thirtv  and  toitv  teel  lorn;,  and  s..vrl,d  teet  ill 
width;  constructed  ol  hiiih  li.iik,  sewe,!  with 
tibres  ol  the  mots  of  tlii'  spruce  tree,  and  daubei.1 
with  resia  ot  thi'  pine,  instead  ot  t.ir.  I  he  c.iri^o 
was  m.itle  up  111  p.ii  ka);es,  weii;liiii|4  from  ninety 
lo  one  hundred  pounds  e.u  h,  tor  the  l.icility  of 
lo.idiii',;  and  unloadmi;,  and  ol  transport, ition  at 
|)orl.i;.,res.  d'ne  canoe  ilsi  It,  thoU'.;h  c.i|).ible  of 
sust ainmi;-  a  freii^ht  ot  upw.ird  ut  1  nir  tons,  cuulU 


:!l  1. 


832 


ASTORIA. 


re.iililv  lie  ranied  on  men's  shoulders.  Canoes 
ot  lliis  sue  are  generally  maiiaLjed  hy  eii;lu  or  ten 
men,  two  ot  wiioiii  aie  pieked  veterans,  who  re- 
ceive doiitile  waj;es,  and  are  stationed,  one  at  the 
l)ow  and  the  otht  r  at  llie  stern,  to  keep  a  lookout 
and  to  steer.  Tliey  .ire  termed  tlie  foreman  and 
the  steersman,  llie  rest,  w  lio  i)ly  the  p.iddles,  are 
called  middle-men.  When  there  is  a  t.ivurahle 
bree<;e,  the  eanoe  is  occasionally  naMj(ated  with  a 
sail. 

The  expedition  took  its  rei;ul,>r  dep.irture,  as 
usual,  from  St.  .Anne's,  near  the  extremity  ot  the 
ibl.ind  ot  .Montre.il,  the  ^reat  startini;  pl.ue  ot  the 
traders  to  the  interior.  Here  stood  the  ancient 
ch.ipel  ot  .St.  .\nne,  tiie  patroness  of  iheCanadi.m 
vu\,ii;eurs,  where  they  m.iile  confession,  and 
offeretl  up  liiiir  vows,  jirevious  to  dip.irtin;.;  on 
an\'  lia/ardou-^  expedition.  'I'he  shrine  ot  the 
saint  w.is  decoi.iled  with  reli.s  and  N'otive  offer- 
illi^s  hun;;  up  hy  the>.e  --uperstitious  l)eini;s, 
eitlier  to  proiiiti.Ue  her  ta\or,  or  in  ^'ratitude 
for  some  sij^n.il  deli\er.ini'e  in  the  wilderness. 
It  was  the  custom,  loo,  nt  these  devout  vaj^^a- 
bonds,  after  le.ivin^'^  the  ch.ipel,  Ut  h.ive  a  j^^rand 
carouse,  in  honor  of  the  saint  and  tor  the  pros- 
perilv  of  tiie  vosa^e.  In  this  i).irt  ol  their  devo- 
tions, the  crew  ot  Mr.  lluiu  proved  tluniselvo 
by  no  means  ih-licient.  Indied,  In  soim  discov- 
eretl  that  hii  recruits,  enlisted  at  Montre.il,  were 
tit  to  vie  with  the  r.ii;i,red  rej^iment  ot  I-'.llst.itt. 
Some  were  ,il)le-hodicil,  but  inexpert  ;  others  were 
expert.  Inn  l.i.'v  :  while  a  third  cl.iss  were  expert 
and  willing,  hut  tot, illy  worn  out,  bein^'  l)roken 
down    vetei.m^.  iiK  .ipai)le  of  toil. 

With  this  inellicient  crew  he  made  his  way  up  the 
'  Oii.iw.i  KiviT,  and  hy  the  ancient  route  ot  the  fur 
traders  aloii^r  a  suc(.e>sion  of  small  Likes  a:i(l 
rivers  to  Michiliniai  kiii.ic.  I'heir  proj^ress  w.is 
slow  and  tedious.  Mr.  iluni  was  not  .u  customed 
to  the  maii,ij;emeiri  I'l  "  \  ny.ij^eurs,"  aiul  he 
iiad  a  crew  .idmir.ihly  di^|)o-,ed  to  |)lay  the  old 
solilier  and  lialk  their  work,  andexer  readv  to 
come  to  a  iialt,  l.ind,  m.ike  ,i  lire,  put  on  the  i;real 
pot,  and  ^nioki-,  ,md  );■o•,^)ip,  and  siiii^  liy  the  hour. 

Ii  W.IS  iiiit  until  the  J2d  of  July  th.it  tliev  .ir- 
ri\ed  at  .M.ickin.iw,  siiu.iteil  on  the  isl.iiid  nt  the 
same  n.ime,  ,ii  the  continence  ot  lakes  Huron  ,ind 
Michii,r.in.  I'liiM  famous  old  I'rench  iiailiiiv,'  post 
continued  to  he  ,i  rall\inif  point  tor  a  multifarious 
and  motley  jHipuhition.  the  inhabit.uus  were 
am])liil)iou-.  in  their  li.ihits,  most  of  ilu-m  hein^^ 
or  h.iviiiLj  been,  voy.i),'elirs  or  c.inoe-meii.  it 
was  the  ;;re,ii  place  of  arriv.il  and  departure  of 
the  southwest  tur  tr.uie.  Here  the  .M.u  kinaw 
Conip.my  liad  esi.ililisheil  its  piiiu  ipal  jiost,  from 
whence  it  cimiiuiiuiMied  with  tiu-  interior  and 
with  .Moiure  il.  Hence  its  various  tr.iders  and 
trappers  set  out  tor  their  respective  destinaliiins 
about  Lake  Superior  and  its  tril)utar\-  w. iters,  or 
for  the  .Mississippi,  the  .\rk.ins.is,  the  .Missouri, 
and  the  other  re;,M(iiis  of  the  west.  Here,  after 
the  ,ibseiM>  lit  .1  \ear  or  more,  they  returneil  with 
their  peltries,  and  settled  their  ai counts  ;  the  furs 
rendereil  in  by  them  bein^f  tr.insmitted,  in  ciiioes, 
from  heini-t'i  Moiitri  il.  .M.u  km.iw  w.is,  there- 
fore, t^ir  .1  ^i  r.u  p.ut  ol  the  \e,ir,  \(M-v  se.iniily 
|)eopled  :  but  it  (cii.iin  se.isons  the  tr.idt-rs  ar- 
rived frtnn  all  puinls,  w  itil  their  crews  o!  voy- 
a^eurs,  .md  ihi'  pl.K  <•  sw.inued  like  .1  hue. 

.M.ickin.iw,  .It  tiiat  tune,  w.is  ,1  mere  vill.iije, 
Streic  hini^  aluii^r  a  small  b.iy,  with  a  line  bro.id 
be.ich  ia  liimt  ol  its  piiiu  ip.il  row  of  houses,  and 
dotnin.ited  b\  ilic  old  fort,  which  crowned  an 
imiiendini,'  heitjlit.  'I'Im'  be.a.h  was  .1  kiiul  of 
public  proiiicn.ide,  where   were   disphiyeil    all  the 


vatjaries  of  a  seaport  on  the  arriv.il  ot  an.-i 
trom  .1  hint;  cruise.  llcre  \oya,i,'ciir.>,  Imlic'^tj 
.iw.iy  their  waives,  liddiiiij,'  ;inii  u.iiuiu-  m  (■.• 
booths  .md  c.ibins,  buwn^{  all  kiiuU  1^1  {Jn,'". 
kn.icks,  dressiii).;  themselves  out  tiiielv,  ,\r,i',  •;,. 
r.idini;  up  .iiul  down,  like  .irr.int  hr.i'ij-.ins .inj 
coxcombs.  Sometimes  they  met  witii  riv  n  ,'!(. 
combs  in  the  youni;-  Indians  from  ilu>  oii',,i5ic 
shore,  who  would  .ippear  on  the  he.itli  ii.cir.t'j 
.md  decorated  in  f.mtastic  style,  .lad  wnul ,  .mn. 
ter  up  ;ind  down,  to  be  ^;;'./.ed  at  .iiui  ,uli,',iri-!i 
perfectly  s.itistied  th.it  they  eclipse.l  their  imc! 
t.iced  competitors. 

Now  .ind  then  .1  chance  p.irty  ol  "  .Wirti'.wot. 
ers"  .appeared  at  .Mackm.iw  from  th.i:  niidc,;., 1,1 
at  I'ori  Willi. im.  These  heUl  them.iflvi-,  i:p,.s 
thechi\.ilry  of  the  tur  trade.  Tin  y  wtTc  miii.it 
iron  :  ])roof  .i^-.iinst  cold  weather,  hard  I  iiu.  ,iiul 
perils  ot  .ill  kiiuls.  .Some  would  we.ir  iln' n;ri;> 
west  button,  .md  a  tiu-midable  dirk,  .iii;l  .-issuni!: 
something;  of  ,1  milit.ir_\-  air.  1  licy  ^tiiei-;tii\  w.rt 
leathers  in  their  h.its,  and  .itlected  the  "  hr.ivi. ' 
"  Je  suis  un  homme  dii  luud  '."  -  "1  ain,.!r..;i 
ot  the  north,"  one  of  these  swelhiii;  lellous  woii.d 
excl.um,  sticking  his  arms  .ikimbo  ,iiul  ruiil;:';' ii, 
the  .Southwesti'i's,  whom  he  re;4.irde(l  wiiii  j;rf,u 
contempt,  as  men  softened  by  mild  clim.iic>  iuil 
the  luxuriiius  hire  ot  bre.id  .md  b.tcon,  aiuhilMn 
he  sti^aii.iti/ed  with  the  inglorious  n.uiUMit  \>'tu- 
eaters.  The  superiority  assumed  by  iI.ch' v;i;.i. 
j,'lorious  sw.i^i,'erers  w.is,  in  Ljeiur.ii,  laciily  ...l- 
mitted.  Indeed,  some  ot  them  h.iil  acqtirtd 
),n"eat  notonetv  tor  di-i-;ls  of  h.irdilinoil  .iiui  i"jr- 
aije  ;  for  the  fur  tr.ide  h.ul  its  hemes,  \.:ii->i 
n.ums  resounded  throughout  the  uihleriu--.s. 

Such  W.IS  .M.ickin.iw  at  the  tune  ol  which  ve 
,ire  ire.itiiii;.  Il  now,  doubtless,  prcsfilti  ,i  l.i- 
tally  difteieiil  as|)ect.  The  fur  i  oiiip.iiiiis  ;i.i 
longer  .isseinble  there  ;  the  n.i\  i.L;.iti()ii  ut  lb: 
hikes  is  carried  on  by  steambo.its  .iiul  v,:ii.i'.:5 
slii|)pinj,',  and  the  r.ice  of  tr.iders,  and  trapjuis, 
.md  \o\.i^i-urs,  ami  Imli.in  d.iiulies,  ii.ive  vap.^ii  I 
out  their  briet  liour  .md  dis.ippe.ircil.  Su- :i 
chanj^res  does  the  l,i])se  ot  ,1  handtuiof  uara  iii:i.\t: 
111  this  e\er-i  li.ini;iii^r  country. 

.\i  this  pi. ice  .Mr.  Hunt  rem.mic'l  tor  .-iti.; 
time,  to  (iiinplete  his  .issortment  ol  Imh.sii  i;'"iii. 
.md  to  nil  re.ise  Ins  number  of  \.u  .i:;i!ns,  ;is  ui.^ 
.IS  til  'ii^Mj;!'  some  of  ,1  niore  elln  lent  ciiaiM'.'.o 
th.in  tliose  enlisted  at  .Montreal. 

.And  now  ((iinineiiced  .another  i^aiiie  "f  iiiLh'/y- 
siup.  There  were  able  .iiul  eMu  lent  iiua  ::i 
^Inindance  .it  Mackin.aw,  but  for  sevi-r.il  ii.iyi  ■  I'l 
one  presented  hiinselt.  It  offers  were  iii.ik'.'i 
any,  they  were  listened  to  with  .1  sd.ikj  nt  I.'.'.' 
head.  Should  anv  mie  seein  mcline:!  t.mi.^i. 
there  were  oIIuidUs  idlers  .md  l.iis\hi"::(  >.  •• 
that  cl.iss  who  ,ire  e\  er  ready  In  d:--siKiili: ' '.!''> 
roin  .iiiv  eiiter|)rise  in  which  tliev  i:u-m><iv,- 
h,i\e  no  concern.  These  would  |iu.l  him  "y  |' ^' 
sleive,  t.ike  him  on  one  side,  .in>.  n  uriiuiri-  : '> 
e.ir,  or  wmild  sui(j,'est  dilficulties  ic/i  ii;lil- 

It  W.IS  idijecteil  that  the  expedition  weuiJ  i"-' 
to  n.i\i>4,ite  unknown  rivers,  and  j  i^s  mvh"." 
howling''  \'.ilderiu-sses  infested  b\'  s.c  ■.;'■  I'l'''"' 
who  h.id  alre.idy  cut  off  the  iiiUoiu:'  c^'^ '■• 
aj;eurs  that  h.id' ventured  .iiimiiL;  theiii  , ''-.t  ' 
W.IS  to  I  limb  the  Rocky  Mouiitaiiis  .iiulili^"  '■ 
into  <lesol.ite  and  tamislied  ri'i;!  "!•>,  wher:'  - 
tr.neller  w.is  oltell  ol)lii;ed  to  ^iitisisl  n"  Uf-'"' 
lioppeis  and  crukets,  (U'  to  kill  his  nv^"'  '  '  ~- 
liM'  liMid, 

.\t  len;;th  one  ni.m  w.is  hardy  ''""tiu''  ''' '"' 
K.ii^e,  and  he  w.is  used  like  :i  "  stool-|iii;i,'nn  '' 
decoy   olliers  ;    l;ut   several   ihiis   ei.ilKsel  I' '^^ 


ASTORIA. 


333 


v,v  more  rould  he  prevailed  upon  to  join  him. 
'\  tfu  ihfii  canic  to  terms.  It  was  (Icsiiahir  t  i 
■„,r|,.c  ihem  lor  live  years,  hut  sunn-  rL-tiist-il  tu 
'.,,";'ir./  tor  more  tluin'  three.  Then  they  niiisl 
'  ti'^ii.'rt  III  then  pav  in  advanee,  whicli  w.is 
■uliv  i-ranted.  \\hen  tiiey  had  poeketed  tiie 
vi'iouiil,  .uiil  scpiandered  it  in  re^Mles  or  in  oui- 
ii',  liiv  lic'^an  to  talk  ot  peeiini.iry  obligations 
•irMi'kiiwiw,  whuh  must  he  diseh.ir^jed  helore 
[w[  \\M\d  he  liee  to  depart  ;  or  eiiKaKenienis 
Willi  lUlnr  |)erson-.,  which  were  only  to  he  can- 
ij'lc  1  i'v  .1  "  rea.so;i.d)le  eonsidenition." 

it  h.i^ii)  v.iin  to  arj,nie  or  remonstrate.  The 
niniin  .ulviiined  had  already  been  sacked  .and 
s-uiit.  .111(1  must  he  lost  and  the  recruits  lett  he- 
iiiiul,  unless  diey  could  he  Ireed  troni  their  del)i^> 
amU•llK■.l^''•■menis.  .XccordiiiKlv.  a  Idle  was  paid 
tni  .Ilk-;  a  jiidjrmeiit  tor  another  ;  a  t.ivern  hill 
|,r  &.■:  lliird  ;  and  almost  all  h,id  to  he  l)ouj;lu 
(.;'!  JMiii  some  prior  enna>;eiiient,  either  real  (jr 
]'rcliiiileil. 

M;.  lliiiit  ;;rii.incd  in  spirit  at  the  incessant 
;i;.il  iinrc,l''OiKihle  demands  ol  llu'Se  wiirlhies 
'j;i,iii  his  jiiir.v  ;  yet  with  ail  this  outlay  ol  luiid.',, 
;hf  niiinlier  ncriiiled  wa->  hut  sc.inty,  .ind  many 
o;  ilu'  inosl  (lesir.ihle  still  held  themselves  aloot, 
liiui  wire  iiiit  to  he  cuij^ht  1)\-  a  [.(olden  h.ul. 
Willi  ihesr  he  tried  .molher  tempt. ition.  Anions 
ih.L-  rccniils  who  li.ul  enh-ited  he  distriliuted 
lii'.hri^  ,iiui  iisliich  |)lumes.  'I'hese  they  put  in 
iin'.r  ii.ils,  .iiul  thus  lij^ured  about  .Mackin.iw,  ;i->- 
suiiKiiu  .iir->  ol  vast  imporl.ince,  as  "  voy.i^tiirs 
ii;  .1  ni',\  (uiiip.uu-,  th.it  was  to  ecli|)se  llic  .Nortli- 
\\i:A"  The  ethi  t  W.IS  complete.  A  h'rench 
Li:Mil..iii  is  too  \.iia  .md  mercuri.il  a  beiii;.;' to 
v.iiii-iUeiii  tile  tiiierv  .md  ostentation  ot  llie  te.itlu'r. 
.NiMi.litrs  iiuinedi.itely  pressed  into  the  service. 
Hiu'  iiHist  h.ive  .in  o-,trich  plume  ;  anotlier,  ,i 
v-iUc  U  ither  with  .i  red  end  ;  .i  third,  a  bunch  ol 
cii-;>s'  i.iii^.  'riujs  ,ill  p.ii.ideil  .d)out  in  v.iin- 
^MiinK  style,  more  ilelii;hlei.l  with  the  fe.ithers 
III  ilmr  liats  tli.ui  with  the  money  in  their  pock- 
I'n :  .iiul  coiisidrrin^f  themselves  fully  ci|U.il  to 
ill-  ill^l^lllll  "  men  ot  the  north." 

U'liiic  thii-,  rei  ruitin;^  llu'  number  of  r.mk  and 
li;i,Mi'   limit   w.is   joined    by  a  person   whom  he 


tion,  they  would  ha\e  another  tribe  still  more  sav- 
age .iiid  warlike  beyond,  and  deadly  foes  ot  the 
wiute  men.  'Ihese  were  the  lil.ickteet  Indians, 
who  ran).;ed  over  a  wide  extent  ol  country  which 
they  wotilil  have  to  tr.iverse. 

I'nder  all  these  circumstances  it  was  thought 
•idsis.ibh-  to  augment  the  part\  i  oiisiderably.  It 
already  exceeded  the  number  ot  thirty,  to  which 
it  h.ul  originally  been  limitetl  ;  but  it  was  deter- 
niiiied,  on  arriving  ,it  St.  l.oiiis,  to  increase  it  to 
the  number  of  sixty. 

These  m.itters  being  airangdl,  they  jirepared 
to  irnbark  ;  but  the  embark, ition  ol  a  crew  of 
L'.uiadian  \-oyageurs,  on  ,i  disi.int  e\|)edition,  is 
noi  so  e.isy  a  m.itler  as  might  be  imagined  ;  es- 
pcci.dly  ot  sui  h  a  set  ot  vaingionous  tellows  with 
money  in  l)oth  pockets,  and  cocks'  t.iils  in  their 
hats.  Like  s.iilors,  the  Ciii.idi.in  vo\,igeurs  gen- 
er.iii)-  ]irel.ice  .1  long  cruise  with  ,i  c.iruuse.  '1  hey 
li.i\e  their  cronies,  their  brothers,  their  cousins, 
their  wives,  their  sweethearts  ;  ,dl  to  be  enter- 
t. lined  at  their  expense.  They  least,  they  hddle, 
the)'  drink,  they  sing,  they  dance,  they  Irolic  ami 
light,  until  they  are  all  as  iii.id  ,is  so  many 
drunken  Indians.  The  pubiicans  are  all  obedi- 
ence to  their  commands,  nescr  hesitating  to  let 
them  rtm  up  scores  without  limit,  knowing  that, 
wlkii  their  own  money  is  expended,  the  purses  ot 
their  employers  imist  .mswer  lor  llie  bill,  or  the 
\oyage  must  be  delayed.  Neither  w.is  it  possi- 
ble, at  th.il  time,  to  remedy  the  matter  at  Mack- 
in.iw. In  that  ;im|)hibious  comnuinity  there  was 
alw.iys  a  propensity  to  wrest  the  laws  in  tavor  of 
riotous  or  mutinous  ho.atmen.  It  was  necessary, 
also,  to  keep  the  recruits  in  good  humor,  sei-ing 
the  novelty  and  (Linger  ot  the  ser\  u  e  into  which 
they  were  entering,  .ind  the  ease  with  which  they 
might  at  any  time  escijic  it,  by  jun',|)ing  into  a 
c.iiioe  and  going  ilow  n  the  stie.im. 

Such  Were  the  scenes  th.it  beset  Mr.  Hunt,  and 
gave  him  a  foret.iste  ot  the  ditliculties  ol  his  com- 
111. md.  The  little  cab.irels  and  sutlers'  shops 
.ilong  the  bay  resotmdeil  with  the  scr.qiing  ol  I'ld- 
(lles,  with  snatches  of  old  I'reticii  songs,  with  In- 
dian whoo|)s  and  veils  ;  while  evt  rv  piiimeil  .md 
tcitlured  wigabond  h.id  his  troop  ot  loving  cous- 


il  i;i\:tcil,  hv  letter,   to  eiig.ige  as  ,i  p.irtiier  ill   !   ills  and   comrades  at   his  In 


It  w  ,is  w  I 


th  tl 


le 


t.'i 


litiiia. 


Th 


is  w.is   .Mr.    K.im 


s.iv   l-'rool- 


.n.iiiii^  man,  ,i  ii.itise  ot  Scoll.ind,  who  h.id  serv- 
(■'.iinliT  the   Xorthwesl  (..'omp.iny,  and  been  en- 


utmost   dilticulty   they   coiiul 
the   clutches    ol    the  |iul)licans   an 


e\tr; 


1    th 


f  their   pot   coniiianioiis,  w 


m; 


III  t, 


,h< 


t.iin 


g  expeilitiolis   upon  his  iiuliviilii.il       the  water  s  edge  with  m; 


cted  triiin 
e  enihr.ices 
led    them  to 


a  kiss  on  e.ich 


'ii;n.  .ummg  the  tribes  ot  the  Missouri.     .Mr. 


Hum  l<iiew  linn   person.d 


iciiir; 


and    h.ul   conceived 
.iii'l  nuriled  opinion  of  his  judgiiunt,  en- 


cheek,   ; 
I'reiich. 


d   a   iiKiudlin    benediction    in   Caii.idian 


It 


was  .iDo 


lit   the  iJth  ol   .A 


uijnst   tli.it    tliev  le 


.111 


iiitcentv 


he   W.IS   rejoicei 


tliere- 


M. 


"Hill    the    Later   consented    to   accomn.inv    !   Hav,  Lox    and    \\i 


cm.iw,  and  pursui-d  the  iisii.il  r.)iue 


•Mr,  Cnioks 
line 


sconsin    Ki\eis 


ft 

by  tlreetv 

to    I'r.iirie   du 


drew   from    experi-   ,  Linen, 


v.im'.I  lie  Miiijected,  and   ur 


tne   d.ingers   t 


o    Willi  h    ttie\ 


'ed  the  import. nice  ot 


Loin 
ber. 


d    thence    down    the    .Mississippi    to    St. 
where  they  l.inded  on  the  third  ot  Septem- 


|il"  r   M 


onsider.ible    ti 


in 


dl 


issouri  ihev    would     h.i\i 


to 


1'.'.)U,l;:i  die  .lUiiUry  ot  the  Sionx  Indi.ins,  who 
Mil  lli.lllili  slid  repe.itcd  hoslilllv  to  the  white 
''1"!',  :!ii(|  iTiidi  led  their  expedilioiis  exirenu  i\ 


CHAl'TL.R   XIV 


Sr.  Liifi 


s,  which  IS 


.1^  IIU'V  |M> 


situ.ited  on  the  right  bank 
'iiiiig  upon  them   from  the  ri\er  banks     ot  the   Mississippi  Kimt,  ,i   lew    nides   below   the 
hene.ith  in  their  boats,  and  .ittack-      mouth  ot   tlie  .Missouri,  w.is,  ,it  ih.it  time,  a  Iron 


.Ml 
t'i'iii  ill    ilii-ir    encampments.       Mr.    Crooks      tier  settlement,  and   the   hist   litiing-out  phice  lor 


"vil.  wlien  vos.igi 


hi 


ti.i.l'i-  i.t  tl 
f'll'ti'l  li'.  thcM'    I 


le  II, line  ol 


iig  in  comp.iny  wi 


ML 


d  I) 


th  .mother      the   In'li.in   tr.ide  ot   the  southwest. 

.1    tl 


It  possesse 


tl 


Illll.M'll      I, ,11 

^^.'.n.iiit  liisi 


n.ii.UKlers,  and 


■n  inter-  ,  .i  motley   population   compos 


h.id 


oiisKlereil 


seen 


hints   ot   the  ori'jin.il    I-'reiu  li  colonisis  ;  the 


le    i  reole   de- 
di 


nil. lie    in    escaping    down     the     ruer 


traders   from   the  Atl.intic  St.iti 


hi 


e  or  property,  but   with  .i  lot.il   I   wood-men  o 


'"""'"Hill' 111  .it  his  tr.uliiig  \()v.ig,- 
,^'""il'i    diev    be     l,.iuin;iti' 
t'-'.u^li  till      ■ 


f    Kentuckv 


cnnessrc 


the  back, 
In- 


tlle 


en.ilii;li     lo 


,ind    haltdireeds   ot   t 
iss      \silh   .1   singul.ir   ai|u.ilic  r.i 


irairics  ;    together 


le 


■e  th.il  liai 


'iiiwn  up 


P 

oiniiry  ol  the  Sioux  VMilmut  molest. i-   ,  Irom  the  n.iv  ig, ition  ot   the  ruers  -  the   "  bo.itnieii 


1  • 

f  ;:i: 

-Wl 


..^ « 


\:  m 


flip! 


im 


5 


t'r-'M'J 


3''i  h 


t 


i 


n. 


33-i 


ASTORIA. 


of  tin-  Mississippi,"  who  possosstnl  lialiils,  ni.ui- 
lu-rs,  and  aliiiost  a  lani;uaj;i'.  pt'i'iiliaiiy  tlinr 
own,  anil  slron-ly  U'i'IiiiumI.  TIu'V,  at  that  tiinc, 
wtTt'  I'xtii'imly  nuiniMiius,  and  mndiKtcd  the 
diiet  na\ii;iti(in  and  (.■omnicrfc  ot  tht-Hhuiand 
thu  Mississippi,  as  tlu-  xoya^fuis  did  ot  the  Ca- 
nadian waters  ;  i)Ut,  hist,-  them,  tiieir  i()n.s(i|iitiH  i- 
and  iharaiti-ristics  are  r.ipidly  vanisiiin;,;  helori' 
the  all-|)er\.iiiiiiLj  iiitriisioii  ot  steaniho.its. 

The  old  Freiuh  houses  I'ULja^ed  m  the  Indi.m 
ir.ldf  iiad  ^atiiered  rcilind  liielii  a  tr.un  (il  de|iend- 
cnts,  nioiiL;rel  Indians,  and  inoMijrel  I'renchiiieii. 
who  liad  intei'niarricd  uitii  Imhans.  'I'hex'  they 
employed  in  their  \arioiis  expeditiiuis  by  land  and 
water.  \aiioiis  individuals  ol  lilher  cmintries 
had  lit  laie  vears,  pusiied  '.'le  trade  larther  into 
the  interiiir,  to  the  upi)er  waters  iit  the  Mi>MHiri, 
and  had  sweile  I  the  niiniher  ot  tlu'se  h.nv,;irs-on. 
Sexeial  ol  li\e-ie  tradei's  had,  two  or  three  years 
previousU.  tornu'd  thenisehes  into  a  eonipany, 
eoni])osed  ol  lueive  partners,  with  ,i  ia]iital  ol 
ahont  loru  thousand  dollars,  called  the  Missoui'i 
l-'ur  L'oni|>ar,\'.  the  oiiieet  ot  whieh  xs  ,is  to  estai)- 
lish  jiosls  .lion;;"  tin-  upper  part  ol  that  ri\er,  .iiid 
inonopoli.'e  the  ir.ide.  'I'he  le.idins,'  partner  ot 
this  conipanv'  \\  is  Mr.  Maiual  I.is.i.  a  .S]i,iniard 
by  hirth,  ,ind  .1  ni.in  vi  hold  and  enterprising; 
eh  iiMi'ler,  \\l'.o  luid  .iseended  the  Missouri  ainio^t 
to  Its  Miurce.  ,ind  made  himselt  well  acipiiinted 
and  ])opuiar  with  se\er.d  ot  its  tnlies.  |i\  lu^  ex- 
ertions, tradin;,r  po-.ts  h.ul  been  est.dih-.hed,  i'l 
1808,  in  thi'  Sioux  country,  and  .inioiv,;  tl.e  .\ri- 
c.ira  .md  .M.iml.ui  tribes  :  .oiil  a  priuDp.il  one, 
under  Mr.  lleiirv,  one  ot  the  partiiers,  .it  the 
lorks  ot  till-  Missouri.  This  eomp.uiy  h.ul  in  its 
emi)loy  .iboui  t\so  hupi'red  and  titty  men,  partK' 
American  liunters,  .and  p.irily  Creoles  and  C.in.i- 
di.in  voya};eurs. 

.Ml  the;-e  i  ircunistances  combined  to  produce  a 
po|)ul.iiion  .It  .St.  I.ouis  even  still  more  mmU-v 
than  that  ,il  M.ickin.iw.  Here  were  to  be  seen 
about  tile  ri\i  '•  b.iiiks,  the  hei  torin;.;-,  extr.iva^^Miit, 
hra^^injr  boatmen  o!  the  Mississippi,  with  the 
ii.iy,  ^frim.ii  in;;,  sin^inj;-,  ^Mod-huniored  (.."an.idi.m 
vo_\  a^reurs.  \  ,:;..;r,int  indi.uis,  ot  v.wious  trdus, 
loitered  aboiu  tiie  streets.  N.iw  .md  ihi  n,  .1  st.i'.'k 
Kentuck)  hunter,  in  le.ithern  liuniin^-drtss,  with 
rille  on  shnidder  ,ind  krole  m  bill,  strode  .tlont^. 
Here  and  tiiere  wen-  new  brick  hou-,c>,  and  sho|js, 
just  set  up  ii\-  bustlin;.;,  dn\int;,  and  e.ii^er  nirii 
ot  tr.illic  tmni  the  .Atl.uitic  St,iti-s  ;  while,  on  the 
other  h.md,  tiie  old  !■  rench  numsions,  with  open 
casements,  s'lll  ret.ameil  the  e.isy,  indidenl  .ur  ot 
the  orii,Mn.il  cidonisis  ;  and  now  and  then  the 
scr.ipinj;-  oi  a  tldille,  a  str.iin  ot  .111  ancient  I'rench 
son;;-,  or  l!ie  sound  of  biUi.ird  b.ilU,  showed  ih.it 
the  h.ippy  ( i.iilic  turn  tor  j,M\ety,ind  .iintisnnent 
still  lini,'er(d  .iboul  the  pl.ice. 

Such  w.is  St.  I.OUIS  ,it  tiie  lime  ul  Mr.  ilunt's 
arriwil  tiii  re.  .iiul  the  .ippe  ir.ini  c  ol  .1  new  tin- 
comp.iiiy,  with  .imjile  binds  .at  its  coaim.ind.  pro- 
(bii.il    .1    su-iai;,'-   seiis.ition  amonir  the  indiaii  tr.i- 


•I's     lit      111.'      pi, 11  I- 


d    ,l\\  akelii  d     kreli     jr  i!oUs\ 


and  ■ipposiMi.ii  on  tiie  p.irt  ol  the  .Missouri  ( ■-uii 
]).tny.  .Mr.  llunt  proceeded  to  strengthen  liimsell 
,i;,Mllist  ,111  ■  oliipelition.  I-'or  this  purpose,  he  se- 
cured lo  ihe  iniercstsol  the  a.ssoci.ition  another  o! 
those  enterprisilli;-  men,  who  h.ad  been  ent,Mi;ed 
in  individn.d  u  due  with  the  iribesot  the  Missouri. 
This  was  ,1  Mr.  lo-^eph  Miller,  .1  ^M-nilem.in  well 
educated  .iiirl  '\ili  intormed.  and  o|  .i  n-spn  •  ible 
l.inilly  ot  l'..illimore.  lie  had  been  .m  ollicer  III 
the  ,irm\  ot  th.-  Inilnj  Sl.iti-s,  bui  li.id  resi^;ned  in 
disgust,  on  bein;.;  relused  .1  [urlou;(h,  and  had  t.iken 
to   trappin^r   bL;iver  and   trading  ainotig  the   In- 


ili.ms.  lie  was  easily  induced  hy  Mr.  Hnn., 
join  as  .1  partncT,  .and  w.is  (ainsider'cd  liv  hmi  J, 
.iccoiint  ot  his  educition  and  .a  ipiuciiuiiu  •  j 
his  I'xperience  in  liidi.m  trade,  .1  \.du,il/ic  .uldnllj,, 
to  the  conip.iii)-. 

Sever.d  .iddilional  men  were  likewisr  i!iii,te,l 
in  Si.  I.OUIS.  some  .IS  bo.itmen,  ,ind  iidirrs,,^  imr^j. 
ers.  These  1,1st  were  ell^jaged,  not  liUTfiv  id l'.,! 
-.ime  lor  iiro\  isiiuis,  but  also,  and  uulff|'i!;i|.jC 
to  tr,i|i  be.i\er  .ind  other  .mimals  ol  ru  h  \v:,\  l^l 
u.ibh'  in  the  Ir.ide.  Thev  enlisted  on  (iilu-rni 
li  rills.  Some  were  to  h.uc  ,1  tixcil  s.d  uv  n!  ihf.e 
hundred  dollars  ;  others  were  to  Iil-  lllu-il  i,ut  ;,ii,i 
maint.iiiH'd  .it  the  expense  ol  the  ciiiii|i,i!;v.  ,ip,;| 
were  to  hunt  and  tr.ip  on  shares. 

.\s  Mr.  Hunt  met  with  imu  li  opjioiiiiim  iiu!-e 
p.irt  ol  ru.d  tr.iders,  especi.dly  the  MbMiir;  h.r 
C'omp.my,  it  took  him  some  weeks  lo  ciii,|/,i''i'ii;s 
prep.ir.itions.  Tiie  del.iys  which  he  lui  rt> 
\iousl\  experiencrd  .it  .Montreal,  M,u  kiii.iw.  .i:ii| 
on  the  w.iy,  added  to  those  ,il  St.  l.ini;^.  i„J 
thrown  hint  much  behind  his  iirij;iii,i|  1  mj;;'. 
iKuis,  so  til, it  it  would  be  impos^.lile  tu  i-lliiir.is 
vo\.il;c  Uj)  the  Missiuiri  in  the  iireseiit  \c..r.  T;,.j 
ri\er,  llowiiii;  from  high  and  cold  Litilu. lis.  .ii.J 
through  widi'.ind  open  plains,  exposed  in  >  lii,>,r 
bi.ists,  free/i's  e.irly.  The  winter  m.iv  In  i!,iui| 
troin  ihe  lirstot  .November  ;  there  w.is  cwrviifu- 
pect,  theretori',  th.it  il  would  be  clnseil  u:;ii  us 
long  belore  .Mr.  Hunt  could  icicii  ,i-.u|;,-r 
w. iters.  l'o,i\,>id,  however,  the  expi  ht  .it  \i,:i. 
leriiig  .It  St.  I.OUIS.  he  determined  to  piwh  iijr.he 
li\er  ,is  l.ir  .as  pMs.Mble,  to  some  pnal  .u  si  l:.f 
seiili  nimis,  w  here  g.ime  w.is  plii,:\ .  .aiii  v.lu'c 
his  wiiole  p.ariy  lould  be  subsisinl  h,  liiinl 'i;. 
unlil  th''  brciking  up  of  the  lie  in  l!ic  s:irir.;j 
j.houid  [lermit  them  to  resume  their  \n\.ij;i'. 

.\ccordinglv,  on  the  twent\' lirst  of  ( >i.|..iHTr.i' 
took  his  departure  from  St.  Louis.  1  bs  |i.uty  v.,.> 
distributed  in  three  bo. its.  ( )ne  w.is  t'i<  l'.'r.;c 
which  he  h.ul  brought  Imm  M.ickili.iv,  ;  .c;  !i:/'f 
W.IS  ot  .1  l.irger  si/e,  sui  h  as  w.is  loniurK  isn:  ill 
n,i\ig.itmg  the  Midi.iwk  Ki\er,  and  kimwi,  iv:''.' 
gi  aeru  n.ime  I't  the  .Schcnrct.uU'  b.ir'.;r  :  ll'-  «•'.'■< 
W.IS  .1  l.ir^^e  ket  I  bo, It,  al  th.it  tune  the  gr.:!:  1  l  r.. 
',  ey.iace  on  the  Mississippi. 

In  tills  w.r,  ilie\'  s!-t  outlrom  Si.  I.iai: .,  ia  i'lii'V- 
ant  spirits,  ,ind  soon  ,irri\edat  the  iir  ullc  ! '■■: 
.\li-.souri.  This  vast  ri\er,  three  tluuis.iu  1  m,.i:s 
in  length,  and  which,  with  its  tiibiil.iiy  i;riM:;>, 
dr.iins  su(  h  an  immense  extent  ot  1  luaii'*,  ■'..' 
.:s  yet  liut  casu. illy  and  imperlectly  a.oi,;;  i^c'l '  •' 
the  .iibeiilurous  b.irkot  the  tiir  tr.iiier  .\^ir.::-' 
lio.it  h.id  lie\er\et  sleliimed  lis  lurluilcil  i  ■I'^r'-M. 
.S.iils  w  rre  but  ot  ccu.d  .issist.iiii  c,  I' a'  II  iMiur'id 
I  strong  wind  to  coiiipier  the  Iok  r  nt  lin  'iir  c:,. 
The  m.iin  deiiendence  w.is  on  bodili  ■irs.^i''  I'W 
111, mil. d  dexteritv.  The  b-Mts.  in  griii-ni  in!') 
be  jiropidleil  bv  oars  ,in<l  selling  noles,  nr  ii"»'i 
by  the  h.iiid  .iiid  bv  gr.ippling  iiimks  li  ■''  ■''"■' 
rout  or  overhanging  tree  to  aiiotlii  r  ;  •  '  I'S'  1  ;. 
liie  long  1  ordelle,  or  low  iiig  line,  wl.i  ri  l'"-  ••'  ''''^ 
Were    suttii  ielitU-    ilc.ir    ot    woods    .Hid   li'.'il^i'Ml 

periiii!  the  men  lo  pass  .liong  the  b.iak^ 

During  tills  slow  .mil  tedious  iirn^ress  ;:'■  "••■i 
would    be   exposed    to  Irequelil  d.oi^i  r  Imiii  Hiol- 

ing   irces   .Old   gre.it    m.isses  ol   dnii-w ■"'',' 

be  imp'h-d  upon  sn.igs  and  s.iw\ii>,  im'''^'' 
s.iy,  sunken  iiees.  presenting  a  i.ii;^;' d  ei  p'l'''''- 
I  lid  ,ibo\e  the  surl.lieol  the  \\aler.  .\^  ll'c  ' ''■  ■'•' 
iiel  (d  the  ii\er  ImpifnlU  shitled  li  'ai  '■'■  ' 
side,  .iciiirding  to  the  belliis  .mil  s.illd  iuli'^"'. 
bo, It  h.ul,  in  ihe  s.inie  w.i\ ,  lo  .ad\  aiic!  in  ■!  'K'-'h 
course,  ( iltcn  a  p.irt  of  tin  crcw  *'.oiiI.!  i;  i''' ^'' 
Icip   into   the   w.itcr  at   the   shallow  i,  .lii.  ^^•'■■' 


ilH/ 


ASTORIA, 


331 


l,\-     NiPH'timcs  tlif   lid.it  would  sci'in  ti)  he 
'    '  ■  ■'    Di'lUjounil 


,!v.'\vilh  the  towing  line,  while  their  comrades 
■  ' ""  \icd   with   oar  and  selling; 

rc- 
tiMirU  iiiL'tionlfss,  .1-,  it  siu'llhound,  oppoMle  mmiu- 
'„■,.,!  rcDMil  wliuh  llu'  iiirreiu  .set  wilh  violence, 
.riii  uhtre  llif  ulniosl  hibor  scarce  elfecled  .my 

(In  these  (K:e.isii>ns  il  was  llial  llie  iiienl',  ol  the 
C'luilim  vova^eurs  came  into  lull  action.  I'a- 
iil';i'  ol  tiiil.'not  to  lie  disheartened  t)\  impedi- 
nii-nts  ,ir.il  ilisappominients,  fertile  in  evpcdients, 
;ui(l  viisi-il  ill  every  mode  ot  humurinj;  and  cun- 
("iLiin;;  the  wayward  current,  they  would  ply 
tvciv  niTlion,  sninetimes  in  the  boat,  somelimes 
unsii'iif.  soiiietnues  in  the  water,  however  i  old  ; 
.liwav.' alert,  always  in  good  humor  ;  and,  should 
.uv  a;  .iny  time  il.ij;  or  grow  weary,  one  of  their 
p,r;ul..r  boat  songs,  chanted  by  a  veteran  oars- 
II:  ji,  iiiiil  res|u)iiiled  to  in  chorus,  acted  as  a 
nivcr-tailiiiij  restorative. 

]]\  su.h  assiduous  an  1  ])ersevering  l.ibor  they 
hmJi'  lli;-ir  way  about  four  hundred  and  titty 
nilcs  up  the  Missouri,  by  the  i6th  of  No\-eniber, 
\'j  ■.lie  liiiiiilh  (if  the  Nodowa.  As  this  w.is  a  good 
luiiiiiii.i;  couiurv,  and  as  the  season  w.is  rapidly 
ai;v,i!Kir,j(,  thev  determined  to  establish  their 
wniitT  (|iiarier-,  at  this  pi, ice  ;  and,  in  t.ict,  two 
(i.ivs  :iltir  the\  had  come  to  a  hall,  tlie  river 
cio«';l  iiist  above  their  encani|)nu-nt. 

T;ie  [Kiriy  had  not  been  long  at  this  jilace  when 
thfv  were  joined  b\  Mr.  Robert  M'l.ell.ui,  another 
triiicr  (i|  tlv  Missouri  ;  the  same  who  h,id  been 
a,i>iii  ;..;icl  with  .Mr.  Crooks  in  the  unfortunate  ex- 
pi'i!!',:-'!)  m  which  they  had  been  intercepted  by 
the  S:^i,iK  Iiidi.iiis,  and  cibliged  to  make  a  rapid 
rt'!r;-.i'.  ilivMi  the  I  i\e!'. 

Ml.ili.iii  was  ,1  remarkable  man.  lie  h.id 
hi'i!!  .1  paitisaii  under  lieiieral  W'.isne,  in  his  In- 
dl.;i',  v,;i;s,  where  he  had  distinguished  himself  by 
his  iicr\  spirit  and  reckless  daring,  and  m.irvel- 
luus  s',')!ics  were  loldot  his  exploits.  His  .ippeai- 
.■!i;ic  .m^wercd  to  liis  cliar.icter.  His  frame  was 
n.iM^rc.  Init  muscular;  showing  strength,  acti\- 
i'.i-,  .uiil  iron  lirmiU'^s.  Hi.-,  e\fs  weri-  dark,  deep 
Si't.  .ii„!  piercing.  liew.is  restless.,  fearless,  but 
o:  iinpc'iioi]-,  ,nul  sometimes  ung.ivt-rh.ible  tmi- 
|xr.  Mr  h.id  been  iiniied  by  Mr.  Hunt  to  enroll 
liiiiiM'lt  i>  .1  p  irtner,  and  gl.idly  consented  ;  lieing 
pitiMii  with  the  thouglUs  of  |),issing,  witli  .a  pow- 
iriu,  l.ji'.c,  lluiiugh  the  < ouiury  ot  i!ie  Sioux,  and 
pcihaps  h.iviiig  an  opportunity  ot  re\-enging  him- 
i(.il  ■.ipar,  that  Liwless  tribe  lor  their  pa->l  olirnees. 

.Vmni.errenuit  tl',.it  pniied  the  camp. it  Nodow.i 
'Icseivc-,  oju.il  nieiilion.  This  w.is  John  |).i\ ,  ,i 
huiilur 'ram  the  h.ukwoods  of  \'irgini,i,  who 'had 
1h-vii  siMT.ii  \e,irs  on  the  Missouri  in  the  service 
<>!  Mr.  (.laoks,  and  ol  other  trailers.  He  w.i- 
Jli'iLt  forty  \e,irs  of  ,ige,  six  feet  two  inche-,  high. 
s!lM.i;lit  .1,  ,111  huli.m  ;  with  ,in  id.istic  stej)  ,is  it 
lii'tni.lnii  springs,  , mil  a  h.imlMime,  oi)eii.  niaaU 
CQ'JiUi-iLcue.  It  was  his  bo.ist  that  in  iii's 
V'jun^er  il.e.s  iiot'.iing  could  hurl  or  il.iuiit  him; 
'lu:  ill  li.iil  "  li\(.'<l  too  fast"  and  injured  his  co;! 
itiUltian  l,y  Ins  excesses.  .Still  he  w.is  strong  of 
'■'^inil,  hiilil  ol  heart,  .i  prime  woodm.m,  and  an  .al- 
um unerring  shot.  He  had  the  tr.mk  spirit  ot  .i 
yr^ia.iii,  ,iiid  the  nuigli  heroism  of   a  pioneer  ot 

t''t-- Ul.-"'. 


ll'e  p.iriy  were  now  lirouglu  to  :i  halt  for  sev- 
m,  nil, mils.      I'hey  were  in  ,i  countrv  abouiulim: 


wahil 


•y 
i-r  .mil  wild  turkevs,  so  th.it  there  was  no 
«imi)  provisions,  and  every  one  .iiipe.ireil  cheer- 
"1:111.1  lontented.  .Mr.  lUmt  determined  to  avail 
"'•"''elti.t  this  interval  to  return  to  St.  I.ouis  and 
Uftlaiii  ,1  rciiiturceinem.     He   wished   to  procure 


.111  intcrpretpr,  nrfpi.iinted  with  the  lanjju.ige  of 
the  Sioux,  ;is,  from  all  accounts,  hi:  ;iii|)rehendeil 
ditlicullie,-.  in  p.issiiig  through  the  country  of  that 
n.ition.  He  felt  the  nece.s.sity,  .also,  ol  having  a 
greater  numlier  ol  huiilers,  not  merely  to  keep 
111)  ■'  ^iipi'ly  "t  provisions  throughout  their  long 
.111(1  arduous  expedition,  but  also  as  a  protection 
and  ill  liiice,  in  case  of  Indi.in  hostilities.  For 
such  service  the  C.an.uli.m  vo\ageuis  were  little 
to  be  depended  upon,  fighting  not  being  a  part  ot 
their  profession.  'I'lie  proper  kind  ol  men  were 
American  hunters  experienced  in  s.avage  life  and 
s.ivage  warl.ire,  and  possessed  of  the  true  g.ime 
spirit  of  the  west. 

I.e.iving,  tiieretore,  the  ( !u  .ampnieiit  in  ch.irge 
ot  the  other  partners,  Mr.  Hunt  sci  oil  on  loot  on 
the  lirr^t  of  J.inu.iry  ( iSioi,  tor  St.  I.ouis.  He  was 
accomp.mied  by  eight  men  as  l.ir  ,i  >  l-'ort  Osage, 
about  one  hundred  .iiid  titty  miles  below  Nodow.i. 
Here  he  procured  a  couple  of  horse,,  and  jiro- 
ceeded  on  the  remainder  of  hi^  journr\  with  two 
men,  sending  the  other  six  b.ick  t  .  the  eiicamp- 
inent.  He  arrived  at  St.  Louis  on  tiie  :oih  of 
Jaiui.iry. 


CHAl'lKK   .W. 

On  this  liis  second  \isit  to  St.  Louis,  Mr.  Hunt 
W.IS  .ig.iin  impeded  in  his  plans  by  tlie  o|)po.sition 
of  the  .Missouri  Fur  Comjianv.  'I'lie  .ifl.iirs  ot  that 
com]). my  were,  at  this  tiiiic,  in  .a  \erv  dubious 
st.ite.  i)uring  the  iireceding  ye.a;-,  their  princi- 
p.il  establishment  at  llie  forks  ot  the  Mi.-,M)uri  Ii.hI 
i)eeii  so  iiuK  11  harassed  by  the  !!!.ickleet  Iiulians 
th.it  its  commander,  Mr.  Henry,  oiieol  the  part- 
iieii.  h.id  been  compilled  to  .ibaniloii  tlie  post 
.and  cross  the  Rocky  Mountains,  with  the  intention 
ot  fixing  himself  upon  one  uf  the  upper  br.iiii  lies 
of  the  Columbi.i.  Wh.it  had  become  ol  him  and 
his  |).irtv  W.IS  unknown.  'I'he  most  intense  anxi- 
ety W.I-.  lelt  coiuerning  tluail,  an  I  .ippia  heiisions 
that  lhe\'  might  have  beiai  i  ut  oil  by  ilie  sav.iges. 
.\t  the  time  of  Mr.  Hunt's  .arriwil  ,it  St.  Louis, 
ilv  Missouri  Conip.my  were  lilting  out  ;in  eN|)edi- 
tioii  logo  in  (|uest  of  Mr.  lleiuy.  Il  was  to  be 
conducted  by  Mr.  NLinuel  l.is.i,  tiie  eiitcrjirising 
p.irtiur  .ilie.id\  menlioiu'd. 

'riiere  Ixang  thus  two  expeditions  on  loot  at  the 
s.iiiie  moment,  an  unusual  demand  w.c.  oi  casion- 
ed  for  liuiit(.-rs  and  voyagiiirs,  who  ,ii  cordiiigly 
|i:otilei|  by  the  circumsi.mce,  and  stipul.ited  tor 
high  terms.  Mr.  Hunt  found  .i  keen  and  subtle 
competitor  111  i.is.i,  and  was  oblige. I  ti>.se<  ure  his 
recruits  by  libt-ral  .uUances  ot  p.iy,  .iiul  by  other 
pecuiii.iry  indulgences. 

The  greatest  diffu  ultv  was  to  ])rocure  l!ie  Sioux 
interpreter.  'I'here  w.is  but  one  III. ill  to  be  met 
with. it  .St.  I.ouis  who  w.as  lilted  lor  the  purpose, 
but  to  sei  ui-e  him  would  require  much  m.inage- 
lileiit.  'I  he  indi\idu.il  in  question  w.is  a  h.ilf- 
breed.  n.imeil  I'ierre  Dorion  ;  .mil,  .as  he  llgures 
Ill-re. itter  in  this  narrative.  ,ind  is,  withal,  a  strik- 
ing specimen  ot  the  In  bnd  race  on  the  Irontier, 
we  sli.ill  give  a  few  particul.irs  concerning  him. 
I'ierre  was  the  son  of  Dorion,  the  l-"rench  inter- 
preter, who  accompanied  Messrs.  Lewis  and 
Cl.irke  in  their  famous  exiiloring  ixpedition  across 
the  Roi  kv  .Mount. lins.  Old  Dorion  was  one  of 
those  French  Creoles,  tiescendaiUs  of  the  ancient 
Canadian  stock,  who  .ihoimd  on  the  western  fron- 
tier, and  am.ilg.imateor  coh.ibit  with  the  s.i\ages. 
He  li.id  soiotirned  among  various  tribes,  ,iiid  per- 
h.ips  left  progeny  .imong  them  all  ;  but  his  regu- 
l.ir  or  h.ibitu.il  wile  was  a  Sioux  squaw.     ISy  her 


'-fill 


li 


[  i 


i    '!' 

m^  ■ 

FTi 

1;- 

it  '■    : 

■■  1 

f 

k 

11.  ■  ■ 

.,■ 

1, 

ihl 

■t  i 

% 

A 

'  1 1 


33C 


ASTORIA. 


he  h;i(l  a  lioprful  lirood  of  half-breed  sons,  ot 
wlimn  Pierre  was  diie.  'l"he  dninestii-  atlairs  ot 
old  Dorioii  were  eDiiihiiled  on  ilie  true  ln<lian 
l)lan.  Fattier  and  suns  wdidd  oeeasioiially  K''' 
drunk  tojrcilu'r,  and  then  tlie  ealiin  was  a  scene 
ot  ruttiau  brawl  and  lii,'htin^,  in  the  course  ot 
whieli  the  old  Freiuhmaii  was  a])l  to  jjet  soundly 
belabored  In  his  iii()i\i;rrl  ii||s])rin>;.  In  a  furious 
scuffle  ot  the  kind,  cme  ot  the  sons  };ot  tlu'  old 
man  upon  ilie  ;;round.  and  was  upon  the  point  of 
seaipinj;  liiin.  "llolil!  my  son,"  cried  the  old 
fellow,  in  nnplorini;  .u  cents,  "  you  are  too  tir.i\e, 
too  honorahir  to  sc,il|)  your  hither  !"  Tins  last 
•nppeal  touc  lied  the  l-'reiich  sideot  the  lialt-lireed's 
he.irt,  so  he  suttered  the  old  man  to  wear  his  scalp 
tintiarmed. 

Ot  this  hopeful  stock  w.is  I'ierre  Dorion,  the 
man  whom  it  was  now  the  desire  tit  Mr.  Hunt  to 
en^.ij,'e  as  ,111  iiiter|)reter.  He  h,ul  been  ein|)lo\cd 
in  ih.it  c.iij.uity  by  the  Missouri  l"ur  Comiiaiiy 
durinj^f  the  precedinj,^  \ear,  and  had  coiuhu  ted 
their  traders  in  s,itcl\  throui^h  the  different  tribes 
of  the  .Sii)U\.  He  had  pnncd  himself  faithful  and 
serviceable  while  >obcr  ;  but  the  love  of  licpior,  in 
whicli  he  had  been  nuruirnl  and  brou;.dii  up, 
wovild  occi^iiinally  lirc.ik  out,  and  with  it  llie  sav- 
ni,'e  side  of  his  character. 

It  was  his  love  ot  lii'U.ir  which  had  embroiled 
him  with  tb.e  .Missouri  Company.  While  in  their 
service  ;it  l''ort  Mandan  on  the  frontier,  lie  li.id 
been  seized  with  a  whiskey  m.ini.i  ;  and  .is  the  iicv- 
er,iL;e  w.is  cuil,  to  be  procured  .at  the  comp.mv's 
store,  it  had  In  en  chari,fed  in  his  account  .it  the 
rate  of  ten  doil.irs  a  (pi.irt.  This  item  li.id  e\er 
remain  unsettled,  and  a  m.atter  of  furious  dispute, 
the  mere  meii'.ion  ot  whicli  w.is  sutlicieiu  tn  put 
iiim  in  a  p.issi.iii. 

The  momeiil  ilw.is  discovered  bv  Mr.  Lisa  that 
Pierre  iJorion  w.is  in  triMt\  with  the  new  .mil  n- 
v.il  associ.itioii,  he  t-nde.ivoreil,  liv  thre.its  .is 
well  as  promisi  s,  to  prevent  his  eiij^.ij^inj;  in  their 
service.  His  proniises  mii(lil,  jierhaps,  ti  i\e  pre- 
vailed ;  but  his  threats,  wliicti  rel.Ui'd  to  the 
whiskey  debt,  only  served  to  ilrne  Pierre  into  the 
op])osite  rank^.  Still,  he  took  ,idv,iiit.iv;e  ot  this 
competition  t.-r  his  ser\ii  es  to  stand  out  with 
Mr.  Hunt  on  the  most  ad\  .int.ii,M(ius  ti-rms,  ,inil, 
after  ,a  nei;i>;;.inon  ot  nearlv  f.vo  weeks,  e.ipilu- 
laied  to  ser\i'  in  t!ie  expedition,  ,is  hunter  and 
interpreter,  .it  tlse  r.ite  ot  three  hundred  doll.irs 
a  ye.ir,  two  luindred  ut  which  were  to  be  paid  in 
aihance. 

When  Mr.  iiunl  h.id  ^nt  everyllii:!^'  readv  for 
leaving-  St.  I.ouis,  new  ditlicuities  rose.  I'ne  ot 
the  .American  hunters  from  the  em-.impmeiii  ,it 
Nodow.i,  siiihiellly  m.ide  their  .ippe.ir.mce.  'I'llev 
alleged  th.it  they  had  been  ill  tre.ited  by  tlie 
partners  at  the  encampmeiu,  .and  h.id  eoine  oil 
claildestinel) ,  in  lainseiiueine  ot  ,1  dispute.  It 
was  useless  at  the  present  moment,  ;ind  im-h  r 
present  circmiist.im-es,  to  .attempt  ,iiiy  coininil- 
sory  measures  \sitli  these  deserters.  '  Two  of 
them  Mr.  Hunt  j)rev. tiled  iijion,  bv  mild  means, 
to  return  with  him.  The  rest  refused  ;  nay,  wli.it 
W.IS  worse,  tliey  spread  such  rejiorts  of  the  li.ird- 
ships  anil  d,ini;er->  to  he  .ip[)rehen(led  in  the 
course  ot  the  e\pediiioii,  tti.it  tlu-y  struck  a  p.inic 
into  those  tiunters  who  had  recently  enjfa;(ed  .it 
St.  I.ouis,  and,  when  the  hour  of  d'ei)arture  ar- 
rived, all  but  one  refused  to  embark.  It  w.is  in 
v.iin  to  i)le,id  or  remonstr.ite  ;  they  shouldered 
their  rilles  and  lurtied  their  back  ujion  the  expedi- 
tion, and  .Mr.  Hunt  was  fain  to  put  off  from  shore 
with  the  sinj^de  hnnlerand  .1  nunitierof  voya^eurs 
whom  he  had  engaged.     Lvcn  Pierre  Dorion,  at 


the  l.ist  moment,   refused  to  enter  the  !)o,,ti;n'| 
Mr,  Hunt  consented    to   take   liis  sqii.m  ,ili,i  ,. 
children  on  bo.ird  .ilso.      Hut  the  tissue  ot  in  n't'' 
!   ities,  on  aicouiitof  this  worthy  iiuiivulii.il  -Ik*,"! 
'  end  here,  '  '     '  '"' 

j       .Amimg  the  v.irious  iiersons  who  WiMf  .ih, -.^ 
'   proceed  up  tlie  Missouri  with  Mf.  Hunt,  w.^.'.y'. 
j  scientilic  gentlemen  ;  one   Mr.  lohn  llnullu;/' 
I   man  ot  m.ituiv  age,  but  great  enter])|-|Sf  ,|;;,|';„,j' 
I  son.il  activity,  wiio  h.id  been  sent  oi;l  In  iIk  {■/ 
\   naean  Society  ot    I,i\er|iool,   to  ni.ike  .1  Vu:;,,].,,* 
of  .American    ])l;ints  ;  the   other,    ,1   .Mr.  \;.!|':' 
likewise   an   1-Jiglisliman,   youn;;er  in  vi-.irs,  wj,, 
has  since  m.ide  lumselt    known   ,is  the  ;u;;hor  !• 
"  Tra\'els  in  .\rk.insas,"  and  a  work  on  (!;i"i;.r! 
I  era  of  .American  Plants."     Mr.  Hunt  h;iii  oticrid 
them  the    protection  .mil  facilities  nt  his  |;,.r,v.  :, 
,  their  scientitic   researches   up  the    Missmn.'  ,\; 
I  they    were   not   ready   to  dep.irt  .U  ihi  iin:v,int  ; 
emii.irk.ilion,  they  put    their  trunks  on  iiu,,ni  (• 
the  bo, It,  but  remaiiU'd  at  St.  I.ouis  until  tlir  r,r' 
d.iy,  lur  llie   arriv.il   ot  the  iiosi,    iiueiiiliiii;  :o' 
the  expedition  at    St.    Charles,    a   short  (lisi,ir,. 
.above  the  mouth  of  the  Missouri. 
1       Thi' same  evening,    however,   they  Ii  arivil  ih-.i 
I   ;i  writ  h.id  been    issued   .ag.ainsi  Pierre  !Vini;i  tr 
I   his  whiskey  debt,  by  Mr.  Lisa,  as  ai;eni  ot  I'.v  Ms- 
souri  Com|>aiiy,   and   that    it   was  the  inifiiiun;) 
entr.ip  the   mongrid   linguist  on  his  arriv.il  ,ii '•, 
Charles.      I'pon  lie.aring  this,    Mr.    l!r.Tilt>iir\  n 
Mr.  Nuttall  setoff  a  little  .after  niidni^jht,  liVi.n..:, 
got  ahead  ot  the    bo.it    as    it    w.is    asren  1;  ;-.;  the 
Missouri,  before  its    arriv.il    at    St.    (.i:  ik'i.  .ril 
gave   Pierre   Dorion  w.irning  of  the  lei;.!!  ii  ;1  pre- 
p.ared  to  ensnare  him.     The   knowing  1';;t:i'  ;i'.- 
medi.itely  l.mded  .mil  took  to  the  wo  nN,  :  i^uuvl 
by  his  si|Li.ivv  l.iden   with   their   p.iponses,  .iiiil  . 
l.irge  bundle   cont.iining   their   most  \<\<:  mus  c- 
te(  ts,  promising  to  rejoin  the  p.irly  sonv- il:s!n.r.:t' 
above  .St.  Charles,      'I'liere   seemed   liltir  ilfjR'.ii- 
eiice  to  be  |.l.iced  upon  the  promise-,  nt  ;:  ^."h- ,:;• 
'  venturer  of   the   kind,  who   was  ,it  tin  vtvy  t.'no 
pi.iving  .an  evasive  game  with  his  fornur  tnijoi'- 
ers  ;    who   h.id   alre.idy  rei  eived  two  thiri!s  i;i  -  5 
ve.u's   pay,  and   li.id   his  rille  on  his  shoii'.diT.  I'.s 
t.imily   ;ind   worldlv   fortune  at  his  lieeis,  iinl  ;i:c 
wild   woods   before   him.     There  w.is  no  .ill'Tr..i- 
t'.ve,  liowe\er,  and  it  w.is  hoped  his  pi<iiif  :i;;. mist 
his  old    i-mployers   would    render  hiiii  lai'.l.lul  10 
his  ni w  ones. 

The  p.irty  reached  St.  Ch.iries  in  th.'  ati  rn  ' 

I  lit  the  li.arpies  of  the  l.iw  looked  in  vain  li.i";';r 

expected  prev.      The  boats   resumed  their  oiyrv.^ 

on  the  following  morning,  and  had  not  jin,"  i'C''i:i. 

t.ir  when  Pierre   Dorion   made  his  .ippe,ir.i:;ciin 

the   shore.      He   w.is   gladly  taken  on  h:' ii-.l  Iwt 

he  came  without  his  sqii.aw.    'I'hey  li.nl  ijU.irrcL'il 

ill  the  night  ;   Pierre  h.id  .administered  ti'-  !"il  •" 

di.^cipline  of  the  cudgel,  whereupon  she  h..i.  l'"'" 

to    the    woods,  with    their  children  a:iii     'iMf'f 

W(H-ldly   goods.       Pii-rre    evidently    wa-   •'''■''p'y 

grieved   .and    discoiuerted    at   the  loss  if  'is  witij 

.ind  his  knapsack,  wherefore  Mr.  Hunt  (!i-;vi'^:i'.fii 

one   of   the   Canadian    voy.igeurs  in  se.ii. !' I'i ''"■' 

'  bigitive  ;  and    the   whole' party,  atn:'  pj"-''- "'I? 

a  tew   miles   further,  eucimped   on   .111  liH"'  ''| 

.iw.iit  his   return.      The   C.in.idian    rc'iiiad  ins: 

p.irty,    but   without   the   sipi.iw  ;  .ind   I'lun"  "y* 

lion  ji.assed  ;i    solit.iry  and   .anxioiis  n.glit.  i'U'^''''') 

I  regretting  his  indiscretion  in  having  eNC'ciseu  us 

I  conjug.il   .authority  so  ne.ir  home,     bih'rt'  nn- 

'   break,   however,  ,1  well-known   voice  rcaLln'il  •'is 

'  ears  from  the  opposite  shore.      Uveas  his  rt'P' "l- 

ant  spouse,  who   h.ad  been  w.inderiiig  die  woof'S 

;  all  night  in  4Utst  of  the  party,  and  had  at  Icngt!! 


]ii(]Uf  ;i,t;.iiiiu 
liiiii  !;.i:),!ui '.u 


not  nn.«i'('ii(-i. 


ASTORIA, 


337 


drscrifi 


1  ;t  bv  its  fires.     A  boat  was  dispatrhcd  |  cilalion,  as   shnwinp  the   liairhrcailtli  advciiturts 


(  ,  i,.-r   ihc  iiiti'nMiiivr  f.iniilv    was    dik  i-    mon*  ■  to   wliu  h   tlusc  solitary  rovfis  ol   ilic  wild 
lur  nci,  II  >^         ,,      .?. .1  ■.. 11,. II   .1...   ' 1  ' 


uniU' 


(t.  a 


hi,;icr|ik-xi 


I'lrK  risf  ill 


lul  Ml'.  Hunt  now  ti.itti'ri'd  liiniscil   tli.il  ■  arc  ixposcd 

iiu'suith  I'icrrc  Donoii  wrre  at  an  end.  i       Colter,  with  ihf  li.ii(lilioo<l  o(  .i  ri'milar  trapiKT, 

tlicr,  Miy  liLMvy  rims,  .md  an  unusually  I  ii.id    i  ast    lunisclt  hxtsi:   Iroin   \\w.  p.iilyol    I.owis 

the  .Missouri  rundcri'il   tlu'  ascent  ol  |  and  CI. irke  in  the  very  heart  ot  the  wllilirness.  and 


the  river 
Mil.;  .Ml 


loilsiime,  slow,  and  (lant;crous. 


riu 


till-  iiMii 


ssDiiri  (Iocs  not  j,'i-ner,dly  take  place  until 
th 


th  ot  .Mav  or  June  ;  the  present  swellinj; 
:i\-e  iieen  caused  by  a  treihet  ii 


,it  \\x  riMT  iiaisi  li 


biiiiif  ii 


I  its  more  southern  hrancMes. 


It 


dd 


not 


:)im:k' 


..\m!  h 
ailnir.ihlf 


the  jjreat  .umii.il   Hood,  as  the  hi^;lier 
ave  been  iced)ound. 
(•If  we  (Mnnot  iuit  jj.nise,  to  nolire  the 


hc-s  imisl  St  1 1 


rem 


had 
waters   o 


ained    to   tr.ip   be 


a\er  .done  on   the  head- 


t   tl 


Ml 


ssouri. 


lit 


dl 


with 


.mother  lonely  trajiper,  like  liiniselt,  named  I'ott.s 
.iiid  they  a^'reed  to  keep  to^jether.     They  were  in 
the  very  rejjion  of  the  terrible  lil.u  kleet,  .it  th.il  lime 
thirs!iiii(  to  reveiij^n'  the  de.itli  ot  their  coinp.mion, 
and   k 
h.mds 


new  th.it  Ihev  had  to  exi 


t  no  mercv  at  their 


T 


lev  were   olihueil 


to  ki 


arr-inj-cii 


lent   ol   n.uiire.  bv   \s  Inch  tl 


(1,1V  111  the   wodilv  m.irLnns  ot  tin 


■I' 


tncealed  all 
ers,   settinij 


anini.il  swcllinjjs  ol  the  v.irious  >;re.it  rivers  which  i  their  traps  after  nij^htl.ill,  and  t.ikiii^;   them  up  be 


empty 


theiii 


selves 


into  the  .Mississi 


nlf  to  prec 


fore 


davoreal- 


t'di'  e.ich  other  at  consider. ible  inter-  !  the  s.ike  ol  ,i  I 


I  w.is  running 
ew  heaver  skins  ; 


rlul 


•<k  tor 


11  such  is  the  lite 


I'hiis,  the  tlooil  it  the  Kid   River  precedes   \  ot  the  trajiper. 


f  the  Arkans.is  bv  a  inoiu 


li'.i:  ol 

al.M',  ri.sin,t(  in  .i  much  nm 


I'he  Arkans.is, 


Thev  Were  on  a  br.uu  h  of  the  Missouri  called 


re  southern  i.Uitude  than   I   letferson's  Fork,  and  li.id  set  tlieir  t 


the  .\lissou 


li,  takes  th 


e  If, Ml  ol 


It  in  Its  anil 


ual 


rajis  at  xw^ 


In. 


ex- 


bout  si.\  miles  up  .1  small  \w\-\  tli.il  emptied  into 


,insl  Its  siiper.ilniiil. lilt  waters  .ire  dis^jori^'ed   i  the  fork.     Marly  in  the  morniii;;  they  ascended  the 
lisiiosfil  ot  lon^;  betore  the  breakinj,'  up  ol  the   ;  river  in  a  canoe,  to  examine  the  traps.   The  banks 


,l!l'l  lllSpoSfl 


U'v  li.irriiTs  ol  the  north  ;  otherwise,  ilid   all   these  |  on  each   side   were   lii^,di  and   ptr]iendicul,ir,  and 
niit;:iiy  stiLMins  rise  simult.iiicously,  and  disch,iri,'e   '  cast  a  shade  over  tlu;  stream.    As  iluv  were  sottlv 


iiii'ir  vt-riKil  llniids  into  the 
th 


Mi 

I'.i'jii  wiiiihl  he  the  roiise(|uen(:e 


ississinni,  ,in    lliun- 


M>l 
that 


P 


(ill 


lie 


would  sub-      leet  upon  the 


they  heard  the  trami^iintj  ot  many 
'olter  immedi.itrly  ^jave  the 


b.mk 


r  .iPil  (le\;istate  .ill  tlie  lower  countrv. 


•il.irin  ot 


null. ins 


and  was  tur  insi.int  retreat. 


I'll 


the  alternoon  ot  the  third  day,  January  17th,   j  I'otls  scoffed   at   him   lor  beiiiL;  Iri^ditened  by  the 
the  hials  touched  at  Ch.irette,  one  of  the  old  vil-  j  tramplin,;,^  ot  ,1  lunl  of   butt.iloes.     Colter  checked 


the  ori),dn.il    I 


rencli  colonists. 


his  tine.isines-i   and 


laddled    h 


d.     Thev  had 


II  re  tlii'V  met  with    U.iniel  lioone,  the  renowned   I  iu)l   jjone   miu  h    turther    when     tn;;hitul    whoops 


nh  1)1  Kentucky,  who   h.id   ke|)t  in  the  ,»d-  I  and  yells  burst  lorth  trom  e.ich  side  i>|   tl 


p.i'rian'!!  ot  Kentucky,  wMo   li 
v.iiicfnf  civili/.ttion,  anil  on  tlu 


horders  ol  the  w  il 


and  severa 


1   hi 


Ind 


laiis  .ippeir. 


.'ither 


(r. 


Still  lc;idmj;  a  luinter's  lite,  thous,;h  now  '  b.mk.     Si;,;ns  were  m.ide  to  the  untoriimate  trap- 


t'lXhty-hlth  yc.ir.      lie  h.id   but   recentlv 


iiers  to  come  01 


1  shore,    Thev  wt'n 


u-l  tr 
n.ul  !) 


iiintinj;   .ind  tra|)pin),'  expediti 


:hl  11 


ply. 


llel 


(lie  thev  CO 


uld 


!i;cd  to  com- 
;ct  out  ot    tlic'.r   canoes,  .a 


early  sixty  be.iver  skms  ;is  tro-   '  sav.ij^e  sei/ed  the  rille  beloiu^iiii;   to  I'lills.      Loiter 


!iis  skill.     The  old  i 


I'l-m 


an :  .11  11 


le    weapiiii    Irom    the 


n.in   w.is  still  erect  in      spraii.14   on   shore,  wrested    tl 
stronjr  ill   limb,  and    unilinchinf,^   in   sjurit,    '  hands  ot   the    Indian,  .and    restore!  it  to  his  com- 


(■  stood  on   the   ri\er  b.mk,  watchi 


th 


lar'.uif  ol  an  expcilition  destined  to  tr.iverse  the 


e  !  p.inion,   who   w.is   still   m   llic   ciinr 


.i:hi 


imme- 


di.ilely   pushei 


into  the  sin  im. 


Tl 


icre   W.IS 


pri'i.i 


riR'SS  to  the  very  shores  ot   tlu;    Pacific,  very  !  sh.irp  tw.iiiL^of  .1  bow,  .md  Tolls 


the 
lilt  that  he 


ilv  fell  a  throb  of  h 


MIL'  him  to 


IS  old  |)ioneer  spirit,  1111-  \  was   wounded 


Colt 


er  urijed 


iim   to  conu;    on 


sliouldei    Ins  r 


;lli 


vi'i.uiro'is  hand 


II 


ourishe 


,ind  join  the  .id- 
sever.il  \f.trs 


shore  and  submit,  as  his  onl\  (  h  imcc  lur  lite  ;  but 


the   other   k 


a!ii-:- this  meeting',  in  a  vi^rorous  did  a^e,  the  .\i 


d  del 


ew   there   w.is  no  pro-.pi 


ut  hlliUfi's  .iiul  b.ickwoods 


ermincd  to  die  y^ww^ 


>v!v 


.111  ii 


and   died,  lull      he  shot  one  ol  the  s,iv.ii;es 


I. 

de.id 


unor.uiil  renown.  Ill  iMiS,  in  his  niiietv- 


■xt   moment   he   fell    h 


in  the  s) 


!   nuTcy, 

his  rille, 

spot.    The 


H'lun  i  vear. 
bi'-  next  iiKirniiiff 


meraiile  .irrows. 


Th 


e   \'cn''eance  n 


(I  with  iniui- 
t   tlu;  savaires 


:ii|)f 


e.irh-,  as  the    partv    were   yet 

ev 


www  turned  upon  Culler, 


II 


at  the  moaih  ol   a  small   sire.im,  th 


1,    I 


wra-  Msiifil  by  .-inother  ot  these  hei 
il"i-!ii-,s,  one   i.ihn  Colter,  who   h.u 


ns  and  (.laike  in  th 


les  ot  the  wil- 
.icciimp.mied 


aiu 


ani;ii.i^(e,  overh 


e  w  ,is  strijiped  naked, 

lit    the     lU.ickt.iot 

e.ird  a  ccnsultalion  ,is  t.iihe  nuide 


i,ivin}(  some    knowled 


dispatchin'T  him,  so  .is   to  di 


eir  memor.ible   ex 


pediti 


amusement  trom 


IS  death 


th 


the   ^re.itest 


lii  h.id  reienily  m.ide  one  of  those  vast  internal  |  tinjj  him  up  as  a  m.irl 
>'|.ajj.,"s  so  cli.iracterislic  of  this  fearless  class  of  I  at    his    expense.      The    (  hiet 
;'i';i,  and  ol  the 
liii'l  their  lonel 


Some   were   ior  set- 


and  h.ivia;'  ,1  in. 11  o 


f   sk 


was    lor 


!iR-  he.i(t.w,iiers'  ol   ihe  M 


minense  regions  over  which  they  I  nobler  sport,      lie   seized   ('(iller   by  the  shoulder, 
y  wanderiiijjs  ;  h.ivinj^  come  trom      and    dem.mdeil    it    he  could  run  f.ist.     The  iintor- 


■-nvill 


canoe. 


niilt-.  he  h.el 
"•■'ill  wilh  the 
I'lriii-uLirs  t 


Tl 


issouri  to  St.  Louis  in  a  \  tunate  ir.i|)per   was   too  well  acipLiintecl  with  bi- 


as  (list, nice  ( 


it   th 


ree   thous.iiul 


di, 


111    customs   not   to  coni| 


in  heiid  the  dritt  of  the 


iplished  in  thirty  days.     Colter  i  ipieslion.      lie  knew  he  was  to   run  tor  his  life,  to 


party. ill  the  morninj;.    He  had  ni.iny  '  furnish 


O  ''IV( 


th 


l:i!li,.n 


•^.  a  resllcss 


em  oncernini;  the    iUackleet  '    Thou;;!!  in  re.iliiy  he  w.is  noted  anions;  his  brother 


)t   hum.in  hunt  to  his  jiersecutors. 

the 


itorv  tribe,  who   h.id  '  hunters  tor  swittness  ot  toot. 


th 


e   c 


nil 


l.'i;;  Ijccii 


II 


hiet 


IS  slrat.iLrem 


|^''"<'Mve.l    111   impLicable   hosiili'ty    to    the    white      th.it   he   w.is   a  very  b.id  ru 

""•'1^  in  iunsf(|iience  ol  one  ot  their  warriors  li.iv-  '  j;.iiiu;d  him  some  vaiita),'e  ^;n)und,      lie  w.is  led  by 
^^\^v<\  by  Captain   Lewis,  while  attempt-  I  the  chief  into  the  jirairie,  about  four  hundred  yards 


'I'k'  lo  steal  h(i 
!iv  I  111- 

(eeii, ; 


s(;  sava'- 


ses.    Through  the  country  inlt;sted  |  from  the  main  bo|ly  of  sa 


I  th 


expedition  would  h.ive  to  |iro 


lid  Colter  was  ur^,reiil  in  reiteratiiu'  tl 


loose  to  sive  hiinse 


cj'ilions  that  oujiht  to   be    ol 


tl!ci;i 


He   1 


■^  the  |)re-  !  U 
)served    respectiii},;  '  w 


t  him  know   that  the  whoh 


md    then   turned 

f  it  he  could.    A  tremendous  yell 

ii.ick  ot  bloodhounds 


:re  olf  in  lull  crv.    Colter  \\v\s ,  r.ither  th.m  ran 


ictivc  cruel 


himself    experienced    their  v 


If  W.IS  astonislu'( 


I  at  \ 


us   own  speei 


1  ;   but  ho  had 


ty,  and   his  story  deserves  particular  {  si.x  miles  ot   prairie   to  tr.iverse  betore  he  should 


H 


m- 


V'M 


M  L 


388 


ASTORIA. 


ril 


X'-' 


w  iti.in 


lie    turiu-. 


riM.li  tlx'  I.ff.TS'in  Fnrl  of  tho  Missoufi  ;  liow 
louM  lie  li<!|ii'  111  liold  out  siu  1)  .1  ilisi;iiu-c  will)  llif 
tiMilul  (iiM.-.  nt  si'MT.il  luiiulifd  ti)  lint'  .ij^amst 
him  '.  'I'lu'  ]il.iiM  t"o  aluiundnl  with  tlii'  pnckU 
pc.ir,  which  wDiiiiik'il  his  naked  lict.  Sidl  l\f 
tied  nil,  tlivadini;  each  nionu'nt  t>>  hear  the  twani; 
ot  a  luiw,  and  In  Ici'l  an  arrow  (iiiivcrin^;  at  his 
licart.  Ill-  did  not  cvfii  dare  to  Inok  round,  lest 
he  shouhl  lo'-i'  an  in.  h  ot  tlial  distain  i-  on  whicli 
liis  lite  di'iKiKKd.  lie  liad  ran  nearly  half  way 
across  the  plain  when  the  sound  ot  luirsuit  };rew 
somewhat  lainter,  .md  lie  ventured  to  turn  hw 
head.  The  in.iiii  body  ot  his  inir^uers  were  a 
C  insuierable  <listanee  behind  ;  sever.d  o'  ti,e 
iastest  runners  were  sealtered  in  the  advaiuc  ; 
while  a  switt-lonted  warrior,  ,irmed  with  i  sjicir, 
was  not  more  than  a  hundred  y.irds  behind  him. 

Inspired   with    new    hope,  C'olter   redoub'' d    ,  'S 
e\enion>,  but   strained    himsell        siudi 
t',      the  blood  ;^u>hed  tro'i    his  i,.    n'!i 
;'.:!i.  strea.aed  down  111     o'e.ist.    Ii.    ...i   ■ 
a   mile    ot   the    river.       'I'he    s"ir    ■ 
g.ithered  upon  him.      A  i^laiici     'che    :    . 
lursuer    within    twenty   yards,   and    p 
auneh    Iv.s    sjie.ir.       Stoppai','   short, 
round  and    >pre.id  out  his  .irms.       The  sa\ai;e,  | 
contounded   hv  this  sudden  .ution.   attempted   to  j 
stop  and    hurl    his    sjicir,    but    tell    in     iIk-    \ery  \ 
.■ut.      His    sj-ear   stuck    in    the   j^nuiiid,   and    the   j 
shilt    broke    111     his    hand.     Colter    iilucked    up 
the    pointed     p.irt,    iiir.iicil    tlu'    s  iv.i>;e    to     the 
earth,   and   continued    his    llii^lit.     The   liidi.in-., 
as     thev    arrived      at      their    slauj^htered     com-   ; 
I'.iiiion,  stop|,rd  to  howl  over  him.     Colter  made  , 
t!ie   most   ol    this  precious  del,i\,  ^.liiieil  the  skirt  \ 
oi    cotton-wood     bordering     the     ri\er,    d.islied   | 
throu;;h   it,    and    plun,i;ed    into   the   stre.im.       He  ; 
sw.im  to  ,1  neij^hboriii;,;   isl.ind,  a_i;ainst  the  iijiper 
end  ol  which  the  driliwood    had  lodged  in  such 
([U, unities  as  to  torm  a  natural   rati  ;  under  this  , 
he  di\'eil,  ,111(1    >>\\,im    below   w.iter   until    he  suc- 
ceeded in  tjettinj;  .i  bre.uhinj;  |)lace  between   the 
tio.itinjj    trunks    ot    trees,    whose    branches    and 
bushes  formed  a  covert    sever.d    leet    above    the 
level  of  the  w.iier.    llir  h.id  scarcely  drawn  breath 
atter  all  hi^  i  ui->,  when  he  heard  his  pursui'r->  on 
the  river  bank,  w  h.io|)ing  .md  yi-Uinj;  liki' so  ni.iiiy 
tleluU,     .Tiiey  plun;;ed   in  the  river,  and  swam   to 
the  rail.      The  lie.irt  of  Colter  almost  died  within 
him   as   he   s.iw   them,  through   the  ( liinks  ot    his 
conce.dnient,  p.issim^  .md  rep.issing,  and  seekin;;   . 
for  him  in  all  directions.     Tiiey  at  ien^jth  jf.ive  up 
the  search,  .•uid  he  bcLj.in  to  rejoice  in  hii  escape, 
when  the  idea  presented  itstdt  that  they  mi),^ht  set 
the  raft  on  tire.    Here  w.is  a  newsoun  e  ol  horrible 
ajiprehension,  in   wliicii   he  rem, lined   until    ni^ht- 
l.dl.       l-'ortlin.ltelv,  the    idea   did    not   sil;.^;;est   llselt 
to  the   IiuImiIs.       .\s  soon    .is    it    W.n   d.llk,   lilldill;^ 
bv  th.e   sileiii  e   .irouiid    th.it   his  pursuers  h.id  de 
ji.irted,  (.-"olter  dived  ,i,i,^ain  and   cime   up   lieyond 
the  rait.       He  then  swam  sileiith' down  the  river 
for  a  consider.ible  dist.iiK  e,  when   he  l.inded.  and 
kept  on  all  ni^jht,  to  j^^et  .isfar  off  ,is  possilile  Iroin 
this  d,in;,'erous  nei;,jhborlujod. 

ISy  d.iybre.ik  he  h.id  L,'ained  sulUcieiit  dist.ince  to 
ielie\e  liiiii  Irom  the  terrors  ot  his  sav.i.t^e  toes  ; 
but  now  IK- A-  sources  ot  iiwpiietude  preieiiled 
themselve-i.  He  w.is  naked  and  alone,  in  the 
midst  of  an  unbounded  wilderness  ;  his  only 
chance  was  to  reacli  ,i  tradin;r  post  of  the  Mis- 
souri Company,  siiu.ilerl  on  a  branch  ot  the  Yellow- 
stone River.  I'.veii  should  h(;  elude  his  pursuers, 
days  must  i  l.ipse  belore  he  could  re.ieh  this  post, 
(liiriiii;  which  he  must  tr.iverse  immense  jir.iiries 
dejtitute  ot  shade,  liis  naked  budy  e.'^p'jsed  to  the 


burning'  lieat  of  the  sun  by  day,  and  the  ilcwsn-,! 
chills  ot  the  night  se.isou  ;  und  hu  ii-...t  1 1,'^  j.,^, 
by  the  thorn'-  ot  the  prickly  pe.ir.  TIhiuliJ 
might  see  g.ime  in  ■ibund.ince  armiiul  lum.  1,,.  •  ' 
no  me, ins  ol  killing  an\  tor  hi-,  siibieii.iiu,.  ,;;, 
must  ilepelid  tor  tood  Upon  the  roots  ut  ;hi  ^  ir-^|' 
111  deli. nice  ot  these  ditliciiltles  he  ini>lir(!  r,,„. 
lut<  ly  forward,  guiding  himsidt  in  hi:,  u:n\,;\ 
(ourse  by  those  signs  .md  indicitniiis  kiiuwn  iniv 
to  Indians  ;ind  b.ickwoodsmeii  ;  .nul  ,iUcrV(.iv;ii'i 
dingers  .md  hardships  enough  to  lire:u  ilinvn.my 
spiriibuith.it  id  .1  western  pionei-r,  ..irivi-vi -^iic 
,it  the  solit.iry  post  in  ipiestion.* 

.Such  is  asam|>le()t  the  rugged  e\pi;i,.Hi,..,v[,j|,], 
l"olter  h.id  to  rel.lte  ut  s.iv.ige  lite,  \it,  with  .V,l 
these  perils  ,in(l  terrors  tiesh  in  his  ro iili-ii-i-n, 
he  could  not  see  the  present  1  nnd  o;i  di.  t  ,  ,  ;,i 
those  regions  uf  d.iiiger  at'd  ad\i  liiuie,  wuhiiut 
teeling  I  veheme  n  impulseto  jom  them.  .\\\r,\. 
ern  tr.ipjier  is  like  a  s.iilor  ,  p.ist  h.i/.inU  uiilv 
siinuil.ite  him  to  turtlier  risks.  Tlie  v.i-.i]ir,iir'H,s 
to  the  one  what  the  oci'.m  is  to  the  iitlier.  .i  |ii(:i:i(;. 
less  lield  td  enterprise  and  exploit.  IIdwcmt  he 
m  i\  li.iM'  sutfered  in  his  l.isl  criiise.  he  is  ;i!',Mo 
■e.idv  to  jiun  .1  new  eNpeditioii  ;  .mil  tlii:  more  M- 
\enturous  its  n.iture,  the  iiioi'e  .itlr.u  iiveiMf.^  ris 
v.igr.mt  spirit. 

Nothing  seems  to  li.ive  kept  Colter  !rnm  i.^n- 
iiiiuing  with  the  party  to  the  shores  ot  ilic  l',u';!',c 
but  the  circiim:it.in(  e  of  his  having  ri .  iiith  mi:- 
ried.  All  the  morning  he  kept  witn  llieiii.  ittl.i;'..- 
ing  in  his  iniml  the  ch.irms  ot  his  hridu  ,i^;iH5: 
tlioie  ut  the  Rucky  .Mount. lins  ;  the  InriiuT.  Km- 
ever  jirevailed,  and  ;ilnr  a  m.irdi  ol  s,  ve;:ii  imi-.i, 
he  took  ;i  reluctant  leave  ut  the  tr,iveiicr>,  .inl 
turned  his  t,ice  liomew.ird. 

Continuing  their  progress  up  t!a'  Missouri  i:'t 
party  enc.impeil,  on  tlie  evening  ol  thL-;i:>ir: 
M.irch,  in  the  neighborhood  ot  .i  little  h-o'iin  r  ■-;• 
l.ige  (d  French  Creoles.  Here  I'leriv  hiinnnin.: 
with  someot  his  old  coinr.ides,  with  wii'iin  l!i.'..i'i 
.1  long  gossip,  .111(1  returned  to  the  i  miji  wiin  r.'.- 
mors  ot  bloods  lends  between  the  » i,,!-,'!-.-,  .iiul  i:.r 
low.ivs.  'II  .\y.iw.tys,  I'olow.itoinie^,  .simix.  -I'-i 
S.iwkees.  lUood  'had  alre.idv  bee'i  shol.  al 
scaljis  been  taken.     A  w.ir  paity,  ti.ne  hii;.'.:.l 

strong,     were    iirowliiig    in    the    iiei-iihur!' : 

others  might  be  met  with  higher  up  ihi  rnr:  .1 
behooved  the  tr.ivellers,  iherelore.  to  he  i.n"':t'.t.r 
gu.ird  ag.iinst  robber\  or  surinise.  tor  .n  Ii:i.m:i 
w.ir  p.iri)  on    the   iii.iri  li    is  pmne  l"  :at'<  ^'I  "-•" 

'■•':-^'''       '  , .  ,         ,, 

In  conseipieiice  (d  this  rejiort,  wlani  w.is  .■"■^'• 
ipieiitlv  contirnied  by  lurther  intelligiMicf.  i  i;i-^ 
kept  Uj)  .It  iiiglii  round  the  encaininiK"'   ■ 


all  slept  on  tlieir  arms.    As  tin  v  wtfrc  >'■' 


V'.  ,  I  s 
the\- 

ill  number,"  and  well  supplied  with  ai'.i|  ':!■>  ■> 
.mmuiiiition,  they  trusted  to  be  aiile  ti  ,i.'.  *'^ 
ni.ir.iudmg  party  a  w.inii  reception.  N';-!.; 
<  urred,  howevei'-.  to  midesl  them  on  t'lcr  ^  ■  i- 
aiid  on  the  8th  ot  Ajiril  they  c.ime  la  si'^r.t '^i  V 
O^.igc.  On  their  .ippro.ich  th.e  tl.ig  v..i^''i- 
on  the  !ort,  .md  ihey  s.iiuted  it  b}  a  "'''"';"5' 
tire.irms.  Within  .i  stu.rl  disl.iiice  oi  die  1  'i'  ■ 
an  ( )s.ige  village,  the  inhabit. mis ''*  '■'•'""' ''' 
women,  and  children,  thronged 
water  side  to  witness  their  laiidmtJ 
first  persons  they  met  on  the  river  l>in-< 
Crooks,  who  h.iil  come  down  in  .i  bo.'t.  w'"' 
men,  tmm  the  winter  encaminneiii  .r>  Ni"'* 
meet  them.  , 

rtiey  remained  .it  I'ort   Osage  a  1  'i",  ^ '' 
d.iys,  (luring   which   they    were  hospil-i  ' ;  ' 

*  JJradburv.     Travels  In  America,  p   '7 


itoMl    ■' 
1 1'!,:-  ''. 


'iiiil  tho  .lows  1- 1 

■•"■■    Tt,„u-: :'. 

■'Hind  hini,  |„. . , 
■''  subiriiaii, ,.  .,' 
'iiiisul  :h,  ,,,.'!' 
'  '"■  lHi>h,d  ,,„|. 
'  'I'  lii>  I  rail,,,, 
tii'its  kiii,wiiii,„ 

iin(l,ilU-|';,-,ii, 

!''■' r.  ..rnviM  sj- 

••\|Hri,.|uv  which 
"'•  .  \^t,  \\i!h  a:i 

I  liw  rcroli.,.,  iw.^, 

il  nil  'li.  ■'  ■  ^  .^1 
'^"I'll'lt',   wiiUt 

II  l!i'm.  A'.M-,;. 
'•|^l  li,i/,inl,.  oniv 
Hu'  v,i-.i|iraint',', 
H'Otlicr,  a  lin!i:i(l. 
'it.  IlinMii-r !:!' 
ii'^i-',  hi;  is  al'Aio 
aiul  iIk!  niua' ,111- 
tr.ii  tni-hii'."!:;s 

''ilUT  imm  iv.il. 
■<-s  lit  ilii-  I'a,-,:', 
1,1,'  n .  iml\  mi;. 
itn  liifiu,  i'lal.ir.;- 
lii-<  lu'iik  a^iiiii; 

tile  liU'llHT.  liju- 

ol  m-\-c:m1  ua'.ts, 

iC  llMVl-iilTs,  .ini 
.!.!■    Ml^SO'.lri   l:>. 

;  ul  \\u:  ;i.ii  I': 

Inilr  Iro'Uiiiv;,. 

ri(   liiu'ioti  i;u: 

il  ■.\ilNlli  hi;  !,.i'l 

I  <n\])  \\\v,)  !'.;• 
K,i;,'r.s  .im!  i:;? 

t<\  sluii,  a'li 
ti.rir  liu;.i.:vJ 

ii!.i;^;ilii>rhii"'' : 

ip  the  nvr :  ;; 

n  lie  iinr.:i  Cu'ir 
ir  .11  Iii!m:i 

i.>  ,ni->  u:  ...;• 


lull  W.b  .■-■,.'-.■ 

,'fnic.  a  L;i,.ir; 

MHi|Minnt,  ."i 

'.  \.cri-  iiv.!''.:! 

,.  1,  J.  u-  .,;,v 

\..t!;;i-  - 

1  Tii'ir  \...i'.;e, 

•^  V.  a-.  '■.i>irl 
1  i!i.M-li  iC"  ■ 
i;  t!-.!- 1  in  v.i- 
.!    a'iiiII.  T,  ", 

.li.^i!  :■  ;ht 
I  ini"  ''■  I  ■■ 

,I!K  U  '-  ^'•■ 
,  ...1.  wi'.'l  ;:li'- 
,11  Xddrwi. '.'J 

1  ,r'  <<i  '-'■"■■' 
t.iM-,  fi-i-'- 


ASTORIA. 


.It  t!ie  fj.i 


rrisnn  hv  I.ienttMinnt  lliowiisiiii 


Iwi!' 


lUs.it;' 


;i  tciiipiT.uy  luiiini.iiu 


'111 


well'  re 


ai»i 


Willi    .1    Ns.i 


r-tiMst  ,it   iIk;  vill.i^jf  ;    tlic 


w.'rrii 


)rs  luivmu  ri.imiifi 


1  (nmi  il  .Mil  I  f-.s|ii 


flor.ij  .It,' 


MlllS 


II  siMlll'' 


nil 


(•  lliW 


i)",,  in  \slii(  Il  tlii'v  h.ul  t.ik 


til 


jtti.Miii.li; 
lallihfir-. 

I'.y  I  hi' ' 
paii'ins  .v« 


Tl 


~f  wore  I 


i.ir.K 


le.l 


III!  pdlcs  alldUt 


tnllowi-il  In  ilif  w.nriors  dti 


kt<l 


iiiiy. 


sn.ikos  hci^.m  tn  vi 


339 


iivrr  from  tlicir 


tiiipui-  ,nul  I  i.iwi  liirlli  jiild  (l.iy,  and  the  iu-ii;lil 


to  have  I )(■(.;!» 
Iiury,  in  the 


t'lUIH 


a  SL1I-- 


out    III 


(iriiaiiifiits,  .nil!   Iiidi'iniily  n.iinlcil 


7;c  \va 


mors,  Mr.  Hunt  and  ids  coin- 


.1^.1111  \wmu'< 


I  til  )i< 


ic  on   ihcir  (fii.ua 


i  II.  i^i.' 


•iil'P     the  nvi 


r,  as  tl"   Siuii.x  IiiIk;  iiumiiI  Id 


I  lav  Ml  u  1    ii"'  -i 


II, 11  k  them. 


h(M)(l  III  tin.'  wilitrlilij,'  hullsi'  irili 
much  iiiiosti:(l  \Mih  iticiii.  Mr.  IJ 
ciiursc  1)1  his  hoiaiiical  rcsiMrcl 
inihiii);  lumibcr  in  a  hall  tuipid  .-.late,  under  ll.it 
sldiu's  updii  tlu'  hanks  wliieh  incrhiing  the  cm. 
toiiinriit,  and  n.irruwly  escaped  heiii;,'  .struck  liy  ;i 
rallh  sn.ikc,  which  started  at  hini  limn  a  dell  in 
llii;  roi  I.,  liuL  Idrliinately  gave  liiia  swirnin;^  hy  ii.s 


ra 


ttl. 

'11 


|)i^'euiis  too  Were  lilliiij,'' 


111 


Wdd.ls  in  v.ist 


ini>{r;itory  lloi  ks 


It  is  aliiid-,t  iiicrcdihle  to  de- 


Ull  ill'' 

I  p.ir'y ' 

jd.li'i" 


h  111  .\,..il  tlii'V  aj;ain  eiiihaiked,  their      scrihe  the  prodi^idus  lliylil.i  df  llie.se  liirds  in  tin: 


:nii;ineiitci|   to  twinty  six,  by  liic  j   western   wildi  riiessi/s. 


,1  Mr.  Cp 

[ha.l  :H't  jirov  ■.■<■! If,' 


iks  and  his  be 


s  crew. 


r 


lev 


[simidi 

|.i|'r 

(i.ru'i-. 


V   .er,  v.lien   there  was 
e  lit  the  Ijoats  ;  it  wa-.  dci  ,i- 


av. 


iiilcrv  troiii  on 

'\  ,1  little  ilomesl'C  disiipline  in  the 
'Tl 


I)orii 


I'he  M|U.iw  ol  the  worthy  mtermeter.  it 

had   lierll  SO  delighted    with    tin;  scalp- 

illier  totivities  ol  the  ( »s.ige   viUagi 


I  IdUds,  ainI  iiK)\e 
ikin 


with 

■■ll 


They  appear  absolutidy  in 
astoniiliiiisr  vtdocity,  their 


wings  in.iking  ;i  whistling  .Miund  as  they  ll)'.  'I'lio 
r.ipid  ex'dlutions  ul  thcM.'  llocks,  wheeling  aiui  sjiiti- 
iiig  siidd(;nly  as  it  with  one  niiiid  and  out;  ini- 
piiUe  ;  the  ll.ishing  (hanger  ol  color  they  |iri;...(  iit, 
as  their  li.ii  ks,  iheir  breasts,  or  llie  under  nan  of 


their  winj. 


all-    tiirnei 


to   tl 


u-   S|)t;cl,itor,  a: 


ftli. I . she  hail  taken  ,1  jitrong  inclin.ition  to   rem.iin  |  gul.irly    ple.ising.       When   they   alight,    il 


1)11 


till  II'. 


g" 


'IM-,  1.1(1  heen  as  .strongly  ojiposed  by  her  !  groiiiul,  tin  y  coveTw 


hoK 


;U  a  ll 


•nl,  will)  ii.Ki  I'onipi 


lied  her  to  emb.irk.   The  i   ti 


.ialllt' 


Hiii.iineu 


s 


ulky 


ever    since, 


\v;itri:t|iu:i  I  lerre. 


■iiiL'  no  other  iniK 


le  »l 


I  ti- 


ll' 


!(■    '.-Ml    SlH 


rit  out  of  her,  and  being,  pt;r- 


ili,i|i>,  J  i.'.ile  iiK|)ired   by  whiskev 


h.id 


1  led  tl 


111.;. a   riiiieilv  t 


t'.ah 


nci^li'im^  'I'll 


Id 


I  the  iiidgei,  .111(1,  before  his 


iiilvrleri 


bel.ib 


her 


tile    bl'. inches     (illell    bic.lk 


Ihu 

il  ii|ioii 

heir 


weight. 


If 


.suddeiilv  .sl.irlled  w 


Idle  h 


midst 


a  toresi,  the  noise  tluv   in 


lie  wiiiir   IS 


\e  llu;  ro.ir  dt 


•  ul    ir 


tl 


le 


uiid  ol  di~.t.iiil  thunder. 
.\  llielit  of  lhi->  kind  Id 


dcusls  devdiirs  e\'i;r\  thiii'.i  th,il 


soi:iii!iv  lh.it  there   is   no    record   ol     her  having      ai  it  |)asse.>  .ihnig.     So  gre.u  \ 
fshiiiu   .iii;.   relr.K  tory  .symptoms   throughdiit    the      the  \iciidty  ol  the  cam|)  th.U  .M 


I  ■•  1',  llighl  of 
e-  '.ir  ;'•>  food 
lie  IHimbeiS  ill 
'.!.''  iii\,  in  the 


ir  n!  the  e.\|iedltlon. 


lurse  ol  a  niorning  s  "xcur.sion, 


lle.irl 


tl 


irec 


HI  .1  uetk  thev  continuc'd    their    vowej-e, 


hundred    will 


I   a 


.iiiiuisi  nil.  ess.int   rams. 


Tl 


;iL(l  Imtf.ihi..^  ilo.ited  p.ist  tliein   ii 

lii.inv    h.id    di'ilti 
-I  liie  upper  (lids  ol   tl 


if      nous,  though  ap|)arently  a  l.iit 


owlmg-piei  e. 
tl\ 


.IVCii    .1    cu- 


nini 


.iceonni  o[ 


ne 


1   \.iNl  luim-  I    kind    ot    diseip 


ol)ser>'e(l     in    these    inilnense 


eil     unoii    the    shore 


r.ift 


S   .lIlll    lll.llUlS. 


Ildck 


s,  so  Ih.il  eacli  ni.iv  li.i\ 


1  1  ll.llK  (•   o 


lood.      ,\s  the  front  r.iiiks  nlu^.t  meet  wi 


I   lucking 


th  I 


le 


all:'. hied  gre.ii   llighls  of  tiirkeydni/.-  j  gre.ite-.l  abund.'ince,  .iiid  the  re.ir  r.inks  imisl  have 


^••lne  were  li.iiu|Ueiiiig  on   the  e.irc.isses,      sc.mly  pickings,  the  instant  a   r.iiik  tin  Is  iImMI  th 


kl"i 


o;:.i;. w  arsii.inii'. 


,ir  all! 


ft 


n  the  skv,  and  others 


ve- 


iled 


oil  llie  irees,  wi 


th  tl 


s;i:.,  ,i;:i!  liii-ir  wiie. 


ir.i'iv  \i-«seii    III   ii.irbor, 


leir  backs   to  tlu; 
stretched  (Uit  to  drv,   like  so 


.1  -..l^i'wer. 


irkev 


-hi!,; 


lU'ciding    their    sails 


.11(1  niiliiir  .iiir.i,  or  vrdUlen  \ii 


v»:iell  uli  th.e  vuii. 


IS  d 


ne    ol    the    most    she 


le 


.111  I  iin]iii-,nig    ot    birds.     Its  lliglu    in    I 
j  lii'niT  rc;;iiiiis  u!  the  ;iir  is  re.illv   sublime,  eMeiid 

iiig  slowly  .1111 


i; .;  Ill  !i!'!iii-n'. 


wings 


;iiiil  w 


lleel 


III  i:iil  Iro,  seemmgh  wilhoul  cxeriiiii 


ilti  rin;r  a  le. litter. 


imdinosl,  It  rises  in   the  air,  lins  over  the  whole 


Hoik, 
iie.xt  ran 


and 


t.iki 


k  ll 


its   i)l,ice  in  the  adv.ince. 


l' 


10 

ows  in  its  course,  ;uul   thus   the  l.ist 


is   coiiliiui.illy   becoming  t"ir?.t,    .in  I  .ill    by    tiiriii 


h.ive  .1  Iront  pi, ice  ,it  the  b.iiKpiel. 


'i'he  r.iiiis  h.iving  ,il  leni'th  su!)hi 


did.  Mr.  I 


lint 


bl 

up  the  .N|i-.M) 


up  the 


eiie 


.impmeiit  .iml  i  ,-.-uiiie.i  In,,  coui.ie 


r 


Ir  p.irlS'  now  Cdllslsteil  o 


if    \slioin    live    VM-re    p.irtner: 


riy  sixty  persons 
llie,     |dhn    Reed 


.1  clerk  ;   fortv  were  C.in.idi. 


r,'..r- 


ipviv- 

I  ir.;'  I- 

folic:: 


.1(1,111, 


but   moving 


hv 


.iiling  on   the   bosom   <> 


t   tlu 


or 
Tl 


ind   there  were   sewr. 


lev  enih.ir 


ked 


four 


ho.it-. 


1  iliip  upon  llie  ocean. 


I 


■t  the 


surping   the  em- 
le  assumes  lor  .i  lime 


si/e,  mounting  .i  sw  i\ 


•1 


\'  i\.'geurs. 


iiinlers. 
t  w  nich  w.is 
d   t 


wo    liow'- 


it/ers. 


All 


were  turnislied 


with  m.i-.ts  and   ^ails 


"lid  'hgiiiiy  ol    that 
•iii-.i.iken  lor  him   bv 


majestic   bird 


.'IIUI 


to  be  usiM 


I'nior.iiit    1  r.iwlers      able  am 


1  wl 

1  stn 


nil  the   wind   w.is   ^uUicieii 


tlv  f, 


ivor- 


■.rtli, 


1--  oiiiv  when 


hed. 


;..cends  Irom 


tht 


iig  to  dverpowi'r  the  i 


rrent  of  the 


i'i\'er. 


Such  w.is  the  c,i.-,e  tor  ihe   lirst  tour  or  live 


i  1  I'oiiiii  e  upon  c.irrion  ih.it   he  betr.iys  his  !  d.iss,    wlu  n     ihey   were   w.illed    sle.ulily    uji    the 


■■".xiii.--,  .iii'l  reveaN  his  c.ii 


-'■  .It  hand   he  is 


tiff 


.1  disgusting  bir( 


!i.i?e  ill 


t,    .UK 


■I  ijtii  lit  April  .Mr.  Hunt  arrived  with  I 


ch,iract(;r.   j   stre.im  b_s'  .i  strong  MUilhe.isler 

I         1  heir   eiic.impments    .it    leg'lit  \'>ere  otteii  pie.i 
j  ant  and  pieturesijue  :  on  some  biMUiituI  ti.ink  \i 


gK:< 


oallisome  oilor. 


i'   the    st.i'ioii    ne.ir  the    .S'odowa     River, 
d   bi-en  (juartered   during 


us  I   iie.itli  spre.iilmg  tree: 


wli; 


1  .itton 


tliem  shel 


V'VT.-!l...  lii.lin  Ijodv  h. 


t  ll.M'I'l.R   XVI. 


•meili;, 
■'■^liriii 


till  r  coiitmuei 


raiiiv  am 


1  ur 


ll  for 


-1  a!ti 


'■  Mr.  Huiit'.s   return   to   .Nodow.i 


\\.is  r.ipidlv  .idvanc 
l"i:!'i':-;-  lorth  with  all  its 


g   and  vegetation 
irly  freshness  and 


ler  and 


tuel 


Tl 


le   tents  were   pilcned,  the  lires 


made  .md   the  nie.ds  ]irep;ired   by  the  viiyageurs, 
and  many  a  storv  w.is  told,  and   joki;  passed,  and 


soiiir  sung,    round   the   evening   tire. 


All, 


ever,  wer(;  asleep  at  .m  e.irly  hour.  Some  under 
tlu;  tents,  ottiers  wr.ipped  in  bl.mkels  betore  tlu: 
ih  tlu;  trees  ;  .md   some  lew  in  the 


lin 


or    hem;, I 


ho. Its  .liul  I, mo, 


t)n   the 

l.inds  wl 


28lh   tlu-v    Dre.ikt.isled   on   one 


licli  lie  .it  the  mouth  ot  llu 


Nel 


if  th 
k.: 


ehr.isk.i  or 


J'lalic  Kiver,  the  largest  tribut.irv  vl  the  .\li:)Souri, 


I   :(( 


'  'H'li 


u.S 


;r  i: 


H!'i 


lir 


I  t 


■ii^ 


'ii 


:M(i 


ASTORIA. 


anil  iihiM 


it  siv  Inindrcil  T)V\\c<.  rilvnc  il<  rutilliicnii' 


with   tin-   Mi^Mssi|i|) 


This 


il   Imt 


^h.illdU- 


iiiij  tli<ir  inlcntifiii  to  .-ihandd;!  iln 
h'Uiih  hiiiiic.     ( tiic  ol  tlicsc  11  III 


slriM 


in  tl< 


\vs  till'  ;m  imnifiisc  (jisi.iiui'   thiiui^Mi   ;i 
\vi(lc  anil  vcrd.mt  valU'S  .siu(1|hmI  mil  ot  IioiiikIIi'ss 
It   (Ir.iws   its  m.iin   Mipjiiics,  by  M-vcial 


]iraiiK 

links  or  hr.iiulu's,   Imtn    llic    Km  kv   Mountain'*. 


Tl 


If  mo 


mil  ot  tliis  incr  is  fstahiishfd  as  the  di- 


\'idinj;  )ioiiU  between  the  u|i|)er  ami  lo\\( 


•r    Mi 


III 


e  plei  eilinj;  .lUllim 


n,  h 


.)|'iiif  I  tl,, 


III 

two  years  on  the  MisMuin  ;  il 


It   St.    I 


>eolluMh,(il,. 


ouis,    in  the   tollowiii^r   \|  I, 


I  mv 
ii's-t.tr 


lome  \ip  tniin  iheiuo  with   Mi.   || 


dei  lared  th.il  he  iiad  enlisted 


II!'.'        II- 


.UK 


.souri  ; 

asi-elit, 


»'iinsiiler( 


th 


e  e.irlier  \o\,ij;ers,  in  tin  ir  toilsomi 


toll 


pose  ol 
to  return 


owinn  his 


jtrotli 


er,  .nil 


men  ly  i.u-  u-  |,j-. 


l.l\  \\\^  heell   en|iiinri|   |, 


per,iii 


■tore   the    iiurodiieiion    ot    sie.iinho.its,   I   mother,   wiiose  anxiety  h.id    hrin  .iwiU 
ed  one  h.dt  (d    their  I. duns  .leeoinplislied   '   the  idea  ot  hii  ^oinj;  on    mk  h    a  wild  .ui  1 


when  lluy  reaehed  this  pl.ue.     The  p.is>,in;;  ol  the   '  e\|ie( 
moiilh  ot  tile  Nehrask.i,  iheretore,  was  e(pii\.deiit   I       Th 
amon:,f  lio.iti 
sailor>,  and 


(lit 


loll. 


iii'>!a:,i 


d    t 


wo   St, Ilk  hunter- 


i.itiiuii  to  the  erossinij  ot  the  line  .iinoni.;      men  w,\s  ,i  serious  , alt. lir  to  the  p.irh 


•i'"i  M'liiii  n:!f. 
i'llavwtr; 


.1 


a   roiit'li  .11 


lehr.ited   With   like  ceremoni, lis      .ippro.irhin;;-  the  region    where   the)  liii^'hl  iviir 
id   w,i^;^ish  ii.itiire,  praetised  tipon      hostilities  linni  the  .Siinix  ;  indeed,  t'lrMi'ti.iin'.jii 


WHole 


the  nninitiated  ;  ;imoii^   whieh   w.is  the  old 

tic.il  i'lke  ot  sha\ini;.     The  river  deities,  howe\ir,   !  sue 


h   ni 


like  tl 
lirilie.  .Ill 


f  th. 


their   i.enlons  journey,  the  miu,.,  ,j 
'     ■■'      '        "   impori.mt,  1  ir  ii'tS;  j.;. 


Se,l,  Were  to 


pro 


piti.ited  by  .1   ,   lianee    w.is    'o    be   ]il.i(  rd    upon   |]i, 


the  intliition  id   these   null!   lioiiors  to  '  Cm. nil. ins  in 


)t  .itt.uk.     .Mr.  I 


.  iM  n  t'-; 
urn  \',.:[::\. 


be 


]i.irrieil  h 


V  ,1  tre.it  to  the  .adepts. 


.At  t 


ored  liy  .■ir^jumeiits,  expostul.iliMns,  ,ind  iiitn.iiir^ 


le  nioiilh  ot  the  Nebr.isk.i  new  si'.^ns  were      to   hh.ike   the   determination  ot  the  luihrchrs 


met  V.  nil  lit  w.ir  parties  whieh  had   re<-ently  been 


ill 


ncsenti'il   to  them  thai  tlie\ 


in    the  \irinu\-, 


Tl 


leru  W.IS 


the  frame  id  a  ski 


si\  .ir.d  seven 


hundred   miles  ;il 


vMrr  Ui\un 


(  anoi  ,  ia   whuh   the  w.irriors  li.ad   tr.ivirseil   tlie      the  Missouri  ;  th.it  they  would 

river.     At  nii,'lu,  also,  the  lurid   retleetion  of  im-      miles  to  ^<t   lu-lore  they  ('(uild  re  u  !i  ihi-h.ili; 


I'M'  llie  iiMUlh,; 
tmii'  lMiii:!rri 


irelise 


tin 


w'   ill  the  skv,  si 


gration  ot   v;Te.u  tr.nts  of  the  pr, 
not  b 


line 


Sn 


ill. 
h  tin 


tioii  ol  ;i  w  hill-  ni.m,  thniULdioui  wliii  li  '.hiA 


leiiiLr  m.ide  bv  hunters  so  l.iie  in  the  se.isim,    '  it  thev  persi 


be  exnoseil  to  ,il 


lilS(d  risks 


Sllji 


km 
-.teil  in  .ab.indonin!'  him 


'A'OU;-; 


•l.riin 


It  was  supposi 


d    t 


ie\'  Were    eaused    liv  some  w  in- 


their  t.iith,  he  would  Hot  furnish  tlu'in  v,i;!i; 
liese  often  t. ike  the  preeau-    '  ^;le  round  ot  .ammunitinn.      .Ml  w.is  in  '  ilii ; 


(h-rmi;'  w.ir  iiarties. 

tion  t  )  Sit  the  pr.iiviis  on  tire  luhiiul  them  to  cnii-  !  obstiii.itely 


■rsisted   in   th 


tm'iii ;  »ii'.'.- 


ce.l 


1    ll 


leir    traees 

,1 


from   their  ciiemie 


This   is  ■  upon    .Mr.  Hunt,    p,iitl\-    iiiiii'.l   bv  iiiiIi,;!„i;ii,it 


chielu-  (liiiii'   when   the  p.irtv  has   been  iiiisiui  e' 


■  I 


tu';,  and    is  on    the   ri'tre.it,   and   apprelieiisive 

]Uirsii!t.       .At 

friends  to  l.id  in   with  them,  ;is  ihev  are  ant  to  be 


p.irtly    li\'   till'  ]iiilii  \'  I'l    deiernn;.;  oduT' !h 
rtinn,  init  his  threat  in  exeeutiou,  m 


stub  time  it   is  not  s.ite  evi  n   tur     to  iind  tluir  w.iv  b.iek  to  tin 


in    sav.i;;e    luinior,    and    dispox 
.spleen  in  eaprieious  outr,ii,'e.     T 


d    tl 


lese  si::ns, 


.1  sini;le 


e  siliJiaicm>  V, 
diet  .  r  ■  li.irui  ' 


>    \ent     their   I   iler. 


th 


ere- 


■\u 


bo.its  now  rontinued   thia 


fe 


band  of  m.iraiiders  on   the  prowl,  e,illed   I  some  eourse  tor  sever.il  davs, 


;e'.i 


11. 1  ta- 


tnr    S;il:;e    de;..;ree    ut    vi;.;ilanee    on  the  p. 
tr.ive;l.-:-s. 


rl  lit    tl 


Alter  II  IssilV';  the  N'ebr.isk.l,  tl 


]i,irt 


ariv 


(V  hal! 


f. 


of  the  ri\i  r. 

ties  caused  ,i  \i^il.iiit  wateh  ti 

W  hen  the  i  ii  \\  s  elii'.illllied 


he  l.aie  sij^iis  ol   iiMimir.:  uMrp/ 


k 


davs  on  t!ie  b.mk  ot  the   ri\er,  .a  litth 


on 


1' 


illion  (.'reek,  to  si 


a  stm-k  ol  o.irs  .and  poU 


ppK'    tllelllsehrs   With    < 
lot    i 


Iroin  the  toueh  wooi 


vi^'ilam  e  supeilluous  ;    loroii  the  \-<<^ 
entb  inst.int  there  \\,i,  .a  wild  ,i:id 
eleven   Sioux    w.trriors,  st.irk   ii.d- 


Ihi. 


whiih  is  not  met  with  higher  up  the  Mis-  |  h.iwks  in  their  h.inds,  riished  ini' 


\Vh 


i.e  the  vowe'etirs  were  thus  iic  laipiei 


were  inst.intlv  surrmmdei 


.    U  ai  !  'l: 


,  V.  :iiT'.' 


ti:e  a.'iur.lllsts  r.imbled  o\er  tile  .adj.aieiit    loiintrv    '    their    le.lder   e.alled    out    III    Ills   !' 


to  eol 
bluff- 
laindi 


t  pi. lilts. 


}•■ 


th 


e  summit  ot  .i  r  mire  ot      trom  ;inv  violeiiee,  and   iceieiidr  I   i  i  'i    ii-r! 


on  the  opposite  side  ol  the  ri\(  r,  about  t\\o  '  paeiiie  in  his  inteiitioi 


It 


titty  leel  hii;h,  they  had  one  of  tl 


thev  Were  a  n.irt  ot  tin 


i.ir'.v 


till' 


\.ist   .and   m.iLjnilu  eiit  priis|)er;s  wl 

uiid 


sometimes 


lintoiil  themsehis  in  these  bo 


ess  re'Mons. 


wIm: 
rivia- 


e.i.liMi'    li.ul   beiai    seen  ,it    III,' 


^!!P.t; 


I'latt. 


e.   .ind  t!ie  retlei  tioii 


low  irn'm  was  th 


e   v.ilii 


V   ol    the    M 


seven  mile 


d 


'*!' 


in  lire, Kith.  < 
en.imelled     \\itl 


111    tlie 

l!nW. 


issdiiri,  ,abiiiit 
tresli  \rrdure 


bi'ell  (lesi Tie;!   in   the  ,iir 


i" 


lev 


pointed    or   defeated    ill    their   t  ir.r. .  ■'' 


S])ersid  with  i  lumjis  and  j.;ro\isnt  noble  trees,  b 
t'.veeii    wdiirh  the  mi''-litv   river   imhi 


intri'-      r.ij^e  .mil  mortiln  .ition   these  el 


'.I  a  v, .in. 


Us   inrbu- 


•nt 


turbid   streiiii. 


he     mil  ri'ir 


ll    th 


(   iiiMlry  pre-,rii 

W  iste     III 

Inlls,  11  it  above  eighty  leet  in  heii^dit,  but  extreimlv 


devoted  the 
desper.lte    art 
w.ir.  ,iiid  in  (Ire, 1(1  n 
h 


ir  clothes  to  tae  meili 

Indi.m  br.e.is 


nted  .a  siie,^rnl,,r  si cue  ;  the  immense    '  case  thry  sometimes 
bmken  \ip   by   innunii-r.ible    <,'rei  n   :  orn.imeiits,  devote  tliei 


•oll- 


thn 


ai  ll 
.  t  ' ; 


I . 


steep. 


mil 


ai  iitely  ])oinlei|   ,it  their  summits. 


id   .att(aiipt  s( 


lilt;  line  o 


f   bluff 


•r   th(  ir 


di 


ime   re( 

s-rai  c. 


k!< 


\\i 


expl'Hl  '.V! 
le    Id    .r.\ 


S    cteiH 


led    U 


mile 


ir  upw,ar( 


ir.dlel  to  the  .M 


I   of  thirty   I   p.artv   ot    v.  hiti 


men    t!i:it    iaa\-  tl 


issouri,  w  ilh  ,1  slia 


Hi 


sireli  hiie'-   aion^r  their   b. 


wav 


cinfT  tirne 
lak 


d  .ab 


had 


ot  the  ri\  er. 


■Ih 


Ike  was  (  n\irrf|  with  .aiiuatic 


|e,a\i-S    II 


pi, 


e  surtai  e  ol 
uus,  on  the  tl 


dentiv 
this 


Sill  ll  w 


IS  the  expKan.ition 


t  v.hii  h  numbers  of  water-sn.ikcs 


fori 


1  b\'  the  LO-ni.al  w.iniilli  of 


spriii'',  waa-e  li.iskmir 


m  the  sunshine 


On  the  2(1  ot  M.ay,  ;it  the  usu.al  h.eir  id  emb.ark- 


th 


e  camj)  w,is 


irown  into  some  co 


iittis 


iwu  of  the  liuntcrs,  iiamtd  Harrington,  express 


y 


on,  the  halt  lireial   inter|ireter,  o 
sioii  into  the  cimp  ;   and    the   p.i 


;iven  ii\ 

this 


per,ate(l   when   .i|)pris((l   ( 


if  th. 


,     Wfli'^ 

■•viia!i..i> 


turns  of  the  prisoiurs 


tli.at  thev  wii'c  :•"■  ■" 


them   on   th.'  simt.      .Mr.  Ilunt,  Iihw.m''. 
his  usual  moder.ation  .and   humanitv 


crto  1 


that  thev  should   be 


one    o 


t    th 


b(jals 


iiuna-ved   .n 
ihrealil'iiiii:;    lla-i"i 


,.|,„i  ,1.1111 
the  I'vi" 


l,'j"tvr, 


Jiijut  'I 


ASTORIA. 


••ui 


'  "''">|HMiii,inw| 

■"llHMiMin  - 

'•   "'"''     I!.-:,,,' 
"'■I'  iy  '-'r  li,. ,!'.'.'. 

nil  |ilT>t|;.  .1,  l' 
■''    '"  ''i   -  \i;! 

a  \mU\  ,iivl  „is!,;. 

"fs  ;in,l  i,|,|„j  ,.,,:^,_ 

l'''IIV.  fMr||;,vv,- 

tlif\  m.irii,  ;.^|„, . 

''•'I,    l'iri.|l;r[,,,|;|.:,. 

I'V,   lill'    M-li;,..,     . 

rt.iiit,  :  .r  i,;t:,. ; 

1    llli'    ■.  il,,r  el  t  . 

Mr.  lltim, !..!•'. 
the  lu^i  hr  .;hri! 

tllry  UlTC  lclW(i  ; 
■l"'\l'  tllL'  Ili.Ulh,; 

•  '■'•r  tour  lni:i:lrt| 

.  Ulli.'ll  •.hr\  MOU;,; 

siiiril.riln!ircl, 
lliill  „l„|  iirtikii'i; 
I  tlu'iii  v.i;li:.>;- 

\S.li  in  '.lill  ;  li'. 
i--'llU!Ml|  ;  u|,.,'_. 

I  I'V  inili;;„,;i.n, 
■;,  (UhiT^  !i.,n;,: . 

II  in,  .ihil  !i!:  ikf; 
n!c;iicnis  \'.i!'mi;;, 
'  r  I  !i.n\'i  ;.( I'nn. 


;       .;..\V 

.. ::!  1-.,.. 

r:.  ■!  ;.;' 

■  iirrr;;! 

Mliiilii; 

•x.tr  n.ir- 

k  'l.t  1., 

..I  !K'i:: 

!•'■  :    I.'.: 

\\ .  ■  "■■ 

W^:'.  .. 

"r  -.   . 

!'  .llT.li 

'.■:;.  ,i!.i 

.■•',     V. 

.  '1  ■• 

' '  '    lU 

ii-rf!|"' 

l..l'.ll-l-. 

',,  .,>< 

1    .    h: 

i'r!'-f.. 

!    I.MU. 

\' '  iii.  ■. 

::ir  >'v 

]•■'.  '.1 ' ' 

■  ■    ■<.-i". 

i'.ti'' 

,,  i  !..'• 

I  'i  •... 

1;  ,  .11: 1 

';  (■■'■■: 

:l  l.  .in 

.  i-lJ 

■'•i:.  :i 

•I 

..  -In 

:\>vA 

■■.s    1.1 

1  ,  'I- 

;  ^[li^!. 

1,1,  ;i 

1,  . 
11 

!,l  t''t'^' 

1  1'' 

;.';  ;'y.' 

■.  1  icr 

■;    I),i'l. 

lill--  i.ii 

!  ii.in.' 

,    •.\i'ii' 

.,  1  r\.l'- 

i:,'i.iri.ii 
ir  :mi-  > 

>'  I'Ui':;- 
;  .  iili..; 

\s(  M-r. 

l-MTICi 

tV.    .111.1 

M-.!<'re:l 

ip-S  tiic 

1 'vcr  in 

iiiii,   !. 

jWO'T, 

,,.i-lh,:l 


^iihciTMin  'liMth,  if  again  r:uin»it  in  any  l.osiil.; 

"'('in  ihe  loll)  III  M.iv  ilir  party  aiiivc.l  at  llir 
,i.,u,,i  ipnjnouiiCL'd  nm.iwliaw)  vill.iK'',  ahout 
,i!,|','  liumlrcd  .md  tlnriy  nulcs  ah.nc  the  tiKUitli 
./tlK  .\lis.>ouri,  an.l  cncampcl  in  ii^  nciKlil'-r- 
hojil  TIk-  villand  wa.s  Mlu.ilcil  un(l(.T  a  lull  on 
ilu'iiiiikot  tlu:  nvcr,  and  coiisislcd  ot  alxmt  ii>;l\ty 
I,,  i,s  Tlifse  ut'i't:  i<t  a  iinular  ami  (•(iiiual 
|!,.'ii  ,iiul  al)OUl  siMfcn  Icet  in  iliamclcr  ;  hcinj; 
p,,ri'  Kills  ol  drcNSi'd  l)nll.do  skills,  sewed  li.- 
.iiul  sticttlii'd  on  iiiii^'  poll'-,,  iiiiliiic(|  i(). 
.ml  cull  DliuT  11)  as  ti)  I  russ  ai  .ilniiit  li.ill  llicir 
ln!"hl.  Hui-  lilt:  M.ikfd  lops  ol  llic  jiDlfs  (InciKi; 
I'irLiiha  maiiMiT  that,  it  tlii'y  wi  lo  (dvitimI  will) 
i,;.i>  like  liii;  lower  fiuN,  tliu  tent  wmilil  Ik- 
;,i|icil  like  an  lunirniass,  .iiid  present  the  appcar- 
,,i,.,.,if  one  emu:  inverted  dh  tin:  apex  tit  aiiuilirr. 
Tlir  loniis  (it  Indian  lt>d),'es  .irc  wDriliy  ot  atieii- 
tiuii,  t  11  li  iril'f  liaviii);-  .1  ditferent  moth;  ot  sliap- 
11,4  .iml  jirran^'inj;  tlieiii,  so  that  it  is  c.isy  to  tell, 
ii'r«riiij,'  a  li)ilj;e  or  an  emampment  at  a  ilis- 
\v.'X'-\  ID  uli  It  tnlx'  the  iiili.ilntaiits  belong'.  'Ilie 
tv'.iTi  ir  ut  llie  "iniali.i  Imi^ts  have  olleii  a  ^'.ly 
;mi|  f.iiu  ilul  ,i|i|nMr.ini  e,  heiii^'  iiaiiiteil  witli  iin- 
liuLiiLii;  l);mds  nl  rcil  or  yidlow,  or  (Icioratetj 
Willi  riiik:  lij;iirf>  ol  horsi's,  deer,  ;ilid  luilt.iloes, 
aid  uil'i  liiiiu.in  I, lie.,  p.unteil  like  lull  mumiii^, 
I  111  ar.u  live  leet  broad. 

Ihi'  dni.ilias  were  once  one  of  the  numerous 
,.;i  I  liiuvcrhil  tribes  ot  the  prairies,  vyiii^;  ill  w.ir- 
iiki  iiiij;lu  ;ind  prowess  wilb  the  Sioux,  the  I'aw- 
ni-is,  llie  Saiiks,  the  Koii/.is,  .uiil  the  l.it.ms. 
Tiiir  wars  with  the  .Sioiix,  howexer,  li.id  thinned 
ti'iiir  r.iiiks,  and  the  small  pox  in  1S02  had  swept 
I'll  ;>u)  thirds  ol  their  nunilur.  At  the  time  ot 
Mr  lluiu's  visit  they  still  lio.isled  alioiit  two  liiin- 
liivi  u',uiii)rn  .iiid  luiiiters,  but  tliey  aii'  now  t.ist 
;;i''iii:i^  away,  .iiid  belore  loiij;  will  b/  numbered 
,1.11  .il;  those  extiii.i,'iiished  nations  id  the  west  tli.it 
1  ,  ^'  !nu  111  tradil  11)11. 

11. 'IIS  eorrespiiiideiiee  with  Mr.  .Astur,  timn  this 

;m:vi;  ot  Ins  jniiine)',  .Mr.  Iliinr.   oives  ,1  h.id  ae- 

I'li.iU  :)[  the  liiiii.iii  tribe's  bordering;-  uii  the  rix'cr. 

'ili'.'V  ueie  ill  coiitiiiii.il  w.ir  with  e.ich  other,  ,iiid 

rwirs  were  ol  the  iiuisi  h.ir.isMii; 

.. .;.  nut  merely  td  m.un  1  onlliei-, 

■  "t  in  )ini-iit,  invulv  in^j  the  Liekinj^s,  buriiinv^s 

.  ;:i.is-..i'irs  ol  towns  ;ind  vill.ij^fes,  but  id  indi- 

;'.iii  .ict-i  ot  tre.u  liiT\ ,  murder,  .uul  iDld-blood- 

iJi.riiy;  or  ol  v.uiniin;^  and  l.iolhardy  exploits 

' ''.^Ir  u.uriors,  either  to  .ueiii^e  some  persoii,il 

'^i;;  Hrti.iiii  the  wiinolorious  trophy  ot  a  .se.ilp. 

■  :ii:ieiy  hiinler,  the  w.inderinj^   wayt.irtr,  tlu' 

T    ;,ii:iw  eiiltiiii^r  wood  or  j^Mtherinj;  eoni,  was 

1  ^lif  111  he  surjirised   and   sl.iu^lilereil.      In  this 

■^.1;,  Iriliei  Were  eiijur   swept   away   at  oiu c,  or 

.;r,iilii,illv  thinned   0111,  .uul   sav.i^e'lile  was  siir- 

"'"lilei  v,iil|  const, mt  horrors  am!  .-il.irms,    'I'hat 

;:i-.M.u'.    I  icil  iiu'ii  shoulil  dimmish  trom  _\e,ii  to 

;.i'i.''.  .Mid  1-I  tew  shoulil  survi\e  ot  the  numerous 

"'■•':'-.  «liii  ii  evidently  once  peopled  ih.e  vast  re- 

.,    ii-i  111  ihr    .vest,    IS    nolhiiis;    surprising'  ;     it    is 

n.inr  ni.ittei- 111  siirprisetli.it  so  m.inv  should  sur- 

i;:  liir  the  exisienci'  id  .-i  s,iva>,fc  in  these  parts 

iii>  little  better  than  ,1  prol(in^;ed  .mil  all  lieset- 

•:K  ilcMth.      It    is,  in    but,    a   ciricature  id    the 


( iii\-.ilr\-  111  Its 
iii^ht-err.mtry 


■'■'■'^I'-d  run, 111.  e  nf  leud.il  times 
•  I'.'"'-  .ind  iiiicultund  sl,Ue,  ,md 

■  "■"  v'lld. 

,  '■'  iiHir  more    prosjieroiis  tl.iys,    the    ( »mahas 

■  '-^'^  ii|Hm  ihelilseives  as  the  most  jiowertul  .and 
^''Tiwi  lit  hiim.m  heinjrs,  am!  considered  all  cre- 
■""'  ''hint's  ,is  made  tor  their  ]ieciili,ir  use  and 
""■■"tilt.    It  is  this  tribe  ol  whose  chief,   the  la- 


Kiiit!  ;   coii- 
iiid  evpedi- 


nioiis  Wash-inj^jjuh-sah-h.i,  or  ni,irkl)ir(l,  sui  li 
sav.i^;e  ,ini|  rom.intic  stories  are  told,  lie  h. id 
dieil  about  tell  \e,irs  prexious  to  the  arn\,ili)t 
Mr.  lliini's  ii.irty,  but  his  n.iiiie  was  still  min- 
tioned  \Mlh  awi;  by  Ins  |ieople.  lie  w.isoiieot 
the  lirst  ,imon;4  the  liidi.m  t  liitds  on  the  .Missouri 
to  de.il  with  the  white  traders,  .did  showed  Kr'al 
s,ij{,u:iiy  in  knyiiiK  his  roy,il  ilues.  When  a  trader 
arrued  in  Ins  \ili.ijje,  he  caused  all  Ins  yoods  to 
be  brought  into  Ins  lodt^e  and  opened.  1"  roin 
these  he  selecteil  vxh.itever  suiteil  his  soven  i^;ii 
|ile.;siire  bhiiikets,  tobacco,  \xhiski'y,  ])owili:r, 
b.ill,  beads,  and  red  p.mn  ,iiu|  laid  ilie  artiide.s 
on  one  side,  witlumt  dei^nin);  to  );ive  any  coiii- 
pens,itioii.  I'lun  c.illiii;;  to  him  his  luTald  or 
crier,  he  would  order  him  lo  moiiiu  on  to|)  ot  iliu 
lodj;e  .iiid  summon  .ill  the  tribe  to  briii^r  n,  their 
u.ltnes,  ,iiul  tr.ide  with  the  while  m.tn.  I'lii: 
odj,'e  would  soon  be  crowded  w  ith  Indi.ins  briiiLj- 
iii^;  lie.ir,  be.iver,  otter,  and  other  skins.  .No  one 
u.is  allowed  to  dispute  the  prices  ti.xed  by  the 
white  tr.iiier  upon  his  artitles,  who  look  tare  to 
imlemnily  himself  live  limes  oxer  tor  llie  nood.s 
set  .ipart  by  the  chii  I.  In  this  w.iy  the  llbick- 
liird  enriched  himsell,  .iiid  enriched  the  white 
men,  and  became  exi  eeilm^^ly  |iopul.ir  anion),'  the 
Ir. liters  ol  the  .Missouri.  Ills  people,  howiM'r, 
were  not  eipi.ill)  s.itislied  by  a  re;;ul.ition  ot  Ir.idu 
whicli  worked  so  iiianitesily  a^.tinsl  them,  and 
liej^.iii  to  show  si),'ns  ot  discontent.  I'ponthisa 
cr.ilty  .111(1  imprincipled  tr.ider  revealed  a  sei  ret 
to  the  lll.ukbird,  by  which  lie  niiuhl  ,ic(|uire  un- 
bounded sw.iv  over  his  i;,'norant  and  superstitiou» 
sulijects.  lie  instructed  liiiii  in  the  poisonous 
i|U,iliiies  ot  .irsciiic,  and  tuinislied  him  with  an 
ample  suppK  ot  ih.it  b.iiiclul  tlru^;.  l''rom  tliis 
ti.me  llie  I'.l.o  kbiid  seemed  elldo.xed  with  silper- 
iiitiir.il  powers,  to  possess  the  ;;ill  ot  |iri)phi'i  y, 
.uul  to  hold  the  dis|)os.il  of  lite  and  de.itli  \\iiliiii 
liis  h.iiids.  Woe  to  any  one  who  ijuestioneil  his 
aulhorits'  or  d.ired  to  ilispute  his  comm.inds  ! 
1  he  lll.i<kbirii  prophesied  his  de.iih  within  ,1  cer- 
t.iin  time,  ;md  he  h.ul  the  secret  me, Ills  ot  verity- 
iiiLf  his  pro|)htcv.  Within  the  l.ited  period  the 
with  stranoe  .mil  sudden 
Irom  the  Luc  ot  the  earth, 
[■'.very  one  stoud  ,iL;h.isi  ,it  these  mulliplieil  ex.ini- 
plcsot  his  su|ier!uim.iii  mi;;ht,  and  tire.ided  to  dis- 
|ile.ise  so  omniiioteiit  and  vindii  ti\'e  .1  bi'iii),'  ;  and 
the  Ul.u  kbird  enjoyed  a  wide  .uul  imdi^pul'.'d 
sw.iy. 

It  w.is  not,  howe\er,  by  terror  .iloiie  th.it  he 
ruled  his  people  ;  he  \\,is  ,1  w.iirior  ot  the  tirst  or- 
der, and  liis  I'xploiis  in  arms  were  the  theme  ot 
youii),' and  idil.  His  cireer  had  bei;un  bv  h.ird- 
ships,  h.iviiii,'  been  t.ikeii  prisoner  In  llie  .Siniix, 
in  e.irly  )ouili.  riuier  his  comm.uid  ihe  (  bin- 
lias  (dilained  jrreat  ch.iracler  lor  iiiilit,iry  prow  ess, 
nor  tlid  he  permit  an  insult  or  iniiiiv  to  one  ot  his 
tribe  lo  |Mss  unre\  eii;;id.  'llie  I'.iwiiee  re|)ubli- 
c.ins  h.i.l  mlluied  .1  .!;ross  iiidij^nily  on  a  t.ivorile 
anil  tlisiinL;uished  t  im.ih.i  br.i\e.  The  lU.ickbird 
assembled  his  w.irriors,  led  them  .lo.iinst  llie 
I'.iwilee  town,  att.icked  it  with  irresistible  tiny, 
slaui;htered  a  ),'real  number  of  its  inh.ibiiaius, 
.mil  burnt  it  to  the  ),'rovind.  llew,ii;eil  tierce  .uul 
bloodv  w.ir  a,i,Minst  the  ( )ttoes  lor  many\e,irs, 
uiilil  jieace  was  etfectcd  between  them  <)y  the  me- 
di.itioii  of  the  whites.  Fearless  in  b.ittle.  and  fond 
ol  sij^nali/inj;  himself,  he  d.i//leil  his  followers  b\i 
ilariiin'  .ids.  In  attackino  a  K.in/.i  \ill.i,L;f,  lil 
rode  singly  round  it,  loading;  .uul  discli.irj;ino'  hit 
rille  at  the  iiihaliitaiUs  as  he  );.illopeil  jiast  tliem. 
lie  kept  up  ill  w.ir  the  sanii'  iile.i  ot  mysieriou.'* 
ami  buperii.itural  power.    At  one  time,  when  pur. 


olteiider    W.IS    smitten 
dise.lse,  ,llld    ])erislieil 


fit-  n 


:! 


I'i 


M      t    I 


1 


1W' 


yrj 


s\\\i\^    .\    war   p,irl\ 


ASTOKIA. 

the  ir  tiai  l.s  across  ilip  |  in.il.u 
111 


lo.UllsDMU'   .1 

h  ii'i  till'  >.kill 


ml 


i;;om/iii^'  In  iu  ucu,' 


pr.mif-i,  hr  ri'pt.ilfilly  ilisi  liai^'d  liis  i  ilic-  iiiin  thr  j  ami  \s  liu  h  -ii'i  tlii'  >kill  ami  i  \|iirii  ihimjI  (ii,. 

■     '  llUf,      1 


It  .1  i.i 


)niiw  mailf  li\  tluiricH  ami  l)y  lln'  limiK  ot  lliiir  |  |iiiiirs  and  ni-jiluiiif  iiu'ii  al  deli 

lorsi  >,    assuniin    liis    lulliiwcrs    lliat    ho    wmild  !  svluli-   two   thirds  i)t  ilu"   impuLiiinii  wi'ri-  , 

tlirrcliy  i  ri|i|ih'  tiir  tunilivi-s,  su  that  tiny  wnuld  !  Iruiu   iht   laii.'   i>l  the  larih,  and  ilic  iK„j|ip 

iMMJ)    111'   DM  rl.ikc'ii.      Ill'   ii\   l.ul  iliil    iiMrtaixi'  j  icsl  sii'iiu'd  sralfd.     'I'hi' siuitiMu  ot  tli 

tlniu',  and  di>tr(i)cd  them  almost  tn  a  man  ;  and  ■  wa-.  al  an  »nd  ;  llu'v  luiamo  \siM  aiul  ^ll•^|. 

his  \iitiiry  w.iM  lonsuU  red   miraiuluiii,   linih  by  j  siinu-   iri   liic   to   the   Milage  as  ,\  last  inr 

liifnd   and   Inc.     Ily   tlusi'   and   siimlar  lAploiii.  |  i  iui  kin^;    llic    pi-sid- iiii'  ;  (Hl\cri,   m  ,i  |,,' 


I'  W.irin,:, 


iif  niaili'   himiilt  tlic  piuk'  and  Ihi.i-»i  nt  his  pi 


despair   put   tlu.r   \m\cs  and   *  IhIiIitii  tu 


pli',  and   iifiaint-   pupular  aimmn   tin  in,  notvMlh-  ,  ilial  liny  nii(;hi  hr  spand  llif  a>;cinn'.  ul 


siandiiij;  Ins  dfalh-di'miuminj;  tiat. 


lalili'  disiasi  ,  and  liiat  iht)  ini^iii  .ili  ^u  i, 


III  Iht 


With   all   his  sava^ji'   anil   tfrriln-  (lualiliis,  hi-  :   hiiirr  t  luintiy 
as  siMisihli'  t)(  ihu  piiwiT  ot  ti'inaU'  hraiits,  and  j       W  lu'ii  tin  ^;riuial  hiurorand  iIim 


M.IV  \V,h 


ipalili-  of  liivi*.     A  war  party  nt  thf  I'muas  had  ,  ht'i>;lil,  llu;    I'.larkhird  hiin-.ill    was  sIiikL 


niailf  a   tnr.u  into  the  lands  ot  llu'  iMnahas,  .im 


ilh  il 


It'   niaiad\ 


1' 


If    Jioor  s,u,iv;fs.  whin  !;;. 


arriiil  o 


III. 


It  a  nninlur  ot  women  and  horses.     'I'he  ■  s.iw   their  iliiet   in  il.in>;er,  liiij;tit  ilitir 


nl  w.is  roiiseii   to  tur\ 


took  the  lield   ',   el  Its.  and  suiloliiuled   hlsihmi;  litij.     jj 


in\ii  H 


with  iili  his  lira\es,  .swe.irin^  to  "  e;it  tipihe  I'om  ,1  ^  n.int  s|iirit,  ami  ins  lo\e  toi  tlie  wluif  niiu 
n.ition"     the  Indi.in  tlireat  ot  lAternuii.itinL:  w.ir.      iMiieed  ii\  lii?,  I.iiest  lire.illi,  will 


i>  (1. 


The   I' 


oreh     pressi'i 


I,    took   I  I'tiiiJi'   Ik  hind 


n.lle' 


nis   III. lie   o 


I  s 


liiulture 


I  wiatli  lifili 

It  W.li  tolif, 


(le  liiilw.irk  ol  eartii  ;  Imt  the   lll.u  klnrd   kept      hill  or   promontor),  ii|i\v.ud   ol  tour  liumlnil:  a 


tip  so  ^allm^;  .i  tin 


tli.it 


he  seemeil  III 


'U   I 


o  e\e-      in  lui);ht,  o\ei  looking  a  j;"'''  e\li  m  .,!  tlit;  Mi 


I  uie  ins  tm  n.ue.     In    tluir  estremitv    they   sent  soiiii,  troin   wheiue   he   li.id  linii  .ulUM.  n.i 

tortli   ,1   her. lid,    he.irinj;    the   e.ilimiel   or    pipe  ot  ,  \satv  it  tor  the  li.irks  ot  tin-  wiiile  nitii.     11, f 

pt-aee,  hill  he  w. is  siiot  down  by  order  ot  the  likii  k-  !  siiiirl    w  i  .lies   llie    li.ise   ot   tlie   promniui'i.. 

)ird.     ,\notlier  Inr.ilil   w.is  sent   forth  in  simil.ir  ,  .dier   windiiij;   .iinl   douliliiij;   m   in. my  Iiiim 


iflli.se,  hut  he  sh.ired  .1  like  t.il^ 


rmici  eiiief     m.i/es  in  till-  |il.iiii  lit  low.  retime  tr.  Willi 
hundred   \.iiil<  of   its  sl.ii  tin^-pl.ii 


llieii,  as  a  List  hope,  .'irr.iyt  d   his  lir.iutilul  daiij,'li-  liuiulreil   \.iiil.  ot   its  si.iiini^;  pl.u  ••  ;   s.i  iii, 

ter  in   her   finest  (n'n.iim  nts,    .md   sint  lit  r  toiili  tliirl\  inih  s  n  i\  i^;,itin;;  wilii  s.ul  .nicl  (mi,  ih, 

willi  .1  r.ilunu  t,  lo  sue  tor  pe.ue.     The  eh. inns  ot  .iK''''  Innls  hinisell  t  oiitiiui  illy  iumi  to  ih.s  s 

tlie   Imii.m   ni.iid   toiu  hed   tlie  stern   iii'.irt  ot  the  lar  proiiioiuoiy  .is  it  s|)t  II  hoii 


1! 


aeeeiited 


Ih 


e  jiipe   at   ill  r 


h.iml. 


It 


W.IS   tlie   dsiiiu'   tonim.iiiil 


tiif 


i;: 


sinokeil  It,  .iml  li'om  th.it  time  .i  ptaee  took  pl.iee      that    liis  lomli  .siioiilil   he  ii|ion  tliu  siiinniit - 


bt'tween  the  I'oiu.is  .iml  liie  •  )!ii,ili 


in    wluth 


sliould    be  iiilerifii,  s'mIi. 


■|1 


uilitiil  damsel,   in  all  proli.ibility.   w.is  ,  liis  l.ivorite  hoi^f,  lii.il  lie  iiiiKlU  i  mtIohI^  lii' 


tlu-  t.norite  wife  whose  t.ile  makes  so  tr.ii;ie  .in     ( ieiit  doni.iin,  and   t)ehold  the  h.irks  ul  tli'w: 


iiu'iileiit  in  the  slorv  "f  tiie  Bl.nkliird.     lb  r  vouth 


ami  be.iuty  h.id  j;.tined  .m  .ibsolute  sway  o\er  Ids  i  people 


nun  as  Ihey  i  .uiie   up  tlie  riw  r  to  u. 


rugi^ci 
.'ill  hi 


iri,  so  th.it  In-  ihstini;iiisheil 


lur  ai)o\e 


s  iitner  wives. 


'I'l 


e  h.ilntu.il  ^r.itiin  .ition  ot  ,  eorpse  w.is  p 


Ills  dyinjr  orders  were  l.uihtul 


.istrn 


ollt'Vl 

if  his  \\.ii'si''i'il 


his  \  llidli'll\'e  impulses,  liuwe\'el 

troni  liim  all  m.isterv  over  ins  n.issions 


d  l.ikeii  .iw.i\       mound    r.iised   o\fr   them   on   llie  siiiiiiiiil  ui 


d 


ill. 


(  Ml    lo;i  ot    the  imiuml    w.i-,  i  ;i'i  te. 


dert  il  liim  li.ilile  to  the  most  tiirioiis  tr.iiisports  ot      tnun    wliuh    llutlered   tlie  b.uiiici  i 


Il  tlie  i.li'.f' 


r.i-e. 

110: 


In  one  ot  these 


lorimie  to  otleiid  him,  when  sudihnlv  dr.iwm 


llltul  wile  h.ld  llie      .md  the  si  .il|)s  th.il  he  h.id  l.ikeli  ill  iMtlif. 


his  kiiiti,  he  l.iid  lur  ilead  al  his  feel  will 


1  .1  sini;li 


llie    e\|>cdllioll    under    Mr.   limit  Vlslleil  ili.i; 
e   1  ounii'S',  the   si. lit   still   reiu.iiiu'il  \\: 


Ir 


..1    ih 
tr.mnii'iil- 


tile   li.iniRr 


,iml 


Ih' 


:.U|" 


n   .'in   inst.iiu   his   lieii.'v   w.is   .it  .m  end 


II 


c  I    rite    of    pl.ii 


lood    li'om    lime   lo  ttiA'.' 


.1/1(1  lur  a  time  in  nuiie  hewiidei  imiu  upon  his     mound,  tor  t 


\i''.ilii;    llieii    ilr.iwiiu''    his   luill.ilo   r. 


u-.i'i,  III   s.it  (! 


iWll    1) 

r  1 


ilde  tile  <  oi'i 


ill'   over  Ins      served 
Old  rem.iin- 


llllo  illsUst 


le  Use  of    the    dr.  r.i>t'(l,  W.i^  "l-i 

ly  the  ( im.ih.  ,.   'I'll. It   nil'  ii  i^  siH"'  '■■■ 

tor   the   icilie   itsell   is  ,lilnu.^I  i'\!- 


iiMoiliiiLT  o\rr  Ins  crime  .iiid   Ins  los 


N'et   the   hill  III   ih"  iH.u  kbird  i  oiiiniiH  -  .i'' "'" 


uav 


Cl 


liiistMl,  \el    llie 


■,11't 


eoiiliiuii' 


SI 


lent 


nut 


i|    \'el 


ler.ilion    li   Mil-   w.iiii 


niouonle-, 
sleeiiit  ss. 


It 


i.isiim;    no 
w.is  anort 


•liemi 


lllil     .ipp.ireiiliv 
eil    ill, it    lie  llili'lideil 


l.iiitlm.irk  to  tl 


II'  voy.i^ 


t  r  III 


lerin 

the 


.Mi^ 


the    ti\ili/ed    tr.r.eller   eoiiies    willnil  -i,;; 


to  staiif  liimselt  to  de.itli 

him    111   trembling'  awe,  , mil  enire.iied   Inni  mui 


Ins  peoplf  .ippid.ielit 
I 


^pell-lioiind  eresl,  the  mound  is  poiiilt'i 


more  to  iiii 


m  live 


r  ills  I. 


and   lit;  eomtoiii 


he    remained    unmove  1.     At    leiii^th   one   ut 


lull 


I  mil  • 
lioin  .il.ir.  wliieii  still  im  loses  the '.;r;!li  sh>- 
>t  the  Imli.m  warrior  .md  hi.s  linrsi. 


warriors  lirou^lii  in  ,i  sm.ii 


.lyni^  It  on 


llu-  j;r'uiiid,  jil.i.  id  the  tool  ot  the  Illarkbiril  u 


Its    I, 


ol    ot     till 


Hoon 


ly  savage  w.is 


louel'.rii  by  tills  .ippeal  ;   he  threw  aside  ins  robe 
ni.ide  an  iiaf.ilij^ile  upon  wli.it   he  h.id  done  ;     and   i 


CII.M'IIIR    .Wll. 


Will!  r.   Mr.  llimi 


d 


his  p.irtv  vMii  ■• ' 

^l  ■ 


trom  lliil  lime  lorw.ii  d  seeme 


1  I 


o  ha\f  llirow  11  llie 


loai 


I  ot 


t  .md  remorse  liom  his  mind. 


■nil   rei.iiiifd  Ins    t.ital    .-md    i 


in siiMioiis  se- 


bk 


avert   11  Ir.im 


with  It  his  terntu:  ])ower  ;   but,  tliou>;li 
li'.il   de.ilh  to  his  enemies,  lie  i.oulil  not 


iii^;  .it  the  vill.ij^e  ot  the  ( 'in.ih.is,  llae 
di.ins  (it  the  V.mkton  Aiin.i  triiie  anucl.  i;- 
in;,''  unple.isant  intelli^em  e.  I  liey  n'i  /rii' : 
tilt, nil  b.iiids  III  the  .Sioux   Tetoiis,  wlm  "'I'''' 


a  re^jioii  in. my 


.leiies   tiirtlnr    U| 


M;' 


iimseii  or 


his  tri 


sniali-po\',  tli.'ii  dreadful  jiesi 


In  1.S02  tl 


Were  near  ."it  hand,  .iwaiHii^   tne  .ip 


e      )iarly,  with  tin:  .ivowei 


d  intention  ot  iiii|ii!--.i'.-i 


lU'cr  ilie  land  like  a  lire  i 


re  over  llu: 


Heme  , Willi  II   SNM'pt 
pr.iirie,  m.ule  its 


in   the  villaj,'e  ot  the  Omahas.     'I 


i 


ic  Sioii.x 


'let 


oils    were 


.lies  ot  the   Missouri,  wiii 


:it   ill. It  tinu  ,1  -1 
1   1  1)11  .iilrii'il  til'' 


puij: 


b.iw-  with  dismay  the  ravages  ol  a  |  irciyhted  bark  of  ihe  American 


tic:-  lair 


,111. t. 


tu'iii  lur  sii| 


"t   lilt-   Il'.a.  I,-.;.. 
Ilf  siliniliu  illii.j 

llTlfll,   ^'Mlu.   Ml 
I  lU'lindk  llli.i,. 

iflv.  III  t!i.-u:i- 
I  U.iili-  \w'.ii  ;.■ 


ASTORIA. 


nn 


Th.'V  ii.T 


(tiiniH 


1  iliclr  own  IrafTic  \\\\h  tlu*  Piritlsli  mcr-  '  |iiMt;  .iml  colliTiin^r  peltries,  ;iihI  to  aw.iii  l.n  ;ir 
(ihi-norlliwrM,  who  l)r<iii>;lit   ilicm  rcKU 


slDllIll"'    "' 


I'icr. 


,1  nun  h.milisf  liy  w.iy  <>»  ilir  river 
lIciiiL'  tluis  iiulepeiident   ot  llie    Mis 


rn.il  at  Mune  littti 


•('  pi-rmi 


As  MHiri  .IS  tlie  (Ictarhment  had  had  snllieicnt 
time  I'l  asi-riid   lievoml  ttie  hii>>til''  coiintrs'  of  tlie 


li  irulfi"' 

VMlll 


tor  ihcir  Mi|iplii's,  thi-y  kejil  no  j  Simiv,  Mr.  (rmiks  suddenly  limke  up  his  |ei^;nc(l 
(liciii,  till!  plundtTed  ihcm  whenever  trailin;.,'  esLililislimeiit,  eiiiliarked  his  men  and 
!i  iil'.iii  ''IM""'"""')' •  It  has  Iteeii  insimi.iled  itleets,  ;mi|,  alter  H'^'"!-!  '*"'  astonished  rear- 
it  tlicv  were  proinntiii  t"  these  r)iitrav,'es  In  the  '  j,'iiaril  nt  savages  a  t,Mllinij  .mil  indi;,Ni  leit  nics- 
'i-hmcrih  lilt--,  hIio  ^^i''he(|  to  ki-epnll  .ill  n\  als  '  sii;e  to  take  their  eiiiintrvnien,  piishe(|  dnwii  the 
'111-  Imliaii   trade;    hut   olliers   .ille^e  another  i  ri\er  w  ilh  all  speed,  spariii;.;   neither  oar  imr  pail- 


•ii\i 


;iii(|  cine  savoring;  ot  a  deeper  pniiev. 


■|h 


(lie,  (lav    no 


(ly their  iiilereoiirse  with  the  ISritish  tiaih'rs,    i  nl  the-x-  river  hawks. 


r  nit,^hi,  until  t  iirly  lii_\o 


ml  tl 


swoop 


[>y 
.i((|ilirei 


<\\v   Use    III    lireariiis,    wlinli    h,id   I       What  mere, iseij  the  irritalinn  ol  Messrs,  (Jrnoks 


tluMH   v.'si    siipe 


riorilv    over    other   irilie 


mil    M'I.ell.in   at   this  niortilvini^  chei  k  to  their 


lm;nr  iiji 


the  Misso'iri.     '1  hey   had  made  them-  I  j,Mintiil  eiilerprise,  was  the   intorm.ition  that  a 


ri- 


.51  Kl'H 


.  sii,   ill  a   Miaimrr,    laiiois   lor  the  upper  '  val   trader  was  ;\l   the  bottom  nt  it;  the  Sioux,  if 
supi'lyiiij,'   theni   ,it   second    li.ind,    .ind   at  I  is  s.iid,  h.i\in^;  heen   insti^j.ited  to  this  outrage  hy 


illV  .11 

■  uhil'-  Ml 


Ivained  priies,  with  ^joods  derived  trom   I   Mr,  .Manuel    las.i,  the  le.idin;^   partner  and  .ii;ent 
Mieii       I  tie  Siou\,  tlierelori',  siw  with   i  n(  the  .Mi>siiuri  l-'ur('o'i)p,in\ ,  .ilriMdv  mentioned. 


,1'  mv 


V  the  .Aiiierie.in  lr,i(lers  piisliinv,'  their  w.iy 


Tl 


■il 


IIS  intelll^'enee,  whether  true  iir  lalse,  sii  |ciu-,(.'<i 


upilic  Missouri 


I  ireseein;;  that  the  upper  trilies  1  the    liery    temper   ot    M'I.ell.in,    th.it    he  s\ 


it 


V  mill 


thus  he   relieved   trom   .ill  depeinleni c  on   I  ever  hi-  tell  in  with  l.is.i  in  the  Indian  country,  h 


M  jiir  siiiiphes 


iiav,  w  h.il  w,is  worse,  wouli 


iiild   shniit   him   nil  the  split  ;  .1  mode  cit  redresH 


liirnislKil  with  lirearnis,  .ind  elewileil  into  tnr-   I   perleetly  in  uiiiscm  with  the  eh  iraeter  of  the  man 
I  .iililili-riv.ils.  i  .ind  the  inde  nl  lionnr  picvali'iil    liesmid    tie-  Iron 


\\i' have  nlreadv  alluded  to  a  ( .ise  in  whirh  Mr.    I  Her. 


frouk'*  and   Mr.  .M' I.ellan    had   heeii   interruplei 


It    Crnnks    and    MT. 


id  liccn  exasp"r.ilrd 


,  tni'liiiL'  viiv.iire  hv  these  rultians  of  the  river,      In  the  insolent  eondin  t  ot   t!i'    Sioux  'I'etdiis,  .and 


aii'l 
ciiniiiiiiu'es 


it  IS  ill  some  de^jree  eoiinei  ted  witli  iii-      ilie  losswhieh  it  li.id  oeeasn 


)ned,  those  treehooters 


liter     to     Ir!     rel.iti'd, 


ill 


s;ifiity  il  mure  p.irtn  ii 


irlv. 


id  lieen  no  le->s  inilij;nant   at   hein^r  outwitted  liy 


the    white    men,  an 


I    'li 


s.iiiiiointed  (it   their  antiei- 


,\iiiiiil  two  ve.irs   helore  the   time  ot  whii  h  w( 


ited 


■aliMK 


(re 


d    M  '{.(dl.iii  were  ascend 


j,Mins.  and   it  was  ,ippreliendei 


tl 


lev  wo 


Uld 


III'  p.iltieularly  hostile  .is,',lilist    the  present  e\pedi- 


111^  ihr  rner  111  hoats  with   .i   Jiarty  ot  about  tnrty      tion,  when  tiny  should  leirn  th.it  tie- 


It!   Ml 


leli 


nici!, 


mill  nil  one   ol   their  tr.idin^  expeditions      were  i'n^(a',,'ei|  in  it. 


til  till'  uii'ier  trihes.      In   one  ot   the  beiuU  ot  the 


.Ml    tlicie    causes  of   uneasiness  were  concealed 


;re  the  1  h.imi 


m.ide  .1  deep  curve  under 


as  miich  as  iiossi 


ible  I 


rom  the  ( '.in.idian  voviv'eur,-. 


iprivliiij,'  I). inks,  they  sudden!)    licird  \ells  and   |  lest    tiny   should  become  intimid.ited  ;   it  w.is  i 


m- 


.ini:^  aliiiv 


e  them,  .Uld  heheld  the  i  litts  overhead    I  possible,  howexer,  to  prevent   the  rumors  broiii,dit 


iTnl 


With  .irmeil  sa\aj;es.      It 


iiand  ot  '  i)V  tlie  Indi, ins  trom  le.ikin;^  out, 


and  thev  liec  ime 


.Shiu\  w.irrinrs,    iipw.ird  ot    si\   liindred   slroiii;.    '  subjects    ot    ^ussipin!,'    .'ind    e\a;.^}^'er,itioii 


il.indisheil    their   we.iiions    in     .i    men 


aeiii;;   I  chiet    ot    tla'   ( imahas,    ti 


on    returniii'^ 


■I'lii: 
Inmi    .1 


i-r,  .iMil  (inlend  the  bo, its  to  turn  b.ick  .ind      htintii 


ill  1 1. 


Ul   111 


e  ri\er. 


Tl 


excursion,  reported    th.it   two     men     h.n 


lere  w  .IS  no  ilisput- 


lieen 


|)ower  t')    '   Slotix 


some    (list. nice    .ahove 


b 


ot 


:  ihi'si' ciimniands,  lor  they    had    tl 
rr  destruction  upon  the  white   men,  without      ijaii    ti 


,  l..!l 


leiiisrlves.     (.rooks  .-ind    .MT.e' 


n.ic 


with     tei'ined 


lal   an    mteiMinv   wi 


th  tl 


,111 
al.icrity 
le  Siouv. 


ih 


his   added    to   the  te.irs  th.il  already  be- 
velled.    The    voyaj,'eurs   pietuml    to 


ihelliseUes     bands    ot     tlen 


w.irriors 


si.itiuned 


Ui  l.iih.iile  them,  under  p.ain  ol  extermin.itiii'.; 
■<\:,V..  tmiii  .iUem])lm).(  to  proceed  up  the  ri\cr, 
i:    ItiTi-'l  to  trade  pe.icetulK-  with   them  it  they 


,il(ini,f  e.ich  li.iiik  of  the  river,  by  whom  they  would 
he  exposed  to  be  shot  down  ill  their  bo. Its  ;  or 
liiikiii;^'    hordes,  who   Would    set  on  tliem  at  nii,dit, 


d  111. iss.icre  them  in  their  encaiiii 


iir.i  'lis. 


Sonu 


I  halt  where  they  were.    Th 


e  pari) ,  !iein;4  jirin 


jiisl    lieart,  am 
li''lit  their  w.i\ 


iiroposed    t'l    reiiirn. 


r.itlur  ih.m 
d,  in  .1  111. inner,  run  the  if.iunt- 


I'l  !)■  I 'i!ii])')seil  (it   vov.i;;eiirs.  w.is   too   we.ik  to      let  thrini'.,'!i  the  country  of  tle'sc  pir.itic.il  m.iraui 


r'Mrii.l  with 


so  superior  ,i  lorce 


so  e,is|,v 


In  t.icl,  three  men  deserted  wliiie  .il  ihis  vil 


ij'll-iilfd  ,   dlev  pretended,  ihe.     'ore.   III  comply 
'irtiilly  Willi  till  ir  .irhitr.irv  de     ition,  .mil   im- 


.I',;!-,      l.uckilv 
ithers    who    h 


their  III, ice  W.IS   supplleil 


l)V 


th 


ree 


ippened  to  be  there,  .ind  who  were 
lely  pidceedc'd  I.)  cut  down  trees  ,iiid  erect  ,  prev.uled  on  to  join  the  expedition  by  promises  ot 
iiiir  house.     The  w.irrior  band  denarted  tor   l  lilxr.il  ii.iv,  .ni.l  bv  beiii'-    tilted  out  ami  ecpiipped 


■ir  vill.e'i-,  whirl 


1   W.IS  .about   twcni . miles  (lis-   ;   incomplete  sule. 


lilecl 


•I  I'f  th 


>i''cts  ot   ir.allic  ;   thev  left  six  or 


Tl 


e    irresolution    .and    disconlent  vasihle  .ipvm!.'- 


eir  number,  however,    ti 


I, rep    w.itc 


it  his 


•"  I'le  white  men,  .ind  scouts  were  (oiitmu.dlv 
'iii.i.:  "I  aii'l  tro  with  iiuelli'remc. 


I"'"l 


irisiii',. 


al  tunes  .ilmost  t  i  n 


tin\', 


the 


il    (1 


eserlions    whic 


took 


Mr.  fr.iok 


s  s.iw  ih.at   it  would 


he  impossili 


le  tl 


111-,  vov 


1.1.,'e   without    the  d.mjjer  ot  hav-   i   elies    ot    M 


pl.aee  while  thus  ,amiinj,f  trieiidl)-  tribes,  .a:i  ;  within 

tl\-  to  lie  anxi- 
hii'i   '-.^  'cr   to 


rca 


ch   of  the   trontiers,  .added 


hint, 


.iiiil    naiileri' 


torw.ird    ;ind    leave    a    hostile    ti  .i  t  iiehnid 


ill-  liii;iis  plundered,    .ind    .i    i^re.it  p.irt  ol 

iniassaire.l  ;  he  determined,    however,  not  lo      inm,    so   ih.it    il  would    be  .is  prrilous  t.i  iriurn  .is 


iii'Tviy  triistr.ited  in  the 


Whik 


lie  continued,  thereti 


ijects  ot    his  ex| 


ill 


to  keep  on,  .ind  no  one  wo 


''•■'It  e.irnestiH" 


th 


lid 


re,    with    i;reil 


A 


ccordiiii,'iy 


on    the    I  ^t 


nlil  d.ire  to  ih  -ert. 
h  ot    M  i\ 


.issiilmtv,  the  construe 


trom    the    \ill.i''e  ot    the  (  )malias,  .'ind  set  i. 


rted 
ard 


e   tr.i'liii.„ 


:iiu.-r 


'  ami  tr.iii 


ikr  ih 


|)ei 


mise,    he     dispatched    t 
his    p.irty  in  a  canoe 


u- 


I'lW.ird 


th, 


louiitrv   ot  the   tormid.ible  Sioux  Ti 


to   i  tons. 


■or   the    lirst  hve  davs 


th 


ev 


nr  ami 


t'lr  w.iy  up  the  river  t'l  the  ori'^iiu 


iiialiui. 


there    tc 


y  themselves  in  ir.ip 


a  t, 

|)ro^ress. 
le   wind   then  (.'.line  ahe.id,  and  lie..'  ri\ir  iK^jiii- 


Iresh  b 


.mil    the   lio.its   m.ide 
ih 


i> 


n 


■<j;' 


f.<i 


fi;       :   f| 


jiiii! 


Hi 


li\ 


"' 

341 


niiiK 


ASTORIA. 


to  risi\  and  to  iiirrp.Tio  in  rapidity,  bctoke 


iforimvl  to  tilt'  hardy  niul  nii^i-i'il  h, 


lUHi 


I'd  the  I'oiunu 


lui'iiu'iitut  tlie  annual  tluod,  I  aiisi'd      iiu-n    around    him,  and   ot   couim'  jr;,|,n.j  | 


hv   tiu'   nu'lliiisJ  (it   the  snow  on  till'  Rocky  Moun-      ihnr  i-vr-,.      lir   had    a  strung;  rclihii  I 


tanis 


and  the  \crn al  rams  ol  tac  upper  praincs. 


ul\  tntiiic,  was   iui"i>Js   m  uhsiTv 


As  thcv  wcrr  mr.v  cnUTUlt;-  a  rt'i^ion  whrrc  toes      niannrrs   and   sa\a-i 


hl( 


>ii-  111  .i: 


an  1   ri'aiA 


:hi  lu'  K  int;-  ni  wait     n  citiu'r 


r  hank,  it  was 


liunt 


''I  ',1.1 


niuj  or  nihi  T  (Arm SI. 111.      l.wn  \ 


tcinuiic 


d,    in   h-antiniT  tor  uanir,  to  lonliiu- them-      cxpidilion   w.i>   jikx  rciin;;-   thri>Ui;h  .i  d.i 


>"'v.  th.,;:i,. 


sclvi's  pnncipdly  to  the  islands,  whi^di  soni;lun 


fxttiid  to  1.  insK 


W()(.H|('(I 


IcrahU'  icn,i;th,  and  arc  hcautiluHy      to  ramhic.      llavini;-  ohs 


luiuhlinrhood,  nc  ciudd  nut  cIk 

cr.cd,  I 


'n  ih'!  cvi-iii 


alt<ir>iini;-     .ainindanl     pasturaj;!'     and      the  J jd  ot  May,  that  lla'  ri\cr  .ihcail  pa.ui( 


On   uiii 


it   th''Si'  thcv  killed  three  ludta- 


licnij  which  wunld   t.ikc  up  the  n.'.M^'.uio-i ,,: 

I,  haltmi;-  on  the  c<li;-c  ct  a      Icdlnw  iii'^'  d.iy,  he  deternuncd   tn  inMm  i,vii„., 

lieaiitil'i!  prairie,  made  a  sinnpiu.nis  hunter's   ic-      cc.m^t.incr.      <  in  the   mnrmnL;  ol  tl;r  :j,1,  li , 


es   anil    two   eii\>,  ;.ni 


iM->t.     ■r!)i-\- had  nut  loii''  r(sumcdih(ir 


ats  a 


iiil       Inif.    instead    ot    cml  alkiii'^,    lir    lillril   \;u 


pulldl  .lU'i!^  th'-  ri\cr  liank>,  when   they  (h  .cric  1      imuih   with   p  an '-.cd    (  ihii,  t'lr  pniviMnus,  ,ui  i 


a    (alloc    allproa,■hlnv,^    na\ii;ated    hy     I'ao     men, 


It    1 1 


I  crii-,s  the  net 


k  Mil  t.Mit  .iiid  111  ■•.•t  I'l-h 


w 


ii.nil,  to    their   slir|irise,    llu  v    .iscrrt. lined    to  he      in  the   ailcrniinii   ,it   the  oppusiu   side  nt  ih- ' 

Mr.  Hunt  telt  ui'cas\-  .it  his  vcatuiiii^  '.luii  ,. 


wliite    men.       1 
straPiTe  .md  tc.irlcss 


d    til    lie     V. 


.t    ;h. 


w.indercrs  ot  the  wilderiu" 


and   reminded   liim   th.it  h 


the  ir 


'Idu'ir  n. lines  wer 


A! 


cvandcr  Cirson. 
1. 1st  hunting;-  and  trai 


c  Iicnj.imiii  Jones 
"    d   I 


CliU 


atrv  :   luil    Mr.    llradliurs    in.iilc  li''l:'.  ii  ' 


lev   h.nl   liccn  tor  twn      il.uii^cr,  .u 
hiil;   ne.ir  the  h 


id  st.utcd    oil  d 


leerr,\   U]   ii;  li.>  r. 


the    Missouri,    and   were   t 


e.id  I't       Ills    d.iv    W.IS    jLiSscd    pleasaiUlv    Kl   ir.c. 
iuis    llii.itie,'    till-    ihiiii-      lie.iutitul  tr.n  t,  makiii''-   hot. inn  .d  ,uil  -i 


kic--h(dl  iliiwn  .1  turluilent      res'Mrches,  .an  I   oliserviiii;   the  hahlt^  ■  t  ,!r. 


;.aa(|s  v',  nines  in  a  iiu 

strcim,  llirini;.;li  rei^inns  intcsied  l>y  s.n.i;.;e  tribes, 

vet  .Ipp.il'entK    ,'s  e.isv  .iiul  Uliciill.  erneil  ,i^  it  II, i\- 

i  f;itin'.r  securcK-  in  tin-  midst  (/t  i  i\  ili.-.iti'Hi, 


■.i\  e  \  dhn^c  (it  pi. line  (hi 


■i: 


limn  lit  twM  sue 


h.irdy.  experience' 


,it  u  hu  II  he  '11,1 
■I'd  incttei  tn.d  shuts,  -a  itliuut  iiinsiiiiiin^  ; 
he  run  of  .ittr.icliin,;  the  attciiti'iii  "1  .iiiv  :, 
tii.it    micht    lie   lurkiii'i'  in   tl;('  ici'iiitMirin" 


and    d,lun•Je^.s    Ininters    was    iieciili.ul'v    desir.ih'c      t.ict    he    I,, id    tul.ilU    InriMitteii    the   S,  r.w  ']■ 


at   the   preseni    iiiiciicnt.       1  lie\-  needed   In 


t  liltli 


.nd  ,lil  the  oliler  pi  rils  n\  the  CdUlUry,  'Ai!'.:i,  .{. 


pcrsu.ision. 
tr.mner 


he  waldcrne-,s 


i,    the    hi'nieiit    the       the  middle  (d    the    .llIerriiMUl,  .is  he  sIhim! 


ike     ill 
t  111  th 


ih'r,  h 


little   to      river  I), in 


d  C 


imp 


d   w.is   loiikiii;;"   uui  lnr  tin 


ic    steer- 


;im 


ones 


siiddcnls' 


t(dt  a  li.ilid   I. lid 


on  hi-,  '.ami!  ir 


irsoii  rcadilv  ah.indoncd  their  vns.c'e  t.i  .St.      mur  and  tuiaiic'-  round,  he  l-.ch.el 


■  Ills  .md   turne.l   thci'-   taces  tow.i 


rd  tr.i-   I'xockN 


Moir 


it.iiCs  am 


the   I> 


with   .1    iiinv    lieiit,  ,111'!    the    arrow   jjiiMU-: 
breast.      In    .m    iiist.mt    his   ''un    >v.i>  li\i\'  ■ 


'I'he   two   'i.itiir.ilists,    Mr.    Tir.i.lbiir-,-   .in.!    Mr.      his   h.md    unon    the   h 


Tli.-   Iiiliin 


Null. ill.    '.vh'i    li.ul    joiiieil    tlv,-     expe.liii  in    .11    s;.       bo\\-  still   turlher,  but  torboit'  ti  i  l.iur.i  'i  li 


.ou's  still   accomiMnied  it,  .md    pursued  ineii   re 


M; 


seirciii  >  on  .il 


Mr.  Nutt.'.il  seems  i 


llr.idluirs,  Willi  .idniiraiiic   preseiu 


led  t:i.il  Ihi 


11    hostile  111  l,i-> 


ll.lNC    in  ell  exi  lUsr.-elv  ,|e\  et''d    to   111- 


aiiihc  'lur-      would  h.i\  c  s 


hot  1 


iim  'A  ithont  l: n  riu  !in 


a-..       He  ',\.ls  ,1  /e.ili.u-.  b'H.uilst,  and  ,ll;   his  ell-        ot  d  -tem  e  ;    he  p.illsed,  theletore,  .ill  1  '.lei 


'isM^m    ',\.i- 


is    pr.iiries. 


.ikelled     at     belioldiii'''     ,l     nt 


I'lie    oilier    look    it    ill    sl'll     t   l,' 


ipcnim^''  upon  him  in  t.'ie  bound       ,md  deni.inded  in  tlic  '  •s,ii;( 


I.UlL,'. 


.id    111    the   \('rn.il    and   \.iiii-LMted 


it   unkn.iwai   tl 


owe 


\VI 


111^;    Knite,  lU'    Al 


uiieicr   the    lio.i;,      ;iie    .illii  in.iti\ c,  .md    iiupiired    whil;'r  I" 


.iiidi 


iie.il   times,  or  tor  any  tciiijior.iry  pur-      wt  re  ,i  .Sioux.    To  h 
io->e.  !ie  would  spriii'.^  on  shore,  ;md  set  dUt  on  a      w,i-i   .i    I'one.i,      piv    tl 


IS  urc.il  reliet 


lis   time   I'.^ii  "iiii'i' 


mn!    tor  iiew 


siiei  imeiis. 


.\c'i\-   111. lilt   or  llo.vi 


me  nmiiiii;;^  up,  .md   .ill   three  l,i,  I  Im  ..  I'i 


o:  .1  I'.ire 
.•IS  a  lii'i-'e. 


or  unknown   speci'-^  w,i->  e.iL;eri\'  s(a/e  I       Hr.idbiir\-  .md   seemed   disposed  l  i  . 'tn 


l>ell-h.le. 


leillsel'.es    oiil    !ii 


'Aith  till-  tre.i-,(ires  siirei, 


11111,     he  went    e  lo'iini 


■t  .re   1 


Mitt  sivitii  them  .inioiiLj  tlic  hihs.    in-r 
iltiiiL;    down    oil    .a    s.mddiill.  coi.t:  i\' 


.iIoIIl;'     .lliloli^      a      w  l|;,i  riles  ,     III        them   Willi  .1    poi  ket  Loiup.i 


Wle.  II    li 


.and    stemlilmi. 

s',M  its,  tor;,'-et!iil  ol   e\er\thmL;  but   his  minieli.itc      ot  lliis  \^.is  ••xh.uistcd,  they   .u;  on  si 

)iursmt,  ,ind  ti.id  otieii  to  l)e-,ou'^ht  atterwiien  the      he  now  proilm  ed  ,i  sm.ill   mn  o 


i/i-l 


ho  lis    were 


,ibout    to   re-,ume   their 


.\l 


ii:.  Il  limes  he  '.\ 


mid  b 


t.irotf 


m  tile  |ir,iirii 


wonder  a-.iin    lixed    the   .■illi  lllioa  ■■!  CieNi- 
who  ii.iM-  l.ir  more  i  uriositv  ih.m  ii  li.i>  e  ' ' 


ir  uj)  the  Course  ot  some  jietiy  sire. iia,  l.idi  n  \uih      (  usnun  to  .illow  them.      Whih    th 


.if.'s  1  1  .ill  ki'id  ■ 


ot    them    suddeidv    le  ip 


u^ 


nil     lad 


i  li '<  .111  ii'.ii,  voy.iL;i  urs -.nIio  ar-' .'i  1  Liss  ot  pi  o-      wlmop.      '1  he    h.md    ot    ttie    h.irib    ii  ilic  i 
a- th.d  know  iiothm'f  out  ot  theiriminedi.ite  In; 


.iLj.im  on   his  ''iia,  ,iiii 


.  it'i  eoii-.ntuiion.ii 


.  ItV   111, ike    .1  jest  ot  ,lll\-    '    li.ittU 


lie  was   p 
when    t!ie    liidi.in    pointed 

■e.lled  the  true  (     il-.c  ot  111-- 


l  ,in'4    they   c.amoi    imd'.a'si.ind.    were    cxtreineU-      and  fi 

]iu/.d'-i    by   till-,    p.issioii    tor  1  illecti  !:;•  wh.it  thev  !   m.ist  ot  one  ot  the  bo  c      .ippe.irmu 


consiiji  red  mere  useless  weeds. 


\VI 


nil     t!l'-\    S.IW 


willows    W 


Inch    boidered    the   sticci 


the  woriliy  bot.inist  coming;-  b.nk  In  ,c.  \  l.ideu  w  iili      biir\-  telt  inliiiiielv  rebc^'c'l  b\'  the  si^  :i. 
Ills    si.ecimi 


and   tre,iMirin'''   ttiein   ui 


iiillv 

make    merry   ,imiin;;-   ihi;msi-l, 

re^^ardiiiL;    him    a-,   some   \(,himsii   d   kind  ot  n 

in.i'i. 


ii;  ins  Oil  their  p.irt  no\c  siiowi 


I    miser   \soiil  I    lis   lio.ard.  the\    use-|  lo  ,   hens.,    i,  ami  were  disposed  to  inn  a'A.n  ; 

issuicd  tin  in  ol  j^ood  ire.itnn  nt  .md  soiii''. 
Irink  d  tlu  \  wmild  .iccoinpanv  him  .n  heir 

hill  lie-  i; 


■s    .It    his    exiien  ,e 


.Mr.   ii 


i.its.      riii'v  lin''<red  tor  .1  time 


W.IS    I  e  s  ^    I 


ibit 


xclusivc    ill    hi,»i-,tcs       111  tl  ire  the  boats 


.line  to  l.md 


s,  .ind  I  ombmeij   the   himti  r  .md  sport-i 


(  »n  the  lolli.wiii'.;    nuirmnij  they  appeal' 


lis  riiic  or  his      (  .1111])    a.  1  omi.inii 


ii    till  If 


ncin  -Aith  the  n.itur.dist.      He  took 

io'.vlm^-pieecwiih  him  m  his  geolo'dcd  resean  hes,      With  lliem  c.i'ine  ,ilso  a\\  h:i'.  man,  wlia. 


ii;jii:. 


ASTORIA. 


315 


"«:^.''l  habi:,  ;■.. 

■  '''''i^li  lor  ni,  ,;,.■.' 
'."•'•.His  t,',,  ,  ■:; 

•^■'■11    Mil'.v,   dill  .',■', 

"■"^'.^li  .id'.ir,^.,'    ' 

'^''''^    l<IS    |)|„|r-,- 
""    '''■■    <-Vrl:i:;.-','( 

iliiMiini.ui,. ,,,,',! 


lit    \\\r 


.i''.  I. 


'"■    liili'd  |:i, 

|ll'i>VIM(i||S,  ,11' 1 

;inil  ni/vi  i'l-l,. 
.r  >ii!c  n!  !,';■■  1 
Itllllll^  '..'lUi  .;;, 
'■^    in    ,i:i  ,r., ■  , 
:il,|.lr    liH^.   ,,,  . 

*   ^1"!:  '!•■'  r.:: 
Iv   in  ir.r,.'i;i 

■  ll  .iU'l  ;.,..,.' 
ll.llliN  .  I  .m;  ..,"■ 

I'll  11  he  Mi.ii,-, 
>n-,i(l.Tii!^  l:-, 
ii'H  .i|  .iin^  :,.r.,:, 
)fi;^h!i,ii:ii.n,i 

lllr    S.  I'lv  '1. 
miry,  •.ihc-,,  ,i , 

ill-  >!rl.ii!  Iir.r; 

ut  I'irtli.-:  ,::, 

'•111  111!  ir  ■,  Mi- 
ll .'•  n.iki-.i  M\  li, 

>\.i^  lew  ','■■ '  , 
I:  ill  in  M-i  v 
l.ii.i;. '!  ;;-.•  .- 
I'fM'iii  r  '  !  ;i  : 
lir  111  1,1,  r,;  ■ ; 


II 

1  1,- 

r".  ■ 

1 1- 

•  'l 

■'■::.• 

11- 

lll> 
:•  1 

iii'i 

1  .: 

i.i'i.-r  I', 


'ii-ii  li-  li  ..:■■; 
-.rl.T,!  :,■■;      . 


i:  ,'    V. 


ii;ii-':  ■; 

.r.'.iv  :  'i' 

SMiMflli'l, 

■  ■ 

r;  'k'H-I    : 

:  •' 

.il'r. 

ri'i 

^  ,.-,■!  i. 
'  ;l!iir   '-. 

■r". 

ii  i.iaujii:. 

i,;,,vr  ,1=;  n  mrssiMiK'''-  hearing  nnssivcs  fur  Mr. 
H,,Mi  '  inl.ictlu  buiu-hl  aUMtcrtiom  Mr.  Man- 
,.M  .1  lurtiHT  am!  a-jciil  ot  llir  Missouri  Kur 
r    .niiv      -^-^  ''■'•■'  •'''■'•■"'v  '"''■"  llU-ntidlird,  this 

.vMii'ii'i.Mi  U.I-.  ■-;.'i",i;  II'  '"•■"■'■''  "'  ^^'-  "^■'"■y  •""' 

I"    .,,,].    uh.i  iM<l  I't'i-"  dislodged  trom  llif  torks 

,  ,1,','.  Mhviiin   li>    ill''   lilai  kicct     liidi,iiis.   and 

h   I Mnlin!  Ills  p'l^l  Minu'vslu'ic  beyond  llu'  Rocky 

m'„ui'i'iiiiv  Ml.  I-i^.'  ''•"'  '<■"  ^''  '•""'•'*  ^'"''■^" 
„.',K>  '.itur  Ml.  Hunt,  and  having;  iicard  o(  the 
|,V]'ir  i.-itt-niii'ii-.  "t  '!»■  •'^ii'ii'^.  ''•»''  iiiade  the 
.'r7i;,.,:  rMTluin-^  tn  ovcitakf  him,  th.it  liu-y 
^,,,|,'i  ji.i,^  inrou^li  llii'  d.iiij^i-rou.s  part  of  tiic 
ru.rtil'itlii!'-  !''■  ''■"'  ^'■^'■I'ly  ^l""l  oarsinfii  in 
I  s  „.r.,;M  .  ,iiid  ili'-v  I'lii-d  tlii'ir  oars  so  vi)^orour,ly 
til.,;  Ill'  lii'l  iiM'l"''l  'I"'  'I'li.i'i'i  vill.ij^e  just  four 
,''i,s  .i!l-r  till-  ili'p.ii'lnri-  ot  Mr.  Hunt.  From 
;  11:,  ii;i..;-  Ill'  iiN]Mi.hiiI  til"'  nu'ssi-nj^cr  in  (|Ui's- 
;;,i.  tu>ii!iL(  l'>  i.i-'  .ivi'rt.ikiiij;  llu'  harj^cs  as  liu-y 
t'liK.I  I'i'  .i,i,'.iiii-i  i1h'  siii'.im,  .mil  ui'iv  (K.'l.iycd 
:,,  i;v.' \Mr..li'i,i4"' "t  till'  iivrr.  Ilir  purport  of  his 
I'.'r'r  IV. i>  111  liiirrat  Ml.  lluiil  to  w.iit  until  In- 
,■  ,iM  ':'i'r,f  lip  -'>.lli  'lini,  tli.it  tluy  mi;,'lit  uniic 
;:uir  t  ii\':'.^  iii  I  I"'  ■'  prnli'i'tion  to  ciili  otiu'r  in 
;:,i-ii-  iii'::iiiiw  ^,i;;r--i'  thrnii^h  the  country  ot  ihi: 
>,,ii)v.  In  1.1' t,  .1^  It  v'l.is  altcrward  ascertained, 
i.i'.iw  ii.i[i|ii'i'luii--'ive  til. It  Nlr.  Hunt  woul-.i  do  him 
.vHiiL' i.i  oti;  ■''  witii  the  Siiiu.\  h.inds,  securin;^  his 
o.Mi  p,i-;s.i:;L- through  llieir  country  by  i)retendiii.:,^ 
•.:..ii  liii  '.Mill  whijin  ihcy  were  accustomed  to 
•.:ul('  '.v.is  i.n  Ins  \\.i\  t.i  tliein  with  .i  plentiful 
Mi[ii)iy  ol  ..^'i.ids-  He  le.ued,  loo,  th.it  Crooks  .md 
M'l.tlin  WiiiiM  t.ike  this  opportuiiily  to  retort 
"ihiii  i.ini  the  pertidy  which  they  .iccused  him  of 
':,,ii.;  usr  1.  I  A  I  years  previously,  amonj;  these 
,..-,  .Siiiir..  In  li.i^  respect,  however,  he  did  them 
pi.il  iiijiisiice.  fliere  w.is  no  such  thin;.;  .is 
:  :•;;  .lesi'^'ii  or  ireacher)-  in  their  ihou^dil  ;  but 
'.ri.i'il.iii.  ,,iuii  lie  heard  ih.il  Lis.i  w.is  on  Ium 
.i\  in  tlie  iisir,  renewed  his  open  lhre.it  of 
Vviiii.;-  Iiiin  the   niDiiiciit  lie  met  him  on  liidi.ui 


1-. r-pr;.,!. 111., turns  in.i 


le  hs  Crook-,  .iiid  M  'I.el- 


."  u!  tlie  in- iclr.'rv  tlii'\'  had   e.\))ern  lu  ed,  or  t.m- 

I. 'I'i  l!u'   p. lit  ot    I.N. I,  li.id    ^{re.il    weij;hl  villi 

Ir  Hum,  i^peri.uK  '.\luii   he    recollecteil  the  oh- 

■'..lu'.',  tii.ii  lia  I   been  tlir'iwii  in  hi.  own  w.iy  by 

;i!  ;,'i.p.tlrni.iii  .ll  St.  I.Diiis.      H e  '  1 . )Li bled,  tliere- 

■ia',  til"  l.nr   di  .diii^   of    Lis.i,  and    le.ired   th.it, 

•'.'I'I  ti.')  .hill  the  .Siou.K  country  toi^eiher,  the 

.'t' '■  :nl  ;'it   mi\e   Use  of  his  inlliieniesvitlitli.it 

■..  ■'.  .i-i  :'e  iu'l  111  the  cise  of  Clonks  .im!  M'l.el- 

-i  .Mill  iiii'.i-.iie  thein  I'I  opp'.ise  his  progress  up 

'     in,  r 

ill  s  111  111,  k,  therefore,  .m   answer  cileulated 

".;ii:i(  l.ii.i.  .ii-iuruii.;   hiin   tli.it  he  would  w.iil 

;  i'.:ii  .!i  I'lr  Piiuc.is  vilKim',  which  W.IS  but  ,i  lil- 

■  ■'••■"I'I    ill    idv.iiiie;    but   no   sooner  h. id  the 
'  '•'!. '1 'k'p.iHe.l,  ih.m  he  inisheil  liirw.ird  with 

'  lifl' n.  ■,'    iMrely   stopping;    .it    the    vili.ij^e    lo 
"••■>n-  I  s  ii.ply  ol  drii-'l  bull, ill)  nie.il,  and  liast- 

■  <  '"'  ie.i\e  the  other  l>.irty  .is  i.ir  behiiul  .is 
"''>nie,  tiiiiikiiij;  there  w.is  less  to  be  .ipiireliend- 
.  '  'i'a  the  ')piii   lui.siiliiy   ot    liuli.in    t'les   tli.m 

'  ■•..  'I.f  (iimi  str.iteyj  of  M\  hull. Ill  trader. 


•  il.MTl.R    Will. 

ll  \'.is  .iliniit  noon  when  the  p.irtv  left  the  I'on- 
'  ■■.  v:i,,ijj;(-    .ihoiii    :i    Ici^iie    beyond    which    they 

'^^i''l  til''  iii'iuth  of  the  nuicoiirt,  or  Rapid 
-r.'T  i.alleil,  m  the  original  Vreiich,  /'Juiit  (Jui 

•"'i  \lli'i  h.iviiii;  proceeded  some  di.it.ince 
■'^f'i'i'l',  tli'A   Lil.,le'l,   .iii'l  elicmiped  lol   llu:  ll',^hl. 


In  the  eveninfr  camp  (lie  voyageurs  possiped,  as 
usual,  o\er  tile  events  of  the  day,  and  especi.iUy 
over  intelligence  nicked  up  .inioiii;  the  I'oncas. 
These  Indi.ins  h.ui  coiilirmed  the  previous  leports 
of  the  hostile  intentions  of  the  .Sioii.'<,  .iiul  h.ul  as- 
■sured  iliem  that  live  tribes,  or  bands,  of  that  tierce 
nation  were  aclu.illy  assembled  lii;^lii  r  up  the 
river,  and  waitin.L;  to  cut  them  off.  'Ihis  e\ eninj^' 
jjossii),  and  the  ternlic  stories  ot  Iiuli.m  w.irl.ire 
lo  wnich  It  ;;avi;  rise,  produced  a  .slron;^  elfect 
upon  the  ima^in.'ilions  of  the  irrcMilute,  .iiiil  in 
the  mornin^r  it  w.is  discovered  tli.it  tlie  two  men 
who  had  joined  llu-  part\- at  the  ( )mah.i  \  illa;,re, 
.'Ulil  been  so  bounteously  lilted  out,  h.id  decried 
in  the  course  of  tin:  nii.;ht,  <  .irryinj,'  with  ihein  all 
their  eipiipiiients.  .As  it  was  kiiown  that  one  of 
lluin  could  not  swim,  it  w.is  liojied  th.it  tin  banks 
of  the  ihiicourt  I'iiver  woiiid  briiii.;'  llieiii  t.i  a 
halt.  A  };eni'r,il  pursuit  w.is  therefore  iiiTiiUitcd, 
but  without  success. 

<  )ii  the  tollowiiii;  niornin^''  iM.iy  2fithi.  .is  they 
Were  .ill  on  shore,  bre.ikf.istin;^ mi  oiieo!  the  be.iu- 
tilul  b.inki  of  the  river,  they  obser\  ed  t  .so  c  iiioes 
descemliliL;  .ilulls;  the  opposite  side.  In  llie.il.l 
of  spy-j;l.is-,es  they  asceri.iireil  that  there  wi  le 
Iwo  white  men  in  oneot  theianoes,  and  one  in  tlvj 
otlu'r.  .\  ^un  w.is  iliMch.ir^ed,  which  i.illi.ltiie 
attention  ot  the  \ 'iya.L;ers,  who  i'ros..,e.l  o\er. 
l'he\'  proved  I.)  be  three  Kentucky  hunters,  of  the 
true  "  dre,idnoU};hl"  si. imp.  Their  n.ime-,wi're 
lid'A.inl  Robinson,  John  Iloli.u  k,  .ip.d  J.icol)  ]i\/,- 
lur.  Robinson  w.is  a  \etei.iii  li,ickwoi"!-.ai.iii, 
si\ly-si>  \e.irs  of  ai;i'.  1  h-  li.id  liceii  or.j  i.t  the 
lirst  settlers  ot  Kelltiu  kv,  .mil  en^.i;.;ed  in  111. my 
of  the  I  .iiillii  ts  ut  the  Indi.ms  on  "  The  P'loody 
t'liound."  In  one  oi  llie->e  b.ittles  lie  h.ul  been 
sc.ilped,  and  he  still  wore  .1  iMiuikercliiet  hound 
round  Ins  head  lo  proteet  the  p.irl.  'l"lie,r  men 
li.id  p.i->seil  .several  ye.irs  in  the  upjier  wiKlei  ness. 
Thcv  h. Ill  been  in  the  .servii'e  ot  the  .Mis>'''iii  ('oin- 
p.iii)'  under  Mr.  Henry,  and  li.id  irnsst'l  the 
I'vocky  Mount. lins  with  him  in  the  piecediiv.;  ye.ir, 
when  driven  trom  his  post  on  llie  Mi:,s.)Uri  by  the 
hostilities  nt  t!ie  lil.ii  kleet.  .\ller  cio-sjn-  the 
lii'iuiU.iins.  Mr.  Ileiuy  li.nl  eil.ilili>lu''l  himself 
on  one  ot  llu-  he, id  briluhes  ol  the  Coiiiliibi.l 
i-Jiver.  'I'liere  ilie\  hid  ri'iu. lined  wiili  liiiii  tor 
some  moiitlis,  liiimiiii;  .md  trapping,  iiiilil,  li.iv- 
iiij^  s.itislied  lluii  w.indering  inopensities,  lliey 
fell  ilisposed  to  return  to  the  l.imilies  and  cnnilmt- 
able  homes  which  they  h.ul  left  in  K>  iitia  ky. 
They  li.id  cordin^K'  ni.ide  their  w.i\  b.u  k 
.1CIOS-,  the  mount. lins  .md  down  the  ri\'  i^,  and 
Wire  in  full  career  for  Si.  l.ouis,  \i,hi'ii  tliu-,  sud- 
deiilv  intcrrupi  'il.  The  simIu  ,.t  a  p.iwerlul  [larty 
ot  tiMilds,  tr.ijipeis,  hunters,  .iii'l  \''iy.i,i;eurs,  well 
.irnu'l  .md  cijmpped.lurnished  .il  all  points, in  hi.Ljh 
he.ilth  .md  spirits,  .mil  b.uu|uetin<4-  lusiily  mi  ihe 
-rceii  111  ir-m  ot  llu-  river,  'v.is  .i  siiecl.ule  eipi.il- 
Iv  ^timul.iimi;  tii  these  \eler.m  Icick  vMiuilsmen 
with  the  ^I'lriiius  .irr.i\  of  .1  c.imp.uiMiiiu;-  .ii.iiy  to 
.111  old  soldier  ;  but  when  they  le.mied  the  i;r.iiid 
scope  and  eMeiit  .d  the  enterprise  in  h.iiid.  it  w.is 
irresistible  :  homes  .md  huiiilies  .uul  .ill  the 
cli.iinis  of  i;reen  Kentucky  v.inished  ti'im  llu-ir 
thou.i;hts  ;  iliey  c,i-.t  loose  llu-ir  c.moes  to  drift 
dowii  the  stre.im,  and  loyfully  enlii.ted  m  tliu 
b.iii'l  of  .iiheiitiirers.  They  eng.i);e'l  on  smiil.ir 
lerms  with  -,ome  'it  the  other  hunters.  The  com- 
p. my  w.is  lo  tit  them  out,  .md  keep  them  supplied 
Willi  the  rei|ui-.iti'  e'|iiii>ments  and  niunilioiis,  and 
they  were  lo  \  leld  one  li.llt  of  ihe  produce  ';!  'heir 
huiiliiu;  .iii'l  tr.ipi>iiii;. 

The  .idditi'in  of  three  such  st.iunch  ic mils  w.is 
,.\tremely  .ici.ept.ible.it  this  d.mgerous  imrl  ot  the 


(.  iS 


\    '" 


li  ! 


31(1 


ASTORIA. 


river.     The  knnwli'd^o  of  tlio  country  wliicli  they  I  provided  in  tlip  licTrt  of  this  v 


had  .Kviiiired,  .ilso,  in  their  joiirnf\s  and  iuintin). 


i^t  r, 


»'X('ursions  .ilonir 


the  ri 


vers  and  aniont; 


the  K 


anil  whieh,  in  eonneciKm 
d 


■iiiiwi;  i.Tj-, 


MicUv   I  ot    cu.u    (in    the    same    imr 


Mountains,  was  all  iniport.ant  ;   in   f.ut,  tiie   inlor-      tlie  i'lenu'i\t': 


'.vith  Ihr  ill,;,,, 


mation  <len\eil 


alter  his 


future 


to  proeceil  In  tlie  route  t.iken  bv  I. 


till  in   induced    Mr.  1  hint  U 
111-  had  hitherto  intendei 
•v.is  and  flarisi 


I'M- 


in  tlieir  taiiious  exiilnniij;  expeditimi,  asccni 
the  Missouri  to  its  forks,  and  thence  K"'"K 
land,  across  tin.'  nuuintains.     Tiiese  tiieii  int(Uine(l 


niiL;ht\'  West 


ol  tlie  tutuiT  \\i  allh,ii-.l 


'I'lu-  sii;iit  of  these  m 


iiieral  tiiMMin 


cited   the   curiosity   ot   Mr.  lliMilhurv 
tant.ili.'in^;-   to  him   to  he  .  lu-ek.d  ii,'i,i 
researches,  ,ind    ol)lii;ed    in    | 
1.1 


him,  li(i\ve\er,  that  on  t.ikin^  th.it 


course  In 


wi'uld   !   f.iied  i<iu 


u-e-. 
es    nil    sliure  ;    liut    llu'\    w  i  l  r    n, 


ntiy  (it  llic  .Siiuu  'I'el. 


:i\e  In  pass  throuirh  the  countr\    mlestcl  \^\■  tl 


tribe   ol    the    lUackfeet, 


(lan^feldUs  In  w  ,ili(ler 


.111(1    would   lie  e\ 


'Ihi 


.lOnllt    111 


W    1-Illrr,i,.^ 

ill  ulai!;  ■[, 


counti)-    evlei 


■r    Sni; 


])ose(l    to    ih;  ir   hostilities  ;    they  heiiiL;.  .!'<  h.is  al-      aloiij;' the  river,  .ind  (  misi-a-.  nl 
re.ii'.v   heel)   nl)ser\(Ml,  ex.isper.ited    to  dcaillv  .mi-  ;  and  there  diversified  liv  swellin 


V.I--,  pi, ,1V; 


losity  .iLjainsi  the  whites,  on  .iccniini  ,if  the  death  :   li\-  r.i\  iiies,  the  ch.iniiels  of  turlr.i! 


•X    ii<;v;,I, 


ot    one    ( 


1    tin  ir    trii 


liv    the    1 


I. 


route  more 


ewis 


li   \'     .l(IVI->( 


laiuis  of    C.ipt.iin  :   r.iiiiy  sea-^niis,  but  almost  ( 


t.)  th( 


iin    rather    tn    pursue    ;i       ii 

...  I      I     . 


e   .sniitluvard,    beinj.;   the  s.ime  b\-   |  sides  of  the  hills,  or  alnii'- t! 


the  he. its  of 
f  th 


summer. 


esIUiiIi   el 
i(  i(   .in.!  ;' 


whicii  ihev  h..(!  returned.    'I'his  wnuld  c,irr\-  them   i   bottoms  n 


if     t! 


over  the  liioual.iins  .ilmut  wliere   the   hcid-w. iters   '   fnrt'^t 


le    ravines,  are 


o!  th.e  ri.itte  and  tlie   V 


ellowstniie    l.ikr   their  risi 


d    td    tl 


lit  (  ir  the  most  p.irt  tin   i 
le    e\e    a    bnlindle^S    \\,,.tc 


.at   a    pl.ice   much  !Unre  e.isy  .and    ])r.ictic.ible  th.in   '   herb, ii;e.  but  w  illmut  tree- 
th.it  wliere  I.(.\\  IS  ,iad  I'Lirke  had  crnssed.    In  pur- 


ili 


suinu  this  c-  .iir? 


\\-><<.  he   wniild    p.i-. 


tf 


till-    lllillle!! 


se    '■(  ••!    a 


irou:;ii  .1 


coiiiili'v    alinuii.liiv^r    with    i;.ime.    wliere    hewmi 

si 


])rei;iiate(l     with    sulphur,    (dp 


.lUller   s.ilt- 


.I'l'e  .1  iielter  i-!i.iiic( 


ot  prncuriiiL;  .i  (nnst.iiit 


1(1 

p-    !    tin;,;-e    tn    tlu 


Its   v.irinu 


s  ( ,ir;:.s  ir.r 


■.tre.iiie>    wliK  h 


]i!y    el    jirnsisinas    th.in    by    the    other  rniKe.  .and   ;   with   the   ci  unibliii;;    n!   tli 
vnu'.d  run  less  risknt  nKilcNiaiinii  from  tlie  ill.u  k-  |  souri,  L;ive   tn   the   w. iters  el   t: 


feet. 


ll     ri\l!-    V; 


Mauild    he    .ulnpt    tin 


s    ,i(l\ive,   It    wnuld 


iietni- for  liim  to  .ib.iiidon  the  ri\-er  at  the  .\rii-.iri 


town,  ,it  which  |-i 


the  cnlorinj;-  m.ittei  wi;h   which  {][•■;  ,c 
I  Her  till..,  \Mst   tr.n  t   the  rnMiie'  hci.!- 


.arrive  in  tin?  course  ol  a  j  nux   'I'etoiis   Imld    their 


.\s  the  Indi.ins  ,it  that  town  iinsM-s-,ed   ,   bv  the  el 


v.ier.inl   s\s 


lorse-.   m    .i 


bund. 


cient   num 


ber  nl   tl' 


nice,  he   mii^dit   iniri  li.ise  .i  siilli-      the  ;iiil 


i.ise  (it  the  hull.iln,  the  •,  i 
elnpe,   .iiid    w.iLjill-     lilllce. 


•Ill  tnr  hi".  i;re.it  jnurne\-  o\er-      other  w.iinlei  111,1;  tribe 


.111(1,  wiach  \V(i!i',  1  c  iinmeiK  (•  at  th.it  pi. 


.\s  tl 


le  hn.its  iii.Kle  their  w.n 


.Alter   relleetj;i._r  ,.,,    tlijs  advice,  .aiul    cniisiiltin;.;;  '   dered    b\-    this   l.iiid  nf    d.iiCMi 


with    h 
niin.ilaci 


assdCi.lte 
tn    tniln.v    t 


Ml 


lllllt 


line  tn  tin-  deter- 


(li.lli  \-n\-.iLrelirs,   w  !l  !-!( 


1( 


lie   rniite  thus   ]ini;;ted  out,  in    '   wnuld  rc-.ird  with  a  distrusllii! 


.1  1  . 


whnh  the  himte'-s  ei 


iL'.e'cil  tn  pilnt  him. 


Th 


w.iste  e\tell(lili''-  on  e 


■h  side.  .\:i. 


,1V    w  either. 


iiu- I   iheir  \(i\.i.;c  w-.th  delii;!;t-    '   silent,  .ind  .ipp.ire:it!y  uiiten.ih-     I 


.inrderill'i;  on  the       iiu 


.N. 


r:\er   wtre    .^'ayly   p.iinted  wi    ;     .iiiimer.ible  llow-   1    feedim;- tiMiKiui'.l 


iw  ,ai  1  then  .1  herd  n| 


vhibit 


iiil:   the  ir.nilev 


oni,,.-,inIl    (.;    cnlnrs    n 


f        li 


,1 


;i  'I'lirkey  (  .irp;  t.       T!ie    be.iiilitlll    isl.nid  ;  .ilsn.    (HI    '    ill; 
which  they  (ic(  as;nii.iily   h.dted,  preseiiied  ih 
pe.ir.iine    nl    an;  ^ded     ^rn\c    and    );.ir,lea. 
trees  wtre  nlteii  cn\ere,l  with  cl.imbernv'  •• 

rf 


.uiKinf 


thell. 


UK^  o!  liull.ilot  s,  like  a  c.ir.iv.i 


ki 


iiiTos-.  the  distant  ])rolile 


a  "II  u--  'i;  11". 
.(  Ill,  ,;.f    i 


e  .ip-       II. Kleins,  hnwe\(-r,  liei.;,in  tna|i[' 

'I'lie   I    in  e\(ry  thicket,  .iiid  In  re;;.ir  I  1 

r.ipe-   i   1)1. lin  as  a  s.iihjr  e\c-.  some  slco 


Le  '.. 


vines   1:1    hlnN-,nm,  which   perfumed    the  .nr.      lie-      se,i,  wlii.li,    ilmu'di   sninnth   ai.  I 


tweiri  the  st.ltel\-  ni.ls-, 
.iwiis  .and  .jl.ides,  >tiid 


es  (if  the  ""roves  \'.  i 


sp;rs|.d    With     rnse-lillshes    in    lull    111. mm.       'I'llese    '    t( 
isl.llids    were    oltell    tlie    resnrt    of    the  bllUa!;),   the    '    d 


.MM'-sy      c  iiic  ..ils  the  lurkiiiL;'    ro(  k   er   lie, 
:th  ih.wfis,  nr   la'er-   ;    'I'he  \  er\'  ii.ime  nl  .1  Smux  b  c.di.e  .1 


rrm , 


!k. 
i.ith 


.llld   the  .■'.ICelnpr 
S     .imnli.r     the     tl' 


I 

the  elP-(  t  ot   t!  e  m.i/v   w.dks  .and   ;il 


vvlvi  h.Kl  ni.nle  mniimer.dile 
and   thickets,  whi(  li   had 


'i    shruhii 


1  \  s  ol  'i.ir 


ks 


rit  s.     Sometimes, 


l)et\M(  n  he'll  b,in|. 


o\    ihi 


tr.imp  (it   buff.i 


where  the  rucr 
(1  bluffs,  the  m.ids, 
oes  l.ir  m.iiiv  ;iL:es 


iloii'^  the  t.ice  (if  the  heights,  loiked  hke  s  )  maliv 


Nnt    .111   el 

'pp>  ir  0:1  tl 
■I 


.■1  wiC 


II    .i:.\ 


w  it.i  cM'l.im.iiiniis  irnai  stern  i 
.^/' 7/ 1.'"    "  I'l'i/.i  Ac  .'    'It  I .'"  .' 
there  .ire  the  Siouv  '1.      W'heie 
ble,  the  ni^lit  (-111  .impnieiit  w  ; 
the  (  elllre  (.1   the  ^a|■e,lm. 


Olltl 


If  iiinrnin;;;  ot  the  ; 


WelMi.ive 
Icil-.k 


liiid 


iwavs. 


j\t     oilier    pl,i( cs    t 


le 


lers    \si  re 
ri'.'"r,  the    Usu.i 


bre.ikt.isiii 


;ist  nl  M  -, 
on  the  r  ., 


1   .ll, 


irm    w  .is  eu. 


laid    h.ire    li\     the   .'il 


Milea    Willi  fM<  .It  \(IMS  lit  irnil  on 


re.isnii,   ,1 ,    tw->     i'lill.lll-.    a(  til 


ibr.tsioii  nt   tl 


pl.K  (•    tl 
sir.ii-lM    hm     f. 


(    ilirse    (I 


f    the    ri\t 


WIS   ne.-ir 


,\t 

I; 


11  th 


in    .1 


r  alinllt    lilteen  miles,      'I'lie  b,i 


'■.ir.llli  (■    nil    a    lilllll    n 

i.le,  .Old  h.ir.lllj^Ued  them  ill  ,i  In.'    ^ 
1 


Slil[.'e  I  ;(ei,o.v   tn  Ms  In,ir!/itl.    Willi. lilt 


ilKs  ,   WIS    imji.issihle    .'U    t'.al     disl.iii  ' 


tnit 


mile- 


'oi-'lered    with   Krass  .and    her! 


I   SlIC'll-   tK 


cvte 


eci''    e.u  h    ll. 


ink. 


WlMt   the\    s,il 
th 


M 


lunl,  .ilti 


l.l^e  nl    ,1  \ivi.i    I    ih.-  ri\  er  with   I'ierre   Dnrinll,  ll 


ir.cr     ,(' 


ir   the    wleiie    lilteen       .(dcunad  bnldly  tn  ( onver- 


breadth,  ..f  ,i  d 
pyfi:,.|slilile    '). 


.1   stripe,    one   liiin.lred    s.ird 


With  t 


s    111      r.si   rein, lined    w.it(  liiii:;.    in    iiini'    "-a- 


ep  riistv   hmwn,  mdn  iiim. 


d   ..( 


■  Ill  111-      pcncmeiits  (ll  till-  ii.irtie 


\v 


Mr  i: 


HUM,     tlirnilL'h     ihe 


licii    Ihe    Missouri    li.e!   wir 


•III. 


tmns   nl    the 

w  ir'l  (iiiser\i(l  hi'rh 


11    Its  w,i\-.      h 
iiiiaiu  UK  (•  (it    this    berl  were  .liter-  1 


I. Hide  I,  .me  nt  the  IikImiis  dis;ipp''  ir 


hill. 


Hit 


irtiv    re,i|i[ie,ir( 


ter-       w.-iil  s,.iiiniii;  off  across   the  Ik 


one  ot    tl 


er  11].  the  rocr.      it  is,  n  l.i,  i,   '   h.dd  snine  (  nnfe 


(••    miner.il    ni.iiM/ines   whi. 


\\  ith   ,he  rem  luciu 


ll   ii.itiire  li.is  1   .111(1  then  recrnssed  the  river  tn  his  p.inv. 


.  ^-\ 


ASTORIA, 


347 


■pu-ic  two  Intli.in";  proved  to  he  spies  or  sroiit- 

(  I  iir^i.  \v;ir  p.iiivene.impeil  aiioiit  a  Icaj^ue  utf, 

and  I'uiinkMint;  t-vo  luiiulr..!  an.l  eiKHuy  Iml-es, 


(rilwiiisix  lumilred   warriors,  ot   tlirec  ilillereiu 
ir'ik-i  ct  Sioux  ;  llic   Nani^t.'HS   Ahna,  the  'l^el. 
iHiivliriik', 


Idii-. 
and  t'f  Titiiiis  Mii\-na-kme-a//n. 
Tlir.  cviH'rUil  (lailv  t  )  be  reiiiloree-l  by  two  ntlicr 
■ri,,.  ,iiul  Ii.kI  I'ee'n  wailin^f  eleven  days  for  llu- 
,ri;\,ilol  Mr.  iluiu's  party,  with  a  deierininatioii 
!',  lii.^.se  their  progress  up  llie  river  ;  biiii-  n-- 
Ijl'i/i  t.i  Iiri'venl  .ill  trade  id  the  white  men  uilli 
[liiir  cncmie- ill''  Ariek.ir.is,  Maiidans,  .iiid  Min.i- 
iiuw-^.  The  Indi.m  who  h.ad  i;.UIi>ped  otf  mi 
imrsclKuk  had  jjcne  'ei  .i^i^''  tftiee  of  ih.-  .ippro.i.  li 
(,| 'M- p.irty,  "'O  th.it  t'ley  niij^dit  now  look  out  tor 
,',;,,•■  iicrre  M'eiies  witii  tho-<e  ])ir.iti(  al  s.iv;i^res,  n\ 
^  I,  ,n  t!K\' h.id  re(e!\i(i   so   ni.in\  lorniid.ible  ae- 

,.  liiiii'^. 

Tic  n.irty  hr.ieed    np    their  spirits    to   tiie  en- 

n'.miir,'   Hid  rl■-enl^arkin^^  imlled    res(diileiy  up 

i ',-vieun.     An  isi.md  tor  some  time  intervened 

intHrciilhi.ni  and  tne  opposite   side  ot  the  river  ; 

^i;t    111  ciiMnn;;   the  Ujiper  end,  they  i  .iiiie  in  lull 

Mtw  •■!  tile  l;o-,tile  shore.      There   w.is  a  ridi;e  id 

L:,,x  (l.i'.Mi  whi'li   the  s;ivaj,'es   were    pouring,'   in 

' '!..t  minenTS.  .■lUiie  on  horsidiai  k.  and  some  on 

;ini..      Ki  loniinileriie^     them      with     tin'     .ud     ot 

;-l.b^(■■^,  diev  peieeived  lh.it   they  were  ,ill  in  w.ir- 

i.ki:  .irrav,  |i.iiiUei.!  and  dei  m.ited  (or  battle.   Their 

V,-  I'l.iMN  wi-n-  hows  .md   .irruws,  and   a  tew  short 

,  i;li,:i(-    aiiil    nio->t   ot    them    li.id    rouiui  shields, 

.'luii^'fihi'r  ti'.ev    h.id   a  wild  and  ).jail.nU  appe.ir- 

,,:kC.  .mil.  t.ikin^    posse-'aon    ol    a    point    wlmh 

i:irni.i!ldtd  till-  iivei',  r.ini;-ed  themsidves  .iloiii;-  the 

i!ii.  .1^  if  ])rep.iied  to  dispute  lludr  p.i-^saj^e. 

.\'.  ^,;;lu  lit  till--,  lormiilable   Iroiu  nl    w.ir,  Mr. 

IJ!;".:  .U'.ii  his  iiiiiipamons  held  i  oiiiisel  toi^ether. 

/  v.:iM  iil.iiii  lli.it  the  rumors  they  had  he. in!  were 

iririt.  :iiid  till'  .'sioi:\  wi  re  deiermined  tn  op])o^e 

:  i.-ir  |inv;;re'-s  hv   lor.  e   of   .iims.      To  .ii'eiupl  to 

llie  lllein   .Hid    1    eUinUe  .dollar  the  il\cr  W.ls  iillt 

!  ;.ii' i|uestii)ii.     '1  he  strength  nf  the  mid-current 

.'.1  I'll  violiiU    to    be   wiliistond,  and    the  bo. a.-. 

\i;it     liilij^e  I   t'l   .iseeiid    ,ilon^    the    river    li.inks. 

1 ''.i>f  iianks  were  etlm   hi'.;h  .md  perpenilieiil.ir. 

ul.ii'liii;,'   tin;    sav.i;.;!--,    frequent     st.ilions.     tinin 

•i-nii.-,  s.ile  lhrm^elves,  and  ;ilnio-,i  uiiseeii,  ilie\' 

':i;iit  sh.iwi-r  diiwii  their  missiles  iipim  the  liii.it-> 

'•''■.  .I'l'l   lir-.u   .it   will,  u  ithoiit   d.in'.;e|- li'iiii 

urii!i',      X.iiiniif^j    .ipp.ireiulv    rem. lined,    tluir- 

i  •.  i"i;  'o  tii;ht   or   turn    li.u  k.      The    Simix  l.ir 

-I'l'.iriherrd  t!i.'m,  it  is  true,  bin  their  nun  paii\- 

!-■  il'iiit  Mv'.y  siniii;,;',  W(dl  armed  and  su|)plied 

.''    iniiiuiiiiiiiiii  ;  and  be.sides  their  ^'uns  and  ri- 

I,  1  I  .1  swivel  .Uh!  two  liowil/ers  llKHinted 

"Ml-      :-)h.iulii    thev   suei-eeil    in  l)re.ikinj; 

i;iiii.in  ;or.  e   by  ime  \'i^roroiis  .iss.iult,  it  \^.is 

'■■'■y    ». mid    be  deterred   from  makiii,;,'^  .in\' 

I    if..e  k'lt  (  oiiseipieiiic.      The  tij,jhtinv;  .liter- 

'  "■  .VIS,  ll'.cielore.  in-.t.intly  adopted,   .ind  tl-.e 

■^  ;>uiir  I    [1    .,hole  lle.irly  o|)|)iisile  to  the  lios 

I  ''.     llnr  the  .irms  were  .ill  ex.iminrd  .ind 

"■'li'i.    I  lie  snivel  .md  howit/ers  were  then 

''     I    '^''h   |i'U\der   ,ind    disehar'^ed.   tn    let    tin- 

■■,'■••  kn.,\   !)y  tlie    re])')I  i    how  formid.iblv  they 

''"'■   P'"^i  I'd.       The    noise    eelioed    aloni;-     the 

"'^  "'  'he   ri\ri,an<l    must   h.ive   startled  the 

m.-rs,  \kh,i   SI  I,,  only  aeeiistomed  to  sh.irp  re 

'f'^  't  nil'-,,       I  lie  s.ime  pieees  were   then  lo.id 

'  >*''■'  .e-   'iLlllv    bullets  .is   thev  Would  jtrnb.ibU 

■f .   dtir  ,vi![,  h  the  uliole  pai-lv  embarked  .md 

■1  .ll^o■,^  the  fiver.      'I'he   Indians  remaini'l 

'■' ''i'i:.(  thein  III  silenee,  their  painted  furms  ,mil 

^^is'-<  ijl.inn-  111  the  viin.  ;,i,,i  their  leather-,  tint 

■''•■■i.  111  tin.-  i!iee/e,      1  he  poor  Canadians  t\ ed 


thein  with  rueful  ^'l.mces,  .md  now  and  then  .1 
te.irlnl  ei.uul.itinn  wiiiild  esiMpe  them.  "  I'.ar- 
bleii  !  this  is  ;i  sad  ser.ipe  wr  ,iri-  in,  brother!" 
wniild  line  mutter  to  the  next  iMisni.m.  "Ay, 
av  '."  the  nthi-r  would  rrpis,  "  we  .ire  not  K''''^.'> 
to  .1  weddini;,  mv  friend  ! " 

When  the  bo. Its  arrived  within  rille  shot,  the 
hunters  and  other  ti^htin;.;  personages  on  bo.iril 
seized  their  wea])oiis,  and  ]irepared  l.ir  action. 
.\s  thev  rose  to  lire,  ;i  conliisioii  tmik  |)l.ice  amonij 
the  s.iv.iL,'es.  They  dis|il,-iyr.l  their  biiU.ilo  robes, 
r.iisi'd  them  witli  both  li.iiids  ab'ive  their  heads, 
and  then  sjire.id  their,  betnfe  them  on  the  !,;rouncl. 
.At  sij,du  ol  this  Pierre  Durion  e,ti;e|-ly  cried  out  to 
the  |)arly  not  t')  tire,  as  this  nvAeiiunt  w.is  a 
pe.icetul  sii.;n.il,  and  an  iiu  it  uinii  to  ;i  p.trley.    im- 

j  medi.itelv  .ibout  a  do,',en  of  the  principal  w.irriors, 

I  separ.ililiL;'   from   tlle   rest,  descended   to   the  edj^c 

I  of  the  river,  lighted  a  lire,  se.ited  tliemsidves  in  a 
si-niicircle  nuind  it,  .iiid,  displ.iyiie,,,'-  tlVv-  calumet, 
invited  the  p.irty  to  land.  .\lr.  Hunt  now  c.illed 
a  ciiuncil  of  the  p.irtiiers  on  bri.inl  ol  his  lioat. 
The  ipirst ion  w.ls,  whetlur  I  1  trust  to  the  amicable 
oMMluies  (if  these  t.  loeiiuis  peopli-  .'    It  \s.is  deter- 

I  mined  in  the  .illirm.itiNe  ;  1  ir,  inhnv.ise,  then' was 
no  .iltern.iti\e  but  to  li,i;ht  tlu-m.  Tl;e  main  body 
ol   the  p.\u\  were  onh'nd  t'l  remain  oii  board  of 

'  the  bo. its,  keepinj^f  w  ith.ii  shot,  ,iiid  |iri  p.ired  to  fire 
in  case  ot  .mv  sii^-ns  of  tre.icheiy  ;  while  Mr.  Hunt 
;md  the  other  ]).irtners  iM'Km.ie.  Crooks,  Mil- 
ler, ;md    MT. ell, nil,    iirocteded    to    l.ind,    accom- 

!  ]i.inied  bv  tiie  interpreter  and  Mr.  ilradbury.  The 
chiefs  will)  .awaited  them  mi  tl'.e  mar;4in  ot  the 
ri\er,  remained  seatt'd  in  tlieir  semieiri  le  without 
stirriiii,^  .a  limb  or  mo\iii;;'  a  imisi  le,  moti'inless  as 
so  manv  st.itues.  Mr.  Hunt  and  his  companions 
advanced  without  hesit.itioit,  .iiid   limk   their  se.its 

I  on  the  s.md  so  :is  to  coniplt-te  ih..'  circle.  The 
band  ot  warru>rs  who  lined  lie'  b.iiiks  .ilmve  stood 
lookiii;;'  down  in  silent  i;roiips  and  i  lusters,  some 
ostein, iliousK'  equipped  and  dicor.iled,  others  en- 
tirely n.iked,  bu'.  f.ml.islically  p.iinled,  and  all 
\'.iriouslv  armed. 

:         The    pipe    ot    pe.ice   w.is   now   brouijiu  for'>var'l 

'  with  due  ceremony.  The  bowl  wis  o!  .i  species  ot 
red  stone  iesemblin;j^  |iorphyry  ;  the  stem  v  .is  six 
teet  in  leiiglli,  decorated  with  tults  ol  horse-hair 
lived  red.  The  pipebe.irer  stepped  witiiin  the  cir- 
i  le,  li:;hted  the  pipe,  lud'l  it  t'lu.ird  tie-  sun,  then 
tmv.ii'l  the  dilfereiit  points  ol  the  coiii|)ass,  after 
which  he  h.indcd  it  to  the  pi  iiu  ip.i.  chiel.  The 
hitter  smoked  .i  lew  wliilts,  then.  liuldiiiL;-  the  head 
ol  the  I  pe  in  his  h.md  tdlered  the  other  end  to 
.Mr.  Ilimt,  .md  l.)  e.udi  one  suci  e-,s;\el',  in  the  cir- 
cle. When  .ill  li.id  smoked,  it  w.is  considered  that 
.in  .'.ssur.ince  of  v^ooil  faith  .md  .unit;,  h.ad  been 
interch.in;.;eil.      Mr.  Hunt  imw  ni.ide  .i  s|)eech  in 

'  l-'rench,  which  w.is  inii-r))retii|  as  he  iiroceeded 
by  I'ierre  Dorion.      He  mlormed   the  Sioux  of  the 

■  real  obn'ct  of  the  expedition,  ol  himself  and  his 
comp.mimis,  which  w.is,  tioi   to  ti.tde  with  any  ot 

.  the  tribes  up  the  n\er,  but  to  .  ro^s  the  moiint.iins 
to  the  >;re.it  s.dl  lake  in  tlie  west,  in  se.irch  of 
some  ot  their  brothel's,  whom  ilie\  h.id  not  seen 
tor  eleven  ni'inths.  d'h.U  he  h.id  iie.ird  ot  the  in- 
teftion  ot  the  Simix  to  oppose  his  p.iss.i);e.  .'ind 
W.IS  prep. lied.  .IS  thev  mii^ll'.  see,  to  ettc  '  it  at  all 
h.i/.irds  ;  nevcMlieless  his  leeliie.;s  tow.ird  the 
Si'iiix  were  friendly,  in  prool  ii|  whicli  he  had 
bioiii;ht  them  a  pri  sent  .it  tob.icco  ,md  ■  •  irn.     So 

s.iving.  he  ordered  .iboul  lltliell  cilo'ti'S  of  to- 
ll.iceu.  .md  as  m.m\-  b.iL;s  ot  corn,  lo  lie  br  nijjjht 
from  the  bo, it  .md  l.iid  in  .i  he.ip  ne.ir  the  >  incil 
tire. 

d'he  sight  ot  these  presents  iiiollilici!  the  chief- 


Viiii 


'      :    \if 


if 


348 


ASTORIA. 


tain,  who  lia.I  doulitli-v^  Invn  proviously  rondcrc.l 
l)V   the   ri-Miluli;  luiuluit"!   tin-  whilo 
(li>>i)ci.sui()n  ol  llu'ir  littK'  ,u  in.i- 
|)lctciu^s  (it  llu'ir  (.-(luipiiu'ius,  ami 
iMV  (il  li.itllf  wliii'li  ihcy  |ii(.'M-iUtil. 
n  whicli  lie  slatcil  the 


consulfiatc  hy 
nu'ii,  till'  iuiluiiiiis 
niiMit,  'ihc  (oiii 
tlu-  i-(i.n|iari  ai 


lii'  luai 


^I'ci  ill  111  r('|il\ ,  1 


nuTclv  t(i  iircM' 


lion  troin  sjniiiir   to 


ibx'inblajii'.  which  had  lu'i  n 
I  siipiiiics  ot   aims  .aid    ainimilii- 


ihr  Ai-ukaras,  M.ind.iiis 


aiKl 


^Il:lala|•t•l•^,    with    wiioin    llu'y    were   at  war  ;   luit 


hfiiiLr  now  roiuiiufi! 


thai   thf   panv  were  carrv- 


inij  no  .Mipiiius  o 


t  the  kind,  Init  nicri'lv  procfi 


iiii;-  in  (|Ui'si  ot  thi.1''  hroihtTs  bryond  thf  iiioiin- 
tain;.,  ihcv  would  not  inipcili'  lluiii  in  tluir  voy- 
ai,^r.  llf' lonrltidid  liy  tliankiiii;  tluin  tor  tlu'ir 
p'rcsiMU,  and  advisini;;  I'luMii   to  ciu-anip  on  the  op- 


Dositc    Mdr   ot    tlir    n\rr,  as    he    ha<l  soliu-  Nouni,^ 

tor  whoMC  diMTclioii  he 
could  not  lie  ail->\\ trail, u,  and  who  lui^hl  \)v  trou- 
l)li'Sonu'. 


men  aiicoii''  his  warrior.-, 


the  land,  .ind   is  rcprcsontod  a.^  w.tninmn 
irovokfd  ;  the  nci>;lil)oriioo,|  is  rm 


,1   w.ir  ensues,  wlii'  h   ends   in   tlu'  il^t 


isiil  luani,. 


lall   the  trilie,  the   ruin  ot  tl 


le  i(  St.  an.:  ihi 


llUlulioi 


pulsion    roni  their  herediiarv  hoin 
olteii  tl'c  re.il  III.  torv  ol   Indi.i 


.Sll, 


II  w.ii'.ai 


nirf(. 


j^ener.il   is   Iraeed   up  only  to  .,oiiu'  \iii.,(,m 

ot    ,1    s.n.ii;c;     \  hi!,'  ilie  outr.i^i- o!   ilir  „  I'l 

while  man  tli.il  provoked  il  is  sunk  m  mIhiu' 

dlie    two    elilels.  li.ivin,^    siiium  .1    i;i|i|- 


>-   Alt 

i.inn 


'!|IC  .,! 
]K\ue.in(l  reiri\cil   .i  li'w  presmi'.,  ilcji.irioi  v.yi 


s.ilislied 

on  horseli.ie 


In    .1    hltle    while   l\\, 


1  wih, 


.iiul    roik'   u 


■11 


p.d 


IIC.I-^I    1)1 


ley  had   seen    the   |)resenis  ^i\tii  l,i  il-,ciri(,p 


r.ides,  tiut  Were  dissallstied   willi  tin  iii.  .,n,| , 


itu-r  the  lioats  to  ask  tor  more,     li 


liuiii 


iir.pioiy   .uid    ins, dent    in   ll 


■'iiif.il; 


«ave 


llielll  a  11  It   letus.il,   ,in,l  i! 


II  'ir   lii-lli.i'ii;,,  )|- 


'lil.l'l'lltH!. 


H 


ere    eivleil 


til 


r    eiUlter.il'  t' 


t!iev   a: 


sliook  haliils.  .i])A  parted.  Mr.  Hunt  iiid  his  eoni- 
p.miolis  re-enili.irke,l,  .iiid  the  I'o.its  proi.eeded  on 
iheir  i.oUlse  Uliniuiesled. 


fll.MWKR   XIX. 

On  the  aiterii"  ,11  ol  i!ie  tollowin.::;  d.iy  (June 
1st  I  tliev  ariivrd  .it  the  ^jre.il  hend.  where  the 
river  winds  t,'r  .ili.iiit  thirty  mih-s  round  .1  eireii- 
l.ir  peiiiiisul.i,  the  n^'ck  ot  whuli  is  not  .ihove  two 
th'iusan.l  v.i 
ill'. 


rds  .i>  ross.  t  hi  the  sueeeediui;  morn 
.It  .111  earlv  liour,  they  deseried  iwo  liuli.ms 
.st.iiuJML;  on  a  hi-h  h.ink  ot  the  river,  w.i\ini;  .uid 
spreadmt;  laeir  :iutt,ilo  robes  in  sii^ns  ot  .unity. 
They  immedi.ili  ly  |)ulled  to  shore  and  l.inded. 
C>n  .ippr,  ,u  hiiij.;  iiie  s.i\ay;es.  ho\se\i  r,  ll.e  i.iiii  r 
showed  evident  syniptonis  ol  .ilarm,  siire.ulini,'  out 
their  .inns  liori.'ont.dly,  .ui'ordiii,:;'  to  llieir  mode 
ot  supplii'.itin:;  elemeney.      The   re.ison    was  soon 


the\   or  .uu   111   their  liibe  tollowi,;  iuii  \o 


■  ir  (lem.iiuls, 


to    tre.it    them    ,is 


turned  .iiul   rode  oil   m  .1  tuiious  p.i^.i.,:;     ..\5 


!•' noi.ii't   w  h.il   toi  ee  t! 


I  ',!•.'!-  ni: 


;i:i  11, 


behind  the  1  lis,  ,ind  .is  it  w.is  \rr\ 
ini^hl  t.ike  .id\ Miit.i'^i'  ot  soiin-  p.iss  i,|  V!',-  linr 
.itt.iek  the  bo. lis.  .Ml.  liuiil  i.iilid  ,ill  si;„;j.; 
on  bo.ir,!  and  jirep.ired  lor  sii,  h  rimiu'in'.. 
was  ,i;;ired  tll.it  the  l.iri;e  ImmI  i niaiii -.liilvil 
.Mr.  Hunt,  should  ,isi  end  aloii;.;  liie  iii>r'.!.;.i>i.5i 
,it  the  river,  and  the  three  sin.iiier  |im..',.s  ,m 
tile  south   side.      I'>v   this   arr.in''iaiK!il  ■■ ,-  .  ,., 


would   I  omni.iiid    .1   \  lew  o 


t   till'  i>| 


mslk'  i,c' 


,iliii\e  the  he, ids  .md  out  ot  llu-  sIl;IiI  i,|  linr, 
|>.iiiioiis.  ,iiid  1  otild  j;i\i'  tlie  .il.iriii  >l;i,  .il 
]>ereei\e  .iii\  Indi.iiis  lurkiiii;  there  i 'i-  ■ 
id  .il.irm  w.is  to  be  two  sliols  lufl  111  ;  ,;l^ 
eessMii, 


Tlu 


bo.its  proeeeded  tor  the  ijri 


•U'.-r  ",:n 


(l.i\'     witlioill     seeim 


aiiv    si'';is  lit 


exill.illlei 


1 


ley    Jiroveil 


to   be  two  duels  ot  tiie 


Verv  w.ir   ]i,iriv  ih,a  li,id   bi'ou;.^ 


hi  Me 


ssrs.  Crooks 


anii    M'Leli.m    to   ,1  st.iiid    two   \e.irs   belore,  and 

1  ilie  ri\er.     I'hex  r.iii 


obui^ed  lilelll  to  es,  .ipc  ijowi 

to    embr.iie     ihe^e    :;!-lUlemell.   as    il    delii;i;le.l    to 

meet    with    them  ;   \et    llie\   e\idenli\   le.iled  s,ime 

rel.ili.ition    ol     lluir    n.isl    niiseoiidiiei,    nor   weri-   j   the    lnwer    end    ol     the    s.ind-h.ii     niu   i'l''  i"- 


About 


idork    ill    the    .iUeili'.i.,ii    !!.• 


i.il,   eomm.iiided    bv   Mr.    I  lur.i.  1  .ui,  ■  to  w! 


I\er    W.IS    (ilMileil 


ly  .1  loiij; 


^.lll.  ■■ur,  w,:i,:i 


Hiei'.l     |-,.liilU-,  lie- 


the    r 

a|ii)areiitly,  liowever,  lidl  a  suit 

iweeii  il  and  the  shore  aloiiL;  wliuli  thi'v  "iir  il- 

v. lining',      lb-  kepi  up  this  ih.iiiiu,,  '.'iiT' ina-  :■: 

s.inie  disi.iiue,  un'.d  the  w.iti  r  pinvi  1  ;  ■ ,  i,i.i 

lor  ti',e  bo.li.       Il    W.IS    lU'i  l-ss.irV,  liielrl!, ;.-,',  , 

•ibout.  iitiirn   down   the  eh.iiiiiri.   ii:,i  ; -,    ''"'i"''' 


thev  tpiil.-.il  i-.i.sc  Ulllil  tlie])ipc  ot  pe.ue  li.id  heeii 
snioki 


stitMin.      Jusl  ,is  he  h.id  i;ui'n  nid'-is  1,1 ';.>i-:.i-.t 
to  ills  men,  two   siyiLil   );uns   \s(  le   liiiil  M-'iv,  II.-; 


Mr.    Hunt  ll.ivili;;  been    illlormed    lll.it    the  tribe    :    lio.il.s    on    the    upposile    side    ot    the  ri.il 


to  which  these  men  belonged  li.id  killed  three 
white  UK  11  diirini,^  the  pri-eedmj^  summer  re- 
pro. lehed  them  wiili  tlie  crime,  .iiid  dem.iiide.l 
their  re.isoiis  lor  sin  h  s.in'.ij^c'  hosli'it) .  "  We  kill 
while  men,"  ripli'd  one  ot  the  i  lilels.  "  bec.iUse 
wiiiie  men  kill  i;s.  'I'll. it  \er\'  m.in,"  ailde,l  he, 
])i)intilli;    to    ('.(rs,,ii,    one    ol     I 


le    ni-\',    reiruiis, 


'  kill 


li-ii   oiii-   ol   our  broilu-rs  l.ist  siimini  r. 


1 


three  wili'e  nii'li   were  si. 1111    to  .lVen;;e  his  diMlh." 

Tile  I  hiel  W.IS  ..irreet  m  his  reply,     ('.irsoii  ad- 
mitted 


the  b 
ot  .Siiiuv:  1 

his   nlle   .11  ro- 
w  ithiuii  mm  1 
was    h.il    .  .li' 
brou;: ..■    •■.  \ 
desU.  ■  ■!'  :    '! 
ns  has    I 
trecpieiii,       'I 


t,   bein;_;    w,ith    ,1    | 


.11  tv  oi   .Arn  k.ir. 


ss  '  in.  .tiul  seeini;  .1  w.ir  pariv 
,;)osit  •   side,  he  li.iil  tired  waii 


s.ime    nujiiieiit    .1    lile   ot    s.iN.e^e  vV.u: 
served    |)ouriiii;    down    Irointlie   :iii|  i '.ii',".; 


the  b.tr. 


jMlherim 
11  ■ 


ill    the    shore    .it   tin    .".M'. 


■\hA 


lev    w  ere  e\  11 


h-ntU  .1  \^.u  i'l''.^. 


irnied   Willi   bows   .uk 
.iiliines.  ,iiid  round 


I  .iiiows,  hi'dt 
111,  kh-is  ,ii  liu:i.i  '1    i''  -  ''■'' 


their    11, iked    bodies    Wei,'   p. linn  ll  Villi 


while   siripes 


1 


le   n.iiur.il     iiiti  I' 


they  belol;>;ed  In  the  two  llliie-. 
h.ni  been  e\|)eeled  by  lie'  ^<le.i' 
lh.lt  thev    ll.ld    been    ilU  lied    to   liii>'. 


lilels  W  ho    had    bi 


en   eiii.i^;i'i,   n\ 
the  mcii.iee  ol  Mr.  Iluni.      Her,    tl 


't   w.as  .1   r.iiidoiii  shot     m.nle   1  till  predn  .im.ni.      Mr.  1  liint  .ml  1.1s 


1  ,'\ ...  I 


t.lllon    ot    eltecl,  h,r    tl 

hi'Mlth.      riilui 


.')|.iU 


or  w  II 
had   I 


■,.,y   It 
.mtoii 


III. 

ills    W.l\     oUi 


lei'll  t.lkel 


1 

lali.ite 


ess    or    III. 


orili. 


Ol!   the   n.itives  bv  ■  UiUtiilt- 

hi  e   iiu-'       'he  Indi.iiis  re- 

'  .v%  ot 


ir   eode.    Willi 


reoilires    blo' 


til 


iCIll    IS    pliHI:; 


;  tlier  .1,  t,  ol  w  h.n  \.  ith 
-c,  ll.  ..ijuiid.s  ihrouylioui 


I  .iiij;lit,  .IS  II  w  i-re,  111  .1  tl  .ip.      I  '■'■  ' 
nunilii  r  ol   .ilmui   .1   lumdreo.  li.id    'Ut  1 


sloll    ot    .1    point  lle.ir  \s  hli  11    II:'' 


l.v.!-. 

,  (■.  «,ii;.il 


:i.ive  to  p.iss  :   o 


ihers  kepi  poiirih 


1  l',r  I'. 


:ii. 


.Hid    It    W.IS    pioli,ible    th.il 
p'lsted  on  liie  top  ot  the  heii; 


si.nii     ^\ 


ri 


e  h.i/.udoiis  sii  i.ition   o 


I    Ml.  llu;,'  v^.o!"  ■ 


celM  d   bv  tllOsi-  111  till'   other   b,i  its,  .I'l.  Ui 
(lleil    to    his    .isslsl.im  e.        1  'le.   v.i  le  •!' 
t.iiii  c  al)u\c  the  saiid-b.ir,  liowew.r,  .m  ■ 


ilii'i' "'"' 


the  li',)- 


,11  t'lC 


,       ,  yvilC   ='1'"' 
"■    !,:uHl',.t!»| 

iiiinl'ii:-,,  ■"' 

thi   "I'll  ^^' 

Ur  t::iv  ' 

^11\U-'V  111' 
pail\  ili'sCe 
];10.a'ili;i:s 

ih.ii^T'i  iic.l 
tl.ur  I'V  l!''l 

0;;'.  ^it''y  "i 

Tl,  •  :ii  \i  1 

,,.,.■,■  voiv.  o\j 
t,,;-ir  well" 

•:.)-  lii'-r,  -M 

s;;m  llli»h''' 
I  .inus  v/n:: 
i:..i:i.'  ii-i^''' 
i,:,;ii'^  ti)ki'!',| 

A'l  '.i'leasil 
iImUi  ;ir'i\i''| 
Mi:ii|.,!is,  ,11 
hiiiuii-i-d  v.. 11 
!;,.•  s.mix. 
llic  in-isei;' 
Auci;  ira  i' 
ilic  white  111 
tr,  liiii'  tlieiii 
tlK-iriiit'iiiiis 

t    tor  ■■:..■, iiri'! 
v,,iri"li'>    li\e 
yinb  (lol.int 
i\i,U.i  s'.illii'iei 
thiiii'^ii  rude 
ivinir.'.,'  llie  1 
llir.'b  Widi  I 
a'.t'.T  miiiiiinh 
(in  ;;;flolle 
l(■•■^  I  •■'■I'lhar 
ii'uir  hiiii.in  I 
r,i-'ii,itfly  I'lr 
jin'i',1  t,i  an 

ci'f  ii-'i  l.ir  he 
tiic  ^I'lie  ;iiul 

!.h  j„   ijiN'  ro: 

h.i  1  -.  iiiicthii 
l.iy  !,.,.l  ini 
iViir-'.."!,!  ll 
tl,  "I  .1  ;iii-^ 
li,:l;^  la.!  t'l 
\.;.>  :,i,,ii  V  |i 
in;;  ;',:•■>,■  ;iri' 
t.u-  -!,"••;•,  .111 
wli"  ■  ir.iai,  ' 

I".    ■.  1  'lliMllS 

(  ,;!'  'iy  1,1! 
1.-:  '  ,-1  ;  .111 
;iS\'  '  ■  :iMU-> 
!,',.■  '    ;,   ll. 


!-';il  l.is,i, 
'  ';;.  -.1  ■!!■■; 
jCi'lriH'  I, I  V 
10,  i::,'  ciiit 
i"-.  .::i.i  h 
t:-r:.,l  u.,i 


1 ,'  ,i;ipr:'lie 


I  Ivi'l 
:.;',t.  a 

;'■■>. 


ASTORIA. 


349 


""""■  ^H'h„|„, 
1  \\.ir;,iM.  uii;,,;  ,, 

"'"'•   Vlll:,;,il\,    'J 

>•'■'  •'"  -  '■l.hiM 
link  111  Miiiiu-, 
iki.l   i;i,;r  |„|n^,   . 

"It-.,  (ir|..iri(..i  y,. 
I'l-'l-l  ol  •!,.  ;,,,., 
'1'  llH  111.  .illi|(  :;;;:• 

.''""■-;  -"inn:,,.; 
.1".  1  i!in,,-,.in.,.  • 

.'l-ll    I, nil    'A,::;  v;;; 

•>    rli'-iuii,.     I   ,, 

'  ■''■■■Mil:;':;:,,, 

I. IS-,  1.1  l!;..  ii'.ir', 

II.  il  .iilM;-„i,j,r.-i 
1  ll  niirlur'Hi-',,  1; 
'it  ( iilillii,,;;.;,-!! !  V 
till-  linr'.!..,.,^;^,  . 

■  i'.lvr  1.....;^  .u:^ 
;''iiil!U  .t  ;,,„■■' 

■  ii|  ;iosllc  he';";, 
'l.i^lil  <■!  liiir, ■,.;.:. 
l.irili  sill.:,, (I  ;'., 
".iTf  ILl-  -;-|,., 
Iiii'l  111  .;■.;,.^  5..,. 

;r.  .tu  r  I',;!-;,,::  : 
-   "\    ..;<.  ;in-iv,. 

•rni''.ii  !l.-  I,.  ;: 
t,  (  ,111..-  to  v.'.r:  ■ 
;  ^.lil.     'M.',  u/,..  , 

■If'.;     h.i.ir.ci  (  ■ 
h  th.'v  >.i'tc  I , 

'. i'mTi  liil'f.  ! 

Vt    I   ;:.  ;  ^.l.lill 
i,r!c!ni.-.  ;'.|„ 

ii:.!  ;  111.  rini!.. 

111. I    ilir    ill,!, 

I  >  I'l  ';.;..  I'llr. ; 
111m!  ii<i;ii  ti 
n;i;l      .\   :   ■ 

II  viii;'>  'A.i'  .1 
,  ,;,(',::;;  ."..i, 

I     ,...U.'  '"Hi  ■ 

.',' '  '''V'"''l' 

i;i,i  "   I'l",  .i" 
\v  i;'i  h.A  n   '■ 


s ..-,  ll  'it 

ill'! 

,  V,  s'r'V. 

1,.;,.  Ill-'' 

i.r 

1-1'.  ii^i' 

::'' 

1 1  r  u.iuii 

^. 

■1  I'ir  1'  'I'. 
.   1  iv; 

11 11 

it  U.n  I''.' 

,.,. 

ihri  '.ll-. 

llll-l.'/- 


■  ll'"'  iiMii-,  ir.i.lrr  ujHiii  liis  l-.i-cK,  whuin  In-  h.nl 

';'■  '  '.I  iM'.i'  nmiiiiirM'inrcil,   inid   i.  !i   t.if  !"■- 

'•'''     '  '■'ll.  Iiiiwc'i  i-r.  was  i')o  unit  h  tApcnrnri  ,1 

'-'    Ail  ,  nt    hull, III   tr.i'lr    In    Ih'    liilkd    l)v  llic 

:.'i>ii'i>f  lit  \v,iii|.v^'  liir  hiiii  ,il  the  I'diici'..  viir,ii;i'  ; 
1  til-  r.iiUr.iry,  he  h.nl  alliusr.l  liiinMlt  uu' w- 
''■■■■''i  liad  str.iiiu'il  cvfl)  luivr  to  mi  ii.ikc 
•;■"••  il  lurly,  .iMii  .iviiilm^  iiim-.!  ll  n[  [[,■  mumi- 
vit.  ii  III  I  vi-n  silled  (jiinnij  :i  i  misiiii  r.ililr  |i.iri 
'''"  "'k'"       In   tins   hr   was  |)  iilK    pr.implrd  |i\ 

'•■"■ijii'i'  hri|.,|,in.,  ,,|  ll,,  Sunix,  liasiiiL;  mil  ,i  Imit 
■'''•ili'l  iiruli.ilily   nassi-.j    Mr.   liuiil's   i!.irt\ m 

'"">';'■!,  and  whiL-'h  l;ad  lu-in  lired  iiao  hv  tlu.si' 


On  licariiij^  tlint  I.is.i  w.ts  so  iu'.t,'  at  Imnil,  ^fr. 
IliiiU  |it.-|-(  'Ui'd  that  it  was  'Jsi  less  to  .iltcmpl  any 

i   lon^rr  loi'N'.uir  jiini  ;  ;dlcr  prorcrdin;;  a  lew  miles 

j  tuilluir,  llu'i-i'torc,  he  caine  to  .i  ii.iit  and  wailed 
lor  iiim  to  eome  up.  In  a  lillle  while  the  liarj^e 
(d  l.is.i  made  its  ajipearanie.  ll  came  sweejiin^ 
^■fiiliy  ii|)  the  river,  manned  liy  ils  lwenl\-  stout 
(i.irsmen,  and  :irmed  liy  .i  swiu'l  mn-inied  ai  the 
liiiw.     The  whole   nuinher  on  Imard  auvjunled  la 

'  Uveiuy-si\  men;  amoiiL;"  whom  w.is  .Mr.  Iletiry 
llreik(iiridi;e,  then  a  youni;",  enterprisinjr  man  ; 
who  w.is  a  mere  ])assenj(er,  templed  by  notions  of 
luriosily  to  aceomp.iiiy  .Mr.  I.is.i.  He  has  since 
m.ide  himselt   known  li\'  \arious  writing's,  amonjj 

I  which  m.i_\-  be  iioled   a  narrative  ot  this  ver_\'  \o)- 

'1  he  ajiproach  of  Lis.i,  while  it  was  r.'j^arded 
with  ime.ismess  by  Mr.  Ilunl,  roused  the  ire  ot 
M'I.ell.in;  who  calling;  lo  mind  old  j;rie\ .iiuis, 
be;;.in  to  Inok  round  lor  his  rilli',  as  il  he  re.dly 
:  intended  ti  carry  his  lliriat  into  e\(  i  ulion  and 
.shoot  him  on  ihe  spot  ;  and  il  w.i-.  w  ith  some  dilii- 
(  uity  th.ii  Mr.  Hunt,  w.as  en.iblrd  tn  n-.^ir.iin  lus 
I  ire,  ,ind  pie\ciil  a  seine  ct  oinr.i^e  .iiid  contu- 
smn. 

Tlu'  meelinj.(  between  the  two  leaders,  thus  niu- 

tu.illy  disirusitiil,  could  not  be  \er\'  cirdi.d  ;  and 

as  to  .Messrs.  Crooks   and   M'Lell.in,  lhoni;h    they 

ntr, lined  Irom  any  outbreak,  yet  they  re;;,irded  in 

;;riin  del"iani-e  their  old  riwil  and  u:id"rpioUer.    In 

I  truth,  a  j;eneral  distrust  prev.uled   thron^huut  the 

I   |):irlv  cij^nceinin}.j  l.isa  and   his  iiUiiuiniis.     'I'lu-y 

I  cmisidered   him  arllul   .ind   slippery,  and  serri  ily 

I  an.vious  lor  the  lailure  ol  their  expedition.     There 

I   beinv,'  now  nolhin^r  more  to  be  appi;  heiided  Iroin 

'   the  Siiiux,  they  suspected  lh.it  I.is.i  would  Like  ad- 

:    \- uit.ii;!'  of   his  IweiiU -o.ired    bar.i^e   ''i   le.ue  ihein 

'  ,ind   j;et   lirst  amonL,r  the   Arickar.is.      .\s   he  h.id 

[   tr.idi'd  with  thos^'  pi'o])lc  and   |)ossessed  j^re.il  in- 

i   lluence  o\er  them,  it  w.is  feared   !  ■■  mi;^hl  make 

'   Usi-  ol  it  to  impede  the   business  ol    Mr.  Hum  and 

his  ])arly.      ll  was  resohed,  iheri  l.ue,  lo  keep  a 

siiarp  lookout  U|i()n  his  mo\-ements  ,  .ii.d  .MT.ellan 

s.MUe  th.it  it  he  s.iw  the  le.isl  si;^!!  .  t  Ire.icherv  oil 

his  p.irt.  he  would  inst.intly  pul  h.-.  >.:  I  threat  into 

e\ei  iiliiin. 

Nolwithsiandiii;.,^     these    secret 
he.irt  lnirn:n;^s,    the     two    ii.irties 
I'Utw.ird   .ippear.iiice  111   ci\ilily.    i 
ciuit'.nind   torw.ird  in  i  omp.mv  v. 
'  ot    h.irmmu'.     <  'n   tiie   lliird  d.iy 
|)ioiion  toiik  pi, ice,  .111.1  itw.ispii. 
.1    peison.iv;e   th.in    I'ieiie    Dorin 
interpreter.         ll     will     be     lecn 
worlhv    h.ld    been    obliged    M    St- 
.St.     I.iuiis,  to    a\oid    beinif    ,i' 
\Oiiske\-  debl  which    he  uwe.l         ' 
t'omp.iiu-,    .ind   bv   which    ,\l'     . 
prevent    his    enlisliii'.;    in    Mr.    lie 
1  )iii-iiiii,    since    the  ,irri\-.il  ot  l.i-^  i. 
.iiul    rc'^.irded    him  w  iih   a   suil-  ■ 
pt-ci.     ( >n  ill''   tilth  of   July,  tin    i 

biiui^dit  to  ,1  h.iii  by   a  lu-.i\\'  r c  

'  i-nc. imped  aboul  ,i  hundrcl  \  ,i'  Is  ap.iit.  In  the 
course  111  ilie  d.i\  l.i-^.i  underio.ik  In  tamper  with 
ihe  l.iilii  lit  I'lerre  1  )iiiioil.  .md,  "vilin;;-  him  on 
bo.ird  ot  lus  bo, It,  re;;,iled  him  .vOi  his  l.norite 
wliiske\-.  When  he  lhoiii;hi  iiim  ■.uUiciently  mel- 
lowed, he  pr.i  posed  lo  him  lo  ipm  the  s(-r\  ice  ot  I  lis 
new  empliu  i-rs  ,ind  ri-liiin  to  his  old  .illev;ianee. 
l-'indmi;-  him  not  lo  be  mo\ed  b\-  soli  words,  he 
I  .died  to  mind  his  old  dc-bi  lo  llic  coinp.iny,  and 
ilircilened  to  c.irrv  him  oil  by  toii  e,  in'p.iymfiU  ot 
It.  The  mention  ot  this  debt  .ilw.iys  siiired  up  the 
,  y.ill  ot  I'ierrc  Doripn,  bnugmgwilh  il  tlie  le'u-.'iu- 


po-iip  si'lo  I'f  I'lc  river,  and  s.iw,  with  intense 
?nm-l\  tl't'  "iii"''^'!'  "'  ^''^■•'K''"-''  continually  au^;- 
!'  ,,iliiiu  111  liv  l"^^i'''  '•'"'  "'  ''"■  '''''"""■''  ^"  l''''l 
L  ,Hi,it\voilliM'L'  exjiosed  to  a  tearful  all,ick  be-    ^  

j, ,.,.  [iiv  could  render  il  any  assist. met;,      llieir  ,  lor  him  lo  come  up.     In  .i  little  while  the  barj^e 
,..',',xii-'v  increased,  a.s  they  s.iw  .Mr.  Hunt  and  his        ■   ■  ^       -       i     -■ 
'  pull  Jcsci'iuimK  tin-  ch-nmel  .ind  d;iuntlessly  ,ip- 

pn,,ii-iii:i'.(  die  I'onit  of  il.in^^er  ;    but  it  suddenly 

ih,irr'i-iimtii  surprise  on  bcholdini,'  the  bo.ii  pa-.s 

i.iii-,i'"'in  the  s.iv,i;;i:  horde  unmolested,  ,ind  sleer 

(,'i;:  sili'v  iiiti'  the  broad  river. 
Tu-  ;ii\l  iiioiueiil  the  whole  l),i:id  ot   w;irriors 

,,,„'.;  niiitieii.      I'liev    r.m    .iloni;-  ihe  b.mk  unlil 

in-.,- wi'ii;  <i|)p-'site  lo  ihe  bo. its,  then  throw  ini;  bv 

ti.i'ir  ucijioiis  :uiil    luiff.ilo   lolies,    p'un;;ed    into 

,;,,,  ,.^,.r,  w.idi-d  ■.ind    s'.v.im  oft    to  the  bo, its  ,ind 

s-;ri.  tiiulfd   dieiii    in    crowds,    sei-kin;;    to    sli.ike 

i.ini,-, -,, iia  cv(-r\  individual  on  bo.-iid  ;   lor  the  In- 

i,.,i:o  ii.ivc  hw^  suiic   lound  this  lo  be  the  while 

u\:.'\'>  ti'kcii  ot  .laiity,  .md  they  c.iriy  it  to  .m  e\- 

in-nii' 

.\!1  tine.'isiiic'.s  W.IS  now  at  an  end.  'Ihe  In- 
lii.iii-,  ;ir.i-ied  ll  be  a  war  p.iit>'  of  .Vrickar.'is, 
.M  iiiil.iiis,  and  .Min.ii.iri-es,  lonsistin^;-  of  three 
lii:ii(lri-il  vs.ininrs,  .mil  bound  on  .i  lor.iy  ;i),Minst 
tc-  r^iiiux.  i'licir  w.ir  pl.ms  were  .ib.indoiied  lor 
lin' I'll  .cut,  ,iiid  ilu'\-  determineil  lo  n-uirn  lo  liie 
Aru  n  ii.i  luAii,  \\iierc  they  ho|)ed  to  obi. lin  Irom 
Hit-  wiiiie  men  arii.s  and  .immunilion  th.it  wmild 
e;-iiiiic  tlu'iii  til  t.ike  the  ield  with  .id\ant.ii;i  ci\er 
liii-irciu'inii-s. 

riir  liiialsiuiw  sou).;lil  the  lirst  con\-i-nient  pl.n  e 
i,ir  f:i.-.iir.|)lii,i;-.  The  tents  were  pitched  ;  the 
N.irniis  lixed  their  c.imp  at  .iboiit  a  hundri'd 
\.iril>  (li.slatU  I  "I'm  isioils  were  tuinished  Irom  the 

iCit-,  Milli.icnl  l.ir  al!  p.irties  ;  there  w.isheir'y 
Vki'.il;!!  rude  te.islin^-  in  both  camiis,  ,ind  in  liie 
ivi-nii'.i;  the  red  warri.u's  i-ntert. lined  their  while 
:!ii,.|.  wall  d.iiici-s  and  son;.;s,  ih.ii  l.isled  until 
lilt'.-r  iiiniiiij^ht. 

(In  ;:',i- tnllnu  ini;  morniii;^'  ijuly^di  liie  lr,i\i-l- 
1-rs  r--'-i'i!>.irkei!,  .md  took  .i  tempor.'.rv  ie.iM-  oi 
i'lir  liivii.iii  Iru-nds,  who  intended  to  ]iroieed  im- 
!':i-u;.ili-ly  Inr  the  .\rick.ir  i  town,  wlu-re  ihe\  e\- 
|:-i'.-.-.|  t.i  :irii\e  111  three  .l.iys,  loiii;  belole  liu- 
'  .i.iti  :  'iiid  ic.u  ll  there.  Mr.  Himi  h.id  not  pro 
I'-'i- ii-'l  !.ir  lietore  the  ,  hiet  c.inie  j^.lliopilV^  ,llont;- 
;  ;i- •,  I'lie  .-illd  ni,ide  si^Us   tor  .1    p.iiliy.      He   s.iid 

:•.  ji.  iiili'  ciuild  not  ^.1  home  s.itlstied  unless  thev 
:m  I  Mi'.u-thiiiv^  lo  l.ike  uilli  them  lo  pi  i\e  lh.it 
i.ty  ii.,.|  iiiei  w-ilh  the  wliile  men.  .Mr.  Hunt 
Ml  r-',i'-i.i  tile  drill  of   the   spet-i  li.  .md  m.ide  l.'ie 

;  ■:   .1    iMi--,eiit    ot    .1   (  .isk    ol    p.iwdei,  a    b.i^  o! 

jll.-.    linI   I'liee   do/i-M    lit    k'ii\es,   willi    which  he 

a:>  !u;,ii;v  pli-.tsi-d.       While    the    ,  llli  t   w.isleceiv- 

I',;  ;''ii-s(- ;in--,ems  an  Indian  c.inie  iiiiiiun;;  .don^ 
■  !t-^!i"-i-,  .iiiil  ,innounceil  lli.it  .i  b.i.ii,  lili-d  with 
'1"  ■  ii'i-ii,  w.is  i.iinun;4  up  tile  iiM-r.  I  ins  w.is 
1  '  1  •iii-,in-i  .i^ree.ible  lidiii;^-,  to  M  ;■.  limit,  who 
■■r'-'i;,  c.iiK  hided  il  to  be  the  boll  ol  Ml.  .M.iii- 
•       -1  ;  .inil  he  '.v. IS  \exeil   to  lind  lh,:l  .dell  .Mi.l 


■  ilsies     .111(1 
It. dm  d    ail 
ir  tW'i  d.ivs 
line  dei;"ree 
\er,  an  e\- 
.'  I  d  !iv  no  less 
■  ;e   h.ilf-breed 
'•d    tli.-it    this 
,1  m.irch  Irom 
d    tor   an    old 
1-  .Missouii  I  iir 
I    h.ld  i'.oped  to 
I's    expedition. 
I. .id  kept  .iKiof, 
Old  il.i-.;^ed  .ii- 
o   parties  Were 
ind    rem. mud 


1.5^-    ;'  I 


I'-    •!.  '!      '"'I 


^^il  nil 


m' 


\'>i) 


branro  of  thr  w 


ASTORIA. 


nskcv I 


A'tortion.  Avlolrnt  qinrril 


nrosf  liftwfcii  hmi  .in 


I   Lisa,  .111 


1  lie  Ictt  tlif  in. .It 


111 


hi''h   (lud'.n'Mi). 


His  liist  sU'i)  w.is  to  ii'p.ur  til 


mimhrr  were  rlo'^rricvl  nn  \hr  ho.nrli  r  [ 
,iiul,  under  llic  sh.idf  nt   ilic  trcrs,  (i|- 


111  thf  w  .1 


tiT,  like  iMtllf,  to  .ivoul  t 


If  ihi' 


till'   •.flit  ot    Ml.    1  luill     .liui     ITVf.ll 


the  .illfituil  tli.it      luMt  ot  the  dav. 


"«.i.i! 


i!  l:,;: 


had  1 


ICCll   111. nil 


t>>  sli.iki'  Ins  taith. 


W 


Ilk-  he  w.is 


Si-viT.il    lit    till'  bfst   lil.iik' 


n^^■\^  sl.iiioiu:' 


,Tl  t.ilkin^'-   I.is.i  filtered   tlic  tciit,  iiiuU  r 


the  I 


•hcs   in    llic    how    <i|    .1    li.iivi-   wlu'h 


I'i'i.i'i 


llAt    ot    lOllllllV 


to   lioriMW   a    tow  nil,' 


nil,'  line.      llii;li   '  slowly   .md    silfiitly.    stinininii;   tin-  cunvn 


v.ords  iiisi.inllv  iiisiici 


wliu'll   en 


!    lu't 


wci'ii  r.iin  .inn 


Uorion, 


tl 


u'    an 


I    ot 


a   hill, II 


i   s.iil  and 


1,'d   i>v    tin-  b.ill-hrcrd's  dc.iliii.Lj  Inin   a      luiff.do  stood  o,,/ii,^r  ,|iiictly  at   tla- h. 


■1  lair  liiTc'u    i\, 


lilow.      .\  (|ii.iriTl  i:i  tlu' 


Indi,iii  idiintrv,"  h' 


C'vi'i",   IS   not   lo 


I :('    settled    with    ti^lii  lilt> 


i.i^ 


iru.iehed,  ,KTteeily   iiiieoiiseioii-,  o|  ihca  ,1 
The  I. litest  ol  the  herd  w.is  seleetcd  hvtln  !,; 


r .;  in,; 


lir.lllei 

1  loii  111  sll.U 

Mr, 


il.ttilv    .Ushed    to    his    lio.it    tor    .1    we.!]).!!!.        who    .li 


lired 


to^eilwr  and 


:il':r. 
hroui^lu  (!i.,v;i  t:;^, 


e!;eii  lip  .1 


]i.lir  ut    pistols  heloli.iiini;-  to  |  vietini 


luiit,    .111. 


hiniselt    in    liatt'.e    .iri.iv,  I'.esides    the    hiifl  does   they  s,iw 


The   n.ijse   h,id    roiised   tl 


jiiii,  .111(1   ever 


\  one      deer,  ,ind  tre(|uent  ,i,Mni;s  ot  stately  elks 


i;'e^se{ 


1 

lllioll     till 


to  k 


low   tl 


,i])pe,ired      with  li;;lit  troops  ot   s|inL;litly  ,iiUi 


iu.|,|    uuli    ,1    kaile   stuck   in  his -irdle,   ;  est  ,ind  most  hiMiititiil  inh.ihit. nils  nt  :h,.  1 1-,,,.. 


>ir.  lii-eekenral-e,  who  h,id  tried  m  v.iin  to  nioiiiiy 


1 


Here  .ire  two  kinds  ot  antelopes  in  thcsi' n 


his   ire.  .oe.aiipiiiit  il    liiiil   t<i   the  s.eiie  ot  .n  Iioi 
Pierre    IiorKiiTs   pi-.tois   n.ixc  hiin  tlie  ,uh',int.i 


1.   I  one  ne.'irlv  the  si/e  of  the  coniiiioii  dei:r,  il' 


ee 


he   ill. lint. 1111. d    ,i    ir,o-t  WMilil^e 


.Ulitiiile, 


il  iniieh   l.irL;i'r  th.in   a  j^cit.     Tluir  i  c  •:•  , 
It  ur-i^'.    '''■   r.illier  iliin,    siiL;litly  >|in!r.lAi 


the    me. in    linn-  t  'ro.iks   .im 

the  c.iilM'   ot    tile   .illr,i\  ,  .ind   were   e.n  h   e.i,:;er  lo      t 


i|    .\n. ell. Ill   h.id  I'Mriit      white;    and   they   li.ive  sni.iU   horns  like 


he   (leer,  uliieh  lliev    never 


N 


t.ike  i:ie   ipi.irrel    in'.o   llieir  own 


hani 


rp 


ipiM.ir  .md  hiihhiih  eilsued   th.it  delirs  deseriji-      lir.ihs,  i 


the    delie.ite    .md    eiei;  nit    linisli 
11  wliieh  liijhiness,  el.isiiiitv. 


u!:ii!;-  ci-l 


tilMl. 


MT.ell.in  woidil  h,ive  hrotii;iu  his  rille  into      .ire  woiidertully  eoiiihined,      .\l!  the  .ittUi: 


Jil.lV  .md   sellh 

ot  the  triUL^er, 


,iiid  new,i;riidi;es  liy  ,i  piiU      nio\c'nien 
','4   lueii  re^tr.iiiied  hv  Mr. 


is  ot   this   lie.uititi 


iliil  ]iietliresip 


d  il 


Il    .1111111.11  ,n    ;; 
is  alto'Mther  i-. ;  i , 


Hunt.     'I'll. it   ,i4'-:itieiii.in   .leted  as  iiioih-r.ilor,  en-      'ei 
(leaxoriiiLj   to   ] 


t    tor   the    taiieihil    uses  ot    the  iioel. 


re\enl    a   ''ene 


in    the'      sunij  i;.i/e 


Midst    ot    l!li 


liowe\fr,    ,111  e\]ire>slon  w,is 


lie  ot  Ihe   I-"..isl. 
,1 


riieir  h.ihits  are  :diy  and  f.iprieioii>  ;  i 


ide  Use  ot  h\-  l.r-,  I  der'>.i;.iiorv  to  his  own  honor.      on  ihe  open  plains,  ari'  (|Uiek  to  i.ike  the.i: 


In  .111  in^Mn!   ihe  tvan(|iiil  spirit  ot   Mr.  Hunt 


lonint   .iw.i 


V   with   a   tleetness  lli,:t  ilrtii 


in  a  11; 


nu' 


le  now  hei 


anie  .IS  f.nj'er  tor  !ii;hl  .IS      When    thus    skiniiniiiLr    a.ross    ,i    pniri. 


aiiv   one   on   the  -rninil,  and   eli,illeni;eil 
Se 


l.is 


iiitunin,  tlieir  lij,dit  Kr^'V  '"'  'l""  I'olor  Mi- 


.-tile   the   disiHlIe   .-11   t!ie  spot  with  pistols.      Lisa       the  hue  of  the   withered    herl).i.i;e,  tliesw 
]i,-iired  lo  Ills  ho.it  to  .iriii  hiniselt  tor  the  de. idly      their  mo 


fell' 


tion  li.itlles  the  eve,  .and  the.  ,ilir.  iM  - 


II 


toil.iwed  h\-  Messr 


ir.i.lhurv  .inu 


insulistaiiti,il  tonus,  driven  like  j,'o-s.i 


lireekenrid'je.  who,  iioxiees  in  Indian 


,llli|  Hie       Ihe  Wlllil 


h    t, 


scenes  o 


t  M 


the    trontier,  li,i(l    no    rcMsn 
;ind  hr.iwl.    l!v  their  e.iriiest  im 


W 


iile    the\-   tlii.is 


th 


M    to    me    M|i.'li   11. i;- 


irilst  to  their  speed,   tiley    an 


lie    ,     hill 


ation  the  (|iMrrel  w  .is  with  ;,.;re.it  ditlieiihy  liroii^i.t      .i  ] 


iriineiit  eiiriosiiv  tli.it   someiiiiir 


heir 


pc 


to  a  elos,    witlieiut  bloodshed  :   1  ml  the  iv\-ole:idi  r.  i.i  their  nun.      Win  n  ihev  ha\  e  si  ml  l.v  - 

the   n.-.d   1  imps  separated    in   ai";i  r,    a:.d    .ill  i.iine   .mil    hit    their    pursuer    behii.il    i: 

rson.il  mien    lurse  ee.ised  between  tllelil,  siiddi-lily  slop  .md  turn  to  i;.i/e  :it  the  eh  i .  l 

'  .il.irm.     It  the  piM-sii.t  IS  not  toll.iwed  iipf 

.    ]  alter  .1   time,  yield  to  their  iiupiisHiM- h.-i 

t  .ind    r'-tiirn   to   th"   pl.ne   troiii  v\l.e:;'e  mv 
been  trii.,ditene< 


Lll.M'll.K    XX, 


ohn    D.iv, 


iht 


\eter.in    liiinter   .lun. 


ioned,  displayed    his    e\perieili  e    .ilii 


Tm.  rivr.l  p.-i.rti'  s  now  eo.isted  alon;.^  the  opp 

Snc  sides  ot  the  li'.er,  \>.  ilhin  s:^rhl  o|   e.i.  h  olher  ;  trai)pini,j  om 

the- barges  I >1  .NFr.  1  lunl  ,ib\.iys  keepm;,'  suir.e  dis-  ,idvaiil.ij;e   ot    tus 

tanee   in    the   .aib-aiiee,    lest  j.is.i   should   push  on  down  ll.it  anion^'  the  !;'■■'''''• 


t  tlu'se  beautitlll   .iiiinii's 
dl    known   i-iir'n--i\ 


I  ''et  tirsi  to  the  .\riik; 


niK 

.'iiid  oli'i  ( 


ir.i  \"i:i,i''e 


h 


e  seen 


erv      keiehiet  oil  the  end  ot  hisr,imr 


,llld  pll'lil;; 
oil,  \* . I '■ 


tl 


Is,  ,IS  theV    pr"l  e'Mle; 


,IVe  evideiue  III  It        111  the  .lir. 


T 


the   etie.t 


le\    were    .ld\aili  ir.;^'    deeper  and    deeper  into  tile 


eination  ot  the  r  itilesn.ike 


11 


dom.uiis   ot   s.iv.it'e    nature 


Itou 


idlesS      w. Isles 


kel,! 


exleiiilm 


to   the   e\f,    more   .uid  more  ,im- 


m 


ilted     bv     herds    ot     luitt.lli 


the  mvslerioiis  objeet  lor  siuiu 
ilieii   appro.ielied    timidly,  p.lUsI 


le  il.ieai;' 
time  .11 


Soiiietinies    tliesi        lerilli' Willi  I liereasei 


1  luriosity  ;  nu 


unwuhh  . mini. lis  vMTe  seen   inoMiiLjin  loii;^  pro-      poin 


Cession  ..'  ros>  iiie  sih-nt  hmdseape  ;   at  otlu  r  tmu  s 


t   of   .ittr.K  tion    in    a   eirele,  hut  -i' 

ih 


nearer  .md  nein-r,  until  beiiii^wiini 


they  wen-  se.ntered  .iboul,  sini;ly  i.r  in  ,i;roups,  on       the  de.idly  rilie,  he  tell  .i  VK  Inn  lo  h 


the   b 


rii.id-en  Hv.ellfd 


irairies    .i 


In  I     I'reen 


ilies,    sniiie   I  roppint(   the    rieh    p.istnr.e.,fe.  ouier- 
rerli'iin.f  .imid    the  ilower\    herb. in. ■  ;  ilu    \\iiol( 


I  Ml  the'iolti   of    luile,  .is  the   parly  \^     '■ 

th'  \  II  I ' 


sk 


ildnress 


with  .1  line  liree/i 


scene  re.ili/ne'  in   a  manner  tlie  o 


Id  ■ 


riptiir.il  de- 


with    three    In  bans   ileseeiidn 
e.ime    to    a    p.irley, 


le    the  n 


serijitioiis   o|    i),e  v. 1st   p.is'oral    (  ■iiirtrie 
Orieiit,  Willi  "  '  .itlle  upon  ;i  thousand  hill 


.1    till 


irii  K.ir.i    \in.ii 


and    In-oiiKhl   '"'^^ 
The     wir   j).ut\.  \\ 


.ami   .It   the  saii. 


bar.  Ii.i 


.At  on 


.11  e  Ihe  shores  seeniei 


I  .ibsolutelv  lineil    ,    tlu 
ik 


^e  some  d.iys  pi 


ireMiaislv,  am" 


r''  1  ■'■ 


with    biiM  does  ;    in,inv   were    in.ikin^     their   w,i\-      ;ip]irn:ieh  uf  ,i  p.irtv  ot  tr 


idels,  .IM 


I  ,!,.;il.ivp.hv;',ii 


neross 


til- 


stream,    suortiiv'',    .ind    hlowiiv,. 


d 


;re,it   osl  •ntalion  the  p 


resents  lii'  v 


lloiinderm;,'. 

Were  borne 


.Villi,  hers, 


bv  11 


111    spite  o 


f  e.  erv  eltort,   1  tniiiithem.     •  Ml   turtlier  lonvers 


le  lipid  1  iirreiit  w  iihin  shot 


it  the      three   Indi.ms,    .Mr.    Hunt    I'-ini 


llioll 

t  Ih- 


u-:;  1  . 'I"' 
n  .li  '■  '!>' 


boat^,  and  sever.il  were  killed.     At  iinuthcr  place  |  which  he  h.id   run,  wiuu  luanined  '■'[' 


Uill.t 


:i  \'X 


"■'•'■\  "r  ,;,i„i,' 
"I  till- llir-,  .;.,;,■ 

■n   sl.lliuiif    ■;•.. 
llii'   I'lliiT;!  ,,  .„ 

■  l.iir  hri'cA.    !■' 
•I''"  li.iri;,.  „,  j.  , 
->  "I  l!)i:r  .:,.,','.'. 

'"•'"n-ih.i,:,..,;:; 

■'«'  ;il»ii:;  ;,in,,.  ,. 
K'lyrlks,  I,,;,;;.; 

IUi'In|)cs,  ;;i,.  i  „.. 
"'>  I't  ihr  |r„t:.,. 
s  III  llii-sc  r:,„i..' 
"11  'Ici'i-,  \\;\','  '■ 
'I'luir  II'  .;•  , 

;litiy  >|iiiii .; ,,  ■; 

DMls    hki'  ;.:  ....   • 
'!.        Nlll!!!!:-  rin 

111   linlsli  I,!  ■,•,.- 

•|;y,     .I'i'  ■.y-rf^', 

till-  .iiti!i::...i 
iim.il  ii-'  ;;„;■; 
I'tlirr  ,i>  ;,( ., ,,,  . 
>■  |">''l.  .1-  tl'.  >:■ 

ii'inu>  ;  r,  y  kt"- 
ikc  iIiim;  •■',1.  ,,■ 
Kit  ili'Iics  J  ,,rv:'. 
:i  pnin.  n  ;;■• 
ciilnr  iili".  :^ \\,\:, 
.  I  he  \Ai::,;"„  : 
lh<  ;,  allKK!  v:r 
i;o^-..i:iii  r  :'■.■'.  ;■: 

'•■."■n  \h.ir.]  :■-<. 
■  .  t.m  !!■-■',  ill', • 
'.(•l!-,i;,-  'ir: 

till    liV  -  'I!  i^.i- 
'IIMI       111!  ,     A  ,' 

I'  nil'!  (  !  •!  :l  'i: 
:-il  ll|i  I'  1  .  .'.Ij 
MM    h  ■■MT',', 

.i-;;.v  'iv.  1  :■- 
r  .linn-.  ■:.):':• 


ri'!,^  I.. 


^  i.'fi 


■1     ■!• 

.  i;  :rf 


:.  i'"i., 
!;■•;■ 

•.  h.i.l 
iiiiii.ii 

;,-:ii.i 
1    1 

.r,h\;'.ii 

"{   .  t"    ■  1. 1. 
*    1    '/'("'' 

■■  n.i 

''.^'■.y 

14,  U! 

.ui:i  ii'.c 

ASTORIA. 


301 


1;  ,)•  The  M.»nil-\ns  who  wcro  of  the  war 
'']!.*".uu'n  Ihcv  ;<■»«•  '''i-'  '"^■"'^  ^"  complcttly  cii- 
i!:,,;i',l  ,iiul  .i|)|).irciuly  witliiii  tlu'ir  power,  li.i.l 

'   '   , .,|„r  ;iii,i.kiiiK  it.  and  s(riirinn-  v.  n.li 

",' j.-nu-MiiMKiriTS.  also,  were  nolhiiii;  loath. 
,"  'i;,i./in  Mime  iiuMsufe  coinmittcd  111  hosiilily  to 
I'.'wliil.s  111  i-ciiscqiii'iK-L'  ot  tliuir  trihc  havm- 
.,]i,,|  rwo'vvhiti-  iiu'ii  a!)ovf  \.\n:  tort  ot  tiu'  .Mi.>,- 
■ri  i  t: 0.m|)aMV.  FurluiiaU'ly,  the  .Anikara^, 
V  /,  tnniiL'il  ilu-  maioritv  ol  llic  war  party,  i)rovc(l 
,,.„,  iiiihcirtrii'ii'Ishiptoihcwhitfs,  .iml  prcvciit- 
iir  III. -tile  .11 1,  oth.'ruisf  a  t)loody  aftr.iy,  and 
[„.'iu'i-.i  liiHT  1>U:  massacre,  nii,i;ht  have  ensued. 
'  ,',,,',1,,  Mihol   luiic  Mr.  Hunt  and  Ins  eonipan- 

jin-iii  .iii'.pi'''  '"■•"■  '"'  '■>'•""'  •''""It  ^'^  "'i'"-"'  '"'- 
|,,,^' ili,.  .\ri.  kar.i  viliaK'e.  Mr-  I-is.i  ene.miped, 
a>i^i!il,  ■!!  II"  .i;i'':'t  distanee  ;  Imt  the  s.mie  sul- 
i'li  ;iii !  ii'ii'i'i-'  i'"-''''^'''  •'"''  non-intereciiise  lun- 
l,;.!i'iil  i'  i\\i'''ii  >l" '"■  Sliortly  attcr  i)iteiiin^Mhe 
t-'iN  M!'.  linrkeiuid^'e  made  his  ai)pearani-e  .is 
n:Ki!V.'M'~'.iil''i' h"in  theriv.d  e.iiiip.  He  <  anic  on 
ii.'!i;iit  .■!  Ills  laniii.mions,  to  arr.inj^e   ttie  manner 


0!  :!l.i 


!  1 '  tluir  eiiiranee  into  tile  villa);e  and  ot 
rcic;i;  :,'  ;!!i:  ilii"ts  ;  tor  e\i'r\  tliinj;'  ot  liie  kind 
i,  ;i  11;  i.tiT  I'l  j;rave   teremonial   ainon^'  tlie  In- 

I'lir  Mi'tiie's  luiw  evpressed  tr.inkis'  llieir  <K'i';) 
,:,!rus'  .1  me  iiUemionsot  Mr.  Lisa,  ;ind  their  ap- 
iiivlii"!  .nils,  ih.it,  mitot  till'  jealousy  ot  trade,  and 
•  -fn'r.i '111  of  rereiil  di-.piltes,  he  mi^jlu  seek  to 
:  -!i.,'ii"  tile  .\rii  k.ir.i.s  a^^aiiist  ilieiii.  Mr.  iirei  k- 
,  ;iil;;i'  .issuied  them  tlial  their  SUSplriolls  Wel'e 
L.nrti'  f^rniia.llrs-.,  and  pleil,:;ed  hiins'Mt  ih.u 
;'.i;|iiii,'. it  the  kind  should  take  pi. n  .  He  found 
i;  illlh  !;!t,  h  r.vevei',  to  remoxe  tlieii'  '.istrust  ;  the 
i;i!!r;i  III-,  tiierelore,  ended  witliout  produein;^ 
a'ivi>i,'li.i;iiii.lersiandiii,i^  ;  and  .M'I.ell.in  reeurred 
III  |-.i.>  11!  tiire.U  ol  shoolintj  l.'sa  the  instant  h'- 
.!mi)..;tiI  anxdiiUL'-  like  treael'.er\  111  his  pi'-.- 
ia-;lll.;s. 

ill:;  'I'ljht  the  rain  fell  in  torrents,  ,•■•  .lnlp.l■ 
l  •.!  'r.  ;!m:i'!er  .iinl  li^^lunin^;.  'I'tie  e  imp  w.is 
d'Vii^cl.  and  I'.ie  iieddiiij^  .ind  l)a>ji,^a);i'  drmein  1. 
Ail  !„i;i ;-,  ciuh.u'isi-d  .It  .m  e.ir'.v  tnuir,  .ind  sci 
ti:v,.i;-.!  !  ir  the  \  ir..ii;e.  Ah.mt  luie-  o'l  loek,  when 
iii.t  v.n.  tiiey  met  a  e.inoe,  .1.11  ho.ird  ot  which 
v.'r- !  .a  .\riik.ira  diijnil.iries.  One,  ,1  t'me-look- 
".j  mill,  mil' li  ,i')o\c  the  eoniinon  >  ue,  w.i»  ii-'- 
riilir,  ililet  ot  the  villai;e  ;  tie  w;i.s  ealh-d  the 
I.itl  li  I'i'lr  I,  on  .i(-eoiint  ot  .i  person. il  |)ei'uli.iril\  . 
r;H:i'.,iti,  .1  :i  nuiousduokin^^  s.u'a^'-e.  w.is  the 
V  ir  ilii.  t.  ,1;-  i;eiier;ilissimo  ;  tie  w.is  known  hv 
■   ■  ,;i::i'  11!   ii  •  jinf  M.m,  an  apiiellation    lie    well 

vf'-.  I  JiMin    111-,   si.'e,  tor   lie  w.is  ol    .1  ^i.ij.intii' 

111'',     i'l  liii   '.\rre    of    l.iiier   i  onipie.\ion    ih.m  is 

mI  '\;'"  M'.   l•„'.■^. 

!ii'\   V..1-'  .uiompanied    liy   an    interpreti'r,    .a 

'■"''•    i!  lie,   one  ot  those  h.iph.i/ard  wii;hts  cit 

■  '    'n_;ai.  '\  iui  .iliound  upon  <iur  trontier.  In  in.; 

.  ''y^  'Itr  liuiiuis  like  one  o!  their  ow  n  r.iee.    i  !e 

•  I'l-  ::  I'A  i,i,'  y  Mrs  .unoni;   the  .Ariek.iiMs,  h.id 

^'!'i-' '   .'Il  !   .1   troop   ot    pu'li.T;!    ihildreii,  .md 

''"IT.' I    Is  ii.levpreter  t>   the    (  hlels.      'I'lirou-h 

^  ■,'.  11,1  av  I •!■.;. Ill   the  two  dii;nil. tries  sii;nilied  to 

'1  .  Il'i'l  i'ii  ir  so\ereii.;n    intention  to  oppose  die 

■■-'.■icr  ;i;  '-itss   ot    ttu;    e.\l)edltlon    UJ)    tile    ri\t  r 

'-'•""'^  I  '"'I-,  v\,.,-,.  Ifit  I,,  tr.ide  witli  ttiem.      Mr. 

'  i;i'. -1  r>  i'l/.  lAplained  thi- (Uijeet  ot  his  \oy.i<^e. 

I'' ii'>  i'l'iiuiiiii  ti»  deliarkin;;-  at  their  vill.ii;e  .md 

1' ' '•'•■li.i^'   tiieliee    hy    l.ilid  ;     ,ind    that   he  would 

I'l-iiiL^ly  ti  ule  with  Iliem  for  a  supplv  of  horses 

lir'i;,    hi;:-. v.     With  this  expl.inatioii' they  wen- 

Pf!'i"'!l\  Mii-iied,  .md  'puttiiij;  about,  sleei-ed  tor 

■^'-•ir  vill.ij^'r  tamake  pre|)araiion3  lor  the  receiition 

-''llicstr.iii-crs. 


'llie  vill  \c;c  of  the  Rikar.ns,  .Arick.irns,  nr  Rica- 
recs,  tor  ilie  n.ime  is  thus  s.iriously  written,  is  be- 
tween the  4f)lh  and  47th  |)ar.illels  ot  north  l.ititude, 
and  lourteeii  hundred  .uul  thirty  niilivs  .■ibovc  the 
moutjj  ot  tile  Mis.^oiiri.  The  p.:rt\-  re.uhed  it 
about  ten  o'l  Im  k  in  the  niorniiu;,  but  landed  on 
the  opposite  skIc  ot  the  n\er.  While  they  spre.id 
out  their  b,i;;,i;,i^e  and  eltee!^  i-i  (li\.  I''roin 
heme  they  i  unim.inded  .in  evia  Heiil  \  ;ew  ot  the 
vdl,ii;e.  il  was  divided  into  two  portions,  about 
eiLjIily  N.irds  ,i|),u  t,  beiiif;  inhabited  by  tsso  distinct 
li.inds.  'I'liewllole  extended  .iboiil  three  (|U.irlers 
ot  ,1  mile  .don:;  the  ri\'er  b.ink,  and  w.is  cmnposed 
ot  i  oni(  .d  lodj;es,  th.lt  looked  like  su  111  any  sm.lU 
hillocks,  bein^  wooden  li-.imes  iiiteitw  ined  witli 
osier,  and  covi'red  with  e.irth.  'I'lie  jilain  beyond 
the  \illa^e  swejil  iij)  into  hills  n|  i  oasidi'rablti 
lieij^'ht,  but  the  wliole  cnunlry  w.is  iir.iiiy  desti- 
tute ol  trees.  While  they  were  re;^'ardin^  the  vil- 
lage, lhe\-  beheld  ,1  sill;;ul.li  lier!  i  oniiilj^  down 
il'.i'  riser.  it  consisted  ot  .1  ihiiiiIh  r  ol  cmoes, 
e.ich  lii.ide  id  ,1.  suckle  bullalo  hiiie  stritclicd  on 
sticks,  so  as  to  toiin  a  kind  ol  circidar  troUi,di. 
il.'ich  one  w.is  na\i,i;,ited  liv  a  siiij;le  sqii.iw,  who 
knelt  in  llie  bottom  ,ind  paddled,  towim;  , liter  her 
trail  I), irk  . I  bundle  ol  tloatinu;"  woo.l  intended  tor 
liiini.;.  'I'liis  kind  of  c.iiioe  is  ill  trcijiient  use 
amoni^  the  indi.ins  ;  the  butt.ilo  hah-  biiie^;-  re.id- 
ily  ni.ide  up  into  a  bundle  and  liMiispnried  on 
horseback;  it  is  \'er\'  service. ible  in  loiuesing 
ba;;e;a^e  .icross  the  rivers 

The  i^riMt  number  ot  horses  ;;iM/i!i:.;  around  the 
\  iilaije,  .md  sciltered  over  the  neii^hboiin;.;-  hills 
.md  willevs,  bi-^poke  ill  i.j  ^tri.in  li.ibits  ot  the 
.\rickar.is,  who  arc  ac'i..'i  ■  horsemen.  in- 
deed in  the  numlHT  ot  ''ns  Imlses  consists  tliu 
we.ilth  of  .111  indian  of  the  prairies  ;  who  reseni- 
')les  an  Ar.ib  in  his  passion  tor  this  noble  aiiini.d, 
.irid  in  his  adroitness  in  the  management  ot  it. 

.\lter  a  time,  the  voice  ot  the  .sovereiijn  chief, 
■'  the  ia'ftdKinded,"  was  he.ird  .icros,  tlie  ruer, 
.iiiiiouncm^  lh.it  the  council  lod..,'i'  w.is  prtp.iriiiLj, 
.,11  1  iiivitiii;;  llie  white  men  to  1  ,inie  ii\er.  'I'lic 
ri\er  \\.is  li.ilf  a  mile  in  width,  \ri  c\eiy  word  ut- 
tered by  the  chietl.lin  w.is  ile.ird.  ;  this  m.iy  be 
p.irlK  .ittriluited  to  the  distinct  ra.ir.ner  in  wiiicit 
ewry  s\  ll.ible  of  the  cnmpuuiii!  words  iii  the  In- 
di.iii  l.inL;u.i:;is  is  .irticulated  ,iik1  .icceiiled  ;  but 
in  truth,  a  s.i\.ii;e  w.iriior  mii;lu  olten  riv.d 
.\i  liilles  hiiiiseit  toi   force  ot  llln.;.^.  ■" 

.\o\v  cinie  llie  delic.ite  point  ot  nviiia^fiient  : 
h.ow  the  two  ii\'.il  ii.irties  we.e  to  conduct  llieir 
\;>i'.  to  ihi'  \iil.iL;e  with  |)roper  i  iri  unispectiori 
.md  due  decorum.  Neither  ol  i!;e  Iciders  h.id 
spoken  to  e.ich  othei'  since  their  ipiarrel.  .\ll 
(  imiMunic.iiion  h.id  been  b\  .r.nb.iss.idors.  .Seeinjj 
the  iclloilss"  ehtert. lined  ot  l.is.i,  Ml'.  Ilrecken- 
ridi^e,  in  his  iiei.^oti,ition,  h.id  .iiiMiiL^cd  th.it  a 
ueputalion  Irom  e.icli  p.irly  sliouhl  ir.i.-^  the  ii\er 
,it  itie  s.inie  time,  so  thai  neither  would  li.n  c  t'lc 
iirsl  .iccess  to  the  ear  ot  the  .\rii  k,.i  is. 

■file  distrust  ol  l.is.i,  howewr,  li.l  1  increased 
in  proportion  as  they  aiipro.uhed  th.e  siiherc  ut 
aciaui,  ,md  M'l.ell.in  in  p.irlicul.ir  kept  a  vii;ilaiit 
e\e  upon  his  motions,  swe.irin;4  t'>  sliooi  him  d  he 
.ittempted  to  (  ross  tile  river  tirst. 

.Miout  two  o'clock  the  l.ir.ne  bo.il  of  Mr.  Hunt 
w,is  m. limed,  and  he  stepped  on  bo.ird,  accom- 
p.'mel  by  Messrs.  M'I\en/;e  and  M'lallan  ;  Lis.i 
at  the  siiiie  linn:  embarked  in  Ids  b.irne  ;  the  two 
deput.itions  amounted  in  all  to  fourteen  persons, 
and  ni'ver  was  any  movement  of  riv.d  [lotcniatcs 
i  cunducled  with  more  wary  c.sactncbs. 

1      '■  UraUbury,  p.  no. 


1  ni 

I      '!■ 


li;'  ^. 


1:^  t! 
1 '    ; 


|i  1 


1:  ii 


v 


i» ..!' 


Pl'li 


852 


ASTORIA. 


Thcv  1 111(1. '(1  aniiil  .1  nMilr-  rro\v<l,  rmd  wi 


iMmiwruiUT;  wriT  cnfTftiv  niiTc^l 


rcct'iviwi  nil  tin-  li.mk  by  thf  Ictl-li.iiulftl  ihift,  uliii      llnisc   i.(    Ml.cU.iii    nl.uiiii,'   like  ,i  1. 
CiiiuluiU'il  llifiii  into  tlic  \ill.i,i;f  willi  >;iavf  lourt-      Ik^.im  l-y  the  mmi.iI  rsprissK.n-,  ul  IrtHKi. 
CSV;    (Iriviiij;  1(1   till'  rijjlit  ■•uid  li'tt  the  sw.irnis  nt      then    iH'm  ctdcd    to   cviil.iin   the  nlni ,  i  ,,, 


ol 


il   siiiiaw'',  imi) 


hk. 


IONS,  ,»ihI    \,ij;.iI>i)I1iI    iltii;s,      p,irl\. 


with    wliuli   till'   jiLifi    alxuiiK 


Ird.       11 


Idsr    pcisullS,   li()\M\ti.    ,,,;, 


lev    WiUIHi 


In    Mr.  Hunt  .mil   1 


til. 

ilirt-l 


lu't 
leaps  hii 


wtcll 


til 


f  i  Mhiii'i, 


which   hulked  Ilk.'      .illle|-elit 


11*^     '  'llllp.lllluli 

p.r.'ty.   ami    arc    (piiie   .lis-n, 


l(ih'(i  t(ii,'etluT  Willi. lilt  am-  )ilail,  and      views;    lull,    added   he,    thniinh 


surnuni.li-il  hy  nlil  palis.i.hs  ;    ,ul   lilihy  in  ili.'  .a- 
trtMiie,  and  redolent  ot  vill  immis  smells. 


parties  \\<'  make  luit 


u.- 


At  lenL;th  they  arrived  at  tlu-  eouiui 


1   lodi. 


safety   '<\  either   is  eoll.'erned 
It   '   suit   iitlered    to  lliein    1    sh.ill 


one  ((illKiKiil  t  ,111, 


.\.l\  111 
.  Dllsi'Icr 


was  sonii  wliat  sp.iiious,  and  hiriiUMJ  of  lour  fork  iinsell,  ,uid    will    resent   it   aei miiiii^^h. 

t'd    trunks   i.t    tice>   plai'V.I    iiprij;lit,     supiuU'tiiiL;  thertdore.  ihai   \oii   \v  ill  tri'.it  them  wn' 

cr.iss-ii. Mills  and  a  tr. lire  id  poles  int. Mw.neii  \vith  trieiiiUliip  th.it   \iai    li.r.c   .dw.iys  111,11;! 

0-.U  IS.  .iiid  thi' whole  eiivi  red  with  e.irth.      .\  hole  me,    d.'iiii,'   lAerslhini;'    in    vonr  piAir 

sunken  in  th.'  eeiitre  lormed  ihr  lirepl.i.  c,  ,in.l  ini-  ,  ihein  and  to  liidp  lluin  on  i( 


It  ir  \\.i\. 


nu'iJi.UeU'  above  w.is  a  eireular  liole  in  liie  api'v 


.t    I 


isa,  ileli\ere'!    w  illi    .111    .iir  el   !r. 


ot  the   lodi;-.',  to   let   oiii   the  smoke  , mil  In  in  the  1  snuariiv. 


(l.l\lii;ht.       .\roiml    the    lod;;c 
sl.'epiiii,',  li!- 
t.i  troiii   vii- 


W  ere    rei  e-iseS 


lor     the  rival  party. 


'reeahly  sur|)ri;-.e' 


;in: 


e   iiie    hiTilis  on    ho,iru  sliiii^,  si-reen- 


Mr.  Hunt   then   .siioke,    d 


liv   iiirt.iilis   ot   dressed 


lis.      .\i      his    mil 


rn.",'    to    the 


;r.Ml   S.tll   1. 


the  upp.'r  end  ot  the  Iodide  was  ,1  kind  ot  ImnliiiL 


itains,  .111.!  that  h.'  s' 


iinilil  w.iie  I  .;|, 


and    w.iriiKe 


head 


llophv,    iMMsistii'i;-    (it    i\M)    liull.ilo      luirpose,  lorwhieh  he  w.is   reaiK  in  ,r 


s  ij.irislilv   p.untrd,   surniounU-d    l>\  shields,      iiroui,dU  with  him    jijeiitv  ot  i;oi 


)ows,  uuivers  ot  arrows,  and  oilier  wr.i|i  ins. 


( hi  .■•iierin''-  tlu 


I'  the  idii.d  liointed  to  iii.ils      ot  loh.u  I'l 


las, I  idiiiduded  tludr  sjiee.die.s 


n  in.iki 


or  .  usIiiiMis  w  hi.  h  had  'leen  pi. iced  .irouml  lor  tlie 
str.iiiijers,  .11 


'llie  leltdi.inded   ehi.dt 


whiK-   he   p 


lelt.iiii  in  reei.  !■ 
a   wliieh   tllev  se.iteil  their.seh  1  s.      friendship    ,inc|    .lid    to   the   iiew-iniiir! 


UHM 


hmiselt  on  ,1  kind  ot  sii 


old  11 


1,111  llu'ii  i-.ime  t  ir>v,ird  wath  U 


or  L'ood-te!io\'  siiip,   le' h 


ted 


le  pijie  ot  jiiMie       I1 
.inded    11    to  ill 


:liiet. 


d    !l 


leil     t.llliil'i: 


haek. 


Miu.uied    liim^t 


,  luued   them   lo   his  vill,!i 
id    iKrt    the   miiuluT  <d 
lluiil    r'(|uiri(l.    .111(1    e.viiri 
ihev  shin 


;e.      lie  „.:(h.:  : 
hia'scs  111  sii.iii- 1 


'I. 


lid  I 


tl 


ne.ir  the  iloor. 


T! 


le  piiK!  w.is  ii.issed  tnuii  moull 


1      .mother   I 


hiett. 


H"  .ink'  to  p.irt 


w:lh  ill' 


.illeil      (rl.lV      l.\i 


to  iiioulhi.  e,;.  h  one  t.ikuii;  a  whitf.  wh 

alenl   to   th.'    iiuiid.ihle  jiledije  ot  t.iitli,  ot  t.ikiiii 

Salt   toi.'-ethir   amoii'r   th.e  .ancient    I'lritons.      Th 


icll  IS  e.illiv-      speei  h.  .Hid  (le.  l.ired  th.lt  thev  coii.a  Tt 

lors.--,  |,e  n 


Mr.  iluiil  with  all   the  I 


^m.-e.  It  iliev  had  not  enoU'di  in 


1    nn.h'   a   si"'i   to   uu.'  <dd   pinedie.ir.T,      1  oiil.i   e.isilv.sii 


who  S(-  aied  (o  |i|l,  likewise,  ihe  st.atlon  ot   li 


imtliet 


ll.itt 


nioii 

(I  tl 


elv  removed  uie  main  (h'luiii' 


senesch.il.  ; 
the  ton  ot  il 


piiiilu'    1  ri,  r, 


tor   I 


><•    ascelKlt 


d     V 


let  deterreii   all   tra(li'i;r  t 


or  .1  (i.i\  r:  'v, 


;^('  to  mike  pro.  l.ini,iiiijii.      Here      he  shmi'd   h.i\-e  tin.e  to  consult  wiiii 


lie  took    liis  posi  l"-M(|e  ih-  .aperture  tor  the  eiiiis-      11. .te   chicle,  ;is   to  market  r.it.'S  ;  I 


sum   ot   sill! 


d    the   .idinission    ol    le'iil  ,    th 


t  ot  a  \;;i.|ee,  lii  eiiniuiiction  \v;'h  !i: 


ChKi   dn  t  1!  'd    'roin   \.      mi   w 

rl  h  w 
;  •..■  vill 


hat    1 


cl.iiin,  .and  \)r  Ir.iu  led 

th;a 

1 


rescuadrd   (•■•(■r  :ii 


le   summ.au-d 


le    w.ininrs    and 


ll'     W.IS   to   pill 

a  tori  (•  111  luiii^- 
e.  Ill  tins  w,i\ 
;.,'"rc.it  II, en  t- 
porlill'^'-  pro;;res 


'i>ii.,i:v   iiv 


the  ] 


irices  at  whh  11  .111: 


I'ote^dil    .md    sold,  and    to   tluai 
■  oiilorm. 


11 


ic    c.iiillri! 


couiii  il  ;  !■■.  •I-.' iinw  .111(1   then   rt 
to  his  chief  lliidu^di  the  hnle  in  the  root. 
In  a  litilc  wliile  the  braves  .aiid  s  e.;r, 
enter   one    bv  one  .as  their  ii.inies  were  cille 
annoiin  ail,  emrri^inj,'  Irom  uniierth.'  biilt: 
suspended    o\cr   the   eiitr.iiice   ii.ste.id   nt 


lerred    hi",    i  anil)   across    th. 


now   nroke  up.     M:.  ii' 
the    -ivi  :■  ..•  ,. 


t.iiii 


m  to      p 


b.'l.iw  the  \  ill.i 
d 


and  the 


il.iced  some  or  Ins  w.irriors  as 


ii-     il'e   intrusion   ot   .mv   . 
th 


it    his   ne'iiii  , 


w.is  pitih.-d  on  the  1  iver  bank  iiisi  il 


r 


St.dki 
the  tl 


le  tents,  .111(1  the  lien  WT.lpped  in  I'le 


Indite   to  ih.-  skills  pl.iie.l  (111      and    bi\'ou,ickiii^   on    ski 


In  tl 
form 


oor,  and  1  r^  iuchiiiL,Miiiwi'.  on  them  m  sih  1 
I's  WMV  I'.'.cniv  eniered  and  took   ilieir  se 


r  lundeil    the    b.iij^^ai;.-   .at    m.i. 
.lUo  kepi  wati  h  within  siidit  .1 


illi 
't.      l-'i'i: 


•^   in  .asseiiiLd.a!;.'  worthv  ot  il:e   pi 


the  .\rickar.;s  .ire  a  noble  r.aee  ot  i 


■neii  ;   ti.r 


il    1! 


lip    until    inidni^^lit,  w  hen 


inn.  I.ir'^e  .mi 


I      lu  ved    bv    I'lur   others    who   moimti 


well  tormed.  .and  m.iiiu.iin  a  s.iv.e^e  t:-.,,iilriir  .and      d.ivlii;lit.      Mr.  I.i.s.i  encimiv 


gr.u'ity  lit  lii  nie.inor  in  th.ar  .sol.-mn  eenMiioii 


All  I 


between  hjin  .1 


ind  til 


u-lll''  se.ited 


the-  old  seilesi  lial  pnp.ired  llie  'I  he  spiei  tl  ol  Mr.   Lisa    ill   tii 


111   I  erenumv   or   couiual.  ami 


n.uideii    It    t  >   tl 
SliKike,    e.,\.    ,^ 


H 


•iMUl'     111    ,t. 


I' 


ilie      (dfecl     in     tin 


e   mh.iled    the    s.ii  ri 


d       Thoueh  the  sinceritv  ot   his  Irieie 


ailt   upw.inl   to   the   lie.i\i-ii,  then       will    tow.ird     tile     new    coiii[ia' 


Kiwiiw.iid    lo    tile   ..111),  then    low.ird    the    e.ist  ■      iii. liter  ol   doubt,  1 


nfter  th 
inouth. 


le   was   no    li  nv 


is    It    W.IS    .as   iisu.il 


lassed  troni  mouth  to 


bor 


e.i.  li  holiiiiie  It  respe.  tliilly  until  his  lie 


had  t.iheii  sever.d  whitfs  ;   .and 


h 


.an   intention   to 
twien    the    two 


pl.iv   t.dsi 

le.|(leT>>     w 


'1  he    i:li  "  ■  ' 
.IS,  Iheicten-.   !• 


council  W.:s  1 
The  (hiet 
white  men  i 


now  the  ^rr.im 
b 


oiisKlered  a  ,  >.j!ene(l  in  due  turill. 
made   an    li.ir,  nffu. 


wa'liomm;(   th' 
o  nis  Mll.itje,  and  e\|)ressine  In  ,  |i;,|,. 


liiiess   111    t.ikinj.;   them    by   ih 
)Ut  .at  the  s.inic  tinu;  eomp 


e   li.iiid    as  Iriends  ; 
mini;  ol  the  poveriv 


of   himsidf    .mit    ins    \icnp\t  ;    the    usual   pr.  lud 
amon^  Indians  to  l»  ■.:.;,Mnj,'  or  hard  t).irf.viimn 


liiC   atl.urj  ot   botn  p.irties  weiu  ii'-< 


•:n  'IS. 


ouslv. 


rii 


Arri'R  .wi. 


.\    1  P  \rii'  n 


ow  I  rn 


imeili  ed    With  h'.i' 


Lisa  roic  to 


rcjd),  and  the  eyes  ol  Hunt 


K- 


and 


under  the  rtirulation  and  supervision  e. 
tliiettaitis.      Lisa   sent   a   pari  ol  hi'^  ,;  " 


me 


■  iiirnr!  1  ••  • 

^''  ■!  Im-,i:i-,! 

•^  "I  Mll-!ll|. 

U'  o!}t,.,  (  ,,, 

■'''.    vi;ii   ;, 

lllp.diiiiii. 

<•  ilis;ii.  , 

''    «<•    r..  .,., 

"'Ill  1  ,ll!.c    .'.  . 

■'>|\   m  ;,:■■ 

iiiiM'lfr  .1,    ,,  , 

'oiilm-iv.    1  • 

''<'m  witi.  -1  ., 

•lys   m,i::i;, -■,. 

1-   pnvir    ■     .. 

■  \^.iv,     T' .  .  , 

lllli^f    •!;,.       ^ 

t  l.ik"  ;.,.,,,; 

u.mt  1  ,H\.  ,% ' 

'>  1"  .ri ;.,  '  ,i 

'"U.     |p.  ■     , 

n  lll.lki:.-  ;r-.. 

'■I'p''  !'■■■':  ;•■  . 
-'■nni'': ., , 

r     i.'.ii   '  ■  ■   .  , 

'     at  Hit  ,  1  ;  ■,  •  1; 
t"  ''11. IT''  ',:,, :  V 

•  '    'it'll   ,  \'.     [i 

,11-..       r   ,.,,.  ;; 

■     I.\=s,    '::,[, 

■iiIlM    u  1,        „:■ 

•->  I.I'  n,,,':i  'ii  !■ 

1  ••':'■  V!,;.,;     i;: 

ll'Ml'-,!    ,  \j.,   |,. 

IiMmjI:,  :  "ii;  ■ 

il.u  I-;  ■ .'.  1  ;;'i- 

tor     !'>,■     .     -/■      i; 

'■vi'li  ill, .   •„  ■. 

Ml,  iiv.'.  !-.:i. 

AST(JKI.\. 


85$ 


u.l.'.of  lh<-leltlinm!c(l  (lijr"it.\ry,  nnd  Mr.  lluiu 
V?')lislifil  lii'>  Mi.irt  m  llu-  li.ilR.'  ..I  tlu-  n\^  Miiii. 
T!'u'\ill,iLr<'  s'"M  pivscntrd  tlu-  ;ii)iKMr.iiuc  <it  a 
Um  (hi  ■  ■iii'l  a'i  liiiiM'S  were  in  (Ifni.iiid,  tlu' 
!ii?iu-iis  I'Ui'l  '111-  Miljiiri'Ml  III. Ill)  were  like  the  \i- 
.|„j.  ,,|  a  T.irtiir  fiuMm|>iiu'iit  ;  luirscs  vcit  |iiit 
tliro'i-h  ,ill  tlifir  ii.u'i'S,  .mil  horsemen  v.erer.i. 
ri,Trii\i;  ■'>■»'  "'t*^  '''■"  •l''^'»'''i')'  ""'  i^'''"'  ''"' 
«!-,  h  111!'  Ari'l^.inis  are  iiDteil.  As  simiii  ,is  a 
howwii-.  I'liiihiHi-tl.  his  tail  was  cmpix-d,  a  sui- 
HMiIi'  I't  Jisliiii,'Uishinj;  hiin  Irniil  the  liorses  ot 
■jictril'c  ;  liir  the  huHans  disdain  tn  practise  this 
liHiiril.  I'lii'iiriUN,  and  iiuhTent  nuitdatiniii  in- 
.iiiiiril'ln  •'nni''  n-caii  and  vnlj^ar  mind,  insiiisi- 
I'lle  111  |!ii-  ini-iit  and  iicrtertions  ot  the  aniin.d. 
(11-  liic  r.inirn'.',  the  Indian  hiirses  arc  sulhri-il 
t,.  fMiain  111  i'\fiy  I'-spect  the  snperli  and  hcinii- 
j.|!  ;i!i!in.il.>  ^vilil•h'  nature  hirmed  theiiii 

iM','  ncillii  "!  .Ill  Indian  nt  llie  lar  west  cdiisi'-ts 
nri'iiiiiiil'.  ill  his  liorses,  nt  wiiii  h  eai  li  chiel  and 
win 'T  |iH-iv>-.cs  a  >;reat  mindicr,  so  (hat  itif 
■•liii'iS  .ih.iil  an  Indian  viliaj^e  or  eneainpinent 
,ri'  i-  ivciid  with  tlii'in.  Thesi'  hirni  olijrets  n\ 
•iMliii.er  nliicits  (p1  depredaliiin,  and  in  this  way 
;i;i<,  tnnii  iriiie  111  tribe  over  jijreat  tracts  ol  C(niii- 
jr,  Till.'  liiMses  owned  ity  tlic  Arickaras  are,  hn- 
l''ij  mii->t  pirt.  (it  the  wild  slock  oi  the  iirairii's  ; 
.line  l.'n\rvcr,  liad  hccn  obtained  tioni  tiie 
I'u'i-MSi  l','..v!i'-c^,  and  other  tribes  to  tlie  sonth- 
w'si.  \\!i  1  li  id  stnl.n  ihein  Ircnn  the  Siianiards  in 
;hi'  r.iii"~.'  o!  ho|■^c-ste.dill^  expeditions  into  ihr 
Mt\;r  in  IriTUdrie,-,.  These  were  to  be  known  by 
iH'iii^'  liiM'vletl,  a  Spanisii  mode  of  inarkiii^'  hoiscs 
noi  prac'.i-.c  I  liv  thi'  Indians. 

.\s  llif  .\rick  iras  were  meilitatiin.]^  .-inrither  evpe- 
'li'.'iii  ii'.r.iiitvt  llirn'  enemies  the  Sion\i  tlie  articles 
ij '.r.illu;  iii'i'il  in  demand  were  ;;inis,  tonialiawks, 
■•-•alniiijj  knives,  jiowdcr,  liali,  and  other  imini- 
!:•';■>  lit  wir,  'I'lie  price  ot  a  liorse,  as  rej^niiated 
liv  tiic  iliK  N.  w  1-1  coniinonly  ten  doUars'  worth  ol 
„'■)'lli^  at  Iir-.!  I  ist.  To  siippiv  the  di-in.md  thus 
.^i!iii!i'i;'y  1  Vi  .ileti,  parties  oi  yotniij  mm  and  braces 
lid)   on    expeiHtions  to  steal  horses  ; 


l-i'l   vllUi-:! 

iS|:iics  .!  .■rrviccamonj;  till-  Indians  which  lake 

' ;. ''Iciiif  nt   huniin^f,   and    is  considered   a  de- 

iniiiriu   ■'  i'.innrable  warfare. 

\\'l;ilf  ;!)'  I'.ailers  ot  the  expedition  were  acti\e- 
iy  I  i^iL'i  i  'II  pi  rpa  rin^  lor  tlie  approai  iiin^r  jonr- 
';.;..  ihi'i'  v'.ii'i  had  aecom|ianied  it  tor  ciiriosiiv 
::  iiai,:  lueiil.  touiid  ample  matter  lor  ii!iser\a- 
i:-i;i  ;a  the  \ill.i';r  and  its  inliabit.ints.  Wherever 
"ii".-  mia  th.v  wri-e  k'ndly  enterl  lined.  It  ilie\ 
iriii.rcl  .'.  I  .  I^c,  liu'  bntfaio  robe  \'vas  sprc.ul  be- 
:  •:<■  ■I'lr  Inc.  tor  iliem   lo  sit  down  ;  the  pipe  w.is 

r"i(^(:t,   I'id   while   the   master  ot   the  lodt;e  i  on 
■ii"--'.-!  Willi  ill-  '^lusis.  the  sipi.aw  ]nit  the  earthen 
a-.v--i  tiv  r  llu'  lire,  well   tilled  with   dried    bnltalo 
■'.-.i'.  ini|  11  iiai-li'd  I  orn  ;   lor  the  Indi.m  in  his  na- 

■  [■■•.ii''.  i'l'tori   III' lias  ininL;led  nuich  with  whin 
■'ill   .111!   J.'.|li.red    their   sordid    h.ibits,    h.is    the 
■'■!". I'".    '<'   till'   .Ar.d)  :    never  does  a  stran.i^'er 
■•"iri- h;-.  1.1 .1   v.iihon;   h.ivinf,r  food  pl.iced  betir<' 

■'•'■  111  i  :'■■■.:■]■  is  the  l.i.icj  thus  tnrnished  m.nle 
■"lit'.'T  .'  iial:!.-. 

,  '  "■■  k'-  ■•  an  I'ulian  when  at  home  in  liis  \il- 
fV-  \^^  ,1    .1.    ,|i  iiidolfnce  and  .iimiseinent.       Id 

:(;!■  w'.-'v,,,'-,  I,  ,-,|,|sijr„(.(|  ilie  lal)ors  of  ttic  hons(. 
■"■■■   ii'l  t'l"  1m  td  ;  she  .irrantjes  the  lodj^e  ;   hrini;s 

■  ''  '"I'  'lie  lire  ;  i.ioks  ;  jerks  venison  and  bnt- 
'  ''if.il  :    iresses  the  skins  of  the  anim.ils  killed 


1  III  ill:.!'  ;  ciilti\,,t,.s  the  little  patidi  of  ni  ii/e, 
''''■i'''.iiiS  .Mil!  pulse,  which  furnishes  :i  v^re.it 
! '■■  "t  ti-ir  provisions.  Their  time  for  repose 
I"'  if  Ti'.iiu.a  IS  ,11  sunset,  when,  the  kibors  ot  the 
u.iy  Umy  ended,  they  gather  together  to  iinnisc  ; 


thems('Ive«;  with  petty  j^.imes,  or  hold  gnssipinj^ 
I'onvocations  on  the  tops  ot  their  Iodides. 

As  to  the  Indian,  he  is  a  game  animal,  not  to  be 
(ley;radei|  by  lisetul  or  meni.d  toiL  It  is  I'noilgh 
that  he  e\|ios<.s  himself  to  the  hardships  of  the 
chase  .and  the  |)erils  ot  war  ;  th.it  he  briin^s  home 
food  for  his  l.imily,  ,inil  w.itclus  ,ind  lights  lor  its 
inoieciion.  I.\erythin^  else  is  beiieatli  his  atteii- 
iioii.  When  at  home  he  .attends  only  to  his  we.i])- 
oiis  .Old  his  horses,  prep.iriiig  the  nie.ins  ot  tnturo 
exploit.  ( >r  he  enj;a},'es  with  his  coinradis  in 
^j.imes  of  dexterity,  a^;ility,  ami  strength  ;  or  in 
(;.imblin}^  (.j.imes  in  which  evervthini;  is  put  at 
h.a/ard.  with  a  recklessness  seldom  witnessed  in 
civili/ed  lite, 

.■\  gre.it  part  ot  the  iijle  li  i,ure  of  the  Indians 
when  ,it  lioiii  .  is  ]iissed  in  j^ioups.  sipiatted  to- 
HCllier  <iii  the  bank  ot  ;.  rivei'i  on  the  top  of  a 
mound  on  the  prairie,  or  on  the  rmil  ot  mie  ol  their 
earlh-((i\  ired  lodj^fcs,  talkiiiii;  ovi  r  the  news  ot  the 
daVi  the  affairs  ot  the  tribci  the  events  ;in<l  ex- 
ploits ot  their  List  huntinj,'-  or  lii,diiini;  i  \pedition  ; 
or  lisienine;  to  the  stories  of  old  times  told  by 
some  \t'teran  idironii  ler  :  reseinblili'^  .i  ;;idUj)  of 
our  \illay;i-  quidnuncs  and  politiii.ms.  likening  to 
the  prosin^s  ot  some  Miperaiimi.iled  or.ude,  or 
discussing;"  the  coilteiils  ot  .m  am  ii  nl  new '>|i.aper. 

As  to  the  Indian  women,  tin  \-  are  t.ir  troni  com- 
pl.iinin^r  of  their  lot.  tie  the  contrary,  they 
wdiild  despise  their  husb.uids  louM  ihe\  stoop  to 
.mv  menial  ollii  e,  and  would  think  it  i mueved  an 
imputation  upon  their  own  loiuluii.  It  is  the 
worst  insult  one  virago  c.in  i  asi  upon  .uioilu-r  ii\ 
a  moment  ot  .altercation.  "  iiil.imoiis  woman  1" 
will  she  ere.  "  I  have  seen  your  hu^ban.j  cirrying 
wdod  into  his  lodj^a'  to  m.ike  the  lire.  Where  was 
his  sipi.iw  that  he  should  be  obliged  to  make  .1 
wom.iii  ot  himselt  .'" 

.Mr.  Hunt  and  his  fellow-tr.ivillers  li.nl  not  Ix-en 
m.iin  d,i\s  .at  the  .\rickar.i  \ill  e^e,  when  rumors 
beean  to  i  ii\  ukite  that  the  Sioux  h.id  lollowed 
them  up.  and  th.it  a  w.ir  |)ari\ .  tour  or  live  hun- 
dred 111  niini'ier.  were  lurking;  M'liiewlieie  in  tht* 
neighborhood.  These  rumors  )iroduced  much 
embarr.issmenl  in  the  (amp.  The  w  l-,ite  hunters 
\\cre  deterred  from  vcniurino-  tortli  in  (piest  of 
L;,ime.  neither  did  the  leaih  is  think  it  proper  to 
expose  them  to  such  risk.  The  .XiTkar.is,  too, 
Wilio  h.id  sutfered  greatly  in  tin  ir  w  ai's  with  this 
cruel  and  ter<icii)us  tribe,  wen-  ifnisi  .1  to  increas- 
I'd  \  i;.;iliiii(a'.  and  st.atiolie  I  mounied  s.  outs  upcnl 
the  neighboring  hills.  This,  h'We'.-i  r,  is  ;i  i;en- 
er,il  precaution  amoiii;'  the  tnbisol  th.-  pr.liries. 
Those  immense  plains  jireseiu  a  hori/oii  like  the 
oce.in.  so  that  anv  ob'eci  ot  importance  i-an  he 
ihsciied  at.ir,  .ind  inl  irmati  in  commiinicaled  to 
a  oreat  distama'.  The  scouts  .uc  si.itioned  on 
the  lulls,  therefore,  to  look  out  lu.;!i  lor  ..;.ime  ancl 
tor  enemies,  and  are.  in  a  m.iniur.  liMli;;-  tele- 
^ra|ihs  con\cvine-  their  iiiii  lii'^i  iici'  ii\  i  oncerted 
sii^nsi  It  they  wish  to  j;ue  natii  e  oi  a  herd  of 
butfalo  in  tlie  pl.iin  be\.in.!i  tin  v  ;,;allop  b.ickward 
and  torw.ard  abre.ist.  on  I'.e  samniit  ot  the  hill. 
It  thev  ])erca'i\c  an  enemy  .it  li.md.  ihev  yiiUop  to 
and  tro,  (adssini,'-  e.udi  other  ;  ,it  si^!;i  ol  which 
tl:i    w  hole  \all.i^e  llies  to  a;  'iis. 

Suidi  an  alarm  w.is  eivcn  in  tin-  atti  iiioan  .if  the 
I  jtl).  Four  scouts  were  see;»  crossiii;.;  and  re- 
la-ossing  each  other  at  full  i;aii.ip,  on  the  summit 
of  a  hill  about  two  miles  disi.int  down  the  river. 
'Idle  crv  was  up  that  the  Sionx  w  iie  comingi  In 
nil  inst.int  the  \ill.ige  w.is  in  .in  uproar.  Men, 
women,  and  children  were  .ill  br.i'.vliii};-  an.l 
shoutini;' :  doL^s  b.irkiii};.  yelping,  and  howling. 
Sonic  of  the  warriors  rvin  (or  tiic  horses  to  gather 


i 


I! 


r ' 


1iJ 


ii\'.\ 


'p*\ 


Ml- 


1  ; 


Zbi 


ASTORIA. 


m 


i.  'M 


!  (IrivL-  thcin  in  from  ilir  pr.iirii'.  sonu-  t.>r  lluir  ;   v.iiimis  ri^jun-s  wen-  fancifully  L'mhroji! 


niu 


wcipiin- 


A-.   I.isl  .!»  lliiy  coiilil  .iiin  ami  ciiiuii      s|ilil   (|uilK   <iu(l    icil  .mil  \rl 


.IIKI 


crpilvi:'! 


fV     S.lllUHl 


Somi- 


toot. 

\siit> 

ii'S  >.iinMri'il 

turiiisJK'd   ui 


liiilli  ;    collie  (111  lioi>>i'l).iik,  •.oinc  mi 


!•<  Ii  in^;iil  s\  it!)  tlir  skiuk  r  IidhI-,  ii|  \ 


h.i>lih'  .iir.iscd    HI  liiiMi-  w.ir  ilii's-,,   |   liiat  r.ililtil  as  he  ualk 


nil 


%  I.IV  ! 


I iiriMuii  I 


it  lIuttiTiiiK  tralln'is,  ami  tluir  Im 


■|-: 


.HTival   (It   llu~>  (U  luii.iii.iii   w.i^  i|„ 


Willi   iiaiiu 


tlurs  naki'il  ami  miK      tor  .mullur  of   tliuif  niciiuiiiiaU  \\| 


nil 


th  tl 


\siMi)tm> 


tlll'V    had     Miati  lied 


up. 
tons 


Th 


C    \'.iiMlrll     .llti 


hildriMi   y;atlurt 


III!  h  id  Imli.iM  lili'  :  tor  no  Ikih^'  j.,  n,,;)-, 
1   in 


H    M'. 


I  )>i:i,V 


d      th 


tU-vloll    ot     till'     M  I'MC     !i\      lIU'l 


•md    litij;l»ti'ni 


•red    iill   the       .ilid    |illiu  tlllous,  and    inorr  olisi'i  \  ili|.;  cit  (.i|,  u^ 
d    the    inn       .mil  lonnalily  th.in  an  AiniTic.m  N.iv.i^r. 


nun    who     loidil    no 


onK<f 


r   vorilcr.ition.     • 'id  'I'lu- ulijfci  (d  llic  ilcpiitalion  \v,i»  i,,  j; 

f  an  intended  vi'iitot   the  Shienin.'  lurCI 


lie.ir    .iiiiii 


.sinid.ir  si.iiioii>. 


md   li.ii.m^iiid  the  win 


tube  to  the  .\i  i 


kai- 


I  \lll.i^i'  III  the  riuifir  lit  lij 


the; 
.Si)nu 


p.iMMMJ,   e\liorliM^;    ihein    to   \aloroui  deeds.      da)' 


'I'll  this  MMt  Mr.  liuni   lookc.! 


it  till 


\eter,ins  took  .inns  iliein-.el\es,  ,inil 


iroi  ure  .uUlitioii.il   nurses 


liiir; 


for  I 


ir.\,ir! 


ll.-<  Inliniri 


s.lllied  tollhwilh  tottrlint;  steps 


Int 


lis  W.IV 


the 


ir^;. lining   lieinn   iiutfeitu.il   in  ohi.uiii 


s,i\Mj;e  ehiv.dry  ot  thevillaKi'  to  the  nuiniier  ot  live      lieiinl  supply    Iroin  the  .\ri 


K  ,1  Ml!. 


li..Iir 


iimlred,  in  iirei 


I   forth,   lu  ller-skelter,   ridiiii,' .md      mj;  eoiild  prev. id  upon  the  litter  to  p.iri  wh!;  i|; 


1; 

running,  ^vi'h  hi'ieour,  \clls  .mil  w.ir-svi 


ons,  like 


horses,  uhiih   h.id   lucn  tr. 


ii;r 
iiu-a  Id  lu.lta;!) 


so  in.iiiv  hedl, unites  or  deinoni.us  let  Ioom 


llllllllllj. 


,1   while   the  ti 
less  uproir. 


li  w.ir  rolled  li.n  k.  tmi 


.itlier  I 


t  had 


Alter 
with  l.ir 
al.irni,  or 

thenisidves  disiovired,  .md  ipiii  t   w.is   restored  to 

o  he 


.\s  \ir.  lluntNMiuld   li.ue  to  .di.iiid  ill  li;- ' 


a 


a  t.ilsc      ,it   this   pi. lie,  .Mr.  l.is.i   now  i.tteri:d  '.u  imiih.i^c 
liii-  "eiieinv    li.id    reire.iled    on    lindiiii;      them,  .md  siu  h  o|  Jus  nun  h.mdise  ,is  w.^  ,ii|icr. 


th 


is,  and   to   p.iy    him    in  hoisrs,  to  i 


III.. 


the  \i 
le.irtll 

tr 


d.i-i 


'I'he   white  luiiUers  (oiumuiiiv;  t 


1   ot   r.iM;;ir.ir   this  d, 


iiij,'i'riius  neij;nliorhoin 


.it   .1   lorl   I) 
|i.iii\ . 


1^   to   the    Missouri  I-'iir  Ciir 


iliil    .It    the     M.illil 


III    \lll.l;;r-i 


"u;  .1 


esn  iiro\  i^ioii-. 


'i;Mn  to  he 


se.irio  in   the  e.mip.      hundred   and    litty  tniles   lurther  up  ilu-  iivi;r    \ 


As  a  suhstitute,  then-tore,  tor  venison  .md  hull.il 
the  tr.ivellers  li.id  to  pun  h.ise  a  luimher  i 


!iie. 


i|      Mr.  ( 'rook'^ 


.1111   w.is   promp 


tlv   I 


n.iili',  .iiiii 


1.1 


s,  with   sever, u   eoinp.iiiinii 


o^s  to   he  shut  .mil  .'ookeil  lor  tne  s 


c.iniii. 
niiv 
(lovjs. 
(lian 


1m, n 


un.iteu , 


how  ever  i  ii.irv 


sui-i 
the 


il\'  o 


t  tht 


Ii 


ifl 


tort  to   iirorure   the 


hoi; 


DUt  !uf 
:i-V  lv!uri;d. 


liter   U|)w 


ard    id   .1   fortnight's  .il 


brii 


it  he 


lit  ilieir  horse-,,  they  were  liher.d  ot  their 
.mim.ils  sw.irm  aluuit  .m  In- 


ith  them  llii 


itipul.iteil  nuniher 


v.c 


In  la,  t.  tliese 


vil 


,is    thev    do   .ihout   a 


Turk 


the  I  .u.dry 


W.IS  not  sultieieiilU  luiiiunih 


isli  tow  11. 


Not  .1   l.im 


hut 


.Is  two  or  three  ilo/.en 


bet 


on;. 


to  it  (.1  .i! 


perior   hi 
(Ir.uv  the 


I, 


,e\  the  p.irly  and   the  b.i^'K.'K''   •""'  mtr, h.i;„'„H', 
iiiil   a    few  d.i\s   nioie   were  ii  <piir.--d  t,,i  i..);iip'';;5 
sizes  .md   eoiors  ;  some,  ot  .i  su-      the  .irr.in>{enients  tor  the  joiiriu  \. 
re    Used   lor   hunting';    others,    ti  (  iii  tiie  i;lh  ot  JuU  ,  just  lielm-e  d.i)  I'le  ik,  .1  h'R.Tt 

1  hreeil,      noise  .md   voi  ifer.itiiin   was   he.ird   in   t'.i-  vi;  ,,;■(, 


sle  li;e,  wliile  otlu/rs,  I'l  a  inoiv^ri 


and 
Til 


idle    \.l  'ihoiul    n.iture,  .ire  tattelled  tor  |i 


1' 


L'V  .ire  supposed  lo  hedeseei 


nded  li'iin  the  woit. 


lis   belli);- 


tl 


surprise, 


and  ret.iin  soiiu-thin. 


IIS  sava>,'e 


hut  eow  .1 


rdl\ 


temper,   howliii;;    r  ither  th.m    b.irkiii^  ;    showing      .i 
thfir  teeth  .md  simiIiiil'  on  the  sliirhtest  pnivu,  .i        ii 


.1111 


nei^'iiliornooi 


1  t 


le   usual    liiili.m   l.our  i 
le  Sioux  beiii 


,!,:!M.L. 


1,      tl 


u;     I  .imp     \\.is   ills'  I 


nII.ivMI  Ii  lie  I'l  I'C 
.llv    ,11  'i.e 


1-1 


t.       .-\s   the   d.iv    broke  liidi.i 


tion,  but  sne.ikini,'  .iw.iy  on  t! 


least  ;it:.u  K. 


Ill  lonsiiier.ihle  numher  o 


mia-s  ilow  II  the  river. 


n  the  bliilU.  ll.iu- 


Tl 


le  liolsr  .i; 


Th 


e  t'\i  liriiu-nt    II 


I    ilu: 


V    Mll.l^e    lOlltiniH-i 


.irriveil  Iroin   i 


<  'II  the  (1  ly  1 
M-M-r.il    p.irtie: 
'1,1  \',i-|-e   nut  ,-md  I  .indih-'a-i 
1  to  t'le  I  'iiiiu  il 


ow  in;;  the  .il.irm  just      ir 


htti 


rent 


d.iv  to  (lay. 

mentioned, 

(iircelioiis 

ot  ihL-  br.ivr 

J)orte(i  the  e 

whether,,)!  -.s.ir  or  hiintiiii;  ;   wiinli  new  s  w.is  alter- 

ward  prom-,i!;;-.ited   ilinnii;liou;  the  \ill.i-^e,  by  eer 

lain  II 


liolii      the  viU.i'^e  I  oiitmuei 


i 


le  tops  I 


■I  tl 


IIU 


iwded   with  ihe  inh.ibil.mts, 
tow.ird  the  hills,  .md  keepi 


■it.i;;,:!  :l 


st.\ 


le. 


h.itti-rinj;. 


['reseiitlv  an  Indi.in  w.nr 


Ills  .Mill  Mill  es 


I, nh.;e,  where  they  n-      p.ist    the   c.imp   tow.ird   the  \  iiLi^'    -'"'' 
s  III  their  expeditions,       w  hile  the  legions  be^;. in  l, 


•fj 


truth   ol  tlu- 


I  pt,iir 


m.itler  w.is  1. 


ilil  nu-n  who  aeteil  ,is  heralds  or  town  irirr- 


The  Indian-,  upon  the  disl.iiil  hills  v-.i  ii-  riu,  "i-; 


d   .-Xrii  k.ir 


I    br.ues    ri-luriiiiiK 


Anion''   tl'.e   iiarties   whi,  h   .irrive'l   w.is  one  ih.a 


T 


K\ 


had 


h.id    mil   the   war  p.irly  ot  ^^ll'llv  \*'i  • 


iieeii  .Mil, iin;  the  Sii. ike  n.ition  steJiliiij;  horse-,,      Ik  eii   so    loiin  hosi-nii); 


bollt    the    :ii   -'111' 


anil   returiu. 


with    sui-.-i'ss. 


As   tl 


lev 


h 


lassed   in   liiumph    tlirou,'h 


th 


id   toiinht    tl 


em 


the   (l.iv    bdori 


cheered 
Iccted   .1 


>vere  exhort. 


i'V    the    men.  women. 


e  \-ill.ii;e  they  Were 
and    ehildi-en,  i  ol- 


.iir. 


ilele.lted    tlu     I  est  Wl 


th   t! 


u- 


lit 


-lU.il   on    the    tup-,   lit    the   lod'.. 


hv  Ihe 


Nesl, 


th 


to 


three  ot  their  own  nu  n  .mil  .lO'i 
111  ;   ,md  lhe\  were  now  iLiitin^  .it   i 
lei  111  the  Mll.l'^e  s1i,k:M 


,'.ii  ;',\!' 


,11'  I  i:< 


g'jiierous  in  tiu-ir  de.ilili;;s  with  the  white  men. 


their  I  iiinr. 

meet    ihem,  .md    swel 


Tlie   e\ei.in 

in^  anui!\^    i!,-- 

riors  ;  bin  souni 


spi-iit   ill  fi-.istin;;  and  ri 


h.il 


pn 


enir\ . 


Tl 


the    p..|-.i,,i- 


w.irrior  w  ho  ii.h 


relations   ut 


ih 


If   siiieesslul  wa 


rom 


ih. 


Is  ol  ..;-r 


ir-      the   (-.imp   was   the   le.ider 

1     h  


d   tht 


rii-1  .md  wailiiiL;  wen.'  he.ird      home  to  j^ive  iiiliii^;s 


t  hi 


s  vKt'irv. 


.iih.u-ent  to  tlie  \lil.i' 


tile  I, 


mieli- 


I're 


unions   III 


,|ai-!l    \\i\ii   h  111 


osi  sime  ri,-l.ai\e  in      m.ii 


ti.il 


lar.itioiis    wc 
I  cieiiionv. 


re    now    111. I'l'.:    ■' 
.All  the  hiurv  .n 


the  f 
A I 


or.iy. 

1    lniiia;i  vill.i  'e   i- 


t!ie  w.ti  riors   w  i-re  set 


lions 


'\i  lie,    i-;it- 


'ei  t  to  (  oiitinual  .i^ita 
he    next   il.i\ 


iniKht  appear  to 


lh< 


It  torlli  lo  111- 
■reatesl  .ulv.nit.; 


ll.t-ii-l.:!;"- 


.uiji'ii-  •' 
/iImiiiI'V 


.irriM-d  .1      too,    who    hail    reinaiiu-i 


I    at 


mine 


Je[)Utalioii   1,1    iir.i'.-es   Iroin   the  (du  yeime  or  Shi-      w.in 


Irobes  and   toilets  to  do  lioii-ir  !  •  lH'-'  I" 


emu:    natimi 
Arick.'ir.-is.  h-, 
take    ndui," 


hrokeii    trihe,    i  ill    up, 


Ilk. 


till- 


Slllll. 


w.irs  with  the  Sioux,  and  ilii\-eii  to 


.mioii'.. 


the 


k    Hills,    1 


'Ihe  .-Xriikar.is  j;eni 
h 


r.illy  K' 


ikid. 


:a' 


soun-fS  ol   the  Clieveiiiie   River,  from  wliiili  ilu 


lear    the  ,  s.iv.i);i-s.  they  h.ive  their  ^ 


den 


th 


eir  name.     <  )iie 


d   ll 


■y 


not 


little 


Tl 


,il.i  me 
lis  usu.diy 


hut, 

,1  Willi  hi^')' 


ie-,e   deputies   w.is      j^r.iv  sureo.it  .imi  ie;.;};ins 


dtl 


le  (Iressi  i 


magnificently  arrayed  in  a  bultalo  rube,  on  which  !  antelupc,    rtbemlding   chaniuis 


Icatl  er,   aii'-i 


:  ii'.e 


ASTOKIA. 


355 


finhroidtrnlv 
'^^  ;  .inJii.rv. 


:il>.ll.il  n  If.-  '  .;, 
ti;ri:.|   '..1  |.ijii.:„i>j 

lli.-<f  .IS  U,i>  vjj' 
iCS,   I,,  llC.llt... 

I'^'^iuiii  Kiir  i;, 

\  in.if,'!-!,  .li'.u: 
r  u|i  ihc  livi.r     \ 
111(1  ^il   l.iv.i  ,,• 

.llil"!iM,  M  •  ,i;il  ; 
I'l:  rill  •:,  luil,^''' , 

r  111    ll.ilM-,.       >;; 

I'uim  I  Jih  ',11. 
.iiiil  imrili  I. Ill,-,, 
uiru'il  tu  ■..'iiipv.e 

li.aiiri-.ik,  .1-;'  ■ 
ril    IK   I'll'  v:;.,,.' 


(Ifrc'i  wii'i  piircupinc  (|iiills  brilliantly  <l\i"il,  j  n\c  iMiri'd   ^tc|),  in   radcnri'   Id  (Ik-  sdli-mn  i  liint, 
lie  islliiiAMi  "MT  llir  r\^\\l  sliiiiililcr,   j  .iml  tin-  winiuts  in.iiiii.iiiH'il  ilitir  tivcil  and  ->iiiii 


A  1  ull.'.l'i 


mil 


I  llliS    I 


In-   I.  It    IS   Mim^;  a  <| 


iii\i  r  III   ai 


TJu'v  W'-.i 


r  y  IV  I  iiiiin 


lis  III    |iliiiiu-s,    jiartii  tdarh 


ihi'M. 


I.|    'III'    sW.lM 


IM;;h'.1I.'i 


ll!l^llll•ll■d  the  111  '■' 


liiil  ilu'  Icatlu'ls  111  till'  liiark 
I  wiKlliy,  Itcinj;  a  sa- 


iTl 


;|  "iPl  .nii'M;; 


tin-    Indiiii  wariiiirs.      Ilr   wlin 


(IIIIIIMIInl 


,1  111- 


liflwi  III  IwiHil  till'  piiiii  i|)al  I  liiili  rude  a  Nutiii)^ 
warimr  wlm  li.ui  di-.liii;4iiislird  Iiiiiim'H  hi  lli'r  lial- 
tli'.      Ill-    wa-.  siM'ifly    wnimdfd,  -.o  as  Willi  dilli- 
I  iilty   tu   krc|)  nil    liw   liiH-if  ;    liut  111'  |iit'scr\id  a 
in   hi',  iiwii  land  is  I'litillrd  to   \  sriTiir   and   sU'adlasl   i  miiiii'iiani  i',  a-,   il  piTli  itly 
„!  III-.  Iii'i'ls  a  l'i\  skin  ati.alii'd  111  fail)  nun  -  j  iiiilianiird.      ilw   iiuitlicr   ha<l    lu-ard  (d  In-,  i  undi- 
?ii     iml  111'  ^^li"  ''•'"'  *''•''"  •'  M'"''y  '"'■"■  ^^''a''-*     ""II-     ^li»'  linikf  tlirmij^h  tlu'  llinm^;',  and  riislnnj^ 
l^;„,ii|  Ins  il.iw.,  till'  iiin-il  ^;liiriitii-.  trupliy      u|i.  lliii'W    liir  amis  aioimd  liiiii  .iiid  V'.i'jit  al  nid 


h.ia.lli  Ian  nii'ii'v 


tlir  .1  Kiiiitii  '  'I 


liiliii. 


Ill'  kfiit   np  ilic  s|iiiit  and  dctiirainir  id  a  w  iniur 


\:\  Iii'Imii  tiiili'l  '-•  an  n|irrati(in  id  snini-  Inil  and      1"  llic  last,  lail  i'\|)iri'd  slmrtly  atlrr  lie  li  id  n  ai  htd 
I  i>mS1i' :  die    ualTi'M'    nltrll    Ills    In    |iiint     hlln.ill       liisliiiiili 

Ir.iiii  In  ii 

,;,iiu'iiit  1"  pliM  ■''.  'IS 
siA'ikN  i.i'l '  iiliir  •• 
lU'a'tiii-i,   |ias' 


1,1  1 1  il,  and  I--  i'\tri'iiiily  i  aprii  imi-i  ,iiii|  Tlii'  \  illa).;r  \\a->  impw  a  -.i  I'lU'  ol  tin-  iitiiinst  lr^ii\'- 

lii  the  hidriiiis  distriliutinii  id  iis'  .iiid  tiuiiii|ili.      'I  In'  liaiiiu'i's,  and  lrii|iliii'  ,  and 

A  K'li' Il    part  lit  llii'  iiinriiiii;;,  sralps,  and  painltd  sliirld-.  smti' i  Ifvati'd  uii  pidcs 

awaV    licliMi-      lluri'      well'     ,ilis  lirar      lllr      liidj;r-..        I'lliili:      Wrlc      \s,u'    li'asl-iaild 


i.'i'.i  I'l  ill.    a-i  im  |i.ini'ant.      In  the  ini' an  tinii' .i    !  sr.d])-d.iui'i's,    with     w.iilikc    soni^s    .iml    sa^.i^ij 
i-niloiii,  1  •■nilm''^  ii'ii;in' I  iiM'i' iIk'  ^'illaKf.      .Mn-l      niiisu- ;    all   tlir  iiili.ilnl. mis  were    iiT.iscd  in  llair 


'  iiil,..'iii.iiit''  li.i  I  -;iiii('  tiTili  ;  (Ptiii'is  rcni.iui       ti'-il.d  dn'ssrs 


tlu:   idd  lii'i'.dd 


s  wriit  I'liuni 


cJ  111  nnli'  I'vj'i'' lalliui.      .Ml    s|nirts  .illil  nri  lip.i         ll'uni    Iml^;!'    t.>    liid;;i',     priiintlls;.itiii;;-     with     liiiid 
ti.i:b  w;  i'.' si|i|K'ilili'd,  ('\i  I'pllll^;  tll.lt  ill  till'  liidyi'-i      \iini's   llic   events   ot    the  li.itlle  and  IIU'  i 'vplulls  ol 


i.'iint  ikiii;;   M|ii  1^',  s    wne   silcnil'.'    Inisied    in      ihe  \  ,ii  mils  warrmr- 


_,ripa 


III-  llii'  ri'ji.i 


.1:,  I'll-  ll 


e  \\  .in  11)1  • 


il  a.i-.  IK  .If  tl  Mill  ili.il  .1  iiiiii;;leil  siiiind  of  Viii 
I  iMiiU    III  ml    li'iiMi    a  (list. II 


,ir.J  ''U  I-'  iiui. 


M'.i'ii 


Suih  W.I-,  the  hiiisteriiii-,  revelry  u^  the  \ill.i.,''i'  ; 
lull  si  111  111  U  id  anil  I  her  kind  were  iic.ii.l  un  the  siir- 
iiiiindiiii;   lulls  ;    piteiius    w.iiliiii;i   id    tlu;  wniiieii, 


;i. ,'  ill  ll  the  piiii  eisiKii  w.is  nil  the  iii.irih.       \\  Im  hid  retired  thither  to  nioiirn  in  d  irkncs  .  .iiul 


;,i'  ii.il  iM.'ii  .lail  ^l 


111  ll  (i|  the  s(|ii.iws  ,ii  ( (iiild  le,i\ 


lllll.le  lnr  thu-ii'   W  III)  h.ld   I.I 


lien  in  li.i 


tile.     Thur 


au'iis  li.i-iieiie.l   lortli  tl)  me:'i  ll.      In       the  pmir  niMlher  111   the  \milliliil  w'.irriur  who  li.id 
ll  liltic '.'. lull- .;  i':iii'r);ei|    lioni    beluiul   .i   hill,  .ind      leUiniel    huiiie    in    triumph    b'al    to    die,  ^M\eliill 


n.'. 


irciiilii'n 


L.i.l , 


111  i  pii  tilli'iipie  .ippearaiiie  ,11  il  i  .iiue        .iiit    In    the    ,ill;;lllsh    id    .i 


tUDther's   lie.iri,      11 


ni.i'iin:;  ii.rr  I'le  ■.uiiililit  in  me,i-.lile  I   sle|),  .Hid  Id      null  ll  dues  llii-i  1  ii-.li)m  ,11111)11:;"    the   Indi.tn  wmneii 
the  1,1  ii-iii  .'111  ■'''ii);i  ,illil  •>.r.'.i^;i'  insliiinienls  ;   ihe 


111   rep  uriliL'   In  t 


lull  iiijii  III  the  lUijlii,  .mil  jinur- 


w.ii.iivc  -tiail.ir.K  .iiid  trnphi(">  ll.iuiilin^  .dull,  .iiid      \wj,  Iniih  their  w.iiimi;s  lnr  the  dead,  e.ill  In  mind 
■,  il'  k'.l'.'ii'r-..  .11'  I    jiilIU,  .md    siKcr    oi  n.iniellts   nl       the    lieilllllul    .llld    .llle.  till;;-  p.lss.i^fe   nt    Seriptlire, 


il'  k',l!;ii'r-.,  ,ie 

ihi'  'A.iiii'ir 


.III' 


lilleriii'''    III    the    sun- 


Ti.'j  '|i.i4' ml   li.i.l   rc.iliy   sonietliiii;;' 


'  In  R.ii 

mil  wei'l 


I  M)ii  I    he. lid,  l.uiient.iti 


11.1  w.i-i    llieie 
iii.;j.  .llld  •■re.il  lunurniii",  K.i 


elu  I  w  i  el 


(  lin'.iirniw 


!iu  lit.      'I'lie    A 


rii  k.iias   .ire  iiivnle 


lnr  her  1  hilurea,  .i 
.1(1-.^'  lili'V   ale  nnl." 


ml  Wnllld  lint  bu  L'nlulurU 


i::i  1 11  ,':-i'.il  !i  111 


■hb 


th 


e  name  nl  sniiie 


.nil    i;-  hirl,  a-,  die    hull. dn,   the  be.ir,  the  dii^r. 


I'l'    |lll".l>.!ll 


I.      Tl 


ire-.enl     p.Ul)'      eollslsti'd     nt 


I  I'.r  111  I'll'-.!'  1)  .III ..  .iiie  nl  w  hi'  ll  s\  .IS  the  dn;;.  th 
.;i  i.t  I'llii'iiK- 1  111  w.ii ,  he'ii),^   inmpDSe  1   nl   yniiii;. 


I  11  \r 


.\.\1I. 


ni-'ii  lai  |.  r  ihiriv.  .lad  imled   h 


11    is 


Willi  K   Mr,    lliinl   w,is  dihLjenil 


y   pvi  p.iriiii. 


f.ir 


e;.;.i;;i.' I  ni  ili"   iii.i-,i  di'-.|)i'r,iie  m  t  ,i  ^    uii.       Ihe      hi-,   .ir  luniis    I'luriu",'.  snme   nl    hi-,    men   In  ■■  m  lo 


i'i'li  ir,  iiili-'  I     ill    seu.lt  lie     hndies    Uiider    their       ln->i'    lie.irt    .it    ll 


e    penlnlis    prnspei  1    liitnre  liielil 


SJ'"i'l  r  i'-.i  lr,"-<.       I'll',-  w.il  1  ml-,  nil   In  ll   V  .line   lilst,        lull,    lirlnl'e     \,i'    ,irill-,e     ihelll    nt    W'.llll  nl    sjiinl.lt 
in  jL-lliiia-    n!    l:-ii    ,ir    r.vi'Ke    .ibr  ■  i -!   ;    then   ihe       i-,  prnpi  r  l.i       iiisider   the  n.iture  nl    the  w  lldi'l'lies.i 


'I'ill    ;i         1.  I,  h   ll  HI. I  hnfi 
■l-Ui'l    wi'ii     I 


e    .1-1    .ill  ellsl;.;ll  .1  ^pe.ir 

)''.i',ls,  p.iri  iiiiiiie   (imiU. 


1 1  ill)  w  I 
.1     reiilnll 


h  tl 


u  .    Were    .iDniit  In  .ill  \  eiiuiie, 
lmn>i   ,1-,    \,i-.t    .mil    tr.ii'kle-.', 


the 


|)Ml- 


tealu-r,.      !■: 


iili   hire   Its   trnpliie-,  n|      lue.m,  .md,  .it  the  nine  nl     '.Imh  w-'  ire, it,  but  lit- 


pnle,,  ilu'ir   lull;;    1)1, ick    I'lik-,      tl,'  l-;iin\vn,  excepting;  throu^li   thev.i;; 


tie   .•uinimts 
''ri'iuii;.,;  ill  till   '.Mil. I,      l''.,iih  w'.i-.  .lei'nniu.iiiie.l      nl    III, ll, 111    liimiei -.      .\    |),irt  ot   their  rnute  wniild 


)h  r 


i:.'  '.viin, 


,'.i;k  .'tii.T 


ai  i.u     .la  I    liuil-.lrel-,', 
I  e,tra,le  I   lle,irl\  .1  ipi.irt 

•  '..  ■.-''    v,i'inu-,ly    aniu 

nil    llnW  -V  ,1111 


'1    till-.  w.i\'      I  i\  .uin^aii  ininieiise  ir.ul,  slretihiiiLr  nnr 


ei    nl  .1      I'le. 
snm--     h'.v 


irrnws,  .III  I  \'.  ir 


ill  .md 

snlllli    t  ll    hundred-,    1)1    miles    .llnlli;'  ihe  Innl  o!  the 

d    1)'.    the  tributary 
issis-iipni. 


k\     .M.>uiit,im'-,  .ind    di 

Mil-,    nt     ihe    Ml-. -.nun     an  I    tin 


.M 


''I  'i  I !    .'li'-lU  111    liiilhiin  hide,  .1  kiiiil  ni       i '■;-,  re,ri,,ii,  w  liii'li  f  ■•(  111 ! )le  niu'  nl  ihe  iiiimea-.ur- 


<\   the  hull, .lis  nt   ll 


>te|)p 


ll    .\- 


.1-,   n.)l  iii.iptU'  heeii  teniU' 


l1 


111  ii.ive  lint  ll,,.  I'livcrl  ,i|  trees  .md  lnr-       "  the    ;;re.it    .\nieiu'.in    desert,"       li    spre.id--  Inrth 
''■' '  t   theai.       They    Were    p,iliitel   in  the       mln    iDidul.itili'^    .md    t  leeless  pl.iins,  ,ind  desol.ite 


i■|^  Hi!    ll 


.id  the  st.imp  nl   .1 
•"■  1'  m  iuih>,  ,1  si^iii  ih,a   ll 


, mils'    W.l-,les.     W  e.il'l-,i)nii 


M    th 


Iroiii   their 


.1 


.\. 


.1  t. 

'iif'.v   iir.ir   M    the  viil. 


eMeiil  .md  iiiniiolniiv.  .md  which   .ire  supposed  by 
■.^'    ilniji^is  In   h.ive  Inrnied  the  .nil  ieiit  llnor  ol   the 


lue  the  old  men 


!"•  l.ii    .Vi'ii'M    li,-M,,ii    1,1    meet  th'elli,  .md  lio'.v 


,111,    loimiless    .iL;es    Mine,    wli'ii    lis    priii 

te  1. 


leval 


:i   I   w.ues  be. it  .I'^.iin-.!  ihe  L;r.mite  l).i-,e-.  ol  the  l-ineky 


<^'^il'--!  llLU  priiM'  I  ilu'  hill.iey  nt    the  nld  l,i-       .\biunt.im- 

pilhy  .111,1   si.iiiisni.      I'.iriiit-,  .md  ll  i-- .i  l.md  win  re  no   ni.m  iit'rm.inenil\-  .ibidi" 


""■'■11,  mi,!i,m  U   in  I 


m,'l  'ivilli  ll,... 


Wi\i'S,  l)|-nlhers  .md  si-.ters       lnr,   in  i  eil.im  se,i-,ni 

h 


ll  ll 
h 


le  \  e.ir  theie  i--  lu 


d 


.,IIH' 


l'l'-l-C:..Wn,   Imu 


'1II-.I    r.lpturnu-,    e\p|■e,-,.■^inns  ot   ln\'  ;  eillier    lnr    the    llUllIernr    lll-,'.teed,        I  lie  lull  i,l;;e 

■md    l,mie:;!.Ultin-,  were  he. ml  Irnlii  is  p.iii  hrd  and  williei'd  ;    the  brnnk-.  .md  stre.inis 

"'    die    killed    and    wounded.      The  .in    dried    up  ;     the    luift.iln,  ihe   elk,  .md  the  deer 

i.'\ef,  cniiiiiuicd  c)ii    with  blow  .111.1  :   li,i\'c   w.mdcre.l    lo   ili^l.ml    p. iris,  keeping,  wiihii; 


,* 

t:^^   .^. 


%-  '^  «%i 


^> 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGI:T  (MT-3) 


/ 


O 


.**i^ 


1.0    If  1^  ■ 


1.1 


2.5 


■^  B^    12.2 

u   Mm 
1^    ||20 


1.8 


1.25 

|l.4 

J4 

^ 

6"     — 

► 

■^ 


vl 


^;i 


» 


# 


'^  -;>' 


> 


O 


/ 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


"o"  ...^  '^.5<> 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


^ 


^ 


y. 


Is 


P 


:\ 


\ 


o 


35G 


ASTORIA. 


Ifc 


fci  .11 


[:  i 


the  verpc  of  expirinp  verdure,  nnd  Icaviiifj  hc- 
liiiid  ihcm  ,'1  vast  iiiiiiilial)ited  solitude,  st-anicd  l)y 
raviiu's,  tlu"  buds  ot  loinicr  torii'iits,  lut  now  sorv- 
iii;,^  otdy  to  tantali/L-  atui  increase  t'.ie  tiiirst  ol  tlu' 
travflltT. 

Oic.isionrdly  llic  monotony  of  this  vast  wildur- 
ncss  is  intcrruptt'd  by  mountainous  bi'lts  ot  sand 
.ind  linu'slonc,  l)rokfn  into  (.onfuscd  masses  ;  wilii 
|)ii'i-ipilous  ciifts  iind  yawninj;'  ravines,  li)oi<ini;' 
like  the  ruins  ot  a  world  ;  or  is  traversed  bv  lolty 
and  barren  ridi^es  ot  rock.  ;dmost  impassable, 
like  those  denominated  the  l>lack  Hills,  lii'yond 
these  rise  the  stern  liarriers  ol  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains, the  limits,  as  it  were,  oi  tlu'  Atlantic  world. 
The  ru-Tfred  detiles  ;ind  deep  valleys  ot  this  vast 
chain  torm  shelterinj,^  places  tor  restless  and  fero- 
cious bands  ot  sav.ij^es,  many  ot  them  tin;  rem- 
nants ot  tribes  once  inhabitants  of  the  pr:\iries, 
but  broken  ii|)  by  war  and  violence,  and  who  cirry 
into  their  mountain  h.iunts  the  lierce  passions  and 
reckless  habits  of  desneradoes. 

Sui  li  is  the  nature  of  this  immi'nse  wilderness 
ol  the  far  West  ;  which  ap]i.irently  defies  culliv.i- 
tion,  and  the  habitation  ot  civili/ed  life.  Some 
portions  of  it  alonjr  the  rivers  may  partially  be 
subdued  by  ajfriculture,  others  may  form  vast 
jiastoral  tracts,  like  those  of  the  I'!.ist  ;  but  it  is  to 
lie  ftMred  th.it  a  j^rtat  part  of  it  will  form  a  law- 
less interval  between  the  abodes  of  civilized  man, 
like  the  wastes  ot  the  ocean  or  tlu'  deserts  of  Ara- 
bia ;  and,  like  them,  be  subject  to  the  de|)re(la- 
tions  ol  tlie  m.irauder.  Here  may  spring  up  new 
an  I  mori).(rel  races,  like  new  formations  in  yeol- 
oj^ry,  the  amalgamation  of  the  "debris"  and 
"  abr.isions"  ot  former  races,  civilized  and  sav- 
nj^e  ;  the  remains  of  broken  and  ;ilmost  extin- 
f;uished  tribes  ;  the  descendants  (jf  wanderinijf 
hunters  and  tr,i|)pe;'s  ;  ol  lui;iti\es  from  the  .Span- 
ish ;ind  American  troniiers  ;  ot  lulventurers  and 
desperadoes  ot  every  class  and  country,  ye;irly 
ejected  from  the  bosom  of  society  into  the  wilder- 
ness. We  are  contribuiini^f  incess.mtly  to  swell 
this  siuLJularand  heleroj4i-i',eous  cloud  of  wild  pop- 
td.ilion  that  is  to  han^^  about  our  frontier,  by  tlie 
tr.anster  ot  whole  tribes  ot  sava^jes  from  the  east 
of  the  .Mississippi  to  the  j;reat  w.istes  of  the  far 
West.  .Manv  of  these  bear  with  them  the  smart 
(if  real  or  t.mciecl  injuries  ;  many  consider  them- 
selves e\|)atriat^  l  l)ein^'•s,  wron^tully  exded  from 
their  hereditary  homes  .ind  the  sepidchres  of  their 
fathers,  and  cherisli  a  deep  and  .ibidin^  animosity 
ai;;unst  the  r.ice  lh.it  h;is  dispossessed  them.  Some 
m.iy  j;r,idually  become  pastoral  hordes,  like  those 
rude  and  mij;r,itory  |)eople,  halt  sliepherd,  half 
warrior,  w!io,  with  their  docks  and  herds,  roam 
the  |)lains  of  iippi^r  .\sia  ;  but  others,  it  is  to  be 
.apprehended,  will  become  predatory  bands, 
mounted  on  the  lleet  steeds  of  the  ])r,uries,  with 
the  o|)en  pl.iins  for  their  maraudinjr  j^roimds,  .and 
the  mountains  lor  their  relre.ats  and  lurkin;;- 
places.  Here  they  may  resemble  those  ^'reat  hordes 
of  the  North — "  Cav^  and  Ma^ojj  with  their 
bands,"  that  haunted  the  (gloomy  imai^nnations  of 
the  prophets.  "  A  jrreat  company  and  a  mi^dity 
host,  all  riding-  upon  horses,  anti  warrini,'-  ujion 
those  n.itions  which  were  ;it  rest,  and  dwelt  peace- 
ably, and  had  j^olten  cattle  .and  j^iiods." 

The  .Spaniards  chanL,''e,l  the  whole  ch.ir.icter 
and  .habits  of  tlie  Indians  when  they  broui,!it  the 
horse  amoii;.,'  them.  In  Chili,  'I'ucuman,  and 
other  |)ar(s.  it  has  con\erted  iliem,  wi'  are  told, 
into  'I'artar-like  tribes,  and  enable. 1  them  to  keep 
the  Spani.irds  out  of  their  coui\try,  and  even  to 
make  it  danij^erous  for  them  to  venture  f.ir  from 
their  towns  and  seltltments.      Are  we  not  in  dan- 


ger of  producinfj  ."^nme  such  st.itc  of  ihir.'-;  ;■  .. 
boundless  rej;ions  of  the  far  West  r  TlKuth  ' 
are  not  mere  t.incihd  .and  extr,iva;,^uit  sui^icv'-' 
we  have  sullicient  proofs  in  the  daivn-s",',"''' 
experienced  by  the  traders  to  the  .Sp.iiiidi  in,r '• 
Santa  l-"e,  and  to  the  distant  posts  ot  ihi.  lur'j'jp 
panics.  These  .are  oblij^ed  to  proceed  i;,  ;i-t' 
carav.ins,  and  are  subject  to  munlerouj.ra,  ' 
from  bands  of  I'.iwnees,  Cainaiuiu's,  ;i:vl'llk*' 
feet,  that  come  scouriiiLf  upon  them  in  thvirwc''' 
march  across  the  plains  or  lie  in  v.Mi;  ;  p 
amon.i,^  the  passes  <if  the  mountains. 

We   are   wanderinij,    however,     ini)   .•>,  ■ 
speculations,    when   our   intentioii   v.,n  i,., 
f;ivc  an  idea  ot  the  nature  ot  t'ic  wiKlwiu,,  v, 
.Mr.    Hunt  was  about   to   traverse,  and  v.hj, 
ih.it  time    w.is    far    less  knov.n   than  ai  pre,;.-. 
ihoui^h  it  still   ri'mains  in  .-i.  "real  ine.isurc  an  ■! 
known  land.     We  cannot  bi;  surprised,  thtr!  • 
ih.it  sonu'  of  the  least  p'solute  ot  his  ]i;iriVbh  •: 
leid    dism.iy  ;it   the   thou-^hti  of  .adveaiuniir;'.' 
this  ]ieril(iui  wilderness,  un.ler  the  unccr'iuJM.rv/. 
ance    of   three    hunters,    who   had   nicivlv  luij '. 
once  throut,di  the  country  and   miLjht  li.ni- hrv' 
ten    t!ie  landm.arks.      Their  .apprehcn^iniis  \-:' 
;ijj|.^r;ivated  by  some  of   Lisa's  tollowirs,  whn.;;  • 
beinij  en^atjed  in  the  ex|)edition,  tmik  .'i  miichit . 
ous   pleas'ire   in  exaL^ger.itiiif;-   its  daiijfi-r.s,   Th,. 
p.ainted   in   stnmjj  colors,   to  t!ie  ])o.)r  Canal,', 
voy.igeurs,    the    risk   they   would  ri!:i  (it  piriihir' 
v.ith    lum^'-er  and  thirst  ;  of  beinn- (in  of;  !n■.^  ? 
p.arties   (if   the   .Sioux  who  scoured  the  ])!:i:i;s;  • 
havinjf  their  horses   stolen    by  the   I'ji.s.injk,:;  - 
Crows,    who    iidested    the    skirts    uf    tin.-  Kj, 
Mountains;    or  of  beinjr  butchered  hy  iIk- Di.iii- 
feet,  who  lurked  ;imon;_f    the   detiles.     Ip.  aworii 
there  was  little  ch.ince  of  thidrj^cttinj,' alive  acrjss 
the  mountains  ;  and  even   it  thev  did,  those;  ihr;: 
fjfuides   knew   nothinjf  of  the  h(j\vliii^r  wildtrnt-: 
that  lay  beyond. 

The  apprelu.Misions  thus  .awakened  in  ihemir.'.i 
of  some  ot  the  men  came  well-nii;h  pniviiii;(!i;-;. 
mental  to  the  expedition.  Some  (d  tlK'nuL-.tr- 
mined  to  desert,  and  to  m.ake  their  u.iy  back; 
St.  Louis.  'I'hey  accordinjdy  purhiiiifd  slvi:.;! 
wea])ons  and  a  barrel  of  j^unpowder,  as  animu';- 
lion  tor  their  enterprise,  and  buried  them  ir. ;: : 
river  bank,  intendinj^r  to  seize  one  (d  ihc  iio,;'.j 
and  m.ake  off  in  tlu;  ni^ht.  I-"ortunateiv  their |ii''. 
was  overheard  by  John  D.iy,  the  Kc'iilm  kian,  „:;; 
co:iimunicale:l  to  tlu;  |).irtners,wh()  loui;  (]uitt.;:.. 
effectual  means  to  frustrate  it. 

'I'he  dantfers  to  be  api)rehende(l  frtini  iheCni.v 
Ir.dians  had  not  been  overrated  by  the  camiii;:j5- 
sips.  These  savaj^es,  throuj^^h  who.se  muiii;',.:' 
haunts  the  party  would  have  to  pass,  wtTc  i;  I'.v. 
for  darint,''  and  excursive  habits,  and  i^rcal  dtxlc:- 
ily  in  horse  stealiii','-.  Mr.  Hunt,  theridore,  cm'.- 
sidere.l  himself  fortun.ate  in  havinjf  iiiut  with .i 
man  who  mij^ht  be  ot  ^^reat  use  to  iiini  iiiany;:;- 
tercourse  he  mit^dit  h.ive  with  the  tribe.  Thi.iv.,.- 
a  wanderinjf  individual,  named  Ldward  Ro>f. 
whom  he  had  ])icked  up  somewhere  en  the  Mis- 
souri—  one  of  those  anomalous  beiii.i;s  lo'.ind  r". 
the  frontier,  who  seem  to  have  iieithi-r  kin  r.ur 
country.  He  li.id  lived  sonu'  time  anion;,' tlx- 
Crows,  so  .as  to  become  acepiainted  with  the;: 
lanfj^uaire  and  customs;  and  was,  withal.  :ul(i5"- 
^ed,  sullen,  silent  fellow,  with  a  sinister  aspect. 
;iiul  more  of  the  sava^^e  than  the  civili/ed  nun  n 
liis  appearance.  He  was  enf^ai^'ed  to  serve  in '„'i;!i- 
er.il  as  a  hunter,  but  as  j^tiide  and  imer|irt!cr 
when  thev  should  re.udi  the  countrv  ol  theCio.vj. 

On  the  i.Sth  of  July  Mr.  Hunt  took  uphisline 
of  march  by  land  from  the  Arickara  vill.ijjo,  Iw- 


ASTORIA. 


357 


late  n!  iliii-;; :. . . 
iva,i,Mllt  sii.^.t,.,,, 

Uu:  Sp;ini;,h  I,,,..;. 
losls  (it  ihr  \(,rc]~, 
'■>   linii'ii'il  i,,.-'.; 
iiuinlL-rdi;,,,:;, 
laiU'hfS,  ,-i;, ; ;; 
llu'in  ill  th-  -.,; 
i'k'   in  w.iii  t  r; 
tains. 

cr,  into  .x,--. 
liiiii  was  i,,t-;. 
'ic  \vil<lcrin-,sw 
•crsc,  and  v,!;ii, 
;n  than  at  prM:-, 
rcat  nuMsurc  an  r- 
siirprisc'l,  tlir' 
;  lit  liis  panvi'., 
of  atlvcnuiri;!;; ,-.;, 

•  till-'   Uni'LTiaJn  |^■^;,,^. 

li:i(l  nuTfly  pi.j- 
I  mii^jit  liavi' t  >r,v.. 
a|)ina:hfnsi()iis  v,c:; 
i  tcilliiwcrs,  \vhi).s:; 
un,  t()()i<  a  misi:h!t  • 

its  (lan;^^-rs,   Th.. 

l!u'  poor  C;,ii;i  I:..'. 
mid  run  o!  iicriii.;:;;; 
icin;;-  cut  oU  !n  a,.:. 
)iin-il  tli('  pl.r.iis;  • 

iirt.s  uf  ill-  \{;. 
fiuTi-d  by  lilt  lli.ur.- 
dclili-s,  Ir.  awur! 
r^^Tilinij  alive  acrj-: 
tlii-y  did,  ihosi' thr';j 
luiwlin^'  \vildiTuL>- 

alu'ncd  in  the  rair.''.; 

-nil^di  priivin;;  lit;'':- 

iDMH.'  (if  ihiMii  diivr- 

a:   their  way  back; 

y   piirloiiR'd  scvi-M 

ii\\(|:'c,  as  ammr:- 

iiurii'il  thi-ii;  ir, •„.■ 

(.'   (HH'  (il  lilt;  iiu.-.j 

(iflunali'ly  tlii.'ir|ii/. 

ic  Kentinkian,  I,:;; 

wild  tooi;  ijuicl .;:... 

Iidcd  from  iheCruv. 
•il  by  tin.'  camiifji- 

[h  whcisc  mmir.!,.:' 
t(i  ])ass,  were  r.  ''.■.. 

Is,  and  ,i,M-iMl  ilextt:- 
liiiit,  thcri-liire.  ai:> 
liaviny;  iiii-t  withi 

Isc  to  iiini  ill  any  ;:!• 

lliu  iribe.  Tlmv„.3 
lud  lulward  Rosf, 
H'wlutri'  (i:i  tlif  Mb- 
bcini^s  Idiindrt 
\w  neithtT  kill  r.ur 
,ic  tiniL-  animv,,'  ;;i 
l|uaintfd  witli  the;: 
Iwas,  willial,  atln,'- 
|h  a  sinister  aspect, 
he  civili/cJniMi:! 
j.-cd  to  serve  in  ;4cn- 
[\c  and  interpri'W 
liiitrvdl  theCrowi. 
lilt  tnuk  up  His  line 
Ickara  viliaiiO,  leav- 


\[r  I  is.i  nnd  Mf-  N'uttall  there,  where  they 

■'r':.!,.,!  io'aw.iit  the    e.xpcrted    arrival    of    Mr, 

i',;;rvlr.ni>theKoekyM.n.ntains.    Ask,  Messrs. 

rrlhurv  and   lireckcnndKe,  they  lia.l    departed, 

medivspreviouslv,  on  a  voya^je  down  the  river 

Tst  Linns  with  a  detachment  Iroin  Mr.  Lisa's 

'.  '   With  all  his  exertions,  Mr.  Hunt  had  been 

"ihle  in  obtain  a  siiMicieiU  number  ol  liorses  lor 

::':.„onil,wlalion  of  all   bis   people,      lliscaval- 

",  !t  lonsisted  of  ciLjhiy-two  horses,  most  of  them 

■,!,iv  laden  with'  Indian   ^r(„„ls,    beaver   traps, 

'nmiinilion,   Indian   corn,    corn   meal,  and  other 

...v.;ries.     I'.ach  of  the   parintM-s  was  mounted, 

i' iliiirse  w.is  allottt'd  to  the  interpreter,  Pierre 

i,,  r;',,|,   lor  the  iransport.ation  of  his   hii^ijaf^e  and 

j,s  IV. I)  children.    His  sipiaw,  tor  the  most  part  of 

Ih- time,  tnidi^ed  on  foot,  like  the  residue  of  the 

„',riv  ;  ii(ir  dill  anv  of  the  men  show  more  jiatience 

"  i\',riiiii(le  th.in  this  resolute  woman  in  eiulur- 

.-'iti'.,'ue  and  h.irdship. 

The  veteran  trapjiers  and  voy,i^r,.iirs  of  Lisa's 
p.irtvslKmk  their  heads  as  tb.eir  comrades  .set  out, 
'iiil'ldok  leave  of  them  as  of  doomed  men  ;  and 
iven  Lisa  himself  },'ave  it  as  his  opinion,  after  the 
travellers  had  departed,  that  they  would  never 
rvich  ihe  shores  (if  the  i'.icitlc,  but  would  either 
m-risli  Willi  hnn,L,a-r  in  the  wilderness,  or  be  cut 
i.ji  hv  the  sava^'es. 


CIIAITKR  XXIII. 

Tin;  rniirse  taken  by  Mr.  Hunt  was  at  first  to 

■  ;•  iiirlinvesl,  but  soon  turned  and  kejit  jjfenerally 
;ithe  siiulliwest,  to  avoid  the  country  infested  by 
tie  !;!:iekleet.  His  route  took  him  across  some  of 
;"e  iriluilary  streams  of  the  Missouri,  and  over  im- 
r.ci.^e  prairies,  bounded  only  by  the  hori/on,  and 
lirttituie of  trees.  It  was  now  ihe  heiffbt  ol  sum-  j 
i..r,  and  these  naked  plains  would  be  intolerable  | 
tubs  traveller  were  it  not  for  the  breezes  which  I 

■  weep  over  them   durinj;   the   fervor  of   the  day,  ' 
Hri;i.;'in'r  with  them  tempering;-  airs  from  the  (lis-  I 
tan;  iiKiuniaiiis.      To    the    jirevtilenee    of    these 
breezes,  and  to  the  want  of  all  leafy  covert,  may  ' 
v.calsij  alirihnte  the  Ireed'om  from  those  llies  and 
lither  insects  so  tormenting  to  m;in  and  beast  dur- 
in;;the  siininier  iiKiiiths,  in  the  lower  plains,  which 
;.rc  litirdered  and  interspersed   with  woodland. 

Tile  nidiiotonv  of  these  immense;  landscapes, 
:.',vi.  wiitild  he  ;';S  wearisome  as  that  of  the  ocean, 
uere  it  not  relieved  in  some  deijTee  by  the  )nirity 
..a>l  elisticity  of  the  atmosphere,  and  the  be.anty  of 
;ae heavens.  TTk;  sky  has  that  delicious  blue  for 
v.hich  the  skyot  ilaly  is  renowned  ;  the  sun  shines 
'...th  a  splendor,  unobscured  by  any  cloud  or  va- 
;iir  .and  a  slarliijht  iiiijhl  on  the  prairies  is  }.;lori- 
"J-.    This  purity  and  elasticity  of  .atir.osphere  in- 

:rases  as  ihe  traveller  ;i])pro;iches  the  mountains, 
:.n:l  ;rraihi;illy  rises  into  more  elevated  prturies. 

On  the  second  d;iy  of  the  journey  Mr.  Hunt  ar- 
n^;,'el  the  party  into  sm.all  and  convenient 
t;;i'»es,  distrihutinif  amon;r  them  the  e.amp  ket- 
;«.  The  enc;inipments  at  nij^ht  were  as  before  : 
-iivie  sleepintf  under  tents,  and  others  bivou.ick- 
"';;  in  the  open  ;iir.  The  C;in;ulians  proved  ;is 
iMtientof  toil  and  h.irdship  on  tin  land  ;is  on  the 
"■■itvr;  indeed,  nolhiiiiif  could  surpass  the  |)atieiice 
sill  ;s'uodduinior  of  tiiese  men  upon  the  mtirch. 
Tiiey  were  the  clieerful  drudfi^es  of  the  ]),irty,  load- 
»s'  and  unloadinj:  the  horses,  i>itchin.i,'-  the  tents, 
:r,:ikint;'  the  lires,  eookinj,^  ;  in  short,  performinLf 
'ill  those  household  and  menial  ot'fiees  which  the 
Mans  usually  ;issij>;n  to  the  .squaws  ;  tmd,  like  the 
smaws,  they  'left  all  the  huiitinir  and  tij^hting  to 


others.     A  Canadian  has  but  little  affection  for 
the  exercise  of  the  ritle. 

The  i)ro},M-i'ss  of  the  ])arty  w.is  but  slow  for  the 
first  ttwv  days.  Some  of  the  men  were  indisposed  ; 
Mr.  Crooks,  especi.illy,  w;is  so  uiuvtdl  th.it  he 
could  not  keep  on  his  horse.  A  rude  kind  of  litter 
was  therefore  prejiared  tor  him,  consisting  of 
two  lonj,''  poles,  fixed,  one  on  ea(  h  side  of  two 
horses,  with  ;i  mtUtinf;-  between  them,  on  which 
he  reclined  at  full  leni^th,  and  was  jinnected  from 
the  sun  by  a  cinopy  ot  bouffhs. 

On  the  eveiiint,^  of  the  23(1  (July)  they  encamped 
on  tlie  banks  ot  whtit  they  term  Ui^^  Uiver  ;  and 
here  we  ctinnot  but  (itiuse  to  lament  the  stupid, 
rommonpl.ice,  and  often  ribtild  names  enttiiled 
upon  the  rivers  and  other  fe;itures  of  the  tjre.it 
\Vest,  by  tr.iders  ;ind  settlers.  As  the  .aborij^in.il 
tribes  of  these  matfiiiticent  re^rions  ;ire  yet  in  ex- 
istence, the  Indian  ntimes  mid;ht  easily  be  recover- 
ed ;  which,  besides  beinjr  in  ^jeneral  more  sonorous 
.and  musictil,  would  remtiin  mementoes  ot  the 
primitivt;  lords  of  the  soil,  of  whom  in  a  little  while 
scarce  .any  traces  will  be  left.  Indeed,  it  is  to  be 
wished  tlitit  the  whole  ot  our  country  could  be  res- 
cued, as  nuich  as  possible,  from  the  wreuhed 
nomenclature  iiitlicte(l  u]ion  it  by  ij^nor.mt  and 
vul)rar  minds  ;  .and  this  mij;hl  be  done,  in  .a  s^^reat 
decree,  by  restorint(  the  indi.m  na.mes,  wherever 
siijnilic.ant  .and  euphonious.  As  there  ,ip]iears  to 
be  a  spirit  of  research  abro.ul  in  respect  to  our 
aborij^inal  anti(piities,  we  would  suj^'t^fst,  :is  .i 
worthy  object  of  enter])rise,  .a  m.ip  or  maps,  ot 
every  p.irt  of  our  couiUry,  },ri\in^  the  Inditm  names 
wherever  they  could  be  ascertained.  Whoever 
achieves  such  an  object  worthily,  will  letive  a 
monument  to  his  own   reputation. 

To  return  trom  this  ditrression.  As  the  travel- 
lers were  now  in  a  country  tiboundin^  with  buffa- 
lo, they  remained  for  sever.il  days  en(amped  upon 
the  banks  ot  \')\'^  River,  to  obt.iin  a  supply  of  jiro- 
visions,  ;ind  to  <^'\\f  the  invalids  time  to  recruit. 

( )n  tile  second  d.iy  of  their  sojourn,  as  ISen  Jones, 
John  Dtiy,  and  others  of  the  hunters  were  in  i)ur- 
suit  of  j^time,  they  came  upon  tin  Inditin  cam])  on 
the  open  ])rairie,  netir  to  ;i  smtill  stretim  which  r;in 
through  ;i  ravine.  The  tents  or  lodges  were  ct 
dressed  bufftilo  skins,  sewn  toj,^ether  ;ind  stretched 
on  ta|)erinjj  pine  ])oles,  joined  ;it  top,  but  r.adi.i- 
tini;  at  Ixjttom,  so  .as  to  form  a  circle  capable  ot 
.adniittinfr  ilfty  ])ersons.  Numbers  ol  horses  were 
t^rtiziiif^in  the  neighborhood  of  the  c.imp,  or  stay- 
ing ;it  larire  in  the  prairie  ;  ;i  siiflit  most  acce]:t:i- 
ble  to  the  hunters.  After  reconnoitring  the  ctimp 
h)r  some  time  they  .iscerttiined  it  to  behing  to  ;i 
band  of  Cheyenne  Inditms,  the  sanie  th.il  htul  sent 
.1  deputation  to  the  .Arickaras.  They  received  th.e 
hunters  in  the  most  friendly  mtimier  ;  invited  theni 
to  their  lodges,  which  were  more  cle.inly  th.an  In- 
dian hjdges  tire  jirone  to  be,  ;ind  set  food  before 
them  with  true  uncivilized  hospitality.  Several  of 
them  accomptmied  the  hunters  back  to  the  ctmi]), 
when  ;i  trtide  \\as  immedititely  opened.  The 
Cheyeiines  were  tistonished  and  delighted  to  tind 
a  convoy  of  goods  tind  trinkets  thus  brought  into 
tlie  very  heart  of  the  prtiirie  ;  while  Mr.  Hunt  and 
his  compani(>ns  were  overjoyed  to  htive  tin  op|)or- 
tunityot  obtaining  a  further  supply  ot  horses  ifoM 
these  e([uestrian  savages. 

During  ti  fortnight  thtit  the  trtivellers  lingered 
tit  this  jilace,  their  encampment  wtis  continually 
thronged  by  the  Cheyennes.  They  were  a  civil, 
\v(dl-l)ehtive(l  people,  eletmly  in  their  persons 
tmd  decorous  in  their  habits.  The  men  were  tall, 
sirtiight,  tmd  vigorous,  with  a(|uiline  noses  and 
high  cheek  bones.     Some  were  almost  tis  naked  tis 


358 


ASTORIA. 


iii'ifii! 


ancient  statues,  and  might  have  stood  as  models 
tor  statuary  ;  others  had  Ic^jpins  and  moccasons  of 
(leer  skill,  and  hulfaio  robes,  which  they  threw 
{^racelully  over  tlieir  shoulders.  In  a  little  while, 
liowever,  they  bej^an  to  appear  in  more  ^^orj^eous 
array,  tricked  out  in  the  linery  obtained  from  the 
white  men  — brijfht  cloths,  brass  rinjfs,  beads  of 
v.irious  c(jlors,  and  happy  was  he  who  could  ren- 
der himselt  hideous  witli  vermilion. 

The  travellers  had  fre(|uent  occasir-  to  admire 
the  skill  aiul  jrrace  with  which  these  i,.aians  man- 
aj.jed  their  horses.  Some  of  them  niaile  a  strikinjr 
dis])lay  when  mounted,  themselves  and  their 
steeils  decorated  in  ^ala  style  ;  for  the  Indians 
often  bestow  more  tinery  upon  their  horses  than 
U|)on  themselves.  .Some  would  han^  round  the 
necks,  or  rather  on  the  breasts  of  their  horses,  the 
most  precious  ornaments  they  had  obtained  from 
the  white  men  ;  others  interwove  feathers  in  their 
in.mes  and  tails.  The  Indian  horses,  too,  appear 
to  have  an  attachment  to  their  wild  riders,  and  in- 
deed it  is  said  that  the  horses  of  the  pr.iiries  read- 
ily distinguish  an  Indian  from  a  while;  man  by  the 
smell,  and  j;ive  a  ])relerence  to  the  former.  Yet 
the  Indians,  in  jreneral,  are  hard  riders,  and,  how- 
ever they  may  value  their  horses,  treat  them  with 
j^reat  rouj,diness  and  nejrlect.  Occasionally  the 
Cheyennes  joined  the  white  hunters  in  pursuit  ot 
the  elk  and  buffalo  ;  and  when  in  the  ardor  of  th<! 
chase,  spared  neither  themselves  nor  their  steeds, 
scourinjf  the  prairies  ,il  hdl  speed,  and  plunjrinfr 
down  precipices  and  trif;httul  ravines  that  threat- 
ened the  necks  of  both  horse  and  horseman.  The 
Indian  steed,  well  trained  to  the  chase,  seems  ;is 
mad  as  his  rider,  and  pursues  thej^ame  as  eagerly 
as  if  it  were  his  natural  i)rey,  on  the  llesh  of 
which  he  was  to  l)an(|uet. 

The  history  ot  the  Cheyennes  is  that  of  many  of 
those  wanderinjr  tribes  ot  the  ]irairies.  They  weie 
the  remnant  of  ,i  once  powerful  people  called  the 
.Sliaways,  inhabitinij  a  branch  ot  the  Red  River 
which  llows  into  Lake  Winnipej^.  I-very  Indian 
tribe  has  sonu'  rival  tribe  with  which  it  wafjfes  im- 
placable hostility.  'Ihe  deadly  enemies  of  the 
Shaways  were  the  .Sioux,  who,  .liter  a  long  course 
ot  warlare,  jiroved  loo  |)owertul  for  them,  and 
dro\e  them  across  the  Missouri.  They  .again  took 
root  near  the  Warricanne  Creek,  and  established 
themsehes  there  in  a  tortitled  village. 

The  Sioux  still  followed  them  with  deadly  ani- 
mosity ;  dislodged  them  from  their  village,  and 
compelled  them  to  take  refuge  in  the  Black  Hills, 
near  the  upper  waters  of  the  Sheyt'iine  or  Chey- 
enne River.  Here  they  lost  I'ven  their  name,  and 
became  known  among  the  I'rench  colonists  h\  that 
ot  the  river  they  tre(iuented. 

The  he.irt  of  the  tribe  was  now  broken  ;  its 
nund)ers  were  gre.itly  thinned  by  their  harassing 
wars.  'I'hey  no  longer  attempted  to  est.iblish 
themselves  in  any  permanent  abode  that  might 
lie  an  object  of  attack  to  their  cruel  foes.  They 
jiave  u|)  the  cultivation  ot  the  truits  of  the  earth, 
and  became  a  w.indering  tribe,  subsisting  by  the 
chase,  and  following  the  buffalo  in  its  migr.itions. 

Their  only  possessions  were  horses,  which  they 
caught  on  the  ])r.iiries,  or  reared,  or  captured  on 
])redatory  incursions  into  the  .Mexicm  territories, 
•as  has  already  been  menlioned.  With  some  ot 
these  they  repaired  once  a  year  to  the  /\rick;ir,i  \il- 
1  iges,  exchanged  them  tor  corn,  be.ins,  pumpkins, 
and  articles  of  Iuiro|)ean  merch.indise,  and  then 
returned  into  the  heart  of  the  jir.airies. 

Such  are  the  tluctualing  fortunes  of  these  s.ivagi; 
rations.  War,  famine,  pestilence,  together  or 
singly,  bring  ilown  their  strength  and  thin  their 


numbers.  Whole  tribes  are  rooted  up  from  i  • 
native  places,  wander  for  a  time  .ibimt  iht.f  ^^ 
meiise  regions,  become  amalgainatid  with  ,/, ! 
tribes,  or  disappear  from  the  face  ot  tln' 1 1- 
There  ap])ears  to  be  a  tendency  to  cxtimil,. 
among  all  the  savage  nations;  and  this  tiiulr 
would  seem  to  have  been  in  o|)er,iti(ii,  ;ini(ii.,r  ;. 
aboriginals  ot  this  country  long  beloic  tluM^w! 
ot  the  white  men,  if  we  may  ju(lge  liom  tlnir.iir 
and  traditions  ot  ancient  i)opulousness  in  n."!.!-! 
which  were  silent  and  deserted  at  the  timr  i?t'-. 
discovery  ;  and  from  the  mysterious  and  pcr^rv 
ing  vestiges  of  unknown  races,  iiredctcssnr,  r- 
those  found  in  aclu.d  ])ossessioii,  .inil  whni'-.' 
long  since  have  become  gradually  extinniiishc;  • 
been  destroyed.  The  whole  history  ul  tht  ii\i,r.-'. 
inal  population  of  this  country,  however,  k  '■ 
enigma,  and  a  grand  one — will  it  ever  he  buivt,  ■ 


CHAPTER  XXIV. 

Os  the  sixth  of  August  the  travellers  h.ido  tir-. 
well  to  the  friendly  band  of  Cheycniu-s  .iml  r. 
sumed  their  journey.  As  they  had  ohtaimd  ili;r:'. 
si.x  additional  horses  by  their  recent  tndhi.  .\1-. 
Hunt  made  a  new  arrangement.  Tlie  l;i,';'  - 
was  made  up  in  smaller  loads.  .\  hursf  w.i^a,. 
lotted  to  each  of  the  six  prime  hunters,  .-iiid  dihcs 
were  distributed  among  the  voyage'irs,  a  lniM't : 
every  two,  so  that  they  could  ride  aiul  w.ilk  .liv.r- 
nately.  Mr.  Crooks,  beingstill  too  feehle tu  ni-'j!.; 
the  saddle,  was  carried  on  a  litter. 

Their  march  this  day  lay  ;imong  singular  hi.!; 
and  knolls  of  an  indurated  red  earth,  rescmli:::,' 
brick,  about  the  bases  of  which  were  MMUtrc. 
pumice  stones  and  cinders,  the  whole  l«:iri:; 
traces  of  the  action  ot  tire.  In  the  evening' 'ht. 
encamped  on  a  branch  ot  Big  River. 

They  were  now  out  of  the  tract  of  Cdiir.trv  ::■• 
fested  by  the  Sioux,  and  had  .adv.inced  sin  h  a  (ii>- 
tance  into  the  interior  that  -Mr.  Hunt  no  l<ir;;t:r 
felt  apprehensive  of  the  desertion  ol  any  ct  :.:s 
men.  He  was  doomed,  however,  to  cxpcrn'it 
new  cause  of  anxiety.  As  he  w.as  seatud,  in  is 
tent  after  nightt.all,  one  of  the  men  canit:  tu  him 
])rivately,  and  informed  him  tli;it  ihcie  w.h  i''^ 
i  chief  brewing  in  the  camp.  I'.dward  Ki'm',  "•■ 
I  interpreter,  whose  sinister  lo(d<s  we  liavf  a'lii  y 
I  mentioned,  w;is  denounced  by  this  secret  inlurirvr 
1  as  a  designing,  treacherous  scoundiel,  who  w.is 
tam|)ering  with  the  tidelity  of  certain  idthe  iiii!i, 
and  instig.iting  them  to  ;i  flagrant  piece  el  trta-"n. 
In  the  course  of  a  tew  d.iys  they  would  arrivv  i! 
the  mountainous  distric  infested  by  the  l'|is,inik.is 
or  Crows,  the  tribe  among  which  Ruse  uas  ii 
ohici.ite  as  interpreter.  His  plan  was  that  several 
of  the  nien  should  join  with  him,  wlu-n  in  thi! 
neighborhood,  in  carrying  off  a  iiiiiiiher  nt  t  ■• 
horses  with  their  packages  of  goods,  and  (k-M-r;  ; 
to  thost;  savages.  He  assured  them  ol  j,fo:i!  if' ''■; 
meiu  among  the  Crows,  the  prlnciiial  chitlsar.; 
warriors  of  whom  he  knew  ;  they  would  soon  In- 
come  great  men  among  them,  and  li.ive  the  lint-t 
women,  and  the  daughters  of  tlu'  cliiels,  fur  wives; 
.and  the  horses  ;ind  goods  they  carried  off  wiHii'i 
make  them  rich  for  lite. 

The  intelligence  ot  this  treachery  on  thep.ulot 
Rose  gave  much  distjuiit  to  Mr.  Hunt,  tor  he 
knew  not  how  far  it  might  be  etfective  anmni;  i"> 
men.  He  had  already' had  proofs  that  several  u'. 
them  were  disaffected' to  the  enterprise,  and  ii''"' 
to  cross  the  mountains.  He  knew  also  that  snvi);e 
life  had  charms  tor  many  ot  them,  especially  thi; 


ASTORIA. 


359 


,.  ,iiljins   who  were  prone  to  intermarry  and 

'Z,wM  tlifnisclvcs  amonjr  the  Indians. 

" Ami  lift  a  word  or  two  coiiciTnin;;  tin-  Crows 

„.'ul,cijfsfrvi(f  to  tin-  reader,  as  iliuy  will  ligure 

;;-,,,on.illv  iii  Ih.^  succeedinjr  narration. 

[iie  liilii;  ii>ii'<i''ts  ol   lour   hands,  which   have 

tslliii"-|)laces  in  lerlile, well-wooded  valleys, 

Imii;  .mil 


"  m'^'  uiiiintr  di^-  Koi-'^^v  Mountains,  and   watered 
kiiic  liiK'  Horse  Kiverand  its  tributary  streams  ; 


;,M,  -hoiiK'li  il»'^^'  ■"■^'  l'i''J|''''''.\'  I'l^'"'  liomt-s,  where 
,l,^.;.sln.|u-r  their  old  people,  their  wives,  and  llieir 
•iiMriii,  the iiH'ii  :il  tlie  tribe  are  almost  continually 
,V  ilii..  fiir.iy  and  the  scamper.  They  are,  in  lact, 
„i.„„oiis  niaratiders  and  horse-stealers  ;  crossinj,^ 
•mil  rci.ro.-.siii>;  the  mountains,  robbinjr  on  the  one 
i,if  ami  tiiiivevinij  their  sjioils  to  the  other. 
lliiuT,  we  are  t()!d,  is  derived  their  n.ime,  >,nven 
Mliiin'i  oil  arcount  of  their  unsettled  and  preda- 
•■rvluliits  ;  \viii;;iiiij  their  fliirju,  like  the  crows, 
-,,ni  (ine  side  nt  the  mountains  to  the  other,  and 
i  ,,iii;r  !>(■«  Ixioty  ot  everytliin,i(  that  lies  in  their 

,..  ^Iliirscs,  however,   are  the  esjiecial  objects 

::u!r  i!e]irc(lati(iiis,  and  their  skill  and  audacity 
•is'.i.iiiii.!,'  llieiii  are  said  to  be  astonishing^.  This 
], ti.(ir"l"iv  and  deli},dit  ;  an  aci()m|)lished  horse- 
>:i.i',cr  liils  up  tlicir  idea  of  a  hero.  Many  horses 
[.rcdlitainecl  by  them,  also,  in  barter  from  tribes 
i:i ,111(1  hevDmrtlie  mountains.  They  have  an  ab- 
yi'.iitcpas^iiiiii  lor  tins  noble  animal  ;  besi<les  which 
':.■:  i^  with  them  an  imjiortant  object  of  trallic. 
(i".a' a  vear  they  make  a  visit  to  the  Mandaiis, 
Miiiatarces,  ami  other  tribes  of  the  Missouri,  tak- 
ii;  with  tlieiii  droves  of  horses  which  they  e.\- 
i:;.iiii;i-  f(ir},niiis,  amnuiiiidon,  trinkets,  vermilion, 
i!';ii'.  ol  bn^'ht  colors,  and  various  other  articles 

:  liiiropeaii  iiiaiiidaclure.  With  these  they  suji- 
]•:;  ihcir  own  wants  .ind  cajirices,  and  carry  on 
I",; iiitiTiial  trade  for  horses  already  mentioned. 

Till'  plot  (it  Rose  to  rob  and  abandon  iiis  coun- 
■rvnit:!  vvlu'ii  ill  the  heart  of  the  wilderness,  and  to 
i.riu  iiiiiiscif  into  the  hands  of  a  horde  of  sav;ijres, 
:  IV  .iipcar  straiij^e  and  improbable  to  those  un- 
„  (|U,iiiUi.'(l  with  the  siii},ailar  and  anomalous  cliar- 
.■.itrs  that  are  to  be  found  about  the  borders. 
This  fellow,  it  ajipears,  was  one  of  those  desper- 
r.iluis  of  the  tmiuiers,  outlawed  by  their  crimes, 
uhiiciiiiihiiiellie  vices  of  civilized  and  savaj^e  life, 
,ril,ire  liMi  times  more  liarbarous  than  the  In- 
ili.Kis  .vith  whom  they  consort.  Rose  had  formerly 
:ir!aiij;i'irto  one  of  the  >,''''"rrs  of  ])iratcs  who  in- 
:r^lI•(l  i!ie  islands  of  the   Mississip])i,    iiluiideriii^'' 

J  lis  as  they  went  up  and  down  the  river,  and 
v.::ij  soiiK-tinies  sliifteil  the  scene  of  their  robberies 
'.ithc  siinre,  w.iylayiiijj;  travellers  as  they  returned 
'.  i.imllroiii  .New  Orleans  with  the  proceeils  of 
'..■;r ilowiuvard  vovaije,  plunderiiii^  them  ol  their 
"'.'ncy  and  effects,  and  often  perpetratint(  the  most 
:.:rici:)us  iiuirders. 

liiiNf  hnnles  of  \'illains  beinj,^  broken  up  and 
|>li(;rsf(|,  Koseh.id  betaken  himself  to  the  wihler- 

■■'>,  ami  associated  himself  with  the  Crows,  whose 
■■-liiory  iiahits  were  coiifrenial  with  his  own,  had 
:-.arrii;l  a  woniaii  of  the  tribe,  and,  in  short,  liad 
■  'iUitiL'd  himself  with  those  vajrrant  savages. 

Suih  was  the  worthy  jruide  and  interjireter, 
f.iuard  Kose.  Wejjive  his  storv,  however,  not 
J>;iwas  known  to  Mr.  Hunt  antf  his  companions 
■I'l'.c  lime,  hut  as  it  iias  been  subse(|uently  ascer- 
-liwil.  laioiijrh  was  known  of  the  fellow  and  his 
'^ir!;  ami  perfidious  character  to  jiut  .Mr.  Hunt 
^ini  his  jriianl  ;  still,  as  there  was   no   knowinf,' 

'*  far  his  plans  mijrht  h.ive  succeeded,  and  as 
I'ly  rash  act  niijrht  blow  the  mere  smoulderiu},' 
surlis  of  treason  into  a  sudden  blaze,  it  was 
'•■JJijIu  advisable  by  those  witli  whom  .Mr.  Hunt 


consulted,  to  conceal  all  knowledge  or  suspicion 
of  the  meditated  treachery,  but  to  keep  up  a  vij,'i- 
lant  watch  upon  the  movements  ot  Kose,  and  a 
strict  guard  upon  the  horses  at  night. 


CHAI'TKl-l    XXV. 

Thf.  plains  over  which  the  travellers  were  jour- 
neying continued  to  be  deslituti  of  trees  or  even 
slirubs  ;  insomucli  that  they  had  to  use  the  dung 
of  the  iiuffalo  tor  fuel,  as  the  .Arabs  of  the  desert 
use  that  of  the  camel.  This  substitute  for  fuel  is 
universal  among  the  Indians  ot  these  upper  prai- 
ries, and  is  said  to  make  ,i  tire  e(|ual  to  that  of  turf. 
If  a  few  chips  are  added,  it  throws  out  a  cheerful 
and  kindly  l)laze. 

These  plains,  however,  had  not  .ilwavs  been 
e(|ually  destitute  of  wood,  as  was  evident  Irom  the 
trunks  ot  the  trees  which  the  travellers  repeatedly 
met  with,  some  still  standing,  others  lying  about 
in  broken  Iragmeius,  but  all  in  a  fossil  state, 
having  llourislied  in  limes  long  past.  In  these 
singular  remains,  the  original  grain  of  the  wood 
was  still  so  distinct  that  tliey  could  be  .isci'rtained 
to  be  the  ruins  ot  oak  trees.  Several  pieces  of  th'j 
fossil  wood  were  selected  by  the  men  to  serve  as 
whetstones. 

In  this  ])art  of  the  journey  there  was  no  lick  of 
])rovisions,  for  the  prairies  were  covered  with  im- 
mense herds  of  buffalo.  These,  in  general,  are 
animals  of  jieaceful  demeanor,  grazing  (|iiietly  like 
domestic  cattle  ;  but  this  was  the  season  when 
they  are  in  heat,  and  when  tlie  bulls  are  usually 
tierce  and  pugnacious.  Ttiere  was  accordingly  a 
universal  restlessness  and  commotion  throughout 
the  ])lain  ;  and  the  amorous  herds  g.ive  utter- 
ance to  their  feelings  in  low  bellowings  that  re- 
sounded like  distant  thunder.  Here  and  there 
tierce  duellos  too  place  between  rival  enainora- 
dos  ;  butting  their  luige  shagged  fronts  together, 
goring  eacti  other  with  their  short  black  horns, 
and  tearing  uj)  the  earth  with  their  feet  in  jierfect 
fury. 

In  one  of  the  evening  halls,  Pierre  Dorion,  l!ie 
interpreter,  together  with  Carson  and  (lardpie,  two 
of  the  hunters,  were  missing,  nor  had  they  return- 
morning.  As  it  was  su|)|)')se(I  they  had 
red  away  in  jiursuit  (d  buffalo,  and  would 
readily  find  the  track  of  the  party,  no  solicitude 
was  felt  on  their  account.  A  tire  w.is  left  burn- 
ing, to  guide  them  by  its  column  ol  smoke,  and 
the  travellers  proceedeil  on  their  man  h.  In  the 
evening  a  signal  tire  was  made  on  ,i  hill  adja- 
cent to  the  c.unp,  and  in  the  nioniiiig  it  was  re- 
plenished with  fuel  so  as  to  l.ist  throughout  the 
day.  These  sign.ils  are  usual  among  the  Indians, 
to  give  warnings  to  e.uh  other,  or  to  call  home 
straggling  hunters  ;  and  such  is  the  transparency 
of  the  atmosphere  in  those  (devated  plains,  lli.il  ,i 
slight  column  of  smoke  can  be  discerned  Irom  a 
great  distance,  particularly  in  the  evenings.  Two 
or  three  days  elapsed,  however,  without  the  reap- 
pearance of  the  three  hunters;  and  Mr.  Hunt 
slackened  his  march  to  give  them  time  to  overtake 
him. 

,\  vigilant  watch  continued  to  be  kept  upon  the 
movements  of  Rose,  ,ind  of  such  of  the  men  as 
were  considered  doubtful  in  their  loyalty  ;  but 
nothing  occurred  to  excite  immediate  apprehen- 
sions. Rose  evidently  was  not  a  favorite  among 
his  comrades,  and  it  was  hoped  that  he  had  not 
lieen  able  to  make  any  real  partisans. 

On   the   loth  of  August  they  encamped  among 


ed   by 
waiuler 


300 


ASTORIA. 


liills,  on  the  liifjlicst  peak  of  which  Mr.  Hunt 
caused  a  hu^ff  pyre  ot  pint-  wood  to  be  made', 
wliich  soon  sent  up  a  j;rcat  column  of  llamu  that 
niij;lu  l)c  si'cn  lar  and  \\  idc  over  the  prairies.  'I'liis 
tire  i)laze(l  all  ni^jlil  and  was  amply  re|)ienishe(l  at 
daybreak;  so  that  thif  towerinj,'  pillar  ot  smoke 
(')iil(l  not  but  be  descried  by  the  wanderers  it 
within  the  distance  ol  a  day's  journey. 

It  is  a  common  occurrence  in  these  rejfions, 
where  the  teaturcs  ot  the  country  so  much  resem- 
ble each  other,  tor  hunters  to  l(jse  themselves  and 
w.iiider  lor  many  days,  betore  they  can  lind  their 
n.iy  back  to  the  main  body  ot  their  party.  In  the 
])resenl  instance,  liowever,  a  more  th.m  common 
solicitude  w.is  lelt,  in  conse(|Uence  ot  the  distrust 
a\v;ikcned  by  the  sinister  desij^^r.s  ot  Rose. 

The  route  now  became  excessively  toilsome, 
over  a  ridj^e  of  steep  rocky  hilis,  covered  with 
loose  stones.  These  were  intersected  by  deep  val- 
leys, formed  by  two  i)ranches  of  ISi;^'  River,  com- 
injr  from  the  south  of  west,  both  of  which  they 
crossed.  Tliese  streams  were  bordered  b\'  iiK.'ad- 
ows,  well  stocked  with  buftaloes.  Loads  ot  meat 
were  brouj^ht  in  by  the  hunters  ;  but  the  travel- 
lers were  rendered  d.iinty  by  profusion,  and  woidd 
cook  only  the  choii  e  pieces. 

'I'hey  li.id  now  travelled  for  scver.il  days  at  a 
Very  slow  rate,  and  li.id  made  sij,nial  lires  and  left 
traces  ot  their  routt^  at  e\ery  slaj;e,  yet  nothini^ 
was  lu'.ird  or  seen  of  the  lost  men.  It  bcj^an  to  be 
fe.ired  that  they  mi^dit  h;u-e  fabcn  in'o  the  hands 
of  some  lurkiii;,''  b.and  ot  sava;;es.  A  party  nii- 
nuious  ,is  that  of  .Mr.  Hunt,  with  a  lonj;-  train  ot 
n.ick-hoises,  movinj^r  across  open  plains  or  naked 
hills,  is  discover.'.ble  .it  a  i;reat  distance  by  Indi.iii 
!;rouls,  who  s|)read  the  intellii^rcnce  rapidly  to  va- 
rious points,  ,ind  assemble  their  triends  to  han;,^ 
about  til!.'  skirts  of  the  travellers,  steal  their 
liorses,  or  cut  olf  any  stra^jrlers  from  the  main 
body. 

Mr.  Hunt  and  his  comi)anions  were  more  and 
more  sensible  how  nu.'h  it  would  be  in  the  ])ower 
of  this  sullen  and  d.janj;;  vajrabond  Rose,  to  do 
them  mischief,  when  they  should  bt.'come  entan- 
};led  in  the  defiles  ot  the  mountains,  with  the 
]);isses  ot  which  they  were  wholly  un,ic(|uainted, 
and  which  were  infested  by  his  treebootin^r  friends, 
the  Crows.  There,  should  he  succeed  in  seducinjr 
some  ot  the  ])arty  into  his  plans,  he  mijrht  c.irrv 
off  the  best  horses  and  effects,  throw  himself 
amonn'  his  sav.iire  allies,  and  set  all  pursuit  at 
deliance.  Mr.  Ilimt  resolved  therefore  to  frus- 
trate the  knave,  divert  him,  by  man.iirenient,  from 
his  plans,  and  make  it  sulliciently  ad\-anta^eous 
for  him  to  remain  honest.  I  le  took  occasion  ac- 
cordin^jly,  in  the  course  of  convers.ition,  to  in- 
forn''  Hose  th.it,  h.ivin,if  enijajri'd  hini  chielly  as  a 
{Tiiide  and  interpreter  throuifh  the  country  ot  the 
Crows,  they  would  not  st.md  in  need  of  his  ser- 
vices beyond.  Knowint,',  therefore,  his  connec- 
tion by  inarriaLje  with  that  tribe,  and  his  jiredilec- 
tion  tor  ;i  residence  amonjr  them,  they  would  put 
no  restraint  upon  his  will,  but,  whenever  they  met 
Willi  a  p.irtv  ot  th.at  ])eo|)le,  would  leave  him  at 
libert)-  to  remain  amonj;  his  .idoptcd  brethren. 
I'urthermore.  th.'.t,  in  thus  partinj,'-  with  him,  they 
would  pay  him  h.ilf  ;i  year's  wattes  in  consideni- 
tion  of  his  p.ist  services,  and  would  f^ive  him  .i 
liorse,  three  be.iver  traps,  ;ind  sundry  other  arti- 
cles calctdated  to  set  him  up  in  tne  world. 

This  unexpected  lilieralitv,  which  m.ide  it  n -arly 
as  ])rotit,ible  and  intinitely  less  hazardous  for 
Rose  to  remain  honest  th.m  to  play  the  roj^ue, 
completely  dis.irnied  him.  From  th.it  time  his 
wh.ule  deportment  underwent  a  change.  His  brow 


cleared  up  and  anpeared  more  rhccrfu! ;  he  »i- 
off  his  sullen,  skulkinj^  habits,  and  m.uli'-i-'i 
ther  .ittempts  to  tamper  with  the  t^iiih  ot  1, ,,". 
rades. 

On   the    13th   of  August   Mr.    I lii;u  v.mri - 
course,  and   inclined   westward,  in  hiiiHvi;  • 
ing  in   with   the   three  lost   hunters,  whi,,  .!„^ 
now  thought,  might  have  ke|)t  to  tlu-ri"-'.. 
of    Uig    River,     'fhis    course    soon   hrcnH •  ^. 
to  a  fork  ot  the  Little   Missouri,  ahniii  ,1  h;ir, - 
\'.irds  wide,  ;ind  resembling  the  gre.iirivir  :• 
s.ime  name  in  the  strength  of  its  iiirrcii!,  \.  . 
bid   water,  and   the   fre(|uency  ot  drili-ui,,,,;  • 
sunken  trees. 

Ri.'gged    mountains  appeared  alicul,  mm  !'- 
down  to  till    w.ater  edge,  and  offering  a  l.,irr;,r' 
further  progress  on  the  side  they  were  iisiiii:^" 
Crossing  the  river,   theretore,  they  enc,iin:i( :  "n 
its  nortliwest   bank,  where  they  toinul  jji.oij  'i,,, 
turage   and   buff.ilo  in  abundance.     Thu  v.,'-,- 
w.is  overcast  and  rainy,  .and  a  gener.il  ;;liii-ni  1-. 
vaded   the  camii  ;    the  voy.igeurs  s.itsnmM:;- 
groups,    with    tlieir   shoidders   .as   hij^h  ^i>,  •  ■•: 
heads,  croaking  their  torebodings,  wlien  s'liii;.;, , 
tow.ird   evening   a  shout  ot   joy  gave  iintict',: ;: 
the  lost  nu'ii  were  found.     'I'hey  cinie  sluvly,,:;- 
ging  into  the  camp,  with  weai'v  looks,  ;inil  lior-t; 
laded   and   w.iyworn.      They   li.ul,  in  fnii,  tH-- 
tor   sever.il    days     incessantly   on   the  ninvf.    I- 
their  hunting  excursion  on   the  pr.iirics  il.c,  ":i 
pushed  so  far  in  pursuit  of  buffalo  as  toiiiii.; 
impossible  to  retr.ice  their  steps  over  ])laiiistrj:-- 
pled  by   innunier.ible   herds,   ;ind  were  bafilcili'v 
the  monotony  of  the  landscape  in  their  atk'H'n'.i 
to  recall  landtnarks.     They  had  ridden  I"  nml  :r 
until  they   had  almost  lost  the  ixiinls  ol  iht  c:;';- 
]);iss,    and    become   totally    l)ewilderei| ;  nor  (ii(i 
they  ever  perceive  .any  of  the  signal  liits  and  ro',. 
limns  of  smoke   made    by  their  conirailcs.    A: 
length,  .about  two  d.ays   previously,  wlicii  ,^ln^l^•. 
spent  by  anxiety  and   hard  riding,  tliey  cimc,  j 
their  great   joy,    upon   the   "  tr.iii"  ot  iht  p;iriy. 
which  they  had  since  followed  uj)  stcidily. 

Those  only  who  have  experienced  the  wx". 
cordi.ality  th.it  grows  U|)  between  cdmra'ifs  i- 
wild  and  adventurous  expeditions  ot  llu'  kiid. 
can  picture  to  themselves  the  hearty  clieenn;; 
with  which  the  str.agglers  were  welromeil  tiuht 
cam]).  Lvery  one  crowded  round  tlicm  to  ass 
(piestions,  and  to  hear  the  story  of  their  niish.ips: 
and  even  the  scpiaw  ol  the  'moody  lialMirtci 
I'ierre  Dorion,  forgot  the  sternness  ot  his  ddmis'.:: 
rule,  and  the  conjugal  discipline  ot  the  cudgel. :'. 
her  joy  at  his  safe  return. 


CIIAI'TKR   X.X'VI. 

Mr.  Hunt  and  his  party  were  now  onthcs'KirtJ 
of  the  HIack  Hills,  or  ISl'ack  Mountains,  a^rr 
are  sometimes  called  ;  ;in  extensive  chain,  iyir,' 
about  a  hundred  miles  east  of  the  R'>cky  M'h:;;- 
tains,  ;ind  stretching  in  ;i  northeast  directini;  !pir' 
the  south  fork  of  the  Nebraska  or  I'Littt' K«'. 
to  the  great  north  bend  of  the  Missouri.  Ire 
.Sierra  or  ridge  of  the  IJlack  Hills,  in  f.ul,  l^rm^ 
the  dividing  line  between  the  waters  of  tl-i'Miv 
souri  and  tlvose  of  the  Ark.ans.as  and  the  Missis- 
sippi, and  gives  rise  to  the  Cheyenne,  the  kitji'' 
Mi!*souri,  and  sever.al  tributary  streams  ol  ins 
Yellowstone.  , 

The  wild  recesses  of  these  hills,  like  thosec 
the  Rocky  Mountains,  are  retreats  ;nid  lurkrif 
places  for  Ijroken  and  predatory  tribes,  and  i- 


ASTORIA. 


3f!l 


nmnn?  them  that  tlin  remnant  of  the  Clu'v- 

(!,'.ic  tnlii-'"'t<i"l<  rt-l'ik''-'.  -'^  '^•"*  '"''■"  ^talL'd,  Irom 
,j,;iro.n(|Ucnii-riu-mifS   the  Sioux. 

Iht;  liiaik  liilU  ill"-'  ihii-tly  coinposL'd  of  saml- 
,.jnc  ami  in  nuiiiy  placi'S  art-  i)roktii  into  savaj^c 
'•|l(.  Ii;,  I  |)rcci|)i<i'S,  aiul  present  the  most  siiij^ni- 
ilr  iii'i  t.iiu.i->tic  tnrnis  ;  somctinu-s  rcsi'nihliii^j 
,',,vi'ii  .m:l  casicllalcil  fortressus.  'I'lii?  ignorant 
irn'liiUms  o\  iilains  arc  prone  to  elotlit;  the 
niijiiniiH  that  boiinil  their  h(n-i/on  willi  tancitul 
and  MilVr-litioils  attributes.  Tluis  the  wanderin;; 
iriiin  <it  thi'  prairies,  who  otteii  hehoUl  clouds 
cvJicrin^'  round  the  summits  of  these  hills,  and 
Ir'hinii","  llashintj,  and  thunder  i)ealin<;  from 
•Ml,  wlitn  M  tlie  ncii;hl)oriiiK  plains  are  serene 
aisunny,  consider  them  the  abode  ol  the  trenii 
orihunkr-siiirits,  who  fabricate  storms  and  tcm- 


pch.    (inen'ernix- 


their  deliles,  therefore,  they 
citrii  hanif  olkTHi^fS  on  the  trees,  or  pl.ice  them 
on  the  riirks,  to  ])ropiti;ite  the  invisible  "  lords  ol 
iheniiiiwtain^."  and  ])rocure  fiood  weatlu'r  ;ind 
ijia'S.->tiil  luinlin,i;  ;  and  they  attach  unusual  sijr- 
r.ilicaiK'f  to  the  echoes  which  hamit  the  preci- 
|:\cs.  I'lii.s  superstition  may  also  h.ive  arisen,  in 
[uri,  troiii  a  natural  phenomenon  of  .i  sin^rular 
i;,i;u'a-.  in  the  most  calm  and  serene  weather, 
mil  .It  all  times  of  the  d.ay  or  ni^ht,  successive  re- 
inns, lie  now  and  tlien  heard  amonj,^  these  nioun- 
icu.  ri'scmhlini,'  the  disch,irj,'e  of  several  pieces 
K  .irtilliTV.  Similar  reports  were  heard  by 
Miiir.-..  Lewis  .mil  Cl.irke  in  the  Kocky  Moiuitains, 
v.l.uh  thL',sav  were  attributed  by  the  fndi.ans  to 
r.i-lnir-itiiv,' (it  the  rich  mines  ol  silver  contained 
111  ihi- bosiiin  of  the  mountains. 

Ill  t.nt  these  sini;ular  explosions  iiave  received 
imcilul  explanations  from  learned  men,  and  h,i\e 
njtbrt-n  satisl.ictorily  accounted  for  even  by  phi- 
I'liopiiL-rs.  They  are  said  to  occur  fre(|iienily  in 
liri/il.  \'asconcel!es,  a  Jesuit  father,  describes 
ii:;e  which  he  heard  in  the  Sierr.i,  or  moimtain  re- 
;':)ii  iif  l'ir,itiiiiii^;a,  and  which  he  com|)ares  to 
nt  iliy.'iiurijes  ol  ;i  park  of  artillery.  The  In- 
ili.tns  li}l,l  him  that  it  was  an  explosion  of  stones. 
Tne  wnrihv  lather  h;id  soon  a  satisfactory  proof 
o;  thf  truth  of  their  information,  for  the  very 
p!.iC8  w.is  found  where  a  rock  had  burst  and  ex- 
piodc'l  from  its  entrails  a  stony  mass,  like  a 
Mni!)-shell,  and  of  the  size  of  a  bull's  heart. 
Tins  mass  w,is  broken  either  in  its  ejection  or 
I'.s t.ill,  and  wonderlul  was  the  internal  orj.;'.ini/a- 
t:i'i  reve.iled.  It  had  a  shell  harder  even  than 
■'c:  wiihiii  which  were  arranj,red,  like  the  seeds 
<: .1  p'imrL,'iMiiate,  jewels  ot  various  colors  ;  some 
:.i;i>|)iaMit  as  crystal  ;    others  of  a  tine  red,  ,ind 

T^  lit  mixed  hues.  The  same  phenomenon  is 
v::  I'loocur  occasionally  in  the  .idjacenl  |)rovince 
':  (iiiayra,  where  stones  of  the  l)ii,''ness  of  a 
"w'sliand  are  exploded,  with  a  loud  noise,  from 
'."•■  Ii,i^(!,n  of  the  earth,  and  scatter  ;ibout  };litter- 
is'aii'l  liuautilul  fragments  that  look  like  precious 
?ems,  Imt  are  of  no  value. 

The  Indians  of  the  Orellanna,  also,  tell  of  hor- 
fihlc  noises  heard  occasionally  in  the  I'araj,ni.ixo, 
•v'ich  they  consider  the  throes  ,ind  j^roans  of  the 
niouniain,  eiideavorinir  to  cast  forth  the  ])recious 
stones  hidden  within'  its  entrails.  Others  have 
endeavorfd  to  account  for  these  disch.irjres  of 
"miiimiain  artillery"  on  h>.mbler  jirinciples  ; 
a'.tributin;,'  them  to 'the  loud  reports  made  !)y  the 
uisru|ni,in  ,ind  f.iU  of  frreat  masses  of  rock,  re\er- 
iwaie  I  and  iiroloni^ed  by  the  echoes;  others,  to 
l,e  ilist'iiir;i^r^.|,n,m  ,jf  hydro^eil,  prodiice<l  by 
J'jh'erraneous  beds  of  coal  in  a  state  of  iLfnilion'. 
Wwhui'ver  w,iy  this  sinjrular  i)henomenon  m.iy 
•'c Mwiintcd  lor,  the  e.\istencc  of  it  appears  to  be 


well  established.  It  remains  ono  of  the  linfjerini^ 
mysteries  ut  nature  whii  h  throw  somelhmi;  ot  ,i 
supern.itur.il  ch.irm  over  iier  wild  mount. lin  soli- 
tudes ;  and  we  dmibt  whether  the  im,i;;in,itive 
reader  will  not  r.ither  join  with  the  pour  Indian 
in  attributing;  it  to  the  llHmder-s|)iriis,  or  the  !,aiar- 
di.in  ^;enii  ol  imseeii  tre.isures,  than  lo  any  com- 
monpl.ice  physical  cause. 

Whatextr  mi^;ht  be  tin- snpern.ilural  inducnce; 
amon;.,^  ihese  mountains,  the  tr.ivellers  lound  tlu'ir 
physical  dilliculties  h.ird  to  <  cipe  with,  'i'hev 
made  repeated  attempts  t(»  tind  a  passable  throujjh 
or  over  the  (  hain,  but  were  as  often  turned  back 
by  imp.iss.ible  barriers.  Sonu-times  .i  delile 
seemed  to  open  .i  pr.icticable  |iath,  but  it  woidd 
termin.ite  in  some  wild  chaos  of  rocks  and  (diffs, 
which  it  was  impossible  to  clindi.  'I'he  .mimals 
ot  these  solitary  retfions  were  ditlerent  Irom  thost; 
they  had  been  accustomed  to.  The  black-tailed 
(leer  would  bound  up  the  r.ivines  on  their  .in- 
pro.ich,  and  the  bii^diorn  would  },M/e  fearlessly 
down  upon  them  from  some  impendiin,''  |)recipice, 
or  skip  pl.iyfiilly  from  rock  to  rock.  The>eaiii- 
m.ils  are  Old)'  to  be  met  with  in  mount. linoiis  re- 
.i,'ions.  'file  lornur  is  lari^er  th.in  the  common 
(leer,  but  its  tlesh  is  not  eipi.illy  esteemed  by  liiiiit- 
ers.  it  h  IS  very  l.irjre  ears,  and  the  tip  (d  the 
tail  is  bl.ick,  from  whii  h  it  derives  its  n.ime. 

'file  l)it;horii  is  so  named  {mm  its  horns, 
which  are  of  .a  j^^reat  si/.e,  and  twisted  like  those 
of  .'i  r.im.  It  is  called  by  some  the  .ir.L;ali,  by 
others,  tile  ibex,  thou^^h  dilferiiiLj  from  both  ol 
these  .inimals.  'flu;  Mandans  call  it  the  .ihsaht.i, 
;i  name  much  better  than  the  clumsy  ;i|)p(dlatioii 
which  it  generally  bears.  It  is  ot  the  si/e  ol  a 
small  (dk,  or  l.irge  deer,  and  of  a  dun  color,  ex- 
cepting' the  belly  and  round  the  tail,  wdiere  it  is 
white.  In  its  habits  it  resembles  the  {^o.it,  fre- 
(|uentinir  the  ruih'St  precipices  ;  croppinjr  the 
herbage  from  tludr  edtfes  ;  and,  like  the  ch.imois, 
bounciiii;;  li;;ht!y  .and  securely  amoii^r  di//y  heights, 
where  the  hunter  d.ires  not  venture.  It  is  dilVi- 
cult,  therttore,  to  get  within  shot  of  it.  lien 
Jones  the  hunter,  however,  in  one  of  the  passes  ()t 
the  lllack  Hills,  succeeded  in  bringing  down  a 
bighorn  from  the  verge  of  a  precipice,  the  llesh 
of  which  w.is  pronounced  by  the  gourmands  of 
the  cam|)  to  ha\e  the  ll.ivor  ot  excellent  mutton. 

liatilled  in  his  attempts  to  traverse  this  nioun- 
t.iin  ch.iin,  Mr.  Hunt  skirted  along  it  to  the 
southwest,  keeping  it  on  the  right,  .and  still  in 
hopes  of  linding  an  opening.  At  an  e.nlv  hour 
one  day,  he  encamped  in  a  narrow  vallcv  on  the 
banks  of  a  be.iutitully  clear  but  rushy  pool,  sur- 
rounded by  thickets  bearing  abundance  of  wild 
cherries,  currants,  .and  )tdlow  and  purjile  goose- 
berries. 

While  the  afternoon's  me.d  w.is  in  preparation, 
Mr.  Hunt  and  Mr.  M'Ken/ie  ascended  to  the 
summit  of  llie  nearest  hill,  from  whence,  aideil  by 
the  purity  and  transparency  of  the  evening  atmos- 
phere, they  commanded  a  vast  ])ros])eit  on  all 
sides,  jielow  then,  extended  a  |)!ain,  dotted  with 
innumer.ible  herds  of  buff.ilo.  .Some  were  lying 
down  among  the  herbage,  others  roaming  in  their 
unbounded  pastures,  while  many  were  engaged 
in  fierce  contests  like  those  alre;idy  described, 
their  low  bellowings  reaching  the  ear  like  the 
hoarse  murmurs  ot  the  surf  of  .i  distant  shore. 

Far  off  in  the  west  they  descried  a  range  of  lofty 
mountains  printing  the  clear  horizon,  some  of 
them  evidently  capped  with  snow,  'fhese  they 
su|)])osed  to  be  the  llig  Horn  Mount.iins,  so  called 
from  the  animal  of  that  nanv,  with  whii  h  they 
abound,     'fhey  are   a  spur  ul  the  great  Rocky 


'!• 


-■'   ii 


i#H 


..J 


if* 


'h! 


i 

i 


il 


r\ 


303 


ASTOPIA. 


( h.iin.  Tlie  liill  from  whence  Mr.  Hunt  had  tliis 
|)ro>i>r('t  was,  ;i(  (ordiiijj  to  hiscominitalion,  about 
two  liuiulrcd  and  titty  nulcs  from  ihu  Arick.ira  vil- 
lage. 

On  ri'turiiin^j  to  the  canip  Mr.  Hunt  found 
sonic  untMsincss  prevailing;  am)!!).;  the  Canadian 
voyafjcurs.  In  strayin^;  anion^  the  thiikcls  ihcy 
had  hcliL-ld  tracks  of  j;ri//ly  hears  in  every  direc- 
tion, doubtless  allracled  ihiliu-r  by  tlie  fruit.  'I'o 
tlieir  dismay,  tliey  now  found  that  tliey  had  eii- 
canii>ei|  in  one  of  the  favorite  resorts  of  this 
dreach'il  animal.  The  idea  marred  ail  the  com- 
fort of  the  encampnient.  As  nij;ht  closed,  the  sur- 
nunulinjr  tlii(  kels  were  peopled  with  terrors  ;  in- 
somuch that,  accordinjj  to  .Mr.  1  limt,  they  could 
not  lu-lj)  st.irtinj;  at  every  little  bree/.e  thai  stirred 
the  bushes. 

'fhe  '^;ri//ly  bear  is  the  only  really  formidal)le 
•  luadruped  cif  our  continent.  He  is  the  favorite 
tlienie  of  the  hunters  of  the  f,ir  West,  who  de- 
scribe him  .IS  e<pial  in  si/.e  to  a  comnum  cow  and 
of  prodi^nous  strenj^th.  lie  makes  battle  if  as- 
sailed, anil  often,  if  pressed  by  hunjjer,  is  the 
ass.iilant.  It  wounded,  hi'  becomes  furious  and 
will  pursue  the  hunter.  }lis  speed  exceeds  ih.it 
of  a  man,  but  is  iideriorto  that  of  a  horsi-.  In  at- 
tackiiiif  he  ri.irs  himself  on  his  hind  lej^s,  ,uid 
spriiiL;s  the  l(ii;;lh  of  his  body.  Woe  to  hoi.-.e 
or  rider  that  comes  within  the  sweep  of  his  ter- 
rilic  claws,  which  are  s.imetinu-s  nine  inches  in 
lenj;tli,  and  te.ir  everything  before  them. 

At  the  tiM)e  we  an?  trcatin;,^  of,  tlu'  j,fri//ly  bear 
was  still  fre(iuent  on  the  .Nlissouri,  and  in  the 
lower  country,  but,  like  some  of  the  broken  tribes 
of  the  pr.iirie,  he  h.is  ;^r.idu,dly  fallen  l)ack  before 
ills  enemies,  anil  is  now  chiefly  to  be  found  in  the 
upland  regions,  in  ru;4-;,a'd  lastnesses,  like  those  of 
the  Ill.uk  Hills  and  the  Kocky  Mountains.  Here 
he  lurks  in  caverns,  or  holes  which  he  has  diifjred 
in  the  sides  of  hills,  or  tmder  the  roots  and  trunks 
of  fallen  trees.  Like  the  common  bear  he  is  fond 
of  fruits,  and  mast,  .ind  roots,  the  latter  of  which 
he  will  iW'^  up  with  his  htre  claws.  He  is  carniv- 
orous also,  and  will  even  alt.ack  and  coiupier  the 
lordly  buifalo,  draj,ri;in^r  his  hu<;e  carcass  to  the 
neis^ddiorhood  of  his  ileii,  that  he  may  prey  upon 
it  at  his  leisure. 

'I'he  hunters,  both  white  and  red  men,  consider 
this  the  most  lu'roic  jrame.  They  ])refer  to  hunt 
him  on  horseback,  and  will  venture  so  ne.ir  as 
sometimes  to  sinL;e  his  hair  with  the  tlash  of  the 
rille.  The  hunter  of  the  }rri//dy  be.ir,  howe\er, 
must  l)e  an  experienced  hand,  and  know  where  to 
aim  at  a  vit.d  part  ;  for  of  all  (piadru])eds  he  is 
the  most  dillicultto  he  killed.  He  will  receive  re- 
peated wounds  without  tlinchinf,',  and  r.irelv  is  a 
shot  mortal  uidess  throuj»-h  the  head  or  heart'. 

That  the  dan<rers  ajjprehended  from  the  jrri/zly 
l)ear,  at  this  night  encampment,  were  not  im.igi- 
tiary,  was  proved  on  the  foUowinjj  morning. 
Among  the  hired  men  of  the  p.irty  was  one  Will- 
iam Cannon,  who  h;ul  been  a  soldier  at  one  of 
the  frontier  ])osts,  and  entered  into  the  employ  of 
Mr.  Hunt  at  Mackinaw.  He  was  an  inexperienced 
hunter  and  a  poor  shot,  for  which  he  was  much 
bantered  by  his  more  adroit  comrades,  ficpied  at 
their  railh'ry,  he  had  been  practising  ever  since 
he  had  joined  the  ex|)edition,  but  without  success. 
In  the  course  of  the  present  afternoon,  he  went 
forth  by  himself  to  take  a  lesson  in  \enerie,  and, 
to  his  great  delight,  had  the  good  fortune  to  kill 
a  buffalo.  As  he  was  a  considerable  distance  from 
the  camp,  he  cut  out  the  tongue  and  some  of  the 
choice  bits,  made  them  into  a  parcel,  and,  sling- 
ing   them   on   his    shoulders   by  a  strap   passed 


round  his  forehead,  as  fhe  voyagrurs  r.nrrv- , 
ages  of  goods,  set  out  all   glorious  fur  thf'/,,"! 
anticip.iting  a  triumph  over   hi^  hniilitr  ha|V. 
In    passing   through   a   narrow  ravnic  ht  hi'aM' 
noise   behind   him,  and   looking  rouiiil  lnhejii ',!' 
his  dismay,  a  gri/zly  bear  in  lull  pursuit,  ,irm„^ 
ently  attr.u  ted  by  the  sct-nt  of  the  nuat,    Cirl," 
had   heard  so  much  of  the  invulmraliiliivdt  if,! 
tremendous  animal,    that   he  never  iittcniriiiil  T 
lire,  but,  slipping  the  strap  from  lus  tunic,,,!  j, 
go   the   buflalo   meat  and    ran   for  his  Iji,.    |,. 
bear  did  not  sto|)  to  regale  himself  with  ihf  .r,,nV 
but    kept   on    alter   the   hunter.      He  hadmafV 
overtaken  him  when  Cannon   reachcil  a  tree,  ;,n^ 
throwing  down   his  rille,   scrambltd  up  it    Thf 
next  inst.mt  IJruin  was  at  the  tout  i<\  il;(.  iff/ 
hut,  as  this  species  of  bear  does  not  cliinlv  in  ,:,r,! 
tented  himself  with  turning  the  ch.isi' min  a  iii.in'. 
ade.      .Night  came  on.     In   the  d.irkiics,  Unnnn 
could    not    ])erceive    whetlier  or   not  thr  tutmv 
maintained    his    st.ation  ;    but    his   liars  iiicmrtil 
I  him  rigorously  mounting  guard.     llepasMil  ihe 
night,  therefore,  in  the  tree,  a  i)rey  to  disniil  lan- 
cies.     In  the  morning  the  bear  wasgime.  l.ii.iin 
warily   descended   the   tree,  gathered  up  ll^ -un, 
and   made  the   best  of  Ids  way  back  ti>  ihr  ,,,m., 
without  venturing  to  look  after  his  luill.iln  nuij. 
Whih-  on  this  theme  we  will  aild  anmhi-r  aricc. 
dote  of  an  ad\ciuure  with  a  gri//lv  Iiimt,  luiil  i.t 
John    D.iy,  the    Kentucky   hunt<-r,  luit  whiili  l,,;i. 
pelied    at    a   different    jieriod   of   the    exjudii, ,n. 
Day  w.is  hunting  in  comp.my  with  one  ol  thnlcw 
of  the   company,   a  lively  youngster,  wIid  was  a 
great  fa\'orile  with  the  veter.m,  but  uliiisuviv.ic;;; 
he  had  continually  to  keep  in  check.     Tlu  y  were 
in  search  of  deer,  when  suddiidy  a  lui;;t- i;ri//iv 
bear  emerged  from  a  thicki't  about  tl)irt\  virii 
distant,  rearing  lumself  upon  his  liiiid  kfj';  with.i 
tcrrilic  growl,  and  displaying  a  hidcnus  .irrav"! 
teeth  and  claws.     The  rille  ol  the  yoiui;;  man  w.i> 
levelled  in  an  instant,  but  John  l).iy's  iron  hand 
was  as  (|uickly  upf>n  his  arm.     "  lie  (|iiii.t,  hoy! 
be    cpiiet  I"  exclaimed    the  hunter,  helwtin   iuS 
clenched  teeth,  and  without  turning  liis  i  yes  irrni 
the    bear.      They     remained    molionltss.     Tiie 
moii'Uer  regarded  them  for  a  tim<',  tlu-n,  iDwtrir,;; 
Idmself  on  his  fore  ]);iws,  slowly  withilrcw.    Hf 
had  not  gone  many  paces  before  he  ai^ain  luriird, 
reared  •himself    on  his  hind  legs.    ,niil   npt.tipl 
his  men.ice.     Day's  hand  was  still  on  tlic  arm  id 
his  young  comjianion  ;  he  ag.iin  pressed  it  hard. 
and    kept  repeating  between    his  teeth,   "'.;ii;ct. 
boy  l---kee|)    (pnet  I— keep    (piiet  1"     tli'it:'.;h  i''f 
latter  had  not  made  a  move  since  his  tiist  piid.;i-i- 
tion.      The  bear   again    loweri'd    hinisclt  i>:i  ■'•'■ 
fours,    retreated   some   twenty  yards  turiliiT.  a;; I 
again    turned,    reared,    showed    his    teelh,  and 
growled.     This  third   menace!   was  ton  nuicli  t^ir 
the   g.ame   s[)irit   of  John    Day.      "  Ky  jovc  I"  i\- 
claimed   he,    "I   can   stand   this  no  Iniitfcr.  '  am' 
in  an  instant  ;i  b.all  from  his  rille  whi//i-d  inliii:;c 
foe.     Tlu;  wound  w.as  not  inort.d  ;  hut,  Im  kily, .; 
dismayed  instead  of  enraging  the  animal,  and  li; 
retre.ited  into  the  thicket. 

D.ay's  yoimg  comp.inion  repro.iclu'd  him  tirrni 
liractising  the  caution  which  he  enjoiiuMl  iip"". 
others.  "  Why,  boy,"  replied  the  veler.in,  "laii- 
tion  is  caution,  but  one  must  not  put  uji  witli  t"! 
nundi  even  from  a  bear.  WouUI  voii  liavf  ir.t| 
suffer  myself  to  be  bullied  all  day  by' avarmnit.' 


CHAPTER  XXVII. 

For  the  two  following  days  the  tr.ivelU'rs  pur- 
sued a  westerly  course  for  thirty-four  miles  aion;; 


ASTORIA. 


363 


riili-f  f'  '■niinlrv  divitlinp  the  tributary  waters 

,j„.  Missouri  and  llie   Vflloustoiic.     As  laiid- 

"  ,1^  ihrv  Laiiiliil  tlicmsL-lvfs  hv  the  siiinmits  ot 

jjf  iljsl.iiu  lii'iiililains,  wliK'h  they  supposed  to 

Vlonu  t" ''"^'  "'«  "'"■"  '■'"''"■     ""■■>■  ^"■'■•'  ^''■•"'' 
,  iiiv  risinjj  into  a   liiK'lu-r  temperature,    lor  the 

■  ilhi-r  wii^  i'"''l  ''"'  •'"'  season,  with  .i  siiarp 
J!'jl  in  tht;  iii>;lit,  and  ice  of  an  fi),'hlh  of  an  inch 

m  thii-kiies'-.  I     ,    »  .         1     ■      , 

on  iIh'  luciity-serond  ot  Aujjust,  early  m  the 
(liv  thfV  liiiiic  upon  the  tr.iil  ol  a  lumirmiis 
!,'inil.  Ki>>''  '""I  •'"'  "''"'•■  I'unters  cxaniineil  the 
liijiniints  with  ;,'reat  attention,  .and  di'lernuiud  it 
ii'iclhu  trail  ut  a  party  ol  Crows  returning,'  Inun 
,■,  aimii.il  tr.nlinj;' visit  to  the  Mandans.  As  this 
ir.iil  altiirdiil  more  coniniodious  tr.iveJIiM^r,  they 
ininifili.iti-lv  stru(k  into  it,  and  toilowed  it  lor  two 
ilavs.  it  liil  them  over  rou^;h  lulls,  and  throuj,di 
liDPicii  (juliii'S,  durin^r  which  tinie  they  suffered 
iTiat  tatiK'i'c  from  the  ruj,''),redness  of  the  country, 
liie  weather,  too,  which  li.ul  recently  lieen  frosty, 
«as  now  ojipressively  warm,  and  there  w.is  a 
■Tcil  scarcilv  of  water,  insomuch  lh.it  a  v.du- 
ilhie  'liiK  ljeli)nj(inj^  to  Mr.  .M'Ken/ic  died  of 
r.iRi. 

,\i  ine  time  they  h.id  twenty-l'ive  miles  of  pain- 
:,;  iravcl,  uitlioiit  a  drop  of  water,  until  llu-y  .ir- 
rmil  at  a  small  runninjf  stn.'am.  Here  they 
c,i,'crlv  slaked  their  thirst  ;  hut,  this  heinir  .ill.iy- 
d,  the  calls  of  hun^rer  hec.ime  equ.illy  imporiu- 
r,M.  Kver  since  they  h.id  ),fot  .amonjf  these  bar- 
ren and  arid  hills,  where  there  was  a  del'iciencv 
o:  ^'rass,  tluy  had  iiK'l  with  no  buffaloes,  those' 
aninials  keeping'  in  the  fjrassy  nie.idows  ne.ir  the 
^trl•alll^>.  'I'hey  were  obliffed,  therelore,  to  ha\-e 
recourse  to  their  corn  nv'al,  which  they  reserved 
!.)r  such  emerf^^encies.  Some,  however,  wert' 
iucky  eni)Ui,di  to  kill  a  wolf,  which  they  coiked 
I'lr supper,  ,ind  pronounced  excellent  food. 

The  next  mornin;r  they  resumed  their  w.iyf.ir- 
;:il;.  luin;,'ry  and  j.ided,  and  h;id  a  doj,'tje<l  man  h 
01  tri^;lileen  miles  amonjf  the  s.ime  kind  of  hills. 
.\t  Icnjfth  tliey  emerged  upon  a  stream  of  cle.ir 
A.iicr,  (inc  of  the  h)rks  of  I'owder  Kiver,  .and  to 
tiicir  (jreat  joy  beheld  once  more  wide  grassy 
nuMiluws,  stocked  with  htu'ds  of  bulf.ilo.  For  sev- 
eral (lays  they  kept  along  the  banks  of  the  river, 
octn.liiij;  it  .d)out  eighteen  mile*,  it  w.as  ii  hunt- 
ers piiradise  ;  the  l)uffaloes  were  in  such  abun- 
licince  that  they  were  enabled  to  kill  .as  m.iin-  as 
•hey  pleased,  and  to  jerk  a  sufficient  suppiv  ol 
nir.it  lor  several  days'  journeying.  Here,  then, 
l:iiy  revelled  and  reposed  after  their  hungry  and 
ttr.iry  travi'l,  huiuing  and  feasting,  and  reclining 
ii:wa  the  gr.iss.  'i'heir  fpuet,  however,  w.is  a  lit- 
•ue  marred  hy  coining  upon  traces  of  Indians,  who, 
liiey  i'(mclii  le  I,  must  be  Crows  ;  they  were  there- 
tire  ol)li;;ed  to  keep  a  more  vigilant  w.itch  than 
eier  upon  their  horses.  For  several  days  they 
iul  lurn  directing  their  march  toward  the  loftv 
nwuinaiii  descried  by  .Mr.  Hunt  and  Mr.  M'Keii- 
.'ie  on  the  I7ih  of  .August,  the  height  of  which 
reiidiTe  i  it  a  l.indmark  over  a  vast  extent  of 
wmtry.  At  first  it  h.id  ajipeared  to  them  soli- 
iirvand  detached  ;  but  as  they  advanced  toward 
i:.  It  prove  I  to  be  the  princip.d  summit  of  .i  chain 
)i  mouiu.iiiis.  Day  by  day  it  varied  in  torni,  or 
ri'hiT  its  lower  ])i-aks,  aiul'tlie  summits  of  others 
I'!  tile  ehain  emerged  above  the  cle.ar  horizon, 
•"'I  linally  the  interior  line  of  hills  which  con- 
"■•'ted  most  (if  them  rose  to  view.  So  f.ar,  how- 
f'er,  are  objects  discernible  in  the  pure  .itmos- 
piiere  of  these  elevated  plains,  that,  from  the 
I'loe  where  they  t'lrst  descried  the  main  moun- 
wn,  they  had  to  travel  a  hundred  and  fifty  miles 


before  they  reached  its  base.  Here  tlu>y  cn- 
c, imped  on  the  thirtieth  of  .Xiigu-.t,  h.iving  come 
nearly  four  huiulred  miles  siiue  le.ning  thu 
Arickara  vill.ige. 

The  mountain  which  now  towered  .ibove  them 
W.IS  one  of  the  liig  iiorii  i  h.iiii,  bordered  by  .1 
river  of  the  same  name,  .ind  extending  t<u'  a  i(mj^ 
distance  r.ither  east  ot  north  anil  we-^i  ol  south, 
it  W.IS  a  p.irt  ol  the  great  system  ot  granite 
mount. liiis  whi(  h  forms  one  ot  llie  mos,t  impor- 
tant and  striking  le.itures  ol  .North  .\meric.T, 
stretihing  parallel  to  the  coast  of  the  I'acific 
from  the  isthmus  id  I'an.ima  almost  to  the  .Arc- 
tic Ocean,  and  |)ieseiiting  a  corresponding  chain 
to  that  ol  the  Andes  in  tiu'  southern  hemisphere. 
'I'his  \ast  range  has  acipiired,  Irom  its  rugged 
.ind  broken  charai  ter,  and  its  summit-,  uf  naked 
gr.inite,  the  appi  ll.ition  u\  the  l<ock\  .Mountains, 
a  n.inie  by  no  means  distinctive,  .is  .ill  idevated 
r.mges  are  rocky.  .Among  the  early  explorers  it 
w.is  known  as  the  r.mge  ol  Chippiw\,in  Moun- 
tains, and  this  Indian  name  is  the  one  it  is  likely 
to  retain  in  poetic  us.ige.  Rising  from  the  midst 
of  vast  plains  and  pr.iiries,  tr.iwrsing  several  de- 
grees of  huiiude,  dividing  the  waters  ol  the  At- 
lantic and  the  I'ai  ific,  ;ind  se<-ming  to  bind  with 
diverging  ridges  the'  levid  regions  on  its  ll.mks,  it 
has  been  tiguratively  termed  the  bai  kbonc  ot  the 
northern  continent. 

'I'hf  Kocky  Mount.iins  do  not  present  .a  range 
ot  unif(U'm  elevation,  but  rather  groups  .md  occa- 
sionallv  detached  peaks.  'I'hough  some  ot  these 
rise  to  the  region  of  perpetu.d  snows,  and  are 
upw.ird  of  eleven  thous.md  feet  in  re.il  .altitude, 
yet  their  height  Irom  their  imincdi.ite  b.isis  is  not 
so  great  as  might  be  imagined,  .is  they  swell  U|) 
Irom  elevated  plains,  scve^ral  thousand  leet  alfove 
the  level  (d  the  ocean.  These  plains  are  olten  of 
.1  desolate  sterility  ;  mere  sandy  wastes,  formed 
of  the  detritus  of  the  granite  heights,  destitute  of 
trees  and  herbage,  scon  bed  by  the  ardent  and 
rellected  rays  ol  the  summer's  sun,  .ind  in  win- 
ter swept  by  (hilling  blasts  Irom  the  snow-clad 
mountains.  .Such  is  a  great  p.irt  ol  th.it  vast  re- 
gion extending  north  and  south  .along  the  moun- 
tains, several  bundled  miles  in  width,  which  has 
not  improperly  been  termed  the  ( licit  .\merican 
Desert,  it  is  a  region  th.it  .ilmost  discour.iges  all 
hoi)e  of  cultivation,  and  c.in  only  be  tra\ersed 
with  salc'ty  by  keeping  near  the  streams  which 
intersect  it.  I".xteiisi\i'  pl.iins  likewise  oceur 
•  imong  till-  higher  ri'gions  of  the  mount.ains,  ot 
considt'r.ible  tertilitv.  Indeed,  iIicm'  lolly  |ilats 
(d  table-land  seem  to  torin  a  pec  uliar  Icatiire  in 
the  .American  continents.  Some  occur  among 
the  Cordilleras  of  the  .Andes,  when;  cities  ,ind 
towns  and  cultivated  larms  .are  to  be  seen  eight 
thousand  feel  above  the  level  ol  the  se.i. 

'I'he  Kocky  .Mount.iins,  ;is  we  h,i\(:  .ilre.idy  fd)- 
served,  occur  sometimes  singly  or  in  groups,  and 
occasionally  in  cidl.iteral  ridges.  lielwei.'ii  these 
are  deep  v.illeys,  with  small  streams  winding 
thnuigli  them,  which  t'ind  th>-i"  way  into  the  lower 
plains,  augmenting  .•l^  they  jiroeeed,  and  ulti- 
mately discharging  themsehes  into  those  vast  riv- 
ers which  traverse  the  jirairies  lik<-  grt-al  arteries 
and  drain  the  continent. 

While  the  granitic  summits  of  the  Kocky 
Mountains  are  ble.ik  and  b.ue,  m.my  r)t  the  in- 
ferior ridges  .are  scantily  clothed  with  scrubbed 
l)ines,  oaks,  cedar,  and  fur/e.  X'arious  p.irts  of 
the  mountains  also  bi'ar  tr.ices  of  volcanic  .action. 
Some  of  the  interior  valleys  .are  strewed  with 
scori.i  and  broken  stones,  evidently  ot  volcanic 
origin  ;  the  surrounding  rocks  be.ir  the  like  char- 


304 


ASTORIA. 


artrr,  .-mil  vcsii^'cs  of  cxtin^jiiislu'd  rratcrs  :ui'  to 
l)c  M'cii  (III  llic  iliv.itid  lirij^lils. 

W'f  h.ivf  ;iliiMily  iiiilii  rii  ilic  superslitious  Itcl- 
u■\^^s  with  wliii'li  till'  IiiilJaiis  rc^aril  the  lll.ick 
Mills;  liut  llii-i  liniiiciiM'  iMi)^^.'  (il  iiiiiiiiit.iins, 
uhu'li  ilivlilcs  ail  that  tlicy  know  ot  tlu'  world, 
and  ii\\\>i  liiilli  to  Mil  II  niinlity  livcis,  is  still  nioi'i' 
an  ohji't  I  ol  awe  and  vcnt'iation.  'I'licy  lall 
it  "  till'  iitst  ot  tin.'  woihl,"  and  tliinli  that 
W'aiipiidali,  or  the  iii.isti'r  ol  lifi',  as  tlii'y  dcsi^;- 
natu  llif  Su|iii'ni  ■  I'lciiij;,  lias  liis  ri'sidrm  i'  amoii^; 
ttu'Si-  atrial  lui^lits.  I'lic  tribes  on  the  rasterii 
[irairit'S  lall  thciii  the  inounl.iiiis  ot  ilic  setting 
sun.  Some  ol  tlu  in  plai  e  the  "  happy  hiiiitinj;- 
^Jrounds,"  iluir  iilcal  paradise,  .imonj.;  the  re- 
cesses (il  these  iiiomuains  ;  hut  say  they  .ire  in- 
visible 111  li\  inj;  men.  lU're  .also  is  the  "  Land 
ot  .Souls,"  in  \\lii(  h  .ire  the  "  towns  ol  the  tree 
and  j^eiierous  spirits."  where  those  who  li.ivc 
ple.ised  the  master  ol  lile  while  livilij^,  (.iijoy  alter 
de.ith  all  manner  ol  delights. 

Wonders  ;irc  told  ol  these  mountains  by  the 
dist.int  tribes,  whose  warriors  or  huntirs  ha\e 
ever  w.indi'red  in  their  neij^diborhood.  It  is 
tluuij;ht  by  some  that,  alter  de.ith,  they  will  li.ive 
to  travel  to  lhes('  iiiount.tins  and  aseeiul  one  ot 
their  hinliist  and  most  ruj^j^'cd  pe.iks,  anion;;' 
rocks,  and  snows,  and  tumbling;  torrents.  .Alter 
many  moons  ol  painlul  toil  thev  will  reach  the 
summit.  Iroin  wIuik c  thev  will  fiave  a  view  over 
the  l.ilid  ol  souls.  There  they  will  see  the  happv 
huntin^f-;;roiinds,  with  the  souls  ol  the  brave  and 
good  li\inf,r  in  tents  in  ^reen  me.idows,  by  bri;.;lit 
runnin^f  stre.ims,  or  hunting  the  herds  ol  bull.iio, 
and  elks,  and  deer,  which  have  been  sl.iin  on 
earth.  'I'licre,  too,  iluy  will  see  the  vill.iges  or 
towns  ol  the  Irec  and  generous  spirits  brightening 
in  the  midst  ol  deliiiou-.  prairies.  It  they  h.ivc 
ac(|uitte(l  themselves  well  while  living,  they  will 
be  iiermitted  to  descend  and  enjoy  this  li.ippy 
countr\  ;  it  otliiM'w  ise,  they  will  but  be  lantali/ed 
with  this  iiidspecl  of  it,  and  then  hurled  b.uk 
from  the  mountain  to  wander  Jiboul  the  sandy 
plains,  and  endure  the  eternal  pangs  ot  uns.ilis- 
lied  thirst  and  luiii'jer. 


Cli.M'IT.R  .\XVIII. 

Tlir,  ir.ivelK  IS  h.id  now  arrived  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  mouiit.iin  regions  infested  by  the  Crow  lii- 
(li.ms.  'Ihese  restless  marauders,  ;is  has  alreadv 
been  observed,  are  .ijU  to  be  contiiiu.illy  on  the 
jirowl  about  the  skirts  of  the  mountains  ;  and 
even  when  eiic. imped  in  some  dte|)  and  secluded 
glen,  thev  keep  scouts  upon  the  cliffs  and  prom- 
ontories, who,  unseen  themselves,  can  discern 
every  living  thing  iliat  moves  over  the  subjacent 
plains  and  valleys.  It  was  not  to  be  expected 
that  our  travellers  could  |)ass  unseen  through  a 
region  thus  vigilantly  sentinelled  ;  accordingly, 
in  the  edgeol  the  evening,  not  long  .ifier  thev  had 
enc, impel  at  the  foot  of  the  I>ig  Horn  Sierr.i,  ;i 
couple  III  wild-looking  beings,  sc.iiuily  chid  in 
skins,  but  well  armed,  .ind  mounted  on  horses  as 
wild-looking  ;is  themselves,  were  seen  .'i|)proach- 
ing  with  great  caution  from  among  the  rocks. 
They  might  h.ive  been  mist.iken  for  two  of  the 
evil  sjiiriis  of  the  mouiU.iins  so  formidable  in  In- 
dian table. 

Rose  w.is  immedi.iU'ly  sent  out  to  hold  .1  p.uiey 
with  llu'iii.  .111(1  invite  them  to  the  camp.  'I'hey 
proved  to  be  two  si nuts  from  the  same  band  that 
had  been  trackeil  fur  t-ume  (lays  pabt,  ancl  which 


was  now  cncniiipofl  at  some  disl.mrp  in  ihei;. 
ol  the  mount. lin.  'I'hey  wi-re  easily  privaiini t!,'.' 
to  come  to  the  (.imp,  where  iliiy  vvircA,.  " 
ceived,  ,111(1,  alter  rem. lining  there  i  lil;|  |,,.". '. 
the  evening,  dep.irted  to  m.ike  ;i  rc|,iiri(it,,'||i," 
had  seen  .iiid  e.\perience(|  to  their  i  (inip.iiin.i,  * 

'I'he  lollowing  d.iy  li.id  scarce  (l.r.Micil  vi,. 
troop  ol  these  wild  mount. iiii  siaiiiiunrM  ^ 
g,ill(ipiiig  with  whoops  .111(1  yells  ma,  il,,,  ,jj.' 
bringing  .111  invitation  Irom  tlieiri  liiel  lnriUar'', 
men  to  visit  him.  'I'lie  tents  were  .:ii{iri|;r i. 
striK  k.  the  horses  ladi'ii,  and  the  p.irtv  v\rrt'.,|IJ 
on  the  m.ircli.  'I'lieC'rovv  horseinen,  ii>,ilicv  ,.,|,,p^ 
ed  then'),  appe.ired  to  t.tke  pride  in  sliiiwiiix.  \\y,. 
e(|iiestri.in  skill  and  hardihiuiil  ;  i  .irci  riii"ai!^ 
spi  I  1  on  their  hall-savagi  steeds,  mid  (|,,sh,p!, 
among  rocks  and  crags,  and  up  .iiul  dimnit- 
most  rugged  ,111(1  dangerous  pl.u.cs  Willi  |„[:;. 
ease  .ind  uncoiici'rn. 

A  ridi-  ol  sixteen  miles  brought  llirin.  m;,, 
.•ifternoon,  in  sight  of  the  L'rovv  (.iiiip.  h  ;i,, 
composed  ot  leathern  tents,  pitched  in  a  mr;ii:ijj 
on  the  border  ot  a  small  cle.ir  •  tre.ini  .iH',c!i  ;. 
ol  the  mountain.  A  great  number  d  IviM-swrrt 
gr.i/ing  in  the  vicinity,  many  ot  ihua  (i(  u','..-, 
c.ipturiil  in  marauding  excursiniis. 

'I'he  Crow  chielt.iin  came  tortli  tn  nud  hi; 
guests  with  great  prolessions  ot  hiiiiilslii|i,  ,ir.i: 
conducted  them  to  his  tents.  |)(iiiitiiig  mil,  In  i;;t 
way,  ;i  convenient  place  where  tluy  liii;;iii  h 
their  camp.  .No  sooner  h.id  they  (iniie  xdisn 
.Mr.  Hun'  opened  some  of  the  jiai  kagcs  ,1111!  i;.;.:f 
the  chiel  a  present  of  .a  sc.irlei  lil.iiikfi.  ami  a 
(pi.intity  III  powder  and  ball;  he  g^ive  iiim  .lisi.- 
some  knives,  trinkets,  ;iiul  tob.iccd  tn  In:  (!i>!rin. 
Uled  .imoiig  his  w.irriors,  with  .ill  v. hii h  the i,!nrr. 
potentate  seemed  lor  the  time  well  pKascil.  .\i 
the  CrovNs.  however,  were  repuieil  to  he  |h rliilioiis 
in  the  extreme,  and  as  errant  Ireehn'itiT.')  as  ine 
bird  alter  which  they  were  so  vvuril'.ily  iiani';il. 
and  as  their  geiier.il  feelings  tovvan!  tlif  whitts 
were  known  to  be  by  no  me.iiis  Irieiully,  tliviri- 
tercour.se  with  them  was  coiuluiie.l  with  (jru; 
circum.,pecti(in. 

'I'lu'  lollowing  d.iy  was  jiassed  in  tradiiii;  wiih 
the  Crows  ior  bulfalo  robes  .and  skins,  ami  '.?. 
b.irteriiig  galled  and  jaded  horses  lonithers  lk:i: 
were  in  good  toiulition.  Some  ot  tlu' nun  .nso 
purch.ised  horses  on  their  own  acciniiil,  sniKit 
the  number  now  amounted  to  one  hundred ,i::C 
twent',-one,  most  of  them  sound  ami  activcai'.d 
lit  tor  mountain  service. 

'I'lK'.r  w.ints  being  sup|)lieil.  tluy  ceased  .v. 
further  tratlic,  much  to  the  diss:ilisf.uti(in  cllht 
Crows  vlio  became  extremely  urgent  tiuiimmue 
the  tr.ide  and,  tindiii;.;'  their  impiirluiiitiis  ot  no 
avail,  assumed  an  insolent  and  mciuiiin^'  tunc 
.Ml  this  was  attributed  by  Mr.  I  luiit  and  hi>.ii- 
sociates  to  the  pertidious  iiistigatiiins  nt  Krue 
the  interpreter,  who  they  suspected  (d  tlie  doirt 
to  foineiil  ill-will  between  them  ami  i1k' sav.ii;i\ 
tor  the  promotion  of  his  iielarious  plans.  M  l-''- 
Ian,  with  his  usual  hiDii  liant  niiide  ef  ilt;.il:i.K 
out  justice,  resolved  to  shoot  the  dripcrado  I'li 
the  s|)ot  in  case  of  any  outbreak.  NmliinK' '•'"':'^ 
kind,  however,  occurred.  'I'he  Crows  were  I'loD- 
ably  daunted  by  the  resolute  thoLigh  i|iii'-l  Jc- 
nieanor  of  the  white  men,  .and  the  t  onstaiit  vii;i- 
lance  and  armed  preparations  which  they  i;i.iin- 
tained  ;  and  Rose,  if  he  really  still  harhnred  hi> 
knavish  designs,  must  have  perceived  tliat  t^ev 
were  suspected,  and,  if  atteiiipted  to  he  carriw 
into  effect,  might  bring  ruin  on  his  ouii  lu-ad. 

The  next  morning,  bright  and  early,  Mr.  Ik'-' 
projiosed  to  resume  his  journeying.    He  ;.)j^  ' 


ASTORIA. 


305 


a^Ts  than  ;iiii 


f.rtmonious  li'nvP  "f  »'i''  ^row  clufftain  ami  his 
,,,r,l.,mtl  warriors,  ami,  a.vonliMK'  \n  prrvKuis 
j'rriiv'fmciiis,  omsi^iUMl  to  tlinr  .licrisliiiij; 
,P(n,r,hi|)  ami  Iratfriial  aduptnin  tlicir  wurihy 
conlrltTitu,  Ki'sc  ;  wli'),  li.iviiiK  liKurcil  .imk.iih 
nc  wiur  pir.ilf^  "t  tin-  Mlsslssl|)|.i,  was  well 
riitdioriv  III  (lisiim.tioii  amoiiK  ili<'  lami  piraics 
otihcKn.kv  M'liiiiiaiiis. 

I,  „i,r,,|,,T  111  adil  that  llir  rulli.iii  was  well  rc- 

((ivrj'.ii 1^'  the  trihi-,  and  .ippcufd  to  In-  pcr- 

Icalv  Mti-'lii"!  with  th(!  ( (inipnimls(t  lir  h.id 
tccliii;,'  iniuh  inon-  at  liis  tasf  aiiiini);  s.iv- 
iii^f  whitt;  men.  It  is  ouic.isls  Irom 
iiniiMtinii,  hi;;itivcs  Irom  justice,  ami  hcartirss 
(biieralcifs  ot  this  kind,  who  sow  the  seeds  of 
cnmitv  anil  hitteriie->s  amon^(  the  uiilorlimate 
uiIks  1)1  the  Iniiitier.  Tiiere  is  no  enemy  so  iin- 
pi!n;ililfaH''i"''l''  'I'l'i'lry  or  a  comimiDity  as  one 
(il  Its  Dun  ptiiple  wiio  has  remlefed  himself  an 
aiifii  Nv  iti->  irinu-s. 

Ki;;ht  t;lail  to  lie  relieved  from  this  treacherous 
fomiuniiin,  Mr.  Hunt  pursued  his  course  alonj; 
we  skirls  1)1  tlie  iniiMiitain,  in  a  smilliern  direction, 
seekin"  ti)r  some  praclicihle  delili;  hy  which  he 
iniv'iii  pass  iliroii:^'li  it  ;  none  .such  presented, 
'  i.\i:\i-T.  ill  tlie  cour-ie  ot  lilteen  miles,  and  he 
cii.:im|ii-il():)  a  sm.ill  stream,  still  on  the  outskirts. 
Tu-  i;rci.ii  nicidows  which  border  tliese  moun- 
tam  streiins  .ire  jfenerally  well  .slocked  with 
;Mmc,  ami  tile  hunters  soon  killed  several  fat  elks, 
winch  supplied  the  camp  with  tresh  me, it.  In 
t.ic  cviMiiiij;  liie  travellers  were  surpriseil  by  ;in 
liinvclciiine  visit  Irom  several  Crows  beloii^injr  to 
ailittiTcni  li.inil  Irom  th.it  which  they  had  recently 
isli.aiiil  wh']  s.iiil  their  c.imp  was  amonj;-  the  moun- 
liiilv  The  consciousness  ot  beim;  environed  by 
suclKLiiifTerou^;  nei)f|il)ors,  ,'ind  ot  beiiiLt  still  within 
inc  r,iiij;e  1)1  Ki.se  and  his  fellow  rullians,  oblij^ed 
ini-partvlolie  contiiui.illy  on  the  ,ilert,and  to  main- 
tun  wi-.iiv  vi„d  Is  throULchoui  the  nij^ht,  lest  they 
snoulil  l)c  robbed  ol  tln'ir  horses. 

Vn  the  third  ot  September,  lindinjf  that  the 
nmimMin  still  stretched  onward,  presentini,'  a 
I  i!Ui;ui;'il  b.irrier,  they  endeavored  to  force  ;i  p;is- 
5i;'il.i  the  westw.ird,  but  soon  bi'cime  entangled 
amgii;'  rocks  and  precipices  which  set  all  their 
tltirts  atilcliance.  The  mountain  seemed,  for  the 
lliiit  part,  riii;i,''ed,  bare,  .and  sterile  ;  yet  here  .and 
tiicrc  it  was  clothed  with  pines  and  with  shrubs  and 
liiweniiij  pi  lilts,  some  ot  which  were  in  bloom.  In 
Dihni;  ainoiiir  these  we.iry  jilaces  ihi'ir  thirst  be- 
'  imt  i/xctssive,  lor  no  w.iler  was  to  be  met  with. 
NumliiTS  (it  tile  men  w.mdered  off  into  roi'ky  dells 
.in(lr,;v;nesiii  hopes  of  t'lndiiii^  some  brook  orfoun- 
iim;  some  ol  whom  lost  their  way  and  did  not 
renin  the  main  p.irty. 

AliiT  halt  a  (lay  ot  painful  and  fruitless  scram- 
■':n;',  Mr.  jlimt  ^^ave  up  the  attempt  to  i)enetrate 
i:ithis  direction,  and  returnini^  to  the  little  stre.im 
I'll  thi;  skirts  of  the  mountain,  pitched  his  tents 
w;ihinsi\  mile-,  ot  his  encampment  ol  the  preced- 
i-;' "i;'ht.  lie  now  ordered  tiiat  si|;nals  should 
""  ni:iil(^  tor  till.  stra,i,rglers  in  (piest  ot  water,  but 
I'f  !i:;'ht  passed  ,i\vay  without  their  return. 

Il'"  iiL'xt  mornin;.,^  to  their  surprise.  Rose  m.ide 
"i  'I'/pciraiice  at  the  cim]),  accomp.inied  by 
sinic  lit  his  Crow  associates,  His  unwi-lcome 
visit  revived  tiieir  suspicions  ;  but  he  announced 
'iiisclf  ,15  a  ll1essen^■er  of  ffood-will  from  the 
j'liH,  who,  liii'lin^r  they  had  taken  a  wron;j^  road, 
"lisi'iit  KdSf  ,111(1  his  companions  to  j^uide  them 
iJiincirfr  and  belter  one  across  the  mountain. 

1  aviiiir  „(,  clioi,-,.^  beiiio'  themselves  utterly  at 
I,™,  they  set  out  under  this  (|uestionable  escort. 
"ley  had  not  gone  fur  before  ihey  tell  it\  with  the 


w  hole  jLirty  of  Crnw?,  who,  thry  nriw  found,  w<tl» 
j^oin^;  the  s  line  lo.id  with  thelilseUcs.  I'lle  two 
1  , IV. lie. ides  ot  white  ,ind  reil  men,  tlieli  lore,  pustl- 
eij  on  to;;ellier,  .ilid  presented  a  wild  .ind  pictU- 
risipie  specl.icic,  as,  i(|uippeil  with  v.irinus  we.tn- 
oiis  .md  in  v,irious  ^j.irlis,  \\illi  tr.iins  of  pack- 
horses,  they  wound  in  loii^'  lines  lliroU:;li  the  ni^- 
^'eil  deliles,  and  Up  ,,nd  down  the  i  raj;  i  and  steeps 
ol  the  iiioiint.iin. 

'The  tr.ivellers  li.ul  a^.iiii  an  (ipiiniiiHnty  to  see 
and  ,iilniire  the  eipirstii,in  li.ibitudes  ami  address 
ot  this  hard-ridiii;;  tribe.  'I'liey  were  all  mounted, 
man,  woman,  ,ind  child,  to'r  the  Crows  lia\c 
horses  in  abund.ince,  so  th.it  no  one  K'""'  ""  '""C 
The  children  are  perfect  imps  on  linrstb,ick. 
.\iiionjr  them  was  one  so  youii);  that  he  i  ould  not 
yet  spe.ik.  Hi;  w.is  tied  on  a  coll  ol  two  ye,ir. 
old,  but  nLinajred  the  reins  as  il  by  iiisiinct,  and 
plied  the  whip  with  true  Indian  prodi^^.ility.  .Mr. 
Html  iiupiired  the  :v^c  ot  this  int. ml  jockey,  .and 
was  .iiiswered  that  "  he  had  seen  two  winters." 

'I'liis  is  almost  reali/iiijr  the  fable  ot  the  cen- 
taurs ;  nor  cm  we  wonder  at  tin:  e(|Uestrian 
adroitness  of  these  sa\ai;es,  who  are  tlius  in  a 
manner  cr.idled  in  the  s.iildle,  and  become  in  in- 
t,incv  almost  ideiititied  with  the  aniii'..il  they  be- 
stride. 

'I'lie  mountain  delilei  were  e\ceeiliii'.^ly  roU),dl 
and  broken,  aii.l  tlii'  travelliiii,^  iiainlid  to  the 
burdened  horses.  The  parly,  tlieretore,  pro- 
ceeded but  slowly,  and  were  j;r,idually  left  be- 
hind by  the  b,ind  of  Crows,  who  had  t  iken  the 
liNid.  It  is  more  than  i)rol);il)le  thai  .Mr.  Hunt 
loitered  in  his  course,  to  ^el  rid  ol  such  doubtful 
leilow-lravidlers.  Cerl.iin  it  is  that  he  ti  It  .i  sen- 
sation ot  rtdiet  .is  he  saw  the  whole  i  rew  ,  the  ren- 
ej;.ide  Rose  and  .ill,  disajipear  anioii^'  the  wiiid- 
iii,l(s  of  the  mountain,  and  heard  the  last  yelp  of 
the  savages  die  aw.iy  in  the  (list. nice. 

When  they  were  t.iirly  out  ot  sight,  .and  out  of 
hearing,  he  encampi'd  on  the  head  w. iters  ot  the 
little  stream  of  the  ])reciiling  day,  lia\iiig  come 
.about  sixteen  miles.  Here  he  rem.iined  all  the 
succeeding  day,  as  well  to  give  time  for  the 
Crows  to  get  in  the  adv.mce,  as  lor  the  stragglers, 
who  h.id  wandered  away  in  (juest  ol  water  two 
(lays  pr(fviously,  to  rejoin  the  camp.  Indeed,  con- 
siderable uneasiness  began  to  be  felt  concerniiifj 
these  men,  lest  tliey  should  become  utterly  bewil- 
dered ill  the  deliles  ot  the  mountains,  or  should  fall 
into  the  hands  of  soiiii;  m.ir.iudiiig  b.md  of  s.iv- 
;iges.  .Some  of  the  most  experieiicrd  hunters 
were  sent  in  search  ot  them,  others,  in  tin-  mean 
time,  employed  themseU'es  in  hunting.  The  nar- 
row valley  in  which  they  encamped,  being  watered 
by  a  running  stream,  yielded  fr:sh  p.istur.ige, 
and,  though  in  the  heart  of  the  liig  Horn  Moun- 
tains, was  well  stocked  with  buffalo.  Sever.al  of 
these  were  killed,  as  also  a  gri/.zly  be.ir.  In  the 
evening,  to  the  s.itistaction  of  .all  parties,  the 
str.igglers  ni.ade  their  a|)pearaiu'e,  and  provisions 
being  in  .ibunilance,  there  was  hearty  yood  idiecr 
in  the  c.uiii). 


CH.M'TKR  X.XIX. 

RKSf.MlN'c;  their  course  on  the  following  morn- 
ing, Mr.  Hunt  and  his  companions  continued  on 
westward  through  a  rugged  region  ot  hills  and 
rocks,  but  diversit'ied  in  many  phuc-.  by  gras;;y 
little  glens,  with  springs  of  water,  liriglit  spark- 
ling brooks,  clumps  ot  ])ine  trees,  and  a  jirofu- 
sion  ot  flowering  plants,  wliich  were  in  full  bloom, 
although  the  weather  was  frosty,     The^e  beauti- 


ASTORIA. 


Ki 


fill  and  vrrdnnt  rrrcssr^,  ninninfj  tliroii>;li  ami 
.SDllriiiii^'  llii'  rii^;},'i(l  moiiiilains,  wvrr  i  in<'riiin 
anil  rctir-.liiii),'  to  ilic  way-wnrii  tiavillrri. 

Ill  till'  c  nurse  111  till'  iiKirnill^,',  as  tliry  were  en- 
taii^'lc  I  ill  a  ili'lilc,  tlii'V  lit'lit'lil  a  small  liaiiil  nl 
Ca\.in<s,  a.  \ulil  loiikiiij;  as  tin-  suiicuiiKliiij,' 
scullery,  whii  rec  iiiiiinitred  llieiii  \vanl\'  trmii  llie 
riM  ks  ImIdic  tin  y  veiiliired  to  ad\aiii  c.  SdHie  iit 
llieiii  wire  iiiiniiiied  (III  horsi's  rudely  iMparisoru'd, 
with  liridle-.  Ill-  lialters  ot  hullald  hide,  one  I'lid 
trailiii;,'  alter  tlieiii  on  the  fjrmind.  'riiey  proved 
to  he  a  iiii\ed  party  of  I'lalheads  and  Slioslionies. 
(ir  Snakes  ;  and  as  tliesi-  irilies  will  lie  lrL'(|Ueiitly 
mentioned  in  the  < oiirse  ot  this  work,  we  sh.ill 
(,'i\'i'  .1   lew   introdui' ory   p  irticiil.irs    i  (nuerniii^;- 

tlielll. 

'I'lie  I'l  itlie.i(N  in  (|iiesiion  ire  not  to  !»•  icie 
fmiiiiled  with  tliii,.'  Ill  the  n.iiiie  who  dwell  aliout 
the  lower  waters  III  the  ('ohiiiiliia  ;  neither  do  they 
llalteii  their  heads  .is  the  others  do.  'i'hey  iiiliah- 
it  the  banks  ol  ,i  river  on  the  west  side  ot  the 
lliolliitailis.  .111(1  arc  de->i'rilieil  .is  simple,  honest, 
and  lio-<jiii,ii)le.  Like  all  people  ol  similar  cliir- 
acter,  wiietlur  t  ivili/ed  or  sava^je,  thev  are  prone 
to  lie  iiiiposed  upon  ;  and  are  espei Lilly  m.il- 
tre.ited  hythe  ruthless  lil.ukfeet,  who  har.iss  them 
in  their  Mlla^^es,  steal  their  horses  by  iii(,du,  or 
openly  carry  ihem  olf  in  the  hue  ot  day,  without 
jirovokiiii;-  pursuit  or  ni.iliation. 

The  Shoshonies  are  ,i  lir.iiu  hot  the  once  power- 
ful anil  |ii(i-,periius  tribe  ot  the  .Sn.ikes,  who  ])i(s- 
•scssed  a  j^loriolis  hunting'  country  about  the  ujiper 
forks  ot  the  Missouri,  .iboimdiii;,''  in  beaver  and 
liuff.ilo.  Their  liuiiliii;,f-^rouiid  w.is  oic.isionally 
inv.ided  by  the  lll.ickteel,  but  the  Sn.ikes  battled 
liravelv  for  their  dom.iins,  and  a  lon;,^  .iiid  bloody 
feud  e\isted,  w  ith  variable  success.  .At  leii^'th  the 
Hudson's  Hay  Comp.iny,  cxteiidiiv^f  their  tr.ide 
into  the  interior,  li.ul  de.ilin^'s  with  tin-  lU.u  klect, 
who  Were  nearest  to  them,  and  supplied  them 
with  tire. inns.  'I'lu;  Snakes,  who  occasionally 
traded  with  the  Sp.iniards,  endeavored,  bill  in 
vain,  to  obi.iin  similar  we.ipons  ;  the  S|ianish 
traders  wisely  refused  to  arm  tlicm  s!)  tormidalily. 
The  lilackfeei  had  now  a  vast  advantat^e,  and 
•Soon  dispossessed  tlu'  pmir  Sii.ikes  of  their  favorite 
luintiiif;;; rounds,  their  land  of  plenty,  and  drove 
them  trom  place  to  ]ilace,  until  they  were  tain  to 
take  relume  in  the  wildest  .and  most  desolate  re- 
cesses ol  the  Kocky  Mountains.  I'.\en  here  they 
are  subject  to  occasional  visits  from  their  impla- 
cable foes,  as  \nn^  .is  they  h.i\e  horses,  or  any 
other  property  to  tempt  the  iilunderer.  Thus  liy 
deu;rees  the  .Sn.ikes  h.ive  become  a  si.ittered,  bro- 
ken-spirited, impoverished  people,  keepiii;,'  .liiout 
lonelv  ri\ers  anil  mouni.iin  streams,  and  subsist- 
in^r  chiellv  upon  t'ish.  Such  ot  lliem  as  still  pos- 
sess horses,  and  occasionallv  lij^ure  .is  hunters, 
are  calh'd  Shoshonies  ;  but  there  is  another  el.iss, 
the  most  abject  and  lorlorn,  who  are  c.illed 
.Sluu  kcrs,  or  more  commonly  Diirtfers  and  Root 
K.ilers.  Ihcse  ;ire  a  shy,  secret,  solitary  race,  who 
keep  in  the  most  retired  p.irts  of  the  mountains, 
lurkinjr  like  i^nomes  in  caverns  and  clefts  of  the 
rocks,  and  siibsistintj  in  a  j^rejit  incisure  on  the 
roots  ot  the  e.irth.  .Sometimes,  in  passin^'^  lhrouj,di 
a  solit.iry  mountain  valley,  the  tr.iveller  comes  per- 
chance upon  the  bleediuff  carcass  of  a  deer  or 
buffalo  that  has  just  been  sl.iin.  lie  looks  round 
in  vain  for  the  hunter  ;  the  whole  l.indsc.ipe  is 
lifeless  and  deserted  ;  at  lenjrih  he  jierceives  a 
thread  of  smoke,  curlinj,f  up  from  amon;(  the 
crafts  ;ind  cliffs,  and  scr.'imblin^  to  the  place, 
finds  some  forlorr.  .-iiid  skulkiiij^^  brooil  of  Uigi^^ers, 
terrified  at  being  iliscovered. 


Thr  .ShoshonifS,  however,  who,  ■,\-,  h.\^\^,,,.^^^ 
served,  have  still  "  horse  to  rule  .iml  \\i,,|m„'," 
wear,"  are  sotnewh.it  bokler  in  ihiirsiiini  ari' 
more  open  aim  wide  in  their  w.iiiilirnn.,  l- 
the  aiitiimn,  when  s.ilmon  disappc.ir  Iruiii  |I> 
rivers,  and  hunger  begins  to  piih  h.  thev  ni-n 
veiniire  down  into  their  ancient  li"n'iii);.iifiiii|,||» 
to  III. ike  a  liM-ay  among  the  bull;i|iii,,  i,,  ,^/ 
perilous  enterprise  tiiey  are  oi  c.isioii.illy  iuu,,.,!, 
the  I' latlieads,  the  persecutions  nl  the  I',;,, ,,1,/. 
li.iving  produced  a  close  alii. nice  luiil  ni.i,|,tr,,| 
tioii  between  these  liK  kless  and  in.illriMltd  inli,.. 
Still,  notwithst. Hiding  their  uiiiicd  Idnc,  ,\(-rv 
step  they  take  within  the  deli.itahlr  urminil  I 
t.ikeii  ill  tear  and  trembling,  ,iiid  witli  Km- uimos; 
jiiecaution  ;  and  an  Indi.iii  ir.ider  assiin  ,  u<il,ij 
lie  has  seen  ;it  least  live  hundred  ol  llnm,  urmtii 
and  e(|iiippiMl  lor  .ictioii,  ;inil  keeping  \Miti  h  iiiiun 
the  hill  tops,  while  about  titty  were  hiin'.in^  m  m.. 
pr.iirie.  Their  i  \cursioiis  .ire  briel  .aul  l,ii;r;iii 
as  soon  ;is  they  have  collecled  and  jirkni  m,!. 
ti(  ieiii  bultilo  me.it  tor  winter  prnvhiuiis.  liicv 
p.ick  their  horses,  abandon  the  dallgl■|■lil^  lim-i. 
ing  grounds,  .iiid  hasten  b.u  k  to  the  irinuiii.iiiis 
happy  it  they  ha\e  not  the  terrible  likitklift  rai- 
tliiig  .liter  them. 

Suidi  ;i  coiileder.ite  b.aiid  ot  Sliiisliiniics  ,ir,i: 
I''latlie.ids  w  IS  the  one  met  by  our  tr.ivillirv  I; 
was  bound  on  .'i  visit  to  the  /Xrapalioes,  ,'i  irilieiii. 
habiting  the  banks  of  the  Nebraska.  Tilt  y  wtrc 
.armed  to  the  best  of  their  scanty  inc. ins,  .iml  ■.iinu; 
ot  the  Shoshonies  h.id  bucklers  ol  liiilLlii  hmc, 
adorned  with  te.itliers  and  Icatlurii  lriii;;i^,  ,ii;,. 
which  have  a  charmed  \iriue  in  their  iyi>,,  Irwi 
h.iving  been  prepared,  with  mystic  CLTiiiiiiiik->, 
by  their  conjurors. 

In  company  with  this  w.indering  band  iiiir  tr.iv. 
idlers  procei'ded  all  d.iy.  In  the  evening;  iliry  in- 
camped  near  to  eai  h  other  in  a  delile  ut  tiic  iiifiun- 
tains,  on  the  borders  fit  a  stream  riliiiiint;  imri.', 
.iiid  hilling  into  Hig  Horn  River.  In  tlitMiniii'v 
of  the  c.imp  they  found  gooseberries,  stniwIiT- 
ries,  and  currants  in  great  abundance.  Tlie  ik- 
tile  bore  tr.ices  ot  having  been  a  thiiinil.nlit.irc  l^r 
countless  herds  of  buffaloes,  though  mil  "in' n,i- 
to  b(!  seen.  The  hunters  succeedid  ill  killmi;  an 
elk  ;ind  several  black-taili'd  deer. 

'I'hey  were  now  in  the  bosom  of  the  scinnil  li:;; 
lloi'ii  ridge,  with  anolhe-r  lolly  and  siiou-i  rowiini 
mounlain  full  in  view  to  the  west.  I'illtrii  mili' 
of  western  course  brought  them,  on  the  tniiii\vi!i; 
day,  down  into  an  inter-.ening  pl.iiii,  well  ^tmir: 
with  buttalo.  Here  the  Sn.ike-i  ,iiid  I'l.uhirads 
joined  with  the  white  hunters  in  a  succes.'iUil  luiii' 
that  s.ion  tilled  the  cimp  with  provisimis. 

On  the  morning  of  the  i>th  ol  Se|itiiiil>iT  ti' 
ir.nellers  ]).irted  comp.iny  with  liuir  IiuIh'. 
trieiids,  and  continued  on  their  course  In  thi'  "f^i 
A  inarch  of  thirty  miles  brought  iheiii,  m  th' 
evening,  to  the  banks  of  a  r.apid  and  hiMiiiituliy 
cle.ir  stream  about  a  hundred  yards  wide.  It '•> 
the  north  fork  or  branch  of  the  l'>ig  lleni  kmr, 
but  bears  its  peculiar  name  ot  the  W  iml  Kmr. 
Irom  being  subiect  in  the  winter  seasmi  to  aioii- 
tinned  blast  which  sweeps  its  banks  ;inil  pn-ven^ 
the  snow  from  King  on  them.  This  blast  it"'''' 
to  be  caused  by  a  narrow  gap  or  himul  in  W 
mountains,  through  wdiich  the  river  forces  its 'V.iy 
between  [lerpendicular  precipices,  iesciiil)liiij;i''" 
rocks. 

This  river  gives  its  name  to  a  whole  miiijt 'l 
mount.-iins  consisting  of  three  parallel  ib.nn-. 
eighlv  miles  in  length,  and  about  twt-iiiy  i" 
twentv-tive  broad.  One  of  its  jieaks  is  prnlialilv 
lifteeii   thousand   feet  above   the  level  ut  thi-'  sci, 


ASTORIA. 


SOT 


i„nL'  one  nf  ih.-  highest  of  ih.'  Rorky  Sicrrn. 

iL,  mcMim.nns  «iv    rise,    not    n)cr.-lv   to  tin- 

'.!    I„|.|ii;r  lliii'ii  Kivcr,  liut  Id  scvcimI  hr.iiiclif', 

iH- V.lldu^Miw  .111(1  llif  Missonnoii  the  iMsi, 

",i  III  tlic  ('(illlinbl.l  .lll'l  l'uli)IMiln  nil  tlic  Wot, 
.'u,!'|umIiiik'  •'"'  -'iiiirii'Mit  llu-sc  iiii^jlil)  -iiriMiiis. 
•'.|,'|.  In,,  siuiiiiliiij,'  (lays  Mr.  Hunt  .iiid  his 
.,,rtn,Hitiiu"'l  u|i  ilic  coiirsi'  ol  the  Wind  River, 
!,  the  ilhMii'''  "'  •''"""  ''iKt'ly  iiiih's,  cid'^sin^; 
,,,|  m rii^Mii^'  il,  iuiordiiiK:  to  ils  wiudiiiK'-'  and 
•w  n.iliire  nt  il'*  l>ank!.  ;  soiiiiliiiics  passiiiK 
.,mu"h  valleys,  iit  other  limes  si  r.iiiihliiijr  over 
r,ciis"iii'l  hills.  'Hie  .  (iiinlry  in  ^I'li'Tal  was  des- 
•  tuifot  trcf"*.  ''>'l  ''">■  !'■'''''•■''  liiniiinh  ^'Hives  of 
i;!,rnuv(m(l,  i'IR'"  and' ten  leet  in  heitrht,  wliieli 
.ijivuiiil  i«('isii"i'dlv  ''>'■  ''"•',  and  they  met  with 
,ir;i;(|iwnlilifs  (pl  wild  ll.i\. 
i"!!!.  nimiiltaiiis  were  destilute  ot  ^jami--  ;  lliey 
imeiii  si^jht  (il  two  K''i'!'ly  l)<-'ars,  hut  could  not 
■I  ni'.ir  ciKiUnli  lor  a  shot  ;  provisions,  therelore, 
'■Mil  ID  lie  si  amy.  'I'hey  saw  l.iim:  llijrhts  ot  the 
,  :il|  (il  thrii-ih  conimoiily  called  the  roliiii,  and 
:;uiiyMii.iller  hirils  ol  mi^;ratory  species  ;  hut  the 
■ :  I,  III  ifcncr.il  a|i|)eared  lonely  and  with  tew  si^iis 
,;,iMiiihil  lile.  On  tlu-eveliili);- ol  llu-  14th  ol  Sep- 
!riiilni- llu\ cnciinped  on  the  torks  ot  the  Wind 
if  III-  lliirii  River.  'I'he  larnisl  ot  these  forks 
c,iiiu' Iroiii  the  raii(,'e  ot  Wind  River  Mountains. 

Ihc  hunters  who  served  as  jruides  to  the  |);irty 
iithis  |i,irt  III  their  route  had  .issureij  Mr.  Hunt 
tn.it,  in  tiiilnwiii^f  up  Wind  Ri\er,  and  crossiiin' 
,1  >ini;ic  iiiuiintain  ridj;e,  he  would  come  upon 
liic  held  w.itcrs  ot  the  Columbia.  'I'lie  scarcity 
; ',Miiic,  liiiwever,  which  already  li.id  been  lelt  lo 
1  |iiiKliiiitf  (lej.';ree,  and  which  threatened  them 
«i:li  liiiniii'i  .11111)11),'  the  sterile  heij^hts  which  lay 
iicliiri.-  lliflii,  adiiioiiished  them  to  chaii^'e  their 
(iij^L-.  It  was  (leterniiiied,  iheretore,  to  make 
:ir  .1  slre:iiii,  which,  they  were  inlormed,  passed 
liif  ni'iL;lil).iriii;;'  niouniains  to  the  south  ot  west, 
ii!i  ihi' i;r,iss\- banks  ot  \\liich  il  was  probable  they 
wiiiild  meet  with  luitfalo.  Accordiii|4ly,  about 
'jirir  III  luck  on  the  tollowin^  d.iy,  meeting  with 
,1  iiciiltii  livlitin  road  which  led  in  the  proper  di- 
ri-tliiiii,  lliey  struck  into  it,  turiiiii|;-  their  backs 
i|iiii  Wiml  River. 
Ill  i!iu  riiurie  ot  the  day  tlu'y  came  to  a  lieij^lil 
;:i.U  tiimiii.niiled  an  almost  boundless  prospect. 
lliTi- imc  ol  the  j^uides  jiaused,  and,  alter  consid- 
rin;'  the  vait  landscape  attentively,  iioiiiled  to 
;ircf  iiiiuiiitain  peaks  jrhsteniii;;' with  snow,  which 
^'^e,  he  said,  above  a  fork  ot  Columbia  River. 
T!ity  were  hailed  by  t!)c  travellers  with  that  joy 
viih  which  a  beacon  on  a  sea-shore  is  hailed  by 
x.iriiHTs  alter  ;i  loii.Lf  and  dan^'erous  voyage.  It 
iitriio  there  w,ii  many  a  weary  leaj;ue  to  be  trav- 
trscd  belore  they  should  reach  these  landmarks, 
lur,  aiiowiiit;- lor  their  evident  hei^dit  and  the  ev- 
ir-iiic  tr.in^parency  of  the  atmosphere,  tin  y  could 
'H  bt:  iinu  11  less  than  a  hundred  miles  distant. 
Hicii  alter  reacliiiijr  them  there  would  \et  remain 
runilriJs  ot  miles  oi'  their  journey  to  be  accom- 
plished. All  these  matters  were  forj^otten  in  the 
ly  at  seeiiii,r  the  tirst  landmarks  of  the  Columbia, 
tnjt  river  which  formed  the  bourne  ot  the  ex|)edi- 
li'iii.  These  remarkable  peaks  are  known  to 
^mi!'  travellers  as  the  Tetons  ;  as  they  had  been 
,?iiidinn  liiiiiits,  for  many  days,  to  Mr.  Hunt,  he 
,'iiithi.Mii  the  name  of  the  I'ilot  Knobs. 

Ihe  travellers  continued  their  course  to  the 
«'uin  ot  west  for  alio-jl  f;>rty  miles,  throuj^h  .1  re- 
i'on  su  elevated  that  patches  of  snow  lay  on  the 
l'':shest  summits,  and  on  the  northern  declivities. 
.\!  l(;n;,'th  they  came  to  the  desired  stream,  the 
(Jjjat  ul  their  search,  the  waters  of  which  flowed 


to  the  west.  It  was,  in  fart,  .1  lir.im  h  of  tlii' 
(.'olor.ido,  wliicli  falls  into  the  ( iull  ul  (  .ditoriiia, 
.mil  h.id  reieiveil  Irom  the  litinteis  ihr  n.iine  of 
Sp.misb  River,  troiii  inform. ilioii  ^;im  11  bs  the  Mi- 
di,ins  tli.it  Sp.iniirds  resided  upmi  \\•^  lower 
waters. 

i'lie  aspect  ot  this  ri\er  and  its  \  ii  iiiity  w.ii 
I  heeriiiK  to  the  \\,i\ -worn  and  hun^^iy  ti.iMliers. 
Its  banks  were  j^reeii,  and  there  wtie  ^r.issy  \al- 
leys  runnin^r  Irmn  il  in  v.iriotis  dini  tioiis,  into 
the'  lie.irt  ot  the  rii;,;j;(i|  niiiiint.iins,  with  herds  of 
liutf.tio  (juietly  ^''■''''"K'-  '  '"'  hunter^  sallied  lurth 
with  keen  al.icrit),  and  soon  returin  d  l.iileii  with 
provisions. 

In  this  part  of  the  iiiount.iiiw  Mr.  Hunt  met  with 
three  ditterellt  kinds  ol  ^ooieberi  11-..  I  he  i  Olll- 
iiioli  purple,  on  .1  low  and  \'ei'y  tlinrns  bush  ;  a 
yellow  kind,  ot  an  exi  client  ll.isor,  j;iiiwiii^  on  a 
stock  free  from  thorns  ;  and  a  deep  purple,  ot  the 
si/.e  and  taste  of  our  winter  >;r.ipe,  with  ,1  thorny 
st.ilk.  'I'here  were  .ilso  three  kinds  of  ctirr.Uits, 
oliir  very  lar^^f  and  well  tasted,  of  a  purple  color, 
and  jjrowiii);  on  a  bush  ei^ht  or  nine  feet  hi^jh. 
.Another  of  ,1  yellow  color,  and  ol  the  si/e  and  taste 
ot  the  \:\r'^r  red  currant,  the  bush  four  or  live  feet 
liijrli  ;  and  the  third  a  beautiful  scarlet,  resem- 
bling; the  strawberry  in  sweetness,  ;liou^;h  r.ilher 
insipid,  .mil  j^rowinj,'  on  a  low  luish. 

On  the  17th  they  1  iiiitinued  down  the  course  of 
the  river,  making  titteeii  miles  to  the  soiithweil, 
'I'he  river  abounde  I  with  ^;eese  ,iiid  ducks,  and 
there  were  si^^ns  ot  its  beinn'  inh.ibited  by  be.iver 
and  otters  ;  indeed  they  were  now  .ippioachin^f 
regions  where  thesi;  aniliiaK,  the  j.;riMt  iilijei  Is  ot 
the  fur  tr.ide,  .ire  said  to  .ibouiid.  liny  eiic.iiii|)- 
ed  lor  the  ni^dit  opposite  the  end  of  .1  iiuiuntain  in 
the  west,  which  was  probably  the  last  rh.iin  of  the 
Rocky  .Mountains.  On  the  tollo\>  ini;  morninj; 
tlieV  abandoned  the  main  courst;  ol  Sp.iiii-.h  River, 
.111(1  lakiiii,'^  a  northwest  direi  tioii  tur  ei^^lit  miles, 
canity  upon  one  of  its  little  tributaries,  issuinj;  out 
of  the  bosom  of  the  mountains,  ,iiid  running' 
throu^,di  KreiMi  nuMdows,  yieldin;,'  p.isiura>;e  to 
herds  ot  bulfalo.  ,\s  these  were  priib.ibly  the  last 
of  that  .iiiimal  they  would  meet  with,  they  en- 
camped on  the  (rrassy  banks  ol  the  river,  ditler- 
miniii),'  to  s|)end  se\-er;il  days  in  huiitin;.;,  so  ;is  to 
bt;  able  to  jerk  sulticient  me.it  to  suppK  them  un- 
til they  should  reach  the  w.ilers  ol  the  Columbia, 
where  they  trusted  to  lind  tish  enough  for  their 
sup|)ort.  A  little  repose,  too,  w.is  necessary  for 
both  men  and  horses,  .after  their  ru^fufd  and  in- 
cessant m.irchin^'  ;  liaviii),'  in  the  course  ot  the 
last  seventeen  days  traverse  1  two  hundred  and 
sixty  miles  of  rouj^li,  and  in  111. my  p.nts  sterile 
mountain  country. 


CIIAITKR  X.\.\. 

FiVK  days  were  passed  by  Mr.  Hunt  ,ind  his 
companions  in  the  fresh  meadows  watered  by  the 
brifrin  little  mountain  stre.im.  The  huiHers  made 
).;reat  havoc  ammiff  the  buffaloes,  and  brought  in 
(luaiuities  of  meat  ;  the  voy.ij^eurs  busied  them- 
selves about  the  tires,  roastiiij.;  and  stewinj;  for 
present  ])urposes,  or  dryinjr  |)rovisioiis  for  the  jour- 
ney ;  the  pack-horses,  eased  of  their  burdens, 
rolled  on  the  jjrass,  or  grazed  at  l.irj^e  about  the 
ample  |)aslures  ;  those  of  the  party  who  had  no 
call  U|)on  their  services  indulged  in  the  luxury  of 
l)erfect  rel.ix.ition,  and  the  cam])  presented  a  ])ic- 
ture  of  rude  feasting  and  revelry,  of  mingled  hus- 
tle and  repose,  char.icleristic  of  a  halt  in  a  fine 
hunting  country.     In  the  course  of  one  of  their 


368 


ASTORIA. 


m    ' ! 


P.    ''  i! 


excursions  snmo  of  the  riicn  ramo  in  sijrlit  of  n 
small  parly  ot  Indians,  wiio  instantly  lli'd  in  j^rcat 
apparent  consternation.  They  immediately  re- 
turned to  camp  with  the  intellij^eiice  ;  upon  which 
Mr.  Hunt  .ind  lour  others  llunj;  themselves  upon 
their  iiorse:;  and  sallied  lorth  to  reconnoitre. 
After  riding  lor  about  ei^hl  miles  they  came 
ujinn  a  wild  mountain  scene.  A  lonely  ^ncen 
valley  stretched  hetore  them,  surrounde<l  by  rujj- 
gi'(\  hei;,'  ts.  A  herd  of  bulf.do  were  c.ireeriti),'' 
madly  through  it,  with  a  troop  of  savajje  horse- 
men in  full  chase,  plying  them  with  their  bows 
and  .arrows.  'The  .appearance  of  Mr.  Hunt  .and 
his  companions  put  an  .ibrui)t  end  to  the  hunt  ; 
the  buffalo  scuttled  off  in  one  dirt'ction,  while  the 
Indians  ])lic-d  their  lashes  and  j^.dloped  off  in 
another,  .is  f.ist  as  their  steeds  could  carry  them. 
Mr.  linnl  \^:ivv  ch.ise  ;  there  was  a  sharp  scam- 
]ier,  thout^b  of  short  cimtinu.ance.  Two  youn^r 
Indians,  who  wcvv  indifferently  mounted,  were 
soon  overtaken.  They  were  terribly  fri^ditened, 
.and  evidently  ^^ave  themselves  up  for  lost.  \W 
de;rrces  the.,  le.irs  were  .dl.ayeil  by  kind  treat- 
ment ;  but  they  continued  to  re;,f.ir(l  the  stranj^^ers 
with  a  mixture  of  .awe  .and  wonder  ;  tor  it  was  the 
first  time  in  their  lives  they  had  ever  seen  a  white 
man. 

They  bidon};cd  to  .a  ]).irty  ot  Snakes  who  had 
com.  cross  the  mountains  on  their  .autumnal 
huntinjr  excursion  to  ])rovide  bulf.do  meat  tor  the 
winter,  liein^  persuaded  of  the  peace.ible  inten- 
tions ot  Mr.  flunt  and  his  companions,  they  will- 
injfly  conducted  them  to  their  camp.  It  w;is  pitcheii 
in  a  narrow  v.alley  on  the  martjin  ot  a  stream.  The 
tents  were  of  dressed  skins,  some  ol  them  fantasti- 
cally painted,  with  horses  j^^ra/in^^  about  them.  The 
appro.ich  of  tht'  party  caused  .a  iransient  alarm  in 
the  camp,  for  these  jjoor  Indi.ins  were  ever  on' the 
lookout  for  cruel  toes.  Xo  sooner,  however,  did 
they  recoffnize  the  jji'arb  and  complexion  of  their 
visitors  th.in  their  .apprehensions  were  chani,red 
into  joy  ;  for  sonu'  of  them  had  dealt  with  whiti! 
men,  and  knew  them  to  be  friendly,  .and  to  .abound 
with  articles  of  sin^rular  \-.alue.  They  welcomed 
them,  therefore,  to  their  tents,  set  iood  before 
them,  and  enterl.ained  them  to  the  best  of  their 
])ower. 

'I'hey  h.i  '  been  successful  in  their  hunt,  and 
their  cam])  w.as  full  of  jerked  buffalo  meat,  .all  of 
the  choicest  kind,  and  extremely  fat.  Mr.  Hunt 
inirch.ased  enoULjh  of  them,  in  addition  to  what 
had  been  killed  and  curt'd  by  his  own  hunters,  to 
lo.ul  all  the  horses  exceptinjr  those  reserved  for 
the  p.irtn'rs  .and  the  wife  of  Pierre  Dcuion.  He 
found  also  a  lew  bea\'er  skins  in  their  camp,  for 
which  he  p.iid  liberally,  .as  an  inducennait  to 
tlum  to  hunt  fur  more,  informini;-  them  that 
some  of  his  party  intended  to  live  amonj,'-  the 
mountains,  and  trade  with  liie  native  hunters  for 
their  peltries.  The  poor  Snakes  soon  compre- 
hended the  advant.i^es  thus  held  out  to  them,  and 
promised  to  exert  themselves  to  procure  a  c|uan- 
tity  ot  lieaver  skins  lor  future  tr.al'fic. 

15ein;;-  now  well  sui)plie(l  with  provisions,  Mr. 
Hunt  broke  up  his  encampment  on  the  24th  of 
September,  .and  coatinued  on  to  the  west.  A 
march  of  lifteen  miles,  over  ,a  mount.ain  rid^e, 
brought  them  to  a  stream  about  fifty  feet  in  width, 
wtiich  Hoback,  one  ol  their  j^^uides,  who  had  tr.ip- 
ped  about  tlu;  neij,dd)  ""hood  when  in  the  service 
of  .Mr.  Henry,  recofrni/ed  tor  one  of  the  head 
waters  of  the  C'lhimbia.  The  travellers  hailed  it 
with  deli,i;ht,  as  the  lirst  stri-am  they  had  enioun- 
tered  tending  toward  their  jioint  of  destination. 
They  kept  along  it  for  two  days,  during-  which, 


from  the  contribution  of  many  rills  aiu!  hr.; 
j^radually   swelled  into  a  small  river.    .Ami,,.. 
andered   amonj;   rocks  and    ]n'ccipi(  cs,  ihiv  ^  i*^ 
fre(|Uently  obliged  to    lord  it,  and  such  ^v,^^'ns'.' 
])idity  that  the  men  were  often  in  diuijrcr  (jj  lif,,,!' 
swept  aw.iy.     Sometimes  the  b.iiiks  ailvanrcd  f 
close   upon   the   river   that  they  wen-  ciliii.-ci|  ,^, 
scr.imble    up    and    down    their   nigjreil  iinn,,,,, 
tories,  or  to  skirt  .along  their  bases  whuii- ilui,' 
was  scarce  a  foothold.     Their  horses  h;iil  (|,in,r,.. 
ous   falls   in   some  of  these  pa.sses.    One  nt  1 1,..,, 
rolled,   with   his  load,    nearly   two    luiiulrcl  |i  ■ 
dov.n    hill,  into  the   river,  but   wiih(i\it  noar  • 
any  injury.      At   len,gth   they  enicri^cd  Irom  il„ ' 
stupendous    deliles,    and    continued    hir   srviri 
miles  .along  tlie  bank  ot  Hob.ack's  kivcr,  iliu,;;  - 
one  ot  the   stern  mount.ain   valle\s.     llcrif  ii  iv^,, 
joined  by  a  riverof  greater  magniluile  aivKwiu'r 
current,  .and  their  united  w.aters swept  oii  ihroiWii 
the  valley   in  one  imjietuous  stream,  vihiili,  ino; 
its    rapidity    and    turbulence,    had    reccivi':!  ±- 
nanie  of   .\lad   l<i\cr.      At  the  conlhieiice  ut  tiu-c 
streams  the  tr.avidlers  encamped.     An  impurt.i;; 
|)()int  in  their  .arduous  journev   had  bicn  ali.nni-; 
a  few  miles  Irom  their  camp  rose  the  iliin- \.i-: 
snowy    peaks    called    tlu:    'I'etons,    or    ilir   I'l.; 
Knobs,  the  great  Landmarks  ol  the  ('(iluiv.iiM,  !i, 
which  tlu'y   had   shaped   tlu-ir  course  thriiu;;iu;  ■ 
mountain    wilderness,      lly   their   Icet  Ikuvcl  r 
r.ipid  (Hirrent  of  M.id  River,  a  stream  ai)i|iiccniiu;;.-. 
to  admit  ot   the  n.ivig.ation  ot  canoes,  ;iii(l  duwii 
which  they  might  possibly  be  able  to  stci-r  tln:- 
course  to  the  m.un   bo;ly  of  the  C'ohiiidiia.    1, 
("anadian   voyageurs   rejoiced  ;U  the  ide.i  nt  oii.u 
more   Launching  thi'mstdves    upon  their  lavonic 
element;  of  exchanging  their  horses  lor  canots, 
ai.d  of  gliding  down  the  boso.ns  ol  rivers,  in.itiiu: 
ot    scr.ambling    over    the    b.acks    ol    nioumaiiiv 
Others  of   the   p.arly,  .also,    inexperienrcd  in  il\s 
kind  of  travidling,  considered  their  toils  and  trmi- 
bles  .as  drawing  to  a  close.     'I'hey  had  comiiki;.-!! 
the  (diief  ditticulties  ol   this  great  roiky  barnt-r, 
.and  now  llattered  themselves  with  the  hope  i)t  an 
I'asy  (lowanvard   course   tor  the  rest  ol  ihcir  juiir- 
nev.      Little  did   they  dream  of  the  hardships  and 
|)erils    by    land   .and   water,  which   were  yet  U)  lit 
encountered   in  the  fiighttul  wiUh-rnrss  that  intvr- 
vened   between   them   and   the   shores  ol  the  Pa- 
cific ! 


CHAl'TliR  .\.\.\I. 

On  the  banks  of  Mad  I'iiver  Mr.  I  hint  lu  Id  a 
consultation  with  the  other  ]i;irlners  aslollitir 
future  movements.  'I'he  wild  and  iini"-iiiiuis  I'sr- 
rent  of  the  river  rendered  him  doiihuul  uiu-tiur 
it  might  not  abound  with  impediineius  ln^ur 
down,  sufticient  to  render  the  na\i,:;ation  ot  u 
slow  and  iierilous,  if  not  im|)raciii-.ihlc.  lite 
hunters  who  had  acted  as  guides  knew  niithin;,' 
of  the  character  of  the  river  below  ;  what  rock--, 
and  sho;ils,  and  r.i|)ids  might  (disirinl  il.  '"' 
through  what  mountains  and  dcieris  it  iiii;,'i't 
pass.'  Should  they  then  abandon  their  hnrsfs, 
cast  themselves  loose  in  fragile  b.irks  upon  ihis 
wild,  ditubttui,  and  unknown  river ;  or  shoih'l 
they  continue  their  more  toilsome  .and  tedious,  liJt 
peril. ijis  more  cert.iin  w.aytaring  by  land  ?  ^ 

'l"he  vote,  as  might  have  been  expecled,  was  a.- 
most  un.ininvius  for  embarkation  ;  tor  w1r"i  men 
are  in  diriiciilties  everv  change  seenis  to  he  lur 
the  better.  The  ditlicuUy  now'  was  to  liiul  nmber 
ot  sufticient  si/e  tor  the  construction  ot  (ano-.-s.ine 
trees  in  these  high  mount. liu  regions  buin;,' chici.y 


ASTORIA. 


309 


,  scruhlicil  Rrnwth  of  pines  and  cedars  aspens 
h  r  111(1  sci-vi(  e-l)errics,  and  a  small  kind  ot 
mon-'trw,  willi  a  'i-'af  rcsemhiing  that  of  the  wil- 
1  Tlici'f  was  a  species  of  lar},fe  lir,  hut  so  lull 
Tknois  as  to  eiidan-er  the  axe  in  hewinn;  it.  Alter 
'■irchiiiK  ''"■  ^"""'  '''"'■•  ■'  K'>'"^\'l''  "'  tiniher,  of 


yjlticiciu  si/e 


was  louni!   lower  down   the  river, 


uhiTcuimii  the  encampment  was  move 


veil  to  the  vi- 


i:iilV. 


set  to  work  to  fel 


ami 
per. 


lie  men  were  now  set  to  worK  lo  leii  trees, 
rid  tilt'  mmmtaiiis  echoed  to  the  unwonted  sound 
,)t  their  .-ives.  While  preparations  were  thus  -^n- 
'in.r  on  tiir  a  V(iva},'e  down  th«'  river,  Mr.  Hunt, 
wiw  still  enterl.i'ined  dout)ts  of  its  practicability, 
(lisiHlchcd  an  explorinj,^  party,  consistin>r  of  John 
Kii'd,  the  clerk,  John  Day,  the  hunter,  and  I'ierre 
IKiniiii,  tlie  inleriireter,  with  orders  to  jiroceed 
MViT.ildays'  march  alonjr  the  stream,  and  notice 
us  course  ami  character. 

.\liir  their  departure  Mr.  Hunt  tin"ied  liis 
ihoiiL'hls  ti)  another  object  of  importance.  He 
\.x\  now  arrived  at  the  head  waters  of  the 
Giliiniliin,  which  were  amonj,--  the  main  points 
cmliriK'ed  hy  the  enterprise'  of  Mr.  Astor.  'I'hese 
iiniifrsire.uiis  weri;  reputed  to  .abound  in  beaver, 

ill  had  ;is  \'t  lieen  unmolested  by  the  white  tr.ip- 
I'he  lUinu-rous  si},Mis  of  beaver  met  with 
ilunn.i;  the  recent  scared)  for  timber  ^f.ave  evi- 
dence lli:it  the  neighborhood  was  a  good  "  trap- 
nin'' jinuiiid."  Here  then  it  was  proper  to  be- 
.'jn  to  cast  loose  those  leashes  of  hardy  trappers, 
;h;itare  detaclieil  from  tr.ading  parties,  in  the  very 
hcirt  nl  the  wilderness.  'Idle  men  detached  in 
ihc  present  instance  were  Alexander  Carson, 
l.iiuis  St.  Michel,  I'ierre  Detaye,  and  I'ierre  I)e- 
i.iiinav.  d'ni|)|iers  j^enerally  jro  in  pairs,  that  they 
mav  assist,  protect,  and  comfort  each  other  in 
their  lonely  .ind  perilous  occupations.  Thus  C.ir- 
siii  and  .St.  .Michel  formed  one  couple,  and  I)e- 
uvo  and  Delauiiay  another.  They  were  lUti'd 
liiil  with  tr.ips,  .inns,  ammunition,  horses,  .-ind 
every  other  rc(|iiisite,  .and  were  to  trap  i:pon  the 
upper  part  of  Mad  Ri\er,  and  U|)on  the  neii^rlihor- 
;iii,' streams  of  the  mountains.  This  would  prob- 
,iii!y  occupy  tlieiii  for  some  months  ;  and,  when 
they  should  li.ive  collected  .a  sufficient  (piantity  of 
jieitries,  they  were  to  p.ack  them  upon  their  horses 
iiii  make  the  best  of  their  way  to  tlu'  mouth  of 
C  'lunihia  River,  or  to  any  intermedi.ite  post  which 
;;i;^'ht  he  established  by  the  company.  Tluy 
I'ijk  leave  of  their  comrades  and  started  off  on 
their  sever.il  courses  with  stout  hearts  .and  t  hei-r- 
!.i'.  cinmtenancrs  ;  thouj^di  these  loiudy  eruisinj^^s 
Hi' 1  a  wild  and  hostile  wilderness  seem  to  the  un- 
initiated e(|uiv,dent  to  being  cast  .adrift  in  the 
siiip'syawl  ill  the  midst  of  the  ocean. 

iHlhe  perils  tlitit  attend  the  loiudy  trtipper,  the 
reader  will  li.ive  sullicient  proof,  when  he  comes, 
m  the  after  p.ut  ol  this  work,  to  learn  the  h.ird 
tnrtunes  of  these  jioor  iellows  in  the  course  (d' 
livir  wild  peregrin.ations. 

The  trappers  had  not  long  (le])arted  w  hen  two 
>''iik'  hulians  wandered  into  the  camp.  When 
•!,e;,  |i(i(civeil  thtit  the  strangers  were  fabricating 
'  iiUH's,  they  shook  their  heads  .and  gave  them  to 
;'|;l^r^tan(l  that  the  river  was  not  navig.ible. 
b"ir  inlorni.ition,  however,  was  scoffed  at  by 
^'laie  of  iJio  party,  who  were  obstin.itedv  bent  on 
eniharkatioii,  but  was  conlirmed  by  the  exiiloring 
P'riy,  who  returned  after  several  dtivs'  .iliseiice. 
lliey  had  kept  along  the  river  with  great  dilliculty 
■ir  two  (lays,  and  found  it  a  narrow,  crooked,  tur- 
™.ent  stream,  contined  in  a  rocky  channel,  with 
niaiiy  rapids,  :ind  occasionally  overhung  with 
iirecipices.    Iroin  the  summil  of  one  of  these  they 


!  1 


li.id  caught  a  bird's-eye  view  of  its  boisterous  ca- 
ree-r,  for  a  great  distance,  through  the  heart  ut 
the  mountain,  with  impending  rocks  and  cliffs. 
.S.itislied  Irom  this  view  lluit  it  w.is  useless  lo  fol- 
low its  course  either  by  land  or  wtiter,  they  had 
given  up  all  further  investigation. 

These  concurring  reports  (letermine(l  Mr.  Hunt 
to  .abandon  M.id  River,  .iiid  see  k  some  more  n;i'- 
ig.ible  stretim.  'i'his  delermin.ition  was  concur- 
red in  by  all  his  .associ.iles  <x( cptiiig  Mr.  Miller, 
wdio  had  become  impatient  (d  tin-  lal'gue  of  land 
travid,  and  was  for  immedi.ite  lanbarkation  .at  all 
h.azards.  'idiis  gentleman  h.id  been  in  a  gloomy 
;ind  irritated  state  of  miii'l  for  some  time  past,  De- 
ing  troulded  wdth  a  bodily  mal.idy  that  rendered 
travelling  on  liorstdi.ick  extreiiudy  irksome  to 
him,  and  being,  moreover,  disconteiiteil  with  hav- 
ing .1  smaller  sh.ire  in  the  expedition  than  his 
comrades.  His  unreasonable  objections  to  a  fur- 
ther march  by  hand  were  overruled,  and  the  partv 
prepared  to  decamp. 

Uobiiison,  Hoback,  and  Ke/ner,  the  three  hunt- 
ers who  had  hitherto  served  as  guidrs  .among  the 
mount.ains,  now  stepju'd  iorwrrd,  and  advised 
Mr.  Hunt  to  m.ike  for  the  jiost  i-stablished  during 
the  preceding  ye.ar  by  Mr.  Henry,  of  the  Missouri 
I'ur  Comp.iny.  '["hey  had  been  with  Mr.  Henrv, 
and  as  l.ir  as  they  coidd  judge  by  the  neighboring 
indmarks,  his  post  could  not  be  very  far  off. 
They  presumed  there  could  be  but  one  interven- 
ing ridge  of  mountains,  whii  b  might  be  passed 
without  any  great  dil'lit ailty.  Heiirv's  ])ost,  or 
lort,  w.as  on  an  upjier  br.iiK  li  ot  the  Columbia, 
down  which  Ihev  made  no  doubt  it  would  be  easy 
to  navigate  in  canoes. 

The  two  Sn.ike  Indi.ins  bi dug  (|Uestioiie(l  in  the 
m.atter,  showed  a,  perfect  knowledge  of  the  situa- 
tion of  the  post,  and  olferi'd,  with  gre.it  alacrity, 
to  guide  them  to  the  pi, ice.  Tlitdr  olfer  was  .ac- 
cepted, gre.atly  lo  the  dis|)leasure  of  Mr.  Miller, 
wdio  seemed  obstin.ately  bent  upon  br.iving  the 
perils  of  M.ad  River. 

'Idle  weather  fe)r  .a  few  days  p.ist  h.ul  be(;n 
stormy,  with  rain  .and  sleet.  'I  he  Roik-  Moun- 
t.ains are  subject  to  tempestuous  winds  trom  the 
west  ;  these,  sometimes,  (a)me  in  Maws  or  cur- 
rents, making  a  jiath  through  the  lorests  m.any 
y.ir(is  in  width,  ,aiid  whirling  off  trunks  .and 
br.aiu  lies  to  .a  great  dist.incc.  TIk'  pivsent  storm 
subsided  on  the  third  ol  <  >ctober,  leaving  all  the 
serrounding  ludghts  overed  with  snow  ;  tor 
while  rain  h.ul  fallen  in  the  v.illey,  it  had  snowed 
on  the  hill  tops. 

( )n  the  4th  they  broke  up  thtir  eiicanipnient 
.and  crossed  the  river,  the  water  coming  up  to  the 
girths  of  tludr  horses.  .Alter  tr.ividling  lour 
miles,  they  encampd  .it  the  loot  ot  tlu'  mountain, 
the  l.ist,  .as  they  hoped,  which  they  should  h.ave  to 
l'"our  days  more  to(d<  theiu  .across  it, 
watered  by  beautitul  little 

.,  tribut,'  ies  of  M.id   River.     j\(;ar  one  of 

their  encampments  there  w.is  .a  hot  sjiring  ctuitin- 
ii.iUy  emitting  a  cloud  of  \,ipor.  These  elevated 
|)hiilis,  wdiich  give  .a  peeuliar  (di.iracter  to  the 
mountains,  .are  tre(|ueiuel  by  Large  gangs  of  ante- 
lopes, Heel  as  tlu;  w  ind. 

( >n  the  evening  of  the  .Sth  of  (ictobcr,  .after  , a 
cold  wintry  d.ay,  wdth  gusts  of  westerly  wind  and 
tlurries  of  snow,  they  .arrived  at  the  sought-lor 
post  ot  M  .  Henry.  Here  he  h.id  lixenl  himself, 
afti'r  being  com|)elled  by  the  hostilities  of  the 
Ulackfeet  t.a  .ab.indoii  the  U])per  w.aters  ot  the 
Missouri.  The  post,  however,  w.as  deserted,  tor 
Mr.  Henry  li.id  lelt  it,  in  the  course;  eif  llu'  preeaid- 
ing  spring,   and,   as  it  atterward  appeared,  had 


tr.averse 

■anel  eivea'  sever.i!  ]d.aiiis 

streams. 


370 


ASTORIA. 


|J.  ; 


fallen  in  with  Mr.  Lisa,  at  the  Arickara  villajrc  on 
the  Missouri,  .iMic  time  alter  the  separation  of 
Mr.  Hunt  and  his  party. 

The  weary  travellers  j^'ladly  took  possession  of 
the  deserted  lo;;  huts  which  had  formed  the  jiost, 
and  whieh  stood  on  the  hank  of  a  stream  ujjward 
of  a  hundred  y.irds  wide,  on  which  they  intended 
to  emhark.  I'lurt'  heinj,^  plenty  of  suitahle  tim- 
ber in  the  nei^dihorhood,  Mr.  llunt  immediately 
proceeded  to  construct  canoes.  As  he  would 
nave  to  leave  his  horses  and  their  accoutrements 
here,  he  determined  to  make  this  a  tradinj,^  post, 
where  the  irap|)ers  and  hunters,  to  be  distributed 
about  the  country,  mij,dn  re])air  ;  and  where  the 
traders  mijrjil  touch  on  their  way  throuj^h  the 
mountains  to  and  from  the  establishment  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Columbia.  He  informed  the  two 
Snake  Iiuliaiis  oi  this  determination,  and  enj^a^^ed 
them  to  reniain  in  that  neighborhood  and  take 
care  of  the  horses  until  the  white  men  should  re- 
turn, ])romisin;,r  them  ample  rewards  lor  their 
fidelity.  It  may  seem  a  desperate  chance  to  trust 
to  the  faith  :ind  honesty  of  two  such  vajjabonds  ; 
but,  as  the  horses  would  have,  at  all  events,  to 
be  abandoned,  and  would  otherwise  become  the 
property  of  the  t'lrst  v.ij,nant  horde  that  should  en- 
counter them,  it  was  (.)ne  chance  in  favor  ot  their 
beinjr  refrained. 

At  this  place  another  detachment  of  hunters 
prepared  to  separate  from  the  [)arly  for  the  pur- 
])ose  of  trappini;-  beaver.  Three  of  these  had  al- 
ready been  in  liiis  neighboriiood,  beinj^  the  vete- 
ran Robinson  and  his  companions,  Ht)back  and 
Rey{ner,  who  had  accompanied  Mr.  Henry  across 
the  mountains,  and  who  had  been  ])icked  U|)  by 
Mr.  Hunt  on  the  Missouri,  on  their  way  home  to 
Kentucky.  ,  Accordinjr  to  aj^reement  they  were 
tilted  out  with  horses,  traps,  ammunition,  and 
everythinjr  re(|uisite  for  their  undertakinfj,  and 
were  to  iirin^r  in  all  the  peltries  they  should  col- 
lect, either  to  this  trading'-  post  or  to  the  estab- 
lishment at  the  mouth  of  Columbia  River.  Another 
hunter,  ot  the  name  of  Cass,  was  associated  with 
them  in  their  eiUeriirise.  It  is  in  this  way  that 
small  knots  of  trappers  and  hunters  are  ilistrib- 
uted  about  the  wilderness  by  the  fur  comi):!nies, 
and,  like  cranes  and  bitterns,  h.iunt  its  solitary 
streams.  Rol)iiist)n,  the  Kentuckian,  the  veteran 
of  the  "  bloody  f,n-ound,"  who,  as  has  already  been 
noted,  had  been  scalped  by  the  Indians  in  his 
yount^rer  days,  was  the  leader  of  this  little  band. 
When  they  were  about  to  depart,  Mr.  Miller  call- 
ed the  ])artiu'rs  toj^ether,  and  threw  uj)  his  share 
in  tlie  coni|)any,  declaring  his  intention  ot  joining 
the  parly  of  tra|)|)ers. 

Tliis  resolution  struck  every  one  with  astonish- 
ment, Mr.  Miller  beinj^  a  man  ot  education  and 
of  cultivated  habits,  and  little  lilted  for  the  rude 
life  of  a  hunter.  ISesides,  the  precarious  and 
slender  profits  arisinjr  from  such  a  life  were  be- 
neath the  |)rospects  ot  one  who  held  a  share  in  the 
y;eneral  enu-rprise.  Mr.  flunt  was  es|)ecially 
concerned  ,ind  niortitied  at  his  determination,  as 
it  was  lliroU!;h  his  advice  and  inlluence  he  had  en- 
tered into  the  concern.  He  endeavored,  there- 
fore, to  dissuade  him  from  this  sudden  resolution  ; 
representiii'^  its  rashness,  and  the  hardships  and 
j)erils  to  wIn  h  it  would  expose  him.  He  earnest- 
ly advised  Iiim,  however  he  miijht  feel  dissatislied 
with  the  enterprise,  still  to  continue  on  in  com- 
i)any  until  they  should  reach  the  mouth  of  Colum- 
bia River.  Thei'e  they  would  meet  the  expedition 
that  was  to  come  by  sea  ;  when,  should  he  still 
feel  disposed  to  re!in(|uish  the  undertakinJ,^  Mr. 
Hunt  i)ledyed   himself  to  furnish  him  a  passage 


home  in  one  of  the  vessels  belonginir  m  (|,j 
pany.  "  '"'■• 

'loall  this  Miller  replied  •'ibrupiiy,  th,,t  j,  ^^  , 
useless  to  argue  with  him,  as  his  mi':ul  was  nnd' 
up.  They  might  furnish  him,  or  not,  as  i'.' 
pleased,  with  the  necessary  supjjlifs,  hui'i,^* 
determined  to  part  comjjany  here,  and  setoifvii'i 
tlie  trajipers.  So  saying,  he  Hung  out  of  tl-t  r 
presence  without  vouchsaling  any  hMther  i  u-'' 
sation.  '  '"'''' 

Much  as  this  wayward  conduct  g.uc  ihinurx. 
iety,  the  partners  saw  it  was  in  vain  to  rcm-^ 
slrate.  Hvery  attention  was  paid  to  litliiiiuw' 
for  his  heailstrong  undertaking,  lie  wa--,  t/jI 
vided  with  four  horses  and  all  ilie  .iriidus  he  ^^ 
cpiired.  The  two  Snakes  undertook  to  cdndua 
Iiim  and  his  companions  to  an  enciimpinciit  ,; 
their  tribe,  lower  down  among  the  nioum.uri 
from  whom  they  would  receive  intoniialion  ai;o 
the  best  trapping  grounds.  After  iluis  jjuidir,. 
them,  the  Snakes  were  to  return  to  Fort  Iknr," 
as  the  new  trading  ])ost  was  called,  ami  t,i« 
charge  ot  the  horses  which  the  party  winilil  Icivij 
there,  of  which,  after  all  the  huiite):,  \v(;rt.■^uli• 
jjlied,  there  remained  sevenly-se\eii.  ThtSL- mat- 
ters being  all  arranged,  Mr.  Milirr  sut  dut  with 
his  companions,  under  guidtuice  ot  the  ivo 
Snakes,  on  the  loth  of  October;  and  nuich  diil  it 
grieve  the  friends  of  that  gentlemtu)  loscehiiiuht.i 
wantonly  casting  himsell  loose  upon  sav,i;;c  iiit. 
How  he  and  his  comrades  fared  in  ilu- wikkrnov 
and  how  the  Snakes  aciiuitted  ihenihelvci  ut  ihiir 
trust  resiiecting  the  horses,  will  luTe.iltcr  appear 
iti  the  course  ot  these  rambling  anecdotes. 


CHAPTER  XXXII. 

WhiI-IC  the  canoes  were  in  ])reparatinn,  the 
hunters  ranged  about  the  neighborhood,  hut  with 
little  success.  Tracks  of  buffaloes  were  to  he  sa;i 
in  .ill  directions,  but  none  of  a  fresh  (kite.  There 
were  some  elk,  but  extremely  wild  ;  two  only 
were  killed.  Antelopes  were  likewise  st-un,  l)iit 
too  shy  aiul  lleel  to  be  api)ro;iched.  .\  few  iK-aurs 
were  taken  every  night,  and  salmon  trout uti 
small  si/e,  so  that  the  camp  had  p'riiicipally  to 
subsist  upon  dried  bufftdo  meat. 

On  the  14th,  a  poor,  halt-ntiked  Snake  Indian, 
one  of  thiit  forlorn  caste  called  llu'  Shiickers.  nr 
Diggers,  made  his  a])pearance  at  the  ciiiip.  He 
came  from  some  lurking-place  among  the  rmki 
and  cliffs,  .-ind  presented  a  |)icture  ot  iliat  l.imi^h- 
ing  wretchedness  t<'  which  these  loiu-ly  lufjitives 
among  the  mountains  are  sometiniLS  leductil. 
Having  received  wherewithal  to  allay  his  hunger, 
he  disappeared,  but  in  the  course  of  adaynrtuo 
returned  to  the  camp,  bringing  with  him  his  son, 
a  miserable  boy,  still  more  naked  ;uul  lorlorn  than 
hiiiiselt.  Foocl  was  given  to  both  ;  they  skulked 
about  the  camj)  like  hungry  hounds,  seckini;- what 
they  might  devour,  ;ind  having  gathered  up  the  kit 
an(l  entrails  of  some  beavers  that  were  lyiii;! 
about,  slunk  off  with  them  to  their  ihii  anion;; the 
ro<:ks. 

Hythe  18th  of  October  fifteen  canoes  wen- torn- 
pleted,  and  on  the  h)llowing  day  the  parly  tm- 
barked  with  their  effects,  leaving  their  liorsei 
grazing  about  the  b.mks,  and  trusting  to  the  ln'ii- 
esty  of  the  two  Snakes,  and  some  special  tuniof 
gooil  luck  for  their  future  recovery. 

The  current  bore  them  along  at  a  rapid  rate: 
the  li.ght  sjjirits  ot  the  Canadian  voyageurs,  whidi 
had  occasionally  flagged  upon  land,  rose  to  their 


ASTORIA. 


871 


,,cu.tnme<l  Inioynncy  on  fiiKlinp  themselves 
,,,..|  iiiiun  tin;  w.iler.  1  hey  wiehled  their  iiail- 
''i^'swith  their  wdiitwl  dexterity,  and  for  the  first 
1  !,?e  m.ule  the  mountains  echo  with  their  favorite 

''h -hi- 'course  of  the  day  the  little  squadron  ar- 
rvcl. It  the  lonlhienee  (/t  Henry  and  Mad  Rivers, 
"c'l  tiuis  united,  swelled  into  a  heautifid  stream 
^'."j']i,r|u  pca-ijreen  color,  navi^^ahle  for  boats  of 
'  •'  SUV,  and  which,  Irom  the  place  of  junction, 
•lik  the  name  of  Snake  River,  a  stream  doomed 
i,Cthesccne  of  much  disaster  to  the  travellers. 
Th-  hanks  were  here  and  there  fringed  with  wil- 
Inv  thickets  aiul  small  cotton-wood  trees.  The 
wrather  was  cold,  and  it  snowed  all  day, 
,..,,1  jrreat  thicks  of  ducks  and  ^jeese,  spor't- 
pr  in  the  water  or  streaminj,'  throujjh  the  air, 
rr,i-  tiken  that  winter  was  at  hand  ;  yet  the 
Prtr!^  of  the  travellers  were  lijjht,  and,  as  they 
.■;,ieil  tlown  the  little  river,  they  tiattered  them- 
svia-awith  the  hope  of  soon  reachinj^j  the  Colum- 
!ii;t.  .\ttcrinal<in}(  thirty  miles  in  a  southerly  di- 
r;c;inn,  thev  cncainiied  for  the  ni^,du  in  a  nei^jh- 
iiirhni'l  whi''h  recpiired  some  little  vijjilance,  as 
IMTC  were  recent  traces  of  j^ri/.zly  hears  amonir 
i:,e  thickets. 

un  the  lolliwing  day  the  river  increased  in 
wilthand  i)cauty,  Mowing'  parallel  to  a  ran^a- of 
nnu-i'.ainson  the  left,  which  at  times  were  linely 
rtii^ctcii  ill  its  li;_,dit  green  waters.  The  three 
s-v.vv  summits  ot  the  Pilot  Knobs  or  Tetons, 
ucKStill  seen  towering  in  the  distance.  After 
pjrsuini,'  a  swift  but  pl.icid  course  for  twenty 
r..;!ei.  liie  current  began  to  foam  and  brawl,  and 
^l^^J:lle  the  wild  and  broken  character  common 
;,-.'::i- sireams  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  In 
::.!ihe  rivers  which  llow  Irom  those  mountains 
;ii".e  Pacific  are  essentially  diffL-rent  from  those 
wiich  traverse  the  great  prairic'S  on  their  eastern 
declivities.  The  latter,  though  sometimes- boister- 
(,;).  are  jrenerally  tree  from  o!)structions,  and 
eaiiiy  navij;ate.|  ;  but  the  rivers  to  the  west  of 
the  niauiitains  descend  more  stee])ly  and  impet- 
uniiiy,  and  are  continually  lial)]e  to  cascades  and 
ri!)iils.  The  latter  abounded  in  the  \Kin  of  the 
rv^T  which  the  travellers  were  now  descending. 
Turtoi  the  canoes  tilled  among  the  breakers  ;  the 
cri-.vs  ux-re  savi  il,  but  much  ot  the  lading  was  lost 
or  (l.imat;ed,  and  one  of  the  canoes  drifted  down 
tM  stream  and  was  broken  atnong  the  rocks. 

On  the  folliiwing  day,  October  2ist,  they  made 
but  a  short  distance  when  they  came  to  a  danger- 
O'JS  strait,  where  the  river  was  compressed  for 
nearly  half  a  mile  between  perjiendicular  rocks, 
reiljcin;^  it  to  the  width  of  twenty  yards,  and  in- 
crsasin^nts  vi  lence.  Here  they'were  obliged  to 
pa  the  canoes  down  cautiously  by  a  line  from 
tae  impending  banks.  This  consumed  a  great 
[art  of  a  day  ;  and  after  they  had  re-embarked 
tr.ey  were  soon  again  impeded  by  rapids,  when 
tney  had  to  unload  their  canoes  and  carry  them 
and  their  cargoes  for  some  distance  by  land.  It 
is  at  these  places,  called  "  portages,"  that  th° 
Cin,i(lian  vo\ageur  exhibits  his  most  valuable 
,  (jualities,  carrying  heavy  burdens,  and  toiling  to 
lav!  fro,  on  land  and  in  the  water,  over  rocks  and 
[recipices,  among  brakes  and  brambles,  not  only 
J'|'>iOut  a  murmur,  but  with  the  greatest  cheer- 
'-:ifss  and  alacrity,  joking  and  laughing  and 
s;:;;Mng  scraps  of  old  French  ditties. 

The  spirits  (if  the  party,  however,  which  had 
Wfii  elated  on  lirst  varying  their  journeying  from 
'■'"'.  to  water,  had  now  lost  some  of  their  buoy- 
21  V.  I.\^rything  ahead  was  wrajiped  in  uncer- 
tii".iy.    They  knew  nothing  of  the  river  on  which 


they  were  floating.  It  had  never  been  navigated 
by  a  white  man,  nor  could  they  meet  with  an  In- 
dian to  give  them  any  information  concerning  it. 
It  ke|U  on  its  course  through  a  vast  wilderness  ot 
silent  and  apparently  uninhabited  mountains, 
without  a  sav.ige  wigwam  upon  its  banks,  or  bark 
upon  its  waters.  Tiie  dit'ticulties  and  perils  they 
had  already  passed  made  them  apprehend  others 
before  them  that  might  effectually  bar  their  jirog- 
ress.  As  they  glided  onward,  however,  they 
regained  heart  anil  hope.  The  current  continued 
to  be  strong  ;  but  it  was  steady,  and  though  they 
met  with  frecpient  rapids,  none  of  them  were  bad. 
Mountains  were  constantly  to  be  seen  in  different 
directions,  but  sometimes  the  swift  river  glideil 
through  prairies,  and  was  bordered  by  small  cot- 
ton-woo(l  trees  and  willows.  These  prairies  at 
certain  seasons  are  ranged  by  migratory  herds  of 
the  wide-wandering  buftalo,  the  tracks  of  which, 
though  not  of  recent  dale,  were  freciuenily  to  be 
seen.  Here,  too,  were  to  be  found  the  |)rickly 
pear,  or  Indian  tig,  a  plant  which  loves  a  more 
southern  climate.  On  the  land  were  large  flights 
of  magpies  and  American  robins  ;  whole  fleets  of 
ilucks  and  geese  navigatefi  the  river,  or  flew  off 
in  long  streaming  tiles  at  the  ajiproach  of  the  ca- 
noes ;  while  the  frecpient  establishments  ot  the 
painstaking  and  (|uiet-loving  beaver  showed  that 
the  solitude  of  these  waters  was  rarely  disturbed, 
e\en  by  the  all-pervading  savage. 

They  had  now  come  near  two  hundred  and 
eighty  miles  since  leaving  Fort  Henry,  yet  with- 
out seeing  a  human  being  or  a  human  haliitation  ; 
a  wild  and  desert  solitude  extended  on  either  side 
of  the  river,  apparently  almost  destitute  of  animal 
life.  At  length,  on  the  24th  of  October,  they  were 
gladdened  by  the  sight  of  some  savage  tents,  and 
hastened  to  land  and  visit  them,  hir  they  were  anx- 
ous  to  procure  information  to  guide  them  on  their 
route.  On  their  approach,  however,  the  savages 
lied  in  consternation.  They  proved  to  be  a  wan- 
dering band  ot  Shoshonies.  In  their  tents  were 
great  ([uantities  of  small  fish  about  two  inches 
long,  together  with  roots  and  seeds,  or  grain, 
which  they  were  drying  tor  winter  provisions. 
They  a]ipeared  to  be  destitute  of  tools  of  any 
kind,  yet  there  were  bows  and  arrows  very  well 
made  ;  the  former  were  formed  of  pine,  cedar,  or 
bone,  strengthened  by  sinews,  and  the  latter  of  the 
wood  of  rose-bushes,  and  other  crooked  jilants, 
but  carefully  straightened,  and  tip[)ed  with  stone 
of  a  bottle-green  color. 

There  were  a!.->o  vessels  of  willow  and  grass,  so 
closely  wrought  as  to  hold  water,  and  a  seine 
neatly  made  with  meshes,  in  the  ordinary  man- 
ner, of  'he  fibres  of  wild  tlax  or  nettle.  The 
humble  i  ifects  of  the  poor  savages  remained  un- 
molested by  their  visitors,  and  a  few  small  arti- 
cles, with  a  knife  or  two,  were  left  in  the  camp, 
and  were  no  doubt  regarded  as  invaluable  prizes. 

Shortly  after  leaving  this  deserted  camp,  and  re- 
embarking  in  the  canoes,  the  travellers  met  with 
three  of  the  Snakes  on  a  triangular  raft  made  of 
flags  or  reeds  ;  such  was  their  rude  mode  ot  nav- 
igating the  river.  They  were  entirely  naked  ex- 
cepting small  mantles  of  hare  skins  over  their 
shoulders.  The  canoes  approached  near  enough 
to  gain  a  full  view  of  them,  but  they  were  not  to 
be  brought  to  a  parley. 

All  further  progress  for  the  day  was  barred  by  a 
fall  in  the  river  of  about  thirty  feet  perpendicular  ; 
at  the  head  ot  which  the  parly  encamped  tor  the 
night. 

The  next  day  was  one  of  excessive  toil  and  but 
little  progress,  the  riven  winding  through  a  wild 


372 


ASTORIA. 


li  I 


I] 


tni 


rocky  coiintn",  anr!  bcinp  interrupted  by  frequent 
r.ipiils,  aiiionjr  which  the  caiiucs  were  in  j,'reat 
])irii.  On  the  succeedinj^  day  they  aj^ain  visited 
a  camp  of  wandcrin^^  Snakes,  hut  the  inhabitants 
lied  witii  terror  at  the  si^^ht  of  a  tleet  of  canoes, 
lilled  wilii  wliite  men,  coming  clown  tiieir  solitary 
river. 

As  Mr.  Hunt  was  extremely  anxious  to  gain  in- 
formation concerning  his  route,  he  endeavored  l)y 
all  kinds  oi  friendly  signs  to  entice  back  the  fugi- 
tives. At  length  one,  who  was  on  horseback, 
ventured  back  with  fear  and  trembling.  He  was 
l)etter  clad  and  in  better  condition  than  most  of 
liis  vagrant  tribe  that  Mr.  Hunt  had  yet  seen.  The 
chief  ol)ject  of  his  return  apjjeared  to  be  to  inter- 
cede for  a  ([uantity  of  dried  meat  and  salmon 
trout,  which  lie  had  left  behind  ;  on  which,  |)rob- 
;'.l)ly,  he  de|)ended  for  his  winter's  subsistence. 
The  poor  wretch  approached  with  hesitation,  the 
alternate  dread  of  famine  and  of  white  men  oper- 
ating upon  his  mind.  He  made  the  most  abject 
signs  imploring  .Mr.  Hunt  not  to  carry  off  his  food. 
The  latter  tried  in  everyway  to  reassure  him,  and 
offered  him  knives  in  exchange  for  his  provisions  ; 
great  as  was  the  temptation,  the  poor  .Snake  could 
only  prevail  upon  himself  to  spare  a  part,  keep- 
ing a  feverish  watch  over  the  rest,  lest  it  shouki 
be  taken  away.  It  was  in  vaiivMr.  Hunt  made 
li.iKjuiries  of  him  concerning  his  route,  and  the 
it,i,)urse  of  tile  river.  The  Inilian  was  too  much 
Irightened  and  bewildered  to  comprehend  him  or 
to  reply  ;  he  did  nothiii);  but  alternately  commend 
])j.!jiiielt  to  the  protection  ol  the  dood  S|)irit,  and 
supjiiiicate  .Mr.  Hunt  not  to  take  away  his  tish  and 
bufJaJo  meat  ;  and  in  this  state  they  lelt  him, 
iJciubling  .d)out  his  treasures. 

Iji  llie  course  of  that  and  the  next  day  they  made 
neaj'ly  eight  miles,  the  river  inclining  to  the  south 
of  wi  St,  and  being  clear  and  beautiful,  nearly  hall 
a  n)ile  in  width,  with  many  jjopulous  communities 
ol  the  Ilea ver  along  its  banks.  The  28th  of  October, 
however,  w.is  a  d,iy  of  dis.ister.  The  river  again 
became  rough  anil  ini])etuous,  and  w.is  chafed 
aju!  broken  by  numerous  ra|)ids.  These  grew  more 
and  ni(jre  dangerous,  and  the  utmost  skill  was  re- 
quired to  steer  among  them.  Mr.  Crooks  was 
.sealed  in  the  second  canoe  of  the  scpiadron,  and 
had  ail  old  exjierienceil  Canadian  for  steersman, 
named  .\ntoine  Ciajiijine,  one  of  the  most  valua- 
h\v  of  the  voyageurs.  The  leading  canoe  had 
glided  safely  among  the  turbulent  and  roaring 
surges,  but  in  following  it  Mr.  Crooks  ])erceive(l 
that  Ids  canoe  was  bearing  toward  a  rock.  He 
called  out  to  the  steersman,  but  his  warning  voice 
was  either  unheard  or  unheeded.  In  the  next 
moment  they  struck  upcjn  the  rock.  The  canoe 
W.IS  s|)lit  and  overturned.  There  were  five  per- 
.sons  on  board.  .Mr.  Crooks  and  one  of  his  com- 
j)anions  were  thrown  amid  ro.iring  lireakers  and 
a  whirling  current,  but  succeeded,  by  strong 
swimming,  to  reach  the  shore.  Cla])pine  and 
two  others  clung  to  the  shattered  bark,  and  drift- 
ed with  it  to  a  rock.  The  wreck  struck  the  rock 
will)  one  end,  .ind  swinging  round,  flung  |)oor 
Clappiiic  olf  into  the  raging  stream,  which  swept 
him  away,  and  he  perished.  His  comr.des  suc- 
ceeded in  getting  upon  the  rock,  from  whence 
they  were  alterward  taken  off. 

'I'his  disastrous  event  brought  the  whole  stiuad- 
ron  to  a  halt,  and  struck  a  chill  into  every  bosom. 
Indeed,  they  had  arrived  at  a  terrilic  strait,  that 
f(jrbade  all  further  progress  in  the  canoes,  and 
dismayed  the  most  ex|)erienced  voyageur.  The 
whole  body  of  the  river  was  compressed  into  a 
space  of  less  than   thirty  feet  in  width,  between 


CHAPTER  XXXIII. 

Mr.  Hl'NT  and  his  comiianions  encamped  u-.-n 
the  borders  of  the  CaUlron  Linn,  and  In-ld '1.,,;.!!^ 
counsel  as  to  their  future  course.  Th(;Vf,i', 
wreck  had  dismayed  even  the  vovageurs,  anj'-l 
fate  of  their  jiojiular  comrade,  Clappini;,  onj ',, 
the  most  adroit  and  experienced  nt  ihcir  twcl 
nity,  had  struck  sorrow  to  their  liearis,  tor,  uih 
all  their  levity,  these  thoughil(_-bi  heir  s  hjve 
great  kindness  toward  each  other. 

The  whole  distance  they  had  iiavi;;;ilwU;r.ct 
leaving  Henry's  Fort  was  compuied  lo  heabiiit 
three  iumdred  and  forty  miles  ;  slnm;,'  appreiw- 
sions  were  now  entertained  thai  ihe  li'L-nK'niifnj 
impediments  before  them  would  ohliije  thLm:o 
abanilon  their  canoes.  It  was  (leU-rniniL';l  losc;] 
ex])loring  parties  on  each  side  of  ihe  rivt-noa-- 
certain  whether  it  was  possible  to  navijjaic  it !::. 
ther.  Accordingly,  on  the  followin^j  niurn;;-.' 
three  :nen  were  dispatched  along  iIk'  bouiii  1),.;^, 
while  -Mr.  Hunt  and  three  others  proceeded  sur.,; 
the  north.  The  two  parties  returned  atier  a  wcrv 
scramble  among  swamps,  rocks,  ;uul  prtcipicts. 
and  with  very  dishearteidng  accounts.  For  iiiMrv 
forty  miles  that  they  had  explored,  ilie  river  ii;i,- 
ed  and  roared  along  through  a  cleup  aiul  iiarrw 
channel,  from  twenty  to  thirty  y.u-ds  wide,  whcr, 
it  had  worn,  in  the  course  of  ages,  tlirouj;h  :'..c 
heart  of  a  barren,  rocky  country.  The  |)reci|;  ti 
on  each  side  were  often  two  .inil  three  luiiiln;! 
feet  high,  sometimes  perpendicul.ir,  and  Siir,-- 
times  overhanging,  so  that  it  was  impo^Miiie,  iv- 
cepting  in  one  or  two  plact.-s,  to  get  down  Ui;.i: 
margin  of  the  stream.  This  dreary  str:i:i  « .1 
rendered  the  more  dangerous  by  treiiuent  ra; ;:s, 
and  occasionally  jjerpendicular  tails  tr<mik;;;) 
forty  feet  in  height  ;  so  that  it  seemed  alnn-: 
hopeless  to  attempt  to  ])ass  the  canoes  dnwp,  ,t. 
The  party,  however,  who  had  explored  ihesiiwh 
side  of  the  river,  had  found  a  jilace,  ahniiisis 
miles  from  the  camp,  where  tlu'y  ihoiighl  it  P''»;- 
ble  the  c.inoes  might  be  carried  downtheb.rK 
and  launched  upon  the  stream,  and  tiMm  \\ hence 
they  might  make  their  way  with  tl'.e  aid  ot  occ;,- 
sional  jiortages.  Four  of  the  best  canoes  ucr; 
accordingly  selected  for  the  exjieriinent,  amlnere 
trans]iorted  to  the  jilace  on  the  shoulders  >■!  ms- 
teen  of  the  men.  At  the  same  lime  Mr  Iv:---. 
the  clck,  and  three  men  were  detached  to  esp,<.' 
the  river  still  further  down  than  ihe  previous mmu:- 
ing  p.irties  had  been,  and  at  the  s.ame  time  t) 
look  out  for  Indians,  from  whom  provisions  ni:,'t 
be  (d)tained,  and  a  sujjply  of  horses,  should  it  )•; 
found  necessarv  to  proceed  by  la;ul. 

The  party  who  had  been  sent  with  the  caivti 
returned  on  the  following  day,  we.u  y  and  dc  n'- 
One  of  the  canoes  had  bi^'cn  swept  away  u::; 
the  weapons  and  effects  of  lour  of  tlic  vi:y- 
.igeurs,  in  attemjiting  to  pass  it  down  a  rapiu  :•■ 
means  of  a  line.  The  other  three  had  suickt.m 
among  the  rocks,  so  that  it  was  impossibie  :i 
'  them  ;  the  men  returned,  tiKretorc,  m  "t- 
and  declared  the  river  unnnvigalile. 

The  situation  of  the  unfortunate  travellers  W5 
now  ijloomy  in  the  extreme.     Th'-y  were  iiu.iC 


eil 
all 


move 
spair, 


IHi 


ASTORIA. 


srs 


hfirt  nf  an  unknown  wilderness,  untraversed  as 

In  ;i  whilL-  man.     Tlu-y  were  at  a  loss  what 

mutc'u)  t''l<'^.  '""'    '^"^"•'    ''""    '''^>'    ^^'■■'''^    *''""''  '''^' 

'.ii„^„e  nlaCL- of  tlu-ir  destination,  nor  coukl  they 

„^t.t',n  these  iiiiinhahited   wilds,   with   any  hu- 

nii  lifiiiU  '"  li'^'-'  '''^'"^  information.    The  repeat- 

iaiiltiils  to  dieir  canoes    had  reduced  their 

•  i,K  (it  provisions  to  live  days'  allowance,  and 
■  \'r(.  was  now  every  appearance  of  soon  having 
.',•  ,;iic  adilcil  to  their  other  sufferings. 

liiisi.ist circumstance  rendereil  it  more  perilous 
in«|i  to^a-tlicr  than  to  separate.  Accordmgly, 
,,;:t.r  a  little  anxious  but  hewiklered  counsel,  it 
ms  idfrinincil  that  several  small  detachments 
spoiilil  si.irt  oil  in  different  directions,  headed  by 
ihc scviial  partners.  .Should  any  of  them  succeed 
ia  Mllin.^Mn  with  friendly  Indians,  within  a  rea- 
siiiubie^listance,  and  obtaining  a  supply  of  pro- 
vhiiiiisand  horses,  they  were  to  return  to  the  aid 
ul  the  main  Iwdy  ;  otherwise,  they  were  to  shift 
trllicinsi'lves,  and  shape  tlieir  course  according 
to  circumstances,  keejiing  the  mouth  of  the  Co- 
liiaihia  River  as  the  ultimate  jjoint  of  their  way- 
laniv.  Accordingly,  three  several  parties  set  off 
;roiii  the  cainj)  at  Caldron  Linn,  in  o[)i)()site  di- 
rccuoiis.  Mr.  .M'J-ellan,  with  three  men,  ke|)t 
iluun  alonij  the  bank  of  the  river.  Mr.  Crooks, 
u;;h  live  others,  turned  their  steps  up  it,  retrac- 
;:;;;  liy  land  the  weary  course  they  had  made  by 
u.itcr.  intending,  should  they  nf)t  tliul  relief  nearer 
al  ii.iml,  to  keep  on  imtil  they  sliould  reach  llen- 
rvsl'dit,  where  they  hoped  to  find  the  horses  they 
hill  Iclt  there,  and  to  return  with  them  to  the 
m,iin  bully. 

Tile  third  party,  composed  of  five  men,  was 
ht.vkd  by  .Mr.  .M'Ken/.ie,  who  struck  to  the  north- 
w.inl,  across  the  desert  |)lains,  in  lu)pes  of  com- 
i:i;'i!|)im  the  main  stre.im  of  the  Columbia. 

flaviiiLf  Seen  these  three  adventurous  i)ands  de- 
part upon  their  forlorn  e>i])editions,  Mr.  Hunt 
tiirai:;!  Iiis  thoughts  to  provide  for  the  subsistence 
ut  tile  main  body  left  to  his  charge,  and  to  pre- 
iviretiir  their  future  march.  There  remained  with 
tiini  tliirly-one  men,  besides  the  sciuaw  and  two 
chiiilreii  of  I'ierre  Dorion.  Tliere  was  no  game 
!i  lit  met  with  in  the  neighborhood  ;  but  beavers 
ttcreoccasi<inally  trapped  about  the  river  banks, 
whicli  atlorded  a  scanty  sup|)ly  of  food  ;  in  the 
r.c.uuime  tliey  comforted  themselves  that  some 
one  or  other  of  the  for.aging  detachments  would 
iicsuccessfid,  and  return  with  relief. 

.Mr.  Hunt  now  set  to  work  with  .ill  diligence, 
t '  prepare  ci/iV/f-j-  in  which  to  deixisit  the  bagg.age 
and  merchandise,  of  which  it  would  be  necessary 
Ij  ilishurden  themselves,  prejiaratorv  to  their 
irt.iry  march  by  l.md  ;  and  here  we  shall  give  a 
'I'.t  ilescri|)tion  of  those  contrivances,  so  noted  in 
i:.f  wilderness. 

•\  cache  is  a  ti'rm,  common  amf)ng  traders  and 
li'Jnturs.  todesignalea  hiding-place  lor  provisions 
in4  elfecls.  It  is  derived  from  the  French  word 
c/i/;,;-,  to  conceal,  .-111(1  originated  among  the 
t.irly  colonists  of  Ciiiada  and  Louisiana  ;  but  the 
secret  depository  which  it  designates  was  in  use 
anwii^'  iIk;  aboriginals  long  before  the  intrusion 
t'i  the  white  men.  It  is,  in  tact,  the  only  mode 
lilt  mifrratory  hordes  have  of  preserving  their 
vil'J.ihles  from  rolibery,  during  their  long  ab- 
sences Irom  their  villages  or  accustomed  haunts, 
I'liuiuiiiir  expeditions,  or  during  the  vicissitudes 
j!'*.ir.  file  utmost  skill  and  caution  are  re(|uired 
'Teider  these  places  of  conce.ilment  invisible  to 
■  ■' lyux  eye  of  an  Indian.  The  tirst  care  is  to 
■■■■;  (Hit  a  jiroper  situation,  wdiich  is  gener.illy 
>■■'■'■:  dry  low  bank  of  clay,   on  the  margin  of  a 


water-course.  As  soon  ns  the  precise  spot  is 
pitched  upon,  blankets,  saddle-cloths,  and  other 
coverings  are  sjuead  over  the  surrounding  grass 
and  bushes,  to  prevent  foot  tracks,  or  any  other 
derangement  ;  and  as  few  hands  as  |)ossil)le  are 
employed.  A  circle  of  about  two  feet  in  diameter 
is  then  nicely  cut  in  the  sod,  which  is  c.iretully 
removed,  with  the  loose  soil  immediately  beneath 
it,  and  laid  aside  in  a  iil.ace  where  it  will  be  safe 
from  anything  that  may  change  its  appearance. 
The  uncovered  area  is  then  digged  perpendicular- 
ly to  the  (le|>th  of  about  three  feet,  and  is  then 
gradually  widened  so  as  to  form  a  conical  ch.am- 
ber,  si,\  or  seven  feet  deep.  The  whole  of  the 
earth  dis])laced  by  this  process,  being  of  .i  differ- 
ent color  from  that  on  the  surface,  is  handed  up 
in  a  vessel,  and  heajied  into  a  skin  or  cloth,  in 
which  it  is  conveyed  to  the  stream  and  thrown 
into  the  midst  of  the  current,  that  it  may  be  en- 
tirely carried  off.  Should  the  cache  not  be  form- 
ed in  the  vicinity  of  a  stream,  the  earth  thus 
thrown  up  is  carried  to  ;i  distance,  and  scattered 
in  such  manner  as  not  to  leave  the  minutest  tr.ice. 
The  cave,  being  formed,  is  well  lined  with  dry 
grass,  bark,  sticks,  and  poles,  and  occasioii.illy  a 
liried  hide.  The  ])roperiy  intended  to  be  hidden 
is  then  laid  in,  alter  having  been  well  aired  ;  a 
hide  is  S|)read  over  it,  and  dried  grass,  brush,  and 
stones  thrown  in,  and  tr.im]iled  down  until  the  ])it 
is  filled  to  the  neck.  The  loose  soil  whi(  h  had 
been  ])Ut  aside  is  then  brnuglu,  and  r.inimed 
down  tirmly,  to  prevent  its  caving  in,  and  is  fre- 
((uently  s|)rinkled  with  water,  to  destroy  the  scent, 
lest  the  wolves  and  bears  should  be  .ittr.icted  to 
the  place,  and  root  up  the  conce.ile'l  treasure. 
When  the  neck  of  the  cache  is  nearly  level  with 
the  surroimding  surface,  the  sod  is  again  fitted  in 
with  the  utmost  exactness,  and  any  bushes,  stocks, 
or  stones,  that  may  have  originally  been  about 
the  spot,  are  restored  to  their  former  places.  Tiie 
blankets  and  other  coverings  are  then  removed 
from  the  surrounding  herb.ige  ;  all  tracks  are  ob- 
literated ;  the  grass  is  gently  raised  by  the  iiand 
to  its  natural  jiosition,  .and  the  minutest  chip  or 
straw  is  scrupulously  gleaned  up  and  thrown  into 
the  stream.  After  all  is  done,  the  ])lace  is  aban- 
doned lor  the  nigiit,  and,  if  all  be  right  next  morn- 
ing, is  not  visited  again,  until  there  be  a  necessity 
for  reopening  the  cache.  Four  men  are  sullicient, 
in  this  way,  to  coiiceal  the  amount  of  three  tons' 
weight  of  merch.indise  in  the  course  of  two  days. 
Nine  caches  were  re(|uired  to  cont.iin  the  goods 
and  bagg.ige  which  Nlr.  Hunt  found  it  necessary 
to  leave  .it  this  |)lace. 

Three  days  h.id  been  thus  employed  since  the 
departure  of  the  several  detacliiiienls,  when  th.it 
of  Mr.  Croid<s  unexpectedly  made  its  .ipjiear- 
ance.  .V  momentary  joy  uasdilYused  throiig.'i  the 
cimp,  for  they  sup])ose(l  succor  to  be  ;it  li.ind.  It 
was  soon  dispelled.  Mr.  Crooks  and  his  com- 
panions had  become  completely  disheartened  by 
this  retrograde  march  through  a  bleak  and  bar- 
ren country  ;  and  had  found,  computing  from 
their  progress  and  the  accumulating  dilficultie:; 
besetting  every  step,  that  it  would  be  impossible 
to  reach  Henry's  I'ort  and  return  to  the  m.iin 
body  in  the  course  of  the  winter.  They  had  de- 
termined, therefore,  to  rejoin  their  comrades,  and 
share  their  lot. 

t)ne  avenue  of  hope  was  thus  closed  upon  the 
.anxious  sojourners  at  the  Caldron  Linn  ;  their  main 
expectatio  I  of  relief  was  now  from  the  two  p.arties 
under  Keed  and  .M'Lellan,  wlii(h  had  proceeded 
down  the  rivt'r,  for,  as  to  Mr.  M'Ken.de's  detach- 
ment, which   had   struck  across  the   plains,  they 


374 


ASTORIA. 


m:,! 


thoiifjlu  it  would  have  sufficient  dilTlciilty  in  strup- 
j(liii|;  forward  throu^fi  the  iracklfss  wildcriuss. 
Por  five  days  ihcy  continued  to  support  tlieni- 
selves  l)y  tra|)pinj;  and  fishiiifj.  Sonic  tish  of  toi- 
eralilc  size  were  speared  at  nijjlit  liy  the  lijjht  of 
-  cedar  torches  ;  others,  that  were  very  sniaii,  were 
f  rauj^iu  in  nets  with  tine  meshes.  'I'lie  protluct  of 
their  tishinj^,  however,  was  very  scanty.  Tlieir 
traiipinj;  was  also  precarious,  and  the  tails  and 
l)eliies  of  the  beavers  were  dried  and  ])Ut  by  lor 
the  journey. 

At  ienjrth  two  of  the  companions  of  Mr.  Reed 
returned,  and  were  hailed  with  the  most  anxious 
fa^erness.  Their  re|)ort  served  hut  to  increase 
the  jjcneral  despondency.  They  had  followed 
Mr.  Reed  for  some  distance  below  tiie  point  to 
which  Mr.  Hunt  had  explored,  iiut  had  met  witii 
no  Indians,  from  whom  to  obtain  information  and 
relief.  The  river  still  presented  the  same  furious 
aspect,  brawlinj;  and  boilin^^  alon^  a  narrow  and 
ru},^j(ed  channel,  between  rocks  that  rose  like 
walls. 

A  linjjering  hope,  which  had  been  indulfjed  by 
some  ol  the  party,  of  proceedin.i»-  by  water,  was 
now  finally  gi\en  uj)  :  tlie  lunjr  and  terrific  strait 
of  the  river  set  ail  further  iiro^ress  :\t  defiance, 
and  in  their  disfjust  at  the  place,  and  ihei"  vexa- 
tion at  the  disasters  sustained  there,  lliey  gave  it 
the  inditfiiant  thouj^h  not  very  decorous  appella- 
tion of  tile  Devil's  Scuttle  Hole. 


CHAPTER  XXXIV. 

TitK  resolution  of  Mr.  Hunt  and  hiscompaninns 
was  now  taken  to  set  out  immediately  on  foot. 
As  to  the  other  detachments  that  had  in  a  manner 
{jone  forth  to  seek  their  fortunes,  there  was  little 
chance  of  their  return  ;  they  would  probably  make 
their  own  way  through  the  wilderness.  At  any 
rate,  to  linger  in  the  vague  hojje  of  relief  from 
them  would  be  to  run  the  risk  of  perishing  with 
hunger.  IJesides,  the  winter  w.is  rajiidly  advanc- 
ing, and  they  had  a  long  journey  to  make  through 
an  unknown  country,  whtie  all  kinds  of  perils 
might  await  them.  They  were  yet,  in  fact,  a 
thousand  miles  from  Astoria,  but  the  distance 
was  unknown  to  them  at  the  time  ;  everything  be- 
fore and  around  them  was  vague  and  conjectural, 
and  wore  an  aspect  calculated  to  inspire  desjiond- 
ency. 

In  abandoning  the  river  they  would  have  to 
launch  forth  upon  vast  trackless  ]ilains  destitute 
of  all  means  of  subsistence,  where  they  might  per- 
ish of  hunger  and  thirst.  A  dreary  desert  of  sand 
and  gravel  extends  from  Snake  River  almost  to 
the  Columbia.  Here  and  there  is  a  thin  and 
scanty  herbage,  insufficient  for  the  pasturage  of 
horse  or  t)uffalo.  Indeed  these  treeless  wastes 
between  '.he  Rocky  Mountains  and  the  I'acitic  are 
even  more  desolate  and  barren  than  the  nake'i, 
upper  i)rairics  on  the  Atlantic  side  ;  they  jiresent 
vast  desert  tracts  that  must  ever  defy  cultivation, 
and  interpose  dreary  and  thirsty  wilds  between 
the  habitations  of  man,  in  traversing  which  the 
wanderer  will  often  be  in  danger  of  perishing. 

Seeing  the  hopeless  character  of  these  wastes, 
Mr.  Hunt  and  his  comiianions  determined  to  keep 
along  the  course  of  the  river,  where  they  would 
ahvays  have  water  at  hand,  and  would  be  able  oc- 
casionally to  ]irocure  tish  and  beaver,  and  m.ight 
periiianre  meet  with  Indians,  from  whom  they 
could  obtain  provisions. 

They  now  made  their  final  preparatioiio  for  the 


\'- 


march.  All  their  remaining  stock  ol  provivr 
consisted  of  forty  pounds  of  Indian  ctirn  iJ  p.! 
pounds  of  grease,  about  hve  iinunds  ot  jiortavl 
soup,  and  a  sufficient  (piantity  of  dried  nin"' 
allow  each  man  a  pittance  of  fpe  iiounds.inV 
(piarter,  to  be  reserved  for  emct;;eiiciis.  '[(..- 
being  properly  distributed,  they  dejmsiied  nil  iKr 
goods  anci  superfluous  articles  in  ihcciKhcs  ti. 
ing  nothing  with  them  but  what  was  indisiiny. 
ble  to  the  journey.  With  all  their  nianaL'ciiHv' 
each  man  h  id  to  carry  twenty  pounds'  wlii'Iu  ii^! 
side  his  own  articles  and  e(|ui|)nuius. 

That  they  might  have  the  belter  chance  of 
curing   sulisistence    in    the   scaiuy    rejjions  ir^    | 
were  to  traverse,    they  divided   t'luMr  partv  ir;j 
two  bands,  Mr.  Plunt,  with  eighteen  men,  licsiiri 
I'ierre  Dorion   and    his   family,    w.is  V)  nmn-ti    I 
down  the  north  side  of  the  river,  whikr  Mr,  Crojks    I 
with  eighteen  men,  kept  along  the  Sdtith  side. 

On  the  morning  of  the  9th  of  Ocuiher  thctv.o 
jiarticH  se|Kirated  and  set  forth  on  iheirsevtrni 
courses.  .Mr.  Hunt  and  his  coin])aMions  tullovri 
along  the  right  bank  of  the  river,  which  ma;]'.  ;;i 
way  far  below  them,  brawling  at  the  funidt  r.'- 
nendicular  precipices  of  soliil  rock,  two  and  ilirn 
hundred  feet  high.  For  twenty-eight  mile-;  i-,: 
they  travelled  this  day,  they  found  ii  inipiuMi;- 
to  get  down  to  the  margin  of  the  sireani.  .\nr- 
end  of  this  distance  they  encnni])e(l  lor  the  iiiiji 
at  a  place  wdiich  admitted  a  scr.iinlilin;,' dcba-i:!. 
It  was  with  the  greatest  difficulty,  however,  iha: 
they  succeeded  in  getting  uj)  a  kettle  of  wsir 
from  the  river  for  the  use  of  the  cam|).  .\s  S"Te 
rain  had  fallen  in  the  afternoon,  they  passed t:,t 
night  under  the  shelter  of  the  rocks. 

The  next  day  they  continued  ihirty-twn  niilt>;o 
the  nortliwest,  keeping  along  tlie  river,  whjth 
still  ran  in  its  deep  cut  channel.  I Kre  and  I'r.trc 
a  sandy  beach  or  a  narrow  strip  ol  soil  lrnv,,t: 
with  dwarf  willows  would  extend  for  a  little  (.i;- 
tance  along  the  foot  of  the  cliffs,  and  sometiniesj 
reach  of  still  water  would  intervene  like  a  sniu.;'. 
mirror  between  the  foaming  rajiids. 

As  through  the  preceding  day,  ihcy  jinirney>:; 
on  without  finding,  except  in  one  instaiuc,  ary 
|)lace  w here  they  co'ild  get  down  to  the  rivers 
edge,  and  they  were  fain  to  allay  the  thirst  c:'.ii-f: 
by  hard  travelling,  with  the  water  cullecled  in  i:.c 
hollow  of  the  rocks. 

In  the  course  ct  their  march  on  the  fullowjiv,; 
morning  they  fell  into  a  beaten  horse  ])ath  leu!- 
ing  along  the  river,  wdiich  sliowed  that  they  were 
in  the  neighborhood  of  some  Indian  villa;,'e  I'r 
encampment.  They  had  not  proceeded  lar  alim,' 
ic,  wdien  they  met  wdth  two  Shoshoiiies  or  Snakes, 
They  approached  with  some  appearance  of  n;;e> 
siness,  and  accosting  Mr.  Hunt,  held  up  :i  kiiue, 
which  by  signs  they  let  him  know  they  had  rectiv- 
ed  from  some  of  the  wdiite  men  of  the  advar.ie 
l^arties.  It  was  with  some  difficulty  that  Mr, 
Hunt  prevailed  upon  one  of  the  savaf;es  to  con- 
duct him  to  the  lodges  of  his  people,  .Strikiii;,' 
into  a  trail  or  path  which  led  up  from  the  river, 
he  guided  them  for  some  distance  in  the  pr.iiric. 
until  they  came  in  sight  of  a  luunher  of  lo'li,'t;> 
made  of  straw,  and  shaped  like  haystacks.  llKir 
a])pr()ach,  as  on  former  occasions,  caused  the 
wildest  affright  among  the  inliahitants.  'Ine 
women  hid  such  of  'heir  children  as  were  too 
large  to  be  carried,  and  too  small  to  take  care  ii: 
themselves,  under  straw,  and,  claspinjj  then- in- 
fants to  their  breasts,  tied  across  the  prairie.  1« 
men  awaited  the  approach  ol  these  strangers,  m 
evidently  in  great  alarm. 

Mr.  Hunt  entered  the  lodges,  and,  as  he  was 


ASTORIA. 


375 


:h  on  the  followinj 


■  . Ij,2  about,  nl'servetl  where  the  children  were 
n  tiled  their  l)l;uk  eyes  ^'iistcninj,'  like  those 
!'.' Viki's'fruni  bcMU-ath  the  straw,  lie  lilted  up 
",\ovcrin),'  to  look  ;it  them  ;  the  poor  little  i)e- 
'vi  wire  horriblv  tri^jhtened,  and  their  lathers 
.•?kI  iiumliliiij,';''*  'f  -^  '"-'''^^  "^  P''^'y  ^^■'^'''-'  ''!'""'  '" 
",.'-■(•  upon  the  brood. 

'  inelriiiKliviiKUiner  of  Mr.  Iluntsnon  dispelled 
.■,,c,iii|ia'hi'nsii)iis  ;  he  succeeded  in  purchasinj,' 
yiw  cxclIIciU  (iiied  salmon,  and  a  doi,^  an  ani- 
nilnnich  esitfmed  as  food  by  the  natives  ;  and 
u'xn  he  reiunied  to  the  river  one  of  ihe  Indians 
ri-i;i)|).iiiied  him.  He  now  came  to  where  lodjres 
•urc  ira|ueiit  alon^j  the  banks,  and,  alter  a  day's 
'iriu-v  ol  tweiuy-six  miles  to  the  northwest,  en- 
.  iiii'iL-.l  in  a  p()|)uh)us  neif,dil)orhood.  Forty  or 
i^Mv'iilihe  natives  soon  visited  the  camp,  conduct- 
hcm^elvi-s  in  a  very  amicable  manner.  They 
clad,  and  all  had  buffalo  robes,  which 


\vi-! 


5,  and,  as  he  was 


v.i-ri  "^■-  - r    1      1         •         ■-,        • 

•.-ivpnicured  from  some  of  the  luintin;^  tribes  m 
•  \iiKiii:,'e  hir  salmon.  Their  habitations  were 
vcrvc(imh)rtab!(;  ;  each  had  its  pile  of  wormwood 

'•.  ihcihmr  lor  liiel,  and  within  w.is  abundance  of 
,i,mi)ii,  some  Iresli,  but  the  frreater  part  cured. 
W'.vw  the  white  men  visited  the  lod),'es,  however, 
::;r-  women  and  children  hid  themselves  throuj^h 
ir,ir.  .Amony;  the  supplies  obtained  here  were 
;uii  (1(1,;'^  on  which  our  travellers   breakfasted, 

,:•.!  tmmd  them  to  be  very  excellent,  well  llavored, 
.i;-.>i  Ik-.trty  food. 

Ill  the  course  of  the  three  lollowinir  days  they 
ni.iJc.ihout  sixty-three  miles,  ^^eiierally  in  a  norlh- 
ucjtiiirectioii.  They  met  with  many  of  the  natives 
111  ilk'irstraw-luiilt  cal)ins  who  received  them  with- 
y,;; .ilarin.  .'Vbout  their  dwellings  were  immense 
I  ,i,iiitiiies  of  the  heads  and  skins  of  salmon,  tlie 
'iv.  |):irt  of  which  had  been  cured  and  l;idden  in 
:  L-  t;piimd.  The  women  were  badly  clad  ;  the 
::;:l.livn  worse  ;  their  j^.armeius  were  buffalo 
ri'iis,  or  the  skins  of  foxes,  wolves,  hares,  ;ind 
li.il,'t'r.s,  and  somelimes  the  skins  of  ducks,  sewed 
! ';;r',hi'r  with  the  plumage  on.  Most  of  the  skins 
iii;W  h.ive  been  procured  by  traffic  with  other 
'.riics,  or  in  distant  hunting  excursions,  for  the 
I,l^;il  pr.iiries  ill  the  neighborhood  afforded  few 
,ii'.;ii,il.s,  exce|)tiiig  horses,  which  were  abundant. 
Tnere  were  signs  of  buffaloes  having  been  there, 
b'j;  :i  lung  time  before. 

I'll  the  ijth  of  November  they  made  twenty- 
oi;':!!  miles  along  the  river,  which  was  entirely 
I'll- f,"i);ii  rapids.  The  shores  were  lined  with 
livi,!  salmon,  which  taintc.l  the  whole  atmos- 
|):ierd.  The  natives  whom  they  met  spoke  of  Mr. 
ktro.i's  party  having  ])assed  through  that  neigh- 
ijirhiiod.  In  the  course  of  the  day  -Mr.  Hunt  saw 
a  lew  h'ir.ses,  but  the  owners  of  tliem  took  care  to 
harry  them  out  of  the  way.  All  the  provisions 
ifV  Were  able  to  procure  ere  two  dogs  and  a 
5.ihii()n.  On  the  following  day  they  were  still 
uirieoff,  having  to  subsist  on  parched  corn  and 
'if  reniaiiis  of  their  dried  meat.  The  river  this 
'!iy  li;id  resumed  its  turbulent  character,  forcing 
'■'.^v.'.y  through  a  narrow  ch.annel  between  steej) 
rxNS,  ami  down  violent  r.ipids.  They  made 
■Hiity  miles  over  a  rugged  road,  gradually  ap- 
rr'i.iciiiiig  a  mountain  in  the  northwest,  covered 
Willi  siiuw,  which  had  been  in  sight  for  three  davs 

"n  the  17th  they  met  with  sevei  d  Indians,  one 
"i  viinin  had  a  horse.  Mr.  Hunt  was  extremely 
'■•-iTous  of  obtaining  it  ;is  a  |)ack-horse  ;  for  the 
'"  '1,  \v,)i-ii  down  by  fatigue  and  hunger,  found 
'•'■.  in;i!l.,  of  twenty  pounds'  weight  wdiich  they  had 
|_'''iiry,  daily  growing  heavier  ami  more  galling. 
f"e  Indians,    however,    along   this    river, 


were 


never  willing  to  part  with  their  horses,  having 
none  to  sp.ire.  The  owner  of  the  steed  in  tpies- 
tion  seemed  proof  against  all  temptation  ;  .irticle 
alter  article  of  great  value  in  Indian  eyes  was 
offered  ;ind  refused.  The  ch.irms  ol  an  old  tin- 
kettle,  however,  were  irresistible,  and  a  bargain 
was  concluded. 

A  great  part  of  the  following  morning  was  con- 
sumed in  lightening  the  packages  of  the  men  and 
arranging  the  load  for  the  horse.  At  this  en- 
campment there  was  no  wood  for  fuel,  even  the 
wormwood  on  which  they  had  freipiently  depend- 
ed having  disaiiiieared.  For  the  two  hast  days 
they  had  made  thirty  miles  to  the  northwest. 

On  the  19th  of  Xovember  Mr.  Hunt  w,is  lucky 
enough  to  purchase  another  horse  for  his  own  use. 
gi\ing  ill  exchange  a  tomahawk,  a  knile,  a  fire 
steel,  aiul  some  beads  and  gartering.  In  an  evil 
hour,  however,  lie  took  the  advice  of  the  Indians 
to  abandon  the  river,  and  follow  a  road  or  trail 
leading  into  the  jirairies.  He  soon  had  cause  to 
repent  the  change.  The  road  led  across  a  dreary 
w.iste,  without  verdure  ;  and  where  there  was 
neither  fountain,  nor  pool,  nor  running  stream. 
The  men  now  began  to  experience  the  torments  of 
thirst,  .aggravated  by  their  usual  diet  of  dried  fish. 
The  thirst  of  the  Canadian  voyageurs  becaiiK;  so 
insup|)ortal)le  as  to  drive  them  to  the  most  re\olt- 
iiig  means  of  allaying  it.  I'"or  twenty-five  miles 
dill  they  toil  on  across  this  dismal  desert,  and  laid 
themselves  down  at  night,  parched  and  disconso- 
late, beside  their  wormwood  t'lres  ;  looking'  for- 
ward to  still  greater  sufferings  on  the  following 
day.  Fortuii.itely,  it  began  to  rain  in  the  night, 
to  their  infinite  relief  ;  the  water  soon  collected  in 
puddles  and  afforded  them  delicious  draughts. 

Refreshed  in  this  manner,  they  resumed  their 
wayfaring  as  soon  as  the  first  streaks  of  d.iwn  gave 
light  enough  for  them  to  see  their  jiath.  The  rain 
continued  all  day,  so  that  they  no  longer  sufferetl 
from  thirst,  but  hunger  took  its  jilace,  for  alter 
travelling  thirty-three  miles  they  had  nothing  to 
su|i  on  but  a  little  parched  corn. 

The  next  day  brouglit  them  to  the  b.iiiks  of  a 
beautiful  little  stream,  running  to  the  west,  and 
fringed  with  groves  of  cotton-wood  and  willow. 
<  In  its  borders  was  an  Indian  camp,  with  :;  great 
many  horses  grazing  around  it.  The  inhabit. iiits, 
too,  apjjcared  to  be  better  clad  th.in  usu.il.  The 
scene  was  altogether  a  cheering  one  to  the  poor 
h.ill-famishetl  wanderers.  They  hastened  to  the 
lodges,  but  on  arriving  at  them,  met  with  a  check 
that  at  lirst  dampened  their  cheerfulness.  An  In- 
di.in  immediately  laid  claim  to  the  horse  of  Mr. 
Hunt,  s, lying  that  it  had  been  stolen  Imm  him. 
There  was  no  disproving  a  fact  supported  by  nu- 
merous bystanders,  and  which  the  lun'se-stealing 
habits  of  the  Indians  rendered  but  too  probable  ; 
so  Mr.  Hunt  reliii(|uished  his  steed  to  the  cl.iini- 
aiit  ;  not  being  able  to  retain  him  by  a  sieond 
(jurchase. 

At  this  place  they  encam])ed  for  the  night,  and 
m.ide  a  sumptuous  repast  upon  fish  and  a  c(ni|)le 
of  dogs,  ])rocured  from  their  Indian  neighbors. 
The  next  day  they  kept  along  the  ri\er,  but  came 
to  a  hall  alter  ten  miles'  march,  on  account  ot  the 
rain.  Here  they  .ig.vin  got  a  sup|)ly  ol  lisli  and 
dogs  from  the  natives  ;  and  two  of  the  men  were 
fortunate  enough  each  to  tljet  a  horse  in  exch.inge 
for  a  buffalo  robe.  One  ot  these  men  was  I'ierre 
Dorion,  the  half-breed  interpreter,  to  wdiose  suffer- 
ing family  the  horse  was  a  most  timely  accpiisition. 
.Viul  here  we  cannot  but  notice  the  wondeilul  pa- 
tience, ])erseverance,  and  h.ardihood  of  the  Indi.in 
women,  as  exemplified  in  the  conduct  ol  the  poor 


3TC 


ASTORIA. 


Sfiunw  f)f  the  iiitcrprfter.  She  was  now  far  ad- 
vaiu'td  ill  hrr  |)ic^naiu\ ,  and  had  two  <hil(lii'ii  In 
take  car<'  ot,  diu.'  tour,  and  thi-  other  two  ycar.i  of 
agf.  The  latter  ot  roiirse  she  liad  tre(|ui'iuly  to 
rarryoii  her  hack,  in  ad(Mlion  to  the  burden  usual- 
ly ininosed  U|)on  the  S(|uaw,  yet  siie  h.'d  home  all 
lier  hardships  without  ,i  muninir,  ami  throuj^hout 
this  weary  and  jiainlul  journey  had  kept  jiace  with 
the  best  of  the  pedestrians.  Indeed  on  various  oe- 
casions  in  the  course  of  this  enterprise,  she  (lis 
pl.aved  a  force;  of  character  that  won  the  respect 
and  apiilause  of  the  while  men. 

Mr.  llunl  endeavored  to  ^j.uher  some  infornia- 
tion  from  these  Indians  concerninif  the  country 
and  the  course  of  the  rivers.  His  communications 
with  them  had  to  be  by  sij^ns,  and  a  tew  words 
which  he  had  learnt,  and  of  course  were  extremel)' 
vaj^ue.  All  that  he  could  learn  from  them  was 
that  the  ^reat  river,  the  Columbia,  was  still  far  dis- 
t.irit,  but  he  could  ascertain  nothinj^  as  to  the  route 
lie  ouj^ht  to  lake  to  ,irri\e  at  it.  l'"or  the  two  fol- 
lowing days  they  continued  wi'stward  upward  of 
forty  miles  alonjr  the  little  stream,  until  they 
crossed  it  just  before  its  junction  with  Sn.ike 
River,  which  they  found  still  running  to  the  north. 
15elore  them  was  a  wintry-lookinyf  moiuuain  cov- 
ered with  snow  on  all  sides. 

In  tliree  days  more  they  made  about  seventv 
miles,  fordin;,^  two  small  rivers,  the  waters  of 
which  were  very  cold.  Provisions  wert;  e\tremely 
scarce  ;  their  chief  sustenance  was  portable  soU|), 
u  mea,u;'re  diet  for  weary  pedestrians. 

On  tile  27th  of  November  the  river  led  them  into 
the  mountains  throu.s;h  a  rocky  detde  wlu're  there; 
•was  scircely  room  to  pass.  They  were  freepiently 
obli),fcd  to  unload  the  horses  to  i^^et  tlii'm  by  the 
narrow  pl.ices,  'id  sometimes  to  wade  tl.rou^^di 
the  water  in  ,tjettin;  round  rocks  and  buttin;;'  clilfs 
All  their  lood  this  day  was  a  be.iver  which  they 
had  c.iuj,''ht  the  ni;;ht  belore  ;  by  eveninj^  the 
cravinj,fs  of  huni^er  were  so  sharp,  and  the  |)rospect 
of  any  supply  anion",^  the  mountains  so  faint,  that 
tlu'y  iiad  to  kill  one  of  the  horses.  "  The  men," 
says  Mr.  Hunt  in  his  journal,  "  luid  the  meat  very 
j,food,  and  indeed,  so  should  I,  were  it  not  for  the 
att.ichment  I  have  to  the  ;.;  imal." 

I'-arly  in  the  followin^,^  day,  after  jiroceedinj^  ten 
miles  to  the  north,  they  came  to  two  lodges  of 
Shoshonies,  who  seemecl  in  nearly  as  ^'reat  an  e.\- 
tremity  as  themselves,  havini,^  just  killed  two 
iiorses  for  food.  They  had  no  other  provisions  ex- 
cejitinj;-  the  seed  of  a  weed  which  they  feather  in 
);re,it  (piantities,  and  pound  tine.  It  resembles 
hemp  seed.  Mr.  Hunt  jiurchased  a  ba^  of  it,  and 
also  some  small  pieces  of  horse- tlesh,  which  he  be- 
gan to  relish,  ])ronouncin,L,''  them  "  tat  and  tender." 

From  these  Indians  he  received  inform.ition  that 
several  white  men  had  gone  down  the  ri\'er,  some 
one  side,  .and  a  good  many  on  the  otiic-r  ;  these 
last  he  concluded  to  be  Mr.  Crooks  .md  his  party. 
He  w.is  thus  n^leased  from  much  ;inxiety  about 
their  safety,  especiallvas  the  Indians  spoke  of  .Mr. 
Crooks  having  one  of  his  dogs  yet,  which  showed 
that  he  and  his  men  had  not  been  reduced  to  ex- 
tremity of  hunger. 

As  .Mr.  I  hint  feared  thai  he  might  be  several  days 
in  p.issing  through  this  mountain  defile,  ;ind  run  the 
risk  ot  tamine,  he  encamped  in  the  neighborhontl 
of  the  Indians,  ior  the  purpose  of  bartering  with 
them  for  a  horse.  The  evening  w.is  expeniied  in 
ineffectual  tri.ils.  He  offered  a  gun,  a  bulf.alo 
robe,  anrl  \-;irious  other  articles.  The  poor  fel- 
lows iiad,  probably,  like  himself,  the  fear  of  star- 
vation before  their  eyes.  Ai  length  the  women, 
learning  the  object  of  his  pressing   solicitations 


'''■  ''■■'  ..A 
Id  soon  conic  III  ,1  111. 


and  tempting  offers,   set  up  such  ,i  tprri'i;..- 
and   cry  that   he   was  fairly   howled  ainl  suj  ,! 
from  the  ground. 

The  next  morning  e.irly,  the  Iiidi.ms  ^^.•„,,| 
Very  desirous  to  get  rid  of  their  visiiurs,  |,,||-|,  , 
]irid)ably,  tor  the  s.dety  ol  their  hor>,es.  In  p.,,'''. 
to  Mr.  Hunt's  iiupiiries  .about  the  ni(iiim,iir,s  jij, 
t(dd  him  that  hi'  would  ha\c  to  slriii  liiniip,.;. 
nights  niori;  among  tluni,  and  ih.ii  si\  ,1;^,-  ,,  ] 
elling  would  take  !iim  to  the  tails  o|  theOuiini;,! 
information  in  which  he  put  no  faith,  hclitnivr'i 
was  only  giviMi  to  induce  him  lo  set  turvil-i 
These,  he  was  told,  were  the  l.isl  Sn.ikes 
meet  with,  and  that  he  wou 
tion  called  Sciatogas. 

Forward  then  did  he  jiroceed  on  liis  U'iIkii;; 
journey,  which  at  every  step  grew  niurc  |Hin!i:", 
The  road  continued  tor  two  d.i\s  dinm^h  n;,r. 
row  defiles,  where  they  were  repeatclly  (ilil;..vi 
to  unload  the  horses.  Sometimes  the  riviT  |i,i,-,,| 
through  such  rocky  chasms  and  inider  such  .Mf.;i 
precipices  that  they  had  to  leave  it,  anil  nKi'v: 
their  way,  with  excessive  l.ibor,  over  iiiiniii;-; 
hills,  almost  impass.able  for  hordes.  On  sonic,: 
these  hills  were  a  few  pine  trees,  and  tlnjirsuni. 
mits  were  co\'ered  with  snow.  On  ihi;  scu  | 
day  of  this  scramble  one  id'  the  hunters  kir.  1 
black-tailed  deer,  which  allorded  the  halt-si.ir,-! 
travellers  a  sumiituous  repast.  Their  |)r..;ii,5 
these  two  days  was  twenty-eij;ht  inilcs,  a  lillii;!) 
the  'lorthward  ot  east. 

'I  le  month  of  December  set  in  drearilv,  with 
rail,  in  the  \alleys;ind  snow  upon  the  hills.  Tm-v 
had  to  climb  a  mount;iin  with  snow  to  thi-iiiidi'^;. 
which  incr(;;ised  their  |)ainful  toil.  .\  small  In- ivtr 
su|)plie(I  them  with  ;i  scanty  me.il,  which  thcvrktil 
out  with  frozen  blackberries,  haws,  and  chiik;- 
cherries,  whiili  they  lound  in  the  cDurse  ot  tinir 
scramble.  Their  journey  this  d.iy,  ilimi^'h  c\cov 
sively  fatiguing,  was  but  thirteen  miles  ;  nml  ,iil 
the  next  day  they  had  to  remain  eiuani|i'j{|.  ii^'t 
being  able  to  see  half  a  mile  ahead,  nii  .uinuiu 
of  a  snow-storm.  Having  nothing  else  imat, 
they  were  com]Kdled  to  kill  anotherot  tluirliinsn. 
The  next  day  they  resumetl  their  march  in  si;i  w 
and  rain,  but  with  all  their  (diorts  cuiiid  iiiily;;et 
forward  nine  miles,  having  ti 


tance  to   unload  the  Iiorses 


I  part  of  till.-  Ills- 
mil  carry  the  pjaks 
themselves.  t)n  the  succeeding  morning;  tlv.y 
were  obliged  to  le.ive  the  river  and  scranibli' un 
the  hills.  From  the  summit  of  these,  they  ,i;»l  a 
wide  view  ot  the  surrounding  cinintry,  anil  it  was 
a  prospect  almost  sut'licieiit  to  make  tiieni  ili;s|),iir. 
In  every  direction  they  beheld  simwy  niouiuains, 
jiartiaUy  s])rinkleil  with  ])ines  and  otiur  i'.it- 
greens,  and  s|)re,iding  a  desert  and  tnilsonieuiniil 
around  them.  The  wind  howled  over  ihi' liicik 
and  wintry  landsc.ipe,  and  seemed  to  peiutnie 
to  the  marrow  i.f  their  bones.  They  w.ulwl  <'ii 
through  the  snow,  which  at  every  step  was  more 
than  knee  dc'cp. 

Alter  toiling  in  this  way  all  day,  tlu-y  !i;ul  the 
mortitication  to  lind  that  they  were  hut  toiiniiiles 
distant  from  the  encamiinient  of  the  prccfiliii;' 
night,  such  was  the  meandering  of  the  rivi-r 
aiiiong  these  dismal  hills.  Pinched  with  tanime, 
exhausted  with  fatigue,  with  evening  approach- 
iiig,-and  a  wintry  wild  still  lengtheniiy  ;!->  tl'''}' 
advanced,  they  began  to  look  forward  witii  »! 
forebodings  to  the  night's  exposure  upmi  '■■;' 
frightful   waste.      Fortunately   thev  succedfli:' 


reachincf  a  cluster  of  D'nes  about  sunset. 


rhdr 


axes  we're  immediatelv  at  work;  they  cut  il"'^'» 
trees,  piled  ihem  up  in' great  heaps,  and  soon  iim 
huge  fires  "  to  cheer  their  cold  and  hungry  hcMs. 


ASTORIA. 


877 


,i„„i(  three  o'clock  in  the  morning'  it  f\(,';iin  l)c- 
n  III  siuiw,  i'li'l  •■''  <l;ivl)rcaiv  tluy  touiul  llii'm- 
*;''■,  ;,s  it  were,  in  a  rUmd,  scancly  ix-inK  alili- 
'',li,,',i,,.uiiluiliifcls  at  the  distance  ol  a  inuuircii 
.•rds  riuiiliiiK'  themselves  liy  the  sound  (it  lun- 
Li,'«:itcr,  they  set  iiut  tor  the  river,  and  iiy  siin- 
[m'""r,imisli(liiif,'  contrived  to(,'et  <\o\\u  to  its  hank. 
[i-,;i  ihuhiir.ies,  niissinjj  his  h)otin>;,  rolled  down 
sear.il  hunilreil  yards  with  his  load,  but  sustained 
HI iii'ury    The  weather  in  the  valley  was  less  rii;- 

.iMUstii'in""  ''"-'  '''"■'*•  "'^'  •'*""^^'  '■'>'  '""  ''"'^''• 
,ie,.n,  :in(l  tlure  was  a  (juiet   rain   now  tallinj,^. 

\tu-rcrcfpiiik'  'ihiiij,^  for  six  miles,  they  encamped 
imthr  l'"nliT(it  the  river,  liein.i;- utterly  destitute 
ot  nriAi'i'ii"'*. 'Ii^')'  ^^■^''■''  '>K'''"  eompelied  to  kill 
or.e  ut  their  hurses  to  appease  their  lamishinji 
hunger. 


CI  1 A  ITER  XXXV. 

Tlir.  w.uiilcrers  had  now  accomplished  four 
hundri'd  aiul  seventy-two  miles  ot  their  drearv 
iunicvsince  leaving;- the  Caldron  I, inn  ;  how  much 
iuriluM- they  had  yet  to  travel,  and  what  hardships 
toi-nc'iuiiter,  no  one  knew.' 

(In  the  itiorninj,' ol  the  6th  ot  December  they  left 
ihtirilumal  encuniiment,  but  had  scarcely  l)e^;un 
thc:rmircll  when,  to  their  surprise,  they  beheld 
,1  party  (if  white  men  cominjr  e;)  .donj^  tile  oppo- 
>;■..•  ;i,iiik  (it  the  river.  As  they  drew  nearer  they 
wirre  reiojjni/ed  tor  .Mr.  Cr()ol<s  ;uid  his  compan- 
iiiii).  When  they  came  opposite,  .and  could  make 
iht-niseives  heard  across  the  nnirmurinj(  ot  the 
nvtr.  iheir  lirst  cry  was  lor  food  ;  n  t.act,  ihey  were 
aimusi  starved.  Mr.  Hunt  inimedi.itely  returned 
! ithe  cam|),  and  had  ;i  kind  ot  c.inoe  made  out  ot 
till'  siiiii  ot  the  horse  killed  on  the  ])recedinf( 
:!:;'hi.  This  was  done  alter  the  Indian  tashion, 
iiy  ilrawin:,'  up  the  edi^es  of  the  skin  with  thont(s, 
a;il  keepin;.,'  them  distended  by  slicks  or  thwarts 
pieces.  In  this  trail  bark,  Sar(le|)ie,  one  ot  the 
Cana'lians,  carried  over  a  jiortion  ot  the  llesh  of 
\x  horse  to  the  tainishm}^  parly  on  the  opposite 
s:leot  the  river,  and  br()Uj,dil  b.ick  with  him  Mr. 
Cri)i)ks  ami  the  C.ui.adian,  Le  Clerc.  The  forlorn 
;:iJ  u.isled  looks  and  sl.irvinjr  condition  ot  these 
luoineii  struck  dism.iy  to  the  hearts  of  .Mr.  Hunt's 
ijiiouers.  Tlu-y  had  been  accustomed  to  each 
o'.iut's  appearance,  and  to  the  f^raclual  operation 
n!liuii;,a-r  ami  hardshii)  upon  their  tr.imes,  but  the 
ch;in;,'c  in  the  looks  of  these  men,  since  l.'st  they 
pried,  was  a  tyjie  ol  the  f.imine  and  desolation  of 
::;•.■  1.111(1 ;  and  they  nowbej^an  to  in(lul},^e  the  lior- 
r.iiie  presentiment  th.it  they  would  all  starve  to- 
;;ether,  or  he  reduced  to  the  direful  alternative  of 

i.blill;(  lots  ! 

\\h(.ii  .Mr.  Crooks  had  ajiiieased  his  hunj^er,  he 
Jive  .Mr.  Hunt  some  account  of  his  waytarinir. 
'i!i  the  side  of  the  river  alon^r  which  he  had  kept 
irii.id  met  with  but  tew  Indians,  and  those  were 
;o.>miseral)ly])()or  to  yield  much  assistance.  For 
!r,e  !ii,-,t  ei;,dii(,-en  days  after  leaviiifr  ihe  Caldron 
l-;:!;i,  he  and  his  men  had  been  contined  to  half  a 
M:ii  ill  twenty-tour  liours  ;  for  three  days  hillow- 
:-.;they  had  subsisted  on  a  single  beaver,  a  tew 
'■•'■'■'  cherries,  and  the  soles  of  old  moccasons  ; 
■I' I  f'l^  the  last  six  days  their  only  animal  tood 
■•I  l)'-en  the  carcass  of  a  doLf.  They  had  been 
'.iru;;  (lays'  journey  further  down  the  river  than 
•h.  Hunt,  always  keepinjr  as  near  to  its  banks  as 
i'l'j-ile,  and  tre(iuently  climbinj^  over  sharp  and 
f"-Ky  ridjrys  that  projected  into  the  stream.  At 
■yls'th  ihey  had  arrived  to  where  the  mountains 
•'■crcMsed  in  hei^dit,  and  came  closer  to  the  river, 


with  perpendicular  precipices,  which  rench-red  it 
impossible  to  keep  aloii;,'  the  stream.  The  riveP 
here  rushed  with  iiuredible  velocity  throu^jh  a 
delile  not  more  than  thirty  \ards  wide,  wluic  cas- 
cades and  rapids  succeeded  e.ich  other  almost 
without  intermission.  F.ven  had  the  ojiposite 
b.mks,  theretore,  been  such  .is  to  nermit  a  c(.ntii\- 
uance  ot  their  journey,  it  would  have  been  mad- 
ness to  attempt  to  p.iss  the  tumultuous  current, 
either  on  ratts  or  otherwise.  Still  bei't.  however, 
on  pushiiif,'  forward,  they  attempted  to  climb  thu 
opposinir  mountains  ;  .ind  stru^,'i,de(l  on  throuf^ln 
the  snow  lor  halt  a  day  until,  comin;;-  to  where 
they  coidd  command  a  prospect,  they  tound  tli.it 
they  were  not  halt  w.iy  to  the  suminit,  and  that 
mountain  upon  mount. lin  l.iy  pded  luyoiid  them, 
in  wintry  desolation.  I''aniislied  .ind  einai  iated 
as  tlu-y  were,  to  continue  forward  would  be  to  per- 
ish ;  their  only  d'  -nee  seemed  to  lie  to  rej^ani  thu 
river,  and  retrace  lieir  steps  up  itsb.mks.  It  was 
in  this  torlorn  and  retrograde  march  that  they 
h.id  met  .Mr.  Hunt  and  his  p.irty. 

Mr.  Crooks  also  ^^ave  intorm.uion  of  some  others 
of  their  lei  low  adventurers.  He  h.id  spoken  several 
day;,  previously  with  .Mr.  Reed  and  .Mr.  .M'Kcn/ic, 
who  with  their  men  were  on  the  opposite  side-  ol  the 
river,  where  it  was  impossible  toj^ct  over  to  them. 
T'hey  informed  him  that  Mr.  M'l.ellan  li.id  struck 
across  from  the  little  river  above  the  niount.iins, 
in  the  hope  of  talliiiff  in  with  some  ot  the  tribe  of 
I'Tatheads,  who  inhabit  the  western  skirts  ol  the 
Rocky  r,inj,rf.  As  the  companions  ot  Reed  and 
M'Kenzie  were  i>icke(l  men,  .md  had  lound  pro. 
visions  more  abundant  on  their  side  ot  the  river, 
they  were  in  better  condition,  and  more  titted  to 
contend  with  the  dilficullies  of  the  country,  than 
those  of  Mr.  Crooks,  and  when  he  lost  sii;lit  of 
them,  were  pushin^^  onward,  down  the  course  of 
the  river. 

Mr.  Hunt  took  a  iiij,dit  to  revolve  over  his  criti- 
cal situation,  and  to  determine  what  w.is  to  be 
done.  No  time  was  to  be  lost  ;  he  had  twenty  men 
and  more  in  his  own  party  to  jirovide  for.  .iiul 
.Mr.  Crooks  and  his  men  io  relieve.  T'o  linifer 
would  be  to  starve.  The  idea  ot  retracinif  his 
steps  was  intolerable,  and,  notwithstandiiiLj  .ill  the 
discour;i,i,nn).j  accounts  of  the  ru^jjediiess  ot  the 
mountains  lower  down  the  river,  In;  wculd  !  , 
been  disposed  to  .attempt  them,  but  the  dipt 
the  snow  with  which  they  were  covered  deteri\  .. 
him  ;  having  already  experienced  the  impossibility 
ot  hirciiiLf  his  w.iy  at^^ainst  such    an  impedinieiit. 

T'lie  only  .alternative,  theretore,  appeared  to  be  to 
return  and  seek  the  Indian  bands  scattered  alonjj 
the  small  rivers  .above  the  mountains.  Perhaps 
from  some  ot  these  he  niij^dit  jirocure  horses  enoutjh 
to  support  him  until  he  could  reach  the  Colum- 
bia ;  tor  he  still  cherished  the  lioiie  ot  arrivitiir  at 
that  river  in  the  course  of  the  winter,  thouj^h  he 
w.is  a|iprehensive  th.it  few  of  .Mr.  Crooks'  party 
would  be  sulliciently  stroni;  to  follow  him.  Jueii 
in  adoiitinir  this  course  he  had  to  make  uj)  his 
mind  to  the  certainty  of  sever.il  days  of  lamiiie  at 
the  outset,  for  it  would  lake  that  time  to  reach 
the  Last  Indian  lodtres  from  which  he  had  partc'd, 
and  until  they  should  arrive  there  his  jieojile 
would  have  jiolhinjr  to  subsist  u|)on  but  haws  and 
wild  berries,  exceiilintf  one  miserable  horse,  which 
was  little  better  than  skin  and  bone. 

After  a  nij^dit  of  slee|)less  coi^rjtation,  Mr.  Hunt 
announced  to  his  men  the  dre.iry  alternative  he 
had  ad()])ted,  and  preparations  were  m.ide  to  t.ike 
Mr.  Crooks  and  Le  Clerc  across  the  river,  with 
the  rem.iinder  of  the  iiie.it,  ;is  the  other  party 
were   to   keep  up  alonj^  ihe  opposite  bank.     The 


378 


ASTORIA. 


^  I 


il'i 


skin  cmoc  liad  uiifortnnatcly  hccn  lost  in  llit; 
ni),'lil  ;  ;i  r.iit  w.is  ( oiiitrmtcd,  tlicri'ti)rf,  atluf  liic 
lu. inner  ol  tlu-  natives,  ot  hunijles  ot  wiiluws,  iiut 
it  I'oiild  not  he  floated  luntss  the  in)|ietiii>us  eur- 
rcnt.  The  men  were  <lire(ted,  in  enni^eiiueiici',  to 
keep  on  alon^;  the  river  hy  lhenisel\cs,  whih:  M  . 
Crooks  anil  l,e  Clerc  would  proeeeil  with  Mr, 
Hunt.  Tliey  all  then  look  up  their  retro^frade 
marth  with  droopiu);  spirits. 

In  a  little  while  it  was  tound  th.it  Mr.  Crooks 
and  Le  Clerc  were  so  ieehle  as  to  walk  with  dilli- 
culty,  so  that  Mr.  Hunt  was  obli^jed  to  retard  his 
pafe,  tiiat  they  nii);ht  kiep  up  with  him.  His 
men  jrrew  imp.iiient  at  the  delay.  They  murmur- 
ed that  tlu'y  h.id  ,i  lon^  ,ind  desolate  region  to 
traverse,  iietore  they  eould  arrive  it  the  point 
wiiere  they  mi^;ht  e\peet  to  tind  horses  ;  that  it 
was  impossihie  lor  Crooks  and  I,e  Clerc.  in  their 
fcehle  eondition,  to  ^r,.t  over  it  ;  that  to  remain 
with  them  would  only  he  to  starve  in  their  com- 
pany. 'I'hey  im|)oriuiied  Mr.  Hui.t,  theretorc,  to 
leave  these  untorlun.ite  men  to  their  t.Ue,  and 
think  only  of  the  s.ifely  ot  himself  and  his  party. 
Findin^j  him  not  to  he  moved,  either  hy  entreaties 
or  their  clamors,  they  hei^MU  to  proceed  without 
him,  sini^ly  .and  in  parties.  .Anion^j  those  who 
thus  went  off  w.is  I'ierro  Dorion.  the  interpreter. 
I'ierre  owned  the  oidy  remainin^j  horse,  which  was 
now  a  meri' skeleton.  .Mr.  Hunt  h.id  suj^^^ested, 
in  their  present  extremity,  th.it  it  sliould  be  killed 
for  food  ;  to  which  tlu;  half-hreed  ll.itly  refused 
his  assent,  and  ciid^rfHin^  the  miser.ible  animal 
forward,  pushed  on  sullenly,  with  the  air  of  a 
man  do^^cdly  determined  to  i|U.irrel  for  his  rifrht. 
In  this  way  .Mr.  Hunt  saw  his  men,  one  alter 
another  break  away,  until  but  live  remained  to 
bear  him  comp.my. 

On  the  lollowinjc  mornimf  another  raft  was 
made,  on  which  Nlr.  Crooks  and  I,e  Clerc  aj^ain 
attein|)ted  to  ferry  themselves  across  tlu;  river,  but 
after  repeated  trials  h.ul  to  j^ive  up  in  desp.iir. 
This  caused  additional  delay  ;  after  which  they 
continued  to  crawl  forward  at  a  snail's  pace. 
Some  of  the  men  who  had  remained  with  Mr. 
Hunt  now  became  imp.itient  of  these  incum- 
branct^s,  and  ur^ed  him  clamorously  to  push  for- 
ward, cryinjr  out  that  they  should  all  starve.  The 
ni^ht  which  succeeded  was  intensely  cold,  so  that 
one  of  the  men  w.is  st'verely  frost-bitten.  In  the 
course  of  the  niijiu  .Mr.  Crooks  was  taken  ill,  and 
in  the  morninjr  was  still  more  incompetent  to 
travel.  Their  situation  was  now  <les|)er.ae,  for 
their  stock  of  provisions  was  reduceil  to  three 
beaver  skins.  Mr.  Hunt,  therefore,  resolveil  to 
push  on,  overtake  his  people,  and  insist  upon  hav- 
mjr  the  horse  of  I'ierre  Dorion  s.icriliced  for  the 
relief  of  .ill  hands.  Accordinj^ly  I*  left  twi"  uf  his 
men  to  help  Crooks  and  I.e  Cl<  re  on  their  way, 
jjivinjj;  fhem  two  ot  the  beaver  skins  tor  their  suj)- 
port  ;  the  remaining  skin  he  retained,  as  |)rovision 
for  himself  and  the  three  other  men  who  struck 
forward  with  him. 


chai'Ti:r  x.xxvt. 

At. I.  that  l.iy  Mr.  Hunt  and  his  three  comrades 
travelled  without  eatini^.  At  nij.jht  they  made  a 
tantali/iii}^  supper  on  their  beaver  skin,  and  wen: 
nearly  exhausted  by  luinjrer  and  cold.  The  next 
(lay,  Hecember  loth,  they  overtook  the  advance 
party,  who  were  all  as  mui  h  famished  as  them- 
selves, some  of  them  not  havinj^  eaten  since  the 
mornini^  of  the  seventh.  Mr.  Hunt  now  [iroposed 
the  sacrifice  ot   I'ierre   Dorion's   skeleton   horse. 


Heri'  he  .ifj,,!,,   met   with  positive  nml  vcUm.., 
opposition  from  the  hall-breed,  wliowasid,,  ,|, 
and    vindictive  a   Kllow    to    be   e.isilv  i|i;i||  ^  '" 


-....-     . ,,,,      ,||>;|||    ^^,,, 

Wh.it  was  sin^'ul.ir,   the   men,  thoiii,'!,  suiter'., 
su(  h   pinching'   hun^jer,    interfered 
horse.      Thev 


reiircseiited   that 


ill  fivomi  I  .'. 
it  was 


inii-iu.  1  iiiv  ii|iu-.->i-iiiiu  iiiai  11  Was  iMiirr  ■» 
keep  on  as  \<tn^  as  |)ossible  withniit  icsMrm  , .. 
this  last  resource.  I'ossibly  the  Imlians,  ni  uV- 
they  were  in  (|iiest,  \\\\^\n  have  shittd  ihtiri-'i! 
campment,  in  which  ca^e  it  would  be  tiinecnoi;.^ 


to  kill  the  horse  to  escape  star\',ith 


...     u^  n 

iiinluToth.ihts 


sin  lit  \v.is  ,-is  uiii'X|i(tivi| 


lilt:  ciioi;;i 
.        ,  ,.,  '"■     Mr.  liui:,, 

therefore,    was   i)revailed   upon  to    ^t.iiu  IVt* 
f.)orion's  hor^e  a  reprieve. 

Kortun.itely,  thev  had  not  iirorccdi d  inui  i ;  .. 
ther,  when,  tow.ird  evening,   they  cmii,'  m  ,,|,,i, 
ol  a  lodt^e  ot  Shoshonies,  with  a  niir  '        ■■    ' 
(,fr.i/in^f  .iround  it.     'I'lu 
as  it  W.IS  joyous.      Having  seen  no  Indians  ii;  ihij 

neij;hborli 1  ,is  tiny  p.issed  clown  the  river,  ihcv 

must  have  subse(|Uently  come  out  tnmi  ,imiin'i"» 
mount.iins.  Mr.  Hunt,  who  lir^t  dcM-rii'il  ;!ii:'i" 
checked  the  ea^'eriiess  of  his  conipaniims,  k„inv. 
in|,f  the  unwilliiii^iiess  of  these  linli.uis  to  ur. 
with  their  horse-.,  .iiid  their  aptness  i.i  luirr\  ih^.-n 
off  and  conceal  them,  in  case  of  ,ni  al.irin,  TIis 
W.IS  no  time  to  risk  such  a  clis.ippoiiitinfiu.  .Aq. 
pro.ichin).(,  therefore,  stealthily  .iiul  silently,  the/ 
came  u|)()n  the  s.ivajjes  by  surprise,  who  lit;  I  in 
terror.  Five  of  their  horses  were  iMj,a-rly  voiieil, 
and  one  was  dispatched  U|)on  the  sput.  Thccr. 
cass  was  immeil lately  cut  up,  ,ind  a  p.irtuf  it  hiisuly 
cooked  and  ravinously  devoured.  .\  m;in  was 
now  sent  on  horseback  with  a  supplv  of  the  tloii 
to  .Mr.  Crooks  ,uul  his  comp.inions.  Ilurearhcil 
them  in  the  ni^;ht  ;  they  were  so  famished  that  tho 
sujjply  sent  them  seemed  but  to  .ij^^MMV.it'- tiicir 
hunjriM-,  and  thev  were  almost  tcnipieil  to  kill.-ind 
eat  the  horse  that  had  br(>ii;;ht  the  niessiMi^'tr. 
Availinj.j  themselves  ot  the  assist. iiue of  tlij.i;;;- 
inal,  they  reached  the  camp  early  in  the  ninrniii.;. 

On  arrivinj;  there,  Mr.  Crooks  w.is  shockiilio 
tind  that,  wdiile  the  jieople  on  this  side  ol  the  rivcr 
were  amply  supplied  with  provisions,  mine  li:i;l 
been  sent  to  his  own  forlorn  and  taniisliiiii,' men 
on  the  opposite  bank.  He  iminedi.itely  caiiscl  a 
skin  canoe  to  be  constructed,  ;inil  called  out  to  his 
men  to  fill  their  cam|)-keitles  with  w.iter  and  h,i;i,' 
them  over  the  tire,  lh.it  no  time  iniLjht  he  liisi  :ii 
cookiii"^  the  meat  the  moment  it  should  !)e  receiv- 
ed. The  river  was  so  narrow,  thoiii^h  dee|),  th,;t 
everything  could  be  distinctly  heard  ,ind  3iiii 
.across  it.  The  kettles  were  plac' 1  on  the  lire, 
.and  the  water  was  boiliiv.r  bv  the  time  the  c.inie 
was  completed.  When  all  was  re.idy,  howev.T, 
no  one  would  undertake  to  ferry  the  meat  acnss. 
.\  vajrue  and  almost  superstitious  terror  had  :a- 
lected  the  minds  of  Mr.  Hunt's  followers,  entit- 
bled  and  rendered  im.a<rinative  ot  horrors  hy  the 
dismal  scenes  and  sufferinf^s  throiii^di  which  ihoy 
had  jiassed.  They  re^janled  the  ha;4j;-.ird  crcv, 
ho\erintf  like  sjiectres  of  famine  on  the  opposite 
bank,  with  indelinite  feelings  of  awe  and  appre- 
hension, as  if  something;  desperate  and  danger- 
ous w.is  to  be  feareil  from  them. 

.Mr.  Crooks  tried  in  vain  to  reason  or  shame  '.hem 
out  of  this  sinj,nilar  state  of  mind.  1  le  then  attempt- 
ed to  navifjate  the  canoe  himself,  but  found  ins 
strength  incompetent  to  bra\-e  the  impetuous  cur- 
rent. The  ;rood  feelings  ot  Ben  Jones,  the  Ken- 
tuckian,  at  lenvclh  overcame  his  le.irs,  and  he  ven- 
tured over.  The  supply  he  brought  w.is  receiv.il 
with  trembling  avidity.  A  poor  Can.idian.  hmv- 
ever,  nametl  Jean  liaptiste  I'revost,  whom  famin'; 
h,id  rendered  wild  and  desperate,  r.in  fiaiiticaily 
about  the  bank,  after  Jones  had  returned,  crying 


ASTORIA. 


870 


,1.  ti  Mr.  Hiinl  to  send  tlio  canoe  fur  liim,  nivl 
."'t  him  trmii  lli:il  liiirrihle  rc^jiun  i)(  l.iminc,  dc- 
nii"  til'"  "tli'T^^i^'"  ''*'  wmild  never  ni:irrli 
n'lthcr  stt'l''  '""  ^^'"'1''  ''^"  ''"^^"  tliere  .iiul  die. 
\iK  t.inii','  was  sliorlly  sent  oMTaj^iun  under 
;,,.  l„,,i,ajrcnient  nt  Jiisepli  I  )el,iiin.iy ,  with  liir- 
,,"^  ^iippljiv,.  rri'vost  ininiedi.itely  presM'd  tdr- 
,',  JrJ  to  I'lnli.ii-k.  Delauna)' reiiHcd  to  admit  liini. 
.',;|i„M  hull  til, It  llicie  was  now  a  sutruieiit  supiily 
oimc.it  cm  111''  •'ide  ot  the  river,  lie  re|ilied  llia'l 
iH.is  nut  iiinkcd,  and  lie  sluuiid  starve  belore  it 
unready;  lii;  iin|)iiired,  tiierel.ire,  \n  lie  taken 
wiierc  lie  <""l'l  K^'  sDiuelliinv;  to  ajipease  his 
huiver  imnu'diately.  Kindiii^f  the  eaiioe  |iiiltinj;- 
nllwitlmiit  liiiii,  he  loiTud  himself  aboard.  As  he 
,;rc«'  near  the  (i|i|iosile  shore,  ami  lielield  nie.it 
ri.htiiiL'  lifliiie  the  lire,  ho  )uin|ied  ii]),  shouted, 
i:i,i'i|)t.'il  liis  hands,  and  daneeil  in  a  delirium  ol 
0,,  until  1r' iijisct  the  canoe.  'I'lu.'  poor  wretch 
uii  swept  away  by  the  current  and  drowned,  and 
;;n,iiwitli  cMieniediMicidty  that  Delaunay  reacli- 
e,l  the  ^li'irc. 

Mr.  Hunt  imw  sent  all  his  men  forward  escepi- 
ii'twii  iir  three.  In  the  cveniiij;  he  c.iused 
,;ii ilhcr  iKir.ie  to  be  killed,  and  ac.iiioeto  be  made 
ri;  111  tlie  skill,  in  which  he  sent  over  a  liirther 
,j,i|il\  ohiii'.il  to  the  opposite  party.  The  canoe 
iriii^'ht  h.ii'-:  John  Day,  the  Kentucky  hmiier, 
■I  lu  t.iiiie  to  join  his  tornu'r  employer  and  com- 
;;ii:iJtr,  .Mr.  Crooks.  I'oor  Day,  once  so  active 
,.;;.|  \i),'(iriiiis,  was  now  reduced  to  a  condition 
f.iii  nrjre  teehleand  em.iciated  th.in  his  comiian- 
iii.  .Mr.  Crnuks  had  such  a  valui;  for  the  iii.in, 
o  .icrtiuiit  111  his  pa^it  services  and  f.iillilul  char- 
i.t'.r,  lli.it  he  determined  not  lo  (piil  him  ;  he  e.\- 
.iirii'fl  .Mr.  lliiiit,  however,  lo  proceed  lorward, 
..id  jdiii  the  party,  as  his  presence  was  all  impor- 
;ii!'.  til  llie  cdiuliiit  of  the  expedition.  One  ol  the 
Liii.iilians,  Jean  liaptiste  Oubreuil,  likewise  re- 
;;iiiiii'(l  with  Mr.  Crooks. 

.Mr.  Iluiii  lelt  two  horses  with  them,  and  a  part 
«:  liic  carcass  of  the  last  that  had  been  killed. 
Tii:s,  he  hoped,  would  besufticient  to  sustain  them 
uiitii  ihcv  should  re.ich  the  Indi.in  encainpment. 

Uncut  the  ihief  daii;,rers  attending'  iheenleebled 
conilition  lit  .Mr.  Crooks  and  his  compa'iions  was 
'.heir  liL'iili;  overtaken  by  the  Indians  whose  horses 
i.nl  hccii  seized,  thouj,d'i  .Mr.  Hunt  hoiied  thai  he 
:.'.  i  ^'iiarded  against  any  resenlnieiu  on  the  i)art 
0!  tht:  sav.'i^'es,  by  leaviiijr  various  articles  in  their 
1jI,'c.  more  than  suliicienl  to  compensate  lor  the 
ouira^jL'  he  had  been  conijielled  to  coir.niil. 

Kcsiimin^r  his  onward  course,  .Mr.  lluiUcame 
•>:n  with  his  people  in  the  evenin;,^  The  next  day, 
iJacmlii-r  i;,lh,  he  beheld  several  Indians,  with 
;:ira' horses,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river,  I'.nd 
r.Utr,i  time  came  to  the  two  lod|,a'S  which  he  had 
Mn  on  ,u;oin;;-  down.  Here  he  endeavored  in 
'■iin  to  barter  a  rille  for  a  horse,  but  a^f.iin  s'ac- 
cn-'li'il  in  ettectin^,^  the  jjurcliase  with  an  old  tin 
■'.-■ale,  .-tilled  by  .a  tew  beads. 

rhctwosuccee.liii^r(l-iy,s  were  cold  and  stormy  ; 
'■fsiiow  was  aui;ineiuin},r,  and  tliere  was  a  j^aiod 
:e.il  of  ice  riinnnn;-  in  the  river.  Their  road, 
■  »VfVer,  \vasbeciiinin<r  easier  ;  ihey  were  f^etliiiL;' 
:■")!  the  hills,  and  tinally  emer^^ed'  into  the  o|)^'n 
'■'■i:ry,  alter  twenty  days  of  fatij,nie,  famine,  and 
■'riSiiipot  every  kind,  i'n  the  inclt'cctual  allempt 
■■' jjiiil  a  pass,i;.;L'  down  the  river. 

Ihcynowencanijiedon  a  little  willowcd  stream, 

'Jnninir  troni  the  e.ist,  which  ihey  had  cros.sed  on 

'j  -6th  ot  .Xiivember.     Here  ih'ey  found  a  dozen 

"«'«  ot  .Shu-^hoiiies,  recently   arrived,    who   in- 

'■'"iicil  them  th.it  had   they   persevered  alon^r  the 

•••tr,  they  would  have  found  their  difticullies'auu-- 


mrnt  tintil  thry  hpcamo  .nlisnliitfly  instirmnimt.i- 
lile.  This  init'llij,'eiu  t;  ;iililed  to  the  anxiety  of 
Mr.  Hunt  tor  the  l.iie  ot  .Mr.  M'Ken/ie  .md  his 
people,  who  had  kept  on. 

.\ir.  Hunt  now  todowed  up  the  little  river,  and 
elic, imped  .It  some  lod(;iS  ot  Shodioliies,  troni 
sshoin  he  procured  .i  couple  of  hor-ies,  a  doj,',  .1 
lew  dried  Ii-.!',  and  some  roots  and  diird  i  lu'iries. 
Two  or  ihne  d.i)s  wi're  exhausted  in  i)lit.iinini» 
intorm.ition  about  the  route,  and  wh.il  time  it 
would  take  lo  ^;et  to  the  .Sciato>;as,  a  ho-,pit,ilile 
tribe  on  the  west  side  ot  the  mount. tins,  repre» 
seiited  as  iMxin^;  many  horses.  The  replies  were 
various,  but  concurred  in  s.iyiny;  th.it  thedisi.mce 
was  >;reat,  and  would  occupy  trom  seventeen  to 
twenty-one  ni^dils.  Mr.  Ilunl  then  tried  to  pro- 
cure a  ^uide  ;  but  lhoiij,'h  he  sent  to  v.irioiis  lodj,'e3 
up  and  down  the  river,  offering  artii  le~.  ot  ;,rreat 
v.ilue  in  liidi.in  estimalion,  no  one  would  \enture. 
The  snow,  they  said,  was  waist  deep  in  the  moun- 
t.iins  ;  and  to  all  his  otters  ihey  shook  their  heads, 
}4,l\i'  a  shiver,  and  reiilied,  "  Wi;  shall  tree/e  1  we 
sh.dl  tree/e  !"  At  tlie  s.ime  lime  they  ur^jed  him 
lo  rem.iin  and  pass  the  winter  anion;,^  them. 

Mr.  Hunt  w.is  in  a  dism.d  dilemin.i.  To  at- 
tempt the  mount.tins  wilhoul  a  );iiide  would  be 
cert.iin  death  lo  him  and  all  his  people  ;  to  re- 
in,lin  there,  alter  ha\in^  already  been  so  lom;  on 
the  journey,  and  at  such  ),^re.it  expense,  was  worse 
to  him,  he  said,  ihan  "two  de.iths."  He  now 
ch,in,i;eil  Ids  tone  with  the  Indi.ins,  i  liarL;eil  tlu'in 
with  deceiving,''  him  in  respect  to  the  mount, lins, 
.'ind  t. liking'  with  a  "  forked  ton),aie,"  or,  in  other 
words,  with  Kin^'.  He  u|il)raiile  I  tlu-m  with  their 
w.int  of  coura);e,  and  told  them  they  were  wmnen, 
to  shrink  Irom  the  perils  ot  sui  h  .i  journey.  At 
leHLjlh  one  of  them,  pitjued  by  his  i.iunts,  or 
tempted  by  his  offers,  a^jreed  lo  be  his  ^uide  ;  tor 
which  he  was  to  receive  a  >fun,  a  pi>tol,  three 
knives,  two  horses,  ;ind  a  little  of  every  article  in 
possession  ot  the  ]iarty  ;  a  reward  suliicienl  to 
m.ike  him  one  of  the  wealthiest  ot  his  va^^aboiul 
nation. 

Once  more,  then,  on  the  2 1  si  of  Deciniber,  they 
set  oui  upon  their  w.iytariiiH;  with  newly  excited 
spirits.  Two  other  Indians  accompanied  their 
^uide,  who  led  them  immediately  b.ick  to  Snake 
River,  which  ihey  followed  down  for  a  short  dis- 
tance, in  search  of  some  Indian  rafts  made  of 
reeds,  on  w  hich  they  mi^^hl  cross.  Findin^f  none, 
Mr.  Hunt  caused  ;i  horse  lo  be  killed  and  a  ca- 
noe lo  be  made  out  ot  its  skin.  Here,  on  the 
opposite  bank,  they  saw  the  thirteen  men  ot  .Mr. 
Crooks'  ])arty,  who  had  continued  up  aloiij;-  the 
river.  They  told  Mr.  Hunt,  across  the  stre.ini, 
that  they  had  not  seen  .Mr.  Crooks,  .-ind  the  two 
men  who  h.id  remained  with  him,  since  the  day 
that  lie  h.id  separ.ited  from  ihem. 

'l"iie  canoe  proving;'  too  small,  another  liorse 
w.is  killed,  and  the  skin  of  it  joined  to  that  ot  the 
llrst.  .Ni^ht  came  on  before  the  little  b.irk  h,id 
made  more  than  two  voy.i^;-es.  Ileinj^r  badly 
made,  it  was  taken  apart  and  |)ut  together  ai^'ain, 
by  the  li^jhl  of  the  I'lre.  The  ni^ht  was  cold  ;  the 
men  were  weary  and  disheartened  with  such  va- 
ried and  incessant  toil  and  hardship.  They  croucii- 
ed,  dull  and  droopiiiL,'^,  .irouiid  their  fires  ;  many  of 
them  be^an  to  exjiress  a  wish  to  remain  where 
they  were  for  the  winter.  The  very  necessity  of 
crossiiiLf  the  river  dismayed  some  ot  them  in  their 
present  enfeebled  and  dejected  state.  It  was  rapid 
and  turbulent,  and  tilled  with  lloatin^  ice,  and 
they  remembered  that  two  of  iheir  comrades  had 
already  ]ierished  in  its  waters.  Others  looked 
forwartl  with   iiiisgivinys  to   ihe  lory;    and  dismal 


880 


ASTORIA. 


ei  ;: 


jnurncy  through  lonesome  regions  tluit  .iw.iilfd 
them,  uluMi  tlu-y  should  have  passi-tl  this  tln-arv 
tlood. 

At  .'III  c.uly  hour  of  tin-  morning,  DcicmlxT 
;.ld.  iIk'.v  lii'j,MMto  irii^is  the  ri\i'r.  Mu<h  ice  h.id 
fornieij  dm  iiiK  the  iiitjht,  and  lliey  were  ohii^jed  to 
lircak  it  tor  some  (lislaiue  on  eaeli  siiore.  At 
ienntli  they  all  j,'otover  in  safety  to  the  west  side  ; 
and  tliiir  spirits  rose  on  having;'  achieved  this  per- 
ilous p,is>,aj;e.  lien;  tiiey  were  rejoined  by  the 
people  ot  Ml',  {'rooks,  who  h,id  with  them  a  horse 
and  a  do^,  which  the\'  had  ri'ceiitly  iirocured.  'i'iie 
poor  fellows  were  ill  tlie  most  s(pia lid  and  emai  iatcd 
state.  I'hri'e  of  them  were  so  compleielv  pro^traie(l 
in  strenj^ili  ,iiid  spirits  th.il  lhe\  evprrssed  .1  wish 
to  rem.im  anion;;  the  Snakes.  Mr.  limit,  there- 
fore, vj.ive  tluiii  the  canoe,  that  tlu\  mi;;ht  croNS 
the  ri\er,  and  a  few  ,uliiles,  with  wliic  li  to  pro- 
cure ni'cess.iries  until  they  should  meet  with 
Mr.  Crooks.  '{'here  w.is  .inoilur  man,  ii.imeil 
Micliai  1  (■.iiriere,  who  w.is  almost  e(pi,illy  reduceil, 
but  he  determined  to  proceed  with  his  comr.ides, 
who  Were  now  iin'orpiUMled  with  the  pally  ol  Mr. 
Hunt.  .Mter  tiled. ly's  eNcrtioiis  tliev  encamped 
together  on  the  banks  (d  the  river,  '1  Ilis  was  the 
last  nij;ht  they  were  to  siieiid  upon  its  borders. 
More  than  ei^hl  hundred  miles  ot  hard  tr.ivelliiii; 
and  in. my  weary  days  h.ul  it  tost  them,  .md  tlh- 
sutferini{s  (oiiiiected  with  it  rendered  it  hatilul 
in  their  remembrance,  so  th.it  the  Canadian  voy- 
aj.jeurs  alwa\s  spoki'  ot  it  as  "  I, a  maudite  rivieie 
fiir.ij^t'e"  tlie  .accursed  mad  river,  tins  couiilinj; 
a  m.ileiliction  with  its  name. 


hir  luisb.md  with  another  child.  A^  ihcfnrit 
.and  ^'ood  conduct  <d  the  poor  woni.ui  li.nl,., 
for  her  ttie  ^Jood-will  (d  the  p;iru  ' 
c.uised  concern  .ind  perple\ity.     j' 


tier  Miu,,, 
I'lerri',  hirw. 


tre.ited   the   matter  as  an   DCi-urrein  i;  ih 
soon  be  .irr.inj;e(l  .and  need  cause  iin  ilil.iv    i.. 
rem.iined  by  his  wile  in  the  camii,  unh  hi,, i.  , 

.   1..I.I ...'a     !,:„    !..._ I    ..:         .  '   '■ 


ami  his  horse,  am.  , 

main    body,    who    procecdt( 


proniiMd  sddiu,,,,. 


I'll  1: 


CIIAITF.R  X.XXVII. 

On  the  24lh  of  Peccmln'r.  ;ill  thint,'s  bein^  ar- 
ran^jed.  .Mr.  Hunt  tunied  his  b.ick  upon  the  disas- 
trous b.inks  of  .Snake  River,  .and  struck  his  course 
Westward  hu"  the  mount. lins.  His  party,  beini,^ 
auj,niieiUed  l)\-  the  Lite  tnllowers  ot  Mr.  Crooks, 
nmouiued  now  to  thirty-two  white  men,  three  In- 
dians, ami  the  S(|u,iw  .md  two  children  ol  I'ierre 
iJorion.  I'ive  j.uled,  lialt-starvi-d  horses  were 
laden  with  their  lu^;'.;'ay;e,  and,  in  case  of  need, 
Were  to  lurnish  them  wiili  provisions.  They  tr.iv- 
elled  p.iiiilully  about  lourieeii  miles  a  day,  over 
jjlains  .iiid  amom;  hills,  rendered  dre.iry  by  occa- 
sional tails  of  siu'-  ■  and  r.iin.  'I'lu'lr  only  suste- 
nance was  ;i  scanty  nu  d  ot  horse-llesh  once  in 
loll r-and -twenty  hours. 

On  the  third  day  the  poor  Canadian,  Carriere, 
one  of  the  famished  jiarty  of  Mr.  Crooks,  j^ave  up 
in  desp..ir,  and  lyiii^  ilown  ujion  the  ijround  de- 
clared he  could  j;<)  no  lariher.  MIforts  were  m.ule 
to  cheer  him  up,  but  it  was  found  that  the  jioor 
iellow  was  absolutely  exhausted  .and  could  not 
keep  on  his  le;{s.  He  was  niouiited,  theref(U"e, 
U|)on  one  of  the  horses,  thoutrh  the  forlorn  animal 
was  in  little  better  plii^ht  tli.iii  himself. 

On  the  28th  they  came  upon  a  sm.ill  stream 
windiiii;-  to  the  north,  tliri)U;^di  a  tine  level  v.illev, 
the  mountains  reeediiiLf  on  each  side.  Here  their 
Indian  Irieiids  iioiiued  out  a  ch.iin  of  woody 
mount. litis  to  the  left,  runnintr  north  ;ind  south, 
and  covered  with  snow,  over  which  they  would 
have  to  pass.  They  kept  aloii;^  tlie  v.illey  for 
twenty-one  miles  on  the  2yth,  sulfering  much  from 
a  coniiiuied  t.ill  ot  snow  .and  rain,  and  beinjj  twice 
oblif;-ed  to  ford  the  icy  strt'am.  I'.arlv  in  the  fol- 
lowinj,''  mornin;^'  the  stiu.iw  of  Pierre  Dorion,  who 
I'.ad  b.itherto  kept  on  without  nuirmurinj;-  or  Hinch- 
uig,  was  suddeidy  t.dicn  in  labor,   and  enriched 


(  hlldren 
join  the 
111  .arch. 

Kindiiij^  tli.at  the  little  river  enlinil  ih,.  i;,,,, 
tains,  they  .ab.iiidoned   't,  and  turni  i|  oil  tcjr  ,  v , 
miles    amoiij;-    hills.       Here   anoilirr    (.';iii,i(|,,p 
named   I, a   Hoiite,  j,Mve  out,  and  had  to  In- lie -tij 
on    liors(d)ack.      As   the    horse  w.is   lii(iui,,|., 
bear  both   him   and    bis   pack,  .\Ir.  Hunt  ii.i,„  i- 
latter  upon   his  own  shoulders.     Tlnis,  wiili  i:,;i. 
cnlties  auj^meiitm^f  .it  e\'erystep,  tluy  iiri;iili;,,  f 
toilsome  way  amoiijftlie  hills,  h, lit  t'.inihhed  ,i!i.i 
faint  .at  he.irt,  when  they  c.inie  to  win  re  a  t.iir  \,i; 
ley   spread   out    before   them  (d  u'c.it  cxti'iu,  am; 
sever, il  le.i;;ues   in    width,  With  a  hciiuitul  strtic, 
me.iiiderin^-  tliroii;;li  it.     .A  j,'eiiial  clinuitf  Sftir.i':! 
to  prev.iil  here,  tor  thou},di  tl'.e  snow  l.iy  ii|iiin,i;; 
the  mmml.iins  within  sij^lit,  there  was  iioiii;  to  1 1 
seen  in  tliir  \alley.     '1  he  tr.ivellers  j,'a/f(|  wuh lit- 
li^lit  U|)oii  this  hcrene,  sunny  l.iiidsi-.ipf,  liutil-.i,: 
joy  was  ( omjilete  on   lu'lioldinn' six  Inilj^i's  ul  .Shi. 
shonies   pitched   upon   the  bordia's  ol  the  ^l|•|;|I,;, 
with  a  number  of   horses   and  ilo;;s  .iliuiit  iliim. 
They  .ill  pressed  forward  with  e.i^jerness  ami  sun 
re. idled  the  c.amp.      Here  their  lirsi  .itteiilion  w,i, 
to  obtain   provisions.     A   rifle,  .m  old  iiiuskn,  a 
tom.ihawk,  a  tin   kettle,  and   a   sin. ill  (|iiiintiivcii 
ammunition  soon  procureil  them  tour  liursis, iliitc 
dolors,  and  some  roots.      I'.iri  of  the  live  slock  w,ij 
immedi.itely    killed,    cooked   with  all  e\iit(li!i":i. 
and  as  promjitly  devoured.      A  he.irty  niiMl  re- 
I  stored   every  one  to  ^ood  spirits.     In  the  cwim 
!  of  the  tollowiiii^  morninj^  the  Horiim  l.iiiiily  m:i.:" 
its   reappearani  e.       I'ierre  came  tr.iil^'iii;;  111  !i,f 
advania',  tollowed  by  his  x.iliied.  tliiiii;,'li  .ski'lciun 
steed,  on  which  was  mounted  his  >(|',i.iw  uitli '.he 
new-born   infant  in   her  arms,  and  her  hoy  nt  r.vo 
years  old   wr.ajiped   in  a  blanket  and  sliin^' ;ii  htr 
I  side.   The  mothci  looked  ,as  llllColu■erlu•(lasitlUl'.h• 
i  iii^r  had  h;ip])ened  to  her  ;  so  easy  is  ii.iliirfin  Icr 
oper.itions   in   the  wilderness,  when  tree  trnm  l.'e 
enleeblim;  retinemeiits  ot  luxury,  and  the  t-imptr- 
inj,fs  and  ,i|)pli,iii(a's  of  art. 

The  next  morninj^  ushered  in  tlie  new  vim: 
(i8i2).  Mr.  Hunt  was  about  to  resume  his  miiri!; 
when  his  men  retjuested  permission  to  iclfhr.r.t 
the  day.  This  was  partiiail.arly  u[-'^ci\  hy  ilis 
Canadian  voya^rcurs.  with  whom  new-yu.ir's day 
is  a  favorite'  festival,  and  who  never  \villin,;'y 
f;ive  up  a  holiday,  under  any  circiniisiaiKn. 
There  was  no  resistin;^  such  an  apjilication ; -0 
the  day  was  p.issed  in  repose  ,uid  leveliy ;  liie 
jjoor  Canadians  contrived  to  sin^^  and  dance  i:i 
detiaiice  of  all  their  hardships,  and  there  was  ,1 
sumptuotis  new-year's  baiupiel  of  dujj's-iiicat  ami 
horse-tlesh. 

.After  two  d.iys  of  welcome  rest  tin-  travclleri 
addressed  themselves  once  more  to  their  paiiiUil 
journey.  The  Indians  of  the  lo(h.;es  poi.tt.'d  oi'.t 
a  distant  j^ap  throuf,di  which  they  must  pa^  in 
traversinuf  the  ridi^t.  ,it  mount. lins.  They  assured 
them  that  they  would  be  but  little  i '■.;;( nil nwdtii 
by  snow,  and  in  three  days  would  arrive  .imon,' 
tlie  Sciatogas.  Mr.  Hunt,' however,  had  hci'ii  so 
fretpiently  deceived  bv  Indian  acc:ninls  of  rouks 
and  distances,  that  he 't;ave  but  litii!.  faith  to  tluj 
information. 

The  travellers  continued  their  course  due  west 


ASTORIA. 


Ml 


''•     '\''  the  foniti:,'. 

■  ^^""'.'M  had .-,,,;, 

►'•  ''"'frc,  hour,.. 
''"'■•■'•I"':  thai,,,; 
•aiNf  ikkIh.h.  li,'. 
•""I'.  Willi  hi',„t-,; 

"■""llMll    Slllll,  t„  fj'. 

Tuiiclal  oil  II,,,. 
'■••lll'Tr(lth..nir,ir. 

"ii'ii<<l<)|(f„r,,vv 
•""'tli'T  Caiuhm, 
'I'l  li.iil  to  lie  hrpd 
'•  \\Ms  tun  \M.,t  ,, 
.  '^Ir.  IliinttdiiKi'- 
'■  'I'll"'*,  with  (!i!i. 
'•p.  tlu'V  iirKrilihtr 

<.    Il.llt  l.llllhhKl  ,,|;,1 

■l"\\lii'i-i'al,i:r\,i:' 
't  Ki'Mt  cxifm,  ai,,; 
1  ■'"  iH.iutituI  vrrc. 
iii'il  iliinali/  scfnv; 
u  snow  lay  iipifl,,;; 

ITL-    W.IS    nolle  to  ■  ; 

il'T'<  K'i/''il  witlulc. 

■  iiKlscnpc,  hmtht;: 

«■  SIX    ln(l>;cs  Ot  Sho- 

"lli-rs  (i|  Ihf  stITai;;, 

I  iloj;s  alioiil  ihtiii! 
i-.-iKiTiii'ss  ami  yi  ,!i 

■  tii'sl  attfiuidn  tt.i, 
'.  an  old  iiui.,kd,  j 

I  sniall  (|iianiitv  u: 

II  lour  iiorsfs, ilirrc 
I    tile  livi'  stork  Wai 

illl     all     f\|lf(|l!lrrl. 

A  luMrly  nuMl  re- 
nts, ln'thciii!ir>t 
^"I'ioii  lamlly  my,': 
■  liM(l;,'iii;;'  inu,,' 
.  tli(iiij,'li  nkdflu:) 
is  .-(|ti,iw  uiihthe 
111  her  lioy  ol  nvo 
and  sliiM),'  at  htr 

)n(■^•|•|U■(la^itlll,!h• 

>y  is  natiiri'inhcr 

u'li  tree  Irom  ve 

and  iht  taniinr- 


in  the  new  year 
n-siiiiic  Ills  mariii 
issioii  ti)  ci'lfhrais 
riy  iir;,'c(l  by  i!i! 
Ill  iicw-yi-ar's  (lay 
lU'Vcr  \villiii;,'y 
lirciinistaiiii!. 
Ill  application :  ^o 

and  irvelry ;  the 
iij;'  .\w\  (lance  i;i 

and  tluTc  was  a 
)l  d(ii,f'b-im:alai;(l 

est  llu'  travelleri 
L-  to  ilifir  paiiiiiil 
kI'jcs  poiat.'d  m;; 
hey  nuisi  p.is^  in 
'riicy  a^sur(•(l 
itllc  ir,;-()iiiniodrtl 
lid  arrive  nnion,' 
\er,  had  Ih'cii  so 
_'c;)imts  of  rouiri 
lilli:.  lai'Ji  to  this 

course  due  west 


,,.|lv((|ayi,  rrovsinR  the  valley  and  rnlcrinK  the 
■'miMiH,  IIlT"'  the  iravillin^;  ltc(  amc  l-mi'ss- 
,,,iv  taiUcinu-,  across  roiiKli  stony  rnl^fs.  and 
..,',|tdlen  iriTS.  Thry  were  oltcii  knci-  deep  in 
Vil  and  M)niflinic's  in  thi'  hollows  liciwci'ii  ihc 
rii-o^ank  up  to  their  waists.  Thi'  wcithcr  w.is 
lacnicly  culd,  the  sky  covered  with  .  loiids,  so 
,i,',l  |,ir  days  they  h  id  not  a  j^linipse  ol  the  sun. 
l',,,r,,,crsiiin  the' highest  rid^''  tliey  h.id  a  wide 
|,'„  j|,il|jnK  pru-ipeil  over  a  wilderness  of  snowy 

riniiitiiii''  ,      ,     ,  , 

(Hiiic^ilhiif  J.iiiu  iry,  Iiowcmt,  tiiey  h.ul  crossed 

thf  ilividin;,'  siiininil'id  the  ch.iin,  and   were  evi- 

(|h|iiIv  miller  the  intlucncc  of  a   milder  elini.ile. 

•](■,,., now  liej;. Ill  to  decrease,  the  sun  oiu c  more 

fiiiiTKi'd  Iroiii  the   thick   e.mopy   of   clouds,    and 

sh)ii"iiH'<'riiiKly  t'l''"'   lliem,  and   they  caiiv;ht  a 

n  r|ii  nt  what  .ippc.ired   to  he  a  pl.iin  sireti  hin^; 

ij";  la  the  west.     They   hailed   it  .is  the  poor  Is- 

rulili--  h.iiled   the   tirst   j,dimpse  nt   the  promised 

li",  I,  tor  they  llattered  thems(d\es  that  this  miKht 

k- ilif  nre.it  plain  ot  the  Columliia,  and  th.it  their 

r,uiitui  pilnrini.i^je  mi>;ht  he  drawlnjr  to  a  idi.se. 

It  u.is  now  live  d.iys  since  they  h.id  letl  the 
Idfjei  ot  the  Shoshonies,  durin;,^  whiidi  they  h.'id 
lime  .ihiiut  siNty  miles,  and  tlu  ir  j,niide  as->ureil 
them  tii'it ill  the  course  of  the  next  day  they  would 
su' the  ScialoK'as. 

On  tile  followiii;,^  morilinj,',  iheridore,  they  push- 
ti!  fiir.v.ird  uith  ea),f ernes.-.,  .-ind  soon  ftdl  upon  ;i 
5,1. ill  stream  whicii  led  them  tliri)Uj;h  a  deep,  nar- 
rjiv  dililc,  hetweeii  stupendous  rid^a-s.  Here 
aiMii;;  the  nicks  and  preciiiices  they  saw  Kan^;s 
(■;  th.it  inmiiil.iiii-lovin^f  .uiimal,  the  hhick-t.iiled 
deer,  and  c.inie  to  where  i;re,U  trai  ks  of  horses 
were  to  he  seen  in  all  directions,  made  hy  the  In- 
(li.m  luiiiters. 

The  billow  h,iil  entirely  dis.ippe.ired,  .and  the 
hjpe.s  ol  soon  coinin--  upon  sonic'  Indi.in  eneani|i- 
niciit  iiiihued  .Mr.  Hunt  to  press  on.  Many  of  the 
men,  liowever.  Were  so  enteehle.l  th.it  lliey  could 
r.ii  keep  up  with  the  m.iin  hody,  hut  hi^^K'^'d.  at 
interv.ils,  hehiiid,  and  some  of  them  did  not  ar- 
rive at  the  iii^dn  eiicampnient.  In  the  course  of 
this  day's  march  the  recently  horn  child  of  I'ierre 
D-iri-m  (lied. 

Tne  march  w.is  resumed  early  the  next  morn- 
ir.,',  without  w.iitiii),'  tor  the  str.-idfijlers.  The 
-■.u-un  which  they  h.id  followed  throu,i,diout  the 
[reudinjr  day  was  now  swollen  hy  the  inllu\  uf 
another  river;  the  deidivities  of  the  hills  were 
K'reeiiand  the  valleys  were  clothed  with  jjrass.  At 
icn;jtli  the  jovi.il  cry  was  jrjven  of  "an  Indian 
cain|)!"  It  was  yet  in  the  distance,  in  the  hos(>m 
otthe;;reeu  valley,  hut  they  could  perceive  tli.it  it 
I'jnsisted  of  numerous  lodfres,  .and  that  hundreds 
"t  hordes  were  j;r,i,dn;,' the  ^(rassy  meadows  .iround 
i:.  T;ie  prospect  ot  ahundance' of  horse-llesh  dif- 
lu.>e,l  universal  joy,  lor  hy  this  tiiiK;  the  whole 
s'.'ik  ot  tr.ivellini;-  |)ro\  isions  w.is  reduced  to  the 
Su'letoii  .steed  ot  I'ierre  Dorion,  and  another 
J'-elched  animal,  eipially  em.iciated,  that  iiad 
i'--a  rqieatedly  reprieve, rdurinj,^  the  journey. 

.V  lorced  march  soon  hrou,i;iit  the  wearv  and 
h''ini;ry  travellers  to  the  camp.'  It  proved  tii  he  a 
-T  ei;;  p,irty  ot  .Sciato;;,is  and  Tus-che-pas.  There 
■"•iethirty-tinir  lo,ljrt.s,  coniiort.ihly  constructed  of 
"•''■=;  the  In.li.ms.  too,  were  hett'er  clothed  than 
-■:•■  III  the  wiiiderinir  hands  they  had  hitherto 
•■••ton  this  Mile  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  Indeed 
; '•■V  were  as  well  clad  .is  the  .ifi-neralitv  of  the  wdid 
•J:uer  tribes.  Each  had  a  '<(ood  huf'f.ilo  or  di  er 
"^■^  robe  ;  and  a  deer  skin  huntinir  shirt  and  lej;- 
!>;"'■  l-pwardof  two  thousrind  horses  were  r.an;,^- 
'■i  the  pastures  around  their  encampment  ;  hut 


wh.it  deljjrhtrd  Mr.  Hunt  w.ih,  on  enli'rin;j  tho 
lod^,'es,  to  hidiold  hrass  kettle.,  axes,  copper  te.l- 
kettles,  and  v.irious  other  .irin  Ics  ol  i  ivili/ed  m.m- 
ut,ic|iire,  whii  h  '.howcd  th.it  these  Indian-,  h.id  .11) 
indirect  communn  .ition  with  the  people  ol  the  se.». 
co.ist  who  'r.ided  \Mth  the  whites.  He  m.ide  »M^,'tr 
ilwpiirics  of  the  Sci.ito^;.is,  .mil  ^^.ithercd  Irom  Ihein 
lli.it  the  KiiMt  river  (the  l.'olunihl.i  i.  w.is  luit  two 
d.iys'  man  li  dist.int,  .mil  lh.it  sever. d  whilr  pioplu 
h.id  nil  ntly  descended  it,  who  hr  hoped  iiiit;lit 
pro\e  to  he  M'l.idl.m,  .M'Kiii/ie,  .ind  tlit  ir  com- 
p.mions. 

It  was  with  ihe  utmost  joy,  and  the  most  pro. 
found  ).;r.itituile  to  Heaven,  that  .Mr.  Hunt  loiiml 
hinisell  ,ind  his  h.iiid  ol  we.iry  and  l.imi-,hiiiu 
wanderers,  thus  s.ih  ly  extrii  ,iled  from  the  iimst 
perilous  p.irt  of  ilieir  lonj;  jnurney,  .md  within  thu 
prospect  ol  .1  terniin.iiion  of  tlnir  tmls.  .\ll  the 
straKj,deis,  who  hid  l.inj;ed  ludimd,  arrived,  one 
.liter  another,  excepiiii;;  ihi'  poor  Can, idi.in  \()ya» 
};i'iir,  (  .irriere.  He  h.ul  heeii  seen  l.ile  in  the  prece- 
ding .ilternoon,  ridiiiif  hrhind  a  Sn.ike  Indian,  near 
some  lo(lj;-es  of  th.it  nation,  ,i  lew  miles  distant 
from  the  last  nij,;hl's  enc.mipnirnt,  ,inil  it  w.is 
expected  that  he  would  soim  m.ike  his  appcir.mcc, 

'Ihe  lirst  (d)jeet  ot  .\Ir.  Hunt  w.is  to  ohtain  pro- 
visions for  his  men.  A  little  veni.nn,  (d  an  in- 
litlereiit  (pialily,  ,ind  some  roots  were  all  that 
could  he  ])rocured  that  evening,'  ;  hut  the  next  d,iy 
he  succeeded  in  punh.isini;  ,i  ni.ii'e  and  colt, 
wdiich  wire  imme.li.itidy  killed,  ;md  the  cr.uinjfs 
of  the  h.llf-st.irved  people  in  some  di^'iee  .ippe  isi-d. 

For  several  days  they  rem. lined  in  the  nni^hhor- 
hood  ot  these  Indians,  re|)osiiij;' after , ill  their  h.ird- 
ships,  and  le.istint^  u|)on  horse-lh  sli  and  roots, 
ohtained  in  suhseipieiil  traltic.  Man)  of  the  people 
ate  to  such  excess  ,is  to  render  ibemselves  sick, 
otlu'rs  were  lame  troin  their  p.ist  j  uiniey  ;  hut  all 
(,nMdually  recruited  in  the  reiiose  ,in  1  ahimdaiu  e 
of  the  valley.  Horses  were  ohtained  here  much 
more  re.idily  ;ind  .at  .i  che.iper  r.iie  ;h,in  .imon^ 
the  Sn.ikes.  A  hl,iid<et,  :\  knife,  or  .i  half  pounil 
of  hliie  he.uls  would  pundi.ise  ;i  steed,  ,ind  .it  tlii.s 
r.iti'  m.inyof  the  men  hou^ht  hor-.e ,  tor  their  indi- 
vidual use. 

This  trihe  ot  Indi.ms,  who  .ire  repn  seiited  .is  a 
proud-spirited  race,  and  uncommonlv  cle.mly, 
never  e.it  horses  nor  do^'s,  imr  would  tiiey  permit 
the  r.iw  flesh  of  idther  to  he  hioU',;ht  into  their 
huts.  They  had  a  sm.ill  (|Uantity  of  vi'iiison  in 
e.ich  lod^r,.,  hut  set  so  lii);h  a  price  upon  it  that 
the  white  men,  in  their  impoverished  state,  could 
not  alfi-rd  lo  purchase  it.  They  hunted  the  deer 
on  luM'seh.ick,  "  rinj;in,i;,"  or  surrounding,'  them, 
;iiid  runninjj  them  down  in  a  ciia  le.  They  were 
.■idniiral)le  horsemen,  .mil  their  weapons  were 
l)iiws  .111(1  arrows,  which  they  nian;n;ci|  willi  j^^rcit 
(lext(-rity.  They  were  .ilto^rether  primitivi'  in  their 
hahits,  and  seemed  to  cliii;j  to  the  us.it^^es  of  s.iv- 
aj;e  life,  even  when  possessed  (d  the  aids  of  civili- 
zation. They  h.ul  ,ixes  ammi;^'  them,  yet  they  f^en- 
er.iUy  made  use  of  a  stone  m.illei  wroiiLjhi  into 
the  sh.'ipe  of  a  hottle,  and  wedLfes  ot  (dk-h(M'n,  in 
splitting  their  wood.  ThoUL;li  they  niinlil  h.ive 
two  (U"  three  hrass  kettles  hanL,dn.L';  in  their  lodj^res, 
yet  they  would  treipiently  use  \-cssels  m.ide  ot 
wdllow,  for  carryiii|4'  water,  and  would  evc-ii  l)oil 
their  me.at  in  them,  l)y  means  ot  liot  stones.  Tliidr 
women  wore  caps  of  willow  neatly  worked  and 
ti;4ured. 

y\s  C.irriere,  the  C.inadian  str.ij^f^^ler,  did  not 
make  his  ap])e,iraiice  lor  two  nr  three  d.iys  after 
the  enc.ini])nient  in  the  valley,  two  men  were  sent 
out  on  horsidiack  in  seandi  ot  him.  They  return- 
ed, however,  without  success.     The  lodges  ot  the 


3S3 


ASTORIA. 


<f 


liM  '■  -I: 


i^     I 


I^H 


Snnkp  Indians  nrar  which  lie  had  been  scon  were 
removed,  and  Uu-y  could  lincl  no  trace  ot  iiini. 
Several  days  more  el.ijjsed,  yet  nolliin)^  was  seen 
or  heard  ot  him,  or  ol  the  Snake  horseman,  behind 
whom  he  had  been  last  observed.  It  was  teared, 
therefore,  that  he  hail  either  perished  through 
huni,^er  and  taiij,'ue  ;  had  been  murdered  by  the 
Indians  ,  or,  beini;  left  to  himself,  hail  mistaken 
some  luMUiiii;-  tracks  for  the  trail  oi  the  parly,  and 
been  led  astiay  an<l  lost. 

The  river  on  the  banks  of  which  they  were  en- 
camped, emptied  into  the  Columbia,  was  called  by 
the  natives  the  Mu-o-tal-la,  or  L'm.it.dla,  and 
abounded  with  bea\er.  In  the  cour.ie  of  their  so- 
journ in  the  \,dley  wldch  it  watered,  they  twice 
shitted  their  cunp,  |iroceedini;;  about  lhirt\  miles 
down  its  course,  which  was  to  the  west.  A  heavy 
fall  of  rain  caused  the  river  to  overllow  its  banks, 
dislodn't'd  them  Irom  their  encampment,  and 
drowned  thrte  of  their  horses,  which  wei'e  tether- 
ed in  the  low  !;i'ound. 

Further  conversation  with  the  Indians  satisl'ied 
them  that  they  were  in  the  neiLjliborhocd  of  the 
Columbia.  The  number  of  the  white  r.ien  who 
they  said  had  |),issed  down  the  river,  a^jrced  with 
that  of  M'Lellan,  .M'Keii/iie,  and  their  comi)an- 
ions,  and  increased  the  hope  of  Mr.  Hunt  that 
they  minht  h  ive  passed  throuL,di  the  wilderness 
wilil  salety. 

These  Indians  had  a  vaj^ue  story  that  white 
men  were  comint,' to  trade  anuni^them  ;  and  tlie\ 
often  spoke  ol  two  ^reat  men  named  Ke-Koosh 
arid  J.iccpiein,  who  ;.;'ave  them  tobacco,  and 
smoked  with  them.  Jacipiean,  they  said,  had  a 
house  somewhiMe  u|)on  the  yreat  river.  Some  of 
the  Canadians  su])posed  they  were  speakin;,^  ot 
one  Jac{|uean  I'inlay,  a  clerk  of  the  .Northwest 
Company,  and  infeired  th.it  the  house  must  he 
some  tr.idin.:.;'  pjsl  on  one  ot  the  tributary  streams 
of  the  Columbia.  The  Indians  were  oxerjoyed 
wiien  they  tound  this  band  of  white  men  intended 
to  retui-n  and  trade  with  them.  They  jjromised  to 
use  all  dili^rence  in  colleclinj;'  (piantities  of  beaver 
skins,  and  no  doubt  proceeded  to  ni.ike  deadh' 
war  upon  tii.it  sa^^.icious,  but  ill-f.ited  animal, 
who,  in  }i^eiieral,  lived  in  peaceful  in.siijnilic.mce 
amonj.;  his  Indian  nei.^hbors,  belore  the  intrusion 
of  the  white  iradi-r.  On  the  ;oih  of  January,  Mr. 
Hunt  took  lea\e  of  these  friendly  Indi.ins,  and  of 
the  river  on  which  they  were  encamped,  and 
continued  westw.ird. 

At  lentjtli,  on  the  following,'  day,  the  wayworn 
travellers  lilie<l  up  their  eyes  and  beheld  before 
them  the  lon;.^-sou;.,dit  waters  of  the  Columbia.  The 
sif^ht  was  hailed  with  as  much  transport  as  if  they 
had  alreaily  reached  the  i-nd  of  their  pili^rima^e  ; 
nor  cm  we  wonder  at  their  joy.  Two  hundred 
and  forty  miles  h.id  they  marched,  throui;h  winirv 
wastes  and  ruL^ujed  mountains,  since  leavin^r  ;',nake 
River  ;  and  si:c  months  ot  pi-rilous  w.iyfarini,^  had 
they  e\])erii'nced  since  their  departure  from  the 
Arickara  vili.'.;.;o  on  the  Missouri.  Their  whole 
route  by  land  and  w.iler  from  that  |)oint  liad  been, 
accordinu,r  to  tluit  computation,  seventeen  liun- 
dred  and  tiliy-one  miles,  in  the  course  of  which 
they  had  enduied  all  kinds  of  hardships.  In  l.ict, 
the  necessity  ot  avoidinf,r  ihe  dantjerous  country 
of  the  iSlackteet  had  oblij^ed  them  to  make  a  beml 
to  the  south,  and  to  traverse  a  j.;reat  adtlitional  ex- 
tent of  unknown  wilderness. 

The  |)l,ice  where  ihey  struck  the  Columbia  was 
some  distance  below  the  jiuiction  ol  its  two  ^reat 
branches,  Lewis  and  Cl.irke  I\ivers,  and  not  far 
from  the  influx  of  the  W.dlah-W.illah.  It  was  a 
beautilid  stie.iin,   three  C|uarters  of  a  mile  wirle, 


totally  free  from  trees;  bordered  in  snnv>  Vr^j 
with  stee|)  rocks,  in  others  w  itli  pebhlcd  sl'.i/''ts 

On  the  banks  ot  the  Colunibi.i  they  Iouik!  a ,,  . 
erable  horde  ot  Indians,  called  .Akai-cliii.,  « • " 
no  clothin},^  but  a  scanty  mantle  ot  the^kmsj] 
animals,  and  sometimes  a  pair  of  sleeves  ot  wii''- 
skin.  Their  lodj;es  were  shaped  like  a  tent  ••'ii 
very  tight  and  warm,  beinj,^  covered  with  r,i,i;5;i 
rushes  ;  beside  which  they  had  excavati'ins  i 
the  j,n-ound,  lined  with  mats,  and  occupied  b.  ■'- 


-t 

cupied  Iv. 
women,  who  were  even  more  sli;,duly  cl.,ij  ;- 
the  men.  These  ])e()i)le  stdisisted  cliidly  hv  :•  i-. 
inj,'  ;  havin;.;'  canoes  of  ;i  rude  cor.stnicli'on,  he"-' 
merely  the  trunks  of  pine  trees  split  and  Iviilnv^ 
out  by  lire.  Their  lod;.,res  were  well  sturid  ivr-i 
dried  salmon,  and  they  h.id  j,'ieat  <iii.intitiij  a 
Iresh  salmon  trout  of  an  excellent  tlavcir,  liktr, ,-.t 
the  mouth  of  the  I'matalla  ;  id  which  the  triv. 
ellers  obtained  a  most  acceiitahle  supply. 

Findin);     aat  the  ro.id  was  on  the  im'rth  ^ille^j 

the  river,   Mr.    IlinU  crossed,  ai;.l  cuiitinui-il  r,ve 

or   six   days   travellin;^   r.ither  slowly  down  ,il.^:  i 

its  banks,  beini;  much   delayed  by  the  slr.i'.i:  ■  ^: 

the  horses,  and  the  attemjus  made  liy  the  l;;i!;.,:.j 

to   steal   the;,,.      They   treiiuiaitly   passed  liiijc?, 

wl'.ere  they  obtained  lish  .icd  doLjs.     At  oiiu  place 

the  natives  had  just  returned  Iroin  liuntiiii;.  ,in! 

had  brou),fht  back  .a  lar),re  tpiantity  ot  elkamliler 

meat,  but  asked  so  hi}(h  a  price  tur  it  .as  to  W:  ;.•. 

yond    the   funds  ot    the   travellers,   so  llu'V  l'.,i(l  ;o 

content  themselves   with   do;4's  tlesh.     'I'liiv  i-,,d 

by   this   time,    however,    come   to  consider  it  wr,' 

j  choice  fond,  superior  to  horse  tlesh,  anil  tln' mii 

I  utes  of  the  expedition  speak  rather  exultiiifjly  nnv 

and   then,    of  their  havinj^  made  a  "  faiii.iiis  re- 

<  ]).ist,"  where  this  \-iand  hapjiencl  to  he  uiiii^m;!,' 

:  pleiitv. 

;  They  af^ain  learnt  tidinjj;s  of  some  ot  the  scat- 
I  tered  members  ol  the  xiiedition,  supposed  tn  iie 
!  .M'Ken/.ie,  .M'l.ellan,  and  iheir  men,  whu  h.nl  pre. 
I  ceded  them  down  the  i  ,  and  had  overl'.!r;u\l 
i  one  of  their  canoes,  by  whicii  they  lost  ni.iny  ar;;- 
■  cles.  All  these  tlo.alin^  ])ieces  of  iiUellii;i:ire"'t 
1  their  fellow  adventurers,  who  had  separaleil  Iron 
I  them  in  the  heart  of  the  wilderness,  they  receiveJ 
]  with  eaL;'er  interest. 

i  The  we.uher  continued  to  be  temperate,  irark- 
1  iiiLf  the  su])erior  softness  of  the  climate  on  th;5 
side  of  the  mountains.  I'or  a  ;^reat  part  t it  the 
time,  the  davs  were  deIi,L;httully  mild  .imlu(.;r, 
like  the  .ii'rene  d.iys  of  ( ictober,  on  the  .Atl.iir.ic 
borders.  The  country  i:i  ;;ener.d,  in  t!  .' iic;.;!;- 
borhood  of  the  river,  was  a  ci.ntinual  iilaiii,  1  iv; 
near  the  water,  but  rising  ^n-adu.dly  ;  destitute  of 
trees,  and  almost  without  shrubs  or  plants  ot  a;;y 
kind,  exceptini;'  a  few  willow  bushes.  Alter  tr.iv- 
ellin^'  about  sixty  miles,  they  came  to  where  the 
country  became  very  hilly  and  the  river  niaiie  :■.$ 
way  between  rocky  banks,  and  down  nutiureiis 
r.ii)ids.  The  Indians  in  this  vicinity  were  hitti-r 
id. id  and  alto.o'ethi'r  in  more  prosperous  coniiiti'n 
than  those  ;'ibove,  and,  as  Mr.  Hunt  thoiii;l;t, 
showed  their  consciousness  ot  ease  hy  sometliin,,' 
like  sauciness  ot  manner.  Thus  prosperity  is  rdtt 
to  produce  arroj^ance  in  s.avai^e  as  well  as  in  I'lvi- 
li/ed  life.  In  both  conditions,  man  is  an  aiiimal 
that  will  not  bear  |)amperinjj. 

From  these  people  Mr.  I  li  nt  f(n- the  t'lrst  time 
received  vai,rue  but  deejilv  interesting;'  itUell)|,'Ci;ce 
of  that  p.irt'ot  the  enteriii'ise  which  had  prmw.«l 
b\  sea  to  the  mouth  of  the  Colunihia.  '"y": 
dians  spoke  of  a  number  of  white  men  who  luJ 
built  a  large  house  at  the  mouth  ot  the  ^reat  river, 
and  siirrouiifled  it  with  ]ialisades.  None  ot  tnem 
had   been   down   to  Astoria  themselves  ;   hul  ru- 


ASTORIA. 


383 


■^rcd  in  sinv  p'i-a 

■i  llifv  Idiim!  :i  ^1  ■ 
<l   Ak;ii-rh|,,'v..i 

III  Slfuvt's  ol  WoV; 

)c;l   likcatciu,  a'^ 

'VCrcil    with  I-,l,U3;j 

;i>l  i-'xcavatiuiii  -4 
ikI  'icciipifd  hv;'l 

■  sliKlnly  cL.i:;"  i, 
ti'<l  rhiclly  bv :':::-. 
Cdiislnictilin.'lur  . 

split  ami  lv.il„r..; 

re   Wtll    stun,!  -a;;-! 

,ni-at  (|iian!itii.,s  i.! 
(-■Ill  tlavur,  likv:; ,;t 
ot  wliicii  tht;  tr,.v. 
lie  supply. 
Ill  the  north  suk  .f 
niiil  continih-l  ;■,.. 
slowly  down  ;;  t 
I  by  the  straMi,.;  ' 
ink-  by  tin-  lV,i!:.,:,i 
tly  iKisst-d  \.\^,< 
I'^S.  At  uiv- pU; 
IfDin  lulnlil,^',  ,i;,| 
lity  ot  elk  ami  i;. 

■  tor  it  as  to  h'- ,  . 
l"s,   so  tlk'v  !;,-ii| ;) 

tlcsh.  Tli.A  i,,;,! 
to  consider  ;t  V'.-v 
ilesh,  and  tl:-  ii,:;{. 
Iiei-  e\u!tinj;iy  iv  w 
lie  a  "  lani^'us  rt- 
ed  to  be  muMia!:,- 

;  some  ol  the  scat- 
in,  suppiisi'i!  t(i  ';ie 
lien,  who  ii.:il  jir;. 
id  had  overi'.!iT.i',l 
ley  lost  niai'iV  ai::- 
i  of  inteilii;i  iicf 'i 
ad  separateil  tio".i 
ess,  they  leicucJ 

temperate,  n'ark- 

e  elimale  i)!i  this 

,L;reat  ]>arl  nt  iho 

\-  mild  ami  I'l.ir, 

r,  (in  the  .Ail.ur.ic 

r.d,  in  tl  :  iiei;;!:- 

lUiiiual  plain,  1  '■■'.• 

div  ;    desliui'.eot 

■,  or  [dams  et  a;;y 

lu'S.     Alter  tr..v- 

mie  to  wlk-retlv; 

the  river  ni.ule  ".j 

down  nin;uri'.i5 

rinity  were  i^'-tScr 

sperous  comiit;  in 

•,    Hunt  thoui;!.;, 

ise  by  soliiethii:,' 

prosperity  is .,!  t 

;is  well  as  HI  eivi- 

ni.m  is  an  animal 

for  the  tnst  t;:r.e 
stinj;-  inle!lii;o:'.ie 
h  h.id  proi-c'-ilnl 
iiiiibia.  'I  he  in- 
lite  men  wlioh.iJ 
)|  the  };reat  river, 
None  ot  them 
iiselves  ;   hut  r'J- 


mirs  spread  widelv  and  mpidly  from  mouth  to 
uth  iimm,!,'  ihi-'  Indian  tribes,  and  are  carried 
p  '■■!.  h«ari  ol  the  interior,  by  liuiuinjr  parties  and 
„,,,,.,;uv  hordev 

The  establislimeiit  ot  a  tr.idiiij^r  emporium  at 
I,.,  point,  also,  was  calcul.iled  to  cause  a  seii- 
,,•1011  to  the  most  remote  parts  ot  tlie  vast  wllder- 
,' .„  hevoiid  the  mountains.  It,  in  a  manner, 
strick  the  pulse  ot  the  K!''';>t  ^'itiil  river,  and  vi- 
L,i-,jtclupall  its  tributary  streams. 

it  h  siirprisint,''  to  notice  bow  well  this  remote 
tribe  ot  sav,i(,'es  Had  learnt,  throuj;h  intermediate 
„',.jjps,  the  private  leelin,i;s  ot  the  colonists  at 
'\,tiiria';  it  shows  that  Indians  are  nut  the  iii- 
airhiu>  and  iiiditferent  observers  tli.it  they  have 
hall  represented.  They  told  Mr.  Ihiiit  that  the 
wi.ite  people  at  the  large  house  had  been  lookiiijr 
a;i\ioii>!v  tor  many  ot  their  trieiids,  whom  they 
i\ul  expected  to  descend  the  j;reat  river  ;  and  had 
jiceii  111  iiHi^^'li  altlictioii,  tearing'  that  they  were 
l„\,  Sow,  however,  the  arriv.il  of  him  raid  his 
i-irty  would  wipe  away  all  their  tears,  and  they 
vv  mid  (lance  and  sin.tj  tor  joy. 

On  the  31st  of  Jaiuiary,  Mr.  Hunt  arrived  at  the 
fils  ,ii  the  Columbia,  and  encamped  at  the  vil- 
li-;■  r.;  Wish-ram,  situated  at  the  he.id  of  that 
(i,."!!-!  r  'US  |)ass  of  the  river  called  "  the  long  nar- 
rowi." 


CIIAI'TKR  X.X.WIII. 

Onhevill.a;jeof  Wisb-r.im,  the  aborigines'  tish- 
in;  mart  ot  the  Columbi.i,  we  have  gi\en  some 
ruvouiit  in  an  early  cli.apter  of  this  work.  The 
iatuhitants  held  a  traflie  in  the  productions  of  the 
li-heries  of  the  falls,  and  their  villa.ge  was  the 
irailin;,'  resort  ot  the  tribes  from  the  co.ist  and 
iriai  t!u' mountains.  Mr.  Hunt  found  the  inliab- 
iMiils  >hre\vder  ami  more  intelligent  than  any  In- 
ilaiiis  lie  had  met  with.  Tr.ide  li.id  shar|)ened 
tiieirwits,  though  it  had  not  improved  their  lion- 
Ci'.y  ;  tor  they  were  .1  community  of  arrant  rogues 
aiil  treehooters.  Their  habitations  comp.irted 
with  their  circumstances,  and  were  superior  to 
any  the  travellers  h;id  yet  seen  west  of  the  Rocky 
Mouiu.uns.  In  general  the  dwellings  of  the  sav- 
a^'cs  nil  the  Pacilic  sideot  tli.it  gre.it  barrier,  were 
n'.tre  tents  and  cabins  of  m.ats,  or  skins,  or  str.aw, 
the  country  being  destitute  of  timber.  In  Wish- 
r.im,  oil  the  contr.iry,  the  houses  were  built  of 
wood,  with  long  sloping  roots.  The  floor  was 
sunk  about  six  feet  below  the  surface  of  the 
ground,  with  a  low  door  at  the  gable  end,  ex- 
trtniely  narrow,  and  partly  sunk.  Through  this 
i'.w.ts  necessary  to  crawd,  and  then  to  descend  a 
short  ladder.  This  inconvenient  entrance  was 
rrohahly  for  the  jiurjiose  of  defence  ;  there  were 
lojp-holes  also  under  the  eaves,  .apparently  tor  the 
dischar^'e  ol  arrows.  The  houses  were  large, 
generally  containing  two  or  three  families.  Im- 
mediately within  the  door  were  sleeping  places, 
ran^'al  along  the  walls,  like  berths  in  a  ship  ;  and 
furnished  with  pallets  of  matting.  These  ex- 
tended along  one-h,ilf  of  the  building  ;  the  re- 
H'',iiiiiiv.r  halt  was  approiiriated  to  the  storing  of 
(iricdllsh. 

Ihc  trading  operations  of  the  inhabitants  of 
Wish-ram  had  given  them  a  wider  scope  of  infor- 
nation,  and  rendered  their  village  a  kind  of 
h«di|'.iarters  of  intelligence.  Mr.  Hunt  was 
i:w,  therefore,  to  collect  more  distinct  tidings 
concerning  the  settlement  of  Astoria  and  its  af- 
fairs. One  ot  the  inhabitants  had  been  at  the  trn- 
'^H  past  estalilislied   by  Daviil  Stuart,  on  the 


(^akinagan,  nnd  h.td  pickcti  U])  a  few  word.s  of 
I'jigli.ih  there.  From  him,  Mr.  Hunt  gleaned 
various  ji.irticulars  about  that  e.-it.iblishment,  as 
well  as  abiuit  the  gener.il  concerns  ot  the  enter- 
prise. Others  repeated  the  name  ot  Mr.  M'Kay, 
the  partner  who  perished  in  the  massacre  on 
board  of  the  Ton(|iiin,  and  gase  some  account  of 
that  melancholy  affair.  'I'liey  said,  ,Mr.  .M'K.iy 
was  a  chief  among  the  white  men,  and  had  built 
a  great  house  .it  the  month  of  the  river,  hut  had 
Icit  it  and  sailed  away  in  a  large  ship  to  the  north- 
w.ird,  where  he  had  been  att.icked  by  b.ul  Indi.ms 
in  canoes.  Mr.  Hunt  w.is  startUd  iiy  this  intelli- 
gence, and  made  further  in(|uiiaes.  They  inforni- 
ed  him  tli.it  the  Indians  had  l.islie  1  their  c.uioes  to 
the  slii]),  .111(1  louglit  until  they  kille  1  him  .and  all 
his  people.  This  is  .another  instance  ot  the  (de.ir- 
ness  with  wdiich  intelligence  is  tr.iiisiiiitted  from 
mouth  to  mouth  among  tlu'  Indi.in  •  .lies.  These 
tidings,  though  but  ]),irti,illy  credited  by  -Mr. 
Hunt,  filled  his  mind  with  anxious  torebodings. 
He  now  endeavored  to  [irocure  canoes  in  -.vhich  to 
descend  the  Columbi.i,  but  none  suit.ible  for  the 
|)iirpose  were  to  be  obtained  above  the  narrows  ; 
lie  continued  on,  therefore,  the  distance  of  twelve 
miles,  and  enc.imped  on  the  b.iiik  ol  ih.e  river. 
The  cam])  was  soon  surrounded  by  loitering  sav- 
ages, who  went  prowling  about,  seeking  wh.it 
they  might  |)ilfer.  Indng  battled  by  the  vigilance 
of  the  gu.ird,  they  eiuleavored  to  1  onipass  their 
ends  by  other  means.  Toward  evening,  a  iium- 
berof  w.irriors  entered  the  camp  in  rurilmg  style  ; 
p.iinted  and  dressed  out  as  if  tor  battle,  and  armed 
with  laiu'es,  bows  .ind  arrows,  and  se.ilping  knives. 
They  informed  Mr.  Hunt  that  ;i  p.irty  ot  thirty  or 
forty  br.ives  were  coming  up  from  ,1  vill.ige  below 
to  .attack  the  cam])  .and  carry  (df  the  horses,  but 
tli.it  they  were  determined  to  stay  with  him,  and 
detend  him.  .Mr.  Hunt  received  them  with  gre.it 
coldness,  and,  wdien  they  had  t'lnislu'd  their  story, 
.gave  them  a  |)i|)e  to  smoke.  He  then  called  up 
.all  li.ands,  st.itioned  sentinels  in  dilfereiit  (luarters, 
but  told  them  to  kee|)  as  vigilant  an  eye  within 
the  camp  as  without. 

The  w.irriors  were  evitlently  bifded  by  these 
])recautions,  and,  having  smoked  tlieir  pipe,  and 
vapored  off  their  valor,  took  their  dep.irture.  The 
farce,  however,  did  not  end  lieri'.  .Alter  a  little 
while  the  w.irriors  returned,  ushering  in  .another 
savage,  still  more  heroically  arrayed.  This  they 
announced  as  the  cliiid  of  the  belligerent  village, 
but  as  a  great  ]),acitic,itor.  His  people  h.id  been 
furiously  bent  U|)(M1  the  .itt.ick,  and  would  have 
doubtless  carried  it  into  elfect,  but  this  g.illant 
chief  had  stood  forth  as  the  friend  id  the  wdiite 
men,  and  had  dispersed  the  throng  by  his  own 
.authority  and  jirow'ess.  Il.ning  v.iunted  this 
sign.al  piece  of  service,  there  w.is  ;i  signilicant 
pause  ;  all  evidently  expecting  some  .adei|uate  re- 
w.ard.  Mr.  Hunt  .again  jiroduced  the  pipe, smoked 
with  the  chieftain  .and  his  wortliv  comjieers  ;  but 
made  no  further  demonstr.itions  ot  gr.ititude. 
They  remained  about  the  c.inip  all  night,  but  at 
daylight  returnee,  baftleil  ,ind  cresti  dleii,  to  their 
homes,  with  noth.ng  but  smoke  for  their  pains. 

Mr.  Hunt  now  emle.ivmed  to  procure  canoes,  of 
wdiich  he  saw  several  about  the  neighborhood, 
extremely  well  ni.ade,  with  elevated  stems  ,and 
sterns,  some  of  tluMii  cap.ible  of  carrying  three 
tlious.and  ])ounds  weight.  He  found  it  extremely 
dillicult,  however,  to  deal  with  these  slippery  peo- 
ple, wdio  seemed  much  more  inclined  to  jiilfer. 
Notwithstanding  a  strict  guard  maintaineil  round 
the  camp,  various  implements  were  .stolen,  anci  sev- 
eral horses  carried  off.  Amonjj  the  latter  we  have 


384 


ASTORIA. 


m 


l!  ;^; 


(I  ' 


to  include  the  lonff-cliprishcd  steed  of  Pierre  Do- 
rioii.  Froin  sonic  wiltiil  caprice,  that  worthy 
pitched  his  tent  at  sonu:  distance  Ironi  the  main 
iioily,  and  tctiu'red  liis  invaUiahie  steed  beside  it, 
iroin  wlieiice  it  was  abstracted  in  tile  ni^jlit,  to  tile 
inlinile  cliaj,Min  and  iiiorlilication  of  ilie  hylirid 
interpreter. 

llavint;,  after  several  days'  nejjotiation,  ])ro- 
cured  llie  rii|'  !sit(?  nunihcr  of  canoes,  Mr.  Ilunl 
would  i^ladly  iiave  left  lliis  lliievisli  nci).(lil)iir- 
hood,  l)iit  \sas  detained  until  tlie  Stli  (jf  February 
by  violent  iuad  winds,  accompanied  l)y  snow 
and  rain,  luen  alter  he  was  enaliled  to  j;et 
under  way,  he  had  still  to  struj^^de  against 
contrary  winds  and  teni|)estuous  we.ither.  'I'lie 
cmrent  of  the  river,  however,  was  in  Ids  t  ivor  ; 
having  m.ide  a  ]iortaf;fe  at  the  grand  rapid,  the 
canoes  met  with  no  further  obstruction,  and,  on 
the  afternoon  of  the  15th  of  l^'ebruary,  swejit 
round  an  intervi'niiig  rape,  and  came  in  sight  of 
the  infant  settlement  of  Astoria.  After  eleven 
months  wandering  in  the  wilderness,  a  great  part 
of  the  lime  over  trackless  wastes,  wliere  tlie  sight 
of  a  savage  wigwam  was  a  r.irily,  we  may  im- 
agine the  (leliglit  of  tlie  jioor  weatlier-lieateii  trav- 
ellers, at  beholilingihe  embryo  establishment,  with 
its  maga/.iiies,  habit.itions,  and  i)ick('ted  bul- 
warks, sealed  on  a  high  point  ol  land,  dominating 
a  l)eaulitul  little  t.ay,  in  which  was  a  irim-lmilt 
shallop  riding  (|uielly  at  anchor.  A  shout  of  jo\' 
burst  from  each  canoe  at  the  long-wislied  for 
sight,  'f'liey  urged  iheir  canoes  across  the  bay, 
and  pidled  with  eagerness  for  shore,  where  all 
hands  poured  down  from  tlie  settlement  to  receive 
and  welcome  ihem.  .Vmong  the  first  to  greet 
ihem  on  their  landing,  were  some  of  their  old 
conir.ides  and  fellow-sufferers,  who,  under  the 
conduct  of  Reed,  M'Lellan,  and  M'Ken/ie,  hid 
jiarted  from  them  at  the  Caldron  Linn,  'i'hese 
liad  reached  .\sloria  nearly  a  month  |)reviously, 
and,  iuJging  tioni  their  own  narrow  escape  frt)m 
star\ation,  had  given  u])  Mr.  Hunt  and  his  follow- 
ers as  lost.  iheir  grei'ling  was  the  more  warm 
and  cordial.  .Xsto  the  Canadian  voyageurs,  their 
mutual  felicitations,  as  usual,  were  loud  and  vocif- 
erous, ;ind  it  was  almost  ludicrous  to  behold  these 
ancient  "  conir.ides"  and  "  confreres,"  hugging 
and  kissing  e.ich  other  on  the  river  bank.  \\'lieii 
the  first  greetings  were  over,  the  different  baiifls 
interchanged  accounts  of  their  several  wander- 
ings, after  siparatiiig  at  Snake  f<iver  ;  we  shall 
briefly  notice  a  few  of  the  leading  particulars.  It 
will  be  recollecle;l  by  the  reader,  that  a  small  ex- 
jiloringdetacliment  had  proceeded  down  the  river, 
under  the  conduct  of  Mr.  John  Keed,  a  clerk  of 
the  com|)aiiy  :  that  another  had  set  off  under 
M'Lell.iii,  and  ;i  tliirtl  in  a  different  direction,  un- 
der M'Ken/ie.  After  wandering  for  several  days 
withouV  meeting  with  Indi.iiis,  or  obtaining  any 
suppli(S,  they  c.inie  together  fortuitously  aiiioilg 
the  Sii.ike  l\.iver  mountains,  some  distance  below 
that  disastrous  pass  or  strait,  wliicli  had  received 
the  aii|)ellalion  of  the  Devil's  .Scuttle  Hole. 

When  thus  united,  their  p.irty  consisted  of 
IM'Keiuie,  M'L'.'llan,  i'leed,  and  eight  men, 
chielly  Can.ulians.  I'eing  all  in  the  same  jiredie- 
ament,  withoiii  horses,  provisions,  or  inform, ition 
of  any  kind,  they  all  agreed  that  it  would  be  worse 
than  ust'less  to  return  to  Mr.  Hunt  and  encumber 
liim  with  S'l  many  starving  men,  and  that  their 
only  course  was  to  extricate  tht'mselves  as  soon 
as  ])ossible  from  this  land  of  famine  and  misery, 
and  made  the  best  of  their  way  for  the  Columbia. 
They  accordingly  continued  to  follow  the  down- 
ward coarse  of  Snake  River  ;  clambering  rocks 


and  mountains,  and  defying  all  thp  (litf,|.„it;, 
and  dangers  of  that  rugrgcil  deiile,  which  su'i'is" 
(|ueiitly,  when  the  snows  had  fallen,  \\tas|(,i,  i 
impaiisable  by  Messrs.  Hunt  and  Crooks.  '" 
Though  consl.nilly  near  to  the  herders  of  •-< 
river,  and  for  a  great  p.irt  of  the  tiiiie-  within  sir 
of  its  current,  one  of  their  greatest  siiflcninjsvi- 
thirst.  The  river  had  worn  its  wav  in  a  d  " 
channel  througli  rocky  mountains,  destiiut-  7- 
brooks  or  sjirings.  Its  banks  were  so  hi -hV' 
precipitous,  that  there  was  r.irely  any  ijl.icAvKr-' 
the  tr.avellers  could  get  down  to  drink  ils\va;rV 
l''re(|uently  they  suffered  for  miles  tin-  tdrnitn's , • 
■fanialus  ;  w.'iier  conliiiu.illy  within  sl"ht,  v-i 
fevered  with  the  most  parching  thirst,  llciei,' 
there  they  met  with  rain-water  cullecttd  in  ij^j 
hollows  of  the  rocks,  but  more  tliaii  once  thtv 
were  reduced  to  the  utmost  extremity  ;  am!  son-; 
of  the  men  had  recourse  to  the  last  expcilic:;'.-, 
avoid  perishing. 

Their  sufferings  from   hunger  were  equaiiy  ^-. 

vere.     'I'hey  could  meet  with  no  g.uiie,  nhij  m:  ■. 

sisled  tor  a  time  on  strips  of  beaver  skin,  lirn;,,-,; 

on  the  coals.     'I'hese  were  doled  out  in  siimtv:;.. 

lowances,  b.arely  sutlicient  to  keep  ii|)  exi^tcWr, 

and  at  length  failed  them  allogetl'.er.    Siilit;,-; 

I   crept   feebly  on,  scarce   dragging  one  liiiiiiaiiTr 

i   another,  until  a  severe  snow-storm  hroujjlu  ii;v:r. 

to  .1  pause.     To  struggle   against  it,  in  liicir  ■■.• 

'   hausti-d   condition,  was   impossible:  ?.o  cn\uT,!  ,■ 

under  an   impending   rock  at  tin:  toot  of  ;i  s'av; 

mountain,    they     prep.ired     themselves    fur  ti.i'. 

wretched  fate  which  seemed  inevit.i'  '•■. 

At  this  critical  juncture,  when  I, .mine  stare] 
them  in  the  face,  .M'I,ell;in  c.-isting  up  his  ivt\ 
beheld  an  ahsahta,  or  bighorn,  shelterint;  list: 
under  a  shelving  rock  on  the  side  of  tlic  hill  ;ib(.vc 
them.  Deing  in  a  more  active  |iliglu  tb.nii  anvc: 
liis  comrades,  ;ind  an  excellent  ni:n'ksnian,  hcsc: 
off  to  get  within  sliot  of  the  animal,  fliscim- 
]):inions  watclucl  his  nio\'enients  with  Inx-.ilh.iss 
anxiety,  for  their  li\-es  depended  upon  his  biuciss. 
He  made  a  cautious  circuit:  scranihled  ii|i;':;e 
hill  with  th(' utmost  silence,  and  at  length  .'irrivi.'!, 
unperceived,  within  a  proper  distance.  Hcrt;  liv- 
elling  his  rille  he  took  so  sure  an  aim,  th.mhe 
bighorn  tell  dead  on  the  spot  ;  a  fortunate  ciroini- 
st.ance,  for,  to  pursue  it,  if  merely  wuumli'i!. 
wduld  h.ive  been  ini]iossible  in  his  enimi:!'.'.'! 
st.ite.  The  declivity  of  the  hill  enabled  him  to 
roll  the  carcass  down  to  his  companions,  «!■.) 
Were  too  feeble  to  climb  the  rocks.  They  tt-ilw 
woik  to  cut  it  U|)  ;  yet  exerted  a  remark:ilili' st;:- 
denial  for  men  in  their  starving  condition,  lur 
they  contented  themselves  tor  the  iiresent  will;  .1 
soup  made  from  the  bones,  reserving  the  llt'sh  It 
future  rep.'ists.  This  providential  relief  ^Mi 
them  strength  to  ]nirsue  iheir  juiirney,  I'Ul  ihcy 
were  fre(pienll\'  reduced  to  ;dniost  i(|ual  stiaiis, 
I  and  it  was  only  the  smallness  of  their  party,  re- 
i  (juiring  a  small  supply  of  provisions,  that  eiialu'l 
;  them  to  get  through  this  desolate  regiuii  \vi;:i 
their  lives. 

At  length,  after  twenty-one  days  of  tnil  ,inil 
suffering,  ihey  got  through  these  liiountaiiis,  a:i'J 
.arrived  ;it  a  liibutary  stream  of  that  branch  nf  tr.e 
Colunil)i;i  called  Lewis  Kiver,  of  which  .Snake 
Kiver  forms  the  southern  hirk.  In  this  nei}(hiiHr- 
hood  they  met  with  wild  horses,  the  first  iIhv 
had  seen  west  of  the  Rocky  .Mountains.  From 
hence  thev  made  their  wav  to  Lewis  River,  where 
they  fell  'in  with  a  friendly  tribe  ot  Indians,  who 
freely  administered  to  their  necessities,  llnthis 
river  they  procured  two  canoes,  in  which  they 
dropped  'down  the  stream  to  its  cunllucnce  witi) 


ASTORIA. 


385 


,i,e  '"ulumbi'i.  and  then  down  lliat  river  to  Astoria, 
liaci-c  they  iurivctl  haggard  and  emaciated,  and 
„;rfcctly  ill '■ai,'s.  r^,     ., 

Thus,  all  the  leading  persons  ot  Mr.  Hunt  s  ex- 
relitiori  were  once  more  gathered  together,  ex- 


"t-'i'is,  (lesiiiut-  r 


[ii,,r  Mr.  Crooks,  of  whose  safety  they  enter 
uiiicd  but  little  ho|)e,  considering  the  feeble  con- 
,  lliiin  ill  wliiih  they  had  been  compelled  to  leave 
him  111  the  heart  ot  the  wilderness. 

\  il.iv  w.is  now  given  up  to  jul)ilec,  to  cele- 
i.Mtc  the  arrival  ot  .Mr.  Hunt  and  his  companions, 
^J,|  the  joyliil  meeting  ot  the  v.arious  scattered 
^uii.l  otailveimirers  at  Astoria.  The  colors  were 
, .jjsted  ;  the  guns,  great  and  small,  were  fired  ; 
iiutf  was  a  feast  of  lish,  of  beaver,  and  venison, 
whidi  relished  well  with  men  who  had  so  long 
iiicn  L'lad  to  revel  on  horse  tlesh  and  dogs'  meat  ; 
ai'ciiial  allowance  of  grog  was  issued,  to  increase 
the  "■eiieral  animation,  and  the  festivities  wound 
w,  as  usual,  with  a  grand  dance  at  night,  by  the 
Canadian  voyageurs.* 


CILVPTER  XXXIX. 

TiiF.  winter  had  passed  away  tranquilly  at  As- 
oria.  The  apprehensions  of  hostility  from  the 
natives  hail  subsided  ;  imleed,  as  the  season  ad- 
vance;!, the  Indians  for  the  most  i)art  had  disap- 
piared  from  tin;  neighborhood,  and  .abandoned 
tie  sea-coast,  so  that,  for  want  of  their  aid,  the 
oiiinists  had  at  times  suffered  consideral)ly  for 
want  of  provisions.  The  hunters  belcnging  to 
t:i- establishment  made  fre([uent  and  wide  excur- 
sions, but  with  very  moilerale  success.  There 
Wire  some  deer  and  .a  few  bears  to  be  found  in 
the  vicinity,  and  elk  in  gre.it  numbers  ;  the  coun- 
trv,  hoivever,  was  so  rough,  and  the  woods  so 
c.js-j  and  ent.ingled,  that  it  was  almost  im|)ossi- 
i;icto  heat  up  the  game.  The  prevalent  rains  ot 
winter,  also,  rendered  it  diflicult  for  the  hunter 
ij  keep  his  arms  in  order.  The  (|Uantity  of  game, 
thcrelure,  brought  in  by  the  hunters  was  exlreme- 
iy  scanty,  and  it  w.is  frequently  necessary  to  put 
aii  hands  on  very  moderate  allowance.  Toward 
sprinij,  however,  the  fishing  season  commenced 
-the  season  of  plenty  on  the  Columbi.i.  .About 
the  l)e;,nnning  ot  l'"ebruary,  a  small  kind  of  fish, 
a'ljut  six  inches  long,  called  by  the  natives  the 
uihltcan,  and  resembling  the  smelt,  made  its  ap- 
pearance at  the  mouth  of  the  river.  It  is  said  to 
I);  (if  delicious  Iktvor,  and  so  fat  as  to  l)urn  like  a 
camlle,  for  which  it  is  often  usetl  by  the  natives. 
Centers  the  river  in  immense  shoals,  like  sijlid 
cilumns,  often  extending  to  the  depth  of  five  or 
mire  feet,  and  is  scoo|)ed  uj)  by  the  natives  with 
snnii  nets  at  the  end  ot  poles.  In  this  w;iy  they 
will  soon  till  a  canoe,  or  form  a  great  he.ip  upon 
lae  river  banks.  These  lish  constitute  a  princijjal 
article  ot  their  food  ;  the  women  (Irving  tlumi  ;ind 
striiiijing  them  on  cords.  .-Vs  the  iithlecan  is 
only  tound  in  the  lower  part  of  the  river,  the  ar- 
rival of  it  soon  brought  back  the  n.itives  to  the 
wast;  whoag.iin  resorted  to  the  factory  to  trade, 
3:id  Irom  that  time  furnished  plentiful  sujiplies  ot 

liie  sturgeon  makes  its  appearance  in  the  river 
''m\y  after  the  uthlecan,  and  is  taken  in  differ- 
i^'it  ways,  by  the  natives  :  sometimes  tliey  spear 

The  distance  from  St.  Louis  to  Astoria,  by  ifie 
rwe  travelled  by  Hunt  and  M'Kenzie.  was  upward 
«1  ihirty-five  hundred  miles,  though  in  a  direct  line  it 
aoes  not  exceed  eighteen  hundred. 


it  ;  l)ut  oftener  tliey  use  tlie  liook  and  line,  and 
the  net.  Occ.isionally,  they  sink  a  cord  m  the 
river  by  a  heavy  weight,  with  .a  buoy  ;U  llie  upper 
end,  to  keep  it  floating.  To  this  cord  several 
hooks  are  alt.iciied  by  short  lines,  ;i  few  feet  dis- 
t.iiit  from  each  other,  and  baited  with  small  lish. 
This  ap|)aratus  is  often  set  tow.ird  night,  .and  by 
the  next  morning  several  sturgeon  will  be  h)unu 
hooked  by  it  ;  for  though  a  large  and  strong  lish, 
it  m.ikes  but  little  resi^itance  when  ensnared. 

The  s.almon,  which  are  the  ])rinu;  lish  of  the 
Columbia,  and  as  important  to  the  piscatory 
tribes  as  are  the  buffaloes  to  the  hunters  ot  the 
])rairies,  do  not  enter  the  river  until  toward  the 
Latter  p.art  of  May,  from  which  time  until  the  mid- 
dle of  .August,  they  abound,  and  ,ire  taken  in  v.ist 
(luantities,  either  with  the  spear  or  seine,  and 
mostly  in  shallow  water.  An  inferior  s|)ecie3 
succeeds,  and  continues  from  August  to  Decem- 
ber. It  is  remarkaule  for  having  a  double  row  of 
teeth,  half  an  inch  long  and  extremely  sharp, 
from  whence  it  has  received  the  name  ot  the  dog- 
toothed  salmon.  It  is  generally  killed  with  the 
spear  in  sniall  rivulets,  and  smoked  hir  winter 
provision.  We  have  noticed  in  a  former  chapter 
the  mode  in  which  the  salmon  .ire  taken  and  cured 
at  the  falls  of  the  Columliia  ;  and  jiiit  u\)  in  par- 
cels for  exi)ort;ition.  From  these  iliffereiil  fisher- 
ies of  the  river  tribes,  the  establishment  at  As- 
toria h.id  to  derive  much  of  its  precarious  sup- 
plies of  provisions. 

A  ye.ir's  residence  .at  the  mouth  o\  ihi'  Colum- 
bia, and  various  expeditions  in  the  interior,  had 
now  given  the  .Astorians  some  ide.i  ol  the  coun- 
try. The  whole  coast  is  described  as  rem.irkably 
rugged  .'ind  mountainous  ;  with  densit  forests  of 
hemlock,  S])ruce,  while  and  red  ced.ir,  cotton- 
wood,  white  oak,  white  and  swanij)  ;ish,  willow, 
and  a  few  walnut.  There  is  lik"wise  .in  i-ntler- 
growlh  of  aromatic  shrubs,  creepers,  and  clam- 
iiering  vines,  th.it  render  tne  forests  .almost  impen- 
etrable ;  together  with  berries  of  xarious  kinds, 
such  as  gooseberries,  strawberries,  raspberries, 
both  re(i  and  yellow,  vi-ry  large  and  finely  tlavor- 
ed  whortleberries,  cranberries,  srr\  i(\d)erries, 
bl.ickberries,  currants,  sloes,  and  wild  anil  choke 
cherries. 

Among  the  flowering  vines  is  one  deserving  of 
p.articular  notice.  Each  llower  is  composed  of 
six  leaves  or  petals,  about  thrix'  inches  in  length, 
ot  a  be.iutiful  crimson,  the  insidu  spotted  with 
white.  Its  leaves,  of  a  fine  gieen,  are  oval,  and 
disposed  by  threes.  This  plant  climbs  upon  the 
trees  without  attaching  itself  to  them  ;  when  it 
has  re.iched  the  topmost  branches  it  discentls 
perpendicularly,  and  as  it  continues  to  grow,  ex- 
tends from  tree  to  tree,  until  its  \-arious  st.dks  in- 
terl.ace  the  grove  like  the  rigging  of  a  ship.  The 
stems  or  trunks  ot  this  vine  are  tougher  .uid  more 
tlexible  than  .villow,  and  are  Iroin  lilty  to  one 
hundred  fathoms  in  length.  From  the  lilires,  the 
Indians  ni.inufaciure  baskets  ot  such  close  tex- 
ture as  to  hold  water. 

The  principal  (|U.idru]K'ils  that  l!.ad  been  seen 
oy  the  colonists  in  their  various  expeditions  were 
the  st.ig,  fallow  deer,  hart,  black  and  gri/zly 
bear,  antelope,  ahsaht.i,  or  bighorn,  be,i\a-r,  sea 
and  river  otter,  muskrat,  fox,  wolf,  and  panther, 
the  latter  extremely  rare.  The  only  domestic  an- 
im.ils  among  the  natives  were  horses  ;ind  dogs. 

The  country  abounded  with  atpiatic  and  land 
birds,  such  as  swans,  wiKl  geese,  l)ranl,  ducks  of 
almost  every  description,  pelicms,  iieruiis,  gulls, 
snipes,  curlews,  eagles,  \iiltiires,  crows,  ravens, 
magpies,  woodpeckers,  iiigeons,  partridges,  pheas- 


38G 


ASTORIA. 


5 -;:li  ' 


f  IS 


,u 


iiy^^ 


tlif  only  dangerous 
,  .111(1  oru;  striped  with 
.'Uioiit  tour  leet  louf;. 
one  ;d)out  nine  or  Icn 
ol  tile  tail,  ritul  three 
The  t.iii   was   round. 


ar.ts,    jrrouse,    and    a    great    variety   of    singing 
birds. 

There  were  few  reptiles 
kinds  were  the  rattlesnake, 
Ijlaik,  yellow,  and  white 
Among  the  li/ard  kind  was 
inches  in  length,  exclusive 
inches  in  circumference, 
and  of  the  same  length  as  the  body.  Tlie  head 
w.is  triangular,  coven/d  with  small  sjjuare  scales 
The  u|)per  p.irt  ol  the  body  w;is  likewise  covered 
with  sm.ill  scaU^s,  green,  yellow,  black,  and  blue. 
ICach  toot  h.id  live  toes,  furnished  with  strong 
nails,  probably  to  aid  it  in  burrowing,  as  it  usually 
lived  underground  on  the  plains. 

A  remarkable  tact,  ch.iracteristic  of  the  country 
wc'  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  is  the  mildness 
am.  e(|uability  of  the  climate.  That  great  moim- 
tain  barrier  seems  to  divide  the  continent  into 
different  climates,  even  in  the  same  degrees  of 
latitude.  The  rigorous  winters  and  sultry  siuii- 
iners,  .and  all  the  capricious  ineciualities  of  tem- 
per.iture  prevalent  on  the  Atlantic  side  of  the 
mountains,  are  but  little  felt  on  their  western  de- 
clivities. The  countries  between  tliem  and  the 
Pacific  arc  blessed  with  milder  and  steadier  tem- 
jierature,  resembling  the  climates  of  ])arallcl  lat- 
itudes in  Europe.  In  the  jjlains  and  valleys  but 
little  snow  falls  throughout  the  winter,  and  usually 
melts  while  tailing.  It  rarely  lies  on  the  ground 
more  than  two  d.iys  at  a  time,  except  on  the  sum- 
mits of'  the  mountains.  The  winters  are  rainy 
ratiier  th.m  cold.  The  rains  for  live  months, 
from  the  middle  of  October  to  the  middle  of 
March,  are  almost  incess.int,  and  often  accom- 
])anied  by  tremendous  thunder  and  lightning. 
The  winds  |)revalent  at  this  season  are  from  the 
south  and  southeast,  which  usually  bring  rain. 
Those  from  the  north  to  the  southwest  are  the 
harbingers  of  fair  weather  and  a  clear  sky.  The 
residue  of  the  year,  from  the  middle  of  .\Iarch  to 
the  michlle  of  October,  an  interval  of  seven 
months,  is  serene  and  delightful.  There  is  scarce- 
ly any  rain  throughout  this  time,  yet  the  face  of 
the  country  is  ke])t  fresh  and  verd.int  by  nightly 
dews,  and  occasionally  by  humid  fogs  in  the 
mornings.  These  are  not  considered  prejudicial 
to  health,  since  both  the  natives  and  the  whites 
sleep  in  the  o[)en  air  with  ]iertect  impunity.  While 
this  ec|u;ible  and  bland  tenijierature  prevails 
throughout  the  lower  country,  the  ])eaks  and 
ridges  of  the  vast  mountains  by  which  it  is  domi- 
nated, are  covered  v.ith  perpetual  snow.  This 
renders  them  discernible  at  a  great  distance, 
shining  at  times,  like  bright  summer  clouds,  at 
other  tinv.'S  .assuming  the  most  aerial  tints,  and 
always  forming  brilliant  and  striking  features  in 
the  vast  l.indscape.  The  mild  temperature  prev- 
alent throughout  the  country  is  attributed  by  some 
to  the  succession  of  wimls  from  the  Pacific  l)cean, 
extending  from  latitude  twenty  degrees  to  at  least 
titty  degrees  north.  These  tenijier  the  heat  of 
summer,  so  th.it  in  the  shade  no  one  is  incom- 
moded !)y  pers])iration  ;  they  also  soften  the  rigors 
ol  winter,  and  produce  such  a  moderation  in  the 
climate,  th.U  the  inhabitants  can  wear  the  same 
tlress  tliroughout  the  year. 

The  soil  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  sea-coast 
is  of  a  brown  color,  inclining  to  red,  and  general- 
ly poor  ;  being  a  mixture  of  clay  and  gravel.  In 
the  interior,  and  esi)ecially  in  the  valleys  of  tlie 
Rocky  .Mountains,  the  soil  is  gener.'Uy  blackish  ; 
though  sometimes  yellow.  It  is  frequently  mixed 
with  marl,  and  with  marine  substances  in  a  state 
of  decomposition.     This  kind  of  soil  extends  to  a 


considerable  depth,  as  may  be  pcrcrived  in  t-. 
ileep  cuts  made  by  ravines,  and  by  tl,,.  |,^,i_"' 
rivers.  The  veget.'ition  in  these  v.il'leys  i,  niu^'- 
more  abundant  th;m  near  the  coast ;  fn  t;ict  V 
in  these  fertile  intervals,  locked  up  hctwci-n  L  ' 
sierr.is,  or  scooped  out  from  barieii  uasies  ii  ■ 
jKipul.ition  must  extend  itself,  ,is  it  were,  iinv" 
and  r;imilkations,  if  ever  the  regi<iiih  Ijt'yuiidv/ 
mountains  shoultl  become  civili/.eil. 


CHAPTER  XL. 

A  URIF.F  mention  has  already  hcca  ni.ideoiti. 
tribes  or  hordes  existing  about  the  lower  part  u! 
the  Columbia  at  the  time  of  the  seiilcnaMit ;  .iifj 
more  jiarticulars  concerning  them  may  he  accept. 
able.  The  tour  tribes  nearest  to  AstrMia,  ar„; 
with  whom  the  traders  had  most  iniercoursi' 
were,  as  has  heretofore  been  ohserveil,  iheL'l,;! 
nooks,  the  Clatsops,  the  W'ahki.uiiiiis,  and  t:,; 
Cathl.amets.  The  Chinooks  residcil  chietlvaloii' 
the  b.iiiks  of  a  river  of  the  same  name,  runnir,i' 
p.arallel  to  the  sea-coast,  through  a  lnw  coumrv 
studded  with  stagnant  ])ools,  and  cniptviii;,' iijc.; 
into  Maker's  Hay,  a  few  miles  from  Cajie  Disi;. 
liointment.  This  was  the  tribe  over  which  Cii,. 
comly,  the  one-eyed  chieftain,  lieKl  swa\  ;  :: 
boasted  two  hundred  and  fourteen  lij^hlitij,' iifcr:, 
'I'heir  chief  subsistence  was  on  tish,  with  an  uc- 
c.ision.il  regale  of  the  llesh  of  elk  and  deer,  ar.<: 
of  wild-fowl  from  the  neighboring  ponds. 

The  Clatsojis  resided  on  bc.tii  sides  of  I'oir,; 
Adams  ;  they  were  the  mere  relics  of  a  iri'x 
which  had  been  nearly  swejit  off  by  the  smallpox. 
and  did  not  number  more  than  one  liuiuhed  an.; 
eighty  lighting  men. 

The  \V';ihkiacums,  or  Waak-i-cums,  inhahiicl 
the  north  side  of  the  Columbia,  anil  numherti 
sixty-six  warriors.  They  and  the  Cliinouks  wcrt; 
originally  the  same  ;  but  a  disjuite  arisiiij,' ahuu: 
two  gener.itions  (irevious  to  the  time  ol  the  seiiii- 
ment  between  the  ruling  chief  and  his  hrolhi-r 
Wahkiacum,  the  latter  seceded,  and  with  his  ad- 
herents formed  the  jiresent  horde  which  coiuiii- 
ues  to  go  by  his  name.  In  this  way  new  tri'iti 
or  clans  are  formed,  and  lurking  c.uises  ol  hos- 
tility engendered. 

The  Cathlamets  lived  opposite  to  the  lower  vil- 
lage of  the  W'ahkiacums,  and  inmihcred  iiiiiity- 
four  warriors. 

These  four  tribes,  or  rather  cl.ins,  have  every 
a])pearance  of  springing  from  the  s.une  uri,'i:i, 
resembling  each  other  in  person,  dress,  lanijuaije, 
and  manners.  They  are  rather  .i  diniiiuitive  na-. 
genera/.y  below  five  feet  live  inches,  with  crookcJ 
legs  and  thick  ankles  ;  a  delorniity  caused  !iy 
their  passing  so  much  of  their  time  sittini;  or 
squatting  upon  the  calves  of  their  legs,  and  tl.cir 
heels,  in  the  bottom  of  their  canoes  ;  a  t.ivimit,' 
])osition,  which  they  retain,  even  when  on  shore. 
The  women  increase  the  deformity  hy  weanr,;' 
tight  bandages  around  the  ankles,  v.hich  pnver.t 
tlie  circulation  of  the  blood,  and  ciuse  a  sweliin.;; 
of  the  muscles  of  the  leg. 

Neithersex  can  boast  of  person.il  heanty.  Their 
faces  arc  round,  with  small,  but  animated  eyo. 
Their  noses  are  broad  and  flat  at  top,  and  tleiiiy 
at  the  end,  with  large  nostrils.  Tliey  have  wwc 
mouths,  thick  lips,  .and  short,  irregular  and  dirty 
teeth.  Indeed,  good  teeth  are  seldom  to  he  seen 
among  the  tribes  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
who  live  chiefly  on  fish. 

In  the  early  stages  of  their  intercourse  with  white 


ASTORIA. 


887 


"^  ["^rci-ived 


in  fy 


'  ;-'"''^' ;  'II  tact,  i: '■; 

liari-L-ii  wastes,  n,,. 
:»s  It  Were,  m  vt  ^^ 


'y  I't-'cn  ma(le(,t!i. 
ut  tlic  Idwlt  pan  ;,| 
t;  seitleineiit ;  at-j' 
lieni  may  he  ,Kccp|. 
St  to  A'stiiria,  ar.i; 
"lost  iiiaTciiursi- 
oliscrved,  theCli;! 
il<i:iciinis,  and  t!,- 
L'sidcl  cliietlya,i,i,J 
:inie  name,  ruiin;-' 
>'i,i;h  a  low  couiiir,- 
ind  I'mpiyiiiiri;,.;. 
■i  Iroiii  Cajie  lJ;s:i> 
e  over  which  Cm- 
1.  liekl  swav;  :; 
■tc-eii  fif,'luin^''mtri. 
'11  liili,  with  an  oc- 
elk  and  deer,  am! 
iii^^  pDnds. 
i>tii  sides  of  I'oir.t 
;  relics  of  a  tn'ic 
'ff  liy  the  smallpox. 
II  oiiu  luiiulrd  aii,l 

•i-cii!iis,  inhnhiic: 
and  iiumhcrcl 
lie  Chinoukj  wire 
juuc  arisiiij,'  aimi); 
time  of  the  si-nii- 
and  his  hrnilu-r 
and  with  hisaii- 
"(le  which  coniHi- 
IS  way  Hew  ti:'in 
iiy  causes  ut  l;u3- 

e  tn  the  lower  vil- 
uiniliered  ninety- 

clans,  have  every 
the  same  ori,'i:i, 
dress,  laiii^u.isju, 
diinimitive  rate, 
les,  with  crodki-l 
rniity  caused  ':•]■ 
r  time  sittini;  or 
r  lef(s,  and  tr.cir 
noes  ;  a  taviitjle 
1  when  on  shore, 
niity  by  wearir,;; 
which  |)rtvc!;t 
cause  a  sueiiin,^' 


1  heanty.  Thiir 


animated  eyes. 
t  to|),  and  tlcbivv' 
They  have  wule 

^rular  and  dirty 
Idoni  to  he  seen 

■ky  Mountains, 

ourse  with  white 


„fn  these  savages  were  but  scantily  clad.  In 
unimer  time  the  men  went  entirely  naked  ;  in  the 
.„(i;rand  in  had  weather,  the  men  wore  ;i  .small 
\.,  r^achini;  to  the  middle  of  the  thij^h,  made 
oMlie  skins  of  animal.s,  or  of  the  wool  of  the 
.,'„,jntiin  sheep.  Occ.isionally,  they  wore  a  kind 
,.(  mantle  of  matting-,  lo  keep  off  the  rain  ;  l)iit 
i-  ,;n"  thus  protected  the  back  and  shoulders,  they 
jj'  ir^.  re^i  ut  the  body  naked. 
"Xne  women  wore  similar  rohes,  though  shorter, 
■  ,•  riMciiiiij;  liflow  the  waist  ;  beside  which,  they 
'ti:  a  kind  of  petticoat,  or  fringe,  reaching  from 
t  c  u,i:st  lo  the  knee,  formed  of  the  tilires  of  ce- 
brokeii  into  strands,  or  a  tissue  of  silk 
twisted  ,inil  knotted  at  the  ends.  This  was 
dress  of  the  women  in  summer  ;  should 
to  wt-ailicr  be  inclement,  they  added  a  vest  of 
siiins,  similar  to  the  robe, 
Tne  mei 

jSeard,  - -      „  o  ^  . 

with  disgust  at  the  whiskers  and  wcll-lur- 

ri  chins  ot  the  white   men,  and   in  derision 

Long-beards.      Uoth   sexes,    on   the 

I  the  hair  of  tlie  head,  which 


!,.r  !iarK, 


iliuiai   iu  III*-   1  V..I/V,. 

iKU  cuetully  er.ulicated  every  vestige  of 
,  considering  it  a  gre.it  deformity.     'I'hey 


Iwk 

niihei 

called  them  __     „ 

o'.ncrhand,  cherished  the -.  ...^  ..^ ^.. 

ifith  them  is  generally  black  and  rather  course. 
Tney  allowed  it  to  grow  to  a  great  length,  and 
Were  vcrv  jiroucl  and  careful  of  it,  sometimes 
woirin;;  it  plaited,  sometimes  wound  round  the 
.'.till  in  fanciful  tresses.  No  greater  affront  could 
ji;  Dftered  them  tiian  to  cut  off  their  treasured 
bcks. 

Thcv  had  conical  hats  with  narrow  rims,  neatly 
tt.,vcn  of  hear-grass  orot  the  fibres  of  cedar  bark, 
ir,erujven  with  designs  ot  various  shapes  and 
colors ;  sometimes  mciely  stpiares  and  triangles, 
at  other  times  rude  representations  of  canoes, 
with  men  tishing  and  harpooning.  These  hats 
Were  nearly  water|)roof,  and  extremely  durable. 

The  favorite  ornaments  of  the  men  were  col- 
lars oi  hears'  claws,  the  proud  trojjhies  of  hu.U- 
in,' exploits  ;  while  the  women  and  chiklren  wore 
similar  decorations  ot  elks'  tusks.  An  intercourse 
\v:ih  the  white  tr.iders,  however,  soon  effected  a 
ctianj;e  in  the  toilets  of  both  sexes.  They  became 
!ond  of  arraying  themselves  in  any  article  of  civi- 
lized dress  which  they  could  procure,  and  often 
made  a  most  grotesc|ue  appearance.  They  adapt- 
e!  Ill  my  articles  of  finery,  also,  to  their  own  jire- 
vious  tastes,  fioth  sexes  were  fond  of  adorning 
tnciiiielves  with  bracelets  of  iron,  brass  or  cop- 
per. They  were  delighted,  also,  with  blue  and 
tthite  heads,  particularly  the  former,  and  wore 
briad  tif,du  bands  of  them  round  the  waist  and 
sikles ;  large  rolls  of  them  round  the  neck,  and 
pendants  of  them  in  the  ears.  The  men,  especial- 
•y.  whi),  in  savage  life  carry  a  passion  for  person- 
:■  decoration  farther  than  the  females,  did  not 
iMnkiheir  gala  e([uipments  complete,  unless  they 
nil  a  Jewel  of  hai(|ua,  orwampun,  dangling  at  the 
niie.  Thus  arrayed,  their  hair  besmeared  with 
-'nnil,  and  their  bodies  bedaubed  with  red  clay, 
:-.-y  considered  themselves  irresistible. 

When  on  warlike  expeditions,  they  painted 
iieir  t.aces  and  bodies  in  the  most  hideous  and 
jrotesijue  manner,  according  tn  the  universal 
prattiee  of  American  savages.  Their  arms  were 
f>m  and  arrows,  sjiears,  and  war-clubs.  Some 
wre  a  corslet  formed  of  |)ieces  of  hard  wood, 
j;"ed  tojjpther  with  bear-grass,  so  as  to  form  a 
'^ptcoat  of  mail,  pliant  to  the  body  ;  and  a  kind 
c:cas(|ue  ot  cedar  bark,  leather,  and  bear  grass, 
s'Jiticient  to  protect  the  head  from  an  arrow  or 
«rckil).  A  more  complete  article  of  defensive 
I'aior  was  a  buff  jerkin  or  shirt  of  great  thick- 
ness, made  of  doublings  of  elk  skin,  and  reaching 


to  the  feet,  holes  being  left  for  the  head  and  arms. 
This  was  perfectly  arrow  proof  ;  add  to  which,  it 
was  often  endowed  with  charmed  virtues,  by  the 
spells  and  mystic  ceremonials  of  the  medicine 
man,  or  conjurer. 

Of  the  ijeculiar  custom,  prevalent  among  these 
people  of  flattening  the  head,  we  h.ive  already 
s|)oken.  It  is  one  of  those  instances  of  human 
caprice,  like  the  crip])ling  of  tlie  feet  of  females 
in  China,  which  are  <)uite  incomprehensible. 
This  custom  jirevails  jjrincipally  among  the  tribes 
on  the  sea-coast,  and  aliiuii  the  lower  parts  ot  the 
rivers.  How  far  it  extends  along  the  co.ist  we 
are  not  able  to  ascertain.  Some  ol  the  tribes,  both 
north  and  south  of  the  Columbia,  pnictise  it  ;  but 
they  all  speak  the  Chinook  language,  and  prob- 
ably originated  from  the  same  slock.  As  t.ir  as 
we  can  learn,  the  remoter  tribes,  which  spe'.ik  an 
entirely  different  language,  do  not  ll.itten  the 
head.  This  absurd  custinn  declines,  also,  in  re- 
ceding from  the  shores  of  the  I'acitic  ;  tew  traces 
of  it  are  to  be  found  among  the  tribes  ot  the 
Rocky  Mount.iins,  and  after  crossing  tlie  moun- 
tains it  disappears  altogether.  Those  Indians, 
therefore,  about  the  head  waters  ot  the  Columbia, 
and  in  the  solitary  mountain  regions,  who  are 
often  called  Flatheads,  must  not  be  supposed  to 
be  characterized  by  this  deformity.  It  is  .an  .ippel- 
lation  often  given  by  the  hunters  east  ot  the  moun- 
tain chain,  to  all  the  western  Indians,  excepting 
the  Snakes. 

The  religious  belief  of  these  jieople  was  ex- 
tremely limited  and  confined  ;  or  rather,  in  all 
])rol)ability,  their  explanations  were  but  little  un- 
derstood by  their  visitors.  They  had  an  idea  of 
a  benevolent  and  omnipotent  spirit,  the  creator 
of  all  things.  They  re[)resent  him  as  assuming 
various  shapes  at  pleasure,  but  generally  that  of 
an  immense  bird.  He  usually  inhaljits  the  sun, 
but  occasionally  wings  his  way  through  the  aerial 
regions,  and  sees  all  that  is  doing  upon  earth. 
Should  anything  disjilease  him  he  vents  his  wrath 
in  terrilic  storms  and  tempests,  the  lightning  be- 
ing the  flashes  of  his  eye,  and  the  tlumder  the 
clapping  of  his  wings.  To  propitiate  his  favor 
they  offer  him  annual  sacrifices  of  salmon  and 
venison,  the  first-fruits  of  their  tishing  and  hunt- 
ing. 

Beside  this  aerial  spirit  they  believe  in  an  in- 
ferior one,  who  inhabits  the  tire,  and  of  whom 
they  are  in  perpetual  dread,  as,  ihougli  he  pos- 
sesses eciually  the  power  of  good  and  evil,  the 
evil  is  apt  to  predominate.  They  endeavor, 
therefore,  to  keep  him  in  good  humor  by  tre(|uent 
offerings.  He  is  supposed  also  to  have  great  in- 
tluence  with  the  winged  spirit,  their  sovereign 
protector  and  benefactor.  They  implore  him, 
therefore,  to  act  as  their  interpreter,  and  procure 
them  all  desiral)le  things,  such  as  success  in  tish- 
ing and  hunting,  abund.ince  of  game,  lleet  horses, 
obedient  wives,  and  male  children. 

These  Indians  have  likewise  their  ))riests,  or 
conjurers,  or  medicine  men,  who  iireiend  to  be  in 
the  confidence  of  the  deities,  ;ind  the  expounders 
and  the  enforcers  of  their  will.  ICach  of  these 
medicine  men  has  his  idols  carved  in  wood, 
representing  the  spirits  of  the  air  and  of  the  lire, 
under  some  rude  and  grotcscjue  form  of  a  horse, 
a  bear,  a  beaver,  or  other  C|uadrui)ed,  or  that  of 
bird  or  fish.  These  idols  are  hung  round  with 
amulets  and  votive  offerings,  such  as  beavers' 
teeth,  and  bears'  anl  eagles'  claws. 

When  any  chief  i)ersonage  is  on  his  deri.th-bed, 
or  dangerously  ill,  the  medicine  men  are  sent  for. 
Each  brings  with   him  his  idolii,  with  which  he 


388 


ASTORIA. 


Ml! 


il^i 


« ''I 


i.i 


*.![ 


! 


retires  into  a  canoe  to  hold  a  consultation.  As 
doctors  are  prone  to  disagree,  so  these  metlicine 
men  have  now  and  then  a  violent  altercation  as 
to  the  malady  of  the  patient,  or  the  treatment  of 
it.  'I"o  settle  this  they  heat  their  idols  soundly 
against  each  other  ;  whichever  first  loses  a  tooth 
or  a  claw  is  considered  as  confuted,  and  his  vo- 
tary retires  from  the  field. 

rolyg.imy  is  not  only  allowed,  but  considered 
iionorai)le,  and  the  greater  numher  of  wives  a 
man  can  maintain,  the  more  important  is  he  in 
the  eyes  of  the  tribe.  The  first  wife,  however, 
takes  rank  of  all  the  others,  and  is  considered 
mistress  of  the  house.  Still  the  domestic  estab- 
lishment is  liable  to  jealousies  and  cabals,  and 
the  lord  and  master  h.is  much  difficulty  in  main- 
tainmg  harmony  in  his  jangling  household. 

In  the  manuscript  from  which  we  draw  many 
of  these  iiarticulars,  it  is  stated  that  he  who  ex- 
ceeds his  neighbors  in  the  number  of  his  wives, 
male  children  and  slaves,  is  elected  chief  of  the 
village  ;  a  title  to  office  which  we  do  not  recollect 
ever  before  to  have  met  with. 

Keuds  are  fretjuent  among  these  tribes,  but  are 
not  very  deadly.  They  have  occasionally  jiitched 
battles,  fought  on  ap|)ointed  days,  and  at  s|)eci- 
fied  places,  which  are  generally  the  banks  of  a 
rivulet.  The  adverse  parties  post  themselves  on 
the  ojiposile  sides  of  the  stream,  and  at  such  dis- 
tances that  the  battles  often  last  a  long  while  be- 
fore any  blood  is  shed.  The  number  of  killed 
and  wounded  seldom  exceed  half  a  dozen.  Should 
the  d.'image  be  equal  on  each  side,  the  war  is  con- 
sidered as  honorably  concluded  ;  should  one 
party  lose  more  than' the  other,  it  is  entitled  to  a 
compensation  in  slaves  or  other  pro[)erty,  other- 
wise hostilities  are  liable  to  be  renewed  at  a  fu- 
ture day.  They  are  much  given  also  to  predatory 
inroads  into  the  territories  of  their  enemies,  and 
sometimes  of  their  friendly  neighbor.;.  Should 
they  fall  u|)on  a  band  of  interior  force,  or  upon  a 
village,  weakly  defended,  they  act  with  the  feroc- 
ity of  true  poltroons,  slaying  all  the  men,  and 
carrying  off  the  women  and  children  as  slaves. 
As  to  the  pro|)erty,  it  is[)acked  upon  horses  which 
they  bring  with  them  for  the  purjiose.  They  are 
mean  an(i  jjaltry  as  warriors,  and  altogether  in- 
ferior in  heroic  (jualilies  to  the  savages  of  the 
buffalo  plains  on  the  east  side  of  the  mountains. 

A  great  portion  of  their  lime  is  passed  in  rev- 
elry, music,  dancing,  and  gambling.  Their  niu- 
sic  scarcely  deserves  the  name  ;  the  instruments 
being  of  the  rudest  kind.  Their  singing  is  harsh 
and  discordant  ;  the  songs  are  chiefly  extempore, 
relating  to  |)assing  circumstances,  the  persons 
present,  or  any  trilling  object  that  strikes  the  at- 
tention of  the  singer.  They  have  several  kinds  of 
dances,  some  of  them  lively  and  pleasing.  The 
women  are  rarely  jiermitted  to  dance  with  the 
men,  but  form  groups  apart,  dancing  to  the  same 
instrument  and  song. 

They  have  a  great  passion  for  play,  and  a  va- 
riety of  games.  To  such  a  pitch  of  excitement 
are  they  sometimes  roused,  tht  they  gamble  away 
everything  they  ]iossess,  even  to  their  wives  and 
children.  They  are  notorious  thieves,  also,  and 
proud  of  their  clexterity.  He  who  is  frequently 
successful,  gains  much  applause  and  popularity  ; 
but  the  clumsy  thief,  who  is  detected  in  some 
bungling  attempt,  is  scoffed  at  and  despised,  and 
sometimes  severely  punished. 

.Such  area  few  leading  characteristics  of  the  na- 
tives in  the  neighborhood  of  Astoria.  They  ap- 
pear to  us  inferior  in  many  respects  to  the  tribes 
east  of  the   mountains,  the  bold   rovers  of  the 


prairies  ;  and  to  partake  much  of  the  Esquim,!., 
character;  elevated  in  some  dcgrte  by ,,  ni, .. 
genial  climate,  and  more  varied  style  of  livinjr'' 

The  habits  of  traffic  engendered  at  then. 
racts  of  the  Columbia,  have  had  their  imluJ^ 
along  the  coast.  The  Chinooks  and  oilu-f  i.' 
dians  at  the  mouth  of  the  river,  soon  jjrovMl  ihw! 
selves  keen  traders,  and  in  their  i-arlv  (li'.i'iin  .' 
with  the  Astorians,  never  hesitated  Id  asktlv! 
times  what  they  considered  the  real  v.ilui; o'  - 
article.  They  were  inquisitive,  also,  in  ihc  «! 
treme,  and  impertinently  intrusive ;  mi  wej 
prone  to  indulge  in  scol'fmg  and  ridicui",  ai;h; 
expense  of  the  strangers. 

In  one  thing,  however,  they  showed  superior 
judgment  and  self-command  to  nioht  o(  ihfir 
race  ;  this  was,  in  their  abstinence  from  anltr.t 
spirits,  and  the  abhorrence  and  dis).ni.ii  wilii 
which  they  regarded  a  drunkard.  Onuneocc,,. 
sion,  ason  of  Comcomly  had  been  induced  to  drins 
freely  at  the  factory,  and  went  home  in  .isiaicoi 
intoxication,  playing  all  kinds  of  mad  pranks, 
until  he  sank  into  a  stu|)or,  in  which  In:  i\mainej 
for  two  days.  The  old  chieftain  rcpiMrwl  lohij 
friend  M'Dougal,  with  indignation  tiair.inj;  in  his 
countenance,  and  bitterly  reproached  liini  ior 
having  permitted  his  son  to  degrade  hiin>,iiti:r,o 
a  beast,  and  to  render  himself  an  object  ut  scora 
and  laughter  to  his  slave. 


CHAPTER  XLI. 

As  the  spring  opened,  the  little  settkmentoi 
Astoria  was  in  agitation,  and  prepared  lo  send 
forth  various  expeditions.  .Several  impurtint 
things  were  to  be  done.  It  was  necessar\  to  send 
a  supply  of  goods  to  the  trading  post  ol  Mr.  Iij- 
vid  Stuart,  established  in  the  preceding,' auiumn 
on  the  Oakinagan.  The  cache,  or  secret  dipoiit, 
made  by  Mr.  Hunt  at  the  Caldron  Linn,  \vas  like- 
wise to  be  visited,  and  the  merchandise  and  other 
effects  left  there,  to  be  brought  to  Astoria.  X 
third  object  of  moment  was  to  send  dispatches 
overland  to  Mr.  Astor  at  New  York,  intorinmg 
him  of  the  state  of  affairs  at  the  seUlenicnt,  an;i 
the  fortunes  of  the  several  expeditions. 

The  task  of  carrying  supplies  to  Oakinaijan  was 
assigned  to  Mr.  Robert  Stuart,  a  spirited  and  en- 
terprising young  man,  nephew  W  the  one  who 
had  established  the  post.  The  cache  was  to  he 
sought  out  by  two  of  the  clerks,  named  Russell 
Farnham  and  Donald  M't'iilles,  conducted  Ini 
guide,  and  accompanied  by  eight  men,  to  .iss;st 
in  f)ringing  home  the  goods. 

As  to  the  dispatches,  they  were  contide  1  to  Mr. 
John  Reed,  the  clerk,  the  same  who  had  conduct- 
ed one  of  the  exploring  detachments  ot  .Snake 
River.  He  was  now  to  trace  back  his  way  acruss 
the  mountains  by  the  same  route  by  wliicli  he  had 
come,  with  no  other  companions  or  escort  than 
Hen  Jones,  the  Kentucky  hunter,  and  twoCan.v 
dians.  As  it  was  still  hoped  that  Mr.  Crooks 
might  be  in  existence,  and  that  Mr.  Reed  and  his 
party  might  meet  with  him  in  the  course  ot  then- 
route,  they  were  charged  with  a  small  supply  w 
goods  and  provisions,  to  aid  that  gentleman  uii 
his  way  to  Astoria. 

When  the  e.pedition  of  Reed  was  made  known, 
Mr.  M'Lellan  announced  his  determination  to  ac- 
company it.  He  had  long  been  dissatisfied  with 
the  smailness  ol  his  interest  in  the  copartnership, 
and  had  requested  an  additional  nunfner  ol 
shares  ;  his  recjuest  not  being  complied  «''''' "' 


ASTORIA. 


389 


rpdvcd  to  abandon  tlie  company.  M'Lellan 
a  man  of  singularly  self-willeil  and  decided 
Viricter'  with  wliom  persuasion  was  useless  ; 
lit  was  permiU(-(l,  therefore,  to  take  his  own 
Jurse  without  opposition  •       ,      ,  ■    . 

.\5io  Reed,  he  set  ai)out  preparing  for  his  haz- 
in'ous  journey  with  the  zeal  of  a  true  Irishman. 
Hf  hid  a  tin  case  made,  in  which  the  letters  and 
niiiers  addressed  to  Mr.  Astor  were  carefully 
si'lered  up.  This  case  he  intended  to  strap 
upon  his  shoulders,  so  as  to  bear  it  about  with 
'iiiii  sleeping  and  waking,  in  all  changes  and 
dunces,  hv  land  or  by  water,  and  never  to  part 
Mi'ih  it  liut'with  his  life  ! 

.\s  the  route  of  these  several  parties  would  be 
the  Slime  for  nearly  four  hundred  miles  up  the  Co- 
lumbia, and  within  that  distance  would  lie 
ihr()uj,'h  the  piratical  pass  of  the  rapids,  and 
ailiont;  the  Ireebooting  tribes  of  the  river,  it  was 
;hiiii),'hi  advisable  to  start  about  the  same  time, 
a;ul  10  keep  together.  Accordingly,  on  the  22(1  of 
.M,;rch  they  all  set  off,  to  the  number  of  seventeen 
r;in,  in  two  canoes— and  here  we  cannot  but 
Diihc  to  notice  the  hardihood  of  these  several  ex- 
iiclitions,  so  insignificant  in  point  of  force,  and 
ievcrally  (lestineil  to  traverse  immense  wilder- 
nnses,  where  larger  parties  had  experienced  so 
;:vjch  ilanjjer  and  distress.  When  recruits  were 
)  .i.;hi  in  the  preceding  year  among  experienced 
.huiucrs  and  voyageurs  at  Montreal  and  St.  Louis, 
KuMS  considered  dangerous  to  attempt  to  cross 
;.if  Kuckv  Mountains  with  less  than  sixty  men  ; 
jiilvft  here  we  tind  Reed  ready  to  push  his  way 
Kwis  those  barriers  with  merely  three  compan- 
jjas.  .Such  is  the  fearlessness,  the  insensibility 
lodanjrer,  which  men  acc|uire  by  the  habitude  of 
cuiistaiit  risk.  The  mind,  like  the  body,  becomes 
calliius  hy  exposure. 

The  little  associated  band  proceeded  up  the 
rivfr,  under  the  command  of  Mr.  Robert  Stuart, 
an!  arrived  early  in  the  month  of  April  at  the 
Lon','  Narrows,  that  notorious  jjlundering  place. 
Htrrc  it  was  necessary  to  unload  the  canoes,  and 
to  transport  both  them  and  their  cargoes  to  the 
head  of  the  .Narrows  by  land.  Their  i)arty  was 
too  tew  in  number  for  the  |)urpose.  They  were 
ol)li;.;e(l,  therefore,  to  seek  the  assistance  of  the 
Cathiasco  Indians,  who  undertook  to  carry  the 
J'IhIs  on  their  horses.  Forward  then  they  set, 
'..le  Indians  with  their  horses  well  freighted,  and 
tile  tirst  load  convoyed  by  Reed  and  live  men, 
'Veil  armed;  the  gallant  Irishman  striding  along 
it  the  head,  with  his  tin  case  ot  dispatches  glit- 
l.rin;roii  his  back.  In  passing,  however,  through 
a  rooky  and  intricate  detile,  some  of  the  freeboot- 
I":;  vai;r,ints  turned  their  horses  up  a  narrow 
pull  and  galloped  off,  carrying  with  them  two 
;!'«  of  !,'ijods  and  a  number  of  small  articles. 
roloilaw  them  was  useless  ;  indeed,  it  was  with 
"iJ-'h  lido  that  the  convoy  got  into  port  with  the 
rrtiijiie  of  the  cargoes  ;  for  some  of  the  guards 
"^-rc  pillaged  of  their  knives  and  pocket-handker- 
c-iHs.and  the  lustrous  tin  case  of  Mr.  John  Reed 
M<  in  imniineiU  jeopardy. 

^  Mr,  Stuart  heard  of  these  depredations,  and 
'"isieued  forward  to  the  relief  of  the  convoy,  but 
rould  not  reach  them  before  dusk,  bv  which  time 
>^«  had  arrived  at  the  village  of  Wish-ram,  al- 
rwly  noted  for  its  great  fishery,  and  the  knavish 
propensities  of  its  inhabitants.  Here  they  found 
■'■emselves  benighted  in  a  strange  place,  and  sur- 
f  Jiuled  hy  savages  bent  on  pilfering,  if  not  upon 
"pen  rohheiy.  Not  knowing  what  active  course 
J^';''^[Mhey  remained  under  arms  all  night,  with- 
"'"  closing  an  eye,  and  at  the  very  lirsl  peep  of 


m 


dawn,  when  objects  were  yet  scarce  visible,  every- 
thing  was  hastily  embarked,  and,  without  seeking 
to  recover  the  stolen  effects,  they  pushed  off  from 
shore;  "glad  to  bid  adieu,"  as  they  said,  "to 
this  abominable  nest  ot  miscreants." 

The  worthies  of  Wish-ram,  however,  were  not 
dis|)osed  to  jiart  so  easily  with  their  visitors. 
Their  cupidity  had  been  ([uickeneil  by  the  i)luiuler 
which  they  had  already  taken,  and  their  conli- 
dence  increased  by  the  impunity  with  which  their 
outrage  had  passed.  They  resolved,  therefore, 
to  take  further  toll  of  the  travellers,  and,  if  possi- 
ble,  to  capture  the  tin  case  of  dispatches  ;  which 
shining  conspicuously  from  afar,  and  being 
guarded  by  John  Reed  with  such  especial  care, 
must,  as  they  supposed,  be  "  a  great  medicine." 

Accordingly,  Mr.  Stuart  and  his  comrades  had 
nut  |)rocee(led  far  in  the  canoes,  when  they  be- 
held the  whole  rabble  of  Wish-ram  stringing  in 
groups  alo"g  the  bank,  whooping  and  yelling, 
and  gibbering  in  their  wild  jargon,  and  when 
they  landed  below  the  falls  they  were  surrounded 
by  upward  of  four  hundred  of  these  river  rutfians, 
armed  with  bows  and  arrows,  war  clubs,  and 
other  savage  weajions.  These  now  pressed  for- 
ward,with  offers  to  carry  the  canoes  and  effects 
ii|)  the  portage.  Mr.  Stuart  declined  forwarding 
the  goods,  alleging  the  lateness  ol  the  hour  ;  but, 
to  keep  them  in  good  humor,  informed  them,  that, 
if  they  conducted  themselves  well,  their  offered 
services  might  probably  be  accepted  in  the  morn- 
ing ;  in  the  meanwhile  he  suggested  that  they 
might  carry  up  the  canoes.  They  acc(jrdingly 
set  off  with  the  two  canoes  on  their  shoulders,  ac- 
comijanied  by  a  guard  of  eight  men  well  armed. 

When  arrived  at  the  head  of  the  falls,  the  mis- 
chievous spirit  of  the  savages  broke  out,  and  they 
were  on  the  point  of  destroying  the  canoes,  doubt- 
less with  a  view  to  im])e(le  the  while  men  from 
carrying  forward  their  goods,  and  laying  them 
open  to  further  pilfering.  They  were  with  some 
difficulty  prevented  from  committing  this  outrage 
by  the  interference  of  an  old  man,  who  appeared 
to  have  authority  among  them  ;  and,  in  conse- 
quence of  his  harangue,  the  whole  of  the  hostile 
'and,  with  the  exception  of  about  fifty,  crossed  to 
the  north  side  ot  the  river,  where  they  lay  in  wait, 
ready  for  further  mischief. 

In  the  meantime,  Mr.  Stuart,  who  had  remain- 
ed at  the  foot  of  the  falls  with  the  goods,  and  who 
knew  that  the  iiroffered  assistance  (jf  the  sa\;iges 
was  only  for  the  pur])oseof  having  an  opportunity 
to  plunder,  determined,  it  possible,  to  steal  a  march 
upon  them,  and  defeat  their  machinations.  In 
the  dead  of  the  night,  therefore,  about  one  o'clock, 
the  moon  shining  brightly,  he  roused  his  party, 
and  proposed  that  they  should  endeavor  lo  trans- 
port the  goods  themselves,  above  the  falls,  before 
the  sleeping  savages  could  be  aware  of  their  op- 
erations. .Ml  h.mds  sprang  to  the  work  with 
zeal,  and  hurried  it  on  in  the  hope  of  getting  all 
over  before  daylight.  Mr.  Stuart  went  forward 
with  the  tirst  loads,  and  took  his  station  at  the 
head  of  the  portage,  while  Mr.  Reed  and  Mr. 
M'Lellan  remained  at  the  foot  to  forward  the  re- 
mainder. 

The  day  dawned  before  the  transportation  was 
completed.  .Some  of  the  fifty  Indians  who  had  re- 
mained on  the  south  side  of  the  river,  perceived 
what  was  going  on,  and,  feeling  themselves  too 
weak  for  an  attack,  gave  the  alarm  to  those  on 
the  opposite  side,  upwarti  of  a  hundred  of  whom 
embarked  in  several  large  canoes.  Two  loads  of 
goods  yet  remained  to  be  brought  up.  .Mr.  .Stuart 
dispatched  some  of  the  people  for  one  ot  the  loads, 


300 


ASTORIA. 


Si'3   .! 


!   :i:'::i: 


IM 


with  a  rcfiuest  to  Mr.  Reed  to  retain  with  iiim  as 
m.my  nn.-n  as  he  thoujjht  necessary  to  jjii.irti  the 
remaining  load,  as  he  suspected  hostile  intentions 
on  the  p.irt  of  the  Indians.  Mr.  Keed,  iiowever, 
retusf'd  to  retain  .any  ot  tiieni,  sayinjj  tliat  .M'Lel- 
Jaii  .itid  liiniself  were  sullicient  to  protect  the 
sni.iil  (lu.intity  that  remained.  The  men  accord- 
ingly departed  with  the  load,  while  Reed  and 
M'Lellan  continued  to  mount  fjuard  over  the  res- 
idue. IJy  this  time,  .i  nund)er  ot  the  canoes  had 
arrived  from  the  o[)posite  side.  As  they  approach- 
ed the  shore,  the  unlucky  tin  hox  ot  John  Keed, 
shininj^  .if.ir  like  the  brilliant  helmet  ot  ICuryalus, 
cauj^lu  their  eyes.  No  sooner  did  the  canoes 
touch  the  shore,  than  they  leaped  torward  on  the 
rocks,  set  up  a  war-whoop,  and  spranjf  lorward 
to  secure  the  jjlitterinjj  prize.  Mr.  .M'Lellan,  who 
was  ;it  the  river  hank,  advanced  to  j^uanl  the 
goods,  when  one  ol  the  sa\aj.jes  attempted  to 
hoodwink  him  with  his  buffalo  rf)be  with  one 
hand,  and  to  slab  him  with  the  other.  M'Lellan 
spranjf  back  just  tar  enoiij^h  to  avoid  the  blow, 
and  raisinj^  his  rille,  shot  the  ruliian  through  the 
heart. 

In  the  meantime.  Reed,  who  with  the  want  of 
forethought  of  an  Irishman,  had  neglected  to  re- 
move the  leathern  cover  from  the  lock  of  his  rille, 
was  fumbling  at  the  fastenings,  when  he  received 
a  blow  on  the  head  with  aw.ir-club  that  laid  him 
senseless  on  the  ground.  In  a  twinkling  he  was 
stripped  ot  his  rille  and  pistols,  and  the  tin  box,  the 
cause  of  all  this  onslaught,  was  borne  off  in  tri- 
umph. 

At  this  critical  juncture,  Mr.  Stuart,  who  had 
heard  the  war-whoop,  hastened  to  the  scene  of 
action  with  Hen  Jones,  and  seven  others  of  the 
men.  When  he  arrived.  Reed  was  weltering  in 
his  blood,  and  an  Indian  standing  over  him  and 
about  to  (lispatch  him  with  a  tomahawk.  Stuart 
gave  the  word,  when  lien  Jones  levelled  his  ritle, 
and  shot  the  miscreant  on  the  sjiot.  The  men 
then  gave  a  cheer  and  charged  upon  the  main 
])ody  of  the  savages,  who  took  to  instant  flight. 
Reed  was  now  raised  from  the  ground,  and  borne 
sensekss  and  bleeding  to  the  upper  end  ot  the 
portage.  Preparations  were  made  to  launch 
the  c.inoes  and  embark  all  in  haste,  when  i'  was 
found  that  they  were  too  leaky  to  be  i)ut  iu  the 
wat-r,  and  that  the  oars  had  been  left  at  the  toot 
of  the  falls.  A  scene  of  confusion  now  ensued. 
The  Inilians  were  whooping  and  yelling,  and 
running  about  like  tieiuls.  A  panic  seized  upon 
the  men,  at  being  thus  suddenly  checked,  the 
he.irtsot  some  ot  the  Canadians  died  within  them, 
and  two  young  men  actually  fainted  away.  The 
monieiu  they  recovered  their  senses  Mr.  Stuart 
ordered  that  they  should  be  (le|)rived  of  their 
arms,  their  under-garments  taken  off,  and  that  a 
piece  ot  cloth  should  be  tied  round  their  waists, 
in  imitation  of  a  squaw  ;  an  Indian  punishment 
for  cowardice.  Thus  e(|uipped,  they  were  stowed 
away  among  the  goods  in  one  of  the  canoes.  This 
ludicrous  affair  excitetl  the  mirth  of  the  holder 
spirits,  even  in  the  midst  ot  their  perils,  and  rousecl 
the  pride  of  the  wavering.  The  Indians  having 
crossed  back  again  to  the  north  side,  order  was 
restored,  some  of  the  hands  were  sent  back  for 
the  oars,  others  set  to  work  to  calk  and  launch  the 
canoes,  and  in  a  little  while  all  were  embarked 
and  were  continuing  their  voyage  along  the  south- 
ern shore. 

\o  sooner  had  they  departed,  than  the  Indians 
returned  to  the  scene  of  action,  bore  off  their  two 
comrades,  who  had  been  shot,  one  of  whom  was 
still  living,  and  returned  to  their  village.     Here 


they  kille<!  two  horses  ;  and  drank  the  hmi,;^, 
to  uive  fierceness  to  tlieir  eourauc.     Ihcy  pjn^Jj 


anil  arra 
formed 


nerceness  lo  laeir  touragi',  Ihcyn 
iiyed  themseUvs  hideously  fur  |)au||. 
the  dead  dance  round  the  slam,  .ukI 


t ;  |*r. 
,  (  .,.,  •  ">(l  raiitii 

the  war  song  ot  vengeance.  Ihen  mountini;  ihi- 
horses,  to  the  number  of  four  hundred  ami lii' 
men,  and  brantlishing  their  weapons,  they  set  „ti 
along  the  northern  bank  of  the  river,  to  j;eij„J^, 
ot  the  canoes,  lie  in  wait  for  them,  and  laktaitr! 
rible  revenge  on  the  white  men. 

They  succeeded  in  getting  sonieilisi.inrcaliCi,^ 
the  canoes  without  being  discovtied,  and  un- 
crossing the  river  to  post  themselves  on  ilit  si 
along  which  the  white  men  were  coastinir,  «f„.„ 
they  were  fortunately  descried.  Mr.  Siu.irt  a;,, 
his  comi)anions  were  immedi.Ucly  on  tht  Ah- 
As  they  drew  near  to  the  place  wlure  the  saViU'cs 
had  crossed,  they  observed  them  postal  anioiii; 
stee|)  and  overhanging  rocks,  close  .iloni;  wm. a 
the  canoes  would  have  lo  pass.  I-'iiulJnj;  ilunkt 
enemy  had  the  advantage  of  the  ground,  the  uhi.c, 
stop|)ed  short  when  within  five  luinilrtd  vardj; 
them,  and  discharged  and  reloaded  iht-ir  pine,. 
They  then  made  a  fire  and  dres.-iud  ll-.i:  uoiiii;) 
of  i\Ir.  Reed,  who  had  received  live  seviie  jj.isins 
in  the  head.  This  being  done,  they  kisliwl  i:,e 
canoes  together,  fastened  them  to  :■  roik  at  a 
small  distance  from  the  shore,  aiul  ilierc  awancj 
the  menaced  attack. 

They  had  not  been  long  posted  in  this  maniur, 
when  they  saw  a  canoe  approaching.  It  cmmiii. 
ed  the  war-chief  ot  the  tribe  and  ihiee  ot  his  pr;;,- 
ci|)al  warriors.  He  drew  near  and  made  ,i  Imi); 
harangue,  in  which  he  itdormed  them  thaiihiv 
had  killed  one  and  wounded  another  ot  hi^  na- 
tion ;  that  the  relations  ot  the  slain  cried  out  fur 
vengeance,  and  he  had  been  compelled  to  Itad 
them  to  tight.  Still  he  wished  to  spare  unnecibsary 
bloodshed,  he  proposed,  therefore,  that  .Mr.  Kitd. 
who,  he  observed,  was  little  better  than  a  dead 
man,  might  be  given  up  lo  be  sacrificed  to  the 
manes  ot  the  deceased  warrior.  This  would  ap- 
pease the  fury  of  his  friends;  the  hatchet  would  then 
be  buritd,  and  all  thenceforward  would  helrieiids. 
The  answer  was  a  stern  refusal  and  a  dcliance, 
and  the  war-chief  saw  that  the  canoes  were  wtil 
prepared  for  a  vigorous  defence.  He  withdrew, 
therefore,  and  returning  to  his  warriors  among 
the  rocks  held  long  deliberations.  Blood  tor  blood 
is  a  principle  in  Indian  equity  and  Indian  honor; 
but  though  the  inhabitants  of  Wish-ram  were  imii 
of  war,  they  were  likewise  men  of  iraltic,  and  u 
was  suggested  that  honor  for  once  might, ijive  way 
to  profit.  A  negotiation  was  accordingly  opeael 
with  the  white  men,  and  after  some  diplomacy  the 
matter  was  compromised  for  a  blanket  lo  cover  tho 
dead,  and  some  tobacco  to  be  smoked  by  the  liv- 
ing. This  being  granted,  the  heroes  ot  Wi^h- 
ram  crossed  the  river  once  more,  returned  to  their 
village  to  feast  upon  the  horses  whose  blood  thi-y 
had  so  vain-gloriously  drunk,  and  the  tiavcllcrs 
pursued  their  voy.ige  without  further  molestation. 

The  tin  case,  however,  containing  the  impor- 
tant dispatches  for  New  York,  was  irreiiievaiiiy 
lost  ;  the  very  precaution  taken  by  the  worthy 
Hibernian  to  secure  his  missives,  had,  by  render- 
ing them  conspicuous,  produced  their  robbery. 
The  object  of  his  overland  journey,  therefore,  be- 
ing defeated,  he  gave  uj)  the  expedition-  fne 
whole  party  repaired  with  Mr.  Robert  .Stuart  tothe 
establishment  of  Mr.  David  Stuart,  on  the  O.akina. 
gan  River.  After  remaining  here  two  or  three  days 
thev  all  set  out  on  their  return  to  .Astoria,  accom- 
pan'ied  by  Mr.  David  Stuart.  This  geiulenian 
had  a  large  quantity  of  beaver  skins  at  his  cstaj- 


■Tf     ^h'f'"M 

."''■^'•"".aiKlra„t,i 
"i-Mi  muuiiiinir  iin. , 
ir  liuiulredandt;., 
■•eapoiis,  ihey  jti  !,',j 
c  rivLT,ioj;^taiiHi 
iiem,  and  take  a  itr. 

.omedistanreahov. 
ic()\ti-c(l,  and  kc- 

■nisulvi-sonthcsi.c 

•'•  Mr-  .Siuariai, 
i;Ucly  on  iht  ali-r; 
-■  whfa'lliesav,ii;rt 
Ik'iii  posted  ainoii^ 
,  close  aloni;  wiuui 
'•  l'"indin>;ilia||kt 
i;j,n-ound,ihi'tt|,,u., 
•f  lunidrfd  yards  ut 
oadi'd  iliL-ir|)n,fc,, 

IfCSsud    ll'.e  Uulll);:) 

1  live  severe  gashes 
lie,  lliey  lashed  tr.c 
fni  to  :•  rotk  at,i 
,  anil  iliere  auaitcj 


'("MTiRSK  U    IPyiNO 


■  y/v^   ///////y/////^///  A 


'r,     / 


^ ////////// 


/u 


.•■■*  /'V/    '^>>/U     J'iff 


ifH'l; 


I  t 

fl 


li^hment,  tmt 
tlu-in  with  hini 
,u  the  tails. 

On  their  w; 
tlH'Columl'ia, 

shiirc  in  H'lk'j'' 
(All  wrutchi'il  I 
to  shore ;  till- 1 
kmnvn.  Thi'.v 
Uitliful  tulh)Wi 
Thi-  riMili'r  V 

l)av  :in<l  '"'•'' 
livf.imiac  am 
U)  liMVc  them 
hanks  of  ihi:  > 
the  mori:  criii 
hooil.ot  a  bail 
b'cn  fnri-ibly 
iisioiis,    Mr. 
(Idaine;!  by  t 
l),iy,  who  w.i 
whlmi  he  won 
his  cinp'iiy  or 

ripiVCll    hilllSfl 

Shiiihonic'S  did 
ha  I  ncwr  btdo 
eiitiTtaiii  soiiK' 
tur,  thoiiijh  till 
(l:iv  linv,  tlicy 
ih'j  ni^jht :  aiK 
ini;  leave, 

When  Day  w 
l:uy  kept  feebh 
i^  they  could 
uhen  three  o 
with  want,  le 
t'le  road  by  "1 
of  Indians.  .N 
track  in  the  si 
ii5Ual  in  the  o| 
h.irdships.  At 
lust  every  nppi 
tiered  during  t 
mmintains,  sub 
sinitlimes  oil  1 
of  the  lime  on  i 

About  the  la 
;'ave  out,  and  w 
Uit  Mr.  CrooKi 
lindin;;  the  siii 
t'iok,  from  Ind 
m^tinlain  ridj^n 
:,!-er.vard  jell  i 
I'l  Indians  inhn 
i.inie  name,  an 
hie,  and  since 
character,  for 
kindly,  kille'd  a 
cd  them  on  ll 
struck  the  rivi 
aivanced  (low 
came  v,-ilhiii  al 

Here  they  n 
that  noted  pass 
V'Mv,  and  Set  f( 
v.ere  .satistyiii, 
their  ritles.  T 
'iriive  them  ol 
Crunks  for  a  fli 
hed  him  ;  an' 
instantly  de|ia: 

,  In  this  f.irlot 

t'.ey  renewed  I 

totind  their  w; 

Wallahs,  and 


ASTORIA. 


ayi 


i,Amfnt  but  ili'l  n"<  Iti'"!^  ''  prU'li'iU  to  Uikc. 
Sri  him,  feanng  the  levy  ..t  "  hlack  mail" 

"nn'^tiieir  way  down,  when  lulow  the  forks  of 
thfColumliia.  they  were  liaileil  ont-  day  from  tlu- 
shore  in  KnK'li><l'.  I-"..kinK'  anumd,  they  descried 
WdwrcliluMl  MH'M,  entirely  ti.iked.  1  hey  pulled 
Mshorf  •  tlie  men  came  ii|)  and  made  themselves 
known  Tlu'V  proved  to  l)e  Mr.  Crooks  and  his 
l,,i,h(ull()llowcr,  John  ')ay 

riic  rcailff  will  rei-i)lleet  that  Mr.  Crooks,  with 
In"  aii'l  lour  Can.idians,  h.iil  heen  so  reduced 
liv  iimi.ie  anil  laliK'^H'.  ''i-'t  ^''■-  """I  ^^'''^  oljli^ed 
tok'avc  llien'.  i"  ""'  nioiith  of  December,  on  the 
h,inb  of  the  .Snake  River.  Their  situ.ition  w,is 
the  more  critical,  as  they  were  in  the  nei^;hllor- 
hooil  ot  a  hand  of  Shoshonies,  whose  horses  h.id 
Ivcn  forcibly  sei«'d  by  .Mr.  Hunt's  p.irly  tor  pro- 
visions. Mr.  Crooks  reni.iined  here  twenty  days, 
(lil.iint:!  bv  the  e\;tremely  reduced  sl.ite  of  John 
It.iv,  who'w.is  utterly  unable  to  travel,  and 
whimi  he  would  not  ab.indon,  as  Day  had  been  in 
his  cmpli)y  on  the  Missouri,  and  had  always 
prncd  himself  most  laithlul.  I''ortunatcly  the 
Shoshonies  did  not  offer  to  molest  them.  They 
ha  1  never  before  sec'ii  white  men,  and  seemed  to 
tiiurtain  some  suixTstitions  with  rej^.trd  to  them, 
tor,  ihouijh  thev  would  encamp  ni'ar  them  in  the 
(l.iv  tini(\  they  would  move  off  with  their  tents  in 
ihe  ni;,'ht ;  ami  linally  disappeared,  without  tak- 
iii;;  leave. 

When  Day  was  sufficiently  recovered  to  travel, 
tiuy  kept  feebly  on,  sust.iiniiif^  themselves  as  well 
■IS  they  could,  until  in  the  month  of  I^'ebruary, 
when  three  ot  the  Canadians,  fearful  of  |)erishinjr 
with  want,  left  Mr.  Crooks  on  a  small  river,  on 
ihe  road  bv  which  Mr.  Hunt  had  jiassed  in  ([uest 
of  Indians.  .Mr.  Crooks  followed  Mr.  Hunt's 
iraik  in  the  snow  for  several  days,  sleeping;  as 
u>ual  in  the  open  air,  and  sufferiiif;  all  kinds  of 
hardships.  ,\t  len^'th,  coniinjr  to  a  low  prairie,  he 
just  every  appearance  of  the  "  trail,"  and  wan- 
dered duriiij;  the  remainder  of  the  winter  in  the 
mountains,  subsistin;r  sometimes  on  horse-meat, 
5;)aieiimes  on  beavers  and  their  skins,  and  ;i  part 
of  the  time  on  roots. 

.\hout  the  last  of  March,  the  other  Canadian 
{;ave  out,  and  was  left  with  a  lodf^e  of  .Shoshonies  ; 
hut  .Mr.  CrooKs  and  Jf)hn  Day  still  kept  on,  ancl 
finding'  the  snow  sufficiently  diminshed,  under- 
took, from  Indian  information,  to  cross  the  last 
mountain  ridj^e.  They  happily  succeeded,  and 
at'erward  fell  in  with  the  Walla'h-Wallahs,  a  tribe 
e;  Indians  inhabiting  the  banks  of  a  river  of  the 
same  name,  and  reputed  as  beiuj^  frank,  hospita- 
hle,  and  sincere.  They  pr)ved  worthy  of  the 
character,  for  they  recc'ivetl  the  poor  wanderers 
kuidly,  killed  a  horse  for  them  to  eat,  and  direct- 
ed them  on  their  way  to  the  Columbia.  They 
struck  the  river  .about  the  middle  of  April,  and 
advanced  down  it  one  hundred  miles,  until  they 
came  within  about  twenty  miles  of  the  falls. 

Here  they  met  with  some  of  the  "  chivalry"  of 
that  noted  pass,  who  receiveil  them  in  a  friendly 
way,  and  st-t  food  before  them  ;  but,  while  they 
were  satisfyii,^  their  hunj^er,  perfidiously  seized 
th'-ir  rides.  They  then  stripped  them  naked,  and 
'■rove  them  off,  'refusinjr  the  entreaties  of  Mr. 
Crooks  for  a  tlint  and  steel  of  wdiich  thev  had  rob- 


bed him 


and  lhreaieiiin"f  his  life  if 


ty  had 
he  did 


not 

instantly  depart. 
,  hi  this  f.irlorn  plight,  still  worse  off  than  before, 
t^ey  renewed  their  wanderinjjs.  They  now  sought 
'■0  hrid  their  way  back  to  the  hospitable  Wallah- 
"ailahs,  and  had  advanced  eighty   miles  along 


the  river,  when  fortunat(dy,  on  the  very  mornintf 
that  they  were  going, to  leave  the  Columbl.i,  aim 
striki-  inland,  the  canoes  of  Mr.  Stuart  hove  in 
sight. 

It  is  neeclless  to  describe  the  joy  of  these  poor 
men  at  once  more  tinding  themselves  am()n^ 
countrymen  and  friends,  or  of  the  honest  .iml 
he, irty  welcome  with  which  they  were  rei'eived  by 
their  fcdlow  adventurers.  The  whole  party  now 
continued  ilown  the  river,  passed  ,ill  the  il.mger- 
ous  phices  without  interruption,  and  arrived  s.ifo* 
ly  at  Astoria  on  the  nth  ot  .May. 


CHAI'TKK  XLII. 

Havinc,  traced  the  fortunes  of  the  two  expedi- 
tions by  sea  and  l.md  to  the  mouth  ot  the  Colum- 
bia, and  presented  a  view  of  affairs  at  .Astoria, 
we  will  return  for  a  moment  to  the  master-spirit 
of  the  enterprise  who  regulated  the  sjirings  ui  As- 
tori.i,  at  his  residence  in  New  ^'ork. 

It  will  be  remembered  that  a  part  of  the  pl.m 
of  Mr.  .Astor  was  to  furnish  the  Kussi.in  fur  es- 
t.iblishment  on  the  north-west  coast  with  regular 
supplies,  so  as  to  render  it  independent  ol  those 
c;isual  vessels  wdiich  cut  up  the  trade  and  su|)plieil 
the  natives  with  arms.  Tliis  jjlan  h.id  been  coun- 
tenanced by  our  own  government,  and  likewise  by 
Count  I'ahlem,  the  Russian  Minister  at  Washing- 
ton. As  it  views,  however,  were  imi)ortant  .and 
extensive,  and  might  eventu.iUy  affect  a  wide 
course  of  commerce,  Mr.  Astor  was  desirous  of 
establishing  a  complete  arrangement  on  the  sub- 
ject with  the  Russian  American  Fur  Comp.my, 
under  the  sanction  of  the  Russi;.n  Ciovernment. 
i'"or  this  purpose,  in  March,  i8ii,  he  disp.iti  hed 
a  conlideiitial  agent  to  .St.  I'etersburgh,  fully  em- 
powered to  enter  into  the  recjuisite  negotiations. 
A  p.issage  was  given  to  this  gentleman  by  the 
(iovernment  of  the  United  .States,  in  the  John 
Adams,  one  of  its  armed  vessels,  bound  to  a  l:lu- 
ropean  port. 

The  next  step  of  Mr.  Astor  was,  to  dispatch  the 
annual  ship  contemplated  in  his  general  ])lan.  He 
had  as  yet  heard  nothing  of  the  success  ot  the 
previous  expeditions,  and  harl  to  ])roceed  upon  the 
presum|)tion  that  everything  had  been  effected  ac- 
cordingto  his  instructions.  Heaccordingly  litted 
out  a  tine  ship  of  four  hundred  aiul  ninety  tons, 
called  the  Heaver,  and  freighted  her  with  ;i  v.ilua- 
ble  cargo  destined  tor  the  factory,  .it  the  mouth 
of  the  Columbia,  the  trade  along  the  coast,  and 
the  sup|)ly  of  the  Russian  establishmen*.  In  this 
shii)  embarked  a  reinforcement,  consisting  of  a 
partner,  live  clerks,  t'lfteen  American  laborers, 
and  six  Canadian  voyageurs.  In  choosing  his 
agents  for  his  first  expedition,  Mr.  .Astor  h.id  been 
obliged  to  have  recourse  to  British  subjects  expe- 
rienced in  the  Canadi.m  fur  trade  ;  henceforth  it 
was  his  intention,  as  much  .is  jiossible,  to  select 
Americans,  so  as  to  secure  an  asceiida.icy  of 
American  inlluence  in  the  managemt-nt  of  the 
company,  and  to  make  it  decidedly  national. 

Accorclingly,  .Mr.  John  Clarke,  the  jiartner,  whr) 
took  the  lead  in  the  present  expedition,  was  a  na- 
tive of  the  United  .States,  though  he  had  ]),issecl 
much  of  his  life  in  the  north-west,  having  been 
employed  in  the  fur  trade  since  the  age  ot  sixteen. 
Most  of  the  clerks  were  young  gentlemen  of  good 
connections  in  the  American  cities,  some  of  whom 
embarked  in  the  ho])e  of  gain,  others  through  the 
mere  spirit  of  adventure  incident  to  youth. 

The  instructions  given  by  Mr,  Astor  to  Captain 


•  ?  1? 


!':■. 


Mm  ^ 

■■'5  n^mk  ,!i 


i\ 


t  I:  il 


IM 


302 


ASTORIA. 


SowIp,  tlip  fiimniandrr  of  thr  Hfavpr,  worr,  in 
nomi'  rcs|>»Mts,  liy|)c)tlifii(al,  in  (■oiiscfiuciK  i-  nt 
the  (inicrl.iiiily  rcsiiiin  upon  llu:  prfvioiis  strps  tiJ 
tin-  riitcrprlsir, 

He  was  1(1  tmirh  at  th<;  Sandwuh  Islands,  in- 
quire aliniit  the  l(irturii's  ut  tile  Tdniiuin,  aiul 
wiv'tlicr  an  rstalillsliincnl  l.ad  iii-i-n  t(irmi-d  at  llif 
mouth  III  thr  t'cihuni)ia.  It  so,  he  was  to  laki-  as 
many  S  indwiih  Klanijcrs  as  his  ship  would  ac- 
ronunodalc,  and  proiicd  hitluT.  ( )n  arriving;  at 
tiif  river,  he  was  to  observe  jfre.it  caution,  for 
i;ven  if  an  estalilishinent  sliould  have  heen  foriu- 
ed,  it  rni^ht  liave  i.illen  into  hostile  h.inds.  lie 
was,  then-lore,  to  put  in  ;is  it  hy  easu.iliy  or  dis- 
tress, to  j;ive  himself  out  as  ;i  eoaslinj;  tr.ider, 
and  to  s.iy  nothiii:;  alioiit  his  ship  liein^;  owneil  hy 
Mr.  Astor,  unid  he  had  ascertained  that  e\-ery- 
thiiiK  was  ri;,dii.  In  ih.it  case,  he  was  to  land 
such  part  ot  his  car^;o  as  w.is  intended  for  the  es- 
t.dilishnient,  ;ind  to  proceed  to  New  Archangel 
witii  the  supplies  intended  lor  the  Kussian  post 
at  that  place,  where  he  could  recei\f  peltries  in 
])aynietil.  With  these  he  was  to  return  to  As- 
tor'i.i  ;  lake  in  the  furs  collected  there,  and,  hav- 
ing completed  his  car^jo  by  iradin;^  alonj^  the 
coast,  was  to  jiroceed  to  Canton.  The  captain 
received  ihes.inu-  injunctions  th.it  h. id  been  (;iven 
to  Captain  Thorn  of  the  Toixiuin,  ot  ^jrcit  c;ui- 
tion  ,ind  (  ircumspection  in  his  inter(  nurse  with 
the  natives,  and  tl'.at  he  should  not  perndl  ni(jre 
th.in  one  or  two  to  be  on  board  at  a  time. 

The  heaver  sailed  trom  New  N'ork  on  the  loth 
of  October,  iSll,  ;ind  reached  the  S.ind\vi(h 
Islands  without  any  occurrence  of  moment.  Here 
a  rumor  was  he.ird  of  the  disastrous  f.ite  of  the 
Ton(|uin.  Deep  solicitude  was  felt  by  every  onu 
on  bo.ird  for  the  fate  of  both  expeditions,  by  se.i 
and  land.  Doubts  were  entertained  whether  any 
est.dilishment  had  been  formed  at  the  mouth  of 
tile  Columbia,  or  whether  any  of  the  com]);iny 
would  be  iound  there.  Alter  inuch  deliberation, 
the  captain  took  twelve  S.mdwiidi  Islanders  on 
board,  for  the  service  of  the  f.ictory,  should  tluTe 
be  one  in  existence,  .and  proceeded  on  his  vova^je. 

On  the  Tith  of  May  hi-  .arrived  off  the  mouth  of 
the  Columbia,  and  runninjr  ;is  ne.ir  as  possible, 
fired  two  si^n.il-^^uns.  No  answer  was  returned, 
nor  was  there;  any  sijrn.il  to  be  descried.  Ni^dit 
cominij  on,  the  ship  stood  out  to  sea,  and  every 
heart  drooped  as  tht;  land  laded  ;iway.  On  thi: 
following-  mornin;.j  they  anain  ran  in  within  four 
miles  of  the  shore,  and  tired  other  sij;;nal-}runs, 
but  still  without  reply.  A  bo.itw.as  then  disp.atch- 
ed,  to  sound  the  ch.innel,  and  .attempt  an  en- 
trance ;  but  returned  without  suctess,  there  be- 
inp  a  tremendous  swell,  and  breakers.  Si^jnal- 
jjuns  were  tired  afr.ain  in  the  evenins,',  but  equally 
m  v.iin,  ;ui<l  once  more  the  ship  stood  off  to  sea 
ior  tile  nii^ht.  The  captain  now  j;ave  up  all  hojie 
of  tindiii},'-  any  establishment  at  the  place,  and  in- 
did).;ed  in  the  most  (bloomy  apprehensions.  He 
feare(|  his  predecessors  had  been  niassai-red  he- 
tore  they  h.ul  reached  their  place  of  destination  ; 
or  if  they  should  h.ive  erected  a  factory,  th.it  it 
had  been  surprised  and  destroyed  hy  the  natives. 

In  this  moment  of  doubt  and  uncertainty,  Mr. 
Clarke  annf)unced  his  determin.ition,  in  case  of 
the  worst,  to  foimd  an  establishment  with  the 
present  party,  and  all  hands  bravely  en<jajjed  to 
stand  by  him  in  the  undertaking.  The  next  morn- 
injj  the  shi])  stood  in  for  the  third  time,  and  tired 
three  sif^nal  fjuns,  but  with  little  hope  of  reply. 
To  the  j;reat  joy  of  the  crew,  three  distinct  puns 
were  heard  in  answer.  The  apprehensions  of  all 
but  Captain  Sowle  were  now  at  rest.     That  cau- 


linin  rommindrr  rrrollectod  the  liHtruct!-i 
piven  him  by  Mr.  Astor,  and  detcrniiiitd  i^'p,,,, 
(fed  with  ^;r(■at  ( irciinispei  tion.  He  \m,  [|,' 
.aw.it  -of  Indi.ui  tre.ichery  ,ind  (  unnin^r  liwynj 
im|)ossil)le,  he  observed,  th.lt  these  ( .iiiilon  nil  "i 
h.i\-e  been  lired  by  the  s.iv,ij,'es  thiinsflvcs.  T^ 
minht  liaM-  surprised  the  lort,  iii.iss'urfd  jj^  ,/ 
mates;  and  these  si),Mial-j,'Uns  iiii),r!ii  (mly  i,^,," 
coys  t(»  lure  him  a(T(>s>--  the  bar,  tli.it  the)  mir! 
have  il  chante  of  fulling  him  off,  and  jt'i/in;;ta 
vessel. 

At  leiijjth  a  while  ll.i>;  w.is  descried  hoisiici  - 
a  sif^nal  on  Cape  Disa|ipointnuiit.  Tlit;  p,i,v ■ . 
);ers  pointed  to  it  in  triumph,  but  the  i:a|nain  i;,; 
not  yet  dismiss  his  doubts.  A  beacnn  tirtlilaft] 
throilnh  the  iii^,du  on  the  s;inie  place,  liul  tht;.,ii! 
tain  observed  tli.il  all  these  si^jiials  might  it 
treacherous. 

On  the  followiii).;  morning,  M.iy  ((tli,  thevcss'; 
came  to  .'inchor  oil  Cape  Dis.ippdiiuiiuiit, ouim;^ 
<if  the  b,ir.  Tow.ird  noon  an  Inili.in  (.inoi:  n„ 
seen  making  for  the  sliiii  and  all  Ii.iihIs  were  oni.r- 
ed  to  be  on  tin;  alert.  A  lew  nionients  aticrw,ir,(, 
,1  barj;i;  waspeiceived  loll(H\iii^,'  the  caniii',  iK' 
hopes  and  Ic.irsof  those  on  board  of  tlicshi]\  wr[.: 
in  tumultuous  •■ipit.itioii,  as  the  boat  drew  m;^, 
that  w.is  to  let  them  know  the  lortimcs  (il  tiler,- 
terprise,  and  the  f.ite  ot  their  predeccssdrs.  11; 
c.iptain,  who  was  haunted  with  the  idea  ui  \um\. 
ble  treachery,  did  not  suiter  his  ciirinsitv  lo '.;r', 
the  better  ot  his  caution,  but  ordenil  ,1  p.irt',  : 
his  men  under  arms,  to  receive  the  \isit(irs.  TS 
c.iiioe  came  tirst  alon^jside,  in  which  were  (.dm- 
coiiily  and  six  Indians  ;  in  the  bar;4e  wcrcM  h'u- 
j(al,  M'Llellan,  and  eiH;lit  Ciiadiaiis.  A  lit;.e 
conversation  with  these  neiillunieii  dispellid  ;ij 
the  captain's  fears,  and  tile  lieaver  cr(issinj,Mi>; 
bar  under  their  pilotaye,  anchored  safely  in  I,,- 
ker's  liay. 


CIIAI'TKK  XLllI. 

Tun  arrival  of  the  Heaver  with  a  reinlnrrcnur. 
and  supplies,  jjave  new  lite  and  vitjor  to  affairs  a; 

Astoria.      These  were   m tor  extemliii;,'  !!'-• 

operations  of  the  establislniient,  and  foundiiii;!::- 
terior   tradinir   posts.     Two    parties  were  iiiiiiv.'- 
diattdy  set  on  fool  to  jiroceed  severally  uiiiltr  ihe 
command  of   Messrs,    M'Keii/ie  and  Clarl<c,  .111 1 
establish   posts  above  the  forks  ot  the  C(ilumb!,i, 
I  at  points  wdiere  most  rivalry  and  opiiosiiion  wire 
'  aiiprehended  from  the  North-west  Cempany. 
I       A  third  party,  headed  by  Mr.  D.ivid  Stuart,  w.is 
I  to  repair  with  suppli(;s  to  the  post  ot  that  K'''i''i'- 
!  man  on  the  t)akinapan.     In  adilition  to  tlu'Sfiv- 
]ieditions  a  fourth  was  necessary  to  ciiiivey  i:is- 
l)a'.ches  to  Mr.  Astor,  at   New   S'ork,  in  iilaai: 
those  unfortunately  lost  by  John  Reed.    The  m'c 
conveyance    of   these  dispatches   v.as  liiijhiy  im- 
portant,  as  bv  them  Mr.  Astor  would  rax'ivi;.'.n 
account  of  th(;  state  of  the  factory,  and  n%m\: 
his    reinforcements     and    supjilies     ;iccordiii;;iy 
I  The  mission  was  one  of  peril  and  hardship,  am. 
I  re(|uired  a  man  of  nerve  and  vi^or.     It  was  con- 
!  tided  to  Robert  Stuart,  who,  thoutjh  he  had  never 
been   across  the  mountains,   and  a  very  yi)u:\' 
I  man,  had  jriven  proofs  of   his  competency  to '.he 
I  task.     Four  trusty  and  well-tried  men,  who  h.i'. 
j  come  overland   iii    Mr.    Hunt's  expedition,  wri 
j  <;i\en    as   his  guides  and  hunters.      These  were 
;  Hen  Jones  and  John  Dav,   the  Kentiickians,  rA 
\  Andri  \'all.ir  and  Francis  Le  Clerc,  Can.idiMS- 
;  Mr.  M'Lellan  ajjain  expressed  his  determination 
!  to  take  this  opportunity  of  returning  to  the  -Mian- 


ASTORIA. 


,  .^l,itr«  I"  tl'i^  ^''  W'l"  it>in<-<l  !'>■  Mr.  Crooks, 
'  ,  ',Hittilli>liii'l">«  .'ll  <l>'"   I'l-  I'-"'  ^ulk-rfd  It) 

I'iliMii.il  i"iirii'y  of  ihc  prcifilin^;  wmt.'r.  vv.is 
-i,h  \«  rr'ir.t'."'  Ill'*  •''•'I''*  •""'  '"■''^'•-"  ^•■^■•''■y  <l->ii««T 
,  I  (,,,r(Utii|i,    r.illii'r   lh:iii    n'm.iin    ;it    Asiun.i. 

11,1,  liulr  h.inilliil  lit  iKlvftiluroii-,  im-n  we  projioM- 

.,  .ifcimpany  in  iti  lori^'  ami  p.niou-i  l.^rr^•^,'rill.l 

"I'hc several  |).iiiii's  \vr  liav  mciitioniMl  all  sot  otf 
I,  ,,)m|any  mi  llir  J<;th  ot  Jimr,  uiuIi.t  a  saiiiti'  of 
niinnii  Iniin  t!i.'  lort.  ■|'licy  w.tc  to  kfcp  to^;ctlnT, 
!„rniutu.illirolriiioii,  tlir.iiij;li  On-  piralii.il  passus 
,'  ihi'  riviT,  an!  to  separate,  on  tluir  dilferent 
IbtiiMtiiins,  at  tlie  forks  of  the  ('oluii*l)ia.  'I'lieir 
lujmliir,  Cdllfi  lively,  was  nearly  sixty,  idnsislin^; 
I'lurtiur!.  anil  elerk,,  Canaili.ui  voyaneurs,  S.iixi- 
wi.h  Waivlers,  anil  Anierie.m  hunters;  and  they 
miliirU  I  in  two  har^jes  .mil  ten  e.moes. 

fluv  ii.iil  si.inciv  >,'ot  under  way,  when  John 
Iiiv,  till'  Kentuiky  liunter,  lice.inie  restless  and 
Liu'.i>y,  ami  extrenu'ly  wayward  in  his  deport 
infnt.  This  ciused  surprise,  lor  in  ^jeneral,  he 
w:h  rfinarkahle  for  his  eheerlul,  manly  deport- 
miiii,  it  was  siip|)osed  that  the  recollection  of 
],,i',i  MidcriMK's  niiLjht  harass  his  mind  in  iindcr- 
Miiiii^' lo  retrace  the  scenes  where  they  had  lifcn 
txntriiMiceil.  As  the  expedition  advanced,  how- 
t.tr,  his  ajjitation  increased,  lie  he^.m  to  talk 
wildly  and  incoherently,  and  to  i>how  manifest 
svm|itiinis  of  (leranj{i'ment. 

Mr.  Crunks  nicv  informed  his  companions  that 
ill  his  ilesol.ile  \v.inderin;;s  throujjh  the  Snake 
Hivi-r  cmniiry  durinjf  the  precedinvf  winter,  in 
\vhi(h  he  liail  heen  accomi).inii-d  l>y  Jolni  Day, 
the  |i""r  Icllitw'.s  wits  had  been  partiallv  imset- 
tltil  hy  ihe  siilferiiijjs  and  horrors  throUL'h  which 
tluv  iiad  p.isscd,  ;uid  he  doubted  whether  they 
hill  fViT  heeii  restored  to  ])erlect  s.mity.  It  was 
s'.i'i  h'i|iud  that  this  a;;ilation  of  spirit  mi^jht  pass 
:.',.iy  as  they  iiroceeded  ;  but,  on  the  contrary,  it 
j,rcu  mure  and  more  violent.  His  comrades  en- 
(Ir.ivurcd  tu  di\ert  his  mind  and  to  draw  him 
il'.'in  r:ilii)iial  ( iinvers.ilion,  but  he  only  became 
till;  mure  exasper.ited,  iittcrinjj  wild  and  inco- 
licrLMit  ravinj,'s.  I'he  sij,du  of  any  of  the  natives 
put  him  in  an  .ibsolute  fury,  and  he  would  heap 
(jii  iheni  tile  most  o|)|)robrious  epithets  ;  recollect- 
in;,',  iiu  duiilit,  what  he  had  sulftred  from  Indian 
rolilicrs. 

On  the  e\i'nin;.r  of  the  2(1  of  July  he  becar  le  ab- 
solutely Irantic,  and  attempletl  to  destroy  h.mself. 
Ilcini;  disarmed,  he  sank  uUo  (|uielutle,  and  pro- 
l:5se;l  the  ^^reatest  remorse  for  the  crime  he  had 
militated,  lie  then  jjretended  U)  sleej),  and  liav- 
i;i;'  thus  lulled  suspicion,  sutldenly  sprani;  up, 
jjst  liedire  daylijjht,  seized  a  pair  of  loaded  i)is- 
li'.i,  ami  endeavored  to  blow  out  his  brains.  In 
his  hurry  he  lired  too  hiH;h,  and  the  balls  jjassed 
ever  his  head.  He  was  instantly  secured  and 
placed  under  a  .i,niard  in  one  of  the  boats.  How 
iMlispose  of  hini  w;is  now  the  (|Uestion,  as  it  was 
itiip'issihle  to  keep  him  with  the  expedition,  For- 
tuiiiitcly  .Mr.  Stuart  met  with  some  Indians  ac- 
customed to  trade  with  Astoria.  These  under- 
luok  to  conduct  John  IJay  back  to  the  factory, 
.i;i(l  deliver  him  there  in  safety.  It  was  with  the 
jjtmijst  rocern  that  his  comrades  saw  the  jioor  )el- 
!»"•  depart  ;  tor,  independent  of  his  invaluable 
services  as  a  tirst-rate  hunter,  his  frank  and  loyal 
q'Jdities  had  made  him  a  universal  favorite.  It 
"iiay  he  as  well  to  add  that  the  Indians  executed 
Iheirtask  faithtully,  and  landed  John  Day  among 
his  friends  at  Astoria  ;  but  his  constitution  was 
C'lmpletely  broken  l)ythe  hardships  he  had' under- 
guiie,  and  he  died  within  a  year. 


f)n  the  evcninj{  of  the  ''ith  i>f  Inly  the  p.irly  aN 
rived  at  the  pir.ilic.d  p.iss  ot  tin.'  river,  .mil  en- 
ctniped  at  the  loot  ot  the  first  r.ipid.  'riic  next 
d.iy,  before  the  commellceiDeiit  of  the  |iortaj,'e, 
ilie  (greatest  preiiutioiiH  were  t.iken  to  jju.inl 
.ij{ainst  lurking;  tre.uhery,  or  open  att.ick.  'i'lii! 
we.ipotis  of  every  m.iii  were  put  in  order,  and  hi* 
cartriil^;e-l)ox  replenished.  Kn  h  one  wore  a  kind 
of  sun  oat  made  of  the  skin  of  llie  elk,  re.ichili){ 
from  his  neck  to  his  knees,  .ind  .iiiswerin^;  thu 
purpose  of  a  shirt  of  iii.iil,  for  it  sv.is  arrow  proof, 
and  it  could  even  resist  a  nuisket  b.ill  at  the  dis- 
tant i'  of  iiinrty  y.irds.  'riius  armed  .mil  ei|iiippe(|, 
they  posted  their  forces  in  military  style.  I'i\('  of 
the  ollii  ers  took  their  st.ition-i  it  eat  li  end  ot  the 
porl.i^'e,  wliiih  w.is  between  three  and  tour  milcH 
in  lenj,'tli;  .i  number  ot  men  mointed  ;ju,ird  .it  short 
(list. lilies  .ilon^r  ihe  heights  iiiiMcdi.ilidy  o\  erloolc. 
iii^;  the  ri\'er,  while  the  residue,  thus  protected 
Irom  surprise, eniplo\cd  them leUes  In  low  in  dr.ij;- 
^'iiij,'  up  the  b.ir>,'ei  and  canoes,  .ind  c  irryiii;(  up 
the  ),'oods  alonjf  the  n.irrow  !ii.ir;,'in  of  the  rapids. 
Willi  these  precaution,  they  .ill  p,is-,eil  uninoleit- 
ed.  The  only  accident  lh.it  li,ip|)eneil  was  tin; 
upsettini,'  ot  one  of  the  c.uioes,  by  which  some  of 
the  floods  sunk,  and  others  llo.ited  down  the 
stre.im.  The  .dertness  and  rapacity  of  the  hordes 
which  infest  these  rapids,  v:ere  immediately  ap- 
jiarent.  'i'hey  nounced  upon  the  tlo.ilin;.;  mer- 
chaiulise  with  tlie  keenness  of  re),'ul,ir  wreckers. 
A  bale  of  j{oods  which  l.inded  upon  one  of  tin: 
islands  was  immediatidy  ripped  open,  one  half  of 
its  contents  divided  aiiioii',;  the  i  .iptives,  and  the 
other  half  secreted  in  a  lonely  hut  in  a  diep  ra- 
vine. Mr.  Robert  Stuart,  however,  set  out  in  ;i 
canoe  with  live  men  ,ind  ;in  interpreter,  ferreted 
out  the  wreckers  in  tin  ir  retreat,  and  succeeded 
in  wresiing  Irom  tliein  their  booty. 

.Similar  precautions  to  those  already  mentioned, 
and  to  a  still  ^,'reater  extent,  were  observed  in 
passing;  the  long  narrows,  ,ind  the  t.ills,  where  they 
would  be  (.'xposed  to  the  depredations  ot  the  chiv- 
alry of  Wisli-r.im,  and  its  Ireebooting  neighbor- 
hood. In  t.ict,  they  had  scarcely  set  their  first 
watch  one  night,  when  an  alarm  of  "  Indi.uis  I" 
w.is  given.  "  To  arms  !"  w.is  the  cry,  ;ind  every 
man  was  at  his  post  in  an  inst.inl.  The  alarm 
was  explained  ;  a  war  jiarty  of  Slioshonies  li.id 
surprised  a  canoe  of  the  natives  just  below  the  en- 
campment, had  murdered  four  men  and  two 
women,  .'ind  it  was  ap])relieiiiled  they  would  at- 
tack the  camp.  The  boats  and  canoes  were  im- 
medi.itely  h.iuled  up,  a  brea-.twork  w.is  m.ide  of 
them,  and  the  packages,  forming  three  sides  of 
a  sipiare,  w  ilh  the  river  in  the  rear,  and  thus  the 
jiarty  remained  fortitied  throughout  the  night. 

The  dawn,  however,  dispelled  the  alarm  ;  the 
jiortage  was  conducted  in  pe.ice  ;  the  vagabond 
warriors  of  the  vicinity  hovered  about  them  while 
at  work,  but  were  ke])l  at  a  wary  distaiire.  They 
regarded  the  lo.ids  of  merchandise  with  wistful 
eyes,  but  seeing  the  "  long-beartis"  so  formid.ible 
in  number,  and  so  well  prepared  for  action,  they 
made  no  attempt,  either  by  open  force  or  sly  pil- 
fen.ig  to  collect  their  usual  toll,  but  maint.iined  n 
peaceful  deme.inor,  and  were  afterward  ;ewar(led 
tor  their  good  conduct  with  i)resents  of  tob.acco. 

Kifteen  days  were  consumed  in  .iscending  front 
the  foot  of  the  first  rapid,  to  the  head  of  iht-  f.iUs, 
a  distance  of  .about  eighty  miles,  but  full  ot  all 
kinds  of  obstructions.  Having  ha|)pily  accom- 
plished these  difficult  portages,  the  party,  on  thu 
19th  of  July,  arrived  at  a  smoother  part  ot  tlie 
river,  and  pursued  their  way  up  the  stream  with 
greater  speed  and  facility. 


394 


ASTORIA. 


'.ii. 


m 


I:  i.i'H  I 


iii;i^ 


i  'V''\'\ 


H  ,1 


^'m 


11    rti 


They  wcfc  now  in  the  nci^lihorhood  where  Mr. 
Crooks  ;iiul  John  Day  had  bfcn  so  pertkliously 
rol)l)ecl  and  stripped  a  few  months  previously, 
when  contiding  in  the  proffi^red  hosjiitaiity  ot  a 
ruffian  hand.  On  iandinjj  at  nij^ht,  therefore,  a 
vijjiiant  guard  was  maintained  aliout  the  camp. 
On  the  following  morning  a  number  of  Indians 
made  their  appearanel^  and  came  prowling  round 
the  party  while  at  breafcfast.  To  his  greatdelight 
Mr.  Crooks  recognized  among  them  two  of  the 
miscreants  by  whom  ne  had  been  robbed.  They 
were  instantly  seized,  bound  hand  ;,nd  foot,  and 
thrown  into  one  of  the  canoes.  Here  they  lay  in 
doleful  fright,  expecting  summary  execution.  Mr. 
Crooks,  however,  was  out  of  a  revengeful  disposi- 
tion, and  agreed  to  release  the  culprits  as  soon  as 
the  pillaged  property  should  be  restored.  Several 
savages  immediately  started  off  in  different  direc- 
tions, and  before  night  the  ritles  of  Crooks  and 
Day  were  produced  ;  several  of  the  smaller  arti- 
cles pilfered  from  them,  however,  could  not  be  re- 
covered. 

The  hands  of  the  culprits  were  then  removed, 
and  they  lost  no  lime  in  taking  their  departure, 
still  unde;  the  intluence  of  abject  terror,  and 
scarcely  crediting  their  senses  that  they  had  es- 
cajied  the  merited  punishment  of  their  offences. 

The  country  on  each  side  of  the  river  now  be- 
gan to  nssume  a  different  character.  The  hills, 
and  cliffs,  and  forests  disap])eared  ;  vast  sandy 
plains,  scantily  clotheil  here  and  there  with  short 
tuttsof  grass,  ])arclied  by  the  summer  sun,  stretch- 
ed far  away  to  the  north  and  south.  The  river 
was  occasionally  obstructed  with  rocks  and  rap- 
ids, but  often  there  were  smooth,  placid  intervals, 
whei  !■  the  current  was  gentle,  and  the  boatmen 
were  'nabled  to  lighten  their  labors  with  the  as- 
sistant e  of  the  sail. 

Thi  natives  in  this  part  of  the  river  residetl  en- 
tirely on  the  northern  siile.  They  were  hunters, 
3S  well  as  fishermen,  and  had  horses  in  plenty. 
Some  of  these  were  purchased  by  the  jiarty,  as 
provisions,  and  killed  on  the  s|)ot,  though  they 
occasi'nally  fi.und  a  dif'ticully  in  procuring  fuel 
wherewi'h  to  ook  them.  One  of  the  greatest 
dangers  '.hat  iieset  the  travellers  in  this  i)art  of 
their  expei'tion,  was  the  vast  number  of  r.illle- 
snakes  whit  -.  infested  the  rocks  about  the  rapids 
and  portage'  ,  and  on  which  the  men  were  in  dan- 
ger of  t'.'i -icling.  They  were  often  found,  too,  in 
quant'tie'.  about  the  encampments.  In  one  i)lace 
a  P  ■■"(  of  them  lay  coiled  together,  fiasking  in  the 
sur..  Several  guns  loaded  with  shot  were  dis- 
ch.i". ed  c!t  them,  and  thirty-seven  killed  and 
wo  .ided.  To  prevent  any  unwelcome  visits  from 
th'ji  i'l  the  night,  tobacco  was  occasionally  strewed 
aroi,  .d  the  tents,  a  weed  for  which  they  have  a 
very  |)ro[)er  abfiorrence. 

'-)n  tlij  28th  of  July,  the  travellers  arrived  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Wallah-Wallah,  a  bright,  clear 
strtair.,  about  six  feet  deep  and  tifty-tive  yards 
'V.  le,  which  flows  rapidly  over  a  bed  of  sand  and 
gravel,  and  throws  itself  into  the  Columbia,  a 
few  miles  l)elow  Lewis  I'iiver.  Mere  the  com- 
bined parties  that  had  thus  far  voyaged  together 
were  to  separate,  each  for  its  particular  dt.'stina- 
tion. 

On  the  banks  of  the  Wallah- Wallah  lived  the 
hospita!)le  tribe  of  the  same  name  who  had  suc- 
cored Mr.  Crooks  and  J.ihn  Day  in  the  time  of 
their  extremity.  Xo  sooner  did  they  hear  of  the 
arrival  of  the  party,  than  they  hastened  to  greet 
them.  Thi'V  built  a  great  bonfire  on  the  hank  of 
the  river,  before  the  camp,  ar.d  men  and  women 
danced  round  it  to  the  cadence  r'  their  songs,  in 


which  they  sang  the  praises  of  the  wliito  m,.,,     . 
welcomed  them  to  their  country.  '  '■"" 

On  the  following  day  a  traffic  was  commence] 
to  procure  horses  lor  such  of  the  party  as  imcny  i 
to  proceed  by  land.     The  Wallali-WiiH,,!,,  ir' 
equestrian  tribe.     The  equipmeiils  ot  tlu-ir  iniV'- 
were  rude  and  inconvenient.   High  s.uliHt.,  i,"  ' 
ly   made   of  deer  skin,  stuffed   with  hair.'  \u,^^i 
chafe  the  horsi-'s  b.ack,  and  leave  it  raw  ;  v.noi., 
slirru])s  with  a  thong  of  raw  hide  wrapped  niu  m 
them  ;  and  for  hritUes  they  have  cunls  ut  iwibid 
horse-hair,   which,  they  tie  round  the  uiulcr  U' 
They  are,  like  most  Indians,  bold  Inn  hard  niiiri 
and   when,  on   horseback  gallop  alioui  the  muji 
dangerous  places,  without  fear  tor  thc'ni.sclvcs  or 
jiity  for  their  steeds. 

From  these  people  Mr.  Stuart  purclKucd  iwent" 
horses  for  his  party;  some  for  the  saddle,  anil 
others  to  transport  the  baggage.  He  was  lonu- 
iiate  in  procuring  a  noble  animal  for  his  own  iise 
which  was  praisetl  by  the  Indians  lor  il^  iti-.u 
speed  and  bottom,  and  a  high  price  sut  uiuin  :■, 
No  jjcople  understand  better  the  value  ol  a  horie 
than  these  equestrian  tribes  ;  and  nowhere  is 
si)eed  a  greater  requisite,  as  they  trwiucmh  en- 
gage in  tile  ch.ise  ot  the  antelope,  one  ot  tlu- iiai- 
est  of  animals.  ICven  after  the  Indian  who  sj,,] 
this  boasted  horse  to  Mr.  Stuart  had  coiKhidtl 
his  bargair.,  he  lingered  about  the  animal,  seen;- 
ing  loth  to  ])art  from  him,  aiul  to  he  sorry  lor 
what  he  had  done. 

A  day  or  two  were  employed  by  Mr.  Smart  in 
arranging  packages  and  jiack-saddles,  and  mak- 
ing other  ])reparations  for  his  long  and  ardumis 
journey.  His  party,  by  the  loss  ol  Jidm  Dav, 
was  now  reduced  to  six,  a  small  number  lor  siuh 
an  exiiedition.  They  were  young  nun,  howcvir, 
full  of  courage,  health,  and  good  spirits,  mkI 
stimulated,  rather  than  appalled  by  danijcr. 

On  the  morning  of  the  31st  of  July,  all  pnpiin- 
lions  t)eing  concluded,  Mr.  Stuart  and  his  liule 
band  mounted  their  steeds  and  took  a  faniwcll  ot 
their  fellow-travellers,  who  gave  tlu-m  thive 
hearty  cheers  ;is  they  set  out  on  their  danncrnus 
journey.  The  course  they  took  wtis  to  the  south- 
etist,  toward  the  fated  region  ot  the  Snaki:  River. 
At  an  immense  distance  rose  a  chain  ot  crai;;,'y 
mountains,  which  they  would  have  to  traverse ; 
they  were  the  same  .imono  which  the  travellers 
had  experienced  such  sulferings  from  cold  durin:,' 
the  preceding  winter,  and  from  liieir  .i/.urc  tiius, 
when  seen  :it  a  distance,  had  received  tin;  name 
ot  the  Blue  Mountains. 


CHAPTER  XLIV. 

In  retracing  the  route  which  had  proved  so  dis- 
astrous to  Mr.  Hunt's  party  during  the  prcccdinj; 
winler,Mr.  Stuart  had  trusted,  in  tlic  present  more 
favorable  season,  to  fnul  easy  travelling  aiul  ahun- 
dant  supplies.  On  these  great  wastes  and  wilds, 
however,  each  season  has  its  i)ecu!iar  hardships. 
The  travellers  had  not  iiroceeded  f..r,  htlore  ihev 
found  themselves  among  naked  and  arid  hills.with 
a  soil  composeil  of  sand  and  chiy,  baked  and  bnl- 
tle,  that  to  all  appearance  had  never  been  visited 
by  the  dews  of  heaven. 

Not  a  spring,  or  jjool,  or  running  stream  was  to 
be  seen  ;  the  sunburnt  country  was  ;,e;iiiu:d  and 
cut  up  by  dry  ravines,  the  beds  of  wintcrlorrenis 
serving  onlv  to  balk  the  hopes  of  man  ami  bfast, 
with  the  sight  of  dusty  channels  where  water  \m 
once  poureel  along  in  doods. 


ASTORIA. 


305 


For  a  Ion"  summer  day  they  contimicfl  onward 
,„thout  h.ilui'K  ;  ;i  iHirniiifj  sky  aliovc  their  heads, 


desert   beneath  their  feet,   with   just 

r\\  to  raise   tiie   liyht   sand   Irom    the 

Tile 


a  narchecl 

wiiui  eiiougli  to  raise 

knoils  and  envciop  them  in  sutlins  clouds, 

-ufferinRS  from  iliirsi    hecame    intense  ;    a    tine 

'    „,r  dog,  tlieir  only  companion    of  the   kind, 

nvfout  and  exiiired.  Evening  drew  on  without 
aliv  prospect  of  relief,  and  they  were  almost  re- 
(l|,(.j;|t(,  despair,  when  they  descried  somethin),^ 
thit  looked  like  a  frinj^e  of  forest  alonjj  the  hori- 
zon All  were  inspired  with  new  hope,  for  they 
IniW  that  on  these  arid  wastes,  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  trees,  there  is  always  water. 

Thiv  now  <iiiickened  their  pace  ;  the  horses 
sciineil  to  iimlersatnd  their  motives,  and  to  par- 
ukeot  their  anticipations  ;  for,  though  i)ufore  al- 
most ready  to  give  out,  they  now  required  neither 
uiiip  nor  spur.  With  all  their  exertions  it  was 
l.ueiii  the  night  before  they  drew  near  to  the 
tats.  .•\s  they  approached,  they  iieard  with  tr.ins- 
■lort,  the  rippling  of  a  shallow  stream.  No  sooner 
uiil  the  refreshing  sound  reach  the  ears  of  the 
horses,  than  the  poor  animals  snuffed  the  air, 
nishi'J  iorward  with  ungovernable  eagerness,  and 
piiiiKriiig  their  mu/zles  into  tlie  water,  drank  until 
iney  stemed  in  danger  of  bursting.  Their  riders 
h,ui  hut  little  more  discretion,  and  re(iuired  re- 
pealed draughts  to  tjuench  their  excessive  thirst. 
Their  weary  march  that  day  had  been  forty-live 
miles,  over  a  tr.ick  that  might  rival  the  deserts  of 
.\lrica  for  aridity.  Indeed,  the  sufferings  of  the 
iHVtller  on  these  .American  deserts,  is  fre(|uently 
moresivere  than  in  the  wastes  of  Africa  or  Asia, 
irom  hiing  less  habituated  and  prepared  to  cope 
uidi  them. 

( 111  the  hanks  of  this  l)lessed  stream  the  travellers 
enciniped  tor  the  night  ;  and  so  great  had  been 
their  laiiguc,  and  so  sound  and  sweet  was  their 
sleep,  that  it  was  a  late  hour  the  next  morning  be- 
!ore  they  awoke.  They  now  recognized  the  little 
river  to  he  the  Uniatalla,  the  same  on  the  banks  of 
'.vhich  .Mr.  Hunt  and  his  followers  had  arrived 
alter  their  painful  struggle  through  the  Hlue 
Mountains,  and  experienced  such  a  kind  relief  in 
the  friendly  camp  of  thi^  .Sciatogas. 

That  range  of  iJlue  Mountains  now  extended  in 
the  distance  before  them  ;  ihey  were  the  s.ime 
.among  which  poor  Michael  Carriere  had  perished. 
They  ((irm  the  soutii-east  boundary  of  the  great 
niains  along  the  Columbia,  dividing  the  waters  of 
:ts  main  stream  from  those  of  Lewis  River.  They 
.ire.  inf.ict,  a  part  of  a  long  chain,  which  stretches 
over  a  great  extent  of  country,  and  includes  in  its 
"  'S  the  Snake  River  Mountains. 

The  day  was  somewhat  advanced  before  the 
;ravrllers  left  the  shady  banks  of  the  Uniatalla. 
Tneirroul"  gr.adually  took  them  among  the  Hlue 
■Mountains,  wliicli  assumed  the  most  rugged  as- 
pect on  a  near  approach.  They  were  sii.igged 
wth  dense  and  gloomy  forests,  and  cut  up  by 
deep  and  precipitous  r.ivines,  extremely  toilsome 
10  the  liorses.  Sometimes  the  travellers  had  to 
I'llow  the  course ol  some  brawling  stream,  with  a 
hrokcn,  rocky  bed.  -.-hich  the  shouldering  cliffs 
i!Hl  pnuiiontorieson  either  side,  obliged  them  [w- 
wn\y  to  cross  and  recross.  l'\)r  some  miles 
ipey  struggled  forward  through  these  sav.ige  and 
'-ukly  Wooded  deliles,  when  all  at  once  the 
'vhole  landscape  changed,  as  if  h.  magic.  The 
™ie  mountains  and  rugged  ravines  softened  into 
'eatitifjl  hills,  and  intervening  meadows,  with 
nvulets  winding  through  fresh  herbage,  and 
^;iarklnigand  murmuring  over  gravelly  beds,  the 
Allele  forming  ;i  ^  erdant  and  pastoral  scene,  which 


derived  additional  charm;  from  being  locked  up 
in  the  bosom  of  such  a  hard-he. irted  region. 

luiierging  from  the  chain  of  Hlue  .Nlouiitains, 
they  descended  ujion  a  vast  plain,  almost  a  dead 
level,  sixty  miles  in  circumference,  of  excellent 
soil,  with  fine  streams  ine.mdering  through  it  in 
every  direction,  their  courses  marked  oW  in  the 
wide  landscape  by  ser|)entine  lines  ot  cotton-wood 
trees,  and  willows,  which  fringed  tlu;ii  b.-.nks,  and 
afforded  sustenance  to  great  numbers  of  beavers 
and  otters. 


In  traversing  this  iil.iin,  they  [la 


they  at  length 


,  close  to 
the  skirts  of  the  hills,  a  great  pool  ol  v.ater,  three 
hundred  yards  in  circumlereiice,  fed  by  a  sul]ihur 
spring,  about  ten  feet  in  diameter,  boiling  up  in 
one  corner.  The  va|)or  from  this  pool  was  ex- 
tremely noisome,  and  tainted  ilie  air  lor  a  consid- 
erable distance.  The  place  was  much  lre([Uented 
by  elk,  which  were  fouiul  in  consider.ible  num- 
bers in  the  adjacent  mountains,  and  their  horns, 
shed  in  the  spring  time,  were  streweil  in  every  di- 
rection around  the  ])ond. 

On  the  20tli  of  August,  they  reached  the  main 
body  of  Wooclvile  Creek,  the  saiiii;  stream  which 
.Mr.  Hunt  had  ascended  in  the  ]H"e^etling  year, 
shortly  after  his  sep.iration  from  Mr.  Crooks. 

On  the  banks  of  this  stre.im  they  saw  a  herd  of 
nineteen  antelopes  ;  a  sight  so  unusual  in  that 
part  of  the  country,  that  at  first  they  doubted  the 
evidence  of  their  senses.  They  tried  by  every 
means  to  get  within  shot  of  them,  but  they  wene 
too  shy  and  fleet,  and  after  alternately  bounding 
to  a  distance,  and  then  stopping  to  ga/.e  with  ca- 
pricious curiosity  at  the  hunter, 
scaiii]iered  out  of  sight. 

On  the  I2tli  of  August  the  travellers  arrived  on 
the  banks  of  Snake  River,  t'-.e  scene  of  so  many 
trials  and  mishaps  to  ail  of  the  present  jiarly  ex- 
cepting Mr.  Stuart.  They  struck  'lie  river  just 
above  the  place  where  it  entered  th  -  mount.iins, 
through  which  Messrs.  Stuart  and  Crooks  had 
\ainly  endeavored  to  tliid  a  ]j.issage.  The  river 
was  here  a  rapiil  stream,  lour  hundred  yards  in 
width,  with  high  sandy  btiiiks,  ,ind  here  and  there 
a  scanty  growth  of  willow.  I'p  the  southern  side 
(jf  the  river  they  now  bent  their  course,  intending 
to  visit  the  caches  made  by  Mr.  Hunt  at  the  Cal- 
dron Linn. 

On  the  second  evening  a  solitary  Snake  Indian 
visited  their  camp,  at  a  late  hour,  and  informed 
them  that  there  w;.s  a  white  man  residing  at  one 
of  the  cantonmen's  of  his  tribe,  about  a  day'j 
journey  higher  up  the  river.  It  w;is  immediately 
concluded  that  he  must  be  one  ol  the  |)oor  fellows 
ol  Mr.  Hunt's  ]).irty,  who  h.ul  given  out,  exhaust- 
ed by  hunger  and  fatigue,  in  the  wret  bed  jour- 
ney of  the  preceding  winter.  All  present,  who 
had  Ixn-nc  a  ])art  in  the  sufferings  of  that  journey, 
wer(!  eager  now  to  press  forward,  d  bring  relief 
to  a  lost  comrade.  l'"arlythe  next  morning,  thcrc- 
f.)re,  they  pushed  forw.ird  with  unusual  alacritv. 
l"or  two  days,  howev('r,  did  they  travel  without 
being  able  to  lind  ,>ny  trace  of  such  ;i  straggler. 

On  the  evening  of  the  second  day,  they  arrived 
.It  a  place  where  a  large  river  came  in  fiimi  the 
east, which  was  renowned  .•imongall  the  wj'ulering 
hordes  of  the  Snake  nation  for  its  salmon  fishery, 
that  fish  being  taken  in  incredible  (jiiantities  in 
this  neighborhood.  Here,  therefore,  during  the 
li  hing  season,  the  Snake  Indians  resort  from  far 
ai  u  near,  to  l.iy  in  tlieir  stock  ot  salmon,  which, 
with  esculent  roots,  forms  the  principal  foo.l  of 
the  inhabit:Mits  of  these  barren  regions. 

On  the  b.u.k.T  of  a  sni.ill  stream  emptying  into 
Snake   River  at  tin;,  place,    Mr.  Slu.irl  louiid  an 


1  r     '"S  ■ 


fii\ 


l\::    ,i'..i 


r  fit 


..  ii.- 


390 


ASTORIA. 


i   ] 


encampment  of  Shoshonies.  He  made  the  usual 
inquiry  of  them  concernin{;  the  white  mar.  of  whom 
he  had  received  inlelli};t;nce.  No  such  person 
■was  dweilinjr  amonj^  tliem,  but  they  said  there 
were  wiiite  men  residinj^  with  some  of  their  nation 
on  the  o[)posite  side  of  the  river.  This  was  still 
more  animatinj^  information.  Mr.  Crooks  now 
hoped  that  these  niij^ht  be  the  men  of  his  i)arty, 
who,  disheartened  by  perils  and  hardships,  had 
prelerred  to  remain  among  the  Indians.  Others 
thought  they  migiu  be  Mr.  Miller  and  the  hunters 
who  had  leit  the  main  body  at  Henry's  I'"ort,  to 
trap  among  the  mountain  streams.  Mr.  Stuart 
halted,  therefore,  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  Sho- 
shonie  lodges,  and  sent  ar.  Indian  across  the  river 
to  seek  out  the  white  meti  in  question,  and  bring 
them  to  his  camj). 

The  travellers  passed  i  restless,  miserable  night. 
The  ])lace  sw.irnK'd  w  th  myriads  of  moscjuitoes, 
which,  with  their  stings  anil  their  music,  set  all 
sleep  at  detiance.  The  morning  dawn  found  them 
in  a  feverish,  irritable  mood,  and  their  spleen  was 
completely  aroused  by  th'^  return  of  the  Indian 
without  any  intelligence  of  the  white  men.  They 
now  considered  themselves  the  dupes  of  Indian 
falsehoods,  and  resolved  to  put  no  more  confi- 
dence in  Snakes.  They  soon,  however,  forgot 
this  resolution.  In  the  course  of  the  morning,  an 
Indian  came  galloping  after  them  ;  Mr.  Stuart 
waited  to  recei\e  him  ;  no  sooner  had  he  come 
up,  than,  dismounting  and  throwing  his  arms 
round  the  neck  of  Mr.  Stuart's  hor.se,  he  began 
to  kiss  and  care.is  the  animal,  who  on  his  part 
seemed  by  no  means  surprised  or  displeased  with 
his  salutation.  .Mr.  .Stuart,  who  valued  his  horse 
highly,  was  somewhat  annoyed  by  these  trans- 
ports ;  the  cause  of  them  was  soon  ex[)lained. 
The  Snake  said  the  horse  had  belonged  to  him, 
and  been  the  best  in  his  jjossession,  and  that  it 
had  been  stolen  by  the  Wallah-Wallahs.  Mr. 
Stuart  was  by  no  means  pleased  with  this  recog- 
nition ol  his  steed,  nor  disposed  to  admit  any 
claim  on  the  part  ol  its  ancient  owner.  In  fact, 
it  was  a  noble  animal,  admirably  sha])ed,  of  free 
and  generous  spirit,  graceful  in  movement,  and 
fleet  as  an  aiUeU^pe.  It  was  his  intention,  if  pos- 
sible, to  take  ti'.e  horse  to  New  York,  and  present 
him  to  .Mr.  Asior. 

In  the  iijeaniime  some  of  the  party  came  up, 
and  immedi.ilely  recognized  in  the  .Snake  an  old 
friend  and  ally.  He  was  in  fact  one  of  the  two 
guides  who  had  conducted  Mr.  Hunt's  ])arty,  in 
ihe  jMeceding  autumn,  across  Mad  River  Moun- 
tain to  Fort  Ih'iuy,  and  who  subse(|uently  depart- 
ed with  Mr.  ^Miller  and  his  fellow  tra])|)ers,  to 
conduct  them  ti)  a  good  f-'jiping  ground.  The 
reader  inav  recollect  that  these  two  trusty  .Snakes 
^vel■e  engaged  by  Mr.  Hunt  to  return  and  take 
charge  ol  tiie  horses  which  thi;  ])arty  intended  to 
le.'ive  at  Fort  Henry,  when  they  shoultl  embark 
in  canoes. 

The  party  now  crowded  round  the  Snake,  and 
began  to  (piestion  him  with  eagerness.  His  replies 
were  somewhat  v.igue,  and  but  partially  under- 
stood. ]'".  tokl  a  long  story  about  the  horses, 
from  wliica  it  appeared  that  they  had  been  stolen 
l)y  various  wandering  bands,  and  scattered  in 
different  direction:;.  The  cache,  too,  had  been 
jilundered,  .and  the  s.iddlcs  and  otiier  et|uipments 
carried  off.  1  lis  information  concerning  .Mr.  Mil- 
ler and  his  comrades,  was  not  more  satisfactory. 
They  had  tra])ped  tor  some  time  at)out  the  upper 
streams,  but  had  fallen  into  the  hands  of  a  ma- 
rauding party  of  Crows,  who  had  robbed  them  of 
horses,  weapons,  and  everything. 


Further  questioning  brought  forth  further  in^d. 
ligence,  but  allot  a  disastrous  kind.  About  leii 
days  previously,  he  had  met  with  three  oil^cr 
white  men,  in  very  miserable  plight,  haviivor 
horse  each,  and  but  one  ritle  among  them.  \Ll 
also  had  i)eei;  plunde>-ed  and  nialtreiUed  hy  ;|-'e 
Crows,  '.hose  univers;d  freebooters.  The  .Sni '. 
endeavored  to  pronounce  the  names  of  these  ihrw 
men,  and  as  far  as  his  im])erfect  soluuIs  could  !e 
understood,  they  were  supposed  to  be  three  ol  the 
party  of  four  hunters,  viz.,  Carson,  .St.  Michati 
Detayi',  and  Delaunay,  who  were  detached  ironi 
Mr.  Hunt's  party  on  the  28th  ol  SeptemUr,  ;o 
trap  beaver  on  the  head  waters  of  the  Colunilii.u 

In  the  course  of  conversation,  the  Indian  i. 
formed  them  that  the  route  by  which  Mr.  Hunt 
had  crossed  the  Rocky  Mountains,  was  verv  bad 
and  circuitous,  and  that  he  knew  one  much  sl.(ir;er 
and  easier.  Mr.  Stuart  urged  him  to  acconip.inv 
them  as  guide,  promising  to  reward  hinnvuh a 
l)istol  with  powder  and  ball,  a  knite,  an  awl,  some 
blue  beads,  a  blanket,  and  a  looising-glass.  Si;ih 
a  catalogue  of  riches  was  too  tem|)iiiijr  to  |,^  f^,. 
sisted  ;  beside  the  poor  .Snake  laiiguished  after  the 
prairies  ;  he  was  tired,  he  said,  of  salmon,  ar/! 
longed  for  buffalo  meat,  and  to  ha\  e  a  grand  Int. 
falo  hunt  beyond  the  mountains.  He  dipartiii, 
therefore,  with  all  speed,  to  get  his  arms  and 
equi|)ment  for  the  journey,  promising  to  rejoin 'he 
party  the  next  day.  He  kejjt  his  word,  and,  as  he 
no  longer  said  anything  to  .Mr.  Stuart  on  the  suii- 
ject  of  the  pet  horse,  they  journeyed  very  luirmo- 
niously  together  ;  though  now  ami  thi  n,  the  Snake 
woulil  regard  his  (juondam  steed  with  a  wistful 
eye. 

They  had  not  travelled  many  miles,  when  thev 
came  to  a  great  bend  in  the  river.  Here  the 
Snake  informed  them  that,  by  cutting  across  the 
hills  they  would  save  many  miles  distance.  The 
route  across,  however,  would  be  ;i  good  d.iy's 
journey.  He  advised  them,  therefore,  to  encamp 
here  for  the  night,  and  set  off  early  in  the  mon;- 
ing.  They  took  his  advice,  though  ihey  had  come 
but  nine  miles  that  day. 

On  the  folk  wing  morning  they  rose,  hright  and 
early,  to  ascend  the  hills.  On  mustering  their 
little  ])arty,  the  guide  was  missing.  They  sup- 
posed him  to  be  somewhere  in  the  neighhorhood, 
and  proceeded  to  collect  the  horses.  Thevaunied 
steeil  of  Mr.  Stuart  was  not  to  be  found.  .A  sus- 
])icion  Hashed  U])on  his  mind.  Se.irch  for  the 
horse  of  the  Snake  I — He  likewise  wa.-.  gone-ihe 
tracks  of  two  horses,  one  after  the  other,  wire 
found,  making  off  from  the  camp.  They  appear- 
ed as  it  one  horse  had  been  mounted,  and  the 
other  led.  They  were  traced  tor  a  few  niilci 
above  the  camp,  until  thev  both  crossed  the  river. 
It  was  ])lain  the  Snake  h.ad  taken  an  Indian  nwiie 
of  recovering  his  horse,  having  (piietly  decamped 
with  him  in  the  night. 

New  vows  were  made  never  more  to  trust  in 
Snakes  or  any  other  Indians.  It  was  determined, 
also,  to  maintain,  lu'reafter,  the  str::test  viff- 
lance  over  their  horses,  dividing  the  night  into 
three  watches,  and  one  person  mounting  guard 
at  a  time.  They  resolved,  also,  to  keep  along  the 
river,  instead  of' taking  the  short  cut  lecommeml- 
ed  by  the  lugitive  Snake,  w'lom  they  now  srt- 
down  for  a  thorough  deceiver.  The  heat  of  the 
weather  was  oppressive,  and  their  horses  were,  at 
timen,  -endered  almost  frantic  by  the  stings ut 
the  i)rairie  Hies.  The  nights  were  sutfocalini;, 
and  it  was  almost  impossible  to  sleep,  ho''^ '"^ 
swarms  of  mosiiuitoes. 


I       On   the    2Qth   of    August   they   resumci 


d  their 


ASTORIA. 


897 


iiisinj^Mo  rejoin 'he 


mirch  keeping  along  the  prairie  parallel  to  Snake 
o'er    Tlif  (lay   \V''is  sultry,    and  some  ot  the 

m-  beinj:  parched  with  thirst,  left  the  line  of 
P^  •  j,  .i„(l"scraniblecl  clown  the  bank  ot  the  river 
ndriiik  'Hie  hank  was  overiiung  with  willows, 
.Leiih  wliich,  to  their  surprise,  they  beheld  a 
„  i;^liiiicr  No  sooner  did  he  see  them,  than 
hfuuerd  an  --xclamation  of  joy.  It  proved  !■  be 
I,;,i,  Holiack,  one  of  their  lost  comrades,  i'ney 
h,|  scarcciv  exchanged  greetings,  when  three 
other  men  came  out  from  among  the  willows. 
Thevwerejoscph  .Miller,  Jacob  Kezner,  and  Rob- 
iivi'n,  the  scalped  Kentuckian,  the  veteran  of  the 
Uiuodvllrounil.  ,,  ,         . 

The  reailcr  wdl  perhaps  recollect  the  abrupt 
and  wilUil  manner  in  which  Mr.  Miller  threw 
I;.,  his  interest  as  a  partner  of  the  company,  and 
defined  IroniFort  Henry,  in  company  wi'h  these 
nrce  trappers,  and  a  fourth,  named  Cass  He 
nwv  likewise  recognize  in  Roi)inson,  Rcner,  and 
Hoback,  llie  trio  of  Kentucky  hunters  >vho  had 
ori''in.diy  been  in  the  service  of  Mr.  Henry,  and 
whom  Mr.  Hunt  found  Hoaung  down  the  .Mis- 
souri, on  tlieir  way  homeward  ■  and  ;irevailed 
u'lon.once  more,  to  cross  the  mountains.  Thr 
h'^'ij.ud  looks  and  naked  condition  o'  these  men 
proved  how  much  they  had  suffered.  After  leav- 
!:,■;  Mr.  Hunt's  party,  they  had  made  their  way 
abiut  I'.vo  hiiiulred  miles  to  the  southward,  where 
t:iev  trappetl  beaver  on  a  river,  wliich,  according 
lothcir  account,  discharged  itself  into  the  ocean 
I  ]  tne  south  of  the  Columbia,  but  which  we  appre- 
hend to  be  Bear  River,  a  stream  emjitying  itself 
i:,to  Lake  lioniieville,  an  immense  body  of  salt 
w.itcr,  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Havin^r  collected  a  considerai)le  (juantity  of 
hiMver  skins,  they  made  them  into  packs,  loaded 
their  hordes,  and  steered  two  hundred  miles  due 
cast.  Here  tiiey  came  upon  an  encampment  of 
sixty  lodges  of  Arapahays,  an  outlawed  band  of 
the  .Arapahoes,  and  notorious  robbers.  These 
fell  upon  the  poor  trappers  ;  robbed  them  of  their 
pcitries,  most  of  their  clothing,  and  several  of 
t'leir  horses.  They  were  '.dad  to  escape  with  their 
lives,  and  without  being  entirely  stripped,  and 
alter  proceeding  about  fifty  miles  further,  made 
their  halt  tor  the  winter. 

Early  in  the  spring  they  resumed  their  v  ayfar- 
ing,  hut  were  unluckily  overtaken  i)y  the  same 
r'Jilian  horde,  who  levied  still  lurther  contribu- 
tions, and  carried  off  the  rentainder  of  their 
horses,  excepting  two.  With  thes  ?  they  contin- 
ued on,  suffering  the  greatest  hardships.  They 
siill  retained  rifles  and  ammunition,  but  were  in 
a  desert  country,  where  neither  bir;!  nor  beast 
was  to  he  found.  Their  oidy  chance  was  to  keep 
alunj(  tlie  rivers  and  subsist  i)y  fishing  ;  but,  at 
tunes,  no  fish  were  to  be  taken,  and  then  their  sut- 
fennfTs  were  horrible.  One  of  their  horses  was 
St  lien  among  the  mountains  by  the  Snake  In- 
dians ;  the  other,  they  said,  was  carried  off  by 
Cass,  who,  according  to  their  account,  "  villain- 
ously le't  them  in  thtiir  extremities,"  Certain 
(lark  doubts  and  surmises  were  afterward  circu- 
lated concerning  the  fate  of  that  pwr  fellow, 
which,  if  true,  showed  to  what  a  desperate  state 
cManiine  his  comrades  had  been  reduced. 

llcing  miw  completely  unhorsed,  Mr.  Miller  and 
li:s  three  companions  wandered  on  foot  for  several 
fuiidred  miles,  enduring  hunger,  thirst,  and  fa- 
'U'Ue,  while  traversing  the  barren  wastes  which 
a.wund  beyond  the  Rocky  .Mountains.  At  the 
taiie  they  were  discovered  by  Mr.  Stuart's  party, 
'■ey  were  almost  fami;,'  ed,  and  were  fishing  tor 
a  precarious  meal.  Had  Mr.  Stuart  made  the  short 


cut  across  the  hills,  avoiding  this  bend  of  the 
river,  or  had  not  some  of  his  party  accidentally 
gone  down  to  the  margin  of  the  stream  to  drink, 
these  poor  wanderers  might  have  remainetl  un- 
discovered, and  have  perished  in  the  wilderness. 
Nothing  could  exceed  their  joy  on  thus  meeting 
with  their  old  comrades,  or  the  heartiness  with 
which  they  were  welcomed.  All  hands  imme- 
diately encamped  ;  and  the  slender  stores  of  the 
party  were  ransacked  to  furnish  out  a  suitable  re- 
gale. 

The  next  morning  they  all  set  out  together  ; 
Mr.  Miller  and  his  comrades  being  resolved  to 
give  up  the  life  of  a  trapper,  and  accompany  Mr. 
Stuart  back  to  St.  Louis. 

For  several  days  they  kept  along  the  course  of 
Snake  River,  occasionally  making  short  cuts 
across  hills  and  promont'-:ic:;  where  there  were 
bends  in  the  stream.  In  their  way  they  jjassed 
several  camps  of  Shoshonies,  from  some  of  whom 
they  procured  salmon,  i)Ut  in  general  they  were 
too  wretchedly  poor  to  furnish  anything.  It  was 
the  wish  of  Mr.  Stuart  to  purchase  horses  for  the 
recent  recruits  of  his  party  ;  but  the  Indians  could 
not  be  prevailed  upon  to  part  with  any,  alleging 
that  they  had  not  enough  for  tlieir  own  use. 

On  the  2Sth  of  August,  they  reached  a  great 
fishing  ])lace,  to  which  they  gave  the  name  of  the 
Salmon  Falls.  Here  there  is  a  pe!|)endicular  fall 
of  twenty  feet  on  the  north  side  of  the  ri\er,  while 
on  the  south  side  there  is  a  succession  of  rapids. 
The  salmon  are  taken  here  in  incredible  i[uanti- 
ties,  as  they  attempt  to  shoot  the  falls,  ft  was 
now  a  favorable  season,  and  there  were  about  one 
hundred  lodges  of  Shoshonies  busily  engaged 
killing  and  drying  fish.  The  salnioii  begin  to 
leap,  shortly  after  sunrise.  At  this  time  the  In- 
dians swim  to  the  centre  of  the  falls,  where  some 
station  themselves  on  rocks,  and  others  stand  to 
their  waists  in  the  water,  all  armed  with  spears, 
with  which  they  assail  the  salmon  as  they  attempt 
to  leap,  or  fall  back  exhausted.  It  is  an  incessant 
slaughter,  so  great  is  the  throng  of  the  lish. 

The  construction  of  the  spears  thus  used  is  pe- 
culiar. The  head  is  a  straight  piece  of  elk  horn, 
about  seven  inches  long  ;  on  the  i^oiiit  of  which 
an  artificial  barb  is  made  fast,  with  twine  well 
gummed.  The  head  is  stuck  on  the  end  of  the 
.,liaft,  a  verv  long  pole  ot  willow,  to  which  it  is 
likewise  cou.'ecled  by  a  strong  cord,  a  few  inches 
in  length.  When  the  spearsman  in. ikes  a  sure 
blow,  lie  often  strikes  the  head  of  the  spe.ir  through 
the  body  of  the  fish.  It  comes  off  easily,  and 
leaves  ilie  salmon  struggling  with  the  siring 
through  its  body,  wdiile  the  jiole  is  still  held  by 
the  spearsman.  Were  it  not  tor  the  precaution  of 
the  string,  the  willow  shaft  would  be  snapped  by 
the  struggles  and  the  weigiit  of  tluMish.  Mr. 
.Miller,  in  the  course  cd  his  wanderings,  had  been 
at  these  falls,  and  liai.  seen  sever.il  thousand  sal- 
mon taken  in  the  course  of  one  afternoon.  He 
declared  that  he  had  seen  a  salmon  leap  a  distance 
of  about  thirty  feet,  from  the  coiunienoen.ent  of 
the  foam  at  the  foot  of  the  fall,  com[detely  to  the 
top. 

Having  ]nircliased  n  good  supply  of  salmon 
from  the  fishermen,  the  party  resuiiieil  their  jour- 
ney, and  on  the  twenly-nintli,  arriv  '  at  the  Cal- 
dron Linn  ;  the  eventtul  scene  of  the  i)receding 
autumn.  Here,  the  first  thing  that  met  their  eyes, 
was  a  memento  of  the  perplexities  (<f  that  p.^'iod  ; 
the  wreck  of  a  canoe  lodgetl  between  two  ledges 
of  rocks.  They  endeavored  to  get  down  ir)  it,  but 
the  river  banks  were  too  high  and  iirocipitous. 

They  now  proceeded  to  that  part  of  the  neigh- 


Ill 


308 


ASTORIA. 


W  .'  f /I 


I)(irnoo;l  when!  Mr.  Hunt  and  his  party  had  made 
the  caclu-s,  iiULMidiiijr  to  take  from  them  such  arti- 
cles as  liclon^jcd  to  Mr.  Crooks,  M'Lt'llan,  and 
tlie  Canadians.  On  reachinjr  the  spot,  tlicy  found, 
to  llifir  astonishiucnt,  six  of  the  caches  open  and 
ritled  of  their  contents,  exceptinjj  a  few  i)ooks 
whicii  lay  scattered  about  the  vicinity.  They  hatl 
the  a])pe,i ranee  of  liavinjr  been  pluridered  in  the 
course  of  tiie  summer.  There  were  tracks  of 
wohes  in  every  direction,  to  and  from  the  l.oles, 
from  wiiicii  Mr.  Stuart  conchided  tiiat  these  ani- 
mals had  llrst  been  attracted  to  the  |)lace  by  the 
smell  of  the  skins  contained  in  the  caches,  which 
they  had  probably  torn  up,  and  that  their  tracks 
had  betrayed  the  secret  to  the  Indians. 

Tiie  three  remaining  caches  had  not  been  mo- 
lested :  they  contained  a  few  dry  jjfoods,  some  am- 
munition, and  a  number  oi  beaver  traps.  I'"rom 
these  Ml'.  Stuart  too'c  whatever  was  retiuisite  for 
his  i);:rty  ;  he  then  deposited  within  them  all  his 
superlluous  ba^^gai^'e,  and  all  the  books  and  pa- 
pers scattered  around  ;  the  holes  were  then  care- 
fully closed  up,  and  all  traces  of  them  effaced. 
And  here  we  have  to  record  another  instance  of 
the  indoniitaiile  spirit  of  the  western  trapjiers. 
No  sooner  did  the  trio  of  Kentucky  hunters, 
Robinson,  Rezner,  and  Hoback,  find  that  they 
could  once  moie  Ijc  fitted  out  for  a  campaign 
of  beaver-trapping,  than  they  forgot  all  that  they 
had  suffered,  ami  determined  upon  another  trial 
of  their  fortunes  ;  |)referring  to  take  their  chance 
in  the  wilderness,  rather  than  return  home  ragged 
and  penniless.  As  to  Mr.  Miller,  he  declareil  his 
curiosity  and  his  desire  of  travelling  through  the 
Indian  couiitries  fully  satisfied  ;  he  adhered  to  his 
determination,  therefore,  to  keep  on  with  the  jiarty 
to  St.  Louis,  and  to  return  to  the  bosom  of  civi- 
lized society. 

T!ie  three  hunters,  therefore,  Rol)inson,  Rezner, 
and  Hoback,  were  furnished  as  far  as  the  caches 
and  the  means  of  Mr.  Stuart's  jjarty  afforded, 
with  the  rc(|uisite  munitions  and  equi])ments  for  a 
"  tw'j  years'  hunt  ;"  but  as  their  fitting  out  was 
yet  incomplete,  they  resolved  to  wait  in  this 
neighborhood  until  Mr.  Reed  should  arrive  ; 
whose  arrival  might  soon  be  exnccted,  as  he  was 
to  set  out  lor  the  caches  aliout  twenty  days  after 
Mr.  Stuart  parted  with  him  at  the  Waflah-Wallah 
River. 

Mr.  Stu.irt  gave  in  charge  to  Robinson  a  letter 
to  Mr.  Reed,  reporting  his  safe  journey  thus  far, 
and  th<f  slate  in  which  he  had  found  the  caches, 
A  duplicate  of  this  letter  he  elevated  on  a  pole, 
and  set  it  up  near  the  jilace  of  deposit. 

All  things  being  thus  arranged,  Mr.  Stuart  and 
his  little  band,  now  seven  in  number,  took  leave 
of  the  three  hardy  trap])ers,  wishing  them  all  jios- 
sible  success  in  their  lonely  and  perilous  sojourn 
in  the  wilderness  ;  and  we,  in  like  manner,  shall 
leave  them  to  their  fortunes,  promising  to  take 
them  up  again  at  some  future  ])age,  and  to  close 
the  story  of  their  ijcrsevering  and  ill-fated  enter- 
prise. 


li' 


CHAPTER  XLV. 

On  the  1st  of  September,  Mr.  Stuart  and  his 
companions  resumed  their  journey,  bending  their 
course  eastward,  along  the  course  of  Snake  Ri\cr. 
As  they  advanced  the  country  opened.  The  hills 
which  had  hemmed  in  the  river  receded  on  either 
hand,  and  great  s.mdy  and  dusty  plains  extended 
before  them.  Occasionally  there  were  intervals 
of  pastorage,   and  the   banks  of  the  river  were 


fringed  with  willows  and  cotton-wnod,  so  that  • 
course  might  be  traced  from  the  hill-td'ps  wimi-' 
under  an  umbrageous  covert,  through  a  wid-'^^ 
burnt  landscape.     The  soil,  howe\'er,  was  in*^ 
rally  poor  ;  there  was  in  some  i)lacesp  m'isin',' 
growth  of  wormwood,    and   a  plant  calkil  s  f 
weed,   resembling  pennyroyal  ;    but  the  sumnv- 
heat   had   parched   the   plains,  and  lt|t  hm  [«'', 
l)asturage.     The  game  too  hail  disappeared  T-! 
hunter  looked  in  vain  over  the  liefek-sslandscan 
now  and  then  a  few  antelo|)e  might  ho  stm  j  r' 
not  within  reach  of  the  ritle.     We  forljearto') 
low   the  travellers  in    a  week's  wandtnn  r  iri,', 
these   barren   wastes,    where  they  sulfcri'irmu  h 
from   hunger;    having  to  depend  upon  a  fmviish 
from  the  streams,  and  now  and  then  a  litilcdnil 
salmon,    or  a  dog,   procured  from  some  forlorn 
lodge  of  the  Shoshonies. 

Tireil  of  these  cheerless  wastes,  thev  left  th" 
banks  of  Snake  River  on  the  7th  of  Siptfinijfr" 
under  guidance  of  Mr.  Miller,  who  haviin'  ■••. 
(|uired  some  knowledge  of  the  country  (luriiiVhs 
trai)i)ing  campaign,  undertook  to  coiuluct  ihcm 
across  the  mountains  by  a  better  route  than  that 
by  Fort  Henry,  and  one  more  out  of  the  laivtof 
the  Blackfeet.  He  proved,  however,  hut  an  in. 
different  guide,  and  they  soon  became  liewildmil 
among  rugged  hills  and  unknown  streams,  ar.J 
burnt  and  barren  prairies. 

At  length  they  came  to  a  river  on  which  Xr, 
Miller  had  trapped,  and  to  which  they  ^mvc  his 
name  ;  though,  as  before  observed,  we  ]]risiin;i; 
it  to  be  the  same  called  Hear  River,  wliicluni|)tiis 
itself  into  Lake  Bonneville.  I'p  this  river  and  its 
branches  they  kept  for  two  or  three  (lavs,  support- 
ing themselves  precariously  upon  I'lsli.  Tln\  sona 
found  that  they  were  in  a  (langerotis  luiijhbor- 
hood.  On  the  12th  of  Sejitember,  havititj  t:,. ' 
camjied  early,  they  sallied  forth  with  their  liidsio 
angle  for  their  supper.  On  returning,  tluv  lie- 
helil  a  number  of  Indians  prowling  tilxiut  their 
camp,  whom,  to  their  infinite  dis(|uiet,  tluvsnoa 
perceived  to  be  I'psarokas,  or  Crows.  Thiir 
chief  came  forward  with  a  confident  air.  He 
was  a  dark  herculean  fellow,  full  six  feet  loar 
inches  in  height,  with  a  mingled  air  ot  the  rulliin 
and  the  rogue.  He  conducted  himself  |)eai'eahlv, 
however,  and  dispatched  some  of  his  people io 
their  camj),  which  wa.->  somewhere  in  the  neijjh- 
borhood,  from  whence  they  returned  with  a  most 
acceptable  sup])ly  of  buffalo  meat.  He  now  si<,'n:- 
fied  to  Mr.  Stuart  that  he  was  going  to  trade  with 
the  Snakes  who  reside  on  the  west  base  ut  the 
mountains  below  Henry's  Fort.  Here  they  culti- 
vate a  delicate  kind  of  tobacco,  much  esteemed 
and  sought  af!er  by  the  mountain  tribes.  There 
was  something  sinister,  however,  in  the  look  of 
this  Indian,  that  inspired  distrust,  liy  degrei^ 
the  number  of  his  people  increased,  until,  by  mid- 
night, there  wt«re  twenty-one  of  them  about  the 
camp,  who  began  to  be  im]Hi(lent  and  trouble- 
some. The  greatest  uneasine'ss  was  now  leli  tor 
the  safety  of  the  horses  and  effects,  and  every  one 
kept  vigilant  watch  airoughout  the  night. 

The  morning  dawned,  however,  without  any  un- 
pleasant occurrence,  and  Mr.  Stuart,  haviut;  pur- 
chased all  the  buffalo  meat  that  the  Crows  had  to 
sjiare,  prepared  to  depart.  His  Indian  ac(iiiaint- 
ance,  however,  were  disposed  for  furtherdealini,'s; 
and  above  all,  anxious  for  a  supply  of  gunpowde', 
for  which  they  offered  horses  in  exchange.  M"- 
Stuart  declined  to  furnish  them  with  the  daiv^er- 
ous  commodity.  They  became  more  importuiiite 
in  their  solicitations,  until  they  mei.  with  a  llat  re- 
fusal. 


ASTORIA. 


309 


The  fiffant'C  chief  now  stepped  forward,  as- 
<„.,rtlasV-llinK.ur.  and,  slai)pinj(-himsflt  upon 
\' Vj.  i^(  ,,,iVL'  Mr.  Crooks  to  understand  that  he 
'' "ichiet  of  great  power  and  importance.  He 
r!mlic  1  i^rllK'^  that  it  "-as  customary  for  great 
Mts  wivn  they  met,  to  make  each  other  pres- 
s's Ik-  re(|uested,  therefore,  that  Mr.  Stuart 
"liuM  .ili;;hi.  and  jfive  him  the  horse  upon  whicii 
^!\va^  im)u'nled.     This  was  a  nolde  animal,  of 

"\c  (i!  '!'<;  ^^i'''  '^^'^^^  "^  ^^^'  1"''^'''''^^  '  "^'^  which 
U- Stuart  sct},'reat  value  ;  he  of  course  shook  his 
i.c'i  I  altlie  rc'iiiest  of  the  Crow  dijrnitary.  Upon 
thVilu'  iattcrstroile  up  to  him,  and  taking  hold 
o'him.  moved  him  backward  and  forward  in  his 

sjiillt.  ■!»  i'  "'  '"■''^'^  '*''"  ^^'^''  ^'^'^'  '^'''  ^^'''  '^  '"'-''■^ 
|,y,';'j\vithiii  his  grasp.  Mr.  Stuart  preserved  his 
ci!mnf.ssaii(lstiil  shook  his  head.  The  chief  then 
s-iwi  the  liridle  and  gave  it  a  jerk  that  startled 
thclioric,  and  nearly  brought  the  rider  to  the 
.^viKiil.  Mr.  .Stuart  instantly  drew  forth  a  pistol 
anJ  presented  it  at  the  head  of  the  bully  ruffian. 
i-i.uwiiikliiig,  his  swaggering  was  at  an  end,  and 
he  Jod'c'd  behind  his  horse  to  escape  the  expected 
s.it.  As  his  subject  Crows  gazed  on  the  affray 
irom.i  little  (list. uice,  Mr.  Stuart  ordered  his  men  to 
k-vcltlicirritlesatlhem,  but  not  to  tire.  The  whole 
crjiv scam|)eie(i  among  the  bushes,  and  throwing 
tr.j;iiSL'la'!i  u|)on  the  ground,  vanished  from  sight. 

Tht  ihicttain  thus  left  alone,  was  confounded 
fir ,111111  itaiit ;  !)ul  recovering  himself,  with  true 
l;idi,iii  slircwdness,  l)ur.=t  into  a  loud  laugh,  and 
aiiatid  t!)  turn  off  the  whole  matter  as  a  jjiece  of 
picb.intry,  .Mr.  Stuart  by  no  means  relished 
5j;luqiiivoc;d  joking,  but  it  v.'as  not  his  jiolicy  to 
••.■;  ii;;  I  a  (iiiarrel  ;  so  he  joined  with  the  best 
-.-,„  till.' could  .assume,  in  the  merriment  of  the  joc- 
ular ;,'i.i:it ;  and,  to  console  the  latter  for  the  re- 
h3,il  o!  the  horse,  made  iiim  a  present  of  twenty 
ciiirijcs  of  po.vder.  They  parted,  according  to 
all  iiutwanl  professions,  the  best  friends  in  the 
world  ;  it  was  evident,  however,  that  nothing  but 
tr.-.'  smailness  of  his  own  force,  and  the  martial 
arnv  and  alertness  of  the  white  men,  had  pre- 
vciitid  the  Crow  chief  from  jjroceeding  to  open 
Cjirajjc,  As  it  was,  his  worthy  followers,  in  the 
course  of  their  brief  interview,  had  contrived  to 
purloin  a  hag  containing  almost  all  the  culinary 
f.ensils  of  the  jjarty. 

The  travellers  kept  on  their  way  due  east,  over 
i  ch.iiii  of  hills.  The  recent  rencontre  showed 
'.hem  that  the)  were  now  in  a  land  of  danger, 
su!);ect  to  the  wide  roamings  of  a  predacious 
uihe ;  nor  in  fact,  had  they  gone  many  miles  be- 
tjrc  they  beheld  such  sights  calculated  to  inspire 
.".ri\ic;y  anil  al.irm.  Fnmi  the  summits  <■'  some 
of  the  loftiest  mountains,  in  different  di notions, 
columns  ol  smoke  began  to  rise.  These  theycon- 
c.Jied  to  he  signals  made  by  the  runners  of  the 
Criw  chieftain  to  summon  the  stragglers  of  his 
l;i:i  I,  so  as  to  pursue  them  with  greater  force, 
Si^'ii.ilsof  this  kind,  made  by  outrunners  from  one 
uiixil  poin,,  will  rou.se  a  wide  circuit  of  the 
liMuiuaiiis  in  a  wonderfully  short  space  of  time  ; 
in  Hiring  the  straggling  hunters  and  warriors  to 
;>■  standard  of  their  ch'ieftain. 

Tu  keep  ,as  much  as  possible  out  of  the  way  of 
"Me  freebooters,  Mr.  Stuart  altered  his  course  to 
I -north,  and,  (|uilting  the  main  stream  of  Mil- 
fi  River  kept  up  a  large  branch  that  came  in 
-Ml  the  mountains.  Here  they  encamped  after 
•'"itiguiiig  march  of  twenty-tive  miles.  As  the 
I'Smdrew  on,  the  horses  were  hobbled  or  tether- 
M. and  tethered  close  to  the  camp;  a  vigilant 
^wtch  w.is  maintained  until  morning  and  every 
one  slept  with  his  rifle  on  his  arm. 


At  sunrise,  they  were  again  on  the  march,  still 
keeping  to  the  north.  They  soon  began  to  ascend 
the  mountains,  and  occasionally  h.ul  wide  pros- 
pects over  the  surrounding  country.  Not  a  sign 
of  a  Crow  was  to  be  seen  ;  but  this  did  not  assure 
them  of  their  security,  W(dl  knowing  the  persever- 
.'ince  of  these  savages  in  dogging  .any  party  they 
intend  to  rob,  and  the  stealthy  way  in  which  they 
can  conceal  their  movements,  keeping  ahjiig  ra- 
vines and  defiles.  After  a  mountain  scramble  of 
twenty-one  miles  they  encamped  on  the  margin 
of  a  stream  running  to  the  north. 

In  the  evening  there  was  an  alarm  of  Indians 
and  every  one  was  instantly  on  tin;  alert.  They 
proved  to  be  three  miserable  Sn,d<es,  who  were 
no  sooner  informed  that  a  bind  of  Crows  w.is 
prowling  in  the  neighborhood,  than  they  made  off 
with  great  signs  of  consternation. 

A  couple  more  of  weary  days  and  watchful 
nights  brought  them  to  a  strong  and  r.ipid  stream, 
running  due  north,  which  they  conclude  1  to  be 
one  of  the  upper  branches  of  Snake  River.  It  was 
pr(d)ably  the  same  since  called  Salt  River.  They 
determined  to  bend  their  course  down  this  river, 
as  it  would  take  them  still  further  out  of  the  dan- 
gerous neighborhood  of  the  Crows.  They  then 
would  strike  upon  Mr.  Hunt's  track  of  the  preced- 
ing autumn,  and  retrace  it  across  the  nKiuniains. 
The  attempt  to  find  a  better  route  under  guid- 
ance of  Mr.  Miller  had  cost  them  a  l.irgc  bend  to 
the  south  ;  in  resuming  Mr,  Hunt's  tr.ick,  they 
would  at  least  be  sure  of  their  rood.  They  ac- 
cordingly turned  down  along  the  course  of  this 
stream,  and  at  the  end  of  tnree  days'  journey, 
came  to  where  it  was  joined  by  a  larger  river, 
and  assumed  a  more  impetuous  char.ictcr,  r.iging 
and  roaring  among  rocks  and  precipices.  It 
proved,  in  fact,  to  be  Mad  River,  already  noted 
in  the  expedition  of  Mr.  Hunt.  On  the  banks  of 
this  river  they  encamped  on  the  i8th  ol  Septem- 
ber, at  an  early  hour. 

Six  days  had  now  elapsed  since  their  interview 
with  the  Crows  ;  during  that  time  they  had  come 
nearly  a  hundred  and  fifty  miles  to  the  north  and 
west,  without  seeing  ;iny  signs  of  those  maraud- 
ers. They  considered  themselves,  therefore,  be- 
yond the  reach  of  molestation,  and  beg.m  to  relax 
in  their  vigilance,  lingering  occasionally  for  part 
of  a  day,  where  there  was  good  pastur.ige.  The 
poor  horses  needed  repose.  They  had  been  urged 
on,  by  forced  marches,  over  rugged  heights, 
among  rocks  and  fallen  timber,  or  over  low 
swampy  valleys,  inundated  by  the  labors  of  the 
beaver.  These  inrlustrious  animals  abounded  in 
all  the  mountain  streams,  and  water  cinirses, 
wherever  there  were  willows  for  their  subsistence. 
Many  of  '.hem  they  had  so  com])letely  dammed 
up  as  to  iiu  ndate  the  low  grounds,  making  shallow 
pools  Oi  lakes,  and  extensive  (|U,igmires  ;  by 
which  the  route  of  the  travellers  was  often  im|)edecl. 

(Jn  the  igth  of  Se[)tember,  they  rosi;  at  early 
dawn  ;  some  began  to  prepare  breakfast,  and 
others  to  arrange  the  packs  |)repar,ttory  to  a 
march.  The  horses  had  been  hobbhxi,  but  left  at 
large  to  graze  upon  the  adjacent  jiasture.  Mr. 
Stuart  was  on  the  bank  of  a  river,  at  a  short  dis- 
tance from  the  camp,  when  he  heard  the  alarm 
cry — "  Indians  !  Indians  ! — to  arms  !  to  arms  I" 

A  mounted  Crow  gallo|)ed  past  the  camp,  bear- 
ing a  red  Hag.  He  reined  his  steed  on  the  summit 
of  a  neighboring  knoll,  and  waved  his  flaring  ban- 
ner. A  diabolical  yell  now  broke  forth  on  the 
opposite  side  of  the  camp,  beyond  where  the 
horses  were  grazing,  and  a  small  troop  ol  savages 
came  galloping  up,  whooping  and  making  a  ter- 


400 


ASTORIA. 


r  i  I  ' 


h   ! 


racks  haii  seized  tliuir  rifles,  and  atteniptcci  to  cut 
off  the  Indians,  wlio  were  pursuinj^  the  horses. 


I    ■!■ 


rific  clamor.  The  horses  took  fright,  and  dashed 
across  the  camp  in  the  direction  of  the  standard- 
bearer,  attracted  hy  his  waving  Mag.  He  in- 
stantly put  spurs  to  his  steed,  and  scoured  off,  fol- 
lowed i)y  the  jjanic-stricken  herd,  their  tlight  be- 
ing increased  by  the  yells  of  the  savages  in  their 
rear. 

At    the  first   alarm    Mr.   .Stuart  and  his   com- 

ittempt 
ing  tm 
Their  attention  w;is  instantly  distracted  by 
whoops  and  yells  in  an  opposite  direction.  They 
now  ajiprchended  that  a  reserve  jiarty  was  about 
to  carry  olf  their  baggage.  They  ran  to  secure 
it.  The  reserve  party,  however,  galloped  by, 
whooping  anil  yelling  in  triumph  and  tlerision. 
The  last  of  tiicni  proved  to  be  their  commander, 
tile  identical  giafft  joker  already  mentioned.  He 
was  not  cast  in  the  stern  poetical  moukl  of  fash- 
ionable Indian  heroism,  but  on  the  contrary,  was 
grievously  given  to  vulgar  jocularity.  As  he  passed 
Kir.  Stu;>rt  and  his  companions,  he  checked  his 
horse,  raised  himself  in  the  saddle,  and  clapjjing 
his  hand  on  the  most  insulting  ])art  of  his  body,  ut- 
tered some  jeering  words,  which,  fortunately  for 
their  delic.icy,  tlu-y  could  not  understantl.  The 
ritle  of  'ji'n  Jones  was  levelled  in  an  instant,  and 
he  was  on  the  jioint  of  whizzing  a  bullet  into  the 
target  so  tauntingly  displayed.  "  Not  for  your 
life  !  not  for  your  life  !"  exclaimed  Mr.  Stuart, 
*'  you  will  bring  destruction  on  us  all  !" 

It  was  hard  to  restrain  honest  IJen,  when  the 
mark  was  so  fair  and  the  insult  so  foul.  "  Oh, 
Mr.  Stuart,"  exclaimed  he,  "  only  let  me  have  one 
crack  at  the  infernal  rascal,  and  you  may  keep  all 
the  pay  that  is  due  to  me." 

"  15y  heaven,  if  you  fire,"  cried  Mr.  Stuart, 
"  I'll  blow  your  brains  out." 

I5y  this  time  the  Indian  was  far  out  of  reach, 
and  had  rejuine'l  his  men,  and  the  whole  dare- 
tlevil  banil,  with  the  captured  horses,  scuttled  off 
along  the  defiles,  their  red  flag  daunting  over 
head,  and  the  rocks  echoing  to  their  whoops  and 
yells,  and  ilcMiioniac  laughter. 

The  unhorsed  travellers  gazed  after  them  in 
silent  niortiticalion  and  despair  ;  yet  Mr.  Stuart 
could  not  bi;t  admire  the  style  and  spirit  with 
which  the  whole  ex[)loit  had  been  managed,  and 
pronounced  it  cne  of  the  most  daring  and  intrepid 
actions  he  had  ever  heard  of  among  Indians. 
The  whole  number  of  the  Crows  did  not  exceed 
twenty.  In  this  way  a  small  gang  of  lurkers  will 
hurry  off  the  cavalry  of  a  large  war  i)arty,  for 
when  onc^-  a  drove  of  horse  are  seized  with  a 
panic,  they  become  frantic,  and  nothing  short  of 
broken  necks  can  stop  them. 

No  one  was  more  annoyed  by  this  unfortunate 
occurrence  than  F  n  Jones.  He  declared  he  would 
actually  i'ave  given  his  whole  arrears  of  j^ay, 
amounting  to  upward  of  a  year's  wages,  rather 
than  be  i)alkeil  of  such  a  capital  shot.  Mr. 
Stuart,  however,  represented  what  might  have 
been  the  consequence  of  so  rash  an  act.  Life  for 
life  is  the  Indian  maxim.  The  whole  tribe  would 
have  made  common  cause  in  avenging  the  death 
of  a  warrior.  The  party  were  but  seven  dismount- 
ed men,  with  a  wii'e  mountain  region  to  traverse, 
infested  by  these  ',  iple,  and  which  might  all  be 
roused  by  signal  tires.  In  fact,  the  conduct  of 
the  band  of  m.irauders  in  question,  showed  the 
perseverance  of  savages  whenonce  they  have  fixed 
their  minds  upon  a  project.  These  fellows  had 
evidently  been  silently  and  secretly  dogging  the 
party  for  a  week  past,  and  a  distance  of  a  hun- 
dred and  fifty  miles,  keeping  out  of  sight  by  day, 


lurking  about  the  encampment  at  night,  waid,  i 
all  their  movements,  and  waiting  for  ,i  tVvor  m'' 
moment  when  they  should  be  olf  ihtir  |tuV''i' 
The  menace  of  Mr.  Stuart,  in  their  first  intmin' 
to  shoot  the  giant  chief  with  his  pistol,  and .)' 
fright  caused  among  the  warriors  hv  presinim 
the  rifles,  had  probably  added  the  stimiilus  ofpiJ 
to  their  usual  horse-stealing  proiieiisitits,  and  i^ 
this  mood  of  mind  they  would  ..oul)il«sshVvelv! 
lowed  the  -larty  throughout  their  vhole  courst 
over  the  Rocky  Mountains,  rather  than  bedibap. 
pointed  in  their  scheme.  ' 


CHAPTER  XLVI 

Few  reverses  in  this  changeful  world  nremort 
complete  and  disheartening  than  t'lat  of  lUravt,. 
ler,  suddenly  unhorsed,  in  the  midst  of  '.Ik- wilder. 
ness.  Our  unfortunate  travellers  contcniplaud 
thei.-  situation,  for  a  time,  in  perfect  dismav.  A 
long  journey  over  rugged  mountains  and  imme.is- 
urat)le  plains  lay  before  them,  which  thev  muit 
painfully  perform  on  foot,  and  evciythin;,'  neces- 
sary for  subsistence  or  defence  nii'ist  he  carried 
on  their  shoulders.  Their  dismay,  however,  was 
but  transient,  and  they  immediately  set  to  work, 
with  that  prompt  expediency  jiro  lu'ccd'  hyihecy- 
igenciesof  the  wilderness,  to  fit  theiiisehes  torihe 
change  in  their  condition. 

Their  first  attention  was  to  select  from  their  bag. 
gage  such  articles  as  were  indispensable  to  thtir 
journey  ;  to  make  them  up  into  coiivenieiu  packs, 
and  to  deposit  the  residue  in  caches.    Tlie  whole 
day  was  consumed  in  these  occupations  ;  ,at  ni^'ht 
they  made  a  scanty  meal  of  their  remaining  pro- 
visions, and  lay  down  to  sleep  with  heavy  hearts. 
In  the  morning,  they  were  up  and  alioutatan 
early  hour,  and  l)egan  to  prepare  their  knapsacks 
for  a  march,  while   Hen  Joiv-s  repaired  to  an  old 
beaver  trap  which  he  had  set  in  the  river  bank  at 
j  some  little  distance  from  the  camp.     He  was  re- 
joiced to  find  a  middle-sized  beaver  there,  sutlicient 
lor  a  morning's    meal  to  his    hungry  comrades, 
i  On  his  way  back  with  his  ]irize,  he  observed  two 
j  heads  peering  over  the  edge  of  an  iiiipendinj;  cliif, 
several  hundred  feet  high,  which  he  supposed  lo 
be  a  coujjle  ui  wolves.     As  he  continued  on,  he 
i  now  and    then  cast  his  eye  up  ;    the  heads  were 
1  still  there,  looking  down  with  fixed  and  v.atchlul 
gaze.     A   suspicion   now  flashed  across  his  mind 
that  they   might  be  Indian  scouts  ;  and  had  they 
not  been  far  above  the  reach  of  his  ritle,  he  would 
undoubtedly  have  regaled  them  with  a  shit. 

On  arriving  at  the  camp,  he  directed  the  atten- 
tion of  his  comrades  to  these  aerial  observers, 
The  same  idea  was  at  first  entertained,  that  they 
were  wolves  ;  but  their  immovable  watcbtulncss 
soon  satisfied  every  one  that  they  were  Indians.  It 
was  concluded  that  they  were  watching  the  move- 
ments of  the  party,  to  discover  their  jilace  of  con- 
cealment of  such  articles  as  they  ouhl  be  compel- 
led to  leave  behind.  There  was  no  likelihool  that 
the  caches  would  escape  the  search  of  sneh  keen 
eyes  and  experienced  rummagers,  and  the  idea  w.is 
intolerable  that  any  more  booty  should  l.iH  inw 
their  hands.  To  disappoint  them,  therefore,  the 
travellers  stripped  the  caches  of  the  articles  depos- 
ited there,  and  collecting  together  eveiythMv;  that 
they  could  not  carry  away  with  them,  nuule  a 
bonfire  of  all  that  would  burn,  and  threw  the  rest 
into  the  river.  There  was  a  forlorn  satistartion  in 
thus  balking  the  Crows,  by  the  destruction  of  their 
own  property  ;    and,  having  thus  gratified  their 


ASTORIA. 


401 


ninue  they  shouldered  their  packs,    about  ten 
'cluck  in  the  morning,  and  set  out  on  their  jie- 
l^irian  wayfaring'.  ,  ■     ,      , 

Thu'  route  they  took  was  down  alonjf  the  hanks 
[Mul  Kiver.  This  stream  makes  its  way  throuffh 
L  ilctilt's  of  the  mountains,  into  the  plain  l)eiow 
Fort  Henry,  where  it  terminates  in  Snake  River. 
Mr  Stuart  was  in  holies  of  meeting;  with  Snake 
encampments  in  the  plain,  where  he  nii>,'iu  pro- 
cure a  couple  of  horses  to  transport  the  bag),r;,jr,;. 
,.  jy^.|,  cjisf,  he  intended  to  resume  his  eastern 
course  across  the  mountains,  and  endeavor  to 
rtuh  the  Cheyenne  Kiver  before  winter.  Should 
he  fail,  however,  of  obtaininjf  horses,  he  would 
nrol)al)'ly  he  compelled  to  winter  on  the  Pacific 
side  of  the  mountains,  somewhere  on  the  head 
wters  of  the  Spanish  or  Colorado  River. 

With  all  the  care  that  had  been  observed  in 
lakiii},'  nothinfj  with  them  that  was  not  absolutely 
necessary,  the  poor  pedestrians  were  heavily  la- 
den, and  their  burdens  added  to  the  fatifjue  of 
their  rugged  road.  They  suffered  much,  too,  from 
hun(;er.°  The  trout  they  cauj^ht  were  too  poor  to 
vicid  n-,uch  nourishment  ;  their  main  de|)endence, 
t.icrclore,  was  upon  an  old  beaver  trap,  which  they 
h.id  providentially  retained.  Whenever  they  were 
fortunate  enough  to  entrap  a  beaver,  it  was  cut  up 
immediately  and  distributed,  that  each  man 
niiijht  carry  his  share. 

.After  two  days  of  toilsome  travel,  during  which 
they  made  but  eighteen  miles,  they  stopped  on 
ti'.e  2ist  to  build  two  rafts  on  which  to  cross  to 
the  north  side  of  the  river.  On  these  they  em- 
harked  on  the  following  morning,  four  on  one 
raft,  and  three  on  the  other,  and  pushed  boldly 
from  shore.  Finding  the  rafts  sufficiently  '^•'m 
and  steady  to  withstand  the  rough  and  rapid 
water,  they  changed  their  minds,  and  instead  of 
crossing,  ventured  to  float  down  with  the  current. 
The  river  was  in  general  very  rppid,  and  from  one 
to  two  hun;lred  yards  in  width,  winding  in  every 
direction  through  mountains  of  hard  black  rock, 
covered  with  i)ines  and  cedars.  The  mountains 
to  the  east  of  the  river  were  spurs  of  the  Rocky 
r,inje,  and  of  great  magnitude  ;  those  on  the 
west  were  little  better  than  hills,  bleak  and  bar- 
ren, or  scantily  clothed  with  stunted  grass. 

.Ma  I  River,  though  deserving  its  name  from  the 
impetuosity  of  its  current,  w.is  free  from  rapids 
and  cascatles,  and  flowed  on  in  a  single  channel 
lietueen  gravel  banks,  often  fringed  with  cotton- 
wood  and  dwarf  willows  in  abundance.  These 
gave  sustenance  to  immense  cjuantities  of  beaver, 
so  that  the  voyageurs  found  no  difitjculty  in  jiro- 
curing  food.  'l5en  Jones,  also,  killed  a  fallow 
deer  and  a  wolverine,  and  as  they  were  enal)led 
to  carry  the  carcasses  on  their  rafts, their  larder 
was  well  sujiplied.  Indeed  they  might  have  oc- 
cisionally  shot  l)eavers  that  were  swimming  in 
the  river  as  they  floated  by,  but  they  humanely 
spared  their  lives,  being  in  no  want  of  meat  at  the 
t:me.  In  this  way  they  kept  down  the  river  for 
three  days,  drifting  with  the  current  and  encamp- 
ins  on  land  at  night,  when  they  drew  up  their  rafts 
oa snore.  Toward  the  evening  of  the  third  day, 
taeycame  to  a  little  island  on  which  they  descried 
H'i"S,'  of  elk.  Hen  Jones  landed,  and  was  fortu- 
nate enough  to  wound  one,  which  immediately 
look  to  the  water,  but,  being  unable  to  stem  the 
current,  drifted  above  a  mile,  when  it  was  over- 
taken and  drawn  to  shore.  As  a  storm  w.as  gath- 
f-ij,  they  now  encimped  on  the  margin  of  the 
f'ler,  where  they  remained  all  the  next  day,  shel- 
tering themselves  ,as  well  as  they  could  from  the 
'iin,  and  hail,  and  snow,  a  sharp  foretaste  of  the 


impending  winter.  During  their  encampment  they 
emjiloyed  themselves  in  jerking  a  jiart  of  the  elk 
for  future  supply.  In  cutting  uj)  the  carcass  they 
found  that  the  animal  had  been  wounded  by 
hunters,  about  a  week  previously,  an  arrow  head 
and  a  musket  ball  remaining  in  the  wounds.  In 
the  wilderness  every  trivial  circumstance  is  a 
matter  of  anxious  s|)eculation.  The  Snake  In- 
dians have  n.>  guns  ;  the  elk,  thereft)re,  could  not 
have  been  wounded  by  one  of  them.  They  were 
on  the  borders  of  the  country  infested  l)y  the 
HIackteet,  who  carry  firearms,  it  was  concluded, 
therefore,  that  the  elk  had  been  hunted  by  some 
of  that  wandering  and  hostile  tribe,  who,  of 
course,  must  be  in  the  neighborhood.  T'he  idea 
put  .in  end  to  the  transient  solace  they  had  en- 
joyed in  the  comparative  repose  and  aliundance 
of  the  river. 

For  three  days  longer  they  continued  to  navigate 
with  their  rafts.  T'he  recent  storm  had  rendered 
the  weather  extremely  cold.  They  had  now 
floated  down  the  river  about  ninety-one  miles, 
when,  finding  the  mountains  on  the  right  dimin- 
ished to  moderate  sized  hills,  they  landed,  and 
prejiared  to  resume  their  journey  on  foot.  Ac- 
cordingly, having  spent  a  d.iy  in  pre|)arations, 
making  moccasons,  and  jiarceiling  out  their  jerk- 
ed meat  in  packs  of  twenty  pounds  to  each  man, 
they  turned  their  backs  upon  the  river  on  the 
29th  of  September,  and  struck  off  to  the  north- 
east ;  keeping  along  the  southern  skirt  of  the 
mountain  on  which  Henry's  Fort  was  situated. 

Their  march  was  slow  and  toilsome  ;  part  of 
the  time  through  an  alluvial  bottom,  thickly 
grown  with  cotton-wood,  hawthorn,  and  willows, 
and  part  of  the  time  over  rough  hills.  T'hree  ante- 
lopes came  within  shot,  but  they  dared  not  fire  at 
them,  lest  the  report  of  their  rifles  should  betray 
them  to  the  Hlackfeet.  In  the  course;  of  the  day 
they  came  upon  a  large  horse-track,  a])p.irently 
about  three  weeks  olcl,  and  in  the  evening  en- 
cam])ed  on  the  tianksof  a  small  stream,  on  a  spot 
which  had  been  the  camping  jilace  of  this  same 
band. 

On  the  following  morning  they  still  observed 
the  Indian  track,  hut  after  a  time  they  cime  to 
where  it  separated  in  every  direction,  .and  was 
lost.  This  showed  that  the  band  h.ul  rlispersed  in 
various  hunting  parties,  and  was,  in  all  probabil- 
ity, still  in  the  neighborhood  ;  it  was  necessary, 
therefore,  to  |)roceed  with  the  utmost  caution. 
They  ke|)t  a  vigilant  eye  as  they  marclied,  upon 
every  height  where  a  scout  might  be  posted,  and 
scanned  the  solitary  landscape  and  the  distant  ra- 
vines, to  observe  any  column  of  smoke  ;  but  noth- 
ing of  the  kind  was  to  be  seen  ;  all  was  indescrib- 
af)ly  stern  and  lifeless. 

Toward  evening  they  came  to  where  there  were 
several  hot  springs,  strongly  impregnated  with 
iron  and  sulphur,  and  sending  up  a  volume  of  va- 
por that  tainted  the  surrounding  atmosphere,  and 
might  be  seen  at  the  distance  of  a  couple  of  miles. 

Near  to  these  they  encamped  in  a  deep  gully, 
which  afforded  some  conce.ilmeiit.  To  their 
great  concern,  Mr.  Crooks,  who  h;ul  been  indis- 
l)osed  for  the  two  preceding  days,  had  a  violent 
fever  in  the  night. 

Shortly  after  daybreak  they  resumed  their 
march.  On  emerging  from  the  glen  a  i  onsulta- 
tion  was  held  as  to  their  course.  Shruld  they 
continue  round  the  skirt  of  the  mountain,  they 
would  be  in  danger  of  falling  in  with  the  scatter- 
ed parties  of  Hlackfeet,  who  were  probab'y  hunt- 
ing in  the  plain.  It  was  thought  most  atlvisable, 
therefore,  to  strike  directly  across  the  mountain, 


402 


ASTORIA. 


ill' 


iMi^n 


i  iiii 


since  the  rnuto,  tliniigh  nipffcd  and  dilTicult, 
would  l)c  most  sccun-.  This  counsel  was  iiuiij{- 
nantiy  duridt-d  iiy  M'Lellan  as  pusillanimous. 
Hot-hfadt.'d  and  impatient  at  all  times,  he  had 
1)een  rendered  irascilile  by  the  fatifjues  of  the 
journey,  and  the  condition  of  his  feet,  which  wt;re 
chafed  and  sore.  He  could  not  endure  the  idea 
of  encounurinf;  the  dilliculties  of  the  mountain, 
and  swore  he  would  r.ither  face  all  the  Hlackfeet 
in  the  country.  \\v.  w.is  overruled,  however,  and 
the  party  hejjan  to  ascend  the  mountain,  strivinj^, 
with  the  .ir<l()r  and  emulation  of  youn|^  men,  who 
should  be  first  up.  M'Lellan,  who  was  double  the 
age  of  some  ot  his  comp.inions,  soon  be^^an  to 
lose  breath,  ;ind  fall  in  the  re.ir.  In  the  distribu- 
tion of  burdens,  it  was  his  turn  to  carry  the  old 
beaver  trap,  ricpied  and  irritated,  he  suddenly 
came  to  .i  h.dt,  swore  he  would  carry  it  no  further, 
and  jerked  it  h.ilt  way  down  the  hill.  He  was 
offered  in  pl.ice  of  it  a  ])ackai;e  of  dried  meat,  but 
this  he  scdrnfully  threw  upon  the  ground.  They 
might  carry  it,  he  said,  who  needed  it,  for  his 
p.irt,  he  could  jirovide  his  daily  food  with  his  ritle. 
He  concluded  by  llinging  off  from  the  party,  and 
keeping  along  the  skirts  of  the  mountain,  leaving 
those,  he  said,  to  climb  rocks,  who  were  afraid  to 
face  Indians.  It  was  in  vain  that  Mr.  Stuart  rep- 
resented to  him  the  rashness  of  his  conduct,  and 
the  d.M-igers  to  which  he  exposed  himself  ;  he  re- 
jected such  counsel  as  craven.  It  was  eciually 
useless  to  r(.-present  the  dangers  to  which  he  sub- 
jected his  com]ianions  ;  as  he  could  be  discover- 
ed at  a  great  distance  on  those  naked  plains,  and 
the  Indians,  seeing  him,  would  know  that  there 
must  be  other  white  men  within  reach.  M'Lellan 
turned  a  deaf  ear  to  every  remonstrance,  and  kept 
on  his  wilful  way. 

It  seems  ;i  strange  instance  of  perversencss  in 
this  man  thus  to  lliiig  himself  off  alone,  in  a  savage 
region,  where  solitude  itself  was  dismal,  but 
every  encounter  with  his  fellow-man  full  of  peiil. 
Such,  however,  is  the  hardness  ot  spirit,  and  the 
insensibility  to  danger,  that  grow  uiion  men  in 
the  wiklerness.  M'Lellan,  moreover,  was  a  man 
of  peculiar  temperament,  ungovernable  in  his 
will,  of  a  courage  that  absolutely  knew  no  fear, 
and  somewhat  of  a  braggart  spirit,  that  took  a 
pride  in  doing  desperate  and  hair-brained  things. 

Mr.  Stuart  ;uvl  iiis  party  found  the  i)assage  of 
the  mountain  st)mewhat  ditlicult,  on  account  of 
the  snow,  which  in  many  jilaces  was  of  consider- 
able depth,  though  it  was  now  but  the  1st  of  Oc- 
tober. They  crossed  the  summit  early  in  the 
afternoon,  ;uid  beheld  below  them  a  plain  about 
twenty  miles  wide,  bounded  on  the  opposite  side 
by  their  old  ac(|u;untances,  the  I'ilot  Knobs,  those 
towering  mountains  which  had  served  Mr.  Hunt 
as  landmarks  in  i)art  of  his  route  of  the  preceding 
year.  Through  the  intermediate  plain  wandered 
a  river  about  tifty  yards  wiile,  sometimes  gleam- 
ing in  open  ilay,  but  oftener  running  through  wil- 
lowed  banks,  which  marked  its  serpentine  course. 

Those  of  ihi;  party  who  had  been  across  these 
mountains  pointed  out  much  of  the  bearings  of 
the  country  to  Mr.  Stuart.  They  showed  him  in 
what  direction  must  lie  the  ileserted  ]iost  called 
Henry's  Fort,  where  they  had  abandoned  their 
horses  and  embarked  in  canoes,  and  they  inform- 
ed him  that  the  stream  which  wandere<l  through 
the  plain  below  them,  fell  into  Henry  River,  half 
way  between  the  fort  and  the  mouth  of  Mad  or 
Snake  River.  The  character  of  all  this  mountain 
region  was  decidedly  volcanic  ;  and  to  the  north- 
west, between  Henry's  Fort  and  the  .source  of  che 
Missouri,  Mr.  Stuart  observed  several  very  high 


peaks  covered   with   snow,   from  two  of  wv  \ 
smoke  ascended  in  considerable  volumes  am' 
ently  from  craters,  in  a  state  of  erui)iiun. '     '"' 

On   their  way  tlown  the  niouiuain,  when  the- 
had  reached  the  skirts, they  descried  .M'Lellan  ;, 
a  distance,  in  the  adv.mce,  traversing'  the  plajn 
Whether  he  saw  them  or  not,  he  showed  niMlJs'.r) 
sition  to  rejoin  them,  but  pursued  his  sullen  ,vvi 
solitary  way.     After  descending  into  the  plan 
they  kept  on  about  six  miles,  \intil  theyreichci 
the  little  river,  which  was  here  about  kneeiletn 
and   richly  fringed  with  \ullow.      Here  thevt". 
camped  for  the  night.     At  this  encampnieni  ti-c 
fever  of  Mr.  Crooks   increased   to  suchaiK'rf- 
that  it  was  imi)ossible  for  him  to  travel.    Si'mie 
of  the  men  were  strenuous  for  Mr.  Stuart  to  pro. 
ceed   without  him,  urging  the  imnuiiem  dan'-r 
they  were  exposed  to  by  delay  in  that  unknown 
and  barren  region,  infested  by  the  most  treacher- 
ous and  inveterate  of  foes.     They  represeiueil  ihat 
the  season  was  rapidly  advancing  ;  the  weiuher 
for   some   days   had    been    extremely  cold ;  ih; 
mountains  were  already  almost  imp;issal)lelMr.i 
snow,  and  would  soon  present  effectual  harriers. 
Their  jirovisions  were  exh'vuste,,  ;   there  was  no 
game  to  be  seen,  and   they  did  not  dare  to  u^c 
their  rifles,  through  fear  of  drawing  upon  thtai 
the  HIackfeet. 

The  picture  thus  presented  was  too  true  to  he 
contradicted,  and  made  a  deep  impression  on  th: 
mind  of  Mr.  Stuart  ;  but  the  idea  of  .ihandmiin' 
a  fellow-being,  and  a  comrade,  in  such  a  tiir':"r;i 
situation,  was  too  repugnant  to  his  feelings  to 'ic 
admitted  for  an  instant.  He  represented  to  the 
men  that  the  malady  of  Mr.  Crooks  could  not!)': 
of  long  duration,  and  that  in  all  prohahilitv  Iv; 
would  be  able  to  travel  in  the  course  of  a  few 
days.  It  was  with  great  difliculty,  however,  that 
he  prevailed  upon  them  to  abide  the  event, 


CHAPTER  XLVII. 

As  the  travelers  were  now  in  a  dangerous  nei;;':'- 
borhood  where  the  report  of  a  ritle  mij^ht  hriii;,' 
the  savages  upon  them,  they  had  to  depend  upn 
their  old  beaver-trap  for  subsistence.  The  little 
river  on  which  they  were  encamped  gave  many 
"beaver  signs,"  and  Ben  Jones  set  off  at  day- 
break, along  the  willowtd  l)anks,  to  I'liul  a  projur 
trapping-place.  As  he  was  making  his  way 
among  the  thickets,  with  his  trap  on  his  shoulder 
and  his  ritle  in  his  hand,  he  heard  a  crashini; 
sound,  and  turning,  beheld  a  huge  grizzly  I'lar 
advancing  upon  him  with  a  terrific  growl.  The 
sturdy  Kentuckian  was  not  to  be  iinimidateil  by 
man  or  monster.  Levelling  his  rilie,  he  pulled 
trigger.  The  bear  was  wounded,  but  not  mor- 
tally ;  instead,  however,  of  rushing  upon  his  .is- 
sailant,  as  is  generally  the  case  with  this  kind  of 
bear,  he  retreated  into  the  bushes.  Junes  follow- 
ed him  for  some  distance,  but  with  suitable  cau- 
tion, and  Hruin  effected  his  escape. 

As  there  was  every  prosjjcct  of  a  detention  of 
some  days  in  this  place,  and  as  the  supplies  oft'-e 
beaver-trap  were  too  precarious  to  be  depend.td 
upon,  it  became  absolutely  necessary  to  runtime 
risk  of  discovery  by  hunting  in  the  neighhorhooi,. 
Hen  Jones,  therefore,  obtained  permission  D 
range  with  his  ride  some  distance  from  the  tamp, 
and  set  off  to  beat  up  the  river  banks,  in  deiiancc 
of  bear  or  Blackfeet. 

He  returned  in  great  spirits  in  the  course  of  a 
few  hours,  having  come  upon  a  gang  of  elk  about 


ASTORIA. 


403 


.  -11,5  off,  and  killed  five.  This  was  joyful  news, 
the  parly  iiiiiiii'dKiti'ly  moved  forward  to  the 
'  'u:   liail    left    the    larcasbcs.     'I'lu-y 
rt   Mr.  Crooks   llic   wholi' 


am. 
p!.u'L' 


where 


iii'ici;  tor  lie  was  iiii.iblc  to  walk,  ficrc  they 
^iViinc:!  for  two  or  llirce  d.iys,  feastiii.i;-  licartily 
'V(''|k  nic.il,  and  dryin),^  .is  much  as  llicy  wouhl 
I,!  ,i,lfl,ii-.i'rry  away  witli  them. 

livilK'jlliofOitolier,  some  simple  jirescriptions, 
,,,Jilur  Willi  an  "  Indian  sweat,"  had  so  far 
,."-iiuil  Mr.  Crooks  that  he  w.is  enabietl  to 
,.  I'.ilioiit;  they,  therefore,  set  forward  slowly, 
nvidiii"  his'  pai'k  and  accoutrements  amon^ 
■Vni,  "ml  niadu  a  creepinfr  day's  pro^^ress  ot 
•ht'iiiiles  soiitli.  Their  route  for  the  most  part 
'thrnii'li  swamps,  caused  hy  the  industrious  la- 
llm  l)eaver  ;  for  this  little  animal  h.id 
luinierous    small    streams    issuing 


'i.ifi  111 


,',;nnu-sl  up 

-1:11  ihe  rilot  Knob  Mountains,  so  that  tlie  low 
•riumls  on  llieir  borders  were  completely  inun- 
5.iti'(l.  Ill  iIh'  course  ot  their  march  they  killeil  a 
."riwlv  Iwar,  with  fat  on  its  flank  upwards  of  three 
;:chfs  ill  thickness.  This  was  an  acceptable  ad- 
ii.;ij:i  tolhi-ir  stock  of  elk  me.at.  The  next  il.iy 
Mr.  Crooks  was  siilVicicntly  recruited  in  slreiijrtii 
:,  lie  al'li;  to  c.irry  his  rille  and  jiistols,  and  tliey 
;"..:!u  ,1  m.iri'h  ol  seventeen  miles  alon^  the  bor- 
I-jiifthf  |)lain. 

Tr.iir  journey  daily  became  more  toilsome,  and 
■,-r;r  i>iilferini;s  more  severe,  as  lliey  advanced. 
K'.Ljiiii.^' up  Uie  cli.innel  of  a  river,  tliey  tr.iversed 
■:.■,■  ruLii^eil  siiniinit  ot  the  I'ilot  l\in)b  .Mountain, 
,  rcrcil  willi  siiuw  nine  inches  deep.  l'"or  several 
L.v,s  thev  coiiiliuied,  beiidinjf  their  course  as 
:::':A  as  possible  to  the  east,  over  a  succession  of 
:iAy  hei^'hls,  deep  valleys,  and  ra|)id  streams. 
s .;r,'.tiiius  their  di//y  jiath  lay  alonjj  the  mar},Mn 
j!  inrpiiullcul.ir  iirecipices,  several  hundred  feet 
;:•  hiii,'ht,  where  a  single  false  .stej)  might  precipi- 
•r.i'  them  into  the  rocky  bed  ot  a  torrent  which 
ri.irfd  l)elow.  .Not  the  least  part  ot  their  weary 
•.bK  W.IS  the  tordinj,''  of  the  numerous  windings 
ar.l  hr;iiiihings  of  the  mountain  rivers,  all  bois- 
'.crojs  ill  their  currents  and  icy  cold. 

Hunger  w.is  added  to  their  other  sufferings, 
,r„l  sunn  became  the  keenest.  The  small  supjily 
.:  !;c,ir  .ind  elk  meat  which  they  li.ad  been  able  to 
cirry,  in  addition  to  their  previous  burileiis,  serv- 
f]  hut  for  a  very  short  lime,  fn  their  an.xiety  to 
siriiij^'le  forward',  they  had  but  little  time  to  hiint, 
;:i(l  si'.irce  any  game  in  their  path.  I'"or  three 
(lays  they  had  nothing  to  eat  but  a  small  duck 
and  a  few  poor  trout.  They  occasionally  saw 
ncmhcrs  ol  antelopes,  .and  tried  every  art' to  get 
v.;;'.in  shot ;  but  the  timid  animals  were  more 
;.-.;:i  conimoMly  wild,  and  after  tantalizing  the 
."■-ii^'ry  hunters  for  a  time,  bounded  .iway  be- 
y);;!l  all  chance  of  pursuit.  At  length  they  were 
^raiiate  enough  to  kill  one  ;  it  w;is  extremely 
~ia;,'re,  and  yielded  but  a  scanty  supply  ;  but  oil 
'.".j  they  subsisted  for  several  da'ys. 

•'n.  ihc  nth,  they  eiic.imi)ed  on  a  small  stream, 
KM  the  foot  of  the  .Spanish  River  .Mountain. 
Here  they  met  with  traces  of  that  wayward  and 
iJitary  being,  M'I.ellan,  who  was  still  keeping 
J"  ahead  ot  them  through  these  lonely  mountains. 
H:  had  encamped  the  night  before  on  this 
s-r«ni ;  they  found  the  embers  of  the  tire  bv 
Mich  he  had  slept,  and  the  remains  of  a  misera'- 

■:w(ilf  on  which  he  had  supped.  It  was  evident 
;'■  .lad  suffered,  like  themselves,  the  pangs  of 
' -"s'er,  though  he  had   fared   better  at  this   en- 

aipment ;  tor  they  had  not  a  mouthful  to  eat. 

iiK'  next  (lay  they  rose  hungry  and  alert,  and 
-■'■  out  with  the  dawn  to   climb   the  mountain, 


.  which  was  steep  and  difficult.    Traces  of  volcanic 

eruptions  were  to  be  seen   in  various  directions. 

I  There   was  a  snecies  of  clay  also  to  be  nut  with, 

I  out  of   which   the   Indians   manufacture  iiols  and 

j.irs,  and  dishes.     It  is  very  tine  and  light,  of  an 

.igreeable    smell,  and    of    a   brown  ccdor   .spotted 

with  yellow,  and  dissolves   re.idily  in    the  mouth. 

X'essels   manutactured   of   it  are  s.iid  to  impart  it 

])leas  iiit  smell   .iiid   ll.ivor  to  any  li(|ui(ls.     These 

mountains  abound  als(j  with   mineral   earths,  or 

chalks  of  various  colors  ;    especl.illy   two  kinds  of 

I  ochre,  one  a  jiale,  the  other  a  bright  red,  like  ver- 

I  milion  ;    much   used   by  the   Indians,  in  painting 

,  their  Ov,""s. 

I  About  nooii  the  travellers  reached  the  "  dr.iins" 
1  and  brooks  that  formed  the  head  wati'rs  of  the 
,  river,  and  later  in  the  day  descended  to  where  the 
main  body,  a  shallow  stream,  about  .1  hundred 
1  ,111(1  sixty  yards  wide,  poured  through  its  moun- 
tain valley. 

Here  the  poor  famishing  wanderers  h.id  expect- 
ed to  find  buffalo  in  abuiulance,  and  h.id  fed  their 
hungry  hopes  during  their  scrambling  toil.w  ith  the 
tliouj^his  ot  roasted  ribs,  juicy  luim|)s,  and  broiled 
marrow  bones.  To  their  great  (lisappoiiitment 
the  river  banks  were  deserted  ;  a  lew  old  tracks, 
showed  where  a  herd  of  bulls  had  some  time  be- 
fore passed  along,  but  not  a  horn  nor  luimj)  was 
to  be  .seen  in  the  sterile  lan(lsca|)e.  A  few  ante- 
lopes looked  down  U])on  them  from  the  brow  of 
a  crag,  but  llitted  .away  out  ot  sight  at  the  least  .ip- 
I  proacli  of  the  hunter. 

j       In  the  most  starving  mood  they  kept  hir  several 
:  miles  further  along  the  bank  ot   the  river,  seeking 
j  lor   "  beaver    signs."      Finding    .some,    they   en- 
camped in  the  vicinity,  and  15eii  Jones  immediately 
proceeded  to  set  the  trap.     They  had  scarce  come 
,  to  .1  halt,  when  they  jierceived  a  huge  smoke  at 
:  some  distance  to  the  southwest.     Tlie  sight  was 
.  hailed   with    joy,    for  they   trusted   it   might  rise 
from   some   Indian   camp,  where  they  could  jiro- 
cure  something  to  eat,  and   the  dread  of  starva- 
tion   had    now    overcome   even   the   terror  of  the 
IJIackfeet.     I-e  Clerc,   one  of  the  Canadians,  was 
instantly  dispatched   by  Mr.  .Stuart,   to  reconnoi- 
tre ;    and    the    travellers   sat  up   till  a  late  hour, 
watching  and   listening  for  his  return,  hoping  he 
might   bring   them   food.     Midnight   arrived,  but 
Le  Clerc  did  not  make  his  appearance,  and  they 
laid  down  once  more  supperless  to  sleep,  comfort- 
ing   ihemseUes    with     the    hopes    tli.at    their    old 
beaver  trap    might  furnish   them  with    a    break- 
fast. 

At  daybre.iK  they  hastened  with  famished  eager- 
ness to  the  trap — they  found  it  in  the  fore|)aw  of 
a  beaver  ;  the  sight  of  wliich  tantalized  their 
hunger,  and  added  to  their  Ji'jei-tion.  They  re- 
sumed their  journey  with  tlagging  s|)irits,  but  had 
not  gone  tar  when  they  perceived  I.e  (Jlerc  a[)- 
|)roaching  at  a  distance.  They  hastened  to  meet 
liim,  in  hopes  ot  tidings  of  good  cheer.  He  liad 
none  to  give  them  ;  but  news  ot  th.it  str.inge 
wanderer,  .M'Lellan.  The  smoke  had  risen  from 
his  encami)ment,  which  took  fire  while  he  was  at 
a  little  distance  from  it  fishing.  I.e  Clerc  found 
him  in  forlorn  condition,  flis  fishing  had  been 
unsuccessful.  During  twelve  d.iys  tiiat  he  bad 
been  wandering  alone  through  these  savage 
mountains,  he  had  found  scarce  anything  to  eat. 
He  had  been  ill,  wayworn,  sick  at  heart,  still  he 
had  ke])t  forward  ;  but  now  his  strength  and  his 
stubbornness  were  exhausted.  He  expressed  his 
satisfaction  at  hearing  that  Mr.  Stu.irt  .and  his 
party  were  near,  and  said  he  would  wait  at  his 
camp  for  their  arrival,  in  hopes  they  would  give 


it 


:  III], 


Hl!'.ii!l 


pt 


W^ 


III 


W 


■10  I 


ASTORIA. 


him  sonulliinfj  tn  oat,  for  willioiit  lood  lie  dcrlarcd 
he  shiiulil  nol  1)1-  ahlf  to  procot'il  nuicli  tiiilln-r. 

W'lu'ii  tlic  parly  rc.ichcd  the  place,  tlicy  loimd 
tile  poor  li'llow  lymj;  oil  a  parcel  <il  witlu'rcd  ^^rass, 
wasted  to  a  perfect  skeli'ton,  and  so  feeble  that 
he  could  si'arcc  raise  his  head  to  speak.  'I'he 
presenc'.:  of  liis  old  comrades  seemed  to  revive 
him  ;  but  tliey  had  no  food  to  ^;ive  him,  for  they 
themselves  were  almost  starving'.  'I'hi'y  ur^jed 
him  to  rise  and  accompany  them,  hut  he  shook 
his  head,  ft  w.is  all  in  v.iin,  he  s.iid  ;  there  was 
no  prospect  of  thi.'ir  },a'*l'"fi  ^pf-'cdy  relief,  and 
without  it  he  should  perish  liy  the  way  ;  he  mi,  '  ' 
,is  well,  therefore,  st.i\'  and  die  where  he  was.  .\i 
len^jlh,  .liter  much  persuasion,  they  got  him  upon 
his  le;;s  ;  his  rilU;  and  other  effects  were  sh.in'd 
.'imonj^  them,  and  he  w.is  cheered  .ind  ai<led  for- 
ward. In  this  way  they  proceeded  tor  seventeen 
miles,  over  a  level  pl.iin  of  sand,  imtil,  seein^j  a  few- 
antelopes  in  the  distance,  they  encamped  on  tlie 
mar^;in  of  a  small  stream.  .All  now  th.il  were 
c,ipal)le  of  the  exertion,  turned  out  to  hunt  for  .i 
meal.  'I'heir  (•fforts  were  fruitless,  ;ind  after  dark 
they  returned  to  their  camp,  famished  .almost  to 
<lesi)eration. 

As  they  were  jireparin-^  for  the  third  time  to  Lay 
down  to  sleep  without  ;i  niouthful  to  cat,  I-e  Clerc, 
one  of  the  Canadians,  jraunl  .and  wild  with  lum|,aM', 
a])|)roached  Mr.  Stu.irt  with  his  .;un  in  his  han<l. 
"  It  W.IS  all  in  vain,"  he  s.aid,  "  to  attempt  to  pro- 
ceed any  further  without  food.  'l"hey  h.id  .i  bar- 
ren plain  before  them,  three  or  four  ilays'  lourney 
in  extent,  on  which  nothinj^  was  to  be  procured. 
They  must  all  ])erish  before  they  coidd  j^et  to  the 
end  of  it.  It  was  better,  iherehire,  lh.it  one 
should  die  to  save;  the  rest.'  lie  proposed  there- 
fore, that  they  should  cast  lots  ;  adding;  as  an  in- 
ducement for  .Mr.  Stuart  to  assent  to  the  proposi- 
tion, th.it  he,  as  leader  of  the  jjarty,  should  be  ex- 
emi)led. 

Mr.  Stu.irt  shuddered  at  the  horrible  jiroposi- 
tion,  and  endeavored  to  reason  with  the  man,  but 
liis  words  were  unavailinj,''.  At  lenirth,  sn;itchint( 
up  his  rille,  he  thre.itened  to  shoot  him  on  the 
spot  if  he  persisted.  'I'he  f.imished  wnMch  drop- 
ped on  his  knees,  bej;;fed  pardon  in  the  most  .ab- 
ject terms,  and  promised  never  aijain  to  offend 
him  with  such  a  sugfj(!Siion. 

Ouiet  heinj:^  restored  to  the  forlorn  cncxmp- 
ment,  each  one  souj^ht  repose.  Mr.  Stuart,  how- 
ever, W.IS  so  exhausted  by  the  ajriiaiion  of  the 
jiast  scene,  aclintj  upon  his  emaciati'd  frame, 
that  he  could  scarce:  crawl  to  his  miseralile  couch  ; 
where,  notwithst.indini;-  his  f.atiijues,  he  passed  a 
sleepless  ni^rht,  revoKinjjf  upon  tlieir  dreary  situa- 
tion, and  the  desper.ate  pros|)ect  before  them. 

liefore  dayliifht  the  next  mornin^^^  they  were  up 
and  on  their  w.iy  ;  they  had  nothini^'  to  detain 
them  ;  no  breakfast  to  prepare,  and  li,  linger  was 
to  perish.  They  proceeded,  however,  but  slowly, 
for  .ill  were  faint  and  we.ik.  Here  and  there  they 
passed  the  skulls  ;iud  bones  of  buffaloes,  which 
showed  that  these  animals  must  have  been  hunted 
here  during  the  ])ast  season  ;  the  sight  of  these 
bones  served  only  to  mock  their  misery.  After 
lr,i\elling  about  nini;  miles  along  the  ])l'.iin,  they 
as<'ended  a  range  of  hills,  and  had  scarcely  gone 
two  miles  further  wlien,  to  their  great  joy,  they 
discovered  "an  old  run-down  buffalo  bull  ;"  the 
laggard  probably  of  some  herd  that  had  Ijcen 
hunted  and  har.issed  through  the  mountains. 
They  now  all  stretched  themselvei;  out  to  encom- 
jiass'  and  m.ake  sure  of  this  solitary  animal,  for 
their  lives  deiiended  U|)on  their  success.  After 
consitlerable  trouble  and  intinite  .anxietv,  they  at 


length  succeeded  in  killing  him.  He  \v;i,  j^,.,., 
ly  flayed  and  cut  up,  .and  ^o  ravenous  u'h,;!''! 
hunger  that  they  devoured  some  of  the  t|,.,||  ^ ! " 
'i'he  residue  they  carried  to  ,i  hrimk  n,.;,fi, 
where   they   encampetl,    lit  a   lin-,  ;iii,|  I),.,,,,';' 

Mr.  Stuart  w.is   fearful   that  in  tluir  tuiu,!,, 
stale   they   would   eat  to  excess  ,uid  iiijun.  ihii 
selves.      He  caused  a  soui)  to  be  in.iile  ul  vin,i   • 
the  meat,  and  that  each  should  l.ike  a  (nLuiiii    • 
it  .IS  a  prelude  to  his  supper,    'fins  m.iv  h.u^.  [,  i 
.'i    beiietici.il    effect,    for     though   they  wt  uii  i 
greater  p.irt  of  the  night,  cooking  .ui'd  crammiii'.^ 
no  one  suffered  any  inconvenieii  c.  ^' 

The  next  morning  the  fi'asiing  was  rcsuiii- il 
and  about  midday,  feeling  somewhat  rtcruu  . 
and  refreshed,  ihey  set  out  on  their  ioiiriicv  wn, 
renowned  spirits,  shaping  their  course  lo'w.iri!  i 
mountain,  the  summit  of  which  they  saw  tinvi^rir ' 
in  the  e.ist,  and  near  to  which  they  exitoitil  T, 
lind  the  he.id  w.itc'rs  of  the  Missouri. 

.As  they  proci'cded,  they  contiiuieil  in  ^ct  pu 
skeletons  of  bulf.iloes  scattereil  .iboiu  tlir  phiin ;; 
I'very  direction,  which  showed  that  tluTc  !„,! 
been  nnuti  hunting  here  by  the  Indians  i:uhe  r.. 
cent  season.  l''urther  on  llley  crossed  ,i  l;ii-;;e  | ,. 
di.aii  tr.iil,  foriijing  .a  deep  jiat'li,  about  tififni  d,,', , 
old,  which  went  in  ;\  north  direction.  Tlu'vcn;- 
eluded  it  to  li.ive  been  made  by  some  iiuiiiVn  :, 
b.ind  of  Crows,  wdio  had  hunted  in  this  i.iiui.'.r, 
for  the  greater  |).irl  of  the  summer. 

On  the  following  day  they  forded  .a  streaiv.  ; 
considerable  magnitude,  with  b.inks  clodn.'d  w.:-, 
|)ine  trees.  Among  these  they  fi)iiml  tli;  ir.iu, 
of  a  large  Indian  cam]),  which  had  evidently  Im-, 
the  headipiarters  of  .a  hunting  expedition,  IruMiih:: 
great  (|uantitii:s  of  buffalo  boin'S  streux-il  .ilmr. 
the  neighborhood.  The  camp  had  apparcitlv 
been  abandoned  about  a  month. 

In  the  centre  was  a  singular  lodge  0110  liuiKin! 
and  lifty  feet  in  circumfercMice,  supporteil  by  the 
trunks  of  twenty  trees,  about  twebc  inches  in  di- 
ameter and  forty-four  feet  l"ng.  .Acidss  iluv 
were  l.iid  braiudies  of  pine  and  willow  tret's,  sh  .:•. 
to  yield  a  tolerable  shade.  .At  the  west  vw\,  in;- 
mediatidy  o|)posite  to  the  door,  three  hodics  I,.;, 
interred  with  their  feet  tow.ird  the  e.ist.  .At  ;i.i- 
head  of  e.udi  grave  was  ;i  branch  of  red  ce'l.ir 
tirmly  pl.mted  in  the  ground.  At  the  funt  \v;ii .. 
largt;  buffalo's  skull,  painted  black.  S:lv,l^'e  or- 
naments  were  suspended  in  various  piii'ls  nl 'J'- 
(•ditice,  and  a  great  number  of  children's  nioi\:;- 
sons.  From  the  magnitude  of  tliis  huildin;,',  ;i:id 
the  time  and  labor  that  must  have  been  expended 
in  erecting  it,  the  bodies  which  it  cont.iined  wvrc 
probably  those  of  noted  warriors  and  hiinlers. 

The  next  clay,  October  17th,  they  pa.ssed  f.v) 
large  tributary  streams  of  the  Spanish  Kiver.  Thty 
look  their  rise  in  the  Wind  Kiver  MouiUiiiM, 
which  ranged  along  to  the  cast,  stupmduD-'.y 
high  and  rugged,  composed  of  >'.ist  masses  it 
black  rock,  almost  destilute  of  wood,  and  coverel 
in  many  |)laces  with  snow.  'I'his  d.iy  they  sav.  a 
few  buffalo  bulls,  and  some  .■mtelnpes,  bin  cm:..! 
not  kill  any  ;  and  their  stock  of  pru\isii)ns  l)e;;.i!i 
to  grow  scanty  as  well  ;is  poor. 

On  the  l8th,  .after  crossing  a  mountain  rid;,'v, 
;ind  traversing  a  pl.ain,  they  waded  one  of  :lv.- 
branches  of  the  Spanish  River,  and  on  a.iCLiid.n; 
its  bank,  met  with  about  a  hundred  and  thiny 
Snake  Indians.  They  were  friendly  in  their  de- 
meanor, and  conducted  ihem  to  their  eiieaiiip- 
ment,  which  w;is  about  three  miles  disianl.  Ij 
consisted  of  about  forty  wigwams,  consirucUu 
principally  of  piiic   branches.     Tiie  Snakes,  vm 


w 


ASTORIA. 


40j 


""•    "i' was  iinLof, 

"   '■•'^'•IHPUSUKstt,'. 

"  .■■»  'T'lok  nrirV 
■  >"-f,  .uwl  !,,.,„(; 

"  '"  >l"ir  tarnish, ' 
fJ'S  :iii(|  injur,.  i|„,,, 

1)0  m.uw  „i  5,,,^^,; . 

''  I'iIm-  a  (jiiaiitii; ,  ^ 
'I'lii''  mavlwwi,.' 
«1>  they  ,;,;|  ,||,  ,■ 
<iii^^  .mil  trammir. 

stiii^j  was  rciin;,,; 
'I'liicwhat  n-cruii  i' 
I  their  joiirnuy  wi!;. 
I'ii'  I'liiirst;  tiiwanl  i 
li  tliey  saw  imviTii; 
'■li  llu'y  cxijctal  r 
is:s(uiri, 

'IMtilUlL-ll   iDscnhc 

1  al)i)iu  tlu'  plain  :•, 
i-'<l  that  tl.rro  !;,,! 
u-'  Iii'haiis  iaihtTv- 

crossL'd  a  larjre  I... 
1,  about  lillifiiiLi, 
I'fctiiiii.     Tlayco;:- 

l>y  sonu'  nuiiiVp,,;, 
UlmI   in  iliis  ciunir; 

1I1UI-. 

fiirJi'd  a  stream  ; 
banks  cloiJu'd  wn'- 
I'y  lound  llv:  tract, 
had  I'vidfiUiy  Ik,:. 
[-■:\|)rditi(iii,  IriiiiiiJ/ 
MK'S    StrcWL-.l  aim-; 

i|)  had  a|)|)arfu:, 
1. 

Uk]'^c  oml'  liuiiiirc! 
sii|)|)urttil  by  the 
Wfhc  inches  in  d:- 
l,l,^  Aci-ijss  ihtj- 
\vi!l(i\v  trees,  sn.i, 

the  west  end,  in:- 
)r,  three  bodies  k;v 

tin:  east.  M\:'-: 
mrh  ot  red  ced.ir 

At  the  foot  wai,: 
lack.  Savaj,'e  d.-- 
arioii.s  parts  ijj  ;;v.- 

children's  iikicl::- 
tills  buililill;,',  a:vl 
been  e.Kpendc.i 

it  contained  wir-j 
and  luinter.i. 

lhe_\'  pas.sed  tv, ) 

mish  River,  Thty 

vi\-er   Moinita:;;s, 

1st,   siu|icndo;):!y 
'Mst   masses  ot 

■Odd,  and  coverc! 

is  (lay  they  saw  a 
)|)es,  hut  CDiiiil 

provisions  l)e;;.iii 

nuiiint.dii  ridijc, 
ided  one  of  ;h'.' 
iiid  on  .a^CJlid.n; 
ndrfd  and  thiriy 
idly  1)1  their  dc- 
,1  their  encaiiip- 
iilcs  distant.  It 
nis,  constructed 
rhc  Snakes,  like 


,,  of  ihpir  nation,  were  vcrv  poor  ;  the  nia- 
nudiiiL'  f-'rows,  in  their  late  .•<ciir>,ion  tlir.ni^h 
'  ,.|„|iiirv,  hail  picked  this  iiMlucky  h.mij  to  the 
!.,rvlHine,carrvinK<'ll  their  hoiscs,  several  ot  their 
wu'iws,  and  most  of  their  ittects.  In  spit.- of 
[kuinnnrrty,  hey  were  hospit.ible  iiillie  extreme, 
mdinade  the  hiin.Ljry  str.iii),'e,-s  welcome  to  their 
c,l)ini.  A  few  trinkets  procured  from  the'ii  a 
siimilv'nf  hulfalo  me, it,  and  of  leather  tor  nioce.i- 
y,ns 'of  whiih  the  p.irty  were  ^;reatly  in  need. 
[he  nioSt  Viilii.il'h!  prize  ol)t,'uneil  Iroiii  them,  liow- 
■  cr  v,.is  a  liorse  ;  it  \v,is  ;i  sorry  old  anim.il,  in 
truth,  hut  it  was  tlie  only  one  that  remained  to 
ih"  poor  fellows,  .after  the  fell  swoop  ot  the 
iriivs;  yet  this  they  wi'ia:  prev.iiled  upon  to  part 
niih  1 1'  their  ,i,niests  tor  ;i  pistol,  .in  a\e,  a  knife, 
,in:lale\V(iiher  trillinf^  articles. 

I'hcy  liad  doleful  stories  to  tell  of  the  Crows, 
■.vim  were  encamped  on  a  river  at  no  ^;real  dis- 
laiue  to  the  east,  and  wa.-re  in  such  force  that  iIk  y 
,l;irid  nut  venture  to  si'ek  any  s.itisfaction  tor 
their  outra^je.i,  or  to  >jet  hack  ,i  horse  or  sciii.aw. 
riicv  endeavored  to  excite  tht'  indij^n.ation  of 
their  visitors  hv  accmmts  of  r<d)l)eries  and  imir- 
(Ifrs'iinimitted  on  loiudy  white  luinlers  .and  trap- 
lers  hv  Crows  and  lil.ickfeet.  .Some  of  these 
■,veree\a;,'^,'ir.itioiis  of  the  oiitr.ij,'es  already  men- 
liiine  I,  sustained  by  some  of  the  sc,ittere(l  mem- 
:hts  of  .Mr.  i hint's  e\|)e(lition  ;  others  were  in 
li  pridiahility  sheer  f.ihricitioiis,  to  wdiich  the 
Snakes  seem  to  have  been  .a  little  jiroiie.  Mr. 
.Stuart  assured  them  th.it  tin.'  d;iy  v.'as  not  f.ir  dis- 
t.int  when  the  whites  would  make  their  power  to 
!ie  fell  throuLjhoiit  that  country  ;ind  take  si^;nal 
venijeance  on  the  iierpelr.itors  of  these  misdeeds, 
■fhe  Snakes  expressed  j;reat  joyiit  the  iiitt  lli}|ence, 
,in.l  idfered  tlieir  services  to  ,aid  the  ri^,fliteotis 
r.iuse,  hriijliteniii.tf  at  the  tlioii),dits  of  t.ikin.i,^  the 
f.eld  with  sucdi  potent  allies,  ami  doiihtless  antici- 
jiitini;  their  turn  .it  stealing"  horses  and  abducti'i.L,^ 
squaws.  Their  offers  of  course  were  .accepted  ; 
the  calumet  of  peace  was  produced,  and  the  two 
iirlorn  powers  smoked  eternal  friendship  he- 
tHcen themselves,  and  vengeance  upon  their  coni- 
nwn  spoilers,  the  Crows. 


ClIAl'TKR  XLVIII. 

I)V  sunrise  on  the  followinjf  morninij  (October 
191I11,  the  travellers  had  lo.aded  their  old  horse 
aiih  buffalo  me.at,  sut'licient  for  live  days'  provi- 
siias,  and,  takiii.i,'  leave  of  their  new  allies,  the  poor 
ii'Jt  hospitable  .Snakes,  set  forth  in  somewhat  bet- 
ter spirits,  thouf,di  the  increasinir  cold  of  the 
'vcather  and  the  sitjht  of  the  snowy  mountains 
•vr.ich  they  had  yet  to  traverse,  were  enou^i^b  to 
ci'.ill  their  very  hearts.  The  countrv  alou','-'  this 
iiranch  of  the  Spanish  River,  ;is  bar  :is  they  could 
!i-L-.  was  perlectly  level,  bounded  by  ranj,res  of 
ijfty  mountains,  both  to  the  e.ist  and  west,  'fhey 
liM.-eeded  about  three  miles  to  the  south,  wdieri; 
iweanie  aij.iin  upon  the  larire  trail  of  Crow  In- 
|iia"s,  which  they  hull  crossed  four  days  previous- 
ly, made,  no  doubt,  by  the  same  mar.iudinjr  band 
;:!'il  had  plundered  the  Snakes;  and  wdii'ch,  ac- 
t.mlin<;  to  the  account  of  the  latter,  wa.s  now  en- 
tmiped  on  a  stream  to  the  eastward.  The  trail 
«pton  to  the  southeast,  and  was  so  well  beaten  by 
Wieand  foot,  that  they  supposed  at  least  a  hun- 
ted lodges  had  passed  alon^r  jt.  As  it  fornu;(l, 
■'.K-refere,  a  convenient  hi^rbwav,  and  ran  in  a 
pr^Jlier  direction,  they  turned  into  it,  and  deter- 
mined to  keep  alonjr  it  as  far  .as  safety  would  per- 
"iit;  as  the  Crow  encampment  must  be  some  dis- 


tance off  and  it  w.as  not  likely  tbnsf  s,ivaj4;cs 
would  return  upon  their  steps.  They  trtivelUd 
forward,  therefore,  all  that  (l.iy,  in  tiie  track  of 
their  dangerous  |)reilecessors,  which  leil  them 
across  mountain  -.treams,  ,iiid  alonj,'  ridj^cs,  ,iiul 
throu^fh  narrow  valleys,  all  tending,'  j|ener;illy  to- 
ward the  southeast.  The  wind  blew  (  oldly  from 
the  northeast,  with  occasional  llurries  of  snow, 
which  m.idi;  them  encamp  early,  on  the  slndtcrcd 
banks  of  a  brook.  The  two  C.iii.idi.ins,  \'alh>c 
and  Le  Cleri  ,  killed  a  yiHin;,'  buffalo  bull  in  the 
evening;,  which  was  in  j,'ood  condition,  and  ,ilfii|(|- 
ed  them  a  plentiful  supply  of  tnsb  beet.  'I'liey 
loaded  their  spits,  therefore,  ;ind  crammed  their 
camp  kettle  with  nie.it,  and  while  the  wind 
whistled,  .111(1  the  snow  whirled  .around  them,  liild- 
dled  round  .1  rousiiij;  tire,  baskeil  in  its  w.irmtb, 
tiiid  comforteil  both  soul  and  body  with  a  hearty 
.111(1  invi^;or.itiiij,'  meal.  No  enjoyments  have 
greater /est  than  these,  snatched  in  the  \-er\  mid  a 
of  difliculty  .and  danger  ;  .and  it  is  probable  the 
poor  wayworn  and  weatlier-bciten  trav(dlers  r(d- 
ished  thesi!  creature  comforts  the  more  lii;^hly 
from  the  surrounding^  desolation,  and  the  danyer- 
eus  proximity  ot  the  Crows. 

The  snow  which  ha'l  f.illen  in  the  ni;^ht  made 
it  lutein  the  mornin;^  before  the  party  loaded  their 
solitary  pack-horse,  and  resiinn  .1  their  manh. 
I'luy  had  not  j,f()ne  far  befort.  tin;  Cr(,w  trati: 
whi(  h  they  were  followinj^  chanjjed  its  direction, 
and  bore  to  the  north  of  e.ist.  They  had  already 
bej^iin  to  fe(d  themselves  on  dangerous  ;,'ruun(l  in 
kee|)injr  .ilonjr  it,  .as  they  iiiiKht  be  descried  by 
some  scouts  and  spies  of  that  race  ot  Islimaelites, 
whose  predatory  lite  re(|uired  them  to  be  constant- 
ly on  the  alert.  <  >n  seeinj^  the  tr.ice  turn  so  nun  h 
to  the  north,  thereloie,  they  abandoned  it,  and 
kept  on  their  course  to  the  southeast  for  eiijhteeii 
miles,  throuj,fh  ,1  beautifully  undiilatlnj,^  country, 
li.ivinLj  tlu;  main  chain  ot  mountains  on  the  left, 
and  .a  considerably  elev.ited  rid^e  on  the  ri;.,'-bt. 
Here  the  mountain  ridtje  whi(di  divides  Wind 
River  from  the  lie.id  waters  of  the  Columbia  and 
S|>anish  Rivers  ends  abrui)tly,  .and  windinj.j  to  tin; 
north,  of  e.i;  t,  becomes  the  dividiiij^  barrier  be- 
tween .1  branch  of  the  15i(^  Hprn  and  Cheyeiim; 
Rivers,  ,ind  those  head  waters  which  llow  into 
the  Missouri  below  the  .Sioux  country. 

The  ri(l;re  w  hi(  h  lav  on  tin;  rifrlu  of  the  travel- 
lers hayiiij.j  now  become  very  low,  they  jiassed  over 
it,  .and  came  into  a  level  ])lain  .about  ten  miles  in 
circumference,  and  incriisted  to  the  depth  of  a 
loot  or  ei^'hteen  inches  with  salt  ;is  white  as  snow. 
This  is  lu;aiishe(l  by  luimerous  salt  sprini^s  of 
limpid  water,  which  are  continually  wtdliiii;'  up, 
overllowinj,^  their  border  ^  .and  forming'  be.iutiliil 
crystallizatioiis.  The  liiui.in  tribes  of  the  interior 
are  excessively  fond  of  this  salt,  and  re])air  to  the 
valley  to  collect  it,  but  it  is  held  in  distaste  by  the 
tribes  of  the  se.i-co.ast,  who  will  eat  nothiiiL;-  that 
has  been  cured  or  seasoned  by  it. 

This  eveninj,''  they  encamped  on  the  b;inks  of  ;i 
small  stream,  in  the  open  |)rairie.  'I"be  norllie.ist 
wind  was  keen  .and  cuttinir  ;  they  had  nothing; 
wherewith  to  make  a  t'ire,  but  a  scanty  ^M-owth  ot 
s;i^e,  or  wormwood,  .and  were  fain  to  wrap  them- 
selves up  in  their  bl.ankets,  and  huddle  them- 
selves in  their  "  nests,"  at  an  early  hour.  In  the 
course  of  the  e\('nini.,'^,  Mr.  M'Lellan,  who  h.ul 
now  retrained  his  strenj^th,  killed  .a  buffalo,  but  it 
was  some  distance  from  the  cani|),  and  they  post- 
poned supplyinj(  themselves  from  the  carctiss  un- 
til the  following'  i>-'>rpinjj. 

The  next  day  (( )ctober  21st)  the  cold  continued, 
accompanied    by  snow.      They    set  forward    0:1 


4U0 


ASTORIA. 


tlicir  lili'.ik  anil  toilsome  wny,  krcpiiijr  to  the  r.isl- 
niii'thca^t,  tdwaril  tlic  lnlty  suiiiniil  tit  a  inouii- 
lain,  wliicli  \i  was  nrtt'ssary  for  tlu-rii  to  irons. 
I'.iti)ri'  lilt  y  rcaiiii'd  its  liasc  liicy  passfd  anotlicr 
iai^ji.'  trail,  stciiiiiK  a  liillc  to  tlu'  njjlit  ot  tlii' 
point  (il  (lie  mount. liii.  '11, 's  tlicy  pri'siinu-d  to 
li.ivc  hi'iii  iii.kIc  by  anotlicr  band  ot  Crows,  wlio 
ii.id  prolialily  bci'ii  luiiUiii^  lower  down  on  llii: 
S|i,inisli  Kivir. 

Tlic  scM'iily  ol  tin-  weather  conipellcd  tli<iu  to 
t'lii'.inip  at  till'  end  ot  lillien  miles,  on  llie  skirts 
ol  ilic  mount, lin,  where  they  found  sullieieiU  dry 
aspen  trees  lo  supply  them  with  liie,  hut  they 
.sought  in  vain  about  the  neighborhood  lor  a 
s|)riM^f  or  rill  of  w.iter. 

At  d.iybre.ik  they  were  up  and  on  the  m.irch, 
ser.imblinn  U|)  the  mouiit.iin  side  lor  the  distanec 
ol  eij(hl  p.iinlul  miles,  Krom  the  t.isu.il  hints 
^nveii  in  tlu'  ir.ivellinj,'  menioramla  of  Mr.  .Stuart, 
tins  mount, lin  would  seem  to  oik'r  a  rich  field  of 
speculation  for  the  j;eolo^ist.  Here  w.is  a  plain 
tiiree  miles  in  diameter,  strewed  with  |)umice 
btone  and  other  volcanic  reli(|ues,  with  a  hike  in 
the  centre,  occupyinjf  what  had  prol),it)ly  been 
the  crater.  Here  were  also,  in  some  places,  de- 
posits ol  marine  shells,  indie. itinjr  that  this  moun- 
tain crest  had  at  some  remote  period  been  below 
the  w.ives. 

After  pausiii^f  lo  repose,  ;md  to  enjoy  these 
^M'aiid  but  sava);e  and  awful  scenes,  they  be^;an 
lo  tlesceiid  the  eastern  siile  ol  the  mountain.  The 
descent  was  ruj;).;ed  .iiiil  rom.intic,  aloii^,^  deep 
r.ivines  and  defiles,  overhuii)^  with  cra;;s  and 
cliffs,  amon^,f  which  they  beliel<l  nuiubers  of  tlie 
ahsahla  or  bi^^horn,  skipping;  fearlessly  from  rock 
to  rock.  'I'wo  of  them  they  succeeded  in  brinj^- 
injr  down  with  their  rifles,  as  the)  peered  fear- 
lessly from  the  brow  of  their  airy  precipices. 

Arrived  at  the  foot  ot  the  mount. liii,  the  travel- 
lers toiiiid  a  rill  of  w.iter  oo/in),^  out  ot  the  earth, 
and  resemblin),^  in  look  and  tasie  the  w.iler  ot  the 
Missouri.  Here  ihey  enc.imped  tor  the  nij^ht.  and 
supjied  sum|)tuously  upon  llieir  mouiUain  mutton, 
which  they  louiul  in  j^ood  condition,  and  extreme- 
ly well  tasted. 

The  mornint,'  was  britjlit  and  intensely  cold. 
I'-arly  in  the  day  they  cime  upon  a  stream  run- 
niiifj  to  the  east,  between  low  hills  ut  bluish  e.irth, 
sironjjly  imprej^niated  with  copperas.  Mr.  .Stuart 
supposed  this  lo  be  one  of  the  head  waters  ot  the 
Missouri,  and  determined  to  follow  its  banks. 
After  a  march  ot  twenty-six  miles,  however  he  ar- 
rived at  the  summit  oi  a  hill,  the  i)ros|)ect  of 
which  induced  him  to  alter  his  intention.  \\v  be- 
held, in  every  ilirection  south  of  east,  a  vast  ])lain, 
bounded  only  by  the  hori/on,  throuj^h  which 
wandered  the  stream  in  (plestion,  in  a  south- 
southeast  direction.  Il  could  not,  therefore,  tie  a 
branch  of  ihe  Missouri.  He  now  )4.iV(' up  all  iilea 
of  t.ikin^-  the  stream  for  his  ),^ui(le,  and  sli.iped  his 
course  toward  a  ran^e  ot  mount, lins  in  the  e.-ist, 
about  sixty  miles  distant,  near  which  he  liojied  to 
find  another  stre.'im. 

The  weather  w.is  now  so  severe,  and  the  hard- 
ships of  travelling;'  so  ^rre.it,  that  he  resolved  to 
halt  for  the  winter,  at  the  tirst  elijjible  jilace. 
'I'll. It  nij^ht  they  had  to  encamp  on  the  open 
])rairie,  ne.ir  a  scanty  ]K)oI  of  water,  and  without 
any  wood  to  make  a  t'lre.  The  northeast  wind 
blew  keenly  across  the  ii.iked  waste,  and  they 
were  fain  to  decamp  from  their  inhospitable  l)i- 
\ouac  betore  the  dawn. 

For  two  days  they  kept  on  in  .in  eastward  di- 
rection, ajrainst  wintry  blasts  and  occasional 
enow  stormy     They  suffered,  also,  from  scarcity 


of  water,  having  nrrasionally  to  u^  m^iy 
snnw  ;  this,  with  llu-  w.inl  ol  p.isuir,inf,  rt:(lut|.|i 
their  old  pack-horse  s.idly.  Ilify  slvt  ni,ir 
tracks  of  buff, do,  and  some  tew  bulls,  wliiih,  hin^' 
evv  r,  y^itl  the  wind  of  them,  and  si  ,iin|ifrci|  nn 

On  the  J()lh  of  (  »(  toiler  tliey  stecriil  f,i,i.|,„r(|i. 
e.isl,  lor  .1  wooded  ravine,  in  .i  iiioiiiii.im  .u.j 
small  distance  Irom  the  base  of  wIik  h,  t,,  ^\^fl^ 
^rcit  )oy,  they  discovered  an  abunil.uit  sur.un 
runiiinji  between  willowi'd  b.iiiks.  Hit,.  ,|„  ' 
h.dled  for  the  ni^fht,  and  Iteii  Jones  having  lntKiiJ 
tr.lpped  a  beaver,  and  killed  two  luitl,i|(]  I,,,;;',' 
they  rem. lined  all  the  next  d.iy  eiu  ainpfil,  t,a>,i! 
injr  ,ind  reposm^r,  and  allowiii);  their  j.idni  h,',f„. 
to  rest  from  his  labors. 

The  little  stream  on  which  they  were  eiuamiwl 
was  one  ot  the  head  waters  ot  the  ri.iUr  Ku,./ 
which  flows  into  the  .Missouri  ;  il  was,  in  l.ut,  iho 
northern  fork,  or  fir.mch  of  that  river,  ihoii'[i 
this  the  tr.avellersdid  not  discover  until  l.mK.itkr. 
ward.  I'lirsuin^f  the  course  ot  this  sUt.iiiiiir 
about  twenty  miles,  they  i  ame  to  wlure  il  luncil 
a  pass,ijre  throiij,'h  a  ran^je  of  lii^di  lulls  ciivcrtil 
with  cedars,  iiito,in  extensue  low  cuiiniry,  .itlunl. 
in^f  excellent  |)asiure  to  numerous  herds  Ol  bulla. 
lo.  Here  they  killed  three  cows,  wliirh  Ufrtilic 
first  they  had  been  able  to  ^;et,  havin),'  liithiri) 
had  to  content  themselves  with  bull  beet,  wimh  ,it 
this  se.ison  ot  the  year  is  \-ery  poor.  Tlu' luimn 
me;it  atfortled  them  a  rep.ist  lit  tor  an  epicuif. 

Late  on  the  afternoon  ot  the  3oih  ihiv  ciiiic  to 
where  the  stream,  now  increased  to  ,i  cuniiik'iM- 
ble  si/e,  poured  alon^^  in  a  ravine  behveen  piva- 
pices  of  red  stone,  two  hundred  Unl  in  liui^jhi. 
Kur  some  distance  it  dashed  ahjnjf,  over  luii;c 
masses  of  rock,  with  toamin^j  violence,  as  itu\,iv 
perated  by  beinjf  coj.ipressed  into  so  n.irinw  ,i 
channel,  and  at  lenj^th  leaped  down  .i  ch.ism 
that  looked  dark  ami  trij^httul  in  the  ^Mihcniii; 
twili^rht. 

h'or  a  part  of  the  next  day,  the  wilil  river,  in  its 
capricious  w.mderin^s,  leil  them  tlirmij^h  a  vari- 
ety of  striking  scenes,  'At  one  tiint'  llury  wen; 
upon  hi>,di  plains,  like  platforms  anion;;  llie  iiujuii- 
t.iins,  with  herds  ot  butfaloes  roamiii;;  .iliiimiiuMii; 
;it  another,  among-  rude  rocky  deliles,  hrokiii  iiii') 
cliffs  and  ])reci|)ices,  where  the  black-taiii'l  (kcr 
bounded  off  amonjr  the  craj^s,  and  the  bigliDiii 
basked  on  the  sunny  brow  ot  the  precipice. 

In  the  after  part  of  the  clay  they  came  to 
.•mother  scene,  surpassinj;  in  sav.ij,n:  jjrandinir 
those  already  described.  They  had  been  inuvi- 
lin^r  for  some  distance  throuj^h  a  pass  of  the 
mountains,  keepinj^  |)arallel  with  tlu;  river,  :is  it 
roared  aloilff,  out  of  sij^ht,  throu;.;h  a  deep  raviiii-. 
Sometimes  their  devious  path  apjir  laclied  the  mar- 
),nn  of  cliffs  below  which  the  river  to.inu'd  .in,l 
boiled  and  whirled  amonj;  the  m.issesof  rock  that 
had  fallen  into  its  channel.  As  they  crept  cau- 
tiously on,  leadinjj  their  solitary  pack  l.orsi  don;,' 
these  Ki<'''y  hei^rhts,  they  all  a'  once  came  to 
where  the  river  thuiulered  (|...^n  a  succession  nt 
|)recipic(;s,  throwinfr  up  clij'iils  of  sjiray,  and  m:ii<- 
ing  a  prodigious  din  and'uproar.  The  traielleij 
rem.-iined,  tor  a  time,  >;'izinfj  with  mingled  awe 
and  delight,  at  thisfuriou!.  cataract,  tu  uhu:h  Mr. 
Stuart  K.-ive,  from  the  cjor  ot  the  ini|)emlmg 
rocks,  the  name  of  "  The  I'^'ery  Narrows.  ' 


CHAPTER  XLl.V. 

The  travellers  encamped  for  the  night  on  the 
banks  of  the  river  below  the  cataract.  Ihe  mgm 
was  cold,  with  partial  showers  of  rain  and  sleet. 


ASTORIA. 


407 


Thf  mnrninfj  (l.-iwncd  Rloomilv,  thr  skies  w.-r. 

i,n   inil    (ivcr.-.ist,    and    thnalfiicl     liirllur 


,„,ldinnoMitili<' wfMtluT 


Imtlhf  little  l>aii(l  rt'simu'il  tluir  jdiiriuy, 

.     'Ihf  iniitM.Mii>;  |■|^;l)|■ 

,„„,,  luiwfvcr,    wliidi   mal<f^   itsfit  trlt 

\  in  tliL^f  niiiuiitiiinoiis  rf^jions,  and  on  tlifsf 


'^'Icil  ;in(l  flrvatcd    jilains,  ItroUKlit    llicni   t(i   a 
'iiM'  .11"!  ii  siiiDiis  dfldifiMtion,  alter  they  had 

ICv-cniiftl  iilKiiit  tliirty   miles  hirllier  aloiin  the 

o.ursf  lit  tlic  river.      ,    ,       . 
.\||  were  tdiivinced  thai  it  was  in   vain  to  at- 
'    '    ■'      on  loot  at  this 


U'liiiit  III  aiaimplisli  their  imirnev 

'''hey  h.-'   ■"■■■ 

lore   tliev   shoiilil    reach  tin 


I'hev  had  still  many  lumdred 
<hoii 
the    Missouri,    and    iheir    route 


|.„lfnH'nl!>i'asim. 
niiifs  I"  tr.iverse 

niiin  course  nl   I  ,  ,  i 

Hiiulil  lay  "^■'■1'  immense  prairies,  naked  and  | 
jicik,  anil  (Ifslltuie  ot  tuei.  The  (luestion  then  j 
\u^,  where  to  clioose  their  wintering  place,  and  j 
HhtlliiTDr  not  III  jiroceed  hirtlu'r  down  the  river. 
fhfV  hail  ill  tirsi  imaj,Miied  it  to  he  one  ot  the 
liciil  waters,  or  iribiit.iry  stre.ims,  ot  the  Mis- 
sdiiri.  Afterward,  they  h.id  lielit'ved  it  to  he  the 
k.ipi'l.  or  'Hiiciiurt  Kiver,  in  which  opinion  they 
hail  not  ciiMH'  nearer  to  the  truth  ;  they  now, 
however,  were  persii.ided,  with  etpial  fallacy,  hy 
U,  iiuliniiij;  sdiiiewh.it  to  the  north  of  east,  that 
iiw.i.s  the  ClMveiine.  It  so,  hy  coiitinuinjj;  down 
II  niuili  Uirilur  they  must  arrive  amonj;  the  lii- 
ilini\  IrDiii  whom  the  river  lakes  its  name. 
.Amuii;,'  lliese  tliey  would  he  sure  to  meet  some  ot 
ilu'.Simix  irihe.  These  would  ;ii)prise  their  rela- 
livts,  liie  piratical  Sioux  ot  the  Missouri,  ol  the 
,,|i]iri)ach  III  a  hand  of  white  tr.iders  ;  so  that,  in 
iht:S|irnij,'time,  they  would  he  likely  to  be  waylaid 
;iiiil  rnlibeil  on  their  way  down  the  river,  by  some 
party  m  anihiisli  upon  its  b.inks. 

Kirn  sluiiild  this  |)rove  to  be  the  (juicourt  or 
Kipiil  Kiver,  it  would  not  be  prudent  to  winter 
niikii  lurtlier  down  upon  its  hanks,  as,  thouj,di 
i:iiv  ini},'lit  he  out  ot  the  ran^^e  ot  the  Sioux,  they 
ttniilil  he  in  the  nei^jhborhood  ot  the  I'oncas,  a 
tribe  nearly  as  dangerous.  It  was  resolved,  there- 
lure,  since  tliey  must  winter  somewhere  on  this 
side  of  tile  Missouri,  to  descend  no  lower,  but  to 
kirp  up  ill  these  solitary  rej.(ions,  where  they 
ttimlil  he  in  no  dan^ror  of  molestation. 

riuy  were  hrou^fht  the  more  promptly  and 
uaaiiimoii.ily  to  this  decision,  by  coming'  U|)on  an 
e\a'lltntwiiiterin),r  place,  that  promised  everything; 
requisite  tor  their  comfort.  Il  was  on  a  tine  beiui 
lit  ilie  river,  just  l)elow  where  it  issued  out  from 
anvjiij;  a  ri(l);e  of  mountains,  and  bent  toward 
liienuillieast.  Here  was  a  beautiful  low  point  of 
laml, coviM'ed  hy  cotton-wood,  and  surrounded  by 
a  thick  growth  of  willow,  so  as  to  yield  both 
shelirr  and  fuel,  as  well  as  materials  tor  biiildiii);. 
rhc  river  swept  hy  in  a  strong'-  current,  about  a 
humlreil  and  hfty  yards  wide.  To  the  southeast 
uere  mountains  of  moderate  lieij;ht,  the  nearest 
about  two  miles  off,  l)Ut  the  whole  chain  ran^nnf; 
toiheeast,  south,  and  southwest,  as  far  as  the  eye 
could  reach.  Their  summits  were  crowned  with 
«:i-n^ive  tracts  of  pitch  pine,  checkered  with  small 
patches  of  the  (piiverin^  aspen.  Lower  down 
Were  thick  forests  of  hrs  and  red  cedars,  j^rowinj; 
out  in  many  |)laces  from  the  very  fissures  ot  the 
ri'CKs.  1  lu'  in  'Uiuains  were  broken  and  |)recii)i- 
tuus,  with  huf,re  hUilts  protrudin;;  from  amonj;-  the 
I'irests.  Their  rocky  recesses  and  beetlinj;  cliffs 
jilfuriied  retreats  to  innumerable  tlocks  of  the 
bii;horii,  while  their  woody  summits  .and  ravines 
■'ii'iunilcd  with  hears  and  black  tailed  deer.  These, 
™i  the  numerous  herds  ot  buffalo  that  ran>;ed 
the  lower  j;rounds  :\\on<r  the  river,  jiromised  the 
travellers  abundant  cheer  in  their  winter  quarters. 


On  the  2(1  of  November,  thcreforr,  ihcy  pllrhed 
their  (.imp  lor  the  winter,  on  the  woody  point, 
and  their  tirst  thou^'ht  vs.is  to  obt.iin  ,i  supply  of 
provisions,  iteii  Jones  and  the  two  C'.in.idlans 
accordingly  salli'd  forth,  .iccomp.mieil  by  two 
others  ot  the  p.iily.  leaving  but  one  to  u.ilch  thu 
lamp.  Their  liuiiiin^;;  w.is  uiu  (iiiinioiiU  success- 
ful, in  the  course  ot  two  da\s  they  killed  thirty- 
two  bultaloes,  and  loUeiteii  their  liie.it  on  the 
iii.irgin  (it  a  small  brook,  about  a  mile  (list. int. 
I'ortunalely,  a  seven;  Irost  Iro/e  the  river,  so  tli.it 
the  me.it  w.is  e.isily  tr.in-iported  lo  the  em  .imp- 
ment.  <  hi  ,i  succeeding  il.iy.  a  herd  id  buH.il» 
caiiK-  tr.iinpling  through  the  woody  buttoiii  mi 
the  river    b.inks.  .ind  fifteen  more  wi  re  killed. 

It  was  soon  disiovered.  however,  th.it  there  w.l.s 
game  of  a  more  dangerous  nature  in  the  neighbor- 
hood. On  one  occasion  .Mr.  Crooks  h.id  w.mder- 
ed  about  a  mile  from  the  camp,  and  li.ul  asicnd- 
ed  a  small  hill  c.'imni.indmg  a  view  ot  tlie  river. 
He  was  without  his  rifle.  ;i  ran;  circumst.mce.  tor 
in  these  wild  regions,  where  one  m,iy  put  up  a 
.vild  .mini.il.  or  a  wild  Indi.in.  at  e\er>'  turn,  it  is 
customary  never  to  stir  Irom  the  c.imp-tlre  iiii- 
.irnied.  The  hill  where  he  stood  overlooked  the 
pi, ice  where  the  massacre  of  the  bult.do  had  t.ikeii 
place.  As  he  w.is  looking  around  on  lie  |)rosp((  i 
Ids  eye  w.is  caught  by  an  object  below,  moving 
directly  tow.ird  iiini.  To  his  dism.iy  he  discov- 
ered it  to  be  a  grizzly  bear,  with  two  cubs.  There: 
was  no  tree  at  hand  into  which  he  loiild  climb  ; 
(n  run  would  only  be  to  provoke  |iursuit.  and  he 
should  soon  r  overtaken,  lit;  threw  hiiiiielt  on 
the  ground,  therefore,  and  lay  motionless,  w.ili  li- 
iiig  the  movements  ot  the  animal  with  intense 
an.xiely.  It  continued  to  advance  until  ,it  the  loot 
of  the  hill,  when  it  turned,  and  made  into  the 
woods,  having  jirobiibly  gi>i'ged  itsidt  with  biill.i- 
lo  llesh.  Mr.  Crooks  made  all  h.iste  liack  to  the 
cam]),  rejoicing  at  his  escape,  and  determining 
never  to  stir  out  again  without  his  rille.  A  few 
days  after  tTiis  circumstance,  ;i  grizzly  bear  was 
shot  in  the  neighborhood  by  .Mr.  .Miller. 

As  the  slaughter  of  so  many  buffaloes  had  pro- 
vided the  ])arly  with  beet  tor  the  winter,  in  case 
they  met  with  no  further  supply,  they  now  set  to 
work,  heart  and  hand,  to  l)uild  a  comfortable 
wigwam.  In  a  little  while  the  woody  promontory 
rang  with  the  unwonted  sound  of  the  axe.  .Some 
of  its  lofty  trees  were  laid  low,  and  by  the  second 
evening  the  cabin  was  complete.  It  w.is  eight 
feet  wide,  and  eighteen  feet  long.  The  walls 
were  six  feet  higli,  and  the  whole  was  covered 
with  buffalo  skins.  The  tireplace  was  in  the  cen- 
tre, and  the  smoke  found  its  way  out  by  a  hole  in 
the  root. 

The  hunters  were  next  sent  lUt  to  procure  deer 
skins  for  garments,  moccasons,  and  other  pur- 
poses. They  made  the  mountains  echo  with  their 
rifles,  and,  in  the  course  of  two  d.iys'  hunting, 
killed  twenty-eight  bighorns  and  bl.ick-iailed  deer. 

The  party  now  revelled  in  al)uiul, uue.  After 
all  that  they  had  suffered  from  hunger,  cold,  fa- 
tigue, and  watchfulness  ;  after  all  their  perils 
from  treacherous  and  sav.ige  men,  the)'  exulted 
in  the  snugness  and  security  of  their  isolated 
cabin,  hidtlen,  as  they  thought,  even  from  the 
prying  eyes  of  Indian  scouts,  and  stored  with  crea- 
ture comforts  ;  and  they  looked  forward  to  a  win- 
ter of  peace  and  quietness;  ot  roasting,  and  boil- 
ing, and  broiling,  and  feasting  upon  venison,  and 
mountain  mutton,  and  bear's  meat,  and  marrow 
bones,  and  buffalo  humps,  and  other  hunter's 
dainties,  and  of  dosing  and  reposing  round  their 
tire,  and  gossiping  over  past  dangers  and  adven- 


Ii  fl 


i 


HHi  liL' 


U 


t 


it  'li^ni^ 


i.>'\ 


:4;iM 


t    1  ■>^- 


>ll':':    -i 


m  !m  I? 


11  ■ ,  n  I'l.r 


408 


ASTORIA. 


turcs,    and    tellinjr    lon^   hunting    stories 
spring   should   rfturii  ;    whc-n    they   woulc 


untu 
make 
Ciii\oes  ot  hulialo  skins  and  tloat  themselves  down 
the  river. 

Fron.  such  halcyon  dreams  they  were  startled 
one  morning  at  d.iybreak,  by  a  savajife  yell.  They 
started  U|),  and  seized  their  rilles.  'I'he  yell  was 
repeatetl  by  two  or  three  voices.  Cautiously  peep- 
inf,r  (Hit,  they  beheld,  to  their  dismay,  several  In- 
dian warriors  amonjj  the  trees,  all  armed  and 
pair.ted  in  warlike  style  ;  being  evidently  bent  on 
some  hostile  |)urpose. 

Miller  changed  countenance  as  he  regarded 
them.  "  We  are  in  trouble,"  said  he,  "  these  .ire 
some  of  the  rascally  Arapahnys  that  robbed  me 
last  year."  Not  a  word  was  uttered  by  the  rest 
ot  the  jiarty,  but  they  silently  slung  their  powder 
horns  and  ball  pouches,  and  prepared  tor  battle. 
M'Lellan.who  had  taken  his  gun  to  |)ieces  the  even- 
ing lietore,  |)Ut  it  together  in  all  haste.  He  pro- 
])osed  that  they  should  break  out  the  clay  from  be- 
tween the  logs,  so  as  to  be  able  to  fire  upon  the 
enemy. 

"  Not  yet,"  replied  Stuart  ;  "  it  will  not  do  to 
sho'.s  fear  or  distrust  ;  we  must  first  hol'l  a  pa.iey. 
Some  one  must  go  out  and  meet  them  as  a  friend. ' ' 

Who  was  to  undertake  the  L;..;k  .'  it  was  full  of 


be  shot  down  at  the 
said  Miller,  "  always 


peri!,  as   the  envoy   might 
threshuld. 

"  The  leader  ot  a  jjarty," 
takes  "he  advance." 

"  '!oo(l  I"  replied  Stuart  ;  "  I  am  ready."  He 
immetliately  went  forth  ;  one  of  the  C.in.idians 
followed  him  ;  the  rest  of  the  party  remained  in 
garrison,  to  keep  the  savages  in  check. 

Stuart  advanced  holding  liis  rille  in  one  hand, 
and  extending  the  other  to  the  savage  that  appear- 
ed to  be  the  chief.  The  latter  stepjied  forward 
and  took  it  ;  his  men  followed  his  example,  and 
all  shook  hands  with  Stuart,  in  token  of  friend- 
sliij).  They  now  explained  their  errand.  They 
were  a  war  party  ot  Aiapahay  braves.  Their  vil- 
lage lay  on  ;i  stream  several  days'  journey  to  the 
eastward.  It  had  been  attacked  anti  ravaged  dur- 
ing their  absence,  by  a  band  of  Crows,  who  had 
carried  off  several  of  their  women,  and  most  of 
dieir  iiorses.  They  were  in  c[uest  of  vengeance. 
l'"or  sixteen  days  they  had  been  tracking  the  Crows 
about  the  mountains,  but  had  not  vet  come  upon 
aiem.  In  the  meantime  they  had  met  with 
scarcely  any  game,  and  were  hal^  famished. 
About  two  days  ])reviously,  they  had  heard  the 
report  ot  t'lrearms  among  the  mountains,  and  on 
searching  in  the  direction  of  the  sound,  had  come 
to  a  place  where  a  deer  had  been  killed.  They 
liad  immediately  ]uit  themselves  upon  the  track  of 
ihc  'lunters,  and  by  following  it  u]i,  had  arrived 
at  the  cabin. 

•Mr.  Stuart  now  invited  the  chief  and  another, 
who  appeared  to  be  his  lieutenant,  into  the  hut, 
b.it  made  signs  that  no  one  else  was  to  enter. 
'I'he  rest  halted  at  the  door  ;  others  came  strag- 
gling up,  until  the  whole  parly,  to  the  number  of 
twenty-three,  were  gathered  before  the  hut. 
They  were  armed  with  bows  and  arrows,  toma- 
hawks, and  scal|)ing  knives,  and  some  few  with 
guns.  All  were  jjainted  and  dressed  tor  war,  and 
had  a  wild  and  fierce  ,i|)[)earance.  Mr.  Miller 
ret'ogni/ed  among  them  some  of  the  vet  ,■  fellows 
who  had  robbed  him  in  the  preceding  year  ;  -and 
put  his  comrades  u|)on  their  guard.  Kvery  man 
stood  ready  to  resist  the  first  act  of  hostility  ;  the 
savages,  iiowever,  conducted  themselves  peace- 
ably, an.l  showed  none  ot  that  swaggering  arro- 
gance which  a  war  party  is  apt  to  assume. 


On  entering  the  hut  the  chief  and  his  lieuiena- 
cast  a  wistful  look  at  the  raft(;rs,  laden  winivr 
son  and  buffalo  meat.     Mr.  Stu;'rt  iiKukiu^-. 
of  necessity,  and  invited  them  to  h(;lp  themsuiv 
They  did   not  wait  to   be  pressed.    Tin.  \^u^'j 
were  soon  eased   of  their   burden  ;   viinison  - 
beef  were  passed  out  to  the  crew  betore  thedjij- 
and   a   scene   of   gormandizing    coiiimtiiftil  '• 
which  few  can   have  an   idea,  who  have  not  u: 
nessed  the  gastronomic  jiowersot  an  liuli;i;i  alt  • 
an  interval  ot  tasting.    'I'his  was  kejit  upthmu'- 
out  the   day;    they    |,aused    now   and  then,  ip 
true,  for  a  brief  interval,  but  only  to  return  uit;. 
charge  with  renewed  ardor.     The  chid  amlt,. 
lieutenant  surp.issed  all  the  rest  in  thevirora;' 
perseverance  of   their  attacks;   as  it,  trnmiiii;- 
station,   they  were  bound  to  signalize  UuniHivr, 
in   all   onslaughts.        Mr.  Stuart  kept  ihcm  \vt,. 
supplied  with  choice  bits,  foi' it  was  his  pniicvii 
overfeed  them,  and  keep  them  troiii  leavinjjuicjif. 
where  they  served  as  hostages  for  the  j,'oik1  cur,. 
duct  of  their  followers.     Once,  only,  in  the  cours.; 
ot  the  d;  /,  did  the  chief  sally  forth.     Mr.  Stiian 
and  one  of  his  men  accompanietl  him,  arnu'lwu'. 
their  ril'es,    but  without  betraying    any  distrus:. 
The  chieftain  soon  returned,  and  renewed  his  at- 
tack  upon   the   larder.     In   a  word,  ho  and  h:> 
worthy  coadjutor,   the  lieuienant,  ale  umil  tki,'v 
were  both  stupefied. 

Toward  the  evening  the  Indians  made  ihc;r 
preparations  to."  the  night  according  to  the  prac- 
tice ot  war  parties.  Those  outside  ot  the  hut  ihn  v. 
up  two  breastworks,  into  which  thev  nured  ,aia 
I  tolerably  e.ariy  hou  ■,  and  slept  like  overic; 
hounds.  As  to  the  chief  and  his  lieiilLnant,  lia, 
])assed  tae  night  in  the  hut,!,  the  ciiurse^; 
which,  t'ley,  two  or  three  times,  got  up  in  e.a. 
The  travellers  took  turns,  one  at  a  lime,  lu  nwur.; 
guard  until  the  morning. 

Scarce  had  the  day  dawned,  when  the  t;iirni:.n- 
dizing  was  renewed  by  the  whole  hand,  and  I'arri-.J 
on  with    -.urprising  vigor  until  ten  o'clock,  wht-n 
all  iji-eijac-d  to  depart.     They  had  six  days'  jour- 
ney  yet   io   make,  they  said,  btdore  they  shoiiii 
come   up  with  the  Crows,  who  they  imderstiii; 
were   encamped   on    a    ri\er   to   the  nor.hwarri. 
Their  way  lay  through  a  hungry  coiiniry  whca 
there  was  no  game  ;  they  would,  moreover,  have 
but    little  time  to  hunt  ;  they,  llierefore,  craved 
a  small  supply  of  provisions  for  lluir  journiy. 
Mr.  Stuart  again  invited  them  to  help  ihemseives. 
Tl-.ey  tlici  so  with  keen  forethought,  loadiiii;  them- 
selves with   the  choicest   parts  of  the  meat,  an  i 
j  leaving  the   late   plenteous   larder  tar  gone  in  a 
consumption.     Their  next  recpiest  was  lor  a  sup- 
■   ply  of  ammunition,  having  guns,  but  no  powder 
i  an'd   ball.     They  promised   to  pay  m.iijr.ilicenii;' 
I  out  of  the  spoils  of  their  foray.     "  We  are  pmr 
I  now,"  said  they,  "  and  are  obliged  to  },fo  on  tout. 
but  we  shall   soon  come  back  laden  wiih  Umv. 
and  all  mounted  on  horseback,  with  scaips  hani;- 
ing  at  our  bridles.     We  will  then  give  each  ot  y.n; 
a  horse  to  keep  you  from  being  tired  onyourj'Hir- 
ney." 

"  Well,"  said  Mr.  Stuart,  "  when  you  hrinijtr- 
horses,  you  shall  have  the  amnuimiion,  but  ra '. 
betore."  The  Indians  saw  by  his  delermine. 
tone,  that  all  further  entreaty  would  be  unavai.- 
ing,  so  they  desisted,  with  a  good-humored  iau;,di, 
and  went  off  exceedingly  "well  tivi^hted,  I"'!:. 
within  and  without,  promising  lo  bL  li.ick  .'.l;.'-'- 
in  the  course  of  a  fortnight. 

No  sooner  were  thev  out  of  hearing  than  ihe 

held  another  counsel.     The  sv 

nd.and  -vith  lU- 


sooner 
luckless  travellers 
curity  of  their  cabin  was  at  an  e 


ASTORIA. 


409 


Hers,  ladeiMvithver' 
■•^'"•"rt  "ladeaine:: 
■m  to  livlp  ihenist,,;; 
presse,!.  The  ra;;:,, 
''"■•'ieM;   venison,;; 

CH'W  before  ihed,,; 
'-'iK'  commehfci  -• 
*-'■'».  who  h;i\-eno;ur' 
•L-rsot  an  Indi.w.ai;''. 

^vas  kept  up  thriiu!-. 

i>i>w  and  ihei!,,;., 

t  only  to  return  10  i,v 

■•     'I'he  chiet  anilii;.'- 

rest  in  tlievitrorar.: 
•^s  :   as  il,  from  tlur 

siKiialize  Ihenisuvr, 
u:>'"t  kept  them  ui 
"■  II  was  hisp.,licy;i 
1  tnmi  leaviiiijther,u; 
ifes  for  the  ,i,'()ijd  colli 
■^,  only,  ill  the  courj. 
'y  '<^rlh.  Mr,  Sill,,:: 
iiiwi  liim.arnie.lwii,; 
-raying   any  distrub;. 

aiul  renewed  his  ,r,. 
il  word,  he  and  hii 
;nant,  ate  until  li-.L",- 

Indians  made  thc.r 
:c()i-din,i(  to  the  pr.ic- 
tsideot  thehutthiuv 
lich  they  retird.iti 

slL'|)t  like  ovcriri 
1  his  lieutenam,  ti.r, 
It,  :.  the  course  ^: 
mcs,  got  up  to  iMi. 

at  a  time,  lu  mou:;; 

vlien  the  gormi.n- 
le  band,  aiu'learn',! 

te'ii  o'e'lock,  wht?. 
bad  six  days'  jour- 
lictore  they  shouii 
bo  they  iindersloo: 
to  the  norJiw.wl. 
gry  country  whcr'. 
Id,  moreover,  have 

llicrefore,  craved 

for  tluir  journey. 

to  help  theniseives. 

gbt,  loadiiii;  them- 

;  (if  the  meat,  aiiu 

ilcr  far  gone  in ,; 

Liest  was  lor  a  sup- 

ns,  but  no  powder 

niw  niagr.iticenl!; 

"  We  are  poor 

iged  to  go  on  lout, 

laden  with  hwH', 

with  srai|)s  iiaiii;- 

■n  give  each  ot  y-w 

tired  on  your  join- 

ben  you  briiij,'  th- 
iliiuintion,  hut  m'. 
)y  bis  deleniiim': 
would  be  uiiavai:- 
id-lumiored  laii:,'h, 
II   Ireighted,  hoii! 

to  liL  back  ni,Mi:i 

bearing,  than  the 
I'oiinsei.  The  .se- 
nd, and  "vith  it  aii 


\' 


their  dreams  ot  a  quiet  and  -osy  winter.  Thoy 
„ere  tKtwt"  two  fires.  On  one  side  were  their 
old  enemies,  the  Crows,  on  the  other  side,  the 
\niiahays,  no  less  dangerous  freebooters.  As 
;  j|}^.  niijdcration  of  this  war  party,  they  consid- 
^.rcd  it  assumed,  to  |)Ut  them  off  their  ),'uard 
.-i^Minst  some  more  iavonible  opportuniy  tor  a 
surprisal.  it  was  detertnined,  therefore,  not  to 
j.Jjtiheir  return,  but  to  abandon,  with  all  S|iee(i, 
t-iij  dangerous  neighborhood.  From  the  ac- 
counts o"?  their  recent  visitors,  they  were  led  to 
believe,  though  erroneously,  that  they  were  upon 
t:-,e  Huicourt,  or  l<a|)id  River.  They  proposed 
P)U  ^)  keep  a'ong  it  to  its  contUience  with  tin- 
.Missouri ;  but.,  should  they  t)e  prevrtited  by  the 
rii'ors  of  the  season  from  proceeding  so  tar,  at 
least  to  reach  a  part  of  the  river  where  they  might 
ije  ahie  to  construct  canoes  of  greater  strenjjtl: 
sr.d  durability  than  those  of  buffalo  skins. 

Accordinglv,  on  the  '3th  of  December,  they 
bide  adieu,  with  many  a  regret,  to  their  comfort- 
able (piarters,  where,  for  live  weeks,  they  liad 
iK-en  indulging  the  sweets  ot  repose,  of  plenty, 
;md  of  fancied  security.  They  were  still  accom- 
panied bv  their  veteran  pack-horse,  which  the 
.-\rapahays  had  omitted  to  steal,  either  because 
thev  iiueiuled  to  steal  him  on  their  return,  or  be- 
ciuse  they  thought  him  not  worth  stealing. 


CHAPTER  L. 

The  interval  of  comfort  and  repose  which  the 
parly  had  enjoyed  in  their  wigwam,  rendered  the 
renewal  ot  their  tatigues  intolerable  tor  the  first 
two  or  three  days.  The  snow  lay  deep,  and  was 
sii.;!itly  frozen  on  the  surface,  l)ut  not  sufliciently 
I)  l)ear 'Jieir  weight.  Their  teet  became  sore  by 
iireaking  through  the  crust,  and  their  limbs  weary 
by  llounderiiig  on  without  firm  foothold.  So  ex- 
hausted and  (lis[)iriled  were:  they, that  the  began  to 
think  it  would  be  better  to  remain  and  lun  the  risk 
oi  being  killed  by  the  Indians,  than  to  dragon  thus 
paintully,  wit';  the  ])rol)ability  ot  jjerishing  by  the 
way.  their  miserable  liorse  fared  no  better  than 
themselves,  having  for  the  first  day  or  two  no 
other  fodder  than  the  ends  ot  willow  twigs,  and 
the  hark  of  the  cotton-wood  tree. 

They  all,  however,  a|)])eared  to  gain  ])."tieiic(' 
and  hardiiiood  as  they  ])roceeded,  and  tor  four- 
teen d.iys  kept  steatlily  on,  making  a  distance  ot 
about  three  hundred  and  thirty  miles.  l'"or  some 
li^ystiie  range  of  moiiiuains  which  had  been  near 
to  their  wigwam  kept  parallel  to  the  river  at  no 
.ureal  disMiice,  but  at  length  subsided  into  bills, 
Sumetinu-r.  they  found  the  river  bordered  with  al- 
luvial Ijoitoms,  and  groves  witli  cotton-wood  and 
v.illows  ;  sometimes  the  adja'-ent  country  was  na- 
ked and  barren.  In  one  place  it  ran  tor  a  consid- 
erable distance  between  rocky  hills  and  ])romon- 
I'jries  covr-cd  with  cedar  and  jjitch  pines,  and 
peopled  with  the  bighorn  and  the  mountain  deer  ; 
3! oilier  places  it  wandered  through  ])rairies  well 
stocked  with  buffaloes  and  antelopes.  As  they 
descended  the  course  of  the  river,  they  began  to 
perceive  the  ash  and  white  oak  here'  and  there 
among  the  cotton-wood  and  willow  ;  and  at  length 
wui;ht  a  sight  of  some  wild  horses  on  the  distant 
prairies. 

the  weather  was  various  ;  atone  time  the  snow 
wdeep  ;  then  they  had  a  genial  day  or  two,  with 
the  mildness  and'  serenity  of  autumn  ;  then, 
a^^^ln,  the  frost  was  so  .severe  that  the  river  was 
sulticiently  fro.-en  to  bear  them  upon  the  ice. 


During  the  last  three  days  of  tlicir  fortnight's 
travel,  however,  the  f.ice  ot  the  country  changed. 
The  timber  gradually  diminished,  until  they  could 
scarcely  I'ind  fuel  sutticient  lor  culinary  [Hirposes. 
The  game  grew  more  tiiui  more  scanty,  and, 
finally,  none  were  to  be  seen  but  a  few  miserable 
broken-down  buffalo  bulls,  not  >•  orth  killing.  'I'he 
snow  lay  fitteen  inches  deep,  and  made  tlie  tra- 
velling grievously  painful  and  toilsome.  At 
length,  t'ley  came  to  an  immense  plain,  where  no 
vestige  of  timber  was  to  be  seen  ;  nor  a  single 
(|uadruped  to  enliven  the  desol  ite  Ian  lsca|)e. 
Here,  then,  their  hearts  faileil  them,  anil  they  hekl 
another  consultation.  The  width  of  the  river, 
which  was  upward  ot  a  mile,  its  extreme  sbtillow- 
ness,  the  fre(|uency  of  (piicksands,  and  various 
other  chtiracteristics,  had  at  length  made  them 
sensible  of  their  errors  with  respect  to  it,  and  they 
now  came  to  the  correct  coclu;;ion,  that  they  were 
on  the  banks  of  the  I'latte  i)r  Shallow  l-iiver. 
What  were  they  to  do  ?  lursue  its  course  to  the 
Misst)uri  ?  To  go  on  at  this  season  of  the  year 
seemed  d.mgerous  in  the  extreme.  There  was  no 
pros|)ect  ot  obtaining  either  food  or  firing.  The 
country  was  destitute  of  trees,  and  though  there 
might  be  dritl-wood  along  the  river,  it  lay  too 
dee])  beneath  the  snow  for  them  to  find  it. 

The  weather  w:is  tbretitening  a  change,  and  a 
snow-storm  on  these  boundless  wtisies,  might 
|)rove  as  fatal  as  a  whirlwind  of  sand  on  an  Ara- 
liian  desert.  After  much  dreary  deliberation,  it 
was  at  length  determined  tf)  retrace  tludr  three 
lasL  (lavs'  journey  of  seventv-.seven  miles,  to  a 
place  wdiich  they  liad  remarked  where  there  was 
a  sheltering  growth  ot  forest  trees,  and  a  country 
abundant  in  game.  Here  they  would  once  more 
set  U|)  their  winter  (|uarters,  ;iiid  await  the  open- 
ing of  the  nacigation  to  launch  themselves  in  ca- 
noe;. 

Accordingly,  on  the  27th  of  December,  they 
faced  about,  retraced  their  .'ieps,  and  on  the  30th, 
regained  the  part  ot  the  river  in  (piestion.  Ilere 
the  alluvial  bottom  was  from  one  to  two  miles 
wide,  and  thickly  coveri-d  with  a  forest  of  cotton- 
wood  trees  ;  while  herds  of  buffalo  were  scattered 
about  the  neighboring  prairie,  several  of  which 
soon  tell  beneath  their  riiies. 

They  encamped  on  the  margin  of  the  river,  in 
a  grove  where  tliere  were  trees  large  enough  tor 
canoes.  Here  they  put  up  a  shed  tor  inimedi.ite 
shelter,  and  immediately  ]irocee(ied  to  erect  a  hut. 
New  Year's  day  dawned  .vheii,  as  yet,  but  one 
wall  of  their  cabin  was  completed  ;  the  genial 
and  jo.ial  day,  however,  was  not  permitted  to 
]iass  uncelebrated,  even  by  this  weatber-beateii 
crew  ot  wanderers.  All  work  was  suspended,  ex- 
ce|)t  that  ot  roasting  and  Ix.iling.    The  choicest  of 


the  buffalo   meat,  with  tongues, 


humps,  .and 


marrow  bones,  were  dexoured  in  (|uaiuilies  that 
would  astonish  any  one  tij.it  has  not  lived  among 
hunters  or  Inditms  ;  and  as  an  exti.a  regale,  htuing 
no  tobticco  left,  they  cut  up  an  (dd  tobacco  ])ouch, 
still  redolent  wilh  ihe  |)otent  herb,  .and  smoked  it 
in  honor  of  the  d.iy.  'I'luis  for  a  time,  in  ]iresent 
revelrv,  however  uncouth,  they  forgot  all  past 
troubles  and  .all  .anxieties  about  the  tuture,  and 
their  forlorn  wigwam  edioed  to  the  sound  ot  gay- 
ety. 

The  next  day  they  resumed  their  labors. and  by 
the  6ih  ot  the  month  it  was  complete.  Tlu'y 
soon  killed  abunclai-.  '.;  of  bufftdo,  -.uv]  .again  laid 
in  a  stock  of  winter  provisions. 

The  ]i;irty  were  more  fortunate  in  this  their  sec- 
ond cantonment.  'I'he  winter  jiassed  iwtiy  without 
anv  Iinlian  visitors,  and  the  game  continued  to  be 


410 


ASTORIA. 


plenty  in  the  neighljorhood.  They  felled  two 
large  trees,  anil  shaped  them  into  canoes  ;  and, 
as  the  sprinjr  opened,  and  a  thaw  of  several  days' 
continuance  melted  the  ice  in  the  river,  they  made 
every  prejiaration  for  embarking.  On  the  8th  of 
Marcii  they  launched  forth  in  their  canoes,  but  soon 
found  that  tiie  river  had  not  depth  '^  :ient  even 
for  such  slender  harks.  It  expandc  .  .ito  a  wide 
i)ut  extremely  shallow  stream,  with  many  sand- 
bars, and  occasionally  various  channels.  They 
got  one  of  their  canoes  a  few  miles  down  it,  with 
extreme  dit'ficulty,  sometimes  wading  and  drag- 
ging it  over  the  shoals  ;  at  length  they  had  to 
aljandon  tlie  attemjn,  and  to  resume  their  journey 
on  foot,  aided  by  their  faithl  il  old  jiack-horse, 
who  iiad  recruited  strength  during  the  rei)ose  of 
the  winter. 

The  weather  delayed  them  for  a  few  days,  hav- 
ing suddenly  become  more  rigorous  than  it  had 
been  at  any  time  during  the  winter  ;  but  on  tiie 
20lh  of  March  tliey  were  again  on  their  journey. 

In  two  days  they  arrived  at  the  vast  naked 
prairie,  the  wintry  aspect  of  which  had  caused 
them,  in  Decemi)er,  to  ])ause  and  turn  back.  It 
was  now  clothetl  in  tiie  early  verdure  of  spring, 
and  plentifully  stocked  with  game.  Still,  when 
obliged  to  bivouac  on  its  bare  surface,  without 
any  shelter,  and  by  a  scanty  fire  of  dry  buffalo 
tlung,  they  found  the  night  blasts  piercing  cokl. 
On  one  occasion  a  herd  of  buffalo  straying  near 
their  evening  camp,  they  killed  three  of  them 
merely  lor  their  hides,  wherewith  to  make  a 
shelter  for  the  night. 

They  continued  on  for  upward  of  :i  hundred 
miles  ;  with  vast  ])rairies  extending  before  them 
as  they  advanced  ;  sometimes  diversified  by  un- 
dulating hills,  but  destitute  of  trees.  In  one  |)lace 
they  saw  ;i  gang  of  sixty-five  wild  horses,  but  as 
to  the  buffaloes,  they  seemed  absolutely  to  cover 
the  country.  Wilc[  geese  abounded,  and  they 
passed  extensive  swamps  that  were  alive  with  in- 
iiumera!)le  flocks  of  water-lowl,  among  which 
were  a  few  swans,  but  an  eridlebo  variety  of  ducks. 

The  ri\er  continued  a  winding  course  to  the 
cast-northeast,  nearly  a  mile  in  width,  but  tt)o 
shallow  lo  tloat  oven  an  em|)ty  canoe.  The  coun- 
try s])read  out  into  a  vast  level  plain,  bounded  by 
the  liorizon  alone,  exce[)ting  to  the  north,  where 
a  line  of  hiils  seemed  like  a  long  promontory, 
stretching  into  the  bosom  of  the  ocean.  Tlie 
dreary  sameness  of  the  pr;iirie  wastes  began  to 
grow  extremely  irksome.  The  travellers  longed 
tor  the  sight  of  a  forest  or  grove,  or  single  tree, 
to  break  tlie  level  uniformity,  and  began  to  notice 
every  objei.t  tiiat  gave  reason  to  hope  they  were 
drawing  towaril  the  end  c*^  this  weary  wilderness. 
Thus  the  occurrence  of  a  particular  kind  of  grass 
was  hailed  as  a  ])roof  that  they  could  not  he  far 
from  the  bottoms  of  the  Missouri  ;  and  they  were 
rejoiced  at  putting  up  several  prairie  hens,  a  kind 
ol  grouse  seldom  found  far  in  the  interior.  In 
])icking  u|)  drift-wood  for  fuel,  also,  they  found 
on  some  pieces  the  mark  of  an  axe,  which  caused 
muclr  speculation  as  to  the  time  when  and  the 
])ersons  by  whom  the  trees  had  been  felled.  Thus 
they  went  on,  like  sailors  at  sea,  who  piMTeive  in 
every  llo.uing  weed  and  wandering  bird,  harbin- 
gers of  the  wished-for  land. 

By  the  close  ot  the  month  the  weather  became 
very  mild,  and,  heavily  burdened  as  tliey  were, 
they  lound  the  noontide  temperature  uncomforta- 
bly warm.  <  )n  the  jOth,  tliey  came  to  three  de- 
serted hunting  camps,  either  of  I'awnees  or  Ot- 
toes,  ai)out  which  were  buffalo  skulls  in  al!  di- 
rections ;  and  the  frames  oa  which  the  hides  had 


been  stretched  and  cured.     They  h.id  apn.arer'^ 
been  occupied  the  preceding  autumn.  '•' 

For  several  days  they  kept  patiently  on  wur- 
ing  every  sign  that  might  give  them  an  id'cusia 
where   they  were,  and   how  near  to  tin;  l);i„;; 
the  Missouri. 

Though  there  were  numerous  traces  ofhuniirr 
parties  and  encampments,  they  were  luit  nl  tkk' 
date.  The  country  seemed  deserted.  The  onC 
human  beings  they  met  with  were  three  l',uvi,(i. 
squaws,  in  a  hut  in  the  midst  of  a  deserted  can  n 
Their  ])eoi)le  had  all  gone  to  the  sovitli,  in  mri^.^ 
of  the  buffalo,  and  had  left  these  poor  woniin  be. 
hind,  being  too  sick  and  infirm  to  travel. 

It  is  a  common  practice  with  the  Pawnees,  anil 
probably  with  other  roving  tribes,  when  denar;. 
ing  on  a  distant  expedition,  which  will  nuta,;-- 
of  incumbrance  or  delay,  to  leave  their  a;'ed  ar.ii 
infirm  with  a  supply  of  jirovisions  siitlicientiora 
temjiorary  subsistence.  When  this  is  exhauikil 
they  must  perish  ;  though  sometimes  their suitir- 
ings  are  abridged  by  hostile  prowlers  who  m\- 
visit  the  deserted  camp. 

The  poor  sc|uaws  in  question  expected  some 
such  fate  at  the  hands  of  the  white  strantjers,  an'l 
though  the  latter  accosted  them  in  the  kindtsi 
manner,  and  made  them  jiresents  of  dried  huftalo 
meat,  it  was  impossible  to  soothe  their  alarm  or 
get  any  iniormation  from  them. 

The  tirst  landmark  by  which  the  travellers 
were  enabled  to  conjecture  their  position  viih 
any  degree  of  contidence,  was  an  i.sland  about 
seventy  miles  in  length,  which  they  presume  1  la 
be  (irand  Isle.  If  so,  they  were  within  one  hun- 
dred and  forty  miles  of  the  iMissouri.  Thev  kept 
on,  therefore,  with  renewed  spirit,  and  at  the  end 
of  three  days  met  with  an  ( > :;o  Indian,  by  whom 
they  were  confirmed  in  tht  r  conjecture.  'Ihev 
learnt  at  the  same  time  another  piece  of  infor- 
mation,of  an  uncomfortable  nature.  .According 
to  ills  account,  there  was  war  between  the  I'nited 
States  and  England,  and  in  fact  it  had  existed  for 
a  whole  vear,  during  which  time  liny  had  lieia 
beyond  tne  reach  of  all  knowledge  ol  the  a.tfairs 
of  the  civilized  world. 

TheCHto  conducted  the  travellers  to  his  village, 
situated  a  short  distance  from  the  hanks  u' the 
I'latte.  Mere  they  were  delighted  to  meet  with 
two  white  men,  .Nlessrs.  Dornin  and  Roi,  Indian 
traders  recently  from  St.  Louis.  Ol  these  they 
had  a  thous.ind  iiujuiries  to  make  concerninijail 
affairs,  foreign  and  domestic,  during  their  year  ot 
sepulture  in  the  wilderness  ;  and  especially  a'jiiut 
the  events  of  the  existing  war. 

They  now  prepared  to  .abandon  their  weary 
travel  by  land,  and  to  embark  upon  the  water.  .\ 
bargain'was  made  with  Mr.  Dornin,  who  eii.tr  ed 
to  turnish  them  with  a  canoe  and  pnnisio,. .  lor 
the  voyage,  in  exchange  for  their  venerahle  and 
well-tried  fellow-traveller,  the  old  Snake  lv)''se. 

Accordingly,  in  a  couple  of  days,  the  Indians 
employed  by  that  gentleman  construried  for  them 
a  canoe  twenty  feet  long,  four  feci  wide,  and 
eighteen  inches  ileep.  The  frame  was  ol  pules 
and  willow  twigs,  on  which  were  stretehcd  live 
elk  and  buffalo'  hides,  sewed  together  with  sm- 
ews, and  the  seams  jiayed  with  unctiioiH  mud. 
In  this  thev  emliarked  at  an  t  riy  luuir  on  the 
i6th  ot  Ai)nl,  and  drifted  down  ten  miles  with  the 
stream,  when  the  wind  being  high  th.y  ene.imp- 
ed,  and  set  to  work  to  make' oars,  which  they  had 
not  been  able  to  procure  at  the  Indian  villai;e. 

Once  more  alloat,  they  went  merrily  down  the 
stream,  and  after  making  thiny-tive  miles, 
emerged  into  the  broad  turbid  current  ul  the  Mis- 


ASTORIA. 


411 


rlSn?^^^--':. 


mn 
t  P;uifntly  on,  w, 

"'-■^'-  '"  the  hanks 


^MCV 


""■■^  faces  of  humin,. 
'7  ^VL-i-c  not  ol  r,c„'. 
tlcscrtcd.  Th,  ,,1:: 
1  ycre  three  Pa,„,; 
t  ot  a  (lesertcl  can;-.' 
the  south,  in  pursu;; 
H-se  poor  uonun  be. 
■Ill  to  travel, 
thtlif  I'awnces,  an.| 
tnl't's,  when  clepan. 
'\'liiL-h  will  not  a':-! 
Itave  their  airman;] 
sums  sulheienilori 
L-n  this  isexhau*,; 
mctiiiies  their  suilcr. 
l)i-owlers  who  may 

•tinii  expected  some 
A-liite  slran,t;ers,  an'l 
^hein  in  thekimltsi 
flits  of  dried  hutialo 
Jothe  their  alarm  or 
11. 

Iiich  the  travellers 
tlieir  position  v.iih 
••■IS  an  island  about 
■li  they  presume;!  to 
LTe  within  one  liun- 
issouri.  Thev  kept 
'irit,  and  at  the  tad 
:o  Indian,  hv  whom 
conjecture.'  'fhev 
iher  piece  of  infnr- 
ature.  Accordinr; 
)cUveen  the  United 
:t  it  iiad  existcil  for 
ime  they  had  been 
fdgeol'theatfa.rs 

Hers  to  his  village, 
1  the  l)anks  0'  the 
lited  to  meet  with 

md  Koi,  Indian 
Of  these  they 
ike  concerninij  ail 
urinj;  their  year  of 

especially  a'joui 

idoM  their  wean' 
poll  the  water.  A 
iiiii,  who  eni:-  eil 
ml  provisio,. .  lor 
■ir  venerahle  and 
(I  .Snake  lv)'-se. 

ays.  the  lialians 
striuted  for  them 
feci  wide,  anil 
me  was  of  poles 
■re  stretched  live 
)).,'ether  with  sin- 
unctuiius  mud. 

rlv  hour  on  the 
'A  miles  with  the 

h  they  enc.imp- 
',  which  they  h.iil 
idian  villa.i;'e. 
nerrilv  down  the 
thirtv-live  miles, 
rreni  of  the  .Mis- 


•  Here  they  were  borne  along-  l)riskly  by 
'""niiid  stream, 'tiioiiRli,  by  ttie  time  ihe-ir  fragile 
"■  hid  floated  a  couple  of  hundred  miles,  its 
!'■  me  heiran  to  show  the  effects  ot  the  voyage. 
'/  kilv  tl-y  came  to  the  deserted  winterinjj 
of  some  luintiiifr  party,   where  they  found 


p.-itt 
two 


uld  wooden  canoes,      rakinjr  possession   of 
'ir"est,  they  a,i(ain  committed  themselves  io 


n, current,  and  after  droi)iMn}r  down  fifty-five 
,„ri  further,  arrived  safely  at  Fort  Osajre.  ^ 

Here  thev  found  Lieutenant  Brownson  still  in 
.,,.,iiiKiiul  ;'lhe  officer  who  had  >,nvep  the  e.xpedi- 
'  '„  a  hospitable  reception  on  its  way  up  the 
r,'„r  ei'diteen  months  ])reviously.  He  received 
,j,is  remnant  of  the  party  with  a  cordial  welcome, 
and  enilwvored  in  every  way  to  i^omote  their 
comfortaml  enjoyment  durinfj  their  sojourn  at  the 
(ort  The  jjreatest  luxury  they  met  with  on  their 
return  to  the  abode  of  civilized  man,  was  bread, 
not  havin;;  tasted  any  tor  nearly  a  year. 

Their  stay  at  Fort  t)safie  was  but  short.  On 
re.einharkin,:,'  they  were  furnished  with  an  amjile 
sunplvof  I'l'uvisio'ns  tiythe  kindness  of  Lieutenant 
IJrow'nson,  and  perfor.^ied  the  rest  of  their  voya^nj 
ttidiuiit  adverse  circumstance.  On  the  3o{h  of 
.April  they  arrived  in  perfect  healtli  and  fine  spir- 
its at  St.  Louis,  havin^r  l^een  ten  months  in  per- 
lorn.i'i?  'his  perilous  expedition  trom  Astoria. 
T;;eir return  caused  (|uite  a  sensation  at  the  place, 
brincinfj  the  first  intellij^ence  ot  the  fortune  of 
Mr.''Hunt  and  his  jiarty,  in  their  adventurous 
rcuteacross  the  l-locky  Mountains,  and  of  the  new 
establishment  on  the  shores  ot  the  Pacific. 


CHAI^TER  LI. 

It  is  now  necessary,  in  linking  tofjetlier  the 
parts  of  this  excursive  narrative,  tb.-'.t  we  notice 
the  proceedin},'s  ot  Mr.  Aslor,  in  support  ot  his 
i;reat  undertakin,!^.  His  project  with  respect  to 
the  Russian  estal)lishments  alonj,''  the  northwest 
coast,  had  l)een  diligently  jirosecuted.  The 
a;.,'entsent  by  him  to  St.  i'etersburgh,  to  negotiate 
in  his  name  as  ])resident  ot  the  American  Fur 
Company,  had,  under  sanction  ot  the  Russian 
liovernment,  made  a  provisional  agreement  with 
the  Russian  company. 

lly  this  ai;reenient,  wiiich  was  raliiied  by  Mr. 
.\stor  in  1S13,  the  Iw.;  companies  bound  iliem- 
scKes  not  to  interfere  with  each  other's  trading 
and  hunting  grounds,  nor  to  furnish  arms  and 
ammuniii'Mi  to  the  liulians.  They  were  to  act  in 
coaeert,  also,  ag.iinst  all  interlopers,  and  to  suc- 
cor each  other  in  case  cil  vlanger.  The  American 
company  was  to  have  the  exclusive  right  ot  sup- 
piyinj;  the  Russian  posts  with  goods  and  neces- 
saries, receiving  peltries  in  payment  at  staled 
prices  They  were  also,  if  so  retjuested  by  the  Rus- 
sian jjoveriior,  to  convey  the  furs  ot  tiie  Russian 
com]).iny  to  Canton,  sell  them  on  commission, 
.lud  bring  l.ick  the  proceeds,  at  such  freight  as 
miL;ht  he  agreed  on  at  the  time.  Tliis  agreement 
w.is  to  coniinue  in  operation  four  years,  and  to 
he  renew, ible  for  a  similar  term,  unless  some  iin- 
Ijreseeii  contingency  slu)uld  reiuler  a  modification 
iiecessarv. 

It  was  calculated  to  be  ot  great  service  to  the 
imam  est.iblishment  at  Astoria  ;  dispelling  the 
fears  of  hostile  rivalry  on  the  part  ot  the  foreign 
cuiipanies  in  its  neighborhood,  and  giving  a  tor- 
nadahle  blow  to  the  irregular  trade  along  the 
wist.  It  w,is  also  the  intention  of  .Mr.  Astor  to 
navt  coasting  vessels  ot  his  own,  at  Astoria,  of 


small  tonnage  and  draft  of  water,  fitted  for  coast- 
ing service.  These,  having  a  place  ot  shelter  and 
deposit,  could  ply  about  the  coast  in  short  voy- 
ages, in  favorable  weather,  and  would  have  vast 
.idvantage  over  chance  ships,  which  must  make 
long  voyages,  maintain  numerous  crews,  and 
could  only  approach  the  coast  ,it  certain  seasons 
ot  the  year.  He  hojjed,  therefore,  gr/.du.illy,  to 
make  Astoria  the  great  emporium  of  the  Ameri- 
can tur  trade  in  the  Pacific,  and  the  nucleus  of  a 
jjowerful  American  state.  rntortun.itely  for 
these  sanguine  tinticipations,  betoia;  Mr.  Astor 
had  ratified  the  agreement,  as  at) ove  stated,  war 
broke  out  between  the  United  States  .mil  ( "treat 
Britain.  He  jierceived  at  once  the  peril  of  the 
case.  The  harl)or  ot  New  \'ork  would  doubtless 
be  blockaded,  and  the  departure  of  llie  annual 
supply  ship  in  the  autumn  prevented  ;  or,  if  she 
should  succeed  in  getting  out  to  sea,  she  might 
be  captured  on  her  voyage. 

In  this  emergency,  he  wrote  to  Captain  Sowle, 
commantler  ot  the  Beaver.  The  letter,  which 
was  addressed  to  him  at  Canton,  directed  him  to 
l)roceed  to  the  factory  at  the  mouth  ot  the  Colum- 
l)ia,  with  such  articles  as  the  establishment  might 
need  ;  and  to  remain  there,  subject  to  the  orders 
ot  Mr.  Hunt,  should  that  gentleman  be  in  com- 
mand there. 

The  war  continued.  No  tidings  had  yet 
been  received  trom  Astoria  ;  the  disp.iti  lies  hav- 
ing been  delayed  by  the  misadventure  of  .Mr.  Reed 
at  the  tails  ot  the  ('oluml)ia,  and  the  unhorsing  of 
Mr.  Stuart  by  the  Crows  among  the  mountains. 
A  ])ainful  uncertainty,  also,  prevailed  about  Mr. 
Hunt  and  his  party.  Nothing  had  been  heard  ol 
them  since  their  de[)arture  trom  the  .Xrickara  vil- 
lage ;  Lisa,  wdio  ])arted  trom  them  there,  had  pre- 
dicted their  destruction  ;  and  some  of  the  traders 
of  the  Northwest  Company  had  actually  sjiread  a 
rumor  ot  their  having  been  cutoff  by  the  Indians. 

Il  was  a  hard  trial  ot  the  courage  and  means 
ot  an  individual,  to  have  to  fit  out  another  costly 
expedition,  where  so  much  had  already  l)een  ex- 
pended, so  much  uncertainty  ])revailed,  and 
where  the  risk  ot  loss  was  so  greatly  enhanced, 
that  no  insur.mce  could  be  effected. 

In  s[)ite  ot  all  these  discouragements,  Mr.  Astor 
determined  to  send  another  slii])  to  the  relief  of 
the  settlement.  He  selected  tor  this  pur|)ose  a 
vessel  called  the  Lark,  remark.ible  tor  lier  last 
sailing.  The  disordered  stale  of  the  times,  liow- 
ever,  caused  such  a  delay,  that  February  arrived, 
while  the  vessel  was  yet  lingering  in  port. 

At  this  juncture  'Mr.  Astor  learnt  that  the 
Northwest  Company  were  preparing  to  .<eiul  out 
an  armed  ship  ot  twenty  guns,  called  the  Isaac 
Todd,  to  form  an  est.iblishment  at  the  mouth  ot 
the  Columbii.  These  tiilings  g.ive  him  great 
uneasiness.  A  considerable  |)ro|)ortion  oi  the 
liersons  in  his  emplov  were  Scotchmen  .and  Cana- 
dian:;, .Old  sever.al  ot  them  had  been  in  the  ser- 
vice of  the  Northwest  Company.  .Should  Mr. 
Hunt  have  failed  to  arrive  at  .Astoria,  the  whole 
establishment  would  be  uniler  the  control  ot  Mr. 
M'Dougal,  ot  wdiose  fidelity  he  had  received  very 
disparaging  accounts  froiii  Caplair  T  horn.  T'he 
British  ('io\ernment,  also,  miglit  di-em  itx^orth 
wdiile  to  send  a  force  against  the  establishment, 
'.aviiig  been  urged  to  do  so  sonn-lime  previously, 
by  the  Northwest  Company. 

Ibider  all  these  circumstances,  Mr.  Astor 
wrote  to  Mr.  Monroe,  then  Secretary  ot  State, 
re<|uesling  protecti(;n  from  the  Ciovernment  of  the 
United  .States.  He  represented  the  importance 
ot  this  settlement,  in  a  comnurcial  point  ot  view. 


412 


ASTORIA. 


li   .i:,!:, 


i  iUi:.^ 


and  thf  sliclliT  it  might  afford  to  tlie  American 
vessels  in  those  seas.  Ail  he  aslsed  was,  lliat  the 
American  Ciovernnient  woukl  tlinnv  hirly  or  litty 
men  into  tlie  turt  at  his  estai)lisliment,  wliicli 
Would  i)e  suliicient  tor  its  defence,  until  he  could 
.send  reinicircements  overland. 

lie  waited  in  v.un  for  a  re|)ly  to  his  letter,  the 
("tovernment,  no  doubt,  heiniif  en^^rossed  at  the 
time,  by  an  overwhelming  crowd  of  affairs.  The 
month  of  .March  arrived,  and  the  Lark  w:'.s  order- 
ed by  Mr.  Astor  to  put  to  sea.  The  otiicer  who 
was  to  coniniand  her  shrunk  from  his  engage- 
ment, and  in  the  exigency  of  the  moment  she  was 
given  in  charge  to  ^Ir.  Northrop,  the  male.  Mr. 
Nicholas  d.  t)gden,  a  gentleman  on  whose  tal- 
ents and  intt.'grity  the  iiighesl  reliance  could  be 
placed,  sailed  as  supercargo.  The  Lark  ])Ut  to 
sea  in  the  beginning  of  March,  1S13. 

ISy  this  opportunity  Mr.  .Xstor  wrote  to  Mr. 
Hunt,  as  head  of  the  establishment  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Columbia,  for  he  would  not  allow  himself 
to  doubt  of  his  welfare.  "  I  always  think  you  are 
well,"  said  he,  "  and  that  I  shall  see  you  again, 
which  hea\en.  I  hope,  will  grant." 

lie  w,;rned  him  to  be  on  his  guard  against 
any  attempts  to  surprise  the  jjost  ;  suggesting  the 
])r(;l)ability  of  armed  hostility  on  the  part  of  the 
Northwest  Comp.iny,  and  expressing  his  indigna- 
tion at  the  ungratelul  returns  made  by  that  as- 
sociation h)r  his  traid<  and  open  contluct,  and  ad- 
vantageous overtures.  "  Were  1  on  the  spot," 
said  he,  "  and  had  the  management  of  affairs,  I 
would  dely  them  all  ;  but,  as  it  is,  everything  de- 
j.^nds  upon  you  and  your  friends  about  you.  i)iir 
enterprise  is  i^raiic/,  and  dcser7<cs  success,  and  I 
hope  in  God  it  toill  meet  it.  If  my  object  was 
ir.erely  gain  of  money,  I  should  say,  think  whether 
it  is  best  to  save  what  we  can,  and  abandon  the 
place  ;  but  the  very  idea  is  tike  a  da>;i^er  to  my 
heart."  Tiiis  extract  is  sufficient  to  show  the 
spirit  and  the  views  which  actuated  Mr.  Astor  in 
this  great  undertaking. 

Week  after  week  and  month  after  month 
elapsril,  without  anything  to  lispel  the  painful  in- 
certitude that  hung  over  eve-y  part  of  this  enter- 
prise. Though  a  man  of  resolute  sjjirit,  anil  not 
easily  cast  down,  the  dangers  impending  over 
this  ilarliiig  sclieme  oi  his  and)ition,  had  a  grad- 
ual effect  upon  the  spirits  of  Mr.  Astor.  He  was 
sitting  one  gloomy  e\ening  by  his  window  revolv- 
ing over  the  loss  of  the  'l'on(|um,  and  the  fate  of 
her  unlorlunate  crew,  ami  tearing  that  some 
C(pially  tragical  calamity  might  have  befallen  the 
adventurers  across  the  mountains,  wiien  the  even- 
ing newspaper  was  brought  to  him.  The  first 
paragraph  that  c.iuglu  his  eye,  announced  the  ar- 
rival of  Mr.  ^:iuart  and  his  ])arty  at  St.  Louis, 
with  intelligence  that  Mr.  Hunt  and  his  compan- 
ions had  effected  their  perilous  exjiediton  to  the 
mouth  of  the  Columbia.  This  was  a  gleam  of 
sunshine  tliat  for  .a  time  dis|)elled  every  cloud, 
and  he  now  looked  forward  with  sanguine  hope 
to  the  accomplishment  ol  all  his  plans. 


CH.Al'TKR  LI  I. 

TilF,  course  of  our  narrative  now  takes  us  back 
to  the  regions  beyond  the  mountains,  to  dispose  of 
the  parties  that  set  out  from  Astoria  in  company 
with  .Mr.  Robert  Smart,  and  whom  he  left  on  the 
l)anks  of  the  W'all.ih-Wallah.  Those  |)arlies  like- 
wise separ.ited  Irom  each  other  shortly  after  his 
departure,  proceeding  to  their  respective  destina- 


tions, but  agreeing  to  meet  at  the  mnuihof-. 
Wall  ih-Wallah,  about  the  beginning/ „(  i'"' 
the  following  year,  with  such  peltrius  iViv 
should  have  collected  in  the  interi(jr,  so  .isii  .' 
vov  each  other  through  the  daiu'eruus  iiic.  '" 
le  Colund)ia. 

Mr.  David  Stuart,  one  of  the  parintn  n- 
ceeded  with  his  men  to  the  jiosi  alreiulvcbur^ '• 
ed  by  him  at  the  mouth  of  the  Oakiiiiii'iui  t-' 
ing  furnished  this  with  goods  and  aiimnii;; ,!- 
he  proceeded  three  hundred  miles  iii)  ihairj,  ., 
where  he  established  another  post  in  a  jjiiml  irj^' 
ing  neighborhood. 

.Mr.  Clarke,  another  partner,  conductal  hi,  1-. 
tie  band  up  Lewis  River  to  the  moiuli  ol  asiiu' 
stream  coming  in  from  the  iionh,  to  which f- 
C.madians  gave  the  name  of  the  I'avion.  Hcr^ 
he  found  a  village  or  encampmeiit  ot  foruhc" 
or  tents,  covered  with  mats,  and  inhaliiii-il  liv 
Xe::  J'erees,  or  pierced-nose  Indians,  as  thevar* 
called  by  the  traders  ;  but  Chi])UHiusli,  asihtvare 
called  by  themselves.  They  a.'e  a  liar'lv,  I'lhur- 
ious,  and  somewhat  knavish  r.ice,  whu  lead  1 
[irecarious  life,  fishing  and  digging  roots  ilurin' 
the  summer  and  autumn,  hunting  the  ilcer  0?, 
snow  shoes  during  the  winter,  and  traviTs;iur;h; 
Rocky  Mountains  in  the  spring,  to  trade  tor  buiti. 
lo  skins  with  the  hunting  tribes  of  thu  Missuur:. 
In  these  migrations  they  , are  liable  to  he  iv,-iv!:i:'l 
and  attacked  by  the  lUackteet,  and  other  warlike 
and  predatory  tribes,  and  driven  hack  across  the 
mountains  with  the  loss  of  their  horses,  anil i! 
many  of  their  comrades. 

A  life  of  this  unsettled  and  precarious  kind  is 
apt  to  render  men  selfish,  and  such  Mr.  Claike 
fouml  the  inhabitants  of  this  village,  whu  were 
delicient  in  the  usual  hospitality nt  Indians;  p.irt- 
ing  with  everything  with  extreme  rehictaiice,  ur.d 
showing  no  sensibility  to  any  act  of  kindness. 
t\\.  the  time  ot  his  arrival  they  weii'  all  occupid 
in  catching  and  curing  salmon.  The  nun  were 
stout,  robust,  active,  and  good  looking,  and  the 
women  handsomer  than  those  ol  the  tri lies  nearer 
the  coast. 

It  was  the  jilan  of  Mr.  Clarke  to  lay  up  his 
boats  here,  and  procv^ed  by  land  to  his  pl.icci: 
destination,  which  was  among  the  .Spokan  tnb; 
of  Indians,  about  a  hundreil  and  fifty  miles  dis- 
tant. He  accordingly  endeavored  to  purchase 
horses  for  the  journey,  but  in  this  he  hail  to  con- 
tend with  the  sordid  dis[)osition  of  these  people, 
'fhey  asked  high  ])rices  for  their  horses,  and  were 
so  cliflicult  to  deal  with,  that  Mr.  Clarke  was  de- 
tained seven  days  among  them  befo-.'  he  coiiid 
procure  a  sufiiicient  number.  Dining  that  time 
lie  was  annoyed  by  repeated  pilfcriiigs,  forwhici 
he  could  get' no  redress.  The  cliiet  promised  10 
recover  the  stolen  articles;  but  faileil  to  (loso, 
alleging  that  the  thieves  l;elonged  to  a  distar; 
tribe,  and  had  made  off  with  their  booty.  Witii 
this  excuse  .Mr.  Clarke  was  fain  to  content  him- 
self, though  he  laid  up  in  his  heart  a  bitter  i^rud^'e 
against  the  whole  ])ierced-nose  race  which  as  wi.l 
be  lound  he  took  occasion  subsequently  to  grainy 
in  a  signal  manner. 

Having  made  arrangements  for  his  deparuire, 
Mr.  Clarke  laid  up  his  barge  and  canoes  :n  .1 
sheltered  place,  on  the  banks  of  a  small  l«y. 
overgrown  witn  shrubs  and  willows,  contidini; 
them  to  the  care  of  the  Nez  I'erce  chief,  whn,  0:1 
being  ]M'omised  an  ample  compensation,  eni^iiged 
to  have  a  guardian  eye  ujion  them  ;  then  mmmt- 
ing  Ills  steed,  and  |)utting  himself  atlhehcidc: 
his  little  caravan,  he  shook  the  dust  off  his  feel  as 
he  turned  his  back  upon   this  vilkiLje  ol  n.yiio 


ASTORIA 


418 


11(1  prcrarious  kind  is 
and  such  .Mr.  C.i.ke 

s     Vill.liJ-U,     whj    y,„ 

litvof  liuiians;  p.ir!. 


I  hard  dealers.  We  shall  not  follow  him  mi- 
*"' L.'ji,  his  joiirncv;  which  lay  att  imes  overstL-L'i) 
Lirockv  hiil-i.  and  amon^r  cra),'s  ncl  precipices  ; 

othei'tinus  uver  vast  naked  and  sunliurnt 
!'iiii5  ahoLimling  with  rattlesnakes,  in  traversin>{ 
\c\)  liotli  Mien  and  horses  suffered  intolerably 
l\m  iicat  and  thirst.  The  place  on  which  he 
Iwltiiratnidinij  iwst,  was  a  hne  point  of  land, 
,,(i,MunLti'(n  c)l  the  I'ohited  Heart  and  .Spokan 
"  Ts,  His  fst.d)lishment  was  intended  to  coni- 
ife'witli  a  iradin.i,^  post  of  the  Nortiuvest  Coni- 


Ri 

MnVsiuiiUfd  at  no  jrreat  distance,  and  to  riva 
j.  iii'ilu'  trade  with  the  .S|)okan  Indians  ;  as  well 
,'.  ^^|.|,  (he  Coolonais  and  Flatlieads.  In  this 
n'fi^-iiiHirhood  we  shall  leave  him  for  the  present. 
Mr.  .MKeiizic,  who  conducted  the  third  party 
iromlhf  Wallah-Wallah,  navigated  tor  several 
,|,iV5tni  llie  soiilli  branch  of  the  Columbia,  named 
iheCaiiKienuni  by  the  natives,  but  commonly  call- 
c'l  Lewis  Kivcr,  in  honor  of  the  first  explorer. 
\VaiKlt:riii}(  hands  ol  various  tribes  were  seen 
aioii"  liiis  river,  travelling  in  various  directions  ; 
tor  thf  Indians  gener.ally  are  restless,  roving  be- 
ini's,  ciiniiiui.dly  intent  on  enterprises  of  war, 
iraliic,  aiv:l  hnniing.  Some  of  these  ],eople  were 
drivin.,'  larffL-  gangs  of  horses,  as  if  to  a  distant 
ni.irk.'t.  Having  arrived  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Shalwpt.in,  he  ascended  some  distance  up  that 
river,  and  established  his  trading  jiost  U|)on  its 
tanks.  This  appeared  to  be  a  great  thoroughfare 
for  thf  trii)es  from  the  neighborhood  of  the  falls 
oiiheColiunhia,  in  their  expeditions  to  make  war 
umn  llic  tribes  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  ;  to  hunt 
bulfiloon  the  plains  beyond,  or  tc  trallic  for  roots 
a:i(i  hulfalu  rol)es.  It  was  the  season  of  migra- 
ns, and  tht!  Indians  from  various  distant  i)arts 
were  passing  and  repassing  in  gre.at  numbers. 

.^lr.  .M'Kfii/ie  now  detached  a  small  band,  un- 
der the  conduct  of  Mr.  John  Reed,  to  visit  the 
caches  made  by  Mr.  Hunt  at  the  Caldron  Linn, 
and  to  bring  the  contents  to  his  ])ost;  as  he  de- 
pended in  some  incisure  on  them  lor  his  sup])lies 
ot  goods  and  ammunition.  They  had  not  been 
fone  a  week  when  two  Indians  arrived  of  the  I'al- 
Luap.illa  tribe,  who  live  upon  a  river  of  the  same 
name.  These  communicated  the  unwelcome  in- 
te!li;,'ence  that  the  caches  had  been  robbed.  They 
Slid  that  some  ol  their  tribe  had,  in  the  course  of 
the  preceding  spring,  been  across  the  mountains 
which  separated  tliem  from  -Snake  River,  and  had 
triled  horses  with  the  Snakes  in  exchange  for 
liiinkets,  robes,  and  goods  ol  various  descriptions. 
Tnese  articles  the  Snakes  had  procured  from 
caches  to  which  they  were  guided  by  some  white 
men  who  resided  among  them,  and  who  after- 
ward accompanied  them  across  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains. This  intelligence  was  extremely  perplex- 
injtoMr.  .M'Kenzie,  but  the  truth  ol  part  of  it  was 
conlirmed  by  the  two  Indians,  who  brought  them 
an  Knjjlish  saddle  and  bridle,  which  was  recog- 
nized as  hasing  belonged  to  Mr.  Crooks.  The 
perhdy  of  the  white  men  who  revealed  the  secret  of 
tile  caches,  was,  however,  perfectly  inexplicable. 
\\e shall  presentlv  account  for  it  in  narrating  the 
espeduioiiof  .Mr. 'Reed. 

riiat  worthy  Ililiernian  proceeded  o,-.  his  mis- 
sion with  his  usu.d  alacritv.  His  forlorn  travels 
c:  ike  preceding  winter  had  made  him  acciuainted 
mththe  topograijhyot  the  countrv,  and  he  reacb- 
tjl  Snake  River  without  any  ma'terial  dithculty. 
nere  in  an  encampment  of'  the  natives,  he  met 
with  si.v  white  men,  wanderers  from  the  main  ex- 
rcliuon  ol  Mr.  Hunt,  who,  alter  having  had  their 
respective  shares  of  .adventures  and  mishaps,  had 
briunately  come  together  at  this  place.     Three  'A 


these  men  were  Turcotte,  La  Chapelle,  and  Fran- 
cis Landry  ;  the  three  Canadian  voyageurs,  who, 
it  may  be  recollected,  had  left  Mr.  (J'rooks  in  Feb- 
ruary, in  the  neighborhood  of  .Snake  River,  being 
dismayed  by  the  increasing  hardship)  ol  the  jour- 
ney, and  tearful  ot  jierishmg  of  luniger.  They 
had  relurnetl  to  a  Snake  enc  ■  .ipment,  where  they 
passed  the  resiilue  of  tfie  w;.iter. 

Farly  in  the  spring,  being  utterly  destitute,  and 
in  great  extremity,  and  having  woin  out  the  hos- 
l)itality  of  the  Snakes,  they  determined  to  avail 
themselves  of  the  buried  treasurts  within  their 
knowledge.  They  accortlingly  inlormed  the  Snake 
chieftains  that  they  knew  where  a  greai  (luantity 
ot  goods  had  been  left  in  caches,  enough  to  enrich 
the  whole  tribe  ;  and  offered  lo  conduct  them  to 
the  place,  on  condition  of  being  rewanled  with 
horses  and  jjrovisions.  The  chieltains  |)le(lged 
their  faith  and  honor  as  great  men  and  Snakes, 
and  the  three  Canadians  conducted  ihem  to  the 
place  of  deposit  at  the  Caldron  Linn.  This  is  the 
way  that  the  savages  got  knowledge  of  the  caches, 
and  not  by  following  the  tracks  of  wolves,  as  Mr. 
Stuart  hati  sujiposed.  Xever  did  money  diggers 
turn  up  a  miser's  hoard  with  more  eager  delight 
than  did  the  savages  lay  o|)en  the  treasures  of  the 
I  caches,  lilankets  and  robes  ;  brass  trinkets  and 
I  blue  beads  were  drawn  forth  with  chuckling  ex- 
!  ultation,  and  long  strips  of  scarlet  cloth  produced 
yells  ot  ecstasy. 

The  rilling  ot  the  caches  effected  a  change  in 
the  fortunes  and  deportment  of  the  whole  iiar'.y. 
The  Snakes  were  f)etter  e(|uipped  anil  (lad  than 
ever  were  Snakes  before,  and  the  three  Canadians, 
suddenly  linding  themselves  with  horse  to  ride 
and  weapon  to  wear,  were,  like  beggars  on  horse- 
bacl<,  ready  to  ride  on  any  wild  scamper.  An 
opportunity  soon  presented.  The  Snakes  deter- 
mined on  a  hunting  match  on  the  buffalo  prairies, 
to  lay  in  a  sui)])ly  of  beef,  that  they  might  live  in 
plenty,  as  became  men  ot  their  improved  condi- 
tion. The  three  newly  mounted  cavaliers  must 
fain  accom|)any  them.  They  all  traversed  the 
Rocky  .Mountains  in  safety,  descended  to  the  head 
waters  ot  the  Missouri,  and  made  great  havoc 
among  the  buffaloes. 

Their  hunting  camj)  was  full  of  meal  ;  they 
were  gorging  themselves,  like  true  Indians,  with 
present  plenty,  and  drying  and  jerking  great 
c|uantities  for  a  winter's  sujiply.  In  the  midst  of 
their  revelry  and  good  cheer,  the  camp  was  sur- 
])rised  by  the  lilackfeet.  Sever.d  ol  tlie  .Snakes 
were  slain  on  the  spot  ;  the  residue,  w  ith  their 
three  Canadian  allies,  lied  to  the  moimtains, 
stri])|)e(l  of  horses,  buffalo  me.it,  eviMytliing  ;  and 
made  their  way  back  to  the  old  enc. impment  on 
Snake  River,  poorer  than  ever,  but  e^teeming 
themselves  forlun.ite  in  having  escaped  with  their 
lives.  Thev  had  not  been  long  there  when  the 
Canadians  were  cheered  by  the  sight  ol  a  com- 
panion in  misfortune,  I)ul)reuil,  the  poor  voy.ageur 
who  had  left  Mr.  Crooks  in  March,  bring  too 
much  exhausted  to  kee]i  on  with  him.  .\di  long 
afterward,  three  other  straggling  members  ol  the 
main  expedition  made  their  a|)pearance.  These 
were  Carson,  St.  Michael,  and  Pierie  Delaunay, 
three  of  the  lra|)pers,  who,  in  comp.iay  with 
I'ierre  Detaye,  had  been  lelt  among  the  mountains 
by  Mr.  Hunt,  to  trap  beaver,  in  the  preceding 
month  o'.  .September.  They  had  de|):;rle.|  trom  the 
main  body  well  armed  and  provided,  w  ith  horses 
to  ride,  and  horses  to  carry  the  peltries  they  were 
to  colle'-t.  They  came  wandering  into  the  Snake 
camp  as  ragged  and  destitute  as  thtdr  jiredeces- 
bors.     It  appears  that  they  had  finished  their  trap- 


414 


ASTORIA. 


i^  '  I': 


'■'  ^} 


IL  ;   (■ 


i!  : 


I-*'  '•< 


pinij,  and  were  n^akinp  their  way  in  the  sjirinj,'  to 
the  Missouri,  when  they  were  met  and  attacked 
by  a  [lowertul  hand  ot  the  all-jjervadinif  Crows. 
Tiiey  ni  ide  a  desperate  resistance,  and  killed  seven 
ot  the  sa\aj,^es,  hut  were  overpowered  by  num- 
bers. I'ierre  iJetayt'  was  slain,  the  rest  were 
robbed  ()(  horses  and  effects,  and  oblijifed  to  tui'n 
back,  \\  hen  they  Icll  in  with  their  old  com|)anions, 
as  already  mentioned. 

We  should  observe,  that  at  the  heels  of  Pierre 
Delaunay  c.ime  dra>,'>;^linij  an  Indian  wife,  whon\ 
he  had  picked  up  in  his  wanderlusts  ;  having' 
grown  we.iry  of  celibacy  amonj,''  the  savages. 

The  whole  seven  ot  this  forlorn  fraternity  of 
adventurers,  thus  .iccidentally  congregated  on  the 
banks  of  Snake  River,  were  making  arrange- 
ments once  more  to  cross  the  mountains,  when 
some  Indi.in  scouts  brought  word  of  the  approach 
of  the  little  b.nid  headed  by  John  Reed. 

The  latter,  having  heard  the  several  stories  of 
these  wanderers,  look  them  all  into  his  party,  and 
set  out  for  the  Caldron  Linn,  to  clear  out  two  or 
three  of  the  caches  which  had  not  been  revealed 
to  the  Indians. 

At  that  place  he  met  with  Robinson,  the  Ken- 
tucky veter.in,  who  with  his  two  comrades,  Rez- 
ner  and  iiob.ick,  had  remained  there  when  Mr. 
Stuart  went  on.  This  adventurous  trio  had  been 
trapping  higher  u])  the  river,  but  Robinson  h;ul 
come  clown  in  a  canoe,  to  .await  the  expected  .ar- 
rival of  the  |)arty,  and  obtain  horses  and  ecpiij)- 
ments.  lb'  told  i<eed  the  story  of  the  robbery  of 
his  party  by  the  Arapah.iys,  but  it  differed,  in 
some  |);irliculars,  from  the  account  given  by  him 
to  Mr.  Stu.irt.  In  that  he  had  represented  Cass 
as  having  shamefully  deserted  his  companions  in 
their  extremity,  carrying  off  with  him  a  horse  ;  in 
the  one  now  given  he  spoke  of  him  as  h.i\-ing  been 
killed  in  the  .affr.iy  with  the  .Arapahays.  'fhis 
discre])ancy,  of  which,  of  course.  Reed  could  have 
had  no  knowledge  at  th.e  time,  concurred  with 
other  circumstances,  to  occasion  .afterward  some 
mysterious  speculations  and  dark  surmises,  as  to 
the  re.d  fate  ot  Cass  ;  but  as  no  susbiantial 
grounds  were  ever  adduced  for  them,  we  forbear 
to  throw  any  deeper  shades  into  this  story  of  suf- 
ferings in  the  wildernss. 

Mr.  Reed  having  gathered  the  remainder  of  the 
goods  froni  the  caches,  put  himself  at  the  head  of 
his  parly,  now  augmented  by  the  seven  men  thus 
casually  |)icked  up,  ,ind  the  squaw  of  Pierre  De- 
launay, and  made  his  way  successfully  to  M'Ken- 
zie's  Post,  on  the  waters  of  the  Shahaptan. 


!•■ 


CHAPTER  Llir. 

After  the  departure  of  the  different  detach- 
ments or  lirii;atii:s,  as  they  are  called  by  the  fur 
traders,  the  ISeaver  [irepareil  for  her  voy.ige  along 
the  co.ist,  and  her  visit  to  the  Russian  establish- 
ment, ,it  New  .Archangel,  where  she  was  to  carry 
supjilies.  It  had  been  determined  in  the  council 
of  jiartners  at  Astoria,  that  Mr.  Hunt  should  em- 
bark in  this  vessel,  for  the  ])urpose  of  aci|uainting 
himself  w  illi  the  coasting  trade,  .ind  of  making 
arrangements  with  the  comm.mder  of  the  Rus- 
sian post,  and  that  he  should  be  relan('ed  in  Oc- 
tober, at  Astoria,  by  the  Heaver,  on  her  way  to 
the  Sandwich.  Islands,  and  Canton. 

The  Peaver  put  to  sea  in  the  month  of  August. 
Her  dep.irture,  and  that  of  the  various  brisfades, 
left  the  fortress  of  Astoria  but  slightly  garrisoned. 
This  was  soon  perceived   by  some  of  the  Indian 


tribes,  .ind  the  consequence  was  inrroa;eir 

lence  of  deportment,  and   a  (lis|)(i>uiiiiuu  h.'"* 

ity.     It  was   now   the   fishing  season,  wi'ifMi.'! 

tribes    from    the    northern    co.ist  divw  jni,  \''' 

neighborhood  of  the  Columbi.i,     These  \Mr,.\.' 

like  and  nertklious  in  their  dispositimii  ■  ,,V!' 

ted  for  tlieir  attempts  to  surprise  tr.uliii.r  1;^'!' 

.Among  them  were  numbers  ol  the  Newciu.    Ik. 

ferocious   tribe    that    massacred   the  (Tl-w  ,)' ,,, 

Toncpiin.  '    * 

I       Creat  precautions,  therefore,  were  Uiki'a  iti. 

I  factory  to  guard  against  sur])rise  whiluihc.vda-' 

genius  intruders  were  in  the  vieiiiitv.    (;,i!||.'nei 

I   were  constructed  inside  of  the  ]),ilis,iiies ;  \\»'\)x. 

I   tions  were  heightened,  and   sentinels  weW  nosiH 

j  day  and   night.       Fortunately,   the  Chinti.)!;.; ,,„'' 

other  tribes  resident  in  the  vicinity  m.mifi-sti'il  i),. 

most   ])acific  disuosition.     Old    Conuumiv,  Vm 

:  held  sway  over  them,  was   a  shrewd  caiailainr 

j    He   was   aw.are  ot   the  .adv.mtages  of  h.ivin;;  ihe 

I  whites  as  neighbors  and  allies,  and  of  the  aiibt. 

quence   derived   to   himself  and  his  people  iron 

acting  as  internvdiate  traders  between  thi'm  kIi 

the   distant  tribes.      He   had,    theretuiu,  hv  this 

time,  become  ;i  llrm  friend  of  the  Asti)ri:ins.  .w! 

formed   a  kinil   of  barrier  between  them  iinil  ih« 

hostile  intruders  from  the  north. 

The  summer  of  1812  p.assed  away  witl-.ou; ,w,- 
of  the  hostilities  that  had  been  apijr'eheiulc! ;  the 
Xeweetees,  and  other  dangerou:;  visitors  to  tht 
neighborhood,  tniished  their  lishing  ami  n-tumtl 
home,  and  the  inmates  of  the  f.ietory  oiv.c  more 
felt  secure  from  .attack. 

It  now  becaine  necessary  to  guard  a^j.iinst  other 
evils.  The  season  of  scarcity  arrived,  whirh  ion'.- 
mences  in  October,  and  Lists  until  the  end  uf  lar,- 
u.iry.  To  provide  for  the  support  of  the  ijiirnsDn, 
the  shallop  was  em|)loyed  to  furaj;e  ahout  the 
shores  of  the  river.  A  number  of  the  ineri,  .ilso,  un- 
der tile  comm.uul  of  some  of  the  clerks,  were  sent tj 
(|uarter  themselves  on  the  banks  of  the  Wnll.imm 
(the  Multnom.ih  of  Lewis  and  Clark),  a  liiiv  river 
which  disembogues  itself  into  the  Coliinihia,  alioiit 
sixty  miles  above  Astoria.  The  country  hordir- 
ing  on  tlie  river  is  finely  diversilie.l  with  ]ir:uric5 
and  hills,  an<l  forests  of  oak,  ash,  iiiaple.  and  ce- 
dar. It  abounded,  at  that  time,  with  elk  ainl 
deer,  and  the  streams  were  well  stocked  with 
bea\'er.  Here  the  party,  after  supplying'  their 
own  w.ints,  were  enabled  to  ])ack  up  (lu.uiiiiiesi.' 
dried  meat,  and  send  it  by  canoes  to  .Astoria. 

The  month  of  October  elapsed  without  the  re- 
turn of  the  Be.iver.  November,  DeccMiher,  Ja:;- 
uary,  ])assed  away,  and  still  nothing  was  seen  or 
her^rd  of  her.  Ciloomy  apprehensions  now  heij.ri 
to  be  entertained  ;  she  might  h;ive  l.een  witii'! 
in  the  course  of  her  coasting  vnya^'e,  or  sur- 
prised, like  the  Tonquin,  liy  some  of  the  treach- 
erous tribes  of  the  north. 

No  one  indulged  more  in  these  ,i]iprehcii>i'ir'; 
than  M'lJougal,  who  had  now  the  ehiirye  ot  the 
establishment.  He  no  longer  evinced  the  husiliiii; 
confidence  and  buoyancy  whicli  once  character- 
ized him.  Command  seemed  to  have  lost  its 
charms  tor  him.  or  rather,  he  ga\e  way  to  the 
most  abject  despondency,  decrying  the  whole er- 
ter|)rise,  magnifving  everv  untoward  circum- 
stance, and  foreboding  nothing  but  evil. 

While  in  this  moody  state,  he  was  siirprisef!. 
on  the  16th  of  January!  by  the  sudden  appearance 
of  M'Kenzie,  wayworn  and  weather-heaieii  In  a 
long  wintry  journey  from  his  post  on  the  .Shahap- 
tan, and  with  a  face  the  very  frontispiece  fir  a 
volume  of  misfortune.  M'Ken'zie  had  been  heart- 
ily disgusted  and  disappointed   at  his  post,    it 


ASTORIA. 


415 


!hp 


midst  of  the  Tushepaws,  .1  powerful 


I'liJ,''  season. 


„„  warlike  nation 


(lividecl    into   many   tribes, 


I    ler  (I'tfiTcnt  chiefs,  who  possessed  innuniera- 
h"  h'r^ts.  Inii,  not  havinjj  turned  their  attention 
•■  iruiDink'.  li'"l  "o  f'^''-^  'o  offer.     Accord- 

t' '"'..,',-"....:"    .1,..,.     „-.,r,.    hut 


were    hut   a   "  rascally 
loni  which  we  may  infer  that  they  were 


llf.  v>  .M'Kciizic    they 


lit  their  own  interests,  more  than 


'ii-iint  I"  ^'onsii 

Z,„|,;,ri,Hl  with  the  interests  of  a  greedy  Indian 

"  "^  lieing  scarce,  he  was  obliged  to  rely, 
llor'ihf  most  part,  on  horse-tlesh  for  subsistence, 
lani'iiii-'  Inihans  discovering  his  necessities,  adopt- 
leii  a  iKilicv  usual  in  civilized  trade,  and  raised  tiie 
IprM  I'!  ii"!''*'-'^  '"  '"''  t-'J^orbilant  rate,  knowing 
Ithat  hi' and  his  men  must  eat  or  die.  In  this  way, 
Ithc  goads  he  had  brought  to  trade  for  Ix'aver 
IcKin.,  were  likely  to  be  bartered  for  horse-llesh, 
land  all  the  proceeds  devoured  U])on  the  sjjot. 

He  had  dispatchetl   trap|)ers    in  various  direc- 

Itioas,  I'l't  the  country  around  did  not  offer  more 

Ikaver  than  his  own  station.      In  this  emergency 

lliebfaii  to  think  of  .abandoning  his  unprotitable 

pisLsciulini;  his  goods  to  the  ])osts  of  Clarke  and 

David  Stuart,  w  ho  could  make  a  better  use  of  them, 

lasihev  were  in  a  good  beaver  country,  and  re- 

tarninjj  with  his  ])arty  to  Astoria,  to  seek  some 

I  better  destination.     With  this  view  he  repaired  to 

[the  post  of  .Mr.  Clarke,  to   hokl   a  consultation. 

I  Vi'liiie  the  two  partners  were  in  conference  in  Mr. 

jCiirlie's  wijrwani,    an    unexpected    visitor   came 

Ibuiiliii!;  in  upon  tfcm. 

This  was  Mr.  John  (ieorge  M'Tavish,  a  partner 
I  c!  tht.  Northwest  Company,   who  had  charge  of 
the  rival  trading  posts  establisheil  in  that  neigh- 
borhood.   Mr.  M'Tivish  was  the  delighted  mes- 
siiigerof  had  news.     He  had  been  to  Lake  Win- 
'  r.i;)tg.  where  he  received  an  express  from  Canada, 
I  coniaiiiinij  the  declaration  of  war,  and   President 
[  Madison's  proclamation,  which  he  handed  with 
ihe  most  ofticious  coni|)laisance  to  .Messrs.  Clarke 
asd  M'Kenzie.     He  moreover  told  them  that  he 
!  liad  received  a  fresli  supply   of  goods  from  the 
lurthwest  posts  on   the  other  side  of  the  Rocky 
.Mountains,  and  was  prepared  for  vigorous  oppo- 
sition to  the  establishment  of  the  .American  Com- 
|iaiiy,    He  capped  the  climax  of  this  obliging,  l)ut 
Wli;'i-rent  intelligence,   by  informing  them  thai. 
;ne  armed  ship,    Isaac   Todd,  was   to   be   at   the 
.Tiiuth  of  the  Columbia  about   the   beginning   of 
March,  to  j^et  possession  of  the  trade  of  the  river, 
and  that  he  w.is  ordered  to  join  her  there  at  that 
time. 

The  receipt  of  this  news  determined  M'Kcnzie. 

He  immediately  returned  to  the  Shahaptan,  broke 

^)  his  establishment,    deposited    his    goods    in 

i  a/u\  and  hastened,  with  all  his  i)eople,  to  As- 

loria. 

The  intelligence  thus  brought,  completed  the 
£:>ni.iy  of  M'Dougal,  and  seemed  to  |)roduce  a 
complete  confusion  of  mind.  He  held  a  council 
0!  war  with  M'Kenzie,  at  which  some  of  the 
Cicrks  were  present,  but  of  course  had  no  votes. 
They  jrave  up  all  hope  of  maintaining  their  post 
at  .Astoria.  The  Heaver  had  probably  been  lost  ; 
tto- could  receive  no  aid  from  the  United  States, 
;»ad  ports  would  be  blockaded.  From  Eng- 
''"d  nothing  could  be  exnected  but  hostility.  It 
)>Js  determined,  therefore",  to  abandon  the  estab- 
"Mient  in  the  course  ui  the  following  spring, 
^^1  return  across  the  Rocky  Mountains. 
.In  pursuance  of  this  resolution,  they  suspended 
J'  trade  with  the  natives,  except  for  provisions, 
wiiiff  already  more  peltries  than  they  could  car- 
0  away,  and  having  need  of  all  the  goods  for  the 


clothing  and  subsistence  of  their  people  durinp- 
the  remainder  of  their  sojourn,  and  on  their  jour- 
ney across  the  mountains.  Their  intention  of 
abandoning  Astoria  was,  however,  kept  secret 
from  the  men,  lest  they  should  at  once  give  up 
.ill  labor,  and  become  restless  and  insubordinate. 

In  the  meantime,  M'Kenzie  setoff  for  his  ])OSt 
at  the  Shah.iptan,  to  get  his  goods  Irom  the 
caches,  and  buy  horses  and  provisions  with  them 
for  the  caravan  across  the  moui\tains.  He  was 
chargetl  with  dispatches  from  M'Doug.il  to  Mes- 
srs. .Stuart  and  Clarke,  apprizing  them  ot  the  in- 
tended migration,  that  they  might  make  timely 
))reparatioi's 

M'  Kenzi  ,  was  accompanied  by  two  of  the  clerks, 
Mr.  John  '<eed,  tlie  Irishman,  and  .Mr.  Alfred  Se- 
ton,  of  N.'w  York.  They  embarked  in  two  ca- 
noes, maui'ed  by  seventeen  men,  ami  ascendeil 
the  river  witi  Hit  any  incident  ol  import.ince,  un- 
til they  arrived  in  the  eventful  neighborhood  of 
the  ra|)ids.  They  made  the  portage  of  the  nar- 
rows and  the  falls  early  in  the  afternoon,  and, 
having  partaken  of  a  scanty  meal,  had  now  a  long 
evening  on  their  hands. 

On  the  opposite  side  of  the  river  lay  the  village 
of  V\'ish-ram,  of  freebooting  renowi.  Here  lived 
the  savages  who  had  rol)l)ed  and  maltreated 
Reed,  when  bearing  his  tin  box  of  dis|)atches.  It 
was  known  that  the  rilie  of  which  he  was  despoil- 
ed was  retained  as  a  trophy  at  the  village. 
M'Kenzie  offered  to  cross  tlie  river,  ;ind  demand 
the  rille,  it  any  one  would  accompany  liim.  It 
was  a  hair-brained  project,  for  these  villages 
were  noted  for  the  ruffian  char.acter  o(  their  in- 
habitants ;  yet  two  volunteers  ])romptly  step])ed 
forward  ;  .Alfred  Seton,  the  clerk,  and  Joe  de 
la  Pierre,  the  cook.  The  trio  soon  reached  the 
o])posite  side  ot  the  river.  On  landing  they  freshly 
primed  their  ritles  and  jiistols.  A  |)ath  winding 
for  about  a  hundied  yards  among  rocks  and 
crags,  led  to  the  village.  No  notice  seemed  to 
be  taken  of  their  ,i|)proach.  Not  a  solitary  be- 
ing, man,  woman,  or  child  greeted  them.  The 
very  dogs,  those  noisy  ])ests  of  an  Indian  town, 
ke,pt  silence  On  entering  the  village,  a  boy  made 
his  appearance,  and  jjointed  to  a  house  (jf  Larger 
dimensions  than  the  rest.  They  liad  to  sloop  to 
enter  it  ;  as  soon  as  they  had  passed  the  thresh- 
old, the  narrow  ])assage  behind  them  was  filled 
u|)  by  a  sudden  rush  of  Indians,  who  had  before 
kept  out  ot  sight. 

M'Kenzie  and  his  com|)anions  fi)und  them- 
selves in  a  rude  chamber  of  about  twentv-five  feet 
long,  and  twenty  wide.  A  bright  fire  was  blaz- 
ing at  one  end,  near  which  sat  the  chief,  about 
sixty  years  old.  A  large  number  ol  Indians, 
wra|)ped  in  buffalo  robes,  were  s(|uatted  in  rows, 
three  deep,  forming  a  semicircle  round  three 
sides  of  the  room.  A  single  glance  .iround  suf- 
ficed to  show  the.n  the  grim  and  dangerous  as- 
sembly into  whi(  h  they  had  intruded,  ;ind  that  all 
retreat  was  cii'  off  by  the  mass  which  blocked  up 
the  entrance. 

The  chief  ])ointedto  the  vacant  side  of  the  room 
opposite  to  the  door,  and  motioned  tor  them  to 
take  their  seats.  They  complied.  A  dead  pause 
ensued.  The  grim  waniors  around  sat  like  stat- 
ues ;  each  muffled  in  his  robe,  with  his  tierce  eyes 
bent  on  the  intruders,  'fhe  latter  fell  they  were 
in  a  perilous  predicament. 

"  Keep  your  eyes  on  the  chief  while  I  am  ad- 
dressing him,"  said  M'Kenzie  to  his  com|)anions. 
"  Should  he  give  any  sign  to  his  band,  shoot  him, 
and  make  for  the  door." 

M'Kenzie  ad<anced,   and  offered  the  pipe  ot 


410 


ASTORIA. 


mm 

'if 


1 1 


!  if 


■i:  ,  ,  I 


:r 


:;.:i'r-:  t 


peace  to  the;  rhief,  but  it  was  refused.  He  then 
made  a  rcj^ular  speech,  explaininjr  the  object  of 
their  visit,  and  proposing,' to  jjive  in  exchange  for 
the  ritie  two  l)iankets,  an  axe,  some  beads,  and 
tobacco. 

When  he  had  done  tlie  cliief  rose,  iKfjan  to  ad- 
dress him  in  a  low  voice,  i)Ut  soon  l)ecame  loud 
aid  violent,  ;ind  ended  by  workinjf  himself  up 
into  a  furious  passion.  He  upbraided  the  white 
men  for  their  sordid  conduct  in  passin^r  and  rc- 
])assinf,r  throu;.,'-!!  their  nei^diborhood,  without  giv- 
ing them  ;i  blanket  or  any  other  article  of  goods, 
merely  because  they  had  no  furs  to  barter  in  ex- 
change ;  and  he  alludeil  with  menaces  of  ven- 
geance, to  the  death  of  the  Indian  killed  by  the 
whites  in  the  skirmish  at  the  f.dls. 

M.itters  were  verging  to  ;i  crisis.  It  w;is  evident 
the  surrounding  savages  were  only  waiting  a  sign.il 
iromthe  chief  to  spring  upon  their  prev.  .M'Ken- 
■'  e  ani.1  liis  companions  li.id  gradually  risen  on 
their  feet  during  the  speech,  and  had  brought  their 
rilles  to  a  huri/ontal  po«;ition,  the  barrels  resting 
in  their  left  h.uids  ;  tl.e  muzzle  of  M'Kenzie's 
])iece  was  within  three  feet  of  t'lespe.iker's  heart. 
They  cockei'  their  rilles  ;  tlic  click  of  the  locks 
for  a  momen.  suffused  the  darl-  cheek  of  the  sav- 
age, .and  there  was  a  pause.  They  coolly,  but 
prom|)tly  advanced  to  the  door  ;  thi'  indi.ins  fell 
l)ack  in  awe,  .iiul  suffered  them  to  i)ass.  The  sun 
was  )ust  setting  as  thev  emeiged  from  this  dan- 
gerous den.  'I'liey  took  the  ])recaution  to  keep 
along  the  tops  of  the  rocks  as  much  as  |)ok.  ..ble 
on  their  way  b.ick  to  the  canoe,  and  reached  their 
camp  in  safety,  congr.iiulating  themselves  on  thei' 
escape,  .iid  feeling  no  desire  to  make  a  second 
visit  to  the  grim  warriors  of  Wish-r.im. 

M'Kenzie  and  his  ]);irty  resumed  their  journey 
the  next  morning.  At  some  distance  above  the 
f.il's  of  the  Co'  :  nbia,  the;-  observed  two  bark  ca- 
.loes,  filled  with  white  men,  coming  down  the 
river,  to  the  full  chant  of  a  set  of  C.uiadian  voy- 
ajjeuis.  A  ])arley  ensued.  It  was  a  detachment 
.>f  northwcstcis,  under  the  command  of  .Mr.  John. 
Cieorge  M'Tavish,  boimd,  full  of  song  and  spirit, 
to  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia,  to  await  the  .arrival 
of  the  Isa.ic  Todd. 

Mr.  .M'Kenzie  and  M'Tavish  came  to  a  h;dt, 
and  landing,  encamped  to;^cther  for  the  night. 
The  \oy,igeurs  of  either  party  hailed  each  other 
as  brotlu.rs,  and  old  "  comr.ades,"  and  they  min- 
gled togelher  as  if  united  by  one  common  ruerest, 
instead  of  belonging  to  ri\'al  companies,  and  trad- 
ing under  hostile  liags 

in  the  morning  they  ])roceeded  on  their  differ- 
ent ways,  in  style  corresponding  to  their  different 
fortunes,  the  one  "oiling  ])ainfully  against  the 
stream,  the  other  swecpmg  down  gayly  with  the 
current. 

M'Kenzie  .arrived  s.ifely  at  his  deserted  post  on 
the  Shah.iptan,  but  foui\d,  to  his  ch.igrin,  that  his 
caches  had  been  discovered  and  rifled  b\-  the  In- 
dians. Here  was  a  dilemma,  for  on  the  stolen 
goods  he  had  depended  t:)  purchase  horses  of  the 
Indians.  He  sent  out  men  in  .ill  directions  to  en- 
deavor to  discover  tht;  thieves,  aiirl  dispatc'ied  .>Ir. 
Reed  to  the  ]iosts  of  Mess'-s.  Clatke  and  D'.-vid 
Stuart,  vvith  the  letters  ol  Mr.  M'Doug.d. 

The  resolution  announced  in  these  let'^rs,  to 
break  up  and  depart  from  .Astori.i,  was  condemn- 
ed by  buth  Clarke  ;\nd  Stuart.  Th"se  two  gentle- 
men had  been  very  successful  ,it  tlieir  jjosts.  .and 
considered  it  r.ish  and  pusillanimmis  to  abandon, 
on  the  first  dlHiculty,  ;in  enterprise  of  such  great 
cost  ,ind  anipl';  promise.  They  made  no  arrange- 
ments, theielore,  forlea.'ing  the  country,  but  acted 


with  a  view  to  tlie  maintenance  of  thciri 
l)rosperous  establishments. 

The  regular  time  ajjproached,  when  the ir- 
ners  of  the  interior  posts  were  to  nn  'c/v .  "! 
the  mouth  of  the  Wallah-Wallali, 


T-cvitii 


Astoria,  with  the  i)eltries  they  hail  Cdikct,..,!   \ 


and   then   lock   it  up  in  a  lar;,'t\i,',i'n/,-. 
1  accompanied  him  in  his  travels,  ami 


■"lUlicirwayb 

Clarke  accordingly  packed  ail  his  fur^  on  tw-''^' 
eight  horses,  and  leaving  a  clerk  ,iml  t,iurn>ir,i 
take  charge  of  the  |)ost,  ileparted  on  ihci-rh!. 
May  with  the  residue  of  his  force.  ''"'' 

On  the  30th  he  arrived  at  the  conllucnci:  oli'r 
I'.ivion  and  Lewis  Rivers,  where  he  hiulltii  |i 
barge  and  canoes,  in  the  guardianshi|i  of  ih^|';,| 
I'ierced-nose  chieftain.  That  dignii.uy  had  a". 
(juitted  himself  more  faithfully  of  his  char'i:  than 
.Mr.  Clarke  had  expected,  and  the  caiiui^,  wcrc 
found  in  very  tiderable  order.  Some  iiiiairs were 
necessary,  and  while  the)  were  in.ikin^-,  tin.' |,,,r;v 
encam|)ed  close  by  the  vill;ige.  Ihn  in- L.ulrt'. 
])eated  and  vexatious  proo.s  of  the  pihtnn;:  lug. 
pensi'ies  jf  this  tribe  tluring  his  f 'rincr  vibu,  Mr, 
Cl.iike  ordered  tlvt  a  wary  eye  shuuid  ht  kcii^ 
upon  them. 

He  was  a  tall,  good-looking  in.nn,  .ukI  Mjme. 
what  given  to  pomp  and  circumstaiuc,  which 
made  him  an  object  of  note  in  the  cyc^ijltht 
wondering  savages.  He  was  stately,  tun,  in  his 
appointments,  and  I'ad  a  silver  gi, Met  (jrilnnkin' 
cup,  out  of  wliicli  ne  would  drink  with  a  in,i;;;,ii. 
icent  ail 
7'i/t,  whi 

stood  in  his  tent.  This  goblet  had  originally  b«a 
sent  as  a  present  from  .Mr.  Astor  to  .Mr.  M  Kav, 
the  partner  who  had  unfortunately  been  hlowii  lip 
in  the  Ton(|uin.  As  it  reached  Astoria  alter  the 
de|)arture  of  th.at  gentleman,  it  had  remaiiial  i;i 
the  possession  of  .Mr.  Clarke. 

A  silver  goblet  w.as  too  glittering  a  prize  not  to 
catch  the  eye  of  a  I'ierced-nose.  It  v.a.i  lil<eihe 
shining  tin  case  of  Join  Reed.  Such  a  wuiidcr 
had  never  been  seen  in  the  land  beloiv.  The  In- 
di.ins talked  about  it  to  one  anoiluT.  They 
m.irked  the  care  with  which  it  was  (le|)o.sited  in 
the  i^iirdc  I'in,  like  a  relic  in  its  shrine,  and  con- 
cluded that  it  must  be  a  "great  medicine,' 
'ITi.at  night  .Mr.  Clarke  neglected  to  luck  up  his 
treasure;  in  the  morning  the  sacred  casket  v.is 
open — the  precious  relic  gone  1 

Clarke  was  now  outrageous.  .-Ml  the  past  vtx- 
ations  that  he  had  suffered  from  this  piiieriiy 
commir'ity  rose  to  mintl,  and  he  tlireateiied  tiut. 
unless  the /o  detwiis  ;irom|)tly  retunied,  he  winial 
Iiang  the  iliief  should  he  e\entually  discover  him. 
The  day  passed  away,  however, without  the  restor- 
ation of  the  cup.  At  night  si  ..tinels  were  se'-rciiV 
jwsted  about  the  camp.  With  all  their vi.nilaiice  a 
I'ierctd-iiose  contrived  to  get  into  the  camp  un- 
|)erceived,  and  to  load  himself  with  hocty  :  it  u.is 
only  on  his  retreat  that  he  was  discovered  .imi 
taken. 

At  daybreak  the  culprit  was  l)roui;ht  lu  trial, 
and  promptlv  convicted.  He  stood  resporsihii: 
for  all  the  spoliation.,  of  the  camp,  the  pieciniis 
goblet  among  the  numl)er,  and  .Mr.  Clarke  p.iS5i.-il 
sentence  o'  de.ith  upji    him. 

A  gibbet  was  accordinglv  constructed  of  o.us; 
tie  chief  of  th'  village  "and  his  people  were  .is- 
■sembled  and  the  culjirit,  was  produced,  wita  his 
legs  and  .arms  pinioned.  Clarke  then  made  a 
harangue.  He  reminded  the  tribe  ot  "": 
benehts  he  had  bestowed  upon  theni  (iUrnik' 
his  former  visits,  and  the  many  thelts  ami 
other  misdeeds  which  he  had  overlooked.  U'e 
prisoner  especially  had  always  been  peciiliary 
well  treated  by  the  white  men,  but  had  repeatedly 


ASTORIA. 


417 


i^PC'iiltV  of  piltiTiiiff.  He  wr.s  to  he.  punished 
.A'i'ownmis.lc.-ils,  and  as  a  warniiiK'  to  l»s  tP,;... 

ne  Imlians  now  KatluTcd  round  Mr.  Clarke 
,n,l  inifri-edcd  tor  the  culprit.  Tlic-y  were  will- 
„,  In.  should  he  i)Uiiishe;l  severely,  hut  iini)li)r(Hi 
;;'"  j,j,  life  mi!,du  he  spared.  The  conipaiiions, 
.,'  ol  .Mr.  Clarke,  considered  the  sentence  too 
I^Xk  iiiid  advised  him  to  uiitif^ate  it  ;  hut  he 
'  , incxora!ilc.  He  was  not  naturally  a  stern  or 
l','ll  •inn  •  hut  from  his  hovhood  he  had  lived  in 
[he  In.lian  couiitrv  anion^'  Indian  traders,  and 
held  lliL-  life  of  a  sav.iK^e  extremely  cheai).  He 
w.ii  niiireover,  a  tirin  heliever  in  the  doctrine  ot 
iniiniiikilion. 

Firnham,  a  clerk,  a  tall  "(.reen  Mountam 
W  Irom  Vermont,  who  had  heen  rohhed  ot  a 
pistdl,  acted  as  executioner.  The  sijrnal  was 
.rivcii!  and  the  poor  i'ierced-nose,  resistinf,^  struij- 
L'iiiv,',  an  1  screaming',  in  the  most  fri^ditul  man- 
nfr,''w,is  laimchcd  uito  eternity.  Tlie  Indi.ms 
stiiii  1  round  ija/iii^^  iii  silence  and  mute  ;iwe,  hut 
m.vlt  I"'  attempt  to  oppose  the  execution,  nor 
tcjlitiel  any  einotion  when  it  was  over.  They 
lockel  up  their  teelin^rs  within  their  Ixisoms  until 
anopinrtunity  should  arrive  to  gratify  them  with 
a  Woo  ly  act  of  veii^'eance. 

To  s;iy  notliinjf  of  the  needless  severity  of  this 
'  act,  its  impolicy  was  jr|arinf,'ly  obvious.  .Mr. 
.M'i.i'nnin  and  three  mi-ii  were  to  return  to  the 
pjst  with  the  horses,  tlieir  loads  havinj^  heen 
trjnsftrred  to  the  canoes.  They  would  have  to 
|i,i5s  thri)U;,di  a  tract  of  country  infested  hv  this 
trihe,  who  were  all  horsemen  and  hard  riders,  and 
nii;,'ht  pursue  them  to  take  veni^eance  h)r  the 
de.iih  at  their  comr.ide.  .M'Lenn.an,  however,  was 
.irtiolute  fellow,  ami  m.ide  light  of  all  dangers. 
He  anil  hi.s  three  men  were  present  at  the  execu- 
<:m,  and  set  off  as  soon  as  life  was  extinct  in  the 
victim  ;  hut,  to  use  the  words  of  one  of  th(dr  com- 
r.ide.i,  "  they  did  not  let  the  grass  grow  under  the 
hfi'ls  of  their  horses,  as  they  clattin-ed  out  of  the 
I'iercfd-noie  country,"  and  were  glad  to  find 
thcnisflves  in  safety  at  the  post. 

.Mr.  Clarke  and  his  |).irty  embarked  about  the 
sinie  lime  in  tlieir  canoes,  and  early  on  the  fol- 
lo'.vuij,' (lay  reached  the  mouth  of  the  Wallah-Wal- 
i.iii,  where  they  found  .Messrs.  .Stuart  and  M'lveii- 
zii;  awaiting  them  ;  the  latter  having  reco\ered 
p.irtot  the  goo  Is  stolen  from  his  c.aclie.  Cl.irke 
inlornv.'f  them  of  the  signal  punishment  he  had 
inllicte  1  on  the  I'ierced-nose,  evidently  exiiecting 
ioevciie  tlieir  admiration  by  such  a  hardy  act  of 
"is'ice,  performed  in  the  very  midst  of  the  Indian 
oiintry,  hut  was  mortified  at  finding  it  strongly 
C'!iiiirr  1  as  inhuman,  unnecessary,  and  likely  to 
prnvoKC  i;o.jtilities. 

The  parties  thus  united  iormed  a  S(]uadroii  of 
two  boats  and  six  canoes,  with  wdiich  they  ])er- 
ijrnied  their  voyage  in  safetv  down  the  river,  and 
arrived  ,at  Astoria  on  the  i'2th  of  June,  bringing 
'■villi  them  a  valuable  stock  of  peltries. 

.■\l)out  ten  (l.iys  |)reviouslv,  the  brigade  wdiich 
M  been  quartered  on  the  banks  of  the  Wollamut, 
nil  arrived  with  numerous  packs  of  beaver,  the 
f^'^ult  of  a  few  months'  sojourn  on  that  river. 
T.iese  were  the  first  fruits  of  the  enterprise,  g.ith- 
j-tcd  by  men  as  yet  mere  strangers  in  the  land  ; 
ii'Ji  tliey  were  such  as  to  give  substantial  grounds 
'■''  saniruin;  antici|);uions  of  proht,  when  the 
fJUiitryshoiiUl  he  more  completely  explored,  and 
tiietradi-estaolished. 


CHAPTER  LIV. 
The  partners  found  Mr.  M'Dougal  in  all  the 


bustle  of  preparation  ;  having  .ibout  nine  days 
previously  announced  .it  the  factory,  his  inteiition 
ot  breaking  i\\>  the  e^itablishmeiit,  and  fixed  u|)on 
the  1st  ot  July  lor  the  tinieol  dep.irturc.  Messrs. 
Stu.irt  and  Clarke  felt  'highly  disple.ised  at  his 
taking  so  precipitate  a  ste|),  without  w.iiting  tor 
th'.'i'- concurrence,  when  he  must  have  known  that 
their  arrival  could  not  be  tar  distant. 

Indeed,   the   whole   conduct  ot    .Mr.    .M'Dougal 
was  such   as   to  awaken  strong'  (huibts  ;i:.  to  liis 
loyal  devotion   to  the  cause.      His  old  sympathies 
with  the  .Northwest  Company  st-emed  to  have  re- 
vived.     He  had  received   M'Tavish  and  his  p.irty 
with  uncalled-tor  hospitality,  as  though  they  were 
friends  and  allies,  in.-,ie.id  ot  being  a  p.irty  of  ob- 
:  servation,  come  to  reconnoitre  the  st.ite  of  affairs 
j   at   Astoria,  and   to  aw.iit  the  arriv.il  ol  .i  hostile 
j   ship.      Had    they    been    left    to    thcmsidves,    they 
i   wotdd  have   been  starved  off  for  w.int  ot   |inivi- 
sions,  or  ilriven   away  by  the  Chinooks,  who  only 
I   wanted  a  signal  from  the   factory  to  treat  them  as 
intruders  and   enemies.      M'Doug.il,   on   the  con- 
I   trary,   had   supplied   them   from   the  stores  ol  the 
I  garrison,   :ind   h.id  gained   them   tlu'  l.ivor  ol  the 
!   Indi.ms,  by  tre.iting  them  as  triends. 
i       lla\dng  set   his   mind   tlxedly  on   the  project  of 
I  breaking  up  the  establishment  at  Ast(ni;i,  in  the 
current  year,  M'Dougal   w.is  sorely  disappointed 
at   linding    that    Messrs.   .Stuart  .and  Clarke    had 
omitted   to   eom|)ly  with  his  re(|Uest  to  purchase 
horses  and  provisions  for  the  caravan  across  the 
mount.iins.      It  was  now  too  late  to  make  the  ne- 
cessary  ])reparations   in   time  for  tr.iversing  the 
mountains    before    winter,    and    the    project    had 
to  be  postponed. 

In  the  meantime,  tlu?  non-arriv.il  of  the  annual 
ship,  and   the  ap|irelu'nsions   entertained    ot    the 
loss  of  the  Heaver,  ,ind  of  .Mr.  Hunt,  had  their  ef- 
fect upon  the  minds  of  Messrs.  Stuart  and  Cl.arke. 
j  They  began  to  listen  to  the  des])onding  represent- 
I  atioiis  ot  .M'Doug.il,  seconded   by  .M'Keii/ie,  wdio 
'  inveighed  against  their  situation  as  des|)erate  and 
I  forlorn  ;  left  to  shift  h)r  themselves,  or  perish  upon 
!  a  b.irbarous  coast  ;  neglected  bv  those   wdio  sent 
j  them  tlu:ri',  and  threatened  with  dangers  of  exery 
!  kind.     In  this  w.iy  they  were  brought  to  consent 
:  to  the  pl.an  ot  abandoning  the  country  in  the  en- 
;  suing  year. 

I  About  this  time,  M'Tavish  .ajiplied  at  the  fac- 
I  tory  to  purch.'ise  a  sni.ill  su|)ply  id  goods  where- 
I  with  to  trade  his  way  b;uk  to  his  post  on  the  up- 
!  per  Waters  of  the  Columbi.a,  having  waited  in 
vain  for  the  arrival  of  the  Isaac  Todd.  His  re- 
(|Uest  brought  on  a  consultation  .among  the  part- 
ners. .M'Douga.l  urged  that  it  shoidd  be  com- 
plied with.  He  furthermore  jiroposed,  that  they 
should  give  iiji  to  M'T.avish,  for  a  proper  consider- 
ation, the  ])ost  on  the  Spok.in,  and  ail  its  depend- 
enci(!S,  as  they  had  not  sullicient  gooiis  on  liand 
to  supply  that  post  themseh'es,  .iiid  to  kee[)  U|)  a 
competition  with  the  Northwest  Comp.iny  in  the 
trade  with  the  neighboring  Indi.ins.  'f'his  last  rep- 
resent.ition  has  since  been  proved  incorrect,  liy 
inventories,  it  .appears  th.at  their  sto(k  in  hand  lor 
the  supply  ot  the  interior  posts,  w.is  superior  to 
ih.at  of  the  Northwest  C()ni|)any  ;  so  th.at  ifiey  had 
nothing  to  fear  from  competition. 

Through  the  intluence  of  Messrs.  M'Dougal 
and  M'Keii/ie,  this  proposition  was  adopted,  and 
was  [)rom])tly  acce|)ted  bv  M'T.avish.  The  mer- 
chandise sold  to  him,  amounted  to  eight  hundred 
and  fifty-eight  dollars,  to  be  paid  for,  in  the  fol- 
lowdng  sjiring,  in  horses,  or  in  any  other  manner 
most  accept.'ble  to  the  |5artners  at  th.it  period. 
This  agreement  being  concluded,  the  partners 


Hi 

P 

11'! 

Hill 

ir 


i':! 


i 


I' 


I  .;>)•!' 


418 


ASTORIA. 


formrd  thrir  pl.in ;  for  the  yr.ir  that  they  would 
yet  liavi;  ID  pass  in  ihc  touiilry.  Tlu'lr  olijcits 
were,  chiully,  present  subsistence,  and  tlie  pur- 
eliase  of  iinrsei  for  tlie  eonteiuplated  journey, 
thouy;l>  lliey  were  lil\ewise  to  eollect  ;is  nuieh 
peltries  .is  their  diininished  nutans  would  coni- 
m.ind.  Ai  (ordiiiKly,  it  w.is  .irran^'ed  th.it  David 
Stuart  shiuld  return  to  liis  lornur  |)ost  on  the 
OaUina^MU,  and  Mr.  Clarke  shotdd  make  Ids  so- 
journ anuinn  the  l''l,ilhc.ids,  John  Keed,  the  sturdy 
Hihernian,  was  lo  tuidertake  the  Snake  R'ver 
country,  .uconip  miid  by  I'ierre  Dorion  and 
Pierre  Del.uuiay,  as  luuiters,  .and  Francis  I.andry, 
Jean  li.iptiste  'ruridtie,  Andre'  I,a  ChapcUe,  and 
(lilies  le  Clerc,  Can.idian  vovajjeurs. 

Astori.i,  however,  was  {[\t:  post  about  which 
they  felt  the  greatest  solicitude,  and  on  which 
they  .all  more  or  KviS  depended.  I'he  mainte- 
n.inceof  this  in  s.ifety  throughout  the  eominj^year, 
was,  ihereliire,  thi'ir  ;,r|-and  consideration.  .Mr. 
M'Douj^al  w,is  lo  conliiuu'  in  ciuumand  of  it,  with 
a  party  id'  forty  men.  I'hey  would  have  to  de- 
pend chielly  upon  the  nei^rhborin),^  s.iva^es  for 
their  subsi.-iience.  I'hese,  ;il  present,  were  friend- 
ly, but  it  \\,is  to  be  tr;irerl  th.it,  when  they  should 
(liscover  the  exiL,ri.||,ius  of  the  post,  and  its  real 
weakness,  they  mi;rlu  proceed  to  hostilities  ;  or, 
at  .any  rate,  mi},du  cease  to  furnish  their  usual 
supplies.  It  was  iinporlant,  therefore,  to  render 
the  place  as  independent  as  possible,  of  the  sur- 
roundin!.(  ti'ibes  for  its  sujiport  ;  aiul  it  w,is  ac- 
cordiuLjIy  resolved  lh.it  M'ken/ie,  with  four  hun- 
ters, .and  ei^du  common  men,  should  winter  in 
the  abimd.int  country  of  W'oUaiiuit,  from  whence 
they  niif;lit  be  enabled  to  furnish  ;i  constant  sup- 
ply of  |)ro\isions  to  Astoria. 

As  there  was  too  j^q-eat  a  pro|)orlion  of  clerks 
(or  the  number  of  iirivates  in  the  service,  the  vw- 
gajiemenis  of  three  of  them,  Koss  Cox,  Ross,  ;ind 
M'Lennan,  were  surrendered  to  them,  and  they 
immedi.ilely  enrolletl  themselves  in  the  service  of 
the  N'ortluvest  Company  ;  f^lad,  no  doubt,  to  es- 
cape from  wh.it  they  considered  a  sinking  sliip. 

I  laving  made  all  these  .arrangements,  the  four 
partners,  on  the  llrst  of  July,  signed  a  form.il 
manifesto,  slating  the  alarming  state  of  their  af- 
fairs, from  the  non-arrival  of  the  annual  ship,  am! 
the  absence  and  ;i|)pri'heiuled  loss  of  the  ISeaver, 
their  want  of  goods,  their  des])air  of  recei\'ing  any 
further  sup|)ly,  their  ignor.ince  of  the  coast,  and 
their  dis,ip|)ointment  as  to  the  interior  trade, 
which  they  pronounced  uneiiual  lo  llie  expenses 
incurred,  and  inciuupetenl  lo  stand  ag.iinsl  the 
])owerful  op]iositiou  of  the  Northwest  Comp.my. 
And  as  by  the  i6th  .article  of  the  comp.my's  .agree- 
ment, they  were  authorized  to  abandon  this  under- 
taking .and  dissolve  the  concern,  if  before  the 
])eriod  of  t"ive  years  it  should  be  found  unprofita- 
ble, they  now  formally  announceil  their  intention 
lo  do  so  on  the  ist  day  of  June,  of  the  ensuing 
year,  unless  in  the  interim  they  should  receive  the 
necessary  supjiort  and  supplies  froni  .Mr.  Astor, 
or  the  stockholders,  with  orders  to  continue. 

This  insirument,  accompanied  by  priv.ite  letters 
of  similar  imjiort,  was  delivered  to  Mr.  M'Tavish, 
who  departed  on  the  5th  of  July.  He  engageil  to 
forward  the  dispatches  to  Mr.  Astor,  by  the  usual 
winter  ex[)ress  sent  overland  by  the  Northwest 
Company. 

The  m.inifi'sto  was  signed  with  great  reluctance 
by  Messrs.  Clarke  and  I).  Stuart,  whose  experi- 
ence by  no  me.ms  justified  the  discouraging  ac- 
count given  in  it  of  the  internal  trade,  and  who 
considered  the  main  difficulties  of  ex|)loring  an 
unknown  and  savage  country,  and  of  ascertaining 


the  best  trndinR  and  Irappinp  proumU,  in.ic-rcji 
iiurasure  overcome.  They  were  ovrrriili'tl  L,, 
ever,  by  the  urgent  instances  ot  M '  1  )uuir!il  iJ,,! 
M'Ken/ie,  who,  h.iving  resoUed  upon  .ilwinign,,,' 
the  I'nterprise,  were  desirous  ot  unking  ,n  sironi 
,1  case  as  possible  to  excuse  their  conduct  to  Mr 
Astor  ami  to  the  svurld,  '  ' 


CHAl'TKR  LV. 

Willi, F.  dilTiculties  and  disisters  h.ul  hocn  ni!;. 
ering  .about  the  infant  settlement  nl  .\si()ii;i  p^ 
mind  of  its  projector  at  New  N'oik  w,is  apa-vij 
great  anxiety.  The  ship  l.ark,  disp.iichwl  livlu;,-, 
with  supplies  for  the  establishment,  s.iilud  lir,  liv 
6th  of  March,  .'Sij.  Within  a  fortniglu  aficrw.inr 
he  received  intelligence  which  jiistilicd  all  his.v 
prehensions  of  hostility  on  the  p.irt  ot  the  lirij,!!, 
The  Northwest  Company  hail  m.idf  :i  ^^M 
memorial  to  th.it  government,  repia seiitinjr  .\^. 
toria  as  an  American  est.iblishiuenl,  siatiiiirth^ 
vast  scope  of  ilr.  contemplate  I  oper.itidiis,  m,ii;ii:. 
lying  the  strength  of  its  lortifualions,  and  cvpas- 
sing  their  fears,  th, it,  iiidess  criislird  in  the  bml, 
it  would  effect  the  downhill  ol  iheir  tr.iik'. 

Inlluenced  by  these  repre.-cntalions,  the  liriiiih 
Ciovernment  ordered  the  Irig.ite  I'lioi-he  lohuilf. 
tached  as  a  convoy  for  the  armed  ship,  |,;i,ic 
'I'ofld,  which  was  re.idy  to  sail  with  men  and  iiiu- 
nilions  tor  forming  a  new  establishment.  Thr; 
were  lo  proceed  together  lo  the  monih  ut  ihu  Cj- 
liimbia,  capture  or  destroy  whiitev  rr  .Ainuriiin 
f:)i'tress  they  should  find  there,  and  phint  ihu  llir.- 
ish  dag  on  its  ruins. 

Informed  of  these  movemenls,  Mr.  .Xstor  lust 
11)  lime  in  addressing  a  second  letter  to  iho  .Sec- 
retary of  State,  communicating  this  iiuellij^uiiif, 
and  rec|uesling  it  might  lie  '.aid  bclore  the  l'it>i- 
dent;  .as  no  notice,  iiowever,  had  liciiitakcn  nt 
his  ])revious  letter,  he  contented  himsclt  with  this 
simple  conununication,  and  m.ule  no  further  ap- 
plication f(H"  aid. 

Awakened  now  to  the  danger  that  menaced  tlie 
establishment  at  Astoria,  and  aware  of  the  im- 
portance of  protecting  this  foothold  ot  .\nierirM 
commerce  and  empireonthe  shoresol  the  I'aiitic, 
the  government  determined  to  sead  the  Irij^.ite 
.\danis,  CapLain  Crane,  upon  this  service.  On 
hearing  of  this  determination,  Mr.  .Asttir  ininie- 
di.itely  proceeded  to  tit  out  a  ship  calleil  the  Kn- 
terjjrise,  to  s.iil  in  com[)any  with  the  Adams, 
freighted  with  additional  supplies  and  reinlura- 
meats  for  Astoria. 

About  the  middle  of  June,  while  in  the  midst  oi 
these  preparations,  Mr.  Astor  received  a  letter 
from  Mr.  R.  Stuart,  dated  St.  Louis,  May  i^t, 
confirming  the  intelligence  already  received 
through  the  public  newspapers,  of  his  sate  return, 
and  of  the  arrival  of  Mr.  Hunt  and  his  party  at 
Astoria,  and  giving  the  most  daltering  accounts 
of  the  prosjjerity  of  the  enterprise. 

So  deep  had  been  the  anxiety  of  Mr.  Astor,  tor 
the  success  of  this  great  object  of  Ids  amlntina, 
th.at  this  gleam  of  good  news  was  almost  over- 
powering. "  I  felt  ready,"  said  he,  '•to  kill  upon 
my  knees  in  a  transport  of  gratitude." 

At  the  same  time  he  heard  that  die  l)eaverli.Kl 
made  good  her  vovage  from  New  '.  ork  to  the  Co- 
lumbia. This  was  additional  ground  of  hope  lor 
the  welfare  of  the  little  colony.  The  post  hfn.s,' 
thus  relieved  and  strengthened  with  an  AiTiencan 
•at  its  head,  and  a  ship  of  war  about  lo  sail  tor  it^ 
protection,  the  prospect  for  the  future  seemed  tu.. 


iNSTOKIA. 


41ft 


nfencouMKcmpnt,  and  IMr.  Astnr  proceeded,  with 

fre  hviL'or,  to  lit  out  his  niciTli.iiit  shin. 

{■|,(„rtunatfly  ior  Astoria,  this  hriKht  (jleam  of 
sjnsliiMf  was  soon  overclouded.  Juist  as  the 
Vlinishail  rfceive.!  I'.er  cnmi)iemeiUof  men,  and 
J;,,.'iwii  vessels  were  ready  lor  sea,  news  came 
Irmi  Commodore  Chauncey,  commanding;  on 
L-ikc  (tiitarlo,  that  a  renilorcement  ol  seamen 
.,.,.•  „  iiiird  in  th.it  (luarler.      'I'he  demand  w.is 


L:ikc  vMii.iiiv',    >■ 

\ni  wantuil  in  th.it  (|uarler 
^p,,.nt,  the  crew  ot  the  Adam 
;rnsfcrrfil  to  that  service,  and  lii 


I'lie  demand  w.is 

is  was  immechately 

'  "'e  biiip  was  hiid 


CII.M'ri'.R  LVI. 

\Vr  liavo  iiitlicrto  liad  so  mucii  to  relate  of  a 
;';onmy  ami  disastrous  nature,  tliat  it  is  with  a 
!  lini,' of  nioiiieiitary  ridief  we  turn  to  something'- 
<■!  :i  mnrL-  ])lcasinj,'-  complexion,  and  record  the 
liw,  anil  indeed  only  nuptials  in  hij^h  lih'  that 
ijok  plaif  ill  the  infant  settlement  of  Astori.a. 

M'Douifal,  who  a])pe,irs  to  have  been  a  man  of 
3  th'iiisaiul  |)ro]ects,  and  of  jrreat  thouj^h  some- 
uh.it  irrej,'ular  .-nnhition,  sucUlenly  conceived  the 
il.':i  of  scL'kiii;.;  the  h.and  of  one  of  the  native 
princtsses,  a  (lauj(hter  of  the  one-eyed  |)otentate 
Comcoiiily,  who  held  sway  over  the  tishinjr  tribe 
of  the  Chinooks,  and  had  long  supplietl  tlie  lac- 
Urywiiii  smells  and  sturgeons. 

Some  accounts  give  rather  a  romantic  origin  to 
li;is  affair,  tracing  it  to  the  stormy  night  when 
M'Doiicjal,  in  the  course  of  an  ('xpforing  exptuli- 
liin,  was  driven  by  stress  of  we.ither'  to  seek 
Satlti-r  in  the  rnyal  abode  of  C<imcondy.  Then 
a'l.l  thc-i-j  he  was  first  struck  with  the  ch.arms  of 
this  piscalnry  princess,  as  slie  exerted  herself  t;) 
entertain  her  father's  guest. 

Tile  "journal  of  Astoria,"  however,  which  was 
kept  iiiidci-  his  own  eye,  records  this  union  as  a 
hi;,'hst;ite  alliance,  and'greal  stroke  of  policy.  The 
ii'-t'iry  had  to  depend,  in  a  great  measure,  on  the 
Chinnoks  ior  provisions.  They  were  at  present 
l"cii(ily,  hut  it  was  to  be  feared  they  would  prove 
otherwise,  should  they  discover  the  weakness  and 
'.'■.e  e\i^'encies  of  the  post,  and  the  intention  to 
iiT.c  the  country.  This  alliance,  therefore,  would 
"il.iilibly  rivet  Comcomly  to  the  interests  of  the 
Astorians,  and  with  him  the  powerful  tribe  of  the 
wtnnoKS.  lie  this  as  it  may,  and  it  is  hard  to 
iv.hmi  the  real  iiolicv  of  governors  and  princes, 
•H  l)oii-al  dispatched  two  of  the  clerks  as  ambas- 
*ilii;s  cxtranrdinary,  to  wait  upon  the  one-eyed 
'■■iie.t.nn,  and  make  overtures  for  the  hand  of'his 
ilau^'hter. 

The  Chinooks,  though  not  a  verv  refined  na- 
|in,  h.ive  notions  of  matriinonial  .-I'rningements 
mt  would  not  disgrace  the  most  refined  sticklers 


for  settlements  and  pin  money.  The  suitor  rev 
pairs  not  to  iluf  bower  of  liis  mistress,  but  to  lier 
father's  lodge,  .uid  throws  down  a  prrsent  at  his 
feet.  His  wishes  .ire  then  dis( dosed  by  somt!  dis. 
creet  friend  employed  by  him  lor  the  juiriiose.  If 
the  suitor  and  his  present  lind  favor  in  the  eyes  of 
the  father,  he  bre.iks  the  matter  to  his  d.iugliter, 
.md  iiupiires  into  tiie  stale  of  her  inclin.itions. 
.Should  her  ;inswer  be  favorable,  the  suit  is  ac- 
cepted, and  till'  lover  has  to  make  further  presents 
to  the  father,  of  horses,  canoes,  and  other  v.ilu.i- 
bles,  according  to  the  beauty  and  merits  ot  the 
bride  ;  loid<ing  forward  to  a  return  in  kind  when- 
ever tlu'y  sli.dl  go  to  housekeeping. 

We  have  more  than  once  had  occ.ision  to  speak 
of  the  shrewdness  ot  Comcomly  ;  but  never  was  it 
exerted  more  adroitly  tli.in  on  this  occ.ision.  He 
was  ;i  gre.it  friend  ot  Al'Dougal,  and  pleased  with 
the  idea  of  having  so  distinguished  ,i  son-in-l.uv  ; 
but  so  f,ivor;d)le  ,in  op|)orluiiily  ot  beiuditing  his 
own  fortune  W.IS  not  likely  to  occur  a  second  time, 
and  he  determined  to  ni.ike  the  most  of  it.  Ac- 
cordingly, the  negotiation  was  prolr.icted  with 
true  (lipiomatic  skill.  (."onfereiice  .itter  conler- 
Jlice  was  litdd  with  the  two  ;imb.issadi)rs  ;  t,"om- 
comly  was  extr;i\;ig.int  in  his  terms,  rating  the 
vliarms  of  his  daughter  at  the  highest  |)rice,  ;ind 
indeed  she  is  represented  as  having  oiu;  ot  tin; 
flattest  and  most  .iristocralieal  heads  in  the  tribe. 
At  length  the  |)reliminaries  were  all  happily  .id- 
justed.  On  the  20th  of  July,  e.irly  in  tiie  alter- 
noon,  a  sepiadron  ot  c.inoes  crossed  over  Ironi  tha 
\ill.ige  of  the  Chinooks,  bearing  the  royal  family 
of  Come omly,  ;ind  all  his  court. 

'I'li.it  wiu-'thy  s.ichem  landed  in  ])rincely  st.ite, 
arr.iyed  in  a  bright  bliii'  blanket  and  red  Itreech- 
(lout,  with  an  extr.i  <piantity{)t  p.iint  ;ind  fe;itli(!rs, 
attended  by  a  train  ol  half-n.iked  warriors  and  no- 
bles. A  horse  was  in  waiting  to  recei\e  the 
princess,  who  was  mounted  behind  one  of  the 
clerks,  and  thus  conveyed,  coy  but  comidiant,  to 
the  lortress.  Here  she  was  received  with  devout 
though  decent  joy,  by  her  expecting  bridegroom. 

Her  brid.il  adornments,  it  is  true,  at  first  c.iused 
some  little  dismay,  having  painted  and  anointed 
herstdf  for  the  occasion  according  to  the  ('liinook 
toilet  ;  by  dint,  however,  of  <-opious  ablutions,  she; 
was  freed  trom  all  adventitious  tint, and  fr.igr.ince, 
and  entered  into  the  nuptial  stat(.',  the  ck'anest 
|)rincess  that  had  ever  been  known,  of  the  some- 
what unctuous  tribe  of  the  Chinooks. 

From  that  time  forward  Comcomly  was  ;i  daily 
visitor  ;il  the  fort,  and  was  .admitted  into  the  most 
intimate  councils  of  his  son-in-l.iw.  He  took  an 
interest  in  everything  that  w;is  going  forward,  but 
was  p.irticularly  freipieiit  in  hisxisits  to  the  bl.udv- 
smitli's  shop,  tasking  the  labors  of  tlu'  arliticer  in 
iron  for  every  kind  of  weapon  and  implement 
suited  to  the  savage  st.ite,  iiisomiudi  that  the 
necessary  business  of  the  f.ictory  w.is  olteii  ))ost- 
poned  to  attend  to  his  re(|uisitions. 

The  houeymoon  had  scarce  ])assed  away,  and 
M'f)ougal  was  seated  with  his  bride  in  the  lortress 
of  Astoria,  when,  about  noon  of  the  20th  of  Au- 
gust, Cassaco]),  the  son  of  Comcomly,  hurried  into 
his  |)resence  with  great  agitation,  and  announced 
a  ship  at  the  mouth  of  the  river.  The  news  pro- 
duced a  vast  sensation.  W.is  it  .a  ship  ot  peace 
or  war  .'  Was  it  .'imerican  or  15ritisli  .'  Was  it 
the  lieaver  or  the  Isaac  Todd  .'  M'Dougal  hur- 
ried to  the  w.iler-side,  threw  himself  into  a  boat, 
and  ordered  the  hands  to  pull  with  all  sjieed  for 
the  mouth  of  the  h.irbor.  Those  in  the  fort  re- 
mained watching  the  entrance  of  the  river,  anx- 
ious to  know  whether  they  were  to  prepare  for 


i 


■I'v'tt 


ASTORIA. 


I    ! 


I' 


iM 


Krc(tii)(,'  .1  friend  or  finliliiHJ  •>"  ini'my.  At 
Icii^'th  il\c  ship  was  (l(^(  ritil  (■nissin},^  lite  har, 
aiwl  liiMulinK  luT  coiirsL-  toward  Astoria.  ICvcry 
(;a/e  w.is  tixcd  upon  her  in  silent  scrutiny,  untd 
the  yXnicrican  llan;  was  rccoj^ni/ed.  A  L'cncral 
shout  was  the  lir  ,t  cvprcssioii  ot  joy,  ancrnext  a 
sahitation  was  ihundind  Irom  the  cannon  of  the 
iort. 

The  \('ssel  canie  to  anclior  on  the  opposite  side 
of  the  river,  and  returned  the  salute.  1  he  boat  ol 
Mr.  M'Dou^mI  went  on  hoard,  .md  w.is  seen  re- 
lurninjr  Lite  in  the  .iltenioon,  'l"lie  Astorians 
w.Uched  her  with  siraininj;  eyes,  to  discover  who 
were  on  ho.ird,  but  the  sun  went  down,  .and  the 
eveninj,'  closed  in,  heiore  she  was  sul'ticieiilly 
nc.ir.  At  len^fth  she  re.iched  tile  land,  and  Mr. 
Hunt  stepped  on  siiore.  He  w.is  ii.iiled  ;is  one 
risen  Irom  tin;  de.id,  and  his  return  w.is  .i  si;^Ni,il 
for  nierrinient  almost  e(pial  to  th.il  which  prevail- 
ed ;it  till'  nuptials  of  M'I)oi1},m1. 

We  must  now  explain  the  cause  of  this  f^eiUle- 
ni.in's  lon|^^  absence,  which  had  i^iven  rise  to  such 
j^loomy  and  dispiriting  surmises. 


CH A I'TI'.R   I.VII. 

If  will  be  recollected  that  the  destination  of 
the  Heaver,  when  she  s.iiled  Irom  Astori.'i  oil  the 
4th  ot  August  in  1S12,  was  to  proceed  mn'tliward- 
ly  .ilcmijlhe  coast  to  Slu'etk.i,  or  New  Arch.uigel, 
there  to  dispose  of  that  p.irt  of  her  cargo  intend- 
ed for  the  supply  of  the  Russian  establishment  at 
that  pl.ice,  ;ind  then  to  return  to  Aslori.i,  where 
it  was  I'xpected  she  would  ;inive  in  October. 

New  .Archangel  is  silu.iled  in  Norfolk  .Sound, 
l.it.  57'  2'  N.,  long.  135  50'  W.  It  was  the  he.ad- 
(|Uarteis  nl  tlu'  different  colonii'S  of  the  Russian 
l''ur  Company,  ;uid  the  commun  reiide/vous  ol  the 
American  \'essels  trading  along  the  coast. 

The  IleaviM'  met  with  nothing  worth}'  ol  |),irlic- 
ular  mention  in  her  voy.ige,  ;ind  arrived  at  New 
Arch.mgcd  on  tin;  19th  of  .August.  The  ])l.ice  at 
th.U  lime  w;is  the  residence  of  Count  li.ir.mhoff, 
the  go\'ernor  of  the  dilfereiU  colonies,  ;i  rough, 
rugged,  hospitable,  hard-drinking  old  Russian  ; 
somewh.it  of  :i  soldier,  somewhat  of  a  trader  ; 
above  all,  a  boon  comp.inion  of  the  old  rovsiering 
school,  with  a  strong  cross  of  the  bear. 

.Mr.  Hunt  f(3und  this  hyperborean  veteran  en- 
sconced in  :i  tort  which  crested  the  whole  ot  a 
high  rocky  ])romont()r\-.  It  mounted  one  hundred 
guns.  Large  and  small,  and  was  impregn.ible  to 
lndi,-in  .attack,  unaided  by  artillery.  Ilerc;  the 
old  governor  lorded  it  over  sixty  Russians  who 
fm-nied  tile  corps  of  the  trading  est.iblishment, 
besides  an  indetmite  number  of  Indian  hunters  of 
the  Kodi.ik  tribe,  who  were  continually  coming 
and  going,  or  lounging  and  loitering  about  the 
fort  like  so  m.any  hounds  round  a  sportsman's 
Innuing  ([U.arters.  Though  a  loose  liver  among 
his  guests,  the  governor  was  ;i  strict  disciplinarian 
among  his  men,  keeping  them  in  |ierfect  subjec- 
tion, .and  having  seven  on  guard  night  .and  d.ay. 

ISesides  those  iminedi.ite  serfs  ami  dependents 
just  mentioned,  the  old  Russian  ])oteiUate  exerted 
a  consider.ible  sway  over  a  numerous  and  irregu- 
lar class  of  ni.aritime  tr.aders,  who  looked  to  him 
for  aid  .and  munitions,  .and  through  whom  he  mav 
be  said  to  h.ave,  in  some  degree,  extended  his 
jiower  along  the  whole  northwest  coast.  These 
were  .American  captains  of  vessels  engaged  in  a 
particul.ir  department  of  trade.  One  of  tliese  caji- 
tains  would  come,  in  a  manner,  empty-handed  to 


New   Arcli.mge' 


Here 


ew  Arcii.ingei.  Mere  nis  ^hlp  wmilil  i„.  , 
nished  with  about  lilty  canoes  anil  ;i  liiniclnii  i;'' 
diak  hunters,  ,uul  lilted  out  with  provisim,,  ,i 
everything  necess.iry  lor  hunting  the  Mii.,,),;., j',! 
the  coast  ol  (.'.ililorni.i,  where  the  kiis.si.nis  hw" 
another  establishment.  The  ship  wmild  ply  .ijor! 
the  C.dilornian  (oast  from  pLu  (•  to  nliux-  df,,'' 
ping  parlies  of  otter  hunters  in  their  cmui'.s  t^t' 
nishing  them  only  with  water,  and  lca\uij;  li.,,.;^,* 
to  di'pend  upon  their  own  dexterity  lur  ,1  i,,aj|,,. 
naiici.'.  When  ,a  siiriicieiit  cargo' was  riillcn'..' 
she  would  gather  up  her  (  aiioes  and  liiiiittrs,  ,ii)il' 
return  with  them  to  /Xn  h.ingel,  wlicie  ihc'uii. 
tain  would  render  in  the  returns  ol  his  vuv.i'/r 
.and  reci'ive  one  h.ill  of  the  skins  lor  his  sh.iri.. 

Over  these  laiastingcipt.ains,  jiswc  h;i\i' liiiiinl, 
the  veteran  governor  exerted  some  sort  of  s\\,v 
but  it  W.IS  ot  ;i  pt.'culiar  and  char.ictcristir  kiiii' 
it  was  the  tyranny  of  the  t.able.  Tlic\  wi  ri:  ulilimj 
to  join  him  in  his  "  prosnics"  (jr  canjiLs.ils, ,i!i,| 
to  drink  "  potations  pottlt!  deep."  His  c-irmisalu 
loo,  were  not  of  llu'  most  (piiet  kiiiil,  iior  «crt 
his  potations  ;is  mild  as  nta'lar.  "Ileiscurtin. 
ually,"  s.nd  .Mr.  Hunt,  "giving  entcn,i;r,niur,i 
by  way  of  par.ade,  and  if  ymi  do  not  diiiiK  r.iv. 
rum,  and  boiling  punch  as  strong  ;is  siiiphiir,  b; 
will  insult  \du  .as  soon  as  he  gets  driiiik,  which :; 
very  shortly  alter  sitting  down  to  tahle," 

As  to  any  "  teniiierance  captain"  whn  bton'i 
fast  to  his  Liith,  .iikI  refused  to  give  ii|)  his  snhn. 
ety,  he  might  go  elsi'where  Uir  a  market,  I'lrh? 
stood  no  chance  with  the  gnvenuir.  K,iit!v. 
however,  did  any  cold-w;iter  caililf  el  iju,'  ki:/, 
darken  the  door  of  old  Il.ir.inliolf  ;  the  coasii!-,.; 
captains  knew  too  well  his  humor  and  their  nui; 
interests  ;  they  joined  in  his  revels,  thiy  dr,ir,k, 
and  sang,  and  wlToo|)ed,  and  hicciipcd,  liiiiil  iht,' 
all  got  "  h.alf  seas  over,"  and  then  affairs  wi-iUrri 
swimmingly. 

An  awltil  warning  to  all  "  llincliers"  occurrtii 
shortly  behjre  Mr.  Hunt's  arrival.  .A  y(iiiH){  iiavii 
ollicer  had  rei-eiilly  been  sent  out  by  the  c-ir.perT 
to  t.ake  comm.and  of  one  of  the  com|).mv's  vcssiis. 
The  governor,  as  usual,  had  him  ,it  Ids  "pros- 
nics," and  plied  him  with  liery  potations.  Thu 
young  m.an  stood  on  the  defensive  emil  i!i(;(V, 
count's  ire  was  completely  kindled  ;  lie  canin: 
his  point,  and  made  tlie  greenhorn  ti|isy,  u  Ly 
nilly.'*,  In  proportion  as  they  grew  liKldlwl  ili.' 
grew  t'oisy,  they  (juarrelled  in  their  iiips;;t.; 
young:-,ter  jiaid  old  ISananhoff  in  his  owiuuiniy 
r.aling  him  soundly;  in  reward  for  whirh,  uix:. 
sober,  he  was  taken  the  rounds  ol  Iniir  pi(ki.:\ 
and  received  seventy-nine  laslies,  talcd  o'Jtu;.. 
Russian  punctuality  of  punishment. 

.Such  w.is  the  old  gri/i'led  bi.r,  widi  whnm  Mr. 
Hunt  h.ad  to  do  his  business.  How  he  ni,iiia;;':i! 
to  cope  with  his  humor  ;  whether  he  iilcdgtii 
himself  in  raw  rum  and  bla/ing  punch,  anJ 
"clinked  the  can"  with  him  as  they  mndetheir 
b.argains,  does  not  apjiear  upon  record  ;  we  mils; 
infer,  howeve.',  from  his  gener.il  observations  en 
the  absolute  sway  ot  this  hard-drinking  piUcntaie. 
that  he  had  to  conform  to  the  cnstuiiis  nf  l'.:5 
court,  and  that  their  business  tr.uisac  lions  pre- 
sented ;i  maudlin  mixture  of  punc:li  .ami  p'cltry. 

The  greatest  annoy.ance  to  Mr.  Hunt,  huwcvcr, 
was  the  del.ay  to  wdiich  he  w.is  suhieclcii  imhs- 
posing  of  the  cargo  of  the  ship  and  getting'  the  re- 
(piisile  returns.  With  all  the  govi'riun-'s  di  votu"; 
to  the  bottle,  he  never  obfuscated  his  tacu.'.." 
sutricientlyto  lose  sight  of  his  interest,  and  is  rt!> 
resented  by  Mr.  Iliint  .as  keen,  not  to  say  cr.i,;;.^ 
at  a  bargain  as  the  most  arrant  w.iter  (Innker.  -A 
long  timti  was  expended    negotiaiing  uith  .iin, 


ASTORIA. 


491 


,  ^.  ,|,f  time  tho  hnrRnin  wns  rnncliidpd,  the 
' ',i,ji  „t  OrlolHT  li.iil  .irrivrd.  'I'd  ;i(|i|  tf)  the  di'- 
i,v'|ic\\astolic|).ud  tor  his  <;irKo  in  sral  skins. 

\iw  it  Ml  li.ipi"'"^'''   '''■'"  ''"■'''  ^^'"'^  '"""'  "*  '''"* 
1,,,I,|  (if  peltry  .It  till'  lort  ot  old  ll,ir.inli(p|f.     It  was 


li^lil  (II  |ii:ui  > .  ,        ,  ,  1 

*arv,  tlu;rtforc,  icr  Mr.  Hunt  to  iirncfcd  la  a 
.mli'ii'K'  i'->til''isiinuiit,    wliiili   llif    Kussiaii 


,\l  the  iilami  lit  .St.  I'.iill  111  tilf  SIM  ol 
ni,ilutk.i.  llf  acdiidinjrly  set  sail  on  the  4tli 
„,  (Vtolitr,  alti'i'  li.ivin^;  s|)fiit  torty-tivc  days  at 
SViV,\riii,iiit;i'l.  lioo-,iiiK  ;iiid  h.-ii-Kaiiiinj;  with  its 
riivsic'rini,'  Cdiniii. uhUt,  ,ind  ri^;lu  K'Lid  was  h«  to 
csiMpclruin  tliL' tlut(hfs  ot  tills  "old  man  of  tin- 


c>c,ipc  li'uin 

"'  Ihc  lieiiver  arrived  at  St.  I'aiil's  on  the  .31st  of 
liy  whiih  timi',  a^■^ordin^,r  to  arr.iiij;i- 
liavL'  hi'fii    liai  k  at  Aston, 1. 


Tlic  i>l.iii'l 

(;iiu(li!  170   or  171 


n'.fiit,  lu-  (Uinht  to 

id  (it  St.  I'aul  s  IS  in  l.itiludc  57  N.,  lon- 
,  .,.  W.  Its  siiori'S  in  icrtain 
anil  .'It  rcrtain  stt.isons,  are  covcri-d  with 
id\  while  iitluTs  arc  playin>(  aliotit  in  the  w.itcr. 
(i|  thisf,  till-  Ktissians  t.iku  only  iht;  sin.iil  niu  s, 
iriin  M'Vfii  to  till  months  old,  and  cari'tiilly  sc- 
Icdihi' m.ilt's,  ^(ivinK  the  fi-malcs  their  freedom, 
i!;.it  ihc  lirccil  m.iy  not  l)e  diminished.  'I'lie 
i,UmliTs,  however,'  kill  the  larf;e  ones  lor  nro 
vi.j.iib,  and  fur  skins  wherewith  to  eover  tlieir 
ciiim^'i.  'I'lieyilrive  them  from  the  shore  over  the 
piclii,  until  within  ;i  short  distance  of  their  li.ihi- 
•  ;!i,)!is,  where  they  kill  them.  liy  this  means 
'M  ''.ive  themselves  the  trouble  of  earryin),^  the 
>k;iii,  and  have  the  llesh  .it  hand.  'I'his  is  thrown 
i:i  helps,  anil  when  the  season  lor  skinning,'  is 
i,vi-r,  tliey  lake  out  the  entrails  and  m.ike  one 
i.cijii'f  llie  hhihher.  This  with  drilt-wond  serves 
|ir  I'uil.  fiirllu;  island  is  entirely  desiitiite  of  trees. 
Ti'ifv  make  aiiiilher  heap  of  the  flesh,  whieh,  with 
i:/jc';',;siitse:i-ti)wls,  |)reserved  in  oil,  .in  nee.isional 
iti-ii'M,  a  tew  duiks  in  winter,  and  some  wild 
nut'.  i.nm|i(jse  their  food. 

Mr.  Hunt  fdiiiid  seven  Russians  ;it  the  island, 
,r,|iinc  luinilreil  hunters,  natives  of  ()onalaska, 
,;!!i  ilu-ir  taniilies.  They  lived  in  eahins  that 
hiikid  like  eanoes  ;  bein^r,  for  the  most  part, 
(jrnu'.l  111  the  jaw-bone  of  a  whale,  put  up  as  rall- 
irs,  .KTiiss  whieh  were  l.iid  pieees  of  drift-wood 
ciuri-il  over  with  lonj,'  ^;rass,  tlie  skins  of  lar).(e  sea 
:.:iim,.l.s,  and  earth,  so  ;is  to  be  ([uite  eomfort- 
aiilc,  in  despite  of  the  rij^ors  ot  the  elimale  ;  tli(iuj,di 
uc.irc  liild  they  had  ;is  aneieiu  ;inil  lish-like  .111 
cilur,  "as  had  the  (juarters  of  Jon.ili,  when  he 
i.'i!,;iil  within  the  whale." 

ill  line  (it  these  iidoriferous  m.ansions  Mr.  Hunt 
'.' iMiinnally  lonk  up  his  abodi:,  that  he  mi,L,du  be 
a  ii-iml  ti)  h.isten  the  loading-  of  the  shi|).  The 
'jpcniiiun,  Iviwever,  was  somewh.'it  slow,  for  it 
wiis  niTess.'iry  to  overhaul  .-ind  iiispeit  everv  paek 
lJ|iri-vent  ini|i()silioi\,  and  the  peltries  h.id  then  to 
iii'Oihveyed  in  lap^^e  boats,  made  of  skins,  to  the 
ship,  whirh  was  some  little  distance  from  the 
si'irc,  standin,^,'  off  and  on. 

"''-■ni;4lu,  while  .Mr.  Hunt  was  on  shore,  with 
^wi'jdihers  iil  iheerew,  there  rose  a  terrible  i^-.ile. 
\\iOT  the  day  broke  the  ship  was  not  to  be  seen. 
Hew, itched  tor  her  with  .anxious  ey  ■•  mitil  niijht, 
"■■tinvain,  l);iy  ;ifier  day  ol  boisleious  storms 
:':i'l  liiiwlini,^  wintry  weather  were  passed  in 
^v.ilchlulness  and  solicitude.  Xothinif  was  to  be 
■"■-•n  h'Jt  a  d,irk  and  anjjry  se;i,  .'ind  a  scowling 
r.'rilifrn  sky  ;  and  at  night  he  retired  within  the 
.'■•5  of  the  whale,  and  nestled  ilisconsolately 
•^""'ns;  seal  skins. 

Atlen',rth,  on  the  ijlh  ot  November,  tlie  ISeaver 
:ii.ii,L-  her  appearance,  much  the  worse  for  the 
stormy  conflicts  she  had  sustained  in  those  hvper- 


hnri'an  sp.ns.  Shr  hnrl  been  obliprd  to  r.nrry  a 
press  of  sail  in  heavy  ^JaU•s,  to  be  ,ible  to  hold 
her  ground,  .ind  had  conseijuently  siist. lined  gre.it 
dam.ige  in  her  canvas  .iiul  rigging,  .Mr.  llimt 
lost  no  timi'  in  luirrving  the  residue  of  the  c.irgo 
on  bo.ird  of  her  ;  then,  iiid  ling  adieu  to  liis  se.il- 
lishiiig  Irieiids  ,ind  his  wh.iUlione  h.ibit.ition,  he 
put  forth  oiu'e  more  to  sea. 

He  w.is  now  for  m. iking  the  best  of  his  \\,iy  (o 
Astoria,  and  lortun.ite  would  it  have  been  lor  the 
interests  ot  tli.it  place,  ,ind  the  interests  ot  .Mr. 
Astor,  h,i(l  he  done  so  ;  liut,  uiiliii  kily ,  .1  per|)li'x- 
mg  ipiestioii  rose  in  his  mind.  The  s.iils  iiiul  rig- 
ging of  the  Heaver  had  been  much  rent  and  sluit- 
tered  in  the  kite  storm  ;  would  she  lie  able  to 
sl.ind  the  h.ird  g.iles  to  be  expected  in  making 
ColumliM  Ki\i'r  at  this  scisoii  ?  W'.is  it  prudent, 
also,  at  this  boisterous  time  ot  the  ye,u',  to  risk  the 
valuable  cargo  which  she  now  h.id  on  bo.ird,  by 
crossin|,r  iind  recrossing  the  dangerous  li.ir  ol  that 
river  ?  'I'hese  <loubts  wen-  prob.ibly  suggested 
or  enforced  by  Captain  Sowle,  who,  it  has  alreaily 
been  seen,  was  an  over-cautious,  or  rather  a 
timid  seam.in,  and  they  may  ha\e  h.id  some 
weight  with  Mr.  Hunt;  but  there  were  other 
lonsider.itions  which  more  strongly  sw.iyed  his 
mind.  The  lateness  ot  tin-  season,  and  the  un- 
foreseen delays  the  shi|)  had  encountiTcd  at  New 
.Archangel,  and  by  being  obliged  to  proceed  to 
St.  Paul's,  had  put  her  so  much  bai  k  in  her  cal- 
culated time,  til, It  there  was  a  risk  ot  her  .irriving 
so  late  .It  Canton  as  to  come  to  a  bad  market, 
both  for  the  sale  of  her  ptdtries  and  the  purchase 
of  .1  return  cargo.  He  considered  it  to  the  inter- 
est of  the  com|)any,  therefore,  that  he  stioukl  pro- 
ceed at  onci'  to  the  Sandwii  li  Isl.mds  ;  there  wait 
the  arrival  of  the  annu.il  \essel  from  New  N'ork, 
taki:  passage  in  her  to  Astoria,  and  suffer  the 
Heaver  to  continue  on  to  Canton. 

On  the  other  h,uid,  he  was  urged  to  the  other 
course  by  his  eiig,igements  ;  by  the  plan  of  the 
voyagt;  m.irked  out  for  the  lieaver,  by  Sir.  .Astor  ; 
by  his  inclination  .ind  the  possibiliiv  l!i,it  the  es- 

iiid  by  the 

.- ^ ,    .>e   a  large 

.imount  of  peltries  collected  at  Astoria,  and  wail- 
ing for  the  return  ot  the  lii'axer  to  coiuey  them  to 
market. 

These  conflicting  (piestions  jierplexed  and  agi- 
t.ited  his  mind,  ;ind  g,ive  rise  to  much  anxious  re- 
lleclion,  for  he  was  ;i  conscientious  man,  that 
seems  ever  to  have  aimed  at  a  faithful  disch.irge 
of  his  duties,  and  to  li,ivi'  had  the  inti'ri'sts  of  liis 
emiiloyers  earnestly  ;it  heart.  His  decision  m  the 
present  instance  \sas  injudicious,  and  proved  un- 
iortunale.  It  u.is,  to  bear  .iway  for  the  Sandwich 
Islands.  He  jiersuaded  himsell  tli.it  it  was  ;i 
malti  .  of  necessity,  and  tli.il  the  distressed  condi-- 
lion  of  llu'  ship  left  him  no  other  .iltenialive  ;  but 
we  r.ither  su.-ipeci  he  \\, is  so  persuaded  by  the  re])- 
reseiilaiions  ot  the  timid  cipiain.  They  accord- 
ingly stood  lor  the  Sanilwich  Islands,  arrived  ;it 
Wo.ihoo,  where  the  ship  underwent  tin-  necessary 
repairs,  and  ag.iin  put  to  sea  on  the  1st  ot  Janu- 
ary, 1S13,  leaving  Mr.  Hunt  on  llie  island. 

\Vc  will  lollow  the  I'leaver  to  Cintoii,  as  her 
fortunes,  in  some  measure,  exemijlif'ied  the  evil  of 
comm.inders  of  ships  acting  contrary  to  orders, 
and  as  they  form  .1  part  of  the  tissue  of  cross-pur- 
poses that  marred  the  gre.it  commercial  enterprise 
we  have  undertaken  to  record. 

The  lieaver  arrived  safe  at  Canton,  wliere 
Captain  Sowle  found  the  letter  of  Mr.  Astor,  giv- 
ing him  inform.ition  of  the  war,  and  directing  him 
to  convey  the  intelligence  to  Astoria,     He  wrote  a 


t.iblishmeiit  might  need  his  present  i-,  and  by  the 
recollection   that  there  must   already   be   a  largi 


425 


ASTORIA. 


''.'  ■'.' 


II  4 


:-;ul 


|)     l:\ 


I N,; 


'   !iJ 


K:  :ni'^ 


reply,  dictated  either  by  timiditvor  olistinary,  in 
wliicli  hu  di'cliiiL'd  complyiiij^  with  the  orders  of 
Mr.  Astor,  hut  .said  he  would  wait  for  tiie  return 
of  peace,  and  then  come  home.  The  other  pro- 
ceedinj^s  of  Captain  Sowie  were  ec|ually  wronij- 
I'.eadcd  and  unluci<y.  lie  was  oftcreti  one  iiun- 
drrd  and  tifty  thousaml  dollars  for  the  fur  he  had 
taken  on  hoard  at  St.  I'aul's.  The  jjoods  tor 
which  it  had  been  procured  cost  but  twenty  livt; 
th'jusand  dollars  in  New  York.  Had  he  accejjted 
this  offer,  and  reinvested  the  'mount  in  nankeens, 
which  at  th  it  time,  '-  <-on:,e([Uence  of  the  inter- 
ruption to  commerce  by  the  war,  were  at  two 
thirds  of  their  usual  price,  the  whole  would  have 
brought  three  hundred  thousand  dollars  in  New 
York.  It  is  true,  the  wa"-  would  have  render- 
ed it  unsafe  to  attempt  the  homeward  voyage,  but 
lie  might  have  out  the  goods  in  store  at  Cniton, 
until  after  the  ;ve;ice,  and  have  sailed  without  risk 
of  capture  to  Astoria  ;  bringing  to  the  partners  .it 
that  place  tidings  of  the  great  profits  realized  on 
the  outward  cargo,  and  the  still  greater  to  be  ex- 
pected from  the  returns.  The  news  of  such  a 
brilli.'.iit  commencement  to  their  undertaking 
would  have  counterbalanced  the  gluomy  tidings 
of  the  ',1,-ar  ;  it  wouUl  have  infused  new  spirit  into 
them  all,  and  given  them  courage  and  constancy 
to  persevere  in  the  enterprise.  Captain  .Sowle, 
however,  refu.:i'd  the  offer  of  one  iiundred  and 
fifty  thousand  dollars,  and  stood  wavering  and 
chaffering  for  higher  terms.  The  furs  beg.in  to 
fall  in  value  ;  this  only  increasc'd  his  irresolution  ; 
they  sunk  so  much  that  he  feared  to  sell  ;U  all  ;  he 
borrowed  money  on  Mr.  Astor's  .iccount  at  ;.n 
interest  of  eighteen  p'.-r  cent,  and  laid  U|)  his  .ship 
to  await  the  return  of  ]ieace. 

In  the  meanwhik!  Mr.  Hunt  soon  saw  reason 
to  repent  the  resolution  he  had  adopted  in  .alter- 
ing the  destination  of  the  ship.  His  stay  at  the 
Sandwirh  Islands  was  ])rolonged  far  beyond  all 
expectation.  He  looked  in  vain  for  the  annual 
ship  in  the  spring.  .Month  after  month  passed 
by,  and  still  she  did  not  make  her  a])i)earance. 
He,  too,  i)roved  the  dinger  of  tiep.irting  from  or- 
ders. Had  he  returned  from  .St.  Paul's  to  .Astoria, 
all  the  anxiety  and  despondency  about  his  fate, 
and  about  the  whole  course  of  the  underl.iking, 
would  ha\-e  been  obviated.  Tlie  ]iea\er  would 
lia\e  received  the  furs  collected  at  the  f.ictory, 
and  taken  them  to  Canton,  and  great  gains,  in- 
stead of  gre.-K  losses,  would  have  been  the  result. 
The  greatest  blunder,  however,  was  that  commit- 
ted by  C.iiit.iin  Sowle. 

At  length,  ;ibo..l  the  20th  of  June,  the  shi|)  .Al- 
batross, Captain  Smith,  arrived  from  China,  and 
lirought  the  tirst  tidings  of  the  war  to  the  S.ind- 
wich  Is'ands.  Mr.  Hunt  w,is  no  longer  m  doubt 
and  perjilexity  as  to  the  reason  of  the  noii-.ippjar- 
ance  of  the  annu.il  shi|).  His  tirst  thoughts  w.Te 
tor  the  welfare  of  Astoria,  ,\nd,  concluding  diat 
the  inh.ibitants  would  probably  be  in  want  of  pro- 
\isions,  he  chartered  tht;  Albatross  tor  two  '.hou- 
sand  dollars,  to  land  him,  with  some  supjjlies,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Columbia,  where  he  .arrixc  1,  as 
we  !iave  seen,  on  the  20th  of  August,  after  a 
y^'ar's  seafaring  that  might  have  furnished  a  chap- 
ter in  the  wanderings  of  Sinhad. 


CHAI'TKR  I.VIII. 

Mr.  Ht'NT  was  overwhelmed  with  surprise 
when  he  learnt  the  resolution  t.iken  by  the  part- 
ners to  .abandon  Astoria.  He  soon  found,  how- 
ever,   that    matters    had   gone   too  far,    :ind   the 


minds  of  his  colleagues  had  become  ton  firn,. 
bent  upon  the  measure,  to  render  ;iny  oniK,,,,; 
otav.iil.  He  was  beset,  too,  with  the  sjuiuMr" 
l)araging  accounts  of  the  interi(,r  tradf  ;,ni|  ?! 
the  whole  concerns  and  jirospccts  of  tlic  m)Mr2 
that  li.id  been  rendered  tw  .Mr.  .Astor.  1|;  ; 
exiienence  had  been  full  of  lierplexilii's  and  (i:' 
cour.igements.  He  had  a  conscientious  an\i''. 
tor  the  interests  of  Mr.  Astor,  and,  not  comir 
hending  the  extended  views  of  that  <'tiiii  J  ' 
and  his  habit  of  operating  with  grer.t  anmu'ius T- 
had  from  the  tirst  been  daunted  hy  the  eiinr^r 
expenses  re( pi i red,  and  had  become  (lishc.rici.rf 
by  the  subse(|ueiU  losses  sustained,  ■.vhirh  j„' 
peared  to  him  to  be  ruinous  in  their  m.i'r.iituiv 
liy  degrees,  therefore,  he  was  hrouj^ht""  to  ,io 
{[uiesce  in  the  step  taken  by  l-.ls  colle.^i'uus  ni 
perhaps  .advisal)le  in  the  exigencies  of  tli't  case- 
his  only  care  was  to  wind  up  the  business  witiiai 
little  further  loss  as  ])()ssible  to  .Mr.  Astor. 

.A  large  stock  of  valuable  furs  was  colleciej.v 
the  f.ictory,  which  it  was  necessary  to  ijct  tj'j 
market.  There  were  twenty  -  five  Samlwun 
Islanders,  also,  in  the  employ' of  the  cniii|i,i:iv 
whom  they  were  bound  by  exjiress  agreciikinii 
restore  to  their  native  country.  T'or  tliL-sc  imr. 
|)oses  a  ship  was  necessarv. 

The  .Albatross  was  bound  to  the  M.-inuiis;i;, 
and  thence  to  the  Sandwich  Islands.  Itwiisrc- 
solved  that  Mr.  Hunt  should  sail  in  her  in  iniHt 
of  a  vessel,  and  should  return,  if  possihlc,  hvij;,; 
1st  oi  J.inuary,  bringing  with  him  a  siip|)ly  (ji'pro. 
visions.  .Should  anything  occur,  howevur,  ly|,re- 
vent  his  return,  an  .arrangement  was  to  he  iro- 
posed  to  Mr.  M'Tavish,  to  transfer  such  nt  ii;-; 
men  ;is  were  so  disposed,  froin  the  serviix  njiiie 
.American  Fur  Company  into  that  of  the  Xnrtli- 
west,  the  latter  bei-oniing  res])onsil/lL'  lor  ilit 
wages  due  them,  on  receiving  an  e(|uivak'm  i:i 
goods  from  the  storehouse  of  the  fnclorv.  .\sa 
means  of  f.icilitating  the  dis|iatch  of  husin^M,  Mr. 
M'Doug.il  ])roposed,  that  in  case  .Mr.  Hunt  shniilj 
not  return,  the  whole  arrangement  with  .\Ir. 
-M'Tavish  should  be  left  sok-ly  to  him.  Tiis 
was  .assented  to,  the  contingency  being  con  i.iiMtJ 
possible,  but  not  ])rob,'ible. 

It  is  proper  to  note,  that  on  the  hrst  announce- 
inent  by  Mr.  .M'Dougal  of  his  intention  to  lirwi; 
up  the  establishment,  three  of  the  clerks,  liriti>h 
subjects,  had,  with  his  consent,  passed  iiilu  iIy 
service  of  the  .\ortlnvest  Company,  and  dunaricil 
with  Mr.  M'T;i\-isb  for  liis  post  in  the  iiUeiinr. 

Having  arr.anged  all  these  m.itlus  (hirini;  a  sn- 
journ  of  six  days  , it  .\stiiii.i,  ?>!r.  Hunt  set  sail  in 
the  .'\ll)atross  on  the  26''o  of  .Aiigira,  :ind  arrivcJ 
v.ithout  accident  at  the  .Mar(|Ueias  ll-nadii'l 
bee"  there  long  when  Porter  arrivril  in  llic  triif.r.e 
r'.ssex,  bringing  in  a  number  ol  sioi;t  Liindna 
wh.iiers  as  jiri/es,  ha\-ing  m.ide  a  swe<  pins,' (tuisi; 
in  the  I'.icitic.  I-"rom  Commodore  I 'oritr  he  re- 
ceived the  al.irming  iiutdligence  th.it  the  llrili^li 
frig.ite  I'ha'be,  with  a  storeship,  'noumtd  with 
i)attering  |)ieces,  calculated  to  atl.ick  tons,  h;.il 
arrived  at  Kio  J.aneiro,  where  sh:'  Icul  been  joiiifd 
by  the  sloo|)s  of  war  Chenii)  and  R.ioion.  ami 
that  thev  had  all  sailed  in  company  on  the  dlh  ol 
Inly  for'the  I'acitic,  bound,  as  it  was  supposed,  li' 
Columbia  River. 

VIere,  tlien,  wi'.s  th.e  denth-warrant  of  unfortu- 
nate .\st  M-i.i  :  'l'!-,e  anxious  mind  of  Mr.  Hu:it 
was  in  gre.iter  |)erplexitv  than  ever,  lie  had  h\-\ 
eager  to  extricate  the  iiroperty  of  Mr.  Astor  Inmi 
a  tailing  concern  with  as  little  loss  as  pn-silili' : 
there  w.is  now  danger  that  the  whole  would  1'' 
swallowed  ui).     How  was  it  to  be  sn.itchud  trciii 


ASTORIA. 


i2i 


fy  -  livf  Saiiilw!cn 


.  m]{ '  It  was  impossible  to  charter  a  ship  for 
'^^ilurpose,  now  that  a  Hritisli  sfiuaclron  was  on 
'■ulav  to  the  river.  He  ajiplied  to  |)urcliase  one 
j  ,1,'e  wii:ile-ships  l)ri)U.L;ht  in  by  Commodore 
1  tcr  Tiie  coinniodore  dcmancled  tvsx'nty-tivc 
Eland  dollars  tor  her.  Tlie  price  apiic.irJd  i-x- 
;,,,j,„it  and  no  !iarj,r;iin  could  be  made.  Mr. 
Hunii-ieii  uri,a'(l  ilie  commodore  to  tit  out  one  of 
Hnri«s  anil  send  her  to  Astoria  to  brinp  off  the 
iroi'icrtv  and  i)art  of  the  people,  i)Ut  he  declined, 
'■Ironi  want  of  au'.hority."  He  assured  Mr. 
Huni  however,  that  he  would  endeavor  to  fall 
inwiih  the  enemy,  or,  slunild  he  hear  of  their  hav- 
n^'  fiTtainly  jfone  to  the  Columbia,  he  would 
iincr  tiilhnv  or  anticipate  theni,  shoukl  his  cir- 
Ustaiues  warrant  such  a  step. 

In  this  lanializin;,^  sta'e  of  suspense,  Mr.  Hunt 
ws  detained  at  the  Marcpiesas  until  November 
I'll  when  he  proceeded  in  the  Albatross  to  'he 
M:i(l\viih  Islands.  He  still  cherished  a  faint  hope 
lh,U,  iidtwithstandinjr  the  war,  and  all  other  dis- 
purairiiiir  circumstances,  the  annual  ship  mi,;,'-ht 
be  heen  sent  by  Mr.  Astor,  and  mijrbt  h.ive 
louchi'd  at  the  islands,  and  proceeded  to  the  Co- 
i'jmbia.  He  knew  the  pride  and  interest  taken 
!h-  that  gentleman  in  his  }^reat  enterprise,  and 
i^nt  he  would  not  be  deterred  bv  dangers  and 
ililliculiies  from  prosecutinjf  it  ;  much  less  would 
he  leave  the  infant  establishment  without  succor 
M(!  support  in  the  tinve  of  trouble.  In  tids,  we 
l.Ave  seen,  he  did  but  justice  to  Mr.  Astor  ;  and 
■.veinust  now  turn  to  notice  the  cause  of  the  non- 
..rrii.il  of  the  vessel  which  he  had  dispatched 
w'.h  reintorcements  and  sui)])lies.  Her  voyaj^e 
^rms  another  chapter  of  accidents  in  this  event- 
la.  -lory. 

The  Lark  sailed  from  New  York  on  the  6th  of 
March,  iSij,  and  proceeded  prosperously  on  her 
vinai;c.  until  within  a  few  dej^rees  of  the  Sand- 
wich Islands.  Here  a  g:\le  s])ranjj  u|)  th.it  soon 
iiiewwith  tremendous  violence.  The  Lark  was  a 
staunch  and  noble  ship,  and  for  a  time  buffeted 
hravclv  with  the  storm.  Unluckily,  however, 
she "  iiroached  to,"  tind  was  struck  by  a  betivy 
sea,  th.it  hove  her  on  her  beam-ends.  The  helm, 
I'M,  \v,is  knocked  to  leeward,  all  commtmd  of  the 
\cssel  was  lost,  and  another  n'lounl.iin  wave  com- 
]U'tcly  overset  her.  Orders  were  .t;;iven  to  cut 
away  the  masts.  In  the  hurry  and  confusion  the 
Iwati  were  alsn  unfortunately  cut  adrift.  'I'he 
wreck  then  ri(,dited,  but  was  a  mere  hulk,  full  of 
wiier,  with  a  he.ivy  sea  washinjf  over  it,  and  all 
the  hatches  off.  On  musterinij  the  crew,  one 
man  was  missMifr,  who  was  discovered  below  in 
the  tiirecastle,  drown  jd. 

hi  cuitin;r  away  tlie  masts  it  had  been  utterly 
iiiipossihle  10  observe  the  necess.'iry  jirecaution  of 
commencinj^  with  the  lee  rif,rjrjnjr,  that  being,  from 
the  position  of  the  slii|),  completely  under  water. 
The  m  ists  and  spars,  therefore,  being  linked  to 
the  wreck  hy  the  shrouds  and  rigging,  remained 
alongside  tor  lour  davs.  During  all  this  time  the 
sh'phiy  rolling  in  the  trough  of  the  sea,  the  heavy 
sjri;es  breaking  over  her,  and  the  sp.ars  lie.iving 
aa ;nuiv.,rii'g  to  and  Iro,  iiruising  the  half-drowned 
sailnrs  tliat  clung  to  the  bowsprit  and  the  stumps 
''the  masts.  The  sufferings  of  these  poor  tel- 
'■«  were  int(ileral)le.  Thev  stood  to  their  waists 
in  water,  in  imminent  peril  of  being  w.ished  off  b\ 
eieryMir;.;e.  In  this  |)osuioii  thev  dared  not  sleep', 
i«t  they_  should  let  go  their  hold  and  be  swept 
way.  I"he  only  dry  place  i.u  the  wreck  was  the 
w^prit.  Ilere'tliey  took  turns  to  be  tied  on,  for 
nail  an  hour  at  a  ume,  and  in  thi^  way  gained 
snort  snatches  of  sleep. 


On  the  14th  the  first  mate  died  at  his  po'-t,  and 
was  swept  off  by  the  surges.  On  the  I7tb  two 
seamen,  taint  and  exhausted,  were  washed  over- 
t)oard.  The  next  wave  threw  their  bodies  back 
upon  the  deck,  where  they  remained,  swashing 
backward  and  forward,  ghastly  objects  to  the  al- 
most i)erish'  g  survivors.  Mr.  Ogden,  the  super- 
cargo, who  V  as  at  the  bowsjirit,  called  to  the  men 
nearest  to  the  bodies  to  fasten  them  to  the  wreck, 
as  a  last  borrit)le  resource  in  case  of  being  driven 
to  extremity  by  famine  1 

On  the  17th  the  gale  gradually  subsided,  and 
the  sea  became  calm.  The  sailors  now  crawled 
feebly  about  the  wreck,  and  began  to  relieve  it 
from  the  main  incumbrances.  The  sjjars  were 
cleared  away,  the  anchors  and  guns  heaved  over- 
board ;  the  spritsail  yard  w.is  rigged  tor  a  jury- 
j  mast,  and  a  mi/.zen-topsail  sc  t  upon  it.  A  sort  of 
stage  was  made  of  a  few  broken  sp.irs,  on  whicli 
the  crew  were  raised  above  tlie  surface  of  the 
water,  so  as  to  be  enabh'd  to  keep  themsehes  dry 
and  to  sleep  comfortably.  Still  their  sufferings 
from  hunger  .and  'hirst  were  great  ;  but  there  was 
a  .Sandwich  Islander  on  bo.ird,  an  expert  swim- 
mer, who  found  his  way  into  tlie  cabin  and  occa- 
sionally brought  U])  a  few  bottles  of  wine  and 
porter,  and  at  length  got  into  the  run,  ,ind  secured 
a  (|uarter  cask  of  wine.  A  little  raw  ])ork  was 
likewise  jirocured,  and  dealt  out  with  a  sparing 
hand.  The  horrors  of  their  situation  were  in- 
creased by  the  sight  of  numerous  sh.arks  prowling 
about  the  wreck,  as  if  w.iiting  for  their  Jirey.  On 
the  24th  th"  cook  a  bl.ick  man,  died,  and  was 
cast  into  the  sea,  when  he  was  instantly  seized  on 
by  these  ravenous  monsters. 

They  had  been  several  days  making  slow  head- 
way under  their  scanty  sail,  when,  on  the  25ih, 
they  c.uiie  in  sight  of  land.  It  was  about  tifteen 
leagues  distant,  and  they  remained  two  or  three 
days  drifting  .along  in  siglit  of  it.  On  the  28tli 
they  descried,  to  their  great  trans|)ort,  a  canoe  ap- 
proaching, nian.iged  by  n.itives.  They  came 
alongside,  and  brought  a  most  welcome'  su])|)ly  of 
pot.itoes.  'I'liey  informed  them  th.it  the  land  they 
had  made  was  one  of  the  Sandwich  Isl.mds.  The 
second  niate  and  one  of  the  seamen  went  on 
shore  in  the  canoe  tor  water  ;ind  provisions,  and 
to  procure  aid  from  the  isl.mders,  in  towing  the 
wreck  into  a  harbor. 

Neither  of  the  men  returned,  nor  was  any  assist- 
ance sent  from  shore.  The  next  day,  ten  or  twelve 
canoes  came  alongside,  but  roamed  roinul  the 
wreck  like  so  many  sharks,  and  would  render  no 
aid  in  towing  her  to  land. 

The    sea   continued    to    break   over   the  vessel 

with    such   violence     that     it   w.is     impossible   to 

stand    at    the    helm    without    the    assist.ince    of 

lashings.     The  crew    were    now  so    worn    down 

by    famine    and      thirst    tb.it    the    c.iptain    s.iw 

it    would     be     imi)ossible     tor    them    to    with- 

st.iiiil    the    bre.ikirig    of   tlie    se.i,    whc:.    the    ship 

should   ground  ;    be  di  enied   tlu;  only  ib.ince  for 

their   lives,    therefore,    was   to  get   to  lanil  in  tlie 

canoes,    and   stand    ready   to   receive  and  protect 

I  the   wreck   when   she  should  drift  to  shore.     Ac- 

I  cordinglv,    they    all    got    s.ile    to    land,    but    h.id 

j  sea  reel  V  touched   the   beacli   when   they  were  sur- 

!  rounded  l)\'  the  natives,  who  stripped  them  almost 

i  naked.     The  ii.inK-  ol  this  inhospitable  island  w.is 

Tahoorow.i, 

In  the  course  of  the  night  the  wreck  came  drift- 
ing to  the  str.ind,  with  the  surf  thundering  arouiiil 
her,  and  shortlv  afterward  bilged.  On  the  follow- 
ing morning  numerous  casks  of  ]irovisions  lioate'l 
Oil  shore.     The  natives  sta\ed  them  for  the  sak-j 


4S4 


ASTORIA. 


'Mi 


I  I' 


I*''  ■■ 


'mki   ii  |:'' 


'i  1 


tiMi    ii'j 


of  the  iron  lioops,  but  would  not  allow  the  crew 
to  help  themselves  to  the  contents,  or  to  jjo  on 
board  of  the  wreck. 

As  the  crew  were  in  want  of  everythin};,  and 
as  it  nii^dit  he  a  ionjr  time  before  any  ()])])ortunity 
occurred  tor  them  to  jfet  away  Irom  tiiese  islands, 
Mr.  <)};(len,  as  soon  as  he  coukl  ^et  a  chance, 
made  his  w.iy  to  the  island  o(  Owyhee,  and  en- 
deavored to  make  some  arraiif^ement  with  the 
kiiifjf  tor  die  relief  of  his  companions  in  misfor- 
tune. 

The  illustrious  Tamaahmaah,  as  we  have  shown 
on  a  former  occasion,  was  a  shrewd  bargainer, 
and  in  the  present  instance  jiroved  himself  an 
experienced  wrecker.  His  nej;otiations  with 
iM'Doufral  and  the  other  "  Kris  of  the  j^reat  Amer- 
ican l'"ur  Company"  had  but  little  eftect  on  pres- 
ent circumstances,  and  he  procee^led  to  avail 
himself  of  their  misfortunes.  He  r.jrreed  to  fur- 
nish the  crew  with  provisions  durinjr  their  stay  in 
his  tei*rit()ries,  and  to  return  to  tiiem  all  their 
clothinij  that  could  be  found,  but  he  stipulated 
that  the  wreck  should  be  abandoned  to  him  as  a 
waif  cast  by  fortune  on  his  shores.  With  these 
conditions  Mr.  Ogilen  was  fain  to  comjily.  Upon 
this  the  jjreat  Tamaahmaah  deputed  his  favorite, 
John  Young',  the  tarpawlin  governor  of  Oywhee, 
to  proceed  with  a  number  of  the  royal  guards,  and 
take  possession  of  the  wreck  on  behalf  of  the 
crown.  This  was  done  accordingly,  and  the 
property  and  crew  were  removed  to  Owyhee. 
The  royal  bounty  ajipears  to  have  been  but  scanty 
in  its  dispensations.  The  crew  tared  but  meagre- 
ly ;  though  on  reading  the  journal  of  the  vovage 
it  is  singular  to  tlnd  them,  after  all  the  hardsliips 
they  had  suffered,  so  sensitive  about  petty  incon- 
veniences as  to  exclaim  against  the  king  as  a 
"savage  monster,"  for  retusing  them  a  "  ]K)t  to 
cook  in,"  and  denying  Mr.  Ogden  the  use  of  a 
knife  and  fork  which  had  been  saved  from  the 
wreck. 

Such  was  the  unfortunate  catastrophe  of  the 
Lark  ;  had  she  reached  her  destination  in  safety, 
affairs  at  Astoria  might  have  taken  a  different 
course.  A  strange  fatality  seems  to  have  attend- 
ed all  the  expeditions  by  sea,  nor  were  those  by 
land  much  less  dis.istrous. 

Cajjtain  Northrop  w.is  still  at  the  Sandwich 
Islands,  on  December  20th,  when  Mr.  Hunt  ar- 
rived. The  latter  immexliately  ])urchas(Hl  tor  ten 
thousand  dollars  a  brig  called  the  I'edler,  and  j 
put  Captain  N'orthro])  in  command  of  her.  They  I 
set  sail  for  Astoria  on  the  22d  of  January,  intend- 
ing to  remove  the  property  from  thence  as  s|)eed- 
ily  as  possible  to  the  Russian  settlements  on  the 
northwest  coast,  to  prevent  it  from  tailing  into  the 
hands  of  the  liritish.  Such  were  the  orders  of 
iilr.  Astor,  sent  out  by  the  Lark. 

We  will  now  leave  Mr.  Hunt  on  his  voyage, 
and  rt:turn  to  see  what  has  taken  place  at  Astoria 
during  his  absence. 


:itl 


CHAl'TKR  LIX. 

O.v  the  2(1  of  ( )ctober,  about  live  weeks  after  Mr. 
Hunt  IkuI  sailed  in  the  Albatross  from  Astoria, 
Mr.  M'Ken/.ie  set  off,  with  two  canoes  and  twelve 
men,  for  the  posts  of  Messrs.  Stuart  and  Clarke, 
to  apprise  them  of  the  new  arrangements  deter- 
mined U|)on  in  the  recent  conference  of  the  ])art- 
ners  at  the  tactorv. 

He  had  not  ascended  the  river  a  hundred  miles, 
when  he  met  a  squadron  of  ten  canoes,  sweeping 


merrily  down  under  British  colors,  the  Canal- 
oarsmen,  as  usual,  in  full  song,       '  '" 

It  was   an   armament  fitted  out  hyM'X,,. 
who  had  with  him  Mr.  J.  Stuart,  another  |,an'l 
of  the  Northwest  Company,   togetliLT  with     " 
clerks    and    sixty-eight   men— si.'Vciuy-liv(;  *,'"' 
in  all.     They  had  heard  of  the  trigati:  Phai,..'"!' 
the  Isaac  Todd  being  on  the  higli  st-as.  ;in.|  V-- 
on  their  way  down  to  await  their  arrival.   In  (  ' 
of   the   canoes   Mr.  Clarke    canm  passunir,r  i- 
alarming  intelligence  having  brought  him , if,,;" 
from  his  post  on  the  Sjiokan.     .Mr.  .M'Kci,/ - 
mediately  determined   to  return  with  him ;»  i" 
toria,   and,    veering    about,    the   two  paruVe- 
camped  together  tor  the  night.     The  leadirs  "'• 
course,  observed  a  due    decorum,  but  snme  i' 
the  subalterns  could  not  restrain  thuir  thutkir : 
exultation,   boasting  that  they  would  sonii  plant 
the  Lritish  standard  on  the  w.ills  of  .Astoria  ir  ^ 
drive  the  .Americans  out  ot  the  countrv. 

In  the  course  of  the  evening  Mr.  .M'Ktn?it.'i-' 
a  secret  conference  with  .Mr.  Clarke,  inwhiduiK 
agreeil  to  set  off  ])ri\-ately,  hi-tore  <laylii;iii,  ;,r;'i 
get  down  in  lime  to  a]iprise  M'Doii^rai  uhhca''. 
|)roach  of  these  Northwesters.  The-  latter,  hv- 
e\'er,  were  com|)letely  on  the  alert;  just  a, 
M'Kenzie's  canoes  were  about  to  |)ush  ntf,  liw 
were  joined  by  a  couple  from  the  .Noniiwc-: 
sciuadron,  in  which  was  M'Ta\ish  with  twodir:, 
and  eleven  men.  With  these  he  intended  tn  luha 
forward  and  make  arrangements,  leavin;,'  the  rt,: 
ot  the  convoy,  in  which  was  a  large  quaiUiiv  .c 
furs,  to  await  his  orders. 

The  two  parties  arrived  at  Astoria  nn  the  7;!;  '.■. 
October.  The  Northwesters  encamped  nmlurti-e 
guns  of  the  fort,  and  displayed  the  liriiish  colors. 
The  young  men  in  the  fort,  natives  of  the  l.'nikj 
States,  were  on  the  point  of  hoisting  the  .American 
flag,  but  were  forbidden  by  Mr.  M'Dousjal.  They 
were  astonished  at  such  a  prohibition,  aiiil  wire 
exceedingly  g;dle<l  by  the  tone  and  maniurss- 
sumed  by  the  clerks  and  retainers  ot  the  .\nr;h- 
west  Comjiany,  who  ruffled  about  in  that  hweliiii^ 
and  braggart  style  which  grows  up  aninn:;  tiie^ii 
heroes  of  the  wilderness  ;  they,  in  fact,  eonsMlcr- 
ed  themselves  lords  of  the  ascendant,  and  rei;,ini- 
ed  the  hampered  and  harassed  Astorians  as  a 
concjuered  people. 

On  the  iollowing  day  M'Dougal  convened  the 
clerks,  and  read  to  them  an  extract  of  a  Idler 
from  his  uncle,  Mr.  Angus  Shaw,  one  (it  thepnnci- 
|)al  partners  of  the  Northwest  Company,  iniiiniKic. 
ing  the  coming  of  the  I'lio-he  and  Isaac  Tudil, 
"  to  take  and  destroy  everything  .American  un  the 
northwest  coast. " 

This  intelligence  was  received  wilhnnl  (lisma;,- 
by  such  of  the  clerks  as  were  natives  of  the  I'liiU- ; 
States.  They  had  felt  indignant  at  seeini;- ihiir 
'\alional  Hag  struck  bv  a  Canadian  comniaiiiler, 
and  tie  British  Hag  I'lowed,  as  it  were,  in  iheir 
faces.  They  had  been  stung  to  the  (piick,  a!sn. 
by  the  vaunting  airs  assumed  by  the  Norihwesi- 
ers.  In  this  mood  of  mind  they  would  \v;liiiv,'!y 
have  nailed  their  colors  to  the' staff,  and  dciicil 
the  frigate.  .She  could  not  come  within  mi"^ 
miles  of  the  fort,  ihev  observed,  and  any  h^  ' 
she  ndght  send  could  be  destroyed  liy  their  c..:,- 
non. 

There  were  cooler  and  more  calculating  spir.ts, 
however,  who  h,id  the  control  of  atlairs,  ;inil  tot 
nothing  ot  the  patriotic  pride  and  indignation  ol 
these  youths.  The  extract  of  the  letter  had,  ap- 
jiarently,  been  read  by  M'Dougal,  merely  to  pre- 
jiare  the  way  tot  a  |)reconccrtc(l  strok(Mit  m.iii- 
agement.     On  the  same  day  .Mr.  M'Tavish  pro- 


ASTORIA. 


4525 


.^^^^^'^i-s.  the  Canada, 

L'd  out  l)vM'T,,v 
"■'!«.  »""ih.r  |,a,t, 

''    ''■'Katcl'hal,,.;, 

t'li^^ir  iiiTival.  In,,' 
•■•'jiii--  I)assi-n.,r,  ,.': 
'  '''■""Kin  hiimiov 

tn"i  with  him  ;„  \: 
\'"-"  ')^"  jwri,,,,;.-; 
^''il-  riic  lfa,|„s  :'^ 
-■"■■um,  l,ut  .snnie'.,. 
^traui  thdrthiKKiir; 
'•>■  WiHild  soon  nlr,; 
\v;illsot  Astoria,  av 

IL'   COlllltlT. 

^lai-kf,  inwhiditiK 
l'i-t(irc  davhjjiu,  .-.r'! 

•^I'Doiik'aio'tu-.ca-! 

■s-      1  lu;  latter,  liow. 

thi;    alLTt ;  just  ,i, 

Hit  to  push  otf,  .j;..;- 
roin  the  y.w\wl 
i\ish  with  two diT-i 
lif  intLMulwltopusn 
'Us,  leaviiiiT  the  rt,- 
s  a  lai-jftMiuaiitiiy,: 

Astoria  on  the  yth  oi 
::ncam|K-d  uiidiTt.'-.e 
(1  the  liritish  Ciiiori. 
lativcs  of  the  Ijnttj 
dstin^-  the  Aiiurnan 
Ii-.  .M'Dousal,  Tiiiv 
i"olni)ition,  aiul  were 
)ne  and  manner  as- 
ainers  of  the  Nnnh- 
lout  in  that  sweliins; 
nvs  uj)  ainnn;;  thes; 
;y,  in  fact,  consider- 
endant,  and  rei;jrii- 
s(jd  Astorians  as  a 

oupal  convened  the 
I  extract  of  a  letter 
w,  one  of  thepriiici- 
.'onipany,  anmiinic- 
e  and  Isaac  ToiM. 
ii;  American  on  tiie 

ved  without  dismay 
Uives  of  the  rnilcii 
;iiu  at  seein;;- their 
adian  commander. 
IS  it  were,  in  their 

to  the  (|uici<,  alsn. 

by  the  .\i)rih\vest- 
ley  would  \v;din;'ly 
le  staff,  and  delicti 
■onie  within  ni.inv 
I'd,  and  any  hn.,'.- 
■oyed  by  their  ca;;- 

calculatinjj  spirits, 
of  affairs,  anil  kit 
and  indi};natii>n  ot 
the  letter  had,  ap- 
;al,  merely  to  pre- 
rd  stroke  of  tn.m- 
dr.  M'Tavish  pro- 


•el  to  purcfiasc  the  whole  stock  of  goods  and 
wt  helonijini,'  to  the  coini)any,  l)oth  at  Astoria 
ind  in  the"  interior,  at  cost  and  charjres-  Mr. 
M'DoU'mI  undertook  to  comi)ly,  assumiiijr  the 
•..  1^.  ,'?i;i„ai,a-nieiU  of  tlie  negotiation  in  virtue  of 
L  pinver  \-ested  ill  him,  in  case  of  the  non-arri- 
val of  ^Ir'  Hunt.  'I'iiat  |)o\ver,  liowever,  was 
Pniitcd  and  specific,  and  did  not  extend  to  an  op- 
eritioii  of  this  nature  and  ..xtent  ;  no  ot)jection, 
however,  was  made  to  Ids  assumption,  anrl  he 
and  M'Tavish  soon  made  a  preliminary  arrange- 
nicnt!  perfectly  satisfactory  to  the  latter. 

Mr.  .Siu.art  and  the  reserve  jiarty  of  Xorthwest- 
e's  arrived,  shortly  afterward,  and  encamped 
\vithM'T:>^'^h.  The  former  exclaimed  loudly 
against  the  terms  of  the  tirrangement,  and  insisted 
ii'pna  a  reduction  of  the  prices.  New  negoti.itions 
had  now  to  be  entered  into.  The  demands  of  the 
.Northwesters  wen:  mtule  in  a  peremjjtory  tone, 
,ind  thev  seemed  disposed  to  dictate  like  coii(|iier- 
ors.  The  .\nierican.s  looked  on  with  indignation 
and  impatience.  They  considered  M'Doug.al  as  I 
acdn",  it  not  a  pertldious,  certtiinly  ;i  craven  part. 
Hew.asconlinuidly  repairing  to  the  cam])  to  ne- 
jroliate,  instead  of  keeping  within  his  walls  and 
receiving,' overtures  in  his  fortress.  His  case,  they 
observed,  was  not  so  desperate  as  to  excuse  such 
cro'jchin;.;.  He  might,  in  fact,  hold  out  for  his 
own  terms.  The  Northwest  ]):irty  had  lost  their 
aaiiininilion  ;  they  had  no  goods  to  trade  with  the 
i;,".iives  for  ])rovisions  ;  and  they  were  so  destitute 
tnat  M'DoUi^al  h.ad  tdisolutely  to  feed  them,  while 
he  iieLjoii.iied  with  them.  He,  on  the  contrary, 
was  well  lodged  and  victualled  ;  had  sixty  i..en, 
with  arms,  .iinmuiiition,  l)oats,  and  everything 
roquisite  eitlier  for  defense  or  retreat.  The  jiarty, 
i)cntaih  the  guns  e)f  his  fort,  were  at  his  mercy  ; 
should  an  enemy  ajjpetir  in  the  offing,  he  coukl 
pack  up  the  most  valu;d)le  ])art  of  the  i)roperty, 
and  retire  to  some  place  of  concealment,  or  make 
ottfor  the  interior. 

These  considertitions,  however,  had  no  weight 
with  .Mr.  .M'Dougal,  or  were  overruled  by  ottier 
motives.  The  terms  of  sale  were  lowered  l)y  him 
to  the  standard  fixed  liy  Mr.  Stuart,  ;ind  an  agree- 
ment executed,  on  the  i6th  of  ()ct(jl)er,  by  which 
the  furs  and  merchandise  of  all  kinds  in  the 
cmntry,  helimging  to  .Mr.  Astor,  passed  into  the 
pissession  of  the  .\(n-thwest  Comjiany  at  about  a 
third  of  their  real  value.*  A  safe  ]);iss"age  through 
the  .Northwest  posts  was  guaranteed  to  sucii  as 
il)d  not  choose  to  enter  into  the  service  of  that 
cjmpany,  and  the  amount  of  wtiges  due  to  them 

*  Not  quite  $40,000  were  allowed  for  furs  wortfi 
upward  of  ^100,000.  Heaver  was  valued  at  two  dol- 
lars per  skin,  though  worth  five  dollars.  I,;ind  otter 
at  fifty  cents,  tlioujjh  worth  five  dollars.  .Sea  otter  at 
twelve  dollars,  worth  from  forty-five  to  sixty  dollars  ; 
and  lor  several  kinds  of  furs  nothing  was  allowed. 
Moreover,  the  j;oo(ls  and  merchandise  for  the  Indian 
trade  ou;;ht  to  have  brought  ihiee  times  the  amount 
far  which  tliey  were  sold. 

The  folldwinj,'  estimate  lias  lieen  made  of  the 
ankles  on  hand,  and  the  prices  : 


■  ;.:o!ll>«.  l;e  Ivor  parchment,  value-i  .11  $j  00,  worth     $5  ca 

'           1  (jS,  ■•            3  50 

'               5°'  "            5  "O 

'          12  cx>,  *'  $45"^  00 

'           5  00,  "           25  cx) 


4f5  0id  to;it  |ie.iv€ 
9=7  l.iml  i,llt: 

H  SCI  oiler 

3;       " 


Nothing  was  allowed  for 


■  ?)miiik5l,iiis,  worth  each. 

»!  ratC'OM 

25  lynx '* 

■lifoi....       "  " 

>:>>" ;;■.;  -.      ; 

;■  l>l.ick  Ijear.  "  ] 

'^  griizly  bear  " 


40 
«     ■•' 

C2   uo 

1    00 

I    50 

4    GO 

20  00 


was  to  he  deducted  from  the  price  paid  for  Aa« 
toria. 

The  conduct  and  motives  of  Mr.  M'Dougal, 
throughout  the  whole  of  this  ]iroceeding,  have 
been  strongly  (piestioned  by  the  other  partners. 
He  has  been  accused  of  availing  himself  of  a 
wrong  construction  of  jOTwers  \este<l  in  him  at  his 
own  re([Uest,  and  of  sacrificing  the  interests  of 
Mr.  Astor  to  the  Northwest  Comptmy,  under  the 
promise  or  hope  of  advantage  to  himself. 

He  always  insisted,  however,  that  he  mtide  the 
best  bargain  for  Mr.  Astor  that  circumstances 
would  permit  ;  the  frigate  being  hourly  expected, 
in  which  case  the  wiiole  proijorty  of  that  gentle- 
man would  be  li;d)le  to  capture.  That  the  return 
of  Mr.  Hunt  was  problematical  ;  the  frigate  in- 
tending to  cruise  along  the  coast  h)r  two  years, 
and  cletir  it  of  all  American  vessels.  He  more- 
over averred,  and  M'Tavish  corrobortited  his 
averment  by  certiticate,  that  he  projiosed  an  ar- 
r.ingement  to  that  gentleman,  by  which  the  furs 
were  to  be  sent  to  Ctmton,  and  sold  there  at  Mr. 
.Astor's  risk,  and  for  his  ;iccount  ;  but  the  [)i"opo- 
sition  was  not  acceded  to. 

Notwithstanding  all  his  rejiresimtations,  several 
of  the  ])ersons  present  ;U  the  tr.instiction,  and  ac- 
(piainted  with  the  wdiole  course  of  the  tilfair,  :md 
among  the  number  Mr.  M'Keiuie  himself,  his  oc- 
c.ision.il  coadjutor,  remtiined  firm  in  the  belief 
that  he  h;id  acted  a  hollow  part.  Neither  did  he 
succeed  in  exculi^ating  himself  to  Mr.  Astor  ;  that 
gentlemtm  declaring,  in  a  letter  written  some 
time  afterward,  to  Mr.  Hunt,  thtit  he  considered 
the  property  virtually  given  away.  "Had  our 
])lace  and  our  property,"  he  tidils,  "  been  f.iirly 
captured,  I  should  ha\e  preferred  it.  I  should 
not  feel  ;is  if  I  were  disgraced." 

All  these  may  be  unmerited  sus])icions  ;  but  it 
cert.'iinly  is  a  circumstance  strongly  corrobortitive 
of  them,  that  Mr.  M'Dougal,  shortl)' after  conclud- 
ing this  agreement,  became  ;i  member  of  the 
Northwest  Com|)any,  .and  received  a  share  pro- 
ductive ot  a  handsome  income. 


CHAI'TKIi  I.X. 

Ox  the  morning  of  the  30th  of  November  a  :;ail 
was  descried  doubling  Cape  Disappointment,  it 
came  to  anchor  in  liaker's  ISav,  and  proved  to  be 


a  ship  of  wtir.     ()t  whtit   n.ation  ? 


now  the 


anxious  in([uiry.  If  English,  why  did  it  come 
alone  .'  where  was  the  merchant  \essel  that  was 
to  have  accompanied  it  ?  If  .\merican,  what  was 
to  become  of  the  newly  accpHred  possession  of  the 
Northwest  Company. 

In  this  diletnma,  M'Tavish,  in  all  h.iste,  loaded 
two  barges  with  ;ill  the  iiack.iges  of  furs  bearing 
the  mark  of  the  Northwest  Comptm)',  and  made 
off  for  Tongue  Point,  three  miles  up  the  river. 
There  he  w.is  to  aw.iit  a  preconcerted  signal  from 
M'Dougal  on  ascertaining  the  character  of  the 
shiiL  If  it  should  ])rove  American,  M'T'.ivish 
would  have  a  fair  sttirt,  and  ctxild  be.ir  off  his 
rich  cargo  to  the  interior.  It  is  singuhir  th.it  this 
prom]it  mode  of  conveying  vtiluable,  but  easily 
transportable  effects  beyond  the  reai  h  of  ,1  hostibj 
ship  should  not  h.ive  suggested  itself  while  tiie 
property  belonged  to  Mr.  .\stor. 

In  the  mean  time  M'Doug.il,  who  still  remained 
nomin.il  chief  tit  the  fort,  humched  ,i  canoe,  manned 
l)ymen  recently  in  the  employ  of  the  \merican  I'\ir 
Comp.my,  and  steered  for  the  ship.  On  the  way 
he   instructed    his    nien   to  pass   themsclvcb  for 


I 


:.i 


m 


I 


426 


ASTORIA. 


i  I 


ii  : 


ii  I 


Americans  or  Englishmen,  according  to  the  exi- 
gencies of  the  case. 

The  vessel  |)rove(l  to  be  the  British  sloop-of-\var 
Racoon,  of  twenty-six  guns  and  one  hundred  and 
twenty  men,  commanded  i)y  Captain  HIack.  Ac- 
cording to  tiie  account  of  that  oflicer,  the  frigate 
I'hoebe,  and  tiie  two  sloops  -  of  -  war  Cherub 
and  Racoon,  had  sailed  in  convoy  of  the 
Isaac  Todd  from  Rio  Janeiro.  On  board  of  the 
I'iui'be  Mr.  John  M'Donald,  a  partner  of  the 
North w'  t  Com])any,  embarked  as  ])assenger,  to 
protU  I.)  tile  aniicijjated  catastro|)iie  at  Astoria. 
The  convoy  was  separated  by  stress  of  weather 
off  Cape  Horn.  The  three  ships  of  war  came  to- 
gether again  at  the  islanti  of  Juan  Fernandez, 
their  api)ointed  rendezvous,  but  waited  in  vain  for 
the  Isaac  Todd. 

In  the  mean  time  intelligence  was  received  of 
the  mischief  tiiat  Commodore  Porter  was  doing 
among  the  Hritir.h  whaie-siiips.  Commodore  Mill- 
yer  immediately  set  sail  in  (juest  of  him,  witli  the 
Pha'be  and  the  Cherub,  transferring  Mr.  M'Don- 
ald to  the  Racoon,  and  ordering  that  vessel  to 
proceed  to  the  Columbia. 

The  oHicers  of  the  Racoon  were  in  high  spirits. 
The  agtiUs  of  the  Xorthwest  Company,  in  insti- 
gating the  expedition,  iiad  talked  of  immense 
booty  to  l)e  made  iiy  the  fortunate  captors  of  As- 
toria. Mr.  M'Donald  liad  kept  up  the  excitement 
during  the  voyage,  so  that  not  a  midshipman  but 
revelled  in  dreams  of  ample  [irize-money,  nor  a 
lieutenant  that  would  have  sold  his  chance  for  a 
thousand  poup.ds.  Their  disappointment,  there- 
ton;,  may  easily  be  conceived,  when  they  learned 
that  their  warlike  attack  upon  Astoria  had  been 
forestalled  by  a  snug  commercial  arrangement  ; 
that  their  anticipated  booty  had  l^ecome  liritish 
property  in  the  regular  course  of  trallic,  and  that 
all  this  had  been  effected  by  the  very  company 
which  had  iieen  instrumental  in  getting  them  sent 
on  what  liiey  now  stigmatized  as  a  fool's  errand. 
They  felt  as  if  they  h.ul  been  duped  and  made 
tools  ot,  by  a  set  of  siirewd  men  of  trairic,  who 
had  eni])loye(l  them  to  crack  the  nut  whili;  they 
carried  off  the  kernel.  In  a  word,  M'Dougal 
found  himself  so  ungraciously  recei\ecl  by  his 
countrymen  on  board  of  the  ship,  that  he  was 
glad  to  cut  short  his  visit  and  return  to  shore. 
He  was  busy  at  the  fort  making  preparations  for 
the  recei)tion  of  the  captain  of  the  Racoon,  when 
his  one-eyed  Indian  father-in-law  made  his  a|)])ear- 
ance,  with  a  train  of  Chinook  warriors,  alli)ainted 
and  e(|uip]ied  in  warlike  style. 

Old  Comcomly  had  beheld,  with  dismay,  the  ar- 
rival of  a  "  big  war  canoe"  dis|ilayiiig  the  ISritish 
flag.  The  shrewd  old  savage  had  become  some- 
thing of  ;i  politician  in  the  course  of  his  daily  vis- 
its at  the  fort.  He  knew  of  the  war  existing  be- 
tween the  nations,  but  knew  nothing  of  the  ar- 
rangement between  M'Dougal  and  M'Tavish.  He 
trembled,  therefore,  for  the  power  of  his  white 
son-in-law  and  the  new-lledged  grandeur  of  his 
assi'mbled  his  warriors  in  all 
Cieorge,"  said  he,  "  has  sent  his 
destroy  the  fort,  and  make  slaves 
of  all  the  inliabitants.  Shall  we  suffer  it  ?  The 
Americans  .ire  the  first  white  men  that  have  fixed 
themselves  in  the  land.  They  ha\e  treated  us 
like  brothers.  Their  great  chief  has  taken  my 
daughter  lo  be  his  squaw  :  we  are,  therefore,  as 
one  people." 

His  w.irriors  all  determined  to  stand  by  the 
Americans  to  the  last,  and  to  this  effect  they  came 
painted  and  armed  for  battle.  Comcomlv  made  a 
spirited  war-speech  lo  his  son-in-law.     lie  offered 


daughter,  anc 
haste.  "  Kin;^ 
great  canoi 


lo 


to  kill  every  one  of  King  George's  men  ih, 
should  attempt  to  land.  It  was  an  msv  niai  , 
The  ship  could  not  approach  within  six  nn'i/'; 
the  fort ;  the  crew  could  only  land  in  bn.iis  n"' 
woods  reached  to  the  water's  edge  ;  iinlus.  i-' 
and  his  warriors  would  conceal  the'mstlves  '1 
shoot  down  the  enemy  as  fast  as  tlu-y  ijut  |,jyj" 
shore.  ''" 

M'Dougal  was,  doubtless,  propcrlv  stiisil,ie,j 
this  parental  devotion  on  the  ])art  of  his  s;,v, , 
father-in-law,  and  perhajjs  a  little  rehnlad  liviu 
game  spirit  so  opposite  to  his  own.  Ik  aisurtd 
Comcomly,  however,  that  his  solicitude  for  ihe 
safety  of  himself  anil  the  jirincess  was  suiiirllu. 
ous  ;  as,  though  the  shij)  belonged  to  Kinjjtieor.c' 
her  crew  would  not  injure  the  An'.ericaiis,  DitiiOT 
Indian  allies.  He  advised  him  and  jiis  \v;irii(,rs 
therefore,  to  lay  aside  their  weapons  and  waiMiirts' 
wash  off  the  paint  from  their  tacts  ami  buditj' 
and  api)ear  like  clean  and  civil  savages  to  anjie 
the  strangers  courteously. 

Comcomly  was  sorely  jiuzzled  at  this  advice 
which  accorded  so  little  with  his  Indian  notions 
of  receiving  a  hostile  nation;  and  itv.asonl'' 
after  repeated  and  i)ositive  assurances  of  tlii;  am- 
icable intentions  ot  the  strangers  that  he  was  in. 
duced  to  lower  his  fighting  lone.  He  said  some- 
thing to  his  warriors  explanatory  of  tliis  sin"u'iar 
jioslure  of  affairs,  and  in  vindication,  perhaps,  ci 
the  pacitic  temper  of  his  son-in-law.  Thiv  all 
gave  a  shrug  and  an  Indian  gruiUol  ac(|uii'scence, 
and  went  off  sulkily  to  their  village,  lu  l;iy  aside 
their  weajions  for  the  ])resent. 

The  i)roper  arrangements  being  made  for  ihe 
receiitiem  of  Captain  Black,  that  olfKi-r  caused 
his  ship's  boats  to  be  manned,  and  landed  with 
befitting  state  at  Astoria.  From  the  talk  that  had 
been  mad(;  by  the  Northwest  C()ni|)any  of  liie 
strength  of  the  place,  and  the  arinanieiit  tliey  had 
re(|uired  to  assist  in  its  reduction,  he  cNpccied  to 
find  a  fortress  of  some  importance.  When  he 
beheld  nothing  but  stockades  and  bastions,  calcu- 
lated for  defence  against  naked  savages,  j'.e  Iclt 
an  emotion  of  indignant  surprise,  minified  with 
something  of  the  ludicrous.  "  Is  this  the  lort," 
cried  he,  "about  which  I  have  heard  so  much 
talking  ?  D — n  me,  but  I'd  batter  il  down  in  two 
hours  with  a  four-jiounder  !" 

When  he  learned,  however,  the  amoiintof  rich 
furs  that  had  been  ])assed  into  the  liaiuls  of  the 
Northwesters,  he  was  outrageous,  and  insisted 
that  an  inventory  should  be  taken  of  all  the  prop- 
erty purchased  of  the  Americans,  "with  a  view- 
to  ulterior  measures  in  Knghmd,  lor  tic  reci.vciy 
of  the  value  from  the  Northwest  Comiiain." 

As  he  grew  cool,  however,  he  gave  over  all  idea 
of  ])referringsuch  a  claim,  and  reconciled  himself, 
as  well  as  he  could,  lo  the  idea  of  liaviiij;  been 
forestalled  by  his  bargaining  coadjutors. 

On  the  I2lh  of  December  the  late  (t  .Astoria 
was  consummated  by  a  regular  ceremonial.  Cap- 
tain Black,  atU'iuled  by  his  ofliceis,  entered  the 
fort,  caused  the  British  standard  lo  he  erected, 
broke  a  bottle  of  wine,  and  drchired.  in  a  loud 
voice,  that  he  took  possession  o!  the  establishment 
and  of  the  country,  in  the  name  f'  !;  lirit.niiiic 
Majesty,  changing' ihe  name  ot  .Astoria  to  ll.atui 
Fort  Cicorge. 

The  Indian  w.irriors  who  had  offered  their ser- 


•ices  lo  rejjcl  the  strangers   were  preseiu  on  this 
)ccasion.     It   was  explained   to  them  as  heinj,' a 


\-i 
occ 


friendly  arrangement  and  transfer,  but  they  s.ioor 
their  heads  grimlv,  and  considered  it  anncto 
subjugation  of  their  ancient  allies.  They  re|,m'tieil 
that  thev  had  complied  with  M'Dougal's  wishes, 


ASTORIA. 


427 


HIS,    ;iiul   iiisislcd 


I  .  svini?  :>siflc  their  arms,  and  remarked  that, 
'"  r  the  Americans  might  conceal  the  fact, 
'■^''tvie  uiuloiilnudlv  ail  slaves  ;  nor  could  they 

'r''  ruadeil  of  the' contrary  until  they  beheld 
;feK:icoon  depart  without  taking  away   any  pris- 

°"v  to  Conuomlv,  he  no  longer  prided  himself 
',11  his  white  son-in-law,  Inil,  whenes-er  he  was 
%i  abmit  him,  shook  his  head,  and  replied, 
I  ''.'"  |,j5  (|:uij,diter  had  made  a  mistake,  and,  in- 
'■  1  of  "ettiiig  a  great  warrior  lor  a  husband, 
^jj'marriLd  herself  to  a  scjuaw. 


CIIAI'TER  LXI. 

Havint. given  the  catastro|)he  at  the  Fort  of  As- 
.^rii  icrt-iiKiiiisnow  hut  to  gather  up  a  few  loose 
Milsof  this  widely  excursive  narrative  and  con- 
cuilc.  I'll  the2Sth'of  February  the  brig  I'edler  an- 
■hareil  ill  (-'i)hi:nl)ia  River.  It  will  be  recollecteil 
-ijt  Mr.  Hunt  ii.id  ])urchase(l  this  vessel  at  the 
sindvvich  Islands,  to  take  off  the  furs  collected  at 
thefactorv,  and  to  restore  the  Sandwich  Islanders 
;,)  their  lionies.  When  that  gentleman  learned, 
howivcr,  the  preci|)itate  and  summary  manner  in 
uhich  the  properly  had  been  bargained  aw.ay  by 
M'lXiugal,  lie  expressed  his  indignation  in  llu.' 
stron"t'St  terms,  and  determined  to  make  an  effort 
inret  baclc  the  furs.  As  soon  as  his  wishes  were 
Known  ill  this  respect,  ^FI)ougal  came  to  sound 
|;;m  on  behalf  of  the  Northwest  Com|)any,  inli- 
PLitini;  th.it  he  had  no  doubt  the  peltries  might  be 
Ffiurchased  at  ,-ui  advance  ol  lltty  per  cent.  This 
overliire  was  not  calculated  to  soothe  the  angry 
lechnfjs  of  .Mr.  Hunt,  and  his  indignation  was 
complete  when  he  discovered  that  M'Dougal  had 
Iwmiie  a  partner  of  the  Northwest  Comii.any,  and 
hai  acluallv  been  so  since  the  23d  of  December. 
He  had  ke|)t  his  partnership  a  secret,  however  ; 
.'-Mil  retained  tlie  |)ai)ers  of  the  I'acitic  I'"ur  Com- 
.any  ill  his  jiossession,  and  had  continued  to  act 
js  .Mr.  .Astor's  agent,  though  two  of  the  ])artners 
li  ihe  other  company,  Mr.  M'Kenzie  and  .Mr. 
Clarke,  were,  present.  He  li;ul,  moreover,  di- 
vai;'i\l  to  his  new  associates  ;dl  that  lie  knew  as 
;i  .Mr.  .Asior's  plans  and  affairs,  and  had  made 
( ipies  ui  his  business  letters  for  tb.eir  perusal. 

)Ir.  Hunt  n  iw  considered  the  whole  conduct  of 
M'Diiusal  liolluw  and  collusive.  His  only  thought 
v.as,  therelore,  to  get  all  the  |)apersof  the  concern 
oat  of  his  hands,  and  bring  the  business  to  a 
uiise ;  fur  the  interests  of  Sir.  Astor  were  yet 
nmpletely  , at  stake  ;  the  drafts  of  the  Northwest 
Company  in  his  fa.or,  tor  the  purchase  money, 
1  It  having' yet  been  obtained.  With  some  dilii- 
■Uity  he  succeeded  in  getting  possession  of  the 
:  ipiis.  The  hills  or  dralts  were  delivered  with- 
out hisit.ilion.  The  latter  he  remitted  to  Mr. 
.\ji()r  by  some  of  his  .-issociates,  who  were  about 
jiiniss  the  continent  to  .\ew  York.  This  done, 
i.;  embarked  on  board  the  I'edler,  on  A|)ril  y\, 
iiomnanied  by  two  of  the  clerks,  Mr.  .Seton  and 
.Mr.  llalsty,  and  bade  a  hnal  adieu  to  .Astori.i. 
^  The  next  day,  April  4th,  Messrs.  Cl.irke, 
M'Kenzie.  David  Stuart,  and  such  of  the  .Astorians 
aOiafI  not  entered  into  the  service  of  the  Xorlh- 
'•>tConi]),uiy,  set  out  to  cross  the  Rocky  Moun- 
■i:iis.  It  is  not  our  intention  to  t.ike  the  reader 
■  Hther  journey  across  those  rugged  barriers  ;  but 
I'l- will  step  hirward  with  the  ir.ivellers  to  ,1  dis- 
i'!iieim  their  way,  merely  to  rel.ite  their  inter- 
v.vwwith  ,1  ch.ir.icler  .ilrcidy  noted   in  this  work. 

As  the  party  were  proceeding  up  the  Columbia, 


!  near  the  mnuth  of  the  Wallah-Walkih  River,  sev- 
eral Indian  canoes  ]nit  off  Irom  the  shore  to  over- 
take them,  and  a  voice  called  upon  them  in 
French  and  recpiested  them  to  sloj).  They  ac- 
cordingly ]Hit  to  shore,  and  were  joined  by  those 
in  the  canoes.  To  their  surjirise,  they  recognized 
in  the  person  who  had  hailed  them  the  Indian  wife 
of  Pierre  Dorion,  accompaiued  by  hertw(j  children. 
She  had  a  story  to  tell,  involving  the  late  of  sev- 
eral of  our  unfortunate  adventurers. 

.Mr.  John  Reed,  the  Hibernian,  it  will  be  re- 
membered, had  been  detached  during  the  sum- 
mer to  the  Snake  Ri\er.  His  party  consisted  of 
four  Canadians,  diles  Le  Clerc,  I'r.incoiK  l.andry, 
Jean  liaptiste  Turcot,  and  Andre  L.i  Cliapelle, 
together  with  two  hunters,  Pierre  Dorion  and 
Pierre  Delaunay  ;  Dorion,  as  usual,  being  accom- 
panied by  his  wife  and  children.  The  ol)jects  of 
this  exjiedition  were  twolold — to  trap  beaver,  ami 
to  search  for  the  three  hunters,  R(jbinson,  Ho- 
back,  and  Re/ner. 

In  the  course  of  the  autumn  Reed  lost  one 
man,  Landry,  by  death  ;  another  one,  Pierre 
Delaunay,  who  was  ol  :  uUen,  perverse  disposi- 
tion, left  him  in  a  moody  iit,  and  was  never  heard 
of  afterward.  The  nund)er  of  his  party  was  not, 
however,  reduced  by  these  losses,  ;is  the  three 
hunters,  Robinson,  Ilobatk,  ;ind  Re/ncr,  had 
joined  it. 

Reed  now  built  a  house  on  the  Snake  River,  for 
'heir  winter  (piarters  ;  which,  being  com|)leted 
the  party  set  about  tra|)ping.  Reziier,  l.e  Clerc, 
;uu!  Pierre  Dorion  went  about  live  days'  journey 
Inmi  the  wintering  house,  to  a  jiart  of  the  country 
well  slocked  with  beaver.  Here  they  i)iit  up  a 
hut,  and  jjroceeded  to  tra])  with  great  success. 
While  the  men  were  out  hunting,  I'lerre  Dorion's 
wife  remained  at  home  to  dress  the  skins  .md  pre- 
])are  the  meals.  .She  was  thus  employed  one 
evening  about  the  beginning  of  January,  cooking 
the  supper  of  the  hunters,  when  she  heard  foot- 
steps, and  Le  Clerc  staggered,  p.ile  and  bleeding, 
into  the  hut.  He  informed  her  that  a  party  of 
savages  had  surprised  them  while  at  their  tr.i|)S, 
and  had  killed  Rezner  and  her  husband.  He  had 
liandy  strength  lett  to  give  this  intormation,  when 
he  sank  upon  the  ground. 

The  poor  woman  s.iw  tli;it  the  only  (di;inco  for 
life  was  instant  lligbt,  but,  in  this  exigency, 
showed  th.at  ])reseiice  of  mind  and  force  of  char- 
;icter  for  whiidi  she  had  frf(|Ue!itly  been  noted. 
With  great  ditViculty  she  cauglit  iwu  of  the  horses 
belonging  to  the  jiarty.  Then  collecting  her 
clothes,  .and  a  small  (|uantily  of  beaver  meat  and 
dried  salmon,  she  ]),icked  them  ujion  one  of  the 
horses,  and  helpi'd  tin:  wounded  man  to  mount 
upon  it.  On  tin:  otlu'r  horse  she  inounte<l  with 
her  two  cliildren,  and  hurried  ;i\say  troni  this  dan- 
gerous luighborhood,  directing  ln-i-  tliglu  to  Mr. 
Reed's  establishment.  <  Mi  ilu'  third  day  she 
descried  a  number  of  Indi.iiis  on  horsiback  pro- 
ceeding in  an  easterly  direction.  She  inimedi- 
attdy  dismoiHited  with  her  children,  and  helped 
Le  Clerc  likewise  to  (bsmount,  and  .all  concealed 
themselves.  IVirtun,it(  ly  they  escaped  the  sharp 
eyes  of  the  savages,  but  h.id  to  proceed  with  the 
utmost  caution.  Tli.it  night  they  sle]it  without 
fire  or  water  ;  she  m.in.iged  to  ki'ep  her  (  hildren 
warm  in  her  arms  ;  but  bilore  morning  poor  Le 
Clerc  died. 

With  the  dawn  of  d.iy  the  reiiolute  \\"man  re- 
sumed her  course,  .and  on  the  lourtli  d.ay  reached 
the  house  of  Mr.  Reed.  It  w.is  de'serted,  and  all 
riiun<l  were  m.irks  of  blood  and  signs  ot  .1  furious 
massacre.     Not  doubting  that  ^Ir.  Reed  and  his 


498 


ASTORIA. 


!!:■■!!■ 


■  i 


''I :  i 


'i\ 


party  li.id  all  fallen  victims,  she  turned  in  Iresh 
Iiorror  tioni  liie  spot.  For  two  ilays  she  con- 
tinued ]uirr\inj,f  iorward,  ready  to  sink  lor  want 
of  food,  but  more  solicitous  about  her  children 
than  herself.  At  len;;th  she  readied  a  ranj^e  of 
the  Rocky  Mountains,  near  the  upjier  jiart  of  the 
\Vallah-V\;illah  River.  Here  she  chose  a  wikl, 
lonely  ra\ine  as  her  i)lace  of  winter  refuj^e. 

She  had  lortunately  a  bulialo  robe  and  three 
deer  skins  ;  of  these,  and  of  pine  bark  and  cedar 
branches,  she  constructed  a  rude  wigwam,  which 
she  i)itched  iieside  a  mountain  spring;.  Having- 
no  other  food,  she  killed  the  two  horses,  and 
smoked  their  llesh.  The  skins  aided  to  cover  her 
hut.  Mere  she  dra^fs^^ed  out  the  winter,  with  no 
other  conijiany  than  her  two  children.  Toward 
the  middle  of  March  her  provisions  were  nearly 
e.\hausted.  She  therefore  packed  up  the  remain- 
der, slung  it  on  her  back,  and,  with  her  helpless 
little  ones,  set  out  again  on  her  wanderings. 
Crossing  the  ridge  of  mountains,  she  descended 
to  the  banks  of  the  Wallah-Wallah,  and  kept  along 
them  until  she  arri\ed  wheri'  that  river  throws  it- 
self into  the  Columbia.  She  was  hospitably  re- 
ceived and  entertained  by  tlie  Wallah-Wallahs,  and 
iiad  been  ne.uiy  two  weeks  among  them  when  the 
two  canoes  ])assed. 

On  being  interrogated,  she  could  assign  no  rea- 
son for  this  murtlerous  attack  of  the  savages  ;  it 
ajipeared  to  be  perlcctly  wanton  and  unprovoked. 
Some  of  the  Astorians  sui)|)osed  it  an  act  of 
butchery  by  a  roving  band  of  HIackfeet  ;  others, 
however,  and  with  greater  probability  of  correct- 
ness, have  ascribed  it  to  tile  tribe  of  Pierced-nose 
Indians,  in  revenge  for  the  death  of  their  comrade 
lianged  by  order  of  Mr.  Clarke.  If  so,  it  shows 
that  these  sudden  and  apparently  wanton  out- 
breakings  of  sanguinary  violence  on  the  part  of 
the  savages  ha\e  often  some  previous,  though 
perha[)s  renu)le,  provocation. 

The  narrative  of  the  Indian  woman  closes  the 
checkered  adventuies  of  some  of  the  ])ersonages 
of  this  motley  story  ;  such  as  the  honest  Hiber- 
nian Reed,  anil  Dorion  the  hybrid  inter|)reter. 
Turcot  and  I. a  Chapelle  were  two  of  the  men  who 
fell  off  from  Mr.  Crooks  in  the  course  of  his  win- 
try ]ournev,  and  had  subsequently  such  disastrous 
times  among  the  Indians.  We  cannot  but  feel 
some  sym|)athy  with  that  persevering-  trio  of  Ken- 
luckians,  Robinson,  Re/ner,  and  lioback,  who 
twice  turned  back  when  on  their  way  homeward, 
and  lingered  in  the  wilderness  to  perish  by  the 
hands  ot  savages. 

The  return  parties  from  Astoria,  both  by  sea 
and  land,  experienced  on  the  way  as  many  adven- 
tures, vicissitudes,  and  mishajjs,  as  the  far-famed 
lieroes  of  the  "  Odyssey  ;"  they  re.iched  their  des- 
tination at  different  limes,  bearing  tidings  to  Mr. 
Astor  of  the  untortun.ile  termination  of  his  enter- 
prise. 

That  gentleman,  however,  was  not  tlisposed, 
even  yet,  to  give  the  matter  up  as  lost.  On  the 
contrary,  his  spirit  was  roused  by  what  he  con- 
sidered ungenerous  and  unmerited  conduct  on  the 
jiart  ol  the  Xorthwest  Company.  "  After  their 
treatment  of  me,"  said  he  in  a  letter  to  Mr. 
Hunt,  "  I  have  no  idea  of  remaining  (|uiet  and 
idle."  He  determined,  therefore,  as  soon  as  cir- 
cumstances would  permit,  to  resume  his  enter- 
prise. 

At  the  leturn  of  |)eace,  .\storia,  with  the  ;id|a- 
cent  cotuitry,  reverted  to  the  United  States  by  the 
treaty  of  (Ihent,  on  llu'  principle  of  sfatiis  anii 
bclluiii,  and  Captain  liiddlewas  dis])atched,  in  the 
sloop-of-war  Ontario,  to  lake  lormal  repossession. 


In  the  winter  of  1815  a  law  was  p.isscd  h-r 
gress    prohibiting   all    traflic   ol    liriti,],  u^i 
within  the  territories  of  the  I'niteil  States        ' 

The    hiv(U-able    moment    seemed  iimv  to  M. 
Astor  to  have  arrived  for  the  revival  nt  his  la- V.' 
enterprise,  but  new  ditficullies  had  'Town'"'.' 
impede  it.     The   Xorthwest  Conipain  wito  u-.  I 
in   complete  occupation   of   the  Colu'iiihii  i(;'.''^M 
and  its  chief  tributary  streams,  lioldin.r  tj,^  ,','[;  ! 
which  he  had  established,  and  cai-rvin'Miiru-'^l 
throughout  the  neighboring  region;  iirilfna,,,'^';'. 
the  iM-ohdmory  law  of  Congress,  which,  in  cKeci' 
was  a  dead  letter  beyond  the  nioinitains. 

To  tlis|iossess  them  would  be  .an  iiiulcriakin"ri' 
almost  a  belligerent  natiu-e  ;  for  tiieir  a"L'iiis^-i 
retainers  were  well  armed,  .and  skilK'd  m  tin.  i'i. 
of  weapons,  ;is  is  usual  with  Indian  traders.  T-. 
ferocious  and  blo(Kly  contests  which  had  lak^ 
jilace  between  the  rival  trading  iiartics  ot  tC 
-Northwest  and  Hudson's  I!ay  Cuni|)anii-s  iuii 
shown  what  might  be  expected  Iroiii  lumm.'rM,;; 
feuds  in  the  lawless  depths  of  the  wildcnu-ii 
Mr.  Astor  did  not  think  it  advisable,  lliuri-lun-,  i, 
attempt  the  matter  without  the  protection  ot  !'■(■ 
American  llag,  under  which  liis  people  m:"*; 
rally  in  case  of  need.  He  accordiiij^lv  mailt  :a 
informal  overture  to  the  fresident  nl'the  l'ni;-i: 
States.  .Mr.  Madison,  through  .Mr.  ('lall.iiii;,  ij!!;:. 
ing  to  renew  his  enterprise,  and  to  rc-Mialilish 
.Astoria,  ]H"ovided  it  would  be  jirotected  hv  iht 
American  llag,  and  made  a  inililai'vpust,  s'jiin- 
that  the  whole  force  required  would  iiul  exceed  a 
lieutenant's  command. 

The  aiiplication,  approved  and  rci-omnicmii:!; 
by  Mr.  C<allalin,  one  of  the  most  eidijjluiiicd 
statesmen  of  our  country,  was  f.ivorahiy  received, 
but  no  step  was  taken  in  conse(|ueuce  ;  the  I'roi- 
dent  not  being  disjiosed,  in  ail  pnibahilitv,  w 
commit  himself  by  any  direct  couiuenance  or 
overt  act.  Discouraged  by  this  supiiieiiess  on  the 
part  of  the  government,  Mr.  -Xslor  did  not  thin!; 
lit  to  renew  his  overtures  in  a  more  formal  man- 
ner, and  ihe  favorable  moment  for  th.e  reoccupa- 
lion  of  -Astoria  was  sufferetl  to  ])ass  unimproved. 

The  liritish  trading  establishments  were  thus 
enabled,  without  molestation,  to  strike  deep  ihcir 
roots,  and  extend  their  ramifications,  in  despite t! 
the  ])rohibition  of  Congress,  until  llu-y  had  spread 
themselves  over  the  rich  held  of  enlurprise  opened 
by -Mr.  Aster.  The  liritisli  governiiKiU  soon  be- 
gan to  ])erceive  the  importance  of  this  re^don.and 
to  desire  to  include  it  within  their  territorial  do- 
mains. A  (|uestion  has  consetiueiitly  risen  as  '.o 
the  right  to  the  soil,  and  has  become  one  ot  the 
most  per])lexi;ig  nov>-  open  betweer  tiie  United 
States  and  (".real  ISritain.  In  the  first  treaty  rela- 
tive to  it,  under  date  of  October  2oih,  i8i8,  the 
([uestion  was  left  unsettled,  and  it  was  ai,M-eed  that 
the  country  on  the  northwest  coast  of  America, 
westward  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  claimed  by 
either  nation,  should  be  o|)en  to  the  inhabitants 
of  both  for  ten  years,  for  the  pur|)oscsof  traiie, 
with  the  ec|ual  right  of  navigating  all  its  rivers, 
When  these  ten  years  had  expired,  a  sulisequeiu 
ireatv.  in  1828,  extended  the  arraiigeiiient  to  ten 
additional  years.  So  the  matter  st.uuls  at  pres- 
ent. 

On  casting  back  our  eyes  over  the  series  ot 
events  we  have  recorded,  we  see  no  rctson  to  at- 
tribute the  failure  of  this  great  commercial  under- 
taking to  any  f.iult  in  the  scheme,  or  omission ;;'. 
the   execution  of  it,  on   the  part  of  the  projector, 


It  .vas   a  magiiitieent  enteri)rise 


well  cniicerleil 


and  cross  purp 
Lie  otitse'l ;  so 
nei'lcctottli'-'" 
Thelir^tcnpp 

ruin,  whi^'l'  ^'' 
Mr.  .Astor  s  ea 
'naiives  lift'ii 
|,riii>.vll"--'-^"> 
yria  m  'l"'-'  »' 

spinis  111  all  c. 
deiupro.-.pccto 
struck  a  chill 
my  for  siili-^cti 
Anotiicr  cm 
the  deparliiiv 
tnevuyaijeot  ' 
in^  .Aiioria. 
duced  a  series 
establishmfiii 
Irom  hi^  l'"-^'' 
viul  impurt.iii' 
itior.m  a^jeiit 
dcrtakin^j,  to  > 
the  p:irt  iiiarke 
vhidi  has  com 
Tiiebreakiii;. 
.States  and  (in 
and  embarrass 
appoinlineiil  a: 
keep  tip  i-i:i"t' 
IjSS  of  the  Lar 
fjrcs. 

That  Mr.  As 

diiiiciilty,  ami 

every  loss,  has 

been  secomlcvl 

protected  by  g 

his  plan  nii^jlu 

great  mislortm 

with  his  own  s| 

ciciil  to  cumpn 

his  scheme  ;  o 

tcrest,  and  had 

a  rival  conip. 

Mii;ht  orij;iiia 

p.iired,  if  not  (I 

upon  his  cause 

iww  they  mit,d' 

under  their  li 

Mr.  lliint,  the 

tor,  at  the  tinii 

west  Company 

poses.     Had 

transfer,  in  al 

place. 

It  is  painfu 
heneticial  strc 
rc^'ret  the  fai 
point  of  view 
ccss,  it  would 
vantaije  and 
prutits  drawn 
lirai>l\  Fur  ( 
!i;m  no  crite 
I.i's'es  tliat  vvc 
1:1  the  hands 
Tnai  compai 
"X  nature  :> 
:'.ake  but  litl 


and  carried    on,  without  regard  to  diirictiities  cr 
expense.     A  successiun  ot  adverse  ■.ircumstancci 


ASTORIA. 


429 


,.,1  crn5.  purposes,  however,  beset  it  almost  from 

?4e  outset;  some  of   them,   in  lact,  arisin^j  from 

>rlcttul  tlicorders  ami  instructions  of  Mr.  Astor. 

t'ih'iirsicripiiliiiir  ''low  was  the  loss  of  the  Ton- 


qiim, 


licit  clearly  would  not  have  ha))penecl  hail 
Mr  Astur's  earnest  injunctions  with  regard  to  the 
wtia'S  been  attended  to.  Had  this  ship  per- 
tormc  I  liei- VDVa^'e  prosperously,  and  revisited  As- 

rjiiiiilui-'  ti'nie,  liie  trade  of  the  establishment 
^lulJ  li^i^'i!  takea  its  preconcerted  course,  and  the 

iii.|'ij  ,it  all  ciJin'crnel  been  kejjt  uj)  by  a  cont'i- 
^'j„i  |iios|)ectuf  success,  llerdismai  catastrophe 
jirud  :i  chill  into  every  heart,  anti  prepared  the 
u\  Kir  subsequent  desjiondency. 

■Vnotlier  cause  of  embarrassment  and  loss  was 
the  ilep;irlure  from  the  jilan  of  Mr.  Astor,  as  to 
the  vovii^'e  of  tbe  ISeaver,  subsecjuent  to  her  visit- 
ing .V'liuria.  Tbe  variation  from  this  |)laii  ])ro- 
(iuci'tl  a  series  of  cross  pur|)iises,  disastrous  to  the 
eitaWishmeiit,  and  detained  Mr.  Hunt  absent 
liom  iiii  P"st.  when  his  presence  there  w.as  of 
vii.il  imi.'urtance  to  the  eiUer])rise  ;  so  essential  is 
it  tor  .III  agent,  in  any  g-reat  and  complicated  un- 
ttrtakiii},',  to  execute  laithfully,  and  to  the  letter, 
lilt  |):irt  marked  out  for  him  l)y  the  master  mind 
which  h.is  concerted  the  whole. 

Tht-baMkin^j  out  of  tlie  war  between  the  United 
Sates  anil  (Ireat  Britain  multiplied  the  hazards 
ami  embarrassments  of  the  enterprise.  The  dis- 
apj)i)intnieiit  as  to  convoy  rendered  it  diflicult  to 
liccp  up  reintorcements  and  supplies  ;  and  the 
Ijjsot  the  Lark  added  to  the  tissue  of  misadven- 
nre.i. 

Th.it  Mr.  .Astor  battled  resolutely  aj^ainst  every 
dii'iiculiy,  and  pursued  his  course  in  iletlance  of 
every  loss,  has  been  suflicieiUly  shown.  Had  he 
l)ceii  seconded  by  suitable  aj^ents,  and  ]iro|)erly 
|iroiecleil  by  j,^)vernment,  the  ultimate  failure  of 
hlspl.iii  niij,du  yet  have  been  averteil.  It  was  his 
great  mistortiine  that  his  as^-ents  were  not  imbued 
with  his  own  s|)irit.  Some  had  not  cajjacity  sutii- 
cicii;  til  coniprcliend  the  real  nature  and  extent  of 
his  scheme;  others  were  alien  in  feeling'  and  in- 
terest, and  had  been  broujifht  up  in  the  service  of 
a  rival  company.  Whatever  sympathies  they 
nii;,'ht  orijfinally  have  had  with  him,  were  im- 
paireJ,  if  nut  destroyed,  by  the  war.  They  looked 
upon  his  cause  as  des|)erate,  and  only  considered 
iwiviheymitfht  make  interest  to  regain  a  situation 
under  their  former  employers.  Tlie  absence  of 
Mr.  Hunt,  tbe  only  real  representative  of  Mr.  As- 
tor,,at  the  time  of  the  cai)itulation  with  the  North- 
west Com|)any,  completed  the  series  of  cross  pur- 
poses. H.id  tb.it  gentleman  been  present,  the 
transter,  in  all  probability,  would  not  have  taken 
place. 

it  is  painful,  at  all  times,  to  see  a  grand  and 
beneticial  stroke  of  genius  fail  of  its  aim  :  but  we 
regret  the  failure  of  this  enterprise  in  a  national 
point  of  view  ;  for,  had  it  been  crowned  with  suc- 
cess, It  would  have  redounded  greatly  to  the  ad- 
v.iiitaj,fe  and  extension  of  our  commerce.  The 
protiis  ilrawn  Irom  the  country  in  cpiestion  by  the 
lirilisli  Fur  Company,  though  of  ample  amount, 
tJrm  no  criterion  by  which  to  judge  of  the  advan- 
Uj,'es  that  would  have  arisen  had  it  been  entirely 
n  the  hands  of  the  citizens  of  the  I'liited  .States. 
biai  company,  as  has  been  shown,  is  limited  in 
i-.e  nature  and  scope  of  its  ojierations,  and  can 
"'■ike  but  little  use  of  the  maritime  facilities  held 


out  by  an  emporium  .and  a  harbor  on  that  coast. 
In  our  hands,  besides  the  roving  b.inds  of  traj)- 
pers  and  traders,  the  country  wotdd  have  been 
explored  .and  settled  by  industrious  husb.indmen  ; 
and  the  fertile  valleys  bordering  its  rivers,  and 
shut  up  among  its  niount.iins,  would  have  been 
made  to  pour  forth  their  agricultural  treasures  to 
contribute  to  the  general  wealth. 

In  respect  to  commerce,  we  should  h;ive  h;id  a 
line  of  trading  |)osts  from  the  Mississippi  and  the 
Missouri  across  the  Kocky  Mount.iins,  lorming  a 
high  road  from  the  great  regions  ol  the  west  to 
the  shores  of  the  I'acitic.  W'e  should  have  had  a 
fortihed  post  and  port  at  the  mouth  ot  the  Colum- 
bia, commanding  the  trade  of  that  ri\er  and  its 
tributaries,  and  of  a  wide  extent  of  country  and 
sea-coast  ;  carrying  on  an  acti\e  .and  iirolit.ible 
commerce  with  the  Sandwich  Islands,  ,ind  a  di- 
rect and  trecpient  communication  witii  China.  In 
a  word,  Astoria  might  h.ave  realized  the  anticipa- 
tions of  Mr.  .\stor,  so  well  umKrstood  ,ind  appre- 
ciated by  Mr.  Jefferson,  in  gradually  becoming  a 
commercial  empire  beyond  the  mountains,  ])eo- 
pled  by  "  free  and  independent  Americans,  and 
linked  with  us  by  lies  of  blood  and  interest." 

W'e  repeat,  theretore,  our  sincere  regret  that 
our  government  should  have  neglected  the  over- 
ture of  Mr.  Astor,  and  suffered  the  moment  to 
pass  by,  when  full  possession  of  this  region  might 
have  been  taken  (piietly,  as  a  matter  of  course, 
and  a  military  post  established,  without  ilis|)Ute,  at 
Astoria.  t)ur  statesmen  have  become  sensible, 
when  too  late,  of  the  importance  of  this  measure. 
Bills  have  repeatedly  been  brought  into  Congress 
for  the  ])urpose,  but  without  success  ;  and  our  right- 
ful i)ossessions  on  that  coast,  as  well  .as  our  trade 
on  the  I'acihc,  have  no  rallying  point  jirotected 
by  the  nation.al  tl.ig,  and  by  a  military  force. 

In  the  mean  time  the  second  jieriod  of  ten  years 
is  fast  ela|)sing.      In  1838   the  (luestion  of  title  will 
again  come  up,  and  most  ]jrol)al)ly,  in  the  present 
amicable  state  of  our  relations  withCireat  Britain, 
will   be  again   post[)oned.     Kvery  year,  however, 
the    litigated    claim    is   growing    in    im|)ortance. 
There  is  no  ])ride  so  jealous  and  irritable  as  the 
pride  of   territory.     As    one  wave  of  emigr.ition 
after   another   rolls  into    the  v.isi   regions   of  the 
west,    and    our   settlements    stretch    toward    the 
Rocky  Mountains,  the  eager  eyes  of  our  ])ioneers 
I  will  ])ry  beyond,  and  they  will  become  impatient 
I  of  any  barrier  or  impediment  in  the  way  of  what 
!  they   consider    a    grand    outlet   of    our    emjiire. 
'  Should  any  circumstance,  therefore,  unfortunately 
'  occur  to  disturb   the  jjresent  harmony  of  the  two 
i  nations,  this  ill-adjusted  cpiestion,  which  now  lies 
j  dormant,  may  suildenly  start  up  into  one  of  bel- 
ligerent   import,  and  -Astoria  become  the  watch- 
word in  a  contest  for  dominion  on  the  shores  of 
the  I'acitic. 

Since  the  al)o\'e  was  written,  the  fpiestion   of 
dominion  over  the  vast  territory  beyond  the  Rocky 
Mount.iins,  which   for  a  time  threatened  to  dis- 
turb the  |)eaceful   relations  with  our  tr.msallantic 
kindred,  has  been  tinally  settled  in  a  spirit  of  mu- 
tual   concession,    and    the    \a:nerable    projector, 
■  whose  early  enterprise  forms  the  subject   of  this 
j  work,  had  the  satisfaction  of  knowing,  ere  his  eyes 
!  closed  upon  the  world,  that  the  tiag  of  his  country 
j  aj^ain  waved  over  "  AsTUI<.l.\." 


I  • 


APPENDIX. 


:r,f 


I  a 


11.    ' 


ill 


i^ 


Draii^lit  of  a  I'elition  to  Coiii^riss,  sent  !>y  Mr.  Astorin 
1S12. 

To  ihe  linnor.ilile  the  Senate  and  House  of  '  ■•'■•rese' 
atives  '  '  'lie  L'niteJ  States,  in  Tor '.res';  ;.  nnnbln! 
The  pi;iuion  ol  lae  American  i  'irCompa n  roip'-'f 
fully  slioweili : 

Tiiat  the  trade  with  the  several  Indian  tr  •  •  •A 
Nortli  Aiiierira,  has,  (or  many  years  past  been  aliiiost 
exclusively  carried  on  by  the  merchants  of  Canada  ; 
who,  haviiiit  formed  powerful  and  extensive  associa- 
tions for  that  piir|)ose,  beinR  anled  by  Mrilish  capital, 
and  beint;  encouraged  by  the  favor  and  protection  of 
the  Hrilisli  i^overnment,  could  not  be  opposed,  with 
any  prospect  of  success,  by  individuals  of  the  United 
States. 

That  by  means  of  the  above  trade,  thus  systematic- 
ally pursued,  not  only  the  inhabitants  of  the  United 
States  have  been  deprived  of  commercial  profits  and 
advantaijes,  to  which  they  appear  to  have  just  and 
natural  pretensions,  but  a  great  and  dangerous  inllu- 
ence  has  been  established  over  the  Indian  tribes,  diffi- 
cult to  be  counteracted,  and  capable  of  being  exerted 
at  critical  periods,  to  the  great  injury  and  annoyance 
of  our  frontier  settlements. 

That  in  order  to  obtain  at  least  a  part  of  the  above 
trade,  and  more  particularly  that  which  is  within  the 
boundaries  of  the  United  States,  your  petitioners,  in 
the  year  1803,  obtained  an  act  of  incorporation  from 
the  State  of  New  York,  whereby  they  are  enabled, 
with  a  competent  capital,  to  carry  on  the  said  trade 
with  the  Indians  in  such  manner  as  may  be  conform- 
able to  the  laus  and  regulations  of  the  United  States, 
in  relation  to  such  commerce. 

That  the  ca|>ital  nientionea  in  the  said  act.  amount- 
ing to  <me  million  of  dollars,  having  been  duly 
formed,  your  petitioners  entered  with  zeal  and  alacrity 
into  those  lar^je  and  important  arrangements,  which 
were  necessary  for,  or  conducive  to,  the  object  of  their 
incorporation  ;  and,  among  other  things,  purchased  a 
great  part  of  the  stock  in  trade,  and  trading  establish- 
ments (if  the  Michilimackinac  Company  of  Canada. 
Your  petitioners  also,  with  the  expectation  of  great 
public  and  private  advantage  from  the  use  of  the  said 
establishtnents,  ordered,  during  the  spring  and  sum- 
mer of  iSio,  an  assortment  of  goods  from  England, 
suitable  for  the  Indian  trade  ;  which,  in  consequence 
of  the  Fresifh'nt's  proclamation  of  November  of  that 
year,  were  shippetl  to  Canada  instead  of  New  York, 
and  have  b<en  transported,  under  a  very  heavy  ex- 
pense, into  the  interior  of  the  country.  Hut  as  they 
could  not  legally  be  brought  into  the  Indian  country 
within  the  boimdaries  of  the  United  States,  they  have 
been  ston.-d  on  the  Island  of  St.  Joseph,  in  Lake 
Huron,  where  they  now  remain. 

Your  petitioners,  with  great  deference  and  implicit 
submission  to  the  wisdom  of  the  national  legislature, 
beg  leave  to  suggest  (or  consideration,  whether  they 
have  not  some  claim  to  national  attention  and  encour- 
agement, from  the  nature  and  importance  of  their  un- 
dertaking ;  which  though  hazardous  and  uncertain  as 
it  concerns  their  private  emolument,  must,  at  any 
rate,  redouml  to  the  public  security  and  advant.age. 
If  their  undertaking  shall  ap])ear  to  be  of  the  descrip- 
tion given,  they  would  further  suggest  to  your  honor- 


able bodies,  that  unless  they  ran  procirp  a  rciru'mt 
SU(  'ily  for  the  trade  in  which  they  are  c ni;a',(;ii,  ii m,.- 
Ian;,  iish,  and  be  ("n;dly  abandoned  by  Aineritan  \% 
ens  when  it  w.d  revert  t(  its  fornu-r  channfi.  wi'.h 
a<:  iitiinal,  and  pelhaps  with  irres  stiljle,  power, 

U'ntier  these  circmnstances,  and  upcui  all  those  con- 
•  i'erations  of  public  policv  which  will  present  Aem- 
3;  Ivc'- to  your  honorable  brxlies,  in  conncciidn  wiih 
thi-.  already  mentioned,  your  pctiti.-JiuTs  rt'^iiwluliv 
pra\'  vii.i  a  law  may  be  passed  to  tnahlc  lb.-  i'res;. 
dent,  or  any  of  the  heads  of  departnicnis  actini;  under 

I  his  authority,  to  gr.-int  permits  for  tlu;  iniroiluciiunui 
goods  necessary  for  the  supply  of  the  Imllmii,  into 

;  the  Indian  country,  that  is,  within  the  Imuiularies  oi 
the   United  Slates,  under  such  regulatiuns,  aiiil  with 

I  such  restrictions,  as  may  secure    the  public  revenue 

[  and  promnte  the  public  welfare. 

■       And  your  petitioners  shall  ever  pray,  &r. 
In  witness  <vhereof,  the  common  seal  of  the  American 
Fur  Conipanyis  hereunto  alfi.\eU,  the  day  of 

March,  1S12. 
By  order  of  the  Corporation. 


A.v  Act  to  enable  the  .'\merican  Fur  Company,  and 
other  citizens,  to  introduce  goods  nei'cssary  lor  ihe 
Indian  trade  into  the  territories  within  the  bounda- 
ries of  the  U'niled  States. 

WllF.Kf:AS,  the  pu'''ic  peace  and  welfare  require  that 
the  native  India  ,   tribes  residing  wilhin  the  bounda- 
ries of  the  United  States,  shouUl  receive  their  nece<- 
j  sary  supplies  under  the  authority  and  from  the  l!;:- 
zens    of     the    U'nitcii    States  :  Therefore,    be   it  en- 
!  acted    by    the    .Senate    and     House    of    Keprcsent- 
atives    of    the  United    States,    in    ("on.L'ress   assem- 
!  bled,    that    it   shall    be  lawful    (or   the   Frtsident  ol 
I  the     United    States,    or    any    of   the    heads  ui  dt- 
partments  thereunto    by  him    duly  .uithorizcil,  from 
I  time  to  time  to  grant   permits  to  the  Anicrican  l"i;r 
C<jmpany,  their  agents  or  factors,  or  any  i;lhiT  cili- 
'  zens   of   the    I'nited    Stales   engaged   in  the  InJian 
!  trade,   to  introduce  into  the  Indian  countrv,  within 
I  the    boundaries   of   the    U'nited   States,   such  ,i;ood?, 
I  wares,  and  merchandise,  as  may  be  necessary  torlhe 
j  said  trade,  under  such  regulations  luid  resirji-iionsas 
'  the  said  Fresident  or  heaiis  of  departments  inayjmlse 
;  proper  ;  any  law  or  regulation  to  the  contrary,  in  any- 
wise, notwithstanding. 


Letter  from  Mr.  (■nlhititi  to  Mr.  A  > 


daid 


Nkw  York,  .^u.chs;  f,  i?3!. 

DfiAR  Sir  :  In  compliance  with  your  request,  1"!.! 
state  such  facts  as  I  recollect  touching  the  subier.s 
mentioned  in  your  letter  of  2.Sth  ult.  1  may  bo  mis- 
taken respecting  dates  and  det;iils,  and  will  only  re- 
late general  facts,  which  I   well  reinejolier. 

In  conforn-dty  with  the  treaty  uf  i-'j.pvith  Great 
Britain,  the  citizens  and  subje(  ts  of  cadi  country  were 
permitted  to  trade  with  the  Indi:'.ns  resi(lin,i;  in  ihe 
territories  of  the  other  party.  The  recipnuHiy  ms 
altogether   ncjininal.     Since  the  conquest  of  Canada. 


APPENDIX. 


431 


''■'1  '^>  Ainerian  ,1 
■'"■nHT  chiinnd  itu', 

fs  stihle,  power 

1''  "|i"ii:illih(,sccnn. 
h  will  present  t'lcm- 

'.  I'l  ciinncTimn  wiih 
I'lilioiicrs  rf^[,f.I(ui:v 
I')  tnablc  ilr  ivsi. 

irtmciiisaciini;  under 
T  the  imnMutiiunui 
."f  lilt  Inilians,  inio 
I"  the  iKHimlarifs  oi 
rc),'ul;ui(iiis,  am!  wiii 
tht  public  revenue 

r  pray,  &r. 

J^lmI  of  the  Amerk-sn 
*=J.  "le  day  of 


1  Fur  Companv.  and 
«ls  neressarv  Inrihe 
5  wllhin  the 'buunii,!- 

J  "•flfarcreciiiirclhat 

wiihiii  ihe  Ixmnda- 

receive  ihcir  necK- 

y  and  from  the  i.,:'- 

hcreforc,    he   it  en- 

JUse    (,f    Keprcsen;- 

1    C'oiifrress   iisseni- 

T   the   President  n( 

the-    heads  of  lie- 

ly  authorized,  irom 

the  Atiiericm  Fiir 

i,  or  ,iiiy  (.'iliir  ciii- 

iRcd   in   the  liidi,,n 

an  cuuntrv,  Hithm 

it;ites,   such  ,l'i;oi;«, 

le  necessary  lur  die 

anil  ro.siriclion,';;!? 

artnu'tils  may  iiulje 

lie  contrary,  in  any- 


i:  .-litor,  ,!,U,.! 

,  .Aiifius;  5,  iSj;. 
yiuir  request,  I  ni: 
chilli;  the  silbjtr:? 
It.     I  may  he  mi^- 

and  will  uidy  tc- 
lemlier. 
f   l~i)4  with  (irc^:; 

cai  h  country  were 
IS  residinj;  in  the 
le  rc'ciprociiy  v:r- 
Kiucbt  of  Canada. 


I  ,K,  Ornish  had  inh(  -ted  from  the  French  the  whole 

'     ',  •    throunh  the  jjreat  laUes  and  iheir  coinmuni- 

'  "^ivitli  all  th  •  western   Indians,  whether  rcsld- 

' ''   ,  \.  British  cidininions  or  the    I'nitcd    States. 

!i. ,.)[  the  important  western  posts  on  those  lakes 

t  r  Vi'l  the  vcar   I7<)7.     And   the  defensive  Indian 

[ ' ','' "I'liich  the  United   'fates  had   to  susta'ii   from 

''  ,'i  |.,,  had  still   fT'M'   alienated    ll;e    Indians, 

'..  r,'.,Vto  the  itriti''       leir  e.xclusive  trad-    lar- 

.  iii^li  the  lakes,  v      rever  the   Indians  in  that 

;\etl.     No  Amcr    m    "ould,    without   itri'  -.i- 

I    -nl  .iiierof  pr  ip.  rty  ad  lilc,  carry  on  th.it  trade, 

'  "^.n  within  the  I'nittd   '   ates.  by  the  wi     of  either 

Mchilinuckinac  or  St.    W  .ry's.     And  independent  of 

,j,p;o«,  111  commerce,  '.     -it  Hrit.i,  i  was  enalded  to 

.IfSfru- a  most  danger  ■■■i 


inlluence  over  our  Indians. 


^  '".V  mdcr  '"'ese  ci'  -umstances  that  you  communi- 
jj,i.ji,,,jur  ttovcrnrnent  ih';  prospect  you  :  '.d  •  -e 
atie  and  your  intention,  to  purciuise  one  half  of  the 
jjierestof  the  Canadian  Fur  Company,  enRUKed  in 
trade  bv  the  way  of  .Michiliinackinac  with  our  own 
Indians.  Vou  wished  to  know  whether  the  plan  met 
Biih  the  approbation  of  Rovernment,  and  how  far  you 
coiildrely  oil  its  protection  and  cncouraReincnt.  This 
overture  was  received  witn  ^rcat  satisfaction  by  the 
administration,  and  Mr,  Jefferson,  then  I'residcnt, 
irrole  ynu  to  that  elTect.  1  was  also  directed,  as 
Seciel.iry  of  the  'treasury,  to  write  to  you  an  ofTicial 
letter  to  the  same  purpose.  On  investigating  the  sub- 
iect,  it  was  found  that  the  Executive  had  no  authority 
to  jive  vou  any  direct  aid  ;  and  1  believe  that  you 
reieiicd  nothiiit;  moro  than  an  entire  approbation  of 
viir  pl.in,  anil  general  assurances  of  the  protection 
(iLf  I'.i  every  citizen  engaged  in  lawful  and  useful  pur- 
suits. 

Vou  did  effect  the  contemplated  purchase,  but  in 
i[h,it  year  I  do  not  collect.  Immediately  liefore  the 
ivar,  v'U  represented  that  a  large  (|uiintity  of  mer- 
fhan(ii,-e,  intended  for  the  Indian  trade,  and  includ- 
ci  arms  and  munitions  of  war,  belonging  to  that 
cnn:ern  of  which  yon  owned  one  half,  w;is  deposited 
atapDSt  on  Lake  Huron,  within  the  Hritisli  domin- 
iins;  that,  in  onler  to  prevent  their  ultimately  falling 
intoihe  hands  of  Indians  who  mii^ht  prove  hostile, 
you  were  desirous  to  try  to  have  them  conveyed  into 
tfce  United  .Slates  ;  but  that  you  were  prevented  by 
the  then  existing  law  of  non-intercourse  with  the  Brit- 
ish dominions. 

The  lAccutivc  could  not  annul  the  provisions  of 
thatlaiv.  Hut  I  was  directed  to  instruct  the  collectors 
on  the  lakes,  in  case  you  or  your  agents  should  volun- 
tarily btitii;  in  and  deliver  to  them  any  parts  of  the 
goods  above  mentioned,  to  receive  and  keej)  them  in 
the r  guard,  tiiui  not  to  coinmencc  prosecutions  until 
farther  instructions  ;  the  intention  Ijcing  then  to  ap- 
plvto  Congress  lor  an  act  remitting  the  forfeiture  and 
penalties.  I  wrote  accordinglv,  to  that  effect,  to  the 
coHectiirs  of  Detroit  and  Michiliinackinac. 

The  attempt  to  obtain  the  goods  did  not,  however, 
sncrced  ;  ami  I  cannot  say  how  far  the  failure  injured 
you.  liut  the  war  proved  fatal  to  another  much  more 
extensive  ami  important  enterprise. 

Previous  to  that  time,  but  I  also  forget  the  year, 
you  ha !  umleriaken  to  carry  on  a  trade  on  your  own 
a:count.  though  I  believe  under  the  New  York  charter 
o:  die  .\nierican  Fur  Company,  with  the  Indians  west 
0!  the  Rocky  Mountains,  This  project  was  also 
cmmuiiicated  to  government,  and  met,  of  course, 
with  its  full  approbation,  and  best  wishes  for  your 
SiTcss.  You  carried  it  on,  on  the  most  extensive 
5^'ile,  sending  several  ships  to  the  mouth  of  the 
C'lundila  River,  and  a  large  party  by  land  across  the 
n;'iur.tains,  and  finally  founding  the  establishment  of 
i-loria. 
This  unfortunately  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  enemy 
.rini;  the  war,  from  circumstances  with  which  I  am 
■t  imperfectly  ac(|uainted — being  then  absent  on  a 
^•reiitn  mission.  I  returned  in  September,  1S15,  and 
sailed  again  on  a  mission  to  France  in  June,  181O. 
I'urini;  that  period  I  visited  Washington  twice— in 
October  or  November,  1815,  and  in  March,  1S16.    On 


one  of  these  two  occasions,  and  I  bilieve  on  the  last, 
you  mentioned  to  me  that  you  were  disposed  once 
more  to  renew  the  attempt,  and  to  re-establish 
Astoria,  pinvided  you  had  the  protection  of  the 
American  ll.ig  ;  for  which  purpose  a  lieutenant's  com- 
mand would  l)e  sufficient  to  you.  You  rei)uested  me 
to  mention  this  to  the  President,  which  I  did.  Mr. 
N#aiiison  s;ud  lie  would  consider  the  subject,  and, 
alth  It'll  he  did  not  <  immit  himself,  I  thought  that  he 
eceived  the  (iroposal  favorably.  The  message  was 
verbal,  and  I  do  not  know  whether  the  apjUication 
was  ever  renewed  in  i  more  fornitil  iiKiuner.  I  sailed 
soon  after  lor  Fur'  ,  and  was  seven  years  absent. 
I  never  had  the  pleasure,  since  iriio,  to  see  .Mr. 
Madison,  and  never  heard  again  anything  toucern- 
ing  the  si  bject  in  question. 

1  remain,  dear  sir,  most  respectfully. 
Your  obedient  servant, 

ALHFUT  CALLATIN. 

John  Jaioh  Astok,  Estp,  New  York. 


iVotices  of  till' present  state  of  the  J'lir  Ti<i,!e,  chiefly 
extiacted  from  an  article  publislied  in  Sillinian  s 
Joutnat  for  January,  1834. 

The  Northwest  Company  did  not  long  enjoy  the 
sway  they  had   acquired  over  the  trading  regions  of 
the   Columbia.       i\   competition,    ruinous    in    its   ex- 
penses, which  h,ul  long  existed  between  tluin  and  tl 
Ihidson's  Hay  Company,  ended  in  their  downfall  a.. 
the  ruin  of  most  of  the   partners.     The   relict  of  ,ee 
company  became  merged  in  the  rival  assoi  iatior 
the  whole  business  was  conducted  under  the  name  o, 
the  Hudson's  Hay  Company. 

This  coalition  took  place  in  1S21.  They  'h?n 
abandoned  Astoria,  and   built  a   large   establi  nt 

sixty  miles  up  the  river,  on  the  right  bank,  whic.  '  ,. 
called  Fort  Vancouver.  This  was  in  a  neighborhood 
where  provisions  could  be  more  readily  procured,  and 
where  there  was  less  danger  from  molesttition  by  any 
naval  force.  The  company  are  said  to  carry  on  an 
active  and  prosperous  trade,  and  tc^  give  gr<;at  encour- 
agement to  settlers.  They  are  extremely  jealous, 
however,  of  any  interference  or  participation  in  their 
trade,  and  monopolize  it  from  the  coast  of  the  Pacific 
to  the  mountains,  and  for  a  considerable  extent  north 
anil  south.  The  American  traders  and  trappers  who 
venture  across  the  mountains,  instead  of  enjoying  the 
participation  in  the  trade  of  the  river  and  its  tributa- 
ries, that  had  been  stipulated  by  treaty,  are  obliged  to 
keep  to  the  south,  out  of  the  track  of  the  Hudson's 
Hay  parties. 

Mr.  Astor  has  withdrawn  cntirtly  from  the  .Ameri- 
can Fur  Company,  as  he  has,  in  fact,  from  active 
business  of  every  kind.  That  company  is  now  headed 
l)y  Mr.  Ramsay  Crooks  ;  its  principal  establishment 
is  at  Michiliinackinac,  and  it  receives  its  furs  from  the 
posts  depending  on  that  station,  and  from  those  on 
the  Mississippi,  Missouri,  and  Yellow  Stone  Rivers, 
and  the  great  range  of  country  extending  thence  to 
the  Rocky  Mountains.  This  company  Ins  steamboats 
in  its  employ,  with  which  it  ascends  the  rivers,  and 
penetr.ites  to  a  vast  distance  into  the  bosom  of  those 
regions  formerly  so  painfully  explored  in  keel  boats 
anil  barges,  or  by  weary  parties  on  horseback  and  on 
foot.  The  first  irruption  of  steamboats  into  the  heart 
of  these  vast  wildernesses  is  said  to  have  caused  the 
utmost  astonishment  and  affright  among  their  savage 
inhabitants. 

In  addition  to  the  main  companies  already  men- 
tioned, minor  associations  have  been  formed,  which 
push  their  way  in  the  most  intrepid  manner  to  the  re- 
mote parts  of  the  far  West,  and  beyond  the  mountain 
barriers.  One  of  the  most  noted  of  these  is  Ashley's 
company,  from  St.  Louis,  who  trap  for  themselves, 
and  drive  an  extensive  trade  with  the  Indians.  The 
spirit,  enterprise,  and  hardihood  of  Ashley  are  themes 
of  the  highest  eulogy  in  the  far  West,  and  his  adven- 
tures and  exploits  furnish  abundance  of  frontier 
stories. 


i 


432 


APPF.NDIX. 


t^ii 


ii   ft 


'|i: 

if    :; 

ill' 

'.  i: 

!  :    , 

li;tji;: 


Anr.thcr  company  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  persons 
from  New  \nrk,  formeil  in  1H31,  and  headeil  l)y  Cap- 
tain Honncvillf  "f  Ihc  Utiitccl  Siatps  army,  has  pushed 
its  enterprises  into  tracts  l)ef(ire  luit  little  known,  and 
has  brought  ronsiderable  ipiantities  of  hirs  from  the 
reKion  between  the  l<f)cky  Mountains  and  the  coasts 
of  Monterey  and  I'pper  ("aiifnrni.i,  on  the  Ituenaven- 
lur,i  and  Timp.inoKos  Uivers.  • 

The  fur  countries,  from  the  I'acifie  east  to  the 
Roci<y  MouiUiiins,  are  now  occupied  (exclusive  of 
private  c(inil)iiialioiis  and  individual  trappers  and 
traders)  liy  the  Kussiaiis  ;  and  on  the  northwest,  from 
Hehrinij's  Strait  to  yueen  Charlotte's  Island,  in  north 
latitude  hfty  three  (let;re<-s,  and  by  the  liusdon's  Hay 
Company  thence,  south  ut  the  Columbia  River  ;  while 
Ashley's  company,  and  that  under  Captain  Monne- 
ville,  take  the  remainder  of  the  region  to  Califiirnia. 
Indeed,  the  whole  compass  from  the  Mississippi  to 
the  PacifiR  <)cean  is  traversed  in  every  direction. 
The  mountains  and  forests,  from  the  Arctic  Sc.i  to  the 
(iulf  of  .Mexico,  are  threaded,  throuyli  every  niiize,  by 
the  hunter.  luery  river  and  tributary  stre.im.  from 
the  Columbia  to  the  mouth  of  the  Kio  del  Norte,  and 
from  the  M'Kenzie  to  the  Colorado  of  the  West,  from 
their  head  sprin^js  to  their  junction,  are  searched  and 
trapped  for  be.iver.  Almost  all  the  Ameiican  furs, 
which  do  not  bcloni;  to  the  Hudson's  U.iy  Company, 
find  their  way  to  New  Vork,  and  .ire  either  distribut- 
ed thence  for  home  consumption,  or  sent  to  foreijjn 
markets. 

Tlie  Hudson's  Hay  Company  ship  their  furs  from 
their  factories  of  York  Fort  ai\d  from  Moose  Uiver, 
on  Hudson's  Buy  ;  their  collection  from  (Iranii  River. 
iSlC,  they  ship  from  Canada  ;  and  the  collection  Irom 
Columbia  K"es  to  London.  None  of  ihcir  furs  come 
to  the  United  States,  except  through  the  London 
market. 

The  export  trade  of  furs  from  the  United  .St.ites  is 
chiefly  to  London.  Some  (piantiiies  have  been  sent 
to  Canton,  and  some  few  to  Hamburg  ;  and  an  in- 
creasing export  tr.ide  in  beaver,  otter,  nutria,  and 
vicunia  woid.  prepared  for  the  hatter's  use,  is  carried 
on  in  Mexico.  Some  furs  are  e.xported  from  Haiti- 
more,  Philadelphia,  and  Boston  ;  but  the  iiriniipal 
shipments  from  the  United  States  arc  from  New  \(irk 
to  Londcm,  from  whence  they  are  sent  to  Leipsic,  a 
well-known  mart  for  furs,  where  they  are  disposed  of 
during  the  great  fair  in  that  city,  and  distributed  to 
every  part  ot  the  continent. 

The  United  States  import  from  South  America, 
nutria,  vicunia,  chinchilla,  and  a  few  deerskins  ;  also 
lur  seals  fnun  the  Lobos  Islands,  off  the  river  Plate. 
A  quantity  of  beaver,  otter.  ^:c..  ;ire  brought  annually 
from  Santa  I'c'.  Dressed  furs  for  edgings,  linings, 
caps,  muffs,  iVc,  such  as  squirrel,  genet,  Inch  skins, 
and  blue  rabbit,  are  received  from  the  north  of 
Europe  ;  also  coney  and  hare's  fur  ;  but  the  largest 
importations  are  fro;n  London,  where  is  concentrated 
nearly  the  whole  of  ihe  North  .Anierican  fur  trade. 

.Such  is  the  present  st.ite  of  the  fur  trade,  by  which 
it  will  appear  that  the  extended  sway  of  the  Hudson's 
H.iy  Company,  anil  its  monopoly  of  the  region  of 
which  Astoria  was  the  key,  has  operated  to  turn  the 
main  current  of  this  opulent  trade  into  the  coffers  of 
(ireat  Britain,  and  to  render  London  the  emporium 
instead  of  New  York,  as  Mr.  Aslor  had  intended. 

We  will  subjoin  a  few  observations  on  the  animals 
sought  after  in  this  traflic,  extracted  from  the  same 
intelligent  source  with  the  preceding  remarks. 

0/  !/u-  Jiir-!'i-<iriui;-  iiiii»iii/s,  "  the  precious  ermine," 
so  called  by  way  of  pre-eminence,  is  found,  of  the 
l)cst  quality,  only  in  the  cold  regions  of  luirope  and 
Asia.-  Its  fur  is  of  the  most  pc;rfect  whiteness,  ex- 
cept the  tip  of  its  tail,  which  is  of  a  brilliant  shining 
black.  With  these  black  tips  tacked  on  Ihe  skins, 
they  are  beautifully  spotted,  producing  an  effect  often 
imitated,  but  never  equalled  in  other  furs.  The  er- 
mine is  of  the  genus  mustcla  (weasel),  and  resembles 

*  All  .mim.Tl  called  the  stoat,  a  kind  cf  erniiiie,  is  said  to  be 
f.nind  ill  North  America,  but  very  inferior  to  the  European  and 
Asiatic. 


the  rommofj  weasel  in  its  form  ;  is  from  (,,„„, 
sixteen  Incites  from  the  tit>  of  the  nose  ii,  (i,,,  V 
the  tail.  The  body  is  from  ten  to  twi-lvt  ir„  hf'" 
It  lives  in  hollow  trees,  river  banks,  amlcMic,,  Ji'." 
beech  forests;  preys  on  small  birds,  is  verv  V 
sleeping  during  the  day.  and  employinc  the  ,iJ, 
search  of  food.  The  fur  of  the  older  aniiniK  1  ' 
ferred  to  the  younger.  It  is  taken  I'V  ^n;lrcs  ?"j 
traps,  and  sometimes  shot  with  bliim  nrrinvj  \, 
tenipts  have  been  made  to  doniestii  ale  it  Ui  ij ' 
extremely  wild,  and  has  been  foiiiid  uni.miiiljlc       ' 

The  sable  can  scarcely  be  called  sn mvl  i„  11,5 
mine.  It  is  a  native  of  northern  Liiri)|ic  imd  >|i,|.., ' 
and  is  also  of  the  genus  mustcla.  In  S;iin(iii'i|,i  \v 
kutsk,  Kamschatka,  and  Russian  La[ilaii(t,  it  ;>  jomj 
(jf  the  richest  <|ua'.ity  and  darkest  color.  In  iishili'j 
it  resembles  the  ermine.  It  preys  on  sm.ill  si|uiire"i 
ami  birds,  sleeps  bv  day,  and  prowls  for  (rmii  ilurir™ 
the  niidit.  It  is  so  like  the  marten,  in  every  latijru a, 
except  its  si/.e,  and  the  dark  shade  of  its  rolur,  iliai 
ntituraiisls  have  not  decided  whether  it  is  llifr:ih«i 
and  finest  of  the  marten  tribe,  or  a  variciv  i,(  ibi 
species.*  It  varies  in  ilimensions  (roia  ciniuttmo 
twenty  inches. 

The  ri(  h  dark  shades  of  the  sable,  and*  ihe  snowv 
whiteness  of  the  ermine,  the  great  depth,  ami  ihj 
pcctdiar,  almost  llowing  softness  of  iliuir  sUnj  anj 
fur,  have  combined  to  gtiin  them  a  prulcrcncp  in  a,: 
countries,  and  in  all  ages  of  the  worhl,  In  ili.s  .luj 
they  maintain  the  same  relative  estimate  in  rtx.irlio 
other  furs,  as  wdien  they  matked  the  rank  of  thcproad 
crusader,  and  were  emblazoned  in  lier.ililry  ;  Ijiii  m 
most  European  nations  they  are  now  worn  prumis- 
cuously  by  the  opulent. 

The  m.irteiis  from  Northern  Asia  and  the  Moun- 
tains of  K.imschatka  are  much  superior  in  the  .Anir;- 
can.  though  in  every  pack  of  American  ni.irltn  sliins 
there  are  a  I'ertain  number  wdiich  are  hcauliiullv shad- 
ed, and  of  a  tlark  brown  olive  color,  of  ijrem  Otftii 
.and  richness. 

Next  these  in  value,  for  ornament  and  utility,  are 
the  sea  otter,  the  mink,  and  the  liery  lox. 

The  fiery  fox  is  the  bright  red  of  .Asia  ;  i?  more 
Ijrilliantly  colored  and  of  finer  fur  llian  anyotherol 
the  genus.  It  is  highly  valued  for  the  splunjnr  ci  its 
red  color  and  the  fineness  of  its  fur.  It  is  the  stuiid- 
ard  of  value  on  the  northeastern  coast  of  .Asi,!. 

The  sea  otter,  wdiicli  was  lirst  introchircd  inlocciii- 
merce  in  17'.'?,  from  the  Aletitian  and  Kurile  Islands, 
is  an  exceedinulv  fine,  soft,  close  fur,  jet  bLuk  in 
winter,  with  a  silken  gloss.  The  fur  of  the  youn< 
anim.al  is  of  a  be.iuliful  brown  color.  It  is  met  with 
in  great  abund;ince  in  Bhcrings  Island,  Ktmisihatka. 
Aleutian  and  I'ox  Islands,  and  is  also  tal^cn  on  the 
opposite  coasts  of  North  America.  It  is  sonittimes 
taken  with  nets,  but  more  frc(|uently  with  rluljS.inJ 
spears.  Their  food  is  principally  lobster  and  other 
shellfish. 

In  17S0  furs  had  become  so  scarce  in  Siln'ria  that 
the  supply  was  insufficient  for  the  demand  in  m.  .\si- 
atic  countries.  It  was  at  this  time  that  the  sta otter 
was  introduced  into  the  markets  lor  Cliina.  The 
skins  brought  stich  incredible  prices  as  to  originate 
immediately  several  .American  and  Hrilisli  cNpi'ilitiims 
to  the  northern  islands  of  the  Pticilic.  to  Nr.utka 
Sound  and  the  northwest  coast  of  Anurii.a:  but  the 
Russians  already  had  possession  of  the  ir.irt  which 
they  now  bold,  and  had  arranged  a  trade  for  the  sc.i 
otter  with  the  Koudek  tribes.  They  do  not  cniir^ss 
the  trade,  however  ;  the  American  northwest  ir.idin;' 
ships  procure  them,  all  along  the  coast,  lior.i  the 
Indians. 

At  one  period  the  fur  seals  formed  no  inconsiiler- 
able  item  in  the  trade.  South  (leorgia,  in  s:iuth  lati- 
tude fifty-five  degrees,  discovered  in  1117?,  was  f.v 
plored   by   Captain   Cook   in    1771.     The  .Americans 

*  'I'he  finest  fur  and  ibe  darkest  color  .are  moit  estfcmeJ  ;  .wd 
whcthtT  the  diffeience  ari>c5  from  ihe  age  of  ibe  amin.il.urlrom 
some  iieculianty  of  location,  i^i  not  knc.wn.  Thc\  J'  J'"'  "JJ 
more  from  the  common  ni:irtcn  than  ihc  Arabi.m  horse  from  tM 
shatigy  Canadian. 


Al'IM'NUIX. 


433 


""'•^"''"'•il:Ul,; 

"'','"' "Miamal;!,       ' 
'    '■•"r-'K  ami  >,(,„; 

■"•■'''''■.  .-in'rihe  snow 
"'■'^^•"  'I'Tili,  jiiil  lii 

'  "'  "i>-ir  skills  and 
"  "  t'leltrcntc  in  a: 

"■"fl'l.  In  tli,s  a.t 
•-■slimate  in  rei;jr-li„ 
tlKTankofihcproa 

"•  'ii-T'ililry  ;  bm  ,„ 
<^  iii'w  worn  piomi;. 

Asia  and  the  Mm- 
upcriiir  lo  the  ,\mf,. 
UTii-aii  rnarlcn  skins 
>  iirc  lii-'aiiii/uiivshad. 
^••olor,  of  ^-reat  Ctn,, 

nent  and  utility,  arc 
It-TV  lex. 

il   «)f  Asia  ;  is  more 
iir  than  any  other  ol 
>r  tllL-  S|j|uii,lor(i!i;s 
iir-     It  is  the  stand- 
roast  (11  Asia, 
iilroiliiced  intocoiii- 
ami  Kurilf  Islands, 
'sc  fur,  jei  blark  in 
-   fur  of  the  voun^' 
or.     It  is  met  with 
slarid,  Kamsihalka. 
also  taken  on  the 
V.     It  is  sometimes 
lUly  with  cliiLsand 
■  lobster  and  other 

rce  in  Sihcria  that 
de'iiKind  in  i.'ie  Asi- 
:  that  the  sea  otter 
i  for  China.  The 
:es  as  to  originate 

Hritisli  expeditions 
^iriiic,   to  Xoolka 

Anieriea  ;  Li:t  the 
)f  tlic  tract  which 

trade  for  the  sea 
!)■  do  not  cnijruss 
northwest  tradiiii; 
;  coast,  froi:i  the 

ed  no  inconsider- 

■gia,  in  south  hiti- 

in    1I175,  was  c.\- 

TliL'  Americans 


nicit  estrcined ;  .md 

if  ihe  animal,  or  fruiTi 

'I'hey   it  '  l"'I  viry 

ibian  liurse  frtj.ii  lh< 


,i;,n.|v  rommcnccd  rarryioR  seal  >kins  tlicncc  to 

''.     nhcTi-'    ihcy   obtained    llif    most    exort)itant 

^' ''!'  One  million  two  liiindrcd  thousand  skins  have 

l^^'tikcn  (r""i   ll'at   island    alonn,  and    nearly   an 

"1  nunil'cr  from  the   Island   of   DisolalioTi,  since 

■  "J^uffp  first  resorted  to   for   tlie   purpose  of  roin- 

TV  i'is<:"*"V  o'  ll'f'  ^"""'   Shetlands.  sixty  three 

I  Jls'snuth  latitude,  in   iSi.S,  added  surprisingly  l<> 

h  twlei"  (iif  '*<•'•''"■     ""^  tunnber  taken   from  the 

Wh  Shetlands  in  I  S3 1  anil   iS22  ainoiiiited   to  three 

IkiindreJ^i"'  l"'<-'iny  thousand.     This  valuable  animal 

f„  almost  exlini-i  in  all   these   islands,  owinu   to 

ihe'exteriiiinatinK'  system  adopted    by    the    hunters. 

IV  jrc  .^lill  taken  on  the  I.otios   Islands,  where  the 

'' ■ij^,„l  ^riiverninent  of  Montevideo  restrict  the  lish- 

,■  or  hunting,  within  certain   limits,  which   insures 

!.'innu.il  return  of  the  seals.   At  certain  seasons  these 

.itphibia,  for  the   purpose   of    rtnewiiiK    their   coat, 

coracupn"  the  dark  frowning  rocks  and  precipices, 

where  there  is  not  a  trace  of  ve^etalinn.      In  the  niid- 

ii>  o(  lanuarv  the   islands  arc    partially  cleared   of 

(Miv.ftherc  a' few  patches   of  short   stramlioK  Riass 

s'-tinK  up  in  favorable  situations;  but  the    se.ds    do 

n'otrcsorl  to  it  for  fo  >d.     They  remain  on  the  rocks 

nut  less  tli.in  two  months,  without   any  sustenance, 

nhcnlhey  return  much  em;iciated  to  the  sea. 

Hears  (if  various  s|)ci  Irs  and  colors,  many  varieties 
ofttieiox,  the  wolf,  the  iieaver.  the  otter,  the  marten, 
lie  racoon,  the  badger,  the  wolverine,  the  mink,  the 
iins,  the  nuiskr.it.  tin;  woo  Ichuck.  t'.o  rabbit,  the 
tare! and  the  si|uirrtl.  arc  natives  of  North  America. 
The  beaver,  otter,  lyn.v,  fisher,  hare,  and  raioon, 
arc  used  iirinci|ially  for  hats  ;  while  the  bears  of 
several  varieties  furnish  an  excellent  material  for 
iic'Sh  lininijs,  for  cavalry  caps,  and  other  military 
iguipmcnts.  The  fur  of  the  black  fox  is  the  most 
viuable  of  any  of  the  American  varieties;  ;ind  next 
13  that  the  red,  which  is  exported  to  China  and 
Smyrna.  In  China,  the  red  is  employed  for  trini- 
ninss,  iinini;s,  and  robes,  the  latter  beini;  varic>,'ated 
Iv  addinn  the  black  fur  of  the  paws,  in  spots  or 
waves.  There  are  many  other  varieties  of  American 
;:\.  such  as  the  f;ray,  the  wdiite,  the  cross,  the  silver, 
anl  the  dun  colored.  The  silver  fox  is  ii  rare  animal, 
3  native  of  the  woody  country  below  the  falls  of  the 
C  umbia  River.  It  has  a  lon^,  thick,  deep  le.ad- 
j  c iored  fur,  intermingled  with  lon^  luiirs,  invarialdy 
ahiieatthe  top,  forniinR  a  bright  lustrous  silver  ^;ray, 
tsteemcd  liy  some  more  beautiful  than  anv  other  kind 
c!  (o.\. 

The  skins  of  the  buffalo,  of  the  Rocky  mountain 
sheep,  of  various  deer  and  of  the  antelope,  arc  in- 
t.cdid  in  the  fur  trade  with  the  Indians  and  trappers 
0:  the  north  and  west. 

Fo.xand  se.il  skins  are  sent  from  Greenland  to  Dcn- 
itark.  The  white  fur  of  the  arctic  fox  and  polar  bear 
is  sometimes  found  in  the  packs  brought  to  the  trad- 
irsbyihe  most  northern  tribes  of  Indians,  but  is  not 
;.irlicularly  valuable.  The  silver-tipped  rabbit  is 
;;culiar  to  England,  and  is  sent  thence  to  Russia  and 
China. 

Other  furs  arc  employed  and  valued  according  to 
Lie  caprices  of  fashion,  as  well  in  those  countries 
nhere  they  are  needed  for  defences  ai;ainst  the  severity 
o(  the  seasons,  as  among  the  inhaliitaiUs  of  milder 
c.malcs,  who,  bein.c;  of  Tartar  or  Sclavonian  descent, 
are  said  to  inherit  an  attachment  to  furred  clothinR. 
S^charethe  inhabitants  of  Poland,  of  Southern  Rus- 
sa. of  China,  of  Persia,  of  Turkey,  and  all  the  nations 
ol  Gothic  orif;in  in  the  middle  and  western  parts  of 
Empe.  Cnder  the  burning  suns  of  Syria  and  Kgypt 
Ml  the  mild  climes  of  ISucharia  and  Independent 
Tartary,  there  is  also  a  constant  demtiml.  and  a  great 
consumption,  where  there  exists  no  physical  necessity. 
In  our  own  temperate  latitudes,  besides  their  use  in 
the  .arts,  they  are  in  rec|uest  for  ornament  and  warmth 
-aring  the  winter,  and  large  cjuantities  are  annually 
tonsumed  for  both  purposes  in  the  United  States. 

from  the  foregoing  statements  it  appears  that  the 
nirade  must  henceforward  decline.     The  advanced 


state  of  fjeographical  science  shows  th.il  no  new 
countries  remain  to  be  e.xplored.  In  North  America 
the  animals  are  slowly  decreasing,  from  Ihe  persever- 
ing efforts  iind  the  indisi  riininale  sl.iughter  practiced 
by  the  hunters,  and  by  the  .ippropri.itioii  to  the  uses 
of  man  of  those  forests  and  rivers  which  have  afford- 
ed them  food  and  protection.  They  recede  with  the 
alxirigines,  before  ihi;  tide  of  1  ivili/.ition  ;  but  .1 
diminished  supply  will  remain  in  the  inouiil.iins  and 
imcultivated  tracts  of  this  and  other  (onntries,  if  the 
avidity  of  Ihe  hunter  can  be  restrained  wilhia  pruijcr 
limitations. 


Ihii^ht  of  I  III-  l\ihky  Afotintivin. 

Various  estimates  have  been  made  of  the  height  of 
the  Rocky  Mountains,  but  it  is  doiibtfiil  whether  anv 
have,  as  yet,  done  justice  to  their  re,d  .altitude,  which 
promises  to  place  them  only  seconil  to  the  highest 
mountains  of  the  known  world.  Their  height  has 
been  diminished  to  the  eye  by  the  great  elev.ilion  of 
the  plains  from  which  they  rise.  They  consist,  ac- 
cording to  Long,  of  ridges,  knobs,  and  peaks,  vari- 
ously disposed.  The  more  elevated  parts  are  cov- 
reed  with  perpetual  snows,  which  contribute  to  give 
them  ;i  luminous,  and,  at  a  great  distance,  even  a 
brilli.int  appearance  ;  whence  they  derived,  among 
some  of  the  first  discoverers,  the  name  of  the  Shining 
Mountains. 

James's  Peak  has  generally  been  cited  as  the  high- 
est of  the  duiin  ;  and  its  elevation  above  the  common 
level  has  been  ascertained,  by  a  trigonometrical 
measurement,  to  be  about  eight  thousand  live  hun- 
dred feet.  Mr.  Long,  however,  judged,  from  the 
|)osition  of  the  snow  near  Ihe  summits  of  other  peaks 
;ind  ridges  ;it  no  great  distance  from  it,  that  they  were 
much  higher.  I  hiving  he.ird  Professor  Renwick,  of 
New  York,  express  an  opinion  of  the  jilliuide  of  these 
mountains  far  bey<md  wh.it  h.id  usually  been  ascribeil 
lo  them,  we  a|)[)lied  to  him  for  the  authority  on  which 
he  grounded  his  observation,  and  here  subjoin  his 
reply  : 

CciitrMiiiA  Coi.i.Kci-.,  Ni.w  YoKK,  Feb.  23,  1836. 

DicAK  SiK  :  In  compliance  with  your  re(|uesi,  I  have 
to  communicate  some  facts  In  relation  to  ihe  heights 
of  the  Rocky  Mounttuns,  and  the  sources  whence  I 
obtained  the  information. 

In  conversation  with  Simon  M'Oillivray,  Ksc|.,  a 
partner  of  Ihe  Northwest  Company,  he  slated  to  me 
his  impression,  that  the  mountains  in  the  vicinity  cif 
the  route  pursued  by  the  traders  of  that  company  were 
nearly  as  high  ;is  the  Ilini.ilayas.  He  had  hinisell 
crossed  bv  this  route,  seen  the  snowy  summits  of  the 
peaks,  and  experienced  a  degree  of  cold  which  re- 
quireci  a  spirit  thermometer  to  indicate  it.  His 
authority  for  the  estimate  of  the  heights  was  a  gentle- 
man who  had  been  employed  for  several  years  as 
surveyor  of  that  company.  This  conveisation  oc- 
curred about  sixteen  years  since. 

A  year  or  two  afterward  I  had  the  pleasure  of  din- 
ing at  Major  Delafield's  with  Mr.  T  honips<in,  the  gen- 
tleman referred  toby  Mr.  M'dillivray.  I  iniiuired  of 
him  in  relation  to  the  circumst.mi  cs  mentioned  by 
Mr.  M'Cillivray,  and  he  slated  that,  by  the  joint 
means  of  the  barometric  and  iriiMiiiomclric  measure- 
ment, he  had  ascertained  the  height  of  one  of  the 
lieaks  to  be  about  twenty-five  thousand  feet,  and  there 
were  others  of  nearly  the  same  height  in  the  vicinity. 
I  am,  dear  sir,  vours  trulv, 

■  ja.mls'rlnwtck. 

To  W.  Ikving,  Esq. 


I 


Siii;gi-s(ioiis   wil/i   reaped  lo   the  Indian   tribes,  and  the 
protection  of  our  Tiade. 

In  the  course  of  this  work,  a  few  general  remarks 
have  been  hazarded  rcsijccting  Ihe  Indian  tribes  of 
the  prairies,  and  the  dangers  to  be  apprehended  from 


484 


APPENDIX. 


1:1* 


I-  F 


•\i\ 


■  '.ir  i 


I   ; 


'i    ; 


l!'^' 


i\' 


lliein  in  fiitiiro  timi-s  to  oiir  trade  ticyond  the  Rrxky 
Moimtuiris  ill). I  with  tlii'  Sp.uiish  (ronlierd.  Sieiii' 
writiiiK  lli'isi-  rL'in.irks,  wo  Ii.ivl'  met  with  sotno  fxccl- 
Ictit  (liism.ili  Ills  ainl  sii);^L'Hii()n!j,  In  in.uuiHcript,  on 
the  SHin':  Mil)JL(  t,  wrilttii  liy  Caplain  Iloiini-villi',  of 
the  Unilcil  Stall's  army,  who  lias  lately  returned  (ro'n 
n  lonn  re:-iiil:'iu'e  anions;  the  trilies  of  tlie  Koeky 
Mountains,  Captain  II.  approves  highly  of  the  plan 
recently  aloptiMl  l>y  the  I'nited  Stales  ^jovernment  for 
the  urKani/atloii  of  a  re^inient  of  drat^oons  for  the 
protectiiii  of  our  wcstiTii  frontier,  and  the  trade 
across  the  pr.iiries.  "  No  other  sjiecies  of  military 
force,"  he  ohserves,  "  is  at  .ill  ('oni|)etent  to  cope  with 
these  restless  and  wandering  hordes,  who  re(|iiire  to 
lie  opposed  with  swiftness  (|uitc  as  much  as  with 
BtreiiKth  ;  and  the  consciousness  th.it  a  troop,  uniting 
these  (juaiilications,  is  alw.iys  on  the  alert  to  aven^je 
their  outr.ines  upon  the  settlers  and  Ir.iders,  will  j;o 
very  far  toward  restraining  them  from  the  perpetra- 
tion t)f  those  thefts  and  murders  which  they  have 
heretofore  conimitted  with  impunity,  whenever  str.itii- 
gcni  or  Kuperioiity  of  force  has  ^jiven  them  the  advan- 
tage. Their  interest  already  has  iloiie  sonulhiiiK 
toward  their  pa(  ilication  with  our  countrymen.  I'roni 
the  traders  amoiii;  them,  they  receive  their  supplies 
in  the  greatest  abundance,  and  upon  very  eciiiit.iblc 
terms  ;  and  when  it  is  remembered  that  a  very  con- 
siderable amount  iif  property  is  yearly  distributed 
anions  them  by  the  ^,'overnment,  as  presents,  it  will 
readily  he  perceived  that  they  .ire  ^jreatly  d(|)eiulent 
upon  us  for  their  most  valued  resources.  If,  super- 
added to  this  inducement,  a  frc(|uent  display  of  r.iill- 
tary  power  be  m.ide  in  their  territories,  there  can  lie 
little  doubt  tliat  the  desired  security  and  peace  will  be 
speedily  atlnr  led  to  our  own  people.  Hut  the  idea  of 
cstablishiii);  a  permanent  amity  ami  concord  nmon^ 
ine  various  east  and  west  tribes  themselves,  seems  to 
me,  if  not  wholly  impracticable,  at  least  inl'initcly 
more  ditTicult  than  many  excellent  phihmthropists 
have  hoped  and  believed.  Those  nations  wliii  h  have 
so  lately  emivjniled  from  the  midst  of  our  settlements 
to  live  up<in  our  western  borders,  and  have  made  some 
progress  in  agriculture  and  the  arts  of  civilization. 
have,  in  the  property  they  have  ac(|uir;d,  and  the  pro- 
tection and  aid  extended  to  them,  loo  many  advan- 
tages to  lie  induced  readily  to  take  up  arms  against  us, 
particularly  if  they  cm  be  brought  to  the  full  convic- 
tion that  their  new  homes  will  be  permanent  and  un- 
disturbed ;  and  there  is  every  reason  and  motive,  in 
policy  as  well  as  humanity,  for  our  ameliorating  their 
condition  by  every  me.uis  in  our  power,  Hut  the 
case  is  far  different  with  regard  to  the  Osages,  the 
Kanzas,  the  I'.iwnees,  and  other  roving  hordes  be- 
yond the  frontiers  of  the  settlements.  Wild  and  rest- 
less in  their  character  and  habits,  they  are  by  no 
means  so  susceptible  of  control  or  civilization  ;  and 
they  are  urged  by  strong,  and,  to  them,  irresistiiile 
causes  in  their  situation  and  necessities,  to  the  daily 
perpetration  of  violence  and  fraud.  Their  perma- 
nent subsistence,  for  example,  is  derived  from  the 
bulT.iIo  hunting  grounds,  which  lie  a  great  distance 
from  their  Knvns.  Twice  a  year  they  are  obliged  lo 
make  long  and  dangerous  expeditions,  to  procure  the 
necessary  provisions  for  themselves  and  their  fami- 
lies. Tor  this  purpose  horses  iire  absolutely  requi- 
site, for  I  heir  own  comfort  and  safety,  as  well  as  for 
the  transportation  of  their  food  and  their  little  stock 
of  valuables  ;  and  without  iheni  they  would  be  re- 
duced, during  a  great  portion  of  the  year,  to  a  state 
of  abject  misery  and  privation.  They  have  no  brood 
mares,  nor  any  trade  sufficiently  valuable  to  supply 
their  yearly  losses,  and  endeavor  to  keep  up  their 
slock  by  stealing  horses  from  the  other  tribes  to  the 
west  and  southwest.  Our  own  people,  and  the  tribes 
immediately  upon  our  borders,  may  indeed  be  pro- 
tected from  their  depred.itions  ;  and  the  Kanzas, 
Osages,  Pawnees,  and  others,  may  be  induced  to  re- 
main at  pe.ice  among  themselves,  so  long  as  they  are 
permitted  to  [jursue  the  old  custom  of  levying  upon 
the  Camanches  and  other  remote  nations  for  their 
complement  of  steeds    for  the  warriors,   and  pack- 


horses  for  their  transportations  to  and  from  tl  k 
inK  ground.  Hut  the  instant  they  .ire  fiirii.,||''  '" 
tain  a  peaceful  and  inofTensivp  dinuMtidr  low"!'" 
tribes  along  the  Mexicm  border,  and  tin,!  ih ,i",' ■'^^' 
violation  of  their  rights  is  lollmvcl  |,y  (t,i,  ,',,  '^ 
arm  of  our  government,  the  result  must  iVih"''  * 
diiced  to  a  wri'tchedness  and  want  whiih  ihi.y r'' '*i 
brook,  and  feeling  the  certainlv  of  luini^hmcm"''' 
every  attempt  to  ameliorate  their  c(,n.|iti„n  in  .'i' 
only  way  they  as  yt  t  « r.mprehend,  they  wjn  „|  ';' 
their  unfruitful  territory  ,ind  remove  i„  thi- nci.hi," 
hood  of  the  .Mcxic  an  lands,  and  thcro  ni,,,. 
vigorous  predatory  w.irfare  indisiriminiinlyyp,  ,,' 
Mexicans  and  our  own  people  tr.idiiig  (ir  tr.ivcrjn.  , 
that  (luartcr.  '     '  *'■• 

"  'I  he  Indians  of  the  prairies  nre  almnit  innjm.- 
able.  Their  superior  horsemanship,  wliiih,  in  Z 
opinion,  far  exceeds  that  of  any  .jthor  pcDpli.  ,ini|,. 
face  of  the  earth,  their  d.iring  biavcrv,  ihcjr  cunrij 


d    skill  in  the  warfare  of  the  wililcriic 


an  I  ihe 


.istonishing  rapidity  and  secrecy  wiili  whiih  iheya-.. 
accustomed  to  move  in  their  m.irtiul  ix|n'(iiiiiiiis  «  ' 
always  render  them  most  d.iiigcroiis  -..vA  vcx,i'ii,)ui 
neighbors,  when  their  ni.'ccssitii-s  or  llnir  d  scununit 
may  drive  them  to  hostility  wiih  oir  Iniiititrs,  Tht i 
mode  and  Jirinciples  of  w,irl.iic  will  ahv;ivs  |ir..'ri 
them  from  final  and  irretriev.iblc  (Iffcat,  I'mij  scitr> 
their  families  from  participating  in  ,uiy  binv  hmvcci 
severe,  which  'hm       tribution  might  deal  (Hit  tn  them, 

"  The  Cam. nil  Irs  lay  the  Mexicans  iinilcrruniriba! 
tion  for  horses  and  mules,  which  they  areahvavsf. 
g.iged  in  stealing  from  them  in  lucre. Iilile  inimYcrs; 
and  from  the  Camanches,  all  the  roving  trihcs  of  ir..^ 
far  West,  by  a  similar  exertion  of  skill  •■mil  .l,,rin " 
supply  themselves  in  turn.  It  seems  tn  inc,  ilinriiiri- 
under  all  these  circumstances,  that  the  aiiji.ircni  [i; 
ity  of  any  philiinthropic  schemes  for  ilic  liciifiit  i 
these  nations,  and  a  regard  for  our  own  protection, 
concur  in  recommending  that  ive  remain  sali^ij 
with  maintaining  peace  upon  our  own  iinmei.ai* 
borders,  and  leave  the  Mexicans  and  the  Camanihcs, 
and  all  the  tribes  hostile  to  these  last,  to  settle  Iheii 
differences  and  difTiculties  in  their  own  ivav. 

"  In  order  to  give  full  security  and  |iiotcilinn  n 
our  trading  parties  circulating  in  all  diroclio:-.; 
through  the  great  |)rairics,  I  am  under  llic  imprcs-on 
that  a  few  judicious  measures  on  the  part  ol  ilie^i.- 
eminent,  involving  a  very  limited  expi  use,  woulllo 
sulficient.  And,  in  attaining  this  enil,  whi.hijf  i'.M.i 
h.as  already  become  an  object  of  pulijii-  inttrcslacl 
import,  another,  of  much  greater  (  nnseqiKiuc,  n'.^h: 
be  brought  about,  viz.,  the  securing  to  ilic  .Siatcsa 
most  valuable  and  increasing  trade,  now  carried  only 
caravans  directly  to  Santa  I'e. 

"  As  to  the  first  (tesiiU-vatiim  :  the  Indi.insr.an  onlv 
be  made  to  rcspec-t  the  h  .'es  and  propiTty 'f  the 
American  parties,  by  renderin,,  thcni  ilcpcndciuupin 
us  for  their  su]iplies  ;  which  r.  n  alone  tie  dmic  iviih 
complete  effect  by  the  establi'  imcnt  of  a  tr;i(lini;[."<;. 
with  resilient  ti:id"-rs,  at  soiT.e  point  which  ivi;i  iini'.; 
a  sufficient  number  of  advantages  to  altr.act  ihL' 
several  tribes  to  itself,  in  ,irefereni  e  to  ihiir  pit^ttil 
places  of  resort  for  that  purpose  ;  for  it  is  a  ivcil- 
known  fact  that  the  Indians  will  always  protcn  thcr 
trader,  and  those  in  whom  he  is  interested,  so!nni;as 
they  derive  benefits  from  him.  The  aitcrn:itiyc  pre- 
sented to  those  at  the  north,  by  the  resilience  (li  llie 
.agents  of  the  Hudson's  Hay  Company  aiiinni;  them, 
n-nders  the  condition  of  our  iieople  in  th.it  quarter 
less  secure  ;  but  I  think  it  will  ap|)e-ar,  at  imce  i:p':i 
the  most  cursory  examin.uion,  tliai  no  saih  iippojilion 
further  south  could  be  maintained,  so  as  to  wialicn 
the  benefits  of  such  an  establishment  as  is  here  sug- 
gested. 

"In  considering  this  matter,  the  first  qiicstimi  nhi.h 
presents  iisclf  is.  Where  do  these  tribes  now  mak'; 
their  exchanges,  and  obtain  tlieir  necessary  supplies' 
They  resort  almost  exchisiv'ely  lo  the  Mexicans.  «h 
themselves  purchase  from  us  whatever  the  Indian- 
most  seek  for.  In  this  point  of  view,  therefore,  nr'-'-' 
pariluis,  it  would  be  an  easy  matter  fur  us  to  nrjnopo- 


APIM'NDIX. 


•Ill,-) 


L  n.Hnl*  tMlTii-.     All  th.it  i»  wanting  i«  nomc  In- 
'''       rs.uii^i'"i'"' '"^ '*'*^  "''''^■'" '''•'•'"'''''''''''•■'■ '^^'' 

il  the  si'lii lion  "f  such  a  point  rL'(|uite«.  Iiiil  .i 
'   '  .|!co(  llic  !*inKl<-  f'"^'-  'hat  tlu'sc  nalionn  iiua- 
'"."'Inti-r  mum  ill''  hiMil  waliTS  i.(  the  Arkunsai, 
all  their  Ijulfali)   r  ilics   for   trade, 


£;;5,ni!'h.avy:^m.l  to  tlu-   i,.,lian  vnry  .lilli- 

l^"",   rnitl  aiiv  urrat  distaiicr  with  sii'li  ini-uii''L-ti- 

I u  '  '  ik'B iK'".    -^  1'"^''   '•i''''«^''"f'''   *'<ial'n»niil   upon 

If  V  1  ttili'f^"'  ''"-'  Arkansas,  nin^t  inlalliblv  sciiiru 

|l„u«c»nieMiMl  prrtVrrnce  over  th.U  of  the  Me.m-ans. 

I'Vnatlhiir  priies  and  raten  of  barter.      I  hen  let  the 

1'',    „„,i,i;rasi' nally  move  about  anion^  tliese  peo- 

J         iUe  parlies,  impressing  them  with  the  proper 

'''■■Uic)("iir  |">wer  to  proteit  and  to  punish,  and 

■  .ccwclMVi.'  cimiplete  and  assured  security  for  all 

r,  ,,!„,tth"sccnlerprise  may  lead  them  beyond  liie 

I  i,'r', Vt,  antl  all  end  to  the  outrages  and  dcpred.itions 

»  h  now  (li)K  th<;  footsteps  uf  the  traveller  in  the 

Itii'iM   .mil  .irrcst  and  depress    the  most  advanta- 

IL'uuiimmcrro.      Smh  a  p<ist  need  not  be  stronger 

I  Ln  fifty  mill  ;  iweiiiy-live  to  be  employed  as  hunt- 

■„  nn'upplv  the  Harrison,  and  the  residue  as  a  de- 

1,1,(5 aijainst'aiiv  hostility.     .Situ.itcd  here  upon  the 

lr.oJl.inils  of  llie  .Arkans.-is.  in   the   niiilst  of  abun- 

limccoflimlier,  while  it  miKlit  be  kc[)t  up  at  a  most 

I  i'nton«iJcr.ilile  expense,  f  uch  an  establishment  within 

I, Btlv  miles  iif  .S.inla  i'l'  or  Taos  would  be  more  than 

■'s.Kd  I'V  llie  other  .uul  more  important  advantages 

I  it:  rc.illiiikd  to,  leaving  the  protection  ol  the  traders 

iiiiltif  Indian  tribes  entirely  out  of  the  question. 

ThiH're'i'  Ir.ule,  carried  on  by  caravans  to  Santa 

1  F'  jntnially  Iliads  one  hundred  wagons  with  merchan- 

...  which  is  bartered  in  the  northern   provinces  of 

jlfvci)  iiir  cash  and  for  lieaver  furs.     The  numerous 

ancles  excluded  as  contraband,  and   the  exorbitant 

ijlits  laid  upon  all  those  that   arc  admitted  by  the 

y.cskin  govcrninent,  present  so  many  obstacles  to 

tojimcrcc,  that  1  am  well  persuaded   that  if  a  post, 

sjih  as  is  here  suKKcsted,  should  be  established  on 

lie  .-irkansas,  it  would  become  the  place  of  deposit, 


not  only  for  the  present  trade,  but  for  one  inrmitely 
more  extended.  Mere  the  Mexicans  minhl  pun  haso 
their  supplies,  and  mii(ht  well  ulTord  to  sell  them  at 
prices  whiili  would  ■ileiieu  ull  eoinpeiitloi)  frutn  any 
other  (piarter. 

"  These  two  trades,  with  the  Mexic.ins  and  the  In- 
dians, cenlrinK  at  this  (xist,  would  nive  rise  to  u 
lar^e  village  of  traders  and  l.iborers,  and  would  un- 
doubtedly lie  liaile<l,  liy  all  th.it  section  of  <  ouniry,  as 
a  permanent  and  invalual>le  aiUMnta^e.  A  few  pack- 
horses  would  carry  all  the  clothing'  and  ammunition 
ncccss.iry  for  the  post  <Uirint{  the  first  year,  and  two 
liKht  field-pieces  would  be  all  the  atlillery  re(|uire<l 
for  its  defence.  Afterward,  all  the  horses  retpiired 
for  the  use  of  the  establishment  niiv;ht  be  purcliased 
from  the  Mexicans  at  the  low  price  of  ten  ibdlars 
each  ;  ami,  at  the  same  time,  whatever  animals  miKht 
be  needed  to  su[)ply  the  losses  anions  the  <lr.ivjoon» 
traversing  the  neighborhood,  could  be  readily  |)ro- 
(ur(;d.  The  Upper  Missouri  Indians  can  furnish 
horsts,  at  very  cheap  rates,  to  any  number  of  the  same 
troops  who  minht  be  detailed  for  the  cUfcnce  of  the 
northern  frontier  ;  and,  in  other  rcspec  ts,  a  very 
limited  outlay  of  money  would  sullice  to  maintain  a 
post  in  that  section  of  the  country. 

"  Trom  these  (onsiderations,  and  my  own  personal 
observation,  I  am,  therefore,  disposed  to  believe  that 
two  posts  established  by  the  Rovernment,  one  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Yellow  .Stone  River,  and  one  on  the 
Arkansas,  would  completely  protect  all  our  (leople  in 
every  section  ol  the  great  wilderness  of  the  West  ; 
while  other  advantiiges,  at  least  with  regard  to  one  of 
them,  confirm  and  urge  the  suRgestion.  A  fort  at  the 
mouth  of  Yellow  .Stone,  Rarrisoned  by  fifty  men, 
would  be  |)erfectly  safe.  The  establishment  might  be 
constructed  sini|)ly  with  a  view  to  the  stores,  stables 
for  the  ilragoons'  horses,  and  quarters  for  the  regular 
garrison  ;  the  rest  being  provided  with  sheds  or 
lodges,  erected  in  the  vicinity,  for  their  residence  dur- 
ing the  winter  months." 


THE  END. 


V"^ 


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11;  1: 

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v:''M- 

1  ,  ■  1  J  1 
■  t     ■ 

3  'I! 


«1  fl*. 


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ii 


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A 


TOUR  ON  THE  PRAIRIES. 


IlY 


WAsiiiNcrroN   ikving. 


INTRODUCTION. 

HwiNT,.  Miice  my  leluni  to  the  I'nited  States,  maile  a 
»Me  aii'i  varied  tour,  for  tlie  ^ratilicalioii  of  r.iy  ciiri- 
fi-itv.  it  lias  been  siipposeil  that  I  did  it  for  the  imrpose 
ofviritiii"  a  lu)iiU  ;  and  it  lias  more  than  oiue  l)ceii  iii- 
li-Mtcd  ill  llie  papers,  tiiat  sueh  a  work  was  actually  in 
liic  I'le^S  conlaiiiii'^  scenes  and  sketches  of  the   Far 

Wc-t. 

Thc^  aiinoiincements.  gratuitously  made  for  me,  be- 
f.it  I  liail  |Hit  i^n  to  lia|icr,  or  even  conteniidaled  any 
ihiii"  iif  (he  kind,  have  enibarra.ssed  nie  exceedinijly.  I 
have  ^leuii  like  a  poor  actor,  who  finds  liiiiiself  an- 
r."iiiKfd  for  a  part  he  had  no  thou^dit  of  playin<;,  and 
i:i-a|>nc.iiaiicc  expected  on  the  stare  before  he  ha>  coin- 
::i;;ted  a  line  to  memory. 

I  liavcaluavs  had  a  repugnance,  ainountinij  alnn-t  to 
I'i-aialiiy.  til  write  in  tlie  face  of  expectation;  and,  in 
t!n' pic-ont  instance,  I  was  cxjiected  to  write  about  a 
:e;M\\  (r.iilful  of  wonders  ami  adventures,  and  winch 
h.ii  already  been  made  the  theme  of  spirit-stirring'  iiar- 
r.-.;ives  fin.'ii  able  pens;  yel  about  which  I  had  nolhiny 
mnlerful  or  adventurous  to  olTer. 

Since  such,  however,  seems  to  be  the  doire  of  the 
nilihc,  and  tliat  they  take  suflicient  iiUere-t  in  my 
waiiilurini;- to  deem  them  worthy  of  recital,  I  have  hast- 
eiit'l,  as  pminptly  as  pos^il>le,  to  meet  in  some  ilci^ree, 
l!w  exncitaiion  which  others  have  excited.  For  this 
]iur]«:.-c,  I  liave,  as  it  were,  jiiucked  a  few  leaves  mit  of 
iin  meiii.iiaiiduni  book,  coiuainiii^  a  month's  foray  be- 
y.iii'i  die  imt|iii~ts  of  human  habiialioii,  into  the  wilder- 
iic"  of  tile  Far  \Ve~t.  It  forms,  indeed,  but  a  small 
pirtioii  of  an  extensive  tour;  but  it  is  an  episode,  com- 
jide  .IS  (ar  a^  it  i^oes.  As  such,  I  offer  it  to  the  public, 
iiilli  ^leat  (Ihlidence.  It  is  a  simple  narrative  of  every 
(i.iy  (iccinrences ;  si'.ch  as  happen  to  every  one  who 
'.i.mU  tlie  prairies.  I  have  no  wonders  to  describe,  nor 
a'.iy  moviii;,' accidents  iiy  flood  or  field  to  narrate;  and 
n-  to  tliu^e  who  Imik  for  a  marvellous  or  adventurous 
''.Hryal  my  hands.  I  can  only  reply,  in  the  words  of  the 
iK-ary  knilci^iiii  Icr  :  "Story!  (joil  bless  you,  I  have 
iiiji:e  tu  tell,  sir." 


Cil.M'Il'.R    I. 

jhc  p.  -i'lhr  Hurliiii:  ('ii\>uniU.—  Ti\r,'f'!hi^  C""/^*,:«^|;/i. 
— .(  (\tminii.<i,infr. — ./  I'hiHJSO. — ./  .SWivrit/'.l,/- 
I'-rtur.i.—.l  CU  ji/.is  of  the  I'lonticr.  — ./  Wiuiii,' 
Mui's  Anii,  it.ilums  of  l'U\isitie. 

In'  the  nftiMi  vaunted  re^;ions  of  the  Far  West, 
Svjvcral  hundred  miles  lieyiind  the  Mississippi, 
C.x.^iuU  .1  v.ist  tract  uf  uiiinliabiteJ  (.oiuitiy,  where 


there  is  neither  to  be  scon  the  lo<;  hoiise  of  tlie 
white  man,  nor  the  wigwam  of  the  Iiulian.  It 
consists  of  threat  grassy  plains,  interspersed  witli 
forests  and  groves,  and  clumps  of  trees,  and 
watered  l)y  the  Arkansas,  the  grand  (Janadian, 
the  Red  River,  ;<nd  their  tributary  streams.  Over 
these  fertile  and  \erd.mt  wastes  still  roam  the  elk, 
the  buffalo,  and  the  wild  lijrse,  in  all  their  native 
freedom.  These,  in  fact,  are  the  hunting  ground.; 
of  the  various  tribes  of  the  Far  West.  Hither 
repair  the  Osage,  the  Creek,  the  Del.iware  and 
other  tribes  that  h.i\'e  linked  themseives  with 
civilization,  and  live  within  the  vicinity  of  the 
w  hite  settlements.  I  lere  resort  also,  the  I'awnees, 
the  Com  inches,  and  other  fierce,  and  as  yet  in- 
dependent tribes,  the  nomads  of  the  jir.iiries.  i>r 
the  inhabitants  of  tlie  skirts  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains. The  regions  I  have  mentioned  form  a  de- 
batable ground  of  these  warring  and  vindittive 
tribes  ;  none  of  them  presume  to  erect  a  perma- 
nent habitation  within  its  bo.rtlers.  Their  hunters 
and  "liraves"  repair  thither  in  luii.ienius  bodies 
during  the  season  of  g.tnie,  throw  \\\>  their  tran- 
sient hunting  camps,  consisting  of  light  bowers 
covereel  with  bark  and  skins,  commit  sad  havoc 
among  the  innumerable  herds  that  graze  the 
prairies,  anclh.iving  lo.ided  themselves  with  veni- 
son and  buffalo  meat,  v  rily  retire  from  the  dan- 
gerous neighborhood,  'i  nese  expeditions  jiartake, 
always,  of  a  warlike  char.icter  ;  the  hunters  are 
all  armed  for  action,  ollensivc  and  defeiir^ive,  and 
are  bound  to  incessant  \  igilance.  Should  tliey, 
in  their  excursions,  meet  the  hunters  of  ;in  adverse 
tribe,  savage  conflicts  take  ])lace.  Their  encamp- 
ments, too,  are  always  subject  to  be  surjarised  by 
wandering  war  jiarties,  and  their  hunters,  when 
scattered  in  pursuit  of  game,  to  be  captured  or 
massacred  by  lurking  foes.  MoulderingskuUsand 
^skeletons,  bleaching  in  some  dark  r,i\  ine,  or  near 
the  traces  of  a  hunting  camp,  occasionally  mark 
the  scene  of  ,1  foregone  ai  t  of  blooci,  and  let  the 
wanderer  know  the  ilangerous  nature  of  the  region 
he  is  traversing.  It  is  the  juirportof  the  hjUowing 
(lages  to  narrate  a  month's  excursion  to  these 
noted  hunting  groi.nds,  through  a  tract  of  country 
which  had  not  as  yet  been  explored  by  white  men. 
It  w.is  early  in  October,  lSj2,  tliat  I  arrived  at 
I'.irt  (lilison,  a  frontier  post  of  the  Far  West, 
situated  on  the  Neosho,  or  (iraiul  River,  near  its 
cunihience  witli  the  Ark.msas,      1  had  been  irav  el- 


■'  fHi!lilJ£ 


vm. 


M^- 


,|;.ii'-i:ii 


488 


A   TOUR   ON   THE    PRAIRIES. 


m^^ 


Vnv^  for  ,1  nifinlh  past,  with  .1  sninll  party  from  St. 
Louis,  11])  the  l)ani<s  of  the  Missouri,  and  aloni; 
the  frortier  hue  of  ai^eiieies  and  missions  that 
extends  from  the  Missouri  to  the  Arkansas.  Our 
party  was  hiatled  by  one  of  tb.e  Commissioners 
appointed  by  the  j^overnmeiit  of  tlie  1,'nited  States 
t<j  superintend  ti\e  settlement  of  the  Indian  tril)es 
migrating;  from  the  ca^^t  to  the  west  of  the  Missis- 
sippi. In  the  (hscharL;e  of  his  duties,  he  was  tiuis 
viiitin;^  tlie  various  outposts  of  ci\ihzalion. 

And  here  let  mo  bear  testimony  to  the  merits 
of  this  worthy  leader  of  our  little  band,  lie  was 
a  n.itive  of  one  of  the  towns  of  Connecticut,  a 
man  in  whom  a  course  of  le^'al  ])ractice  and  jio- 
litical  life  had  not  been  able  to  \itiatc  an  inrate 
siniplicity  and  benevolence  of  heart.  The  !.;reater 
])art  of  his  tlays  had  been  passed  in  the  bosom  of 
his  family  anil  the  society  of  deacons,  eh.lers,  and 
selectmen,  on  the  peaceful  banks  of  the  Connec- 
ticut ;  when  suddenly  he  had  been  railed  to 
mount  his  steed,  shoulder  his  ritle,  and  mini^le 
among  stark  hunters,  backwoodsmen,  and  n.iked 
sa\'.is^es,  on  the  tr.ickless  wilds  of  tiie  i'"ar  West. 

Another  of  my  fellow-travellers  was  Mr.  I,.,  an 
I'ni^lisiiman  by  birth,  but  ilescended  froui  a  for- 
cii;n  stock  ;  and  who  had  all  the  buoyancy  and 
accommodating  spirit  of  a  native  of  the  Conti- 
nent. I  lavin;^  rand)led  over  many  countries,  he 
had  become,  to  a  certain  degree,  .1  citizen  of  the 
world,  easily  adaptin;^'  himself  to  ;',ny  chanL;e. 
He  was  a  man  of  a  thousand  occupations  ;  a 
botanist,  a  geoloj^ist,  a  hunter  of  beetles  and  but- 
terflies, a  musical  amateur,  a  sketcher  of  no  me.m 
pretensions,  in  short,  a  complete  virtuoso  ;  added 
to  which,  ho  was  a  very  indefatigable,  if  not  al- 
ways a  very  successful,  sjiortsman.  Never  had  a 
man  more  irons  in  the  lire,  and,  consecpiently, 
never  was  man  more  busy  nor  more  cheerful. 

My  third  fellow-traveller  was  <ine  who  h.id  ,-ic- 
companied  the  former  from  Murope,  an<l  travelled 
with  him  as  his  Tclemachus  ;  bein;^'  -w*  like  his 
prototype,  to  j;ivc  occasional  ])erple:  i':  and  dis- 
ijuiet  to  his  Mentor.  He  was  a  yo  .i;;^  Swiss 
Count,  scarce  twenty-one  years  of  a;^'c,  full  of 
t:'.lent  and  spirit,  but  galliard  in  the  extreme,  and 
prone  to  every  kintl  of  wild  adventure. 

Having  made  this  mention  of  my  cimirades,  I 
must  not  pass  over  unnoticed,  a  personage  of  in- 
ferior rank,  l)ut  of  all-per\ading  and  pre\alent 
iniport.mcc  :  the  squire,  the  gioom,  the  cook, 
the  tent  man,  in  a  word,  the  factotimi,  anil,  I 
may  add,  the  universal  meddler  and  marplot  of 
our  party.  This  was  a  little  swaithy,  mc.igre, 
French  crcole,  named  Anloine,  but  familiarly 
dubbed  Tonish  :  a  kind  of  Ciil  lil.'.s  of  the  fion- 
tier,  who  had  ])assed  a  scrambling  life,  some- 
times among  white  men,  s<uneiimes  among  In- 
dians ?  sometimes  in  the  employ  of  trailers,  mis- 
sionaries, and  Indian  agents  ;  sometimes  ming- 
ling uilh  the  Osage  hunters.  We  picked  him  up 
at  St.  I.ouis,  near  which  he  had  ;i  small  farm,  aii 
Indi.in  wife,  and  a  brood  of  half-blood  diildren. 
According  to  Ins  own  account,  however,  he  had  a 
wife  in  every  tribe  ;  in  fact,  if  all  this  little  '.aga* 
bond  said  of  himself  were  to  be  believed,  he  was 
withcuil  morals,  without  caste,  without  creed, 
without  country,  ancl  e\en  without  language  ;  for 
he  spoke  ;i  Jaigon  of  mingled  Krench,  J'jiglish, 
and  Osage,  lie  was,  with.d,  a  notorious  brag- 
jr '.rt,  and  .1  liar  of  tlu-  tirst  w.iter.  It  was  amus- 
ing to  liear  him  va|ior  and  gasconade  about  his 
terrible  exploits  and  hairbreadth  escapes  in  war 
and  hunting.  In  the  midst  of  his  \dlubility,  he 
w.is  prone  to  be  seized  by  a  spa-^niodic  gasping, 
as  if  the  springs  of  h.is  jaws  were  suddenly  un- 


hinged ;  but  I  am  apt  to  think  it  was  c.iuscd  I  • 
Some  falsehood  that  stuck  in  his  throat  i  '] 
generally  remarked  that  iminedialciv  afiiriv  ,1 
there  bolted  forth  ;i  lie  of  the  tirst  iiiai'iiitud' ""' 
(Jur  route  hail  been  a  pleasant  one,  (nur'  p.  . 
ourselves,  occasionally,  at  the  widely  si.'i,';i'ni '] 
establishments  of  the  Indian  missionaries  br 
general  camping  out  in  the  fine  groves  that  I'ji'r^ 
der  the  streams,  and  sleei)ing  iindcr  ciiviTi,f  a 
tent.  During  the  Litter  jiart  of  our  tour  we  hiul 
pressed  forward,  in  hopes  of  arriving  in  time  i- 
Fort  (iibson  to  accompany  the  Osage  IuiiUitsit 
their  autumnal  \isit  to  the  bufi'.ilo  piairiis.  l-, 
deed  the  imagination  of  the  youiig  Count  li.u!  ij.. 
come  completely  excited  on  the  subject.  Th' 
grand  scenery  and  wild  habits  of  the  piairiis  haj 
set  his  spirits  madding,  and  the  stories  ihallitil^ 
Tonish  told  him  of  Indian  braves  anil  huiia'! 
beauties,  of  hunting  luiffaloes  and  calcliin"  wilj 
horses,  had  set  him  all  agog  for  a  da^h  inui  s,;v. 
age  life,  lie  was  a  bold  and  hard  riiltr,  a.i,i 
longed  to  be  scouring  the  hunting  groiinils.  ]• 
was  amuiing  to  hear  his  youthful  anlici|r't!ijin  ui 
.all  that  he  was  to  see,  and  dt>,  and  enjiiv,  nh-,;i 
mingling  among  the  Indians  and  pariiiip.uir.  •■  ;:i 
their  hardy  adventures  ;  and  it  \v,is  still  m,,i  . 
amusing  to  listen  to  the  gasconailiiigs  iif  hu 
Tonish.  who  \olunteered  to  be  his  f.iiiliful  sqiiiro 
in  all  his  perilous  undertakings;  to  IimiIi  him 
how  to  catch  the  wild  horse,  bring  down  ;hj 
buffalo,  and  win  the  smiles  of  Indian  princcbsis ; 
— "  And  if  we  can  only  get  sight  of  a  ])rairic  on 
fire  !  "  said  the  young  Count — ■'  lly  tiar,  I'll  si.; 
one  on  tire  myself!  "  cried  the  little  Frenchm.r.. 


CIIAl'TI'.R  ir. 

^hitici/',7tio>!S  Dis,7/'f'oiriti\!. — .\'r;;'  J'i'.ins. — Pir/<iii;:ti.r' 
h>  ji'in  tin  /■ix/'ioriiii,'  /\irly. — I)i'/>artNr,'  jidih  1,'i! 
C,il<s.,ii.— lording  0/ llu-  l\i\!i.^'ri.-,. — .//;  liiJi.:ii  c.;:,. 
//.  r. 

TlIK  anticipations  of  a  young  man  arc  prone  ;i 
meet  with  disappointment.  I'nfortunalely  I't 
the  Count's  scheme  of  wild  campaigning,  befurj 
we  reached  the  end  of  our  journey,  we  he.irJ 
that  the  Osage  hunters  had  set  forth  ii|Kia  thea 
exjiedition  to  the  buffalo  grounds.  The  Cii.ir.t 
still  determined,  if  jiossible,  to  follov  im  tiiea 
track  and  overtake  them,  and  for  this  i)i;r|"i;c 
stop])ed  short  at  the  Osage  y\gency,  a  few  milis 
distant  from  Fiut  (iibson,  to  make  inquiries  ?.':.\ 
preparations.  His  travelling  com|)ani<in,  Mr.  1... 
slo|)ptil  with  him  ;  wliile  the  ^  iinmiissioner  a:iJ 
myself  proceeded  to  Fiut  (iibson,  followed  by  ;1:j 
f.iilhful  and  ver.icious  Tonish.  I  liinleil  to  hmi 
his  promises  to  follow  the  Count  in  his  cimp.ii^:'.- 
ings,  but  1  found  the  little  varlet  h.iil  a  keen  eye 
to  self-interest.  He  was  aware  that  the  Ccininij- 
sioner,  from  his  official  ilulies,  would  remain  inr 
a  long  time  in  the  cminiry,  and  l?e  likely  1 1  give 
him  permanent  employ, .lent,  while  the  sojoiiraut 
the  Count  would  be  but  transient.  'I'lie  gas>:!  n- 
ading  of  the  little  braggart  was  suddenly  ih-i:- 
fore  at  an  end.  He  spake  not  anoUier  wonl  !> 
the  young  Count  about  Indians,  buffiloes,  r.r.J 
wild' horses,  but  putting  himself  l.u'itly  in  il'.o 
train  of  the  (,'oinmissioner,  jogged  silently  ;"■-;■ 
us  to  the  garrison. 

On  arriving  at  the  fut,  however,  a  new  ch.'.n  e 
y)rcsented  itself  for  a  cruise  01  the  prairies.  W'- 
learnt  th.it  a  company  of  mounted  r.'.ngers.  f. 
riilemen,  h.ul  departed  but  three  days  pievioi;i 


A   TOUR   ON   THE    PRAIRIES. 


439 


to  m.ikc  .1  wide  cxplorinfT  tour  frmn  the  Ark.m- 
-  -  10  the  l^i-'J  Hivcr,  inrliidint;  a  part  of  the 
l^i'viK'i;  hunting  groiimls  where  no  iiarty  of  white 
•n  had  as  yet  penetrated.  Here,  then,  was  an 
onnortiiniivofiMiit;ini,'"ver  those  dan-eroiis  and 
-vri.'sun'yr<-'t;ions  under  the  safefjiiard  of  a  pow- 
-Miscort;  foi'  tiic  Commissioner,  in  virtue  of 
1,  oilice  could  claim  the  ser\ice  of  this  newly 
n^scci  c()r])s  of  rillcmen,  and  the  country  they 
■  Tu  to  explore  w:is  destined  for  the  settlement 
,f  siiiiie  of  the  niiL,'ratin<j  tribes  connected  with 

1;;5  mission. 

(iiir  plan  was  ])roniptly  formed  and  put  into  ex- 
irjliun.  Ac()U|)le  of  Creek  Indians  were  sent  off 
express,  bv  the  commander  of  Fort  (lihson,  to 
I  vcrtako  the  rant,'ers  and  brin;^'  them  to  a  halt  imtil 
•'  ■  Cor.imissioner  and  his  party  should  be  able  to 
■' n  them.  As  we  should  have  a  m.irch  of  three 
ir  I'jur  (lays  through  a  wild  country  before  we 
cuiKi  overtake  the  conijiany  of  rangers,  an  escort 
(if  fiiurtecn  mounted  rillemcn,  under  the  com- 
r.iriiul  of  .1  lieutenant,  was  assigned  us, 

\Vc  sent  word  to  the  young  Count  and  Mr.  L, 
r.t  the  Osage  Agency,  of  our  new  plan  and  ])ros- 
yccts.  and  invited  them  to  accompany  us.  The 
(.lant,  however,  could  not  forego  the  delights  he 
Ii:ul  promised  himself  in  mingling  with  absolutely 
c.iva"e  life.  In  I'c'l'ly,  he  agreed  to  keep  with  us 
until  we  should  come  upon  the  trail  of  the  Osage 
luiRters,  when  it  was  his  fixed  resolve  to  strike  ot'f 
i;]!0  t!ie  wilderness  in  inirsuit  of  them  ;  and  his 
f,ii;hu;l  .Mentor,  though  he  grieved  at  the  matl- 
r.0!5  of  the  scheme,  was  too  stanch  a  friend  to 
ilcsL'rt  liiin.  A  general  rendezvous  of  our  party 
,-.nii  escort  was  a]ipoinled,  for  the  following  r.iorn- 
iiv,'.  at  the  .Agency. 

\Ve  now  made  all  arrangements  for  pnutipt  de- 
pwtare.  Our  baggage  had  liitherto  been  tran- 
sai.rted  on  a  light  w.agon,  but  we  were  now  to 
b'ro.ik  oitr  way  through  an  untr.avelled  country, 
c;;t  i:p  by  rivers,  ravines,  and  th.ickels,  where  a 
vehicle  of  the  kind  would  l)c  a  complete  iin|)e(li- 
D'.'nt.  W'c  were  to  ira\el  on  horseback,  in  hun- 
ter's style,  and  with  as  little  encumbrance  as  ])os- 
Siblc.  Our  baggage,  therefore,  underwent  a  rigid 
•inil  most  abstemious  reduction.  ,-\  ])air  of  sadille- 
l.Mjj's,  and  those  by  no  means  crammetl,  sulTiced 
fir  each  man's  scanty  wardrobe,  and,  with  his 
p'e.itcoat,  were  to  be  carried  ui)on  the  steed  he 
roiio.  The  rest  of  the  baggage  was  ])laccd  on 
;^,ick-lKir:;es.  I'lach  one  had  .a  bear-skin  and  a 
couple  of  blankets  for  bedding,  and  there  was  a 
tent  to  shelter  us  in  case  of  sickness  or  bad 
v.xalh.cr.  We  took  care  to  pro\ide  ourselves  with 
ilour,  coffee,  and  sugar,  together  with  a  small 
supply  of  salt  •  '  fv.r  emergencies  ;  for  our  main 
sjbsistencj  we  •  ere  t,'  lepend  Hi)on  the  cha^e. 

Sufh  '.I  our  horses  as  had  not  been  tired  (uit  in 
"ur  recc  It  journey,  were  taken  with  us  as  i)ack- 
l;'jr-e=,  or  ,  upernumeraries ;  but  as  we  were 
t'nav;  'm  •'.  long  and  rough  tou'',  where  there 
wi:ul(i  1),  occasional  hunting,  and  where,  in  case 
rf  int^t'.ig  w  ith  hostile  savages,  the  safety  of  the 
r.iur  n'iglit  ile])end  u])on  the  goodness  of  his 
r.e.i:,  we  took  c. ire  to  be  well  mounted.  I  jiro- 
cureil  a  stout  .silver-gray;  s(  mewh;'.t  rough,  but 
v.iiicliand  powerful;  and  retained  a  harcly  jiony 
vhkli  I  had  hitherto  ridden,  ami  which,  being 
f  uncwhat  jaded,  was  sulVercd  to  ramble  along 
^wth  the  pack-horses,  to  be  mounted  only  in  case 
oftmer^'ency. 

All  these  arrangements  being  made,  we  left 
lort  (iibson,  on  the  morning  of  the  tenth  of  Octo- 
I'cr,  and  crossing  the  river  in  the  front  of  it,  set 
c:i  lor  the  rendezvous  at  the  Au;ency.     A  ride  of 


a  few  miles  brought  us  to  the  ford  of  the  Verdi- 
gris, a  wild  rocky  scene  overhung  with  forest 
trees.  We  descended  to  the  bank  of  the  river 
and  crossed  in  straggling  file,  the  horses  step[)ing 
cautiously  from  rock  to  rock,  and  in  a  m. inner 
feeling  about  for  a  foothold  beneath  the  rushing 
,ind  brawling  stream. 

Our  little  ]'"renchm,nn,  Tonish,  brought  up  the 
rear  with  the  pack-horses.  He  was  in  high  glee, 
having  experienced  a  kind  of  promotion,  lu  or.r 
journey  hitherto  he  hail  driven  the  wagon,  which 
he  .seemed  to  consider  a  very  inferior  employ  ; 
now  he  was  master  of  the  horse. 

He  sat  iierched  like  a  monkey  behind  the  pack 
on  one  of  the  horses  ;  he  sang,  he  shouted,  he 
yelped  like  an  Indian,  and  ever  and  anon  bl.is- 
])hemed  the  loitering  pack-horses  in  his  jargon  of 
mingled  French,  I'aiglish  and  Osage,  which  not 
one  of  them  could  understand. 

As  we  were  crossing  the  ford  we  saw  on  the 
opposite  shore  a  Creek  Indian  on  horseback.  He 
had  paused  to  rcconnoilre  us  from  the  brow  of  a 
rock,  and  formed  a  picturesque  object,  in  unison 
with  the  wild  scenery  around  him.  He  wore  a 
bright  blue  hunting-shirt  trimmed  with  scarlet 
fringe  ;  a  gayly  colored  handkerchief  was  bound 
round  his  head  something  like  .a  turban,  with  one 
end  hanging  down  beside  his  ear  ;  he  held  a  long 
rille  in  his  hand,  and  looked  like  a  wild  Arab  on 
the  ])rowl.  Our  loipiacious  and  ever-meddling 
little  Frencliman  called  out  to  liim  in  his  li.iby- 
lonish  jargon,  but  the  savage  having  satisfied  his 
curiosity  tossed  his  hand  in  the  air,  turned  the 
head  of  his  steed,  and  galloping  along  the  shore 
soon  disapi)eared  Pinong  the  trees. 


.I,:-    Iniihui 
fry.,  yv. 


cnAi'T::R  hi. 


",■<■,     Cr,;-ir,     7'i;  /- 


II.W'IN'r,  crossed  the  ford,  we  soon  reached  the 
Osage  .'\gency,  where  Col.  Chote.ai  has  his  offices 
and  magazines,  for  the  dispatch  of  Indian  aflhirs, 
and  the  distribution  of  presents  and  sup|)lies.  It 
consisted  of  a  few  log  houses  on  the  banks  of  the 
river,  and  presented  a  motley  frontier  scene. 
Here  was  our  escort  aw.'iiting  (uir  ari-i\al  ;  some 
were  on  horseback,  some  on  foot,  some  seated 
on  the  trunks  of  fallen  trees,  some  shooting  at  a 
mark.  They  were  a  lieterogeneous  crew  ;  some 
in  frock-coats  made  of  green  blankets  ;  others  in 
leathern  hunting-shirts,  but  the  most  part  in 
mar\elh)Usly  ill-cut  garments,  nuich  the  worse 
for  wear,  and  evidently  ])ut  on  for  ruggeil  service. 
Near  by  these  was  a  grcuiji  of  Or,ages  :  statily 
fellows  ;  stern  and  simple  in  garb  and  aspect. 
They  wore  no  ornaments;  their  dress  consisted 
merely  of  blankets,  leggings,  anil  moccasons. 
'I'heir  heads  were  bare  ;  their  hair  was  rro]iped 
close,  excei)ting  a  bristling  ridge  on  the  top,  like 
the  (Tefit  of  a  helmet,  with  <a  long  scalp  lock  h.mg- 
ing  behind.  They  had  line  Roman  coi'.ntenaiii-e  ;, 
and  broad  deep  chests;  and,  as  they  generally 
wore  their  blankets  wrapped  round  their  loin-;,  so 
as  to  leave  the  bust  and  arms  bare,  they  looked 
like  so  many  noble  bronze  figures.  TheOs.iges 
are  the  finest  looking  Indians  I  have  ever  seen  in 
the  West.  They  ha\e  not  yieldeil  sufficiently, 
as  yet,  to  the  inlluence  of  civilization  to  lay  by 
their  simple  Indi.in  garb,  or  to  lose  the  h.iliits  of 
the  hunter  and  the  warrior;    and   their  po\erty 


-A 


n 

■ 

I   KlfllBl 

i 

! 

\ 

440 


A   TOUR   ON    THE    PRAIRIES. 


Si- 


r  '.;. 


:  lij;,   '■  i'^  I 


prevents  their   ir.clul;,'iny  in   much   hixury  of  a[)- 
l>:irfl. 

In  contrast  to  tlicsc  was  a  ^aily  (h'csscil  party  of 
Crocks.  There  is  soinethin;4,  at  tlic  lirst  ijlance, 
(|iiite  oriental  in  the  appearance  of  tliis  tribe. 
They  dress  in  calico  huntin;^  shirts,  of  various 
hrilhant  coh)rs,  decorated  with  hri;j;ht  frincjes,  and 
l)elted  with  broad  [,'irdies,  embroidered  with 
heads:  they  have  Icg;_;inj;s  of  dressetl  deerskins, 
or  of  green  or  scarlet  cloth,  with  embroidered 
knee-liands  and  tassels:  their  moccasons  arc 
fancifully  wrought  and  ornamented,  .Tnd  'they 
wear  gaudy  liandkerchiefs  t.iL^lefully  hound  rouiul 
their  heads. 

liesides  these,  there  was  a  sprinkling  of  traji- 
jicrs.  hunters,  half-breeds,  Creoles,  negroes  of 
every  hue  ;  and  all  that  other  rabble  rout  of  non- 
ilescript  beings  tliat  keep  ;\l)out  the  frontiers,  be- 
tween civilized  and  savage  life,  as  those  cqui\-ocnl 
liirds,  the  bats,  hover  about  the  confines  cf  light 
and  darkness. 

The  little  h. unlet  of  the  -Agency  was  in  a  com- 
plete bustle  ;  the  blacksmith's  shed,  in  particular, 
was  ;i  scene  of  prep.iration  :  a  strapping  negro  was 
shoeing  a  horse  ;  two  half-bi'eeds  were  fabricating 
iron  spoons  in  which  to  melt  lead  for  bullets.  An 
old  trapper,  in  leathern  hunting  frock  and  moc- 
casons, liad  ])laced  his  rille  against  a  work-bench, 
while  he  superintendi'd  the  operation,  and  gos- 
siped :d)out  his  hunting  ex])loits  ;  several  large 
dogs  were  lounging  in  and  out  of  the  shop,  or 
sleeping  in  the  sunshine,  while  a  little  cur,  with 
head  cocked  on  one  side,  and  one  car  erect,  was 
watching,  witli  that  curiosity  common  to  little 
dogs,  tlie  process  of  shoeing  the  horse,  as  if 
studying  the  art,  or  waiting  for  his  turn  to  be 
shod'. 

We  found  the  Count  and  his  conijianion,  the 
\'irtuoso,  ready  for  the  march.  As  they  intended 
to  o\ertake  the  Osages,  .and  jiass  some  time  in 
hunting  the  butT:'.lo  anil  the  wild  horse,  they  had 
])ro\ided  themselves  accordingly  ;  having,  in  ad- 
dition to  the  steeds  which  they  used  for  travelling, 
others  of  jjrime  c[ualit\',  which  were  to  be  led 
when  on  the  marcli,  antl  (mly  to  be  mounted  for 
the  ch:ise. 

They  had,  moreover,  engaged  the  ser\  ices  r.f  a 
young  man  named  Antoine,  a  half-breed  of 
French  and  ()s;ige  origin.  He  w.is  to  lie  a  kind 
of  Jack-ot'- .'ill-work  ;  to  cook,  to  hunt,  and  to 
take  care  of  the  horses  ;  but  he  had  a  \ehement 
propensity  to  do  nothing,  being  one  of  the  worth- 
less lirood  engendered  and  brought  x\\i  ,''.mong  the' 
missions.  lie  was,  moreover,  a  little  spoiled  by 
being  really  a  liandsome  young  fellow,  an  Adonis 
of  the  frontier,  and  still  worse  by  fancying  him- 
self highly  connected,  his  sister  being  concubine 
to  an  opulent  white  trader  ! 

For  our  own  jiarts,  the  Commissioner  and  my- 
self were  desirous,  bet'ore  setting  out,  to  procure 
another  atter;'-int  well  versed  in  woodcrrift,  who 
might  serve  ,is  is  a  hunter  ;  for  our  httlc  Frencii- 
nian  would  iia\  ^  :^  ■•  h  mds  full  when  in  camp,  in 
cooking,  and  on  ti;c  ni.irjh,  in  t.i'.:ing  care  of  the 
pack-horses.  Such  a  i  ■  i  e  presented  himself,  (,|- 
rather  was  rccoiamended  to  us,  i'l  I'ierre  Heatti^, 
a  h:dt"-l)ree(l  r\  I  r?  ti,  I.  nnd  'V -gc  parentage. 
We  were  ;  ■.r.  d  t  i  it  lie  v.. is  ■ic|u.;j:V.  'd  with  -.''i] 
parts  of  die  c;e  I'ir   .  having  traverse  I  it  in  all  cii- 


of  deer  skin,  soiled  and  greased,  ami  .ilnvH' 
j.apanned  by  constant  use.  lie  was  npparin''' 
•about  tliirty-si.x  years  of  .igc,  sipiare  and  struiv'''' 
built,  I  lis  fe:Uures  were  not  b.ul,  hiMH"  s,l,;ip';i 
not  unlike  those  of  Naiioleon,  but  sharpened  ni 
with  high  Indian  cheek  boms.  I'crliaps  t's 
dusky  greenish  hue  of  his  complexion,  aided  Iv; 
resemblance  to  an  old  bronze  bust  1  had  seen  ('f 
the  Fmperor.  He  had,  however,  a  stillcn,  satur- 
nine ex|)ression,  set  off  by  a  slouched  \voulli,:i 
h:U,  and  elf  locks  that  hung  aljout  his  cars. 

Such  was  the  ajipearanco  of  the  ni.ui,  and  hi- 
manners  were  cipially  unprepossessing.  He  Mu- 
coid and  laconic  ;  made  no  jironiises  or  prnfw. 
sions  ;  stated  the  terms  he  reipiireil  for  the  Sf. 
vices  of  himself  and  his  horse,  which  we  tlioii-i'.t 
rather  high,  but  slunveil  no  disjiosition  to  alw;' 
them,  nor  any  anxiety  to  secure  our  empluv" 
1  le  had  altogether  more  of  the  red  than  the  \vh;io 
man  in  his  composition  ;  and,  as  I  li.id  been 
tuight  to  look  upon  all  h:ilfd)reeds  with  distri;.! 
as  an  uncertain  and  fai'iless  :-ace,  1  vvoidd  j;l,K;iv 
h:ive  dispensed  with  the  ser\  ices  i-.i  I'iirre  lle;Utc. 
We  had  no  time,  however,  to  look  out  for.inver.e 
more  to  our  taste,  and  h.ul  to  ui.ike  an  arr,-i:i^v- 
ment  with  h.iin  on  the  s|)ot.  ile  then  set  al)n;:t 
making  his  prep;irations  for  the  journey,  promia- 
ing  to  join  us  at  our  evening's  eucanipnient. 

Dne  thing  was  yet  wanting  to  tit  me  out  for  the 
Prairies — a  thoroughly  trustworthy  steed:  1  \v;ii 
not  yet  mounted  to  my  mind.  The  gr.iy  1  h;(d 
bought,  though  strong  and  serviceable,  was  rou^h. 
At  the  last  moment  1  succeeded  in  ge'ttiiv,' an  ix- 
cellent  animal  ;  a  dark  bay  ;  ])ov\crfr,l,  activi.', 
generous-spirited,  and  in  c:ipital  cnndition.  1 
mounted  him  with  exultation,  and  tr;insferred  tlio 
silver  gray  to  Tonish,  who  vv;is  in  such  eesl,"-;- i 
at  finding  himself  so  completely  I'/V  ( '.?r',?//iT,  that 
I  feared  he  mi;';ht  realize  tlvj  ancient  ,Tiid  vvil- 
l::iovvn  proverb  of'"  a  beggar  on  lioriebaek." 


rcciions,  both 


III  liun'mg  and  'wir  jiarlies 


he  wmild  be  o'"  ;i-.e  '  "tii  .isguide  .and  inter;in.'ter, 
and  th;it  he  was  a  cr-    ra      l^ri'  r. 

I  confess  I  <lid  not  n^e  '•-  '  loks  v  .  ;ie  was 
first  pr'sentid  to  e.  •.  Iii  .  ,-.  lounging  about, 
in  an  (.'Id  huntinj^  frock    n  1  !ic.i,ajsei  or  leggings. 


CIIAl'T!-.!^    r 


7/'/t*  /'r'',:r,'/iri: 


Tirr.  long-drawn  notes  of  a  liuglo  at  le:v;;Ii  fr-"0 
the  signal  for  deiiarture.  The  rangers  tiled  off  in 
a  straggling  line  of  march  ihrougli  the  woodi: 
we  were  soon  on  htu'seback  and  followiivg  on,  l)i;t 
were  detained  by  the  irregiihirity  of  the  pack- 
horses.  They  were  unaccustomed  to  keep  the 
line,  and  straggled  from  side  to  side  ^unonj;  tlio 
thickets,  in  spite  of  all  the  pestingaml  hcilevilin„' 
of  Tonish  ;  v,ho,  mounted  o;v  his  g.illant  gm\ 
with  a  long  rille  on  his  shoulder,  worried  .ilt.T 
ihcm,  bestowing  a  superabund;UKe  of  dry  blcws 
and  curses. 

We  soon,  therefore,  lost  sight  of  ovr  eseort.hut 
managed  to  keep  on  their  track,  tliruldin;;  loi;y 
forests,  and  entangled  thickets,  and  pasbiii;,;  by 
Indian  wigwams  and  negio  huts,  until  touarJ 
duTik  we  arrived  at  a  frontier  i'.irin-house.  ownvil 
by  a  settler  of  the  name  of  rieirylulh  It  w;ti 
situated  on  a  hill,  bciovv  which  the  r.uigcrs  h.ul 
.■ncamped  in  a  circular  grove,  on  llu  niaigiimf.i 
stream.  The  master  of  tlie  house  lecetvcd  is 
civilly,  hut  could  offer  us  no  accommud.it'on,  li'r 
sickness  prevailed  in  his  family.  He  aj.|K';iiea 
himself  to  be  in  no  very  thriving  conuiiion,  !o: 
though  bulky  in  frame,  he  had  ;i  salliw,  i:i.- 
healthy  complexion,  and  a  v 'aifiling  douhlj  \c.\a\ 
shifting  abruptly  from  a    treble    to  j  tlioroi.jh- 

llUSi, 


A.  .<-■  -  1  " 


A  TOUR   ON   THE   PRAIRIES. 


441 


lo  at  Ic:-;-;;i  pre 
iiij;cri  lilcd  otf  in 
oUL'Ji  tlie  wouils: 
folliiuir,;^  on.  1)!.:: 
■ity  (if  tliL'  pack- 
ncd  I.)  keep  ilie 
i)  side  ;sm(in;'  til' 
1,:,'  ar.d  licdevilinr,' 
lii-i  j^all.iiit  gray, 
LT,  v.cirriii.1  alt.i' 
ncc  of  drv  b!c«3 


F'ndin"  liii'  '"^^  house  was  a  incrc  hospital, 
.  ded  wi'l'  invalids,  wc  ordered  our  tent  to  be 
'i^Ulintiicfiirm-yard. 

\Vc  had  not  been  long  cncamiicd,  wlicn  our 
.  „  ntlv  cn"agi-''l  attendant,  ISeatte,  tbe  Usage 
I'f.'lia'cd,  "made  his  appearance.  He  came 
'.'■•.nicd  on  one  horse  antl  leading  another,  whicli 
!'.T.icd  to  he  well  packed  witli  supplies  for  the 
""••(lition.  iJeatte  was  evidently  an  "old  sol- 
'  'r"'''as  '0  the  art  of  taking  care  of  himself  and 
■  ';in''oiit  for  emergencies.  Finding  that  he  was 
:..  !-invnimcnt  employ,  being  engaged  by  the 
"■  ,?„„issioncr,  he  had  drawn  rations  of  flour  and 
ii  jr..  and  put  them  up  so  as  to  be  weather- 
r-of.'  hi  addition  to  the  horse  for  the  road,  and 
l.'ordin:u-y  service,  which  was  a  rough,  liardy 
•'  "'al,  lie  had  another  for  hunting.  'I'his  was  of 
^i'xcd  breed  like  himself,  being  a  cross  of  the 
ii/iiicstic  slock  with  the  wild  horse  c  f  the  prairies  ; 
,„j;i noble  steed  it  was,  of  generous  spirit,  fine 
•icaon,  and  ad:nirable  bottom.  He  had  taken 
ere  to  have  his  horses  well  shod  ;;t  the  Agency, 
lio  came  prepared  at  all  points  for  war  or  hunl- 
;--;  his  rille  on  his  shoulder,  his  powder-horn 
■Ji  b'jllet-poueh  at  his  side,  his  hunting-knife 
-;;;cli  in  his  belt,  and  coils  of  cord.age  at  his  satl- 
di;  bow,  which  we  were  told  were  lariats,  or 
r.iisod  cords,  used  in  catching  tne  wild  horse. 

Tlius  equipped  and  provided,  an  Indian  hunter 
CT,  a  prairie  is  like  a  cruiser  on  thi  ocean,  j)er- 
Icc'.ly  independent  of  the  world,  and  competent 
t.sj.f-protection  and  self-maintenance.  He  can 
I,;,;  himself  loose  from  every  one,  shape  his  own 
c:.;r;e,  and  take  care  of  his  own  fortunes.  I 
th.'.'.-'ht  ISeatte  seemed  to  feci  his  independence, 
;n(l  to  consider  himself  superior  t(3  us  all,  now 
l;!.it  we  were  launching  into  the  wilderness.  He 
r..iin;ained  a  half  jn'oud,  half  sidlen  look,  and 
.rca:  taciturnity,  and  his  iirst  care  was  to  impack 
;;:;  horses  and  put  them  in  sale  tjuarters  for  the 
.•■.:;h;.  His  whole  demeanor  was  in  ])erfect  con- 
•.:;::  to  oi:r  \aporiiig,  chattering,  l.uistling  little 
Frenchman.  The  latter,  too,  seenietl  jealous  of 
;;':;  r.cw-conier.  He  v.hispered  to  us  that  these 
i-.,i'.!'-breed3  were  a  touchy,  capricious  (leople,  lit- 
;'..  to  be  depended  upon.  That  llcatte  had  evi- 
d-,-.:ly  come  prepared  to  take  care  of  himself, 
:.:;d  that,  at  any  moment  in  the  course  of  our 
tour,  he  woulil  be  liable  to  take  some  sudden  dis- 
j'.;3t  or  att'ront,  and  abandon  us  at  a  mcunent's 
f.irning:  havirg  the  means  of  shifting  for  him- 
ieif,  and  being  perfectly  at  home  on  the  prairies. 


CHAPTER  V. 

■y-vliiT  Scenes.— A    l.yniri^ii!   of  the  Hoidey. — /a'iu/i's 
l.iw.—  Vic  Danger  of  Finding  a  Horse.  —  The  Vouiig 

OX  the  following  morning  (October  I  (\  we  were 

".the  march  by  half-past  seeen  o'clock,  and  rode 

'./.:ot);^li  deep  rich  bottoms  of  alhnial  soil,  over- 

-•ro-.vnwidi  redutidant  vegetation,  and  '.rees  of  an 

r.ormous  size.     Our   route   lay  parallel  to    the 

^-i!  bank  of  the  Arkansas,  on   the   liorders  of 

'.::ch  r'ver,  near  the  conlluence  of  the  Red  Fork, 

'.- exijccted  to  overtake  the  main  b.jdy  of  ran- 

.'•.tn    For  some  miles  the  country  was  sprinkled 

';th  Creek  yill.iges  and  farm-houses;  the  inhabi- 

■-■'3  of  which  appeared  to  have   adopted,  with 

tisiderable  facility,  the  rudiments   of  civiliza- 

■  5!i.  and  to  have  thriveia  m  consequen'-e.     Their 

:;rpis  were  well  stocked,  and  their  houses  had  a 

-jivcf  comfort  anu  abundance. 


We  met  with  numbers  of  them  returning  from 
one  of  their  grand  games  of  ball,  for  which  their 
nation  is  celebrated.  Some  were  on  foot,  some 
on  horseback  ;  the  latter,  occasionally,  with  gay- 
ly  dressed  females  behind  them.  They  are  a 
well-made  rtice,  muscular  and  closely  knit,  with 
well-turned  thighs  and  legs.  They  ha\e  a  gyp'sy 
fondness  f  >r  brilliant  colors  and  gay  decorations, 
and  are  bright  and  fanciful  objects  when  seen  at 
a  distance  on  the  prairies.  One  had  a  scarlet 
handkerchief  bound  rouiul  his  head,  surmounted 
with  a  tuft  of  black  feathers  like  a  cocktail.  A;i- 
other  had  .a  white  handkerchief,  with  red  leathers; 
while  a  third,  for  want  of  ;i  plume,  h.id  stuck  in 
his  turban  ;i  brilliant  bunch  of  sumtich. 

On  the  \erge  of  the  wilderness  we  ji.iused  to 
inquire  our  way  at  a  log  house,  owiied  by  .a  white 
settler  (jr  sipiatter,  a  tall  raw-boned  old  fellow, 
with  red  hair,  a  lank  lantern  visage,  and  an  in\et- 
erate  li.diit  of  winking  with  one  eye,  as  if  every- 
thing he  said  was  of  knowing  impiu't.  He  was  in 
a  towering  passion.  (.)ne  of  his  horses  was  miss- 
ing ;  he  was  sure  it  had  been  stolen  in  the  night 
by  a  straggling  ptirty  of  Osages  encamped  in  a 
neigliboring  swamp  ;  but  he  would  have  satisfac- 
tion !  He  would  in. dee  an  example  of  the  vil- 
lains. He  had  accordingly  ctiuglit  down  his  rille 
froir.  the  w:ill,that  invarial)le  enforcer  of  right  or 
wrong  upon  the  frontiers,  and',  h.iving  stuldled  his 
steed,  was  about  to  sally  forth  o\\  a  fortiy  into  the 
sw.imp  ;  while  .a  brother  squatter,  with  rille  in 
han<l,  stood  ready  to  accompany  him. 

Wc  endeavoreil  to  calm  the  oh'  campaigner  of 
the  prairies,  by  suggesting  that  his  lu)rse  might 
have  strayed  into  the  neigldioring  woods  ;  but  he 
had  the  frontier  propensity  to  charge  e\erything 
to  the  Indians,  and  nothing  could  dissuade  him 
from  carrying  fire  and  sword  into  the  swamp. 

After  riding  a  few  miles  fartlier  we  lost  the 
trail  of  tbe  main  body  of  r.uigers,  and  became 
perplexed  by  .a  variety  of  tracks  nitule  by  the  In- 
dians and  settlors.  .At  length  coming  to  a  log 
house,  inhabited  by  a  white  man,  the  \ery  hist  on 
the  frontier,  we  found  that  we  had  wandered  from 
our  true  course.  Taking  us  back  Uix  some  diri- 
tance,  he  again  brought  us  tcj  the  ri:;ht  trail  ; 
]nitting  ourselves  upon  wh'ch,  we  took  our  fm.d 
departure,  and  launched  into  the  broad  wihler- 
ness. 

The  trail  kejit  on  like  a  str.aggling  foolpaiii, 
over  hill  and  dale,  through  brush  an<l  brake,  an>. 
tangled  thicket,  and  open  prairie.  In  traversing, 
the  wilds  it  is  customary  for  a  party  either  (jl 
horse  or  foot  lo  follow  each  other  in  single  fdc 
like  the  Indians  ;  so  that  the  leaders  break  'i^: 
way  for  those  who  follow,  and  lessen  their  1,.'  «r 
and  fatigue.  In  this  way,  also,  the  number  of  a 
party  is  C(uicealed,  the  whole  leaving  bi.  one 
narrow  well-traiii|)led  tr.ack  to  mark  their  c  arse. 

We  had  not  long  regained  the  trail,  when,  on 
emerging  from  a  forest,  we  beheld  our  raw  boned, 
hard-wink'ng,  h.ird-riding  knight-errant  of  the 
frontier,  di^scending  tlie  slojie  of  a  hill,  follow .^d 
by  his  companion  in  arms.  As  he  drew  near  to 
us,  the  gauntness  of  his  figure  and  luefulr.eis  ol 
his  .aspect  reminded  me  of  the  description  of  the 
hero  of  La  Mancha,  and  he  was  ecpt. illy  bent  on 
affairs  of  doughty  enterpris.  ,  being  about  to  pen.  - 
trate  Oie  thickets  of  the  perilous  swamp,  wu'!!n 
which  the  enemy  lay  ensconced. 

While  we  were  holding  a  jiailey  with  him  o:i 
the  slf)pe  of  the  hill,  we  descried  an  ()•  age  on 
horseback  issuing  out  of  a  skirt  of  wood  al)out 
half  ;i  mile  off.  and  leading  a  horse  bv  a  haker. 


'  I  'iln 


jiAL 


\ 


f 


^^  ll'iJ;  fi 


f  ll.  >  1 1* 

1%  'f 


■  (f 

<         ( 


1.     i 


The   kuter  was  iniroedi 


it,.i,. 
...  _, 


iii/.ed   by  our 


,':r 


442 


A   TOUR   ON   THE    PRAIRIES. 


^'■til:!ii:i 


'■■f  *  "    ■  » 


lii:?^ 


*('M* 


h.'iid-uinkin;,'  friend  .is  the  steed  of  which  he  was 
in  (|ucst.  As  llio  Osaj^e  drew  near,  I  was  struck 
witli  his  appearance.  He  was  about  nineteen  oi' 
twenty  years  of  a;4e,but  well  j;rown,  with  th.e  fine 
Roman  countenance  conunon  to  Iiis  tribe,  and  as 
he  rode  with  his  l)lanket  wrapped  rouml  his  loins, 
his  naked  Ijust  would  have  furnished  a  model  for 
a  statuary.  He  was  moiuUed  on  a  be.iutiful  ])ie- 
bald  horse,  a  mottled  white  and  brown,  of  the 
wild  breed  of  the  i)r,uries,  decoratetl  with  a  broad 
collar,  from  which  luuv^'  in  front  a  tuft  of  horse- 
hair lived  of  a  brij^lit  scarlet. 

The  youtli  rode  slowly  up  to  \is  with  a  frank 
ojienair,  and  si;;iiilied  by  means  of  our  interpreter 
llealte,  that  the  horse  he  w.is  leading'  had  wari- 
dered  to  tlieir  cam]),  and  he  was  now  on  his  way 
to  conduct  liim  back  to  his  ouner. 

I  liad  expected  to  witness  an  expression  of 
gratitude  on  the  ])art  of  our  har<l-favored  civalier, 
but  to  my  surprise  the  (ild  fellow  broke  out  into  a 
furious  passion.  He  declai-cd  that  the  Indians 
had  carried  olf  his  horse  in  the  niL;ht,  witii  the 
intention  of  bringin;.;  him  home  in  the  morning', 
and  claimint;  a  reward  for  tindini;  liim  ;  a  com- 
mon practice,  as  he  aflirmed,  amon;^  the  Indians. 
He  was,  therefore,  for  tyiiiL;  the  youn;.^  Indi.in  to 
ti  tree  and  j;ivin^'  him  a  sound  lashing  ;  and  was 
C[uite  surprisetl  at  the  burst  of  indiijnation  which 
this  novel  moile  of  requitinj;  a  service  drew  front 
lis.  Such,  however,  is  too  often  the  administra- 
tion of  law  on  the  frontier,  "  l.ynch's  law,"  as  it  is 
technically  termed,  in  which  the  iilaintitf  is  apt  to 
be  witness,  jury,  jud};e,  and  executioner,  and  the 
defendant  to  bo  convicted  and  pvmished  un  mere 
l)resum[)tiou  :  and  in  tins  way,  I  am  convinced, 
are  occasioned  many  of  those  lieart-burnini^s  and 
resentments  among  the  Indians,  which  lend  to 
retaliation,  and  end  in  Indian  wars.  ^Vhen  I 
compared  the  open,  noble  countenance  and  frank 
demeanor  of  the  young  ( 'sage,  with  the  sinister  \is- 
ago  and  high-handed  conduct  of  the  frontiersman, 
1  felt  little  doubt  on  whose  back  a  lash  would  be 
most  meritoriously  bestowed. 

Being  thus  obliged  to  content  himself  with  the 
recovery  of  his  horse,  without  the  pleasure  of 
(lugging  the  (inder  into  the  bargain,  the  old  l.ycur- 
gus,  or  r:'.ther  Draco,  ol  the  frontier,  set  off  growl- 
ing on  his  return  homeward,  followed  by  his 
brother  si|uatter. 

As  for  the  youthful  Osage,  we  were  all  ]nepos- 
scssed  in  his  favor ;  the  young  Count  especially, 
with  the  sympathies  proper  to  his  ago  and  inci- 
<lent  to  his  character,  had  taken  i[uite  a  fancy  to 
him.  Nothing  would  suit  but  he  must  have  the 
young  Osage  as  a  companion  and  squire  in  his 
expedition  into  the  wilderness.  The  youth  was 
easily  tempted,  and,  with  tiie  prospect  of  a  safe 
range  over  the  buffalo  prairies  anil  the  jiromise  of 
a  new  blanket,  he  turned  his  bridle,  l:ft  the 
swamp  and  the  encampment  of  his  friends  behind 
him,  and  set  olf  to  follow  the  Count  in  his  wander- 
ings in  quest  of  the  Osage  hunters. 

Such  is  the  glorious  independence  of  man  in  .a 
savage  state.  This  youth,  with  his  ritle,  his  bl.m- 
l;et,  and  hisluu'se,  was  ready  at  a  moment's  warn- 
ing to  ro\e  the  wmld  ;  he  carried  all  his  worldly 
effects  with  him,  .and  in  the  absence  of  artificial 
wants,  possessed  tho  great  secret  of  personal 
freedom.  \Vc  of  society  are  slaves,  not  so  much 
to  others  as  to  ourselves  ;  our  siipertUiitiesare  the 
chains  that  bind  us,  impeding  every  movement 
of  our  bodies  and  thwarting  every  impulse  of  our 
souls.  Such,  at  least,  uere  my  speculations  at 
the  time,  tliough  I  am  not  sure  but  that  they  took 
their   tone    from    the  enthusiasm   of  tho    ^oung 


Count,  who  seemed  more  enchnntcd  th,in  c  . 
wiih  the  wild  chivalry  of  the  iirairics,  and  iilk" 
of  i)utting  on  the  Indian  dress  and  addptini-  ■i'- 
Indian  habits  during  the  time  he  liope^d  tuV' 
with  the  Osages.  •'''" 


CHAPTKR  \[. 

Tfiii!  of  llw  Os.ixc  llundrs.  —  I1fp,ii-ti(i-f  rf  tht  f.n-ir' 
/lis  l\irtv. — .7  I>is,-rt,\i  \\\ir  r;,;«/A      j  \\,^''{''' 
■ft      I-  ^         J  /  ■     ■ '  t  *'^fiiiuij.: 

—  J /le  I.mttmp/neiit, 

l.V  the  ccnirsc  of  the  morning  tiic  trail  wc  u'-. 
pursuing  was  crossed  by  another,  which  striicUij 
through  the  forest  to  the  west  in  a  direct  cmir. 
for  the  Arkansas  River,  lieatte,  our  liali'-bicjj 
aUer  considering  it  for  a  miunent.  iir'/nouncid  .i 
the  trail  of  the  Osage  hunters  ;  and  that  it  r.v^' 
lead  to  the  ])lace  where  they  had  forded  tlieriw 
on  iheir  way  to  the  hunting  groiuuls. 

Here  then  the  young  Count  and  his  cnmn.in.tn 
-ame  to  a  halt  and  pre])ared  to  take  leave  tt  i:-! 
'1  he  most  exj)erienced  frontiersmen  in  ilie  trotn 
remonstrated  on  the  hazard  of  the  uiulcrtak-.r.  ■. 
They  were  about  to  throw  themselves  li/Oic  in  ;!v 
wilderness,  with  no  other  guides,  guards,  or  ,t- 
tendants,  than  a  young  ignorant  half-breed,  .ir.d 
a  still  younger  Indi.an.  They  were  cmharr.iJMii 
by  a  pack-horse  and  two  led  horses,  wiih  ■.vl;:cii 
they  would  have  to  make  their  way  through  ih.t.- 
ted  forests,  and  across  rivers  and  niorassts.  The 
Osages  and  Pawnees  were  at  war,  and  tliev  mi;;iit 
fall  in  with  some  warrior  parly  of  the  latter,  ulu 
are  ferocious  foes  ;  besides,  their  small  mimbir, 
and  their  valuable  horses  W(uild  funii  a  f;rc,it 
temptation  to  some  of  the  stragi;liiig  Linds 'i 
Osages  loitering  about  the  frontier,  who  mi;,lu  le'i 
them  of  their  horses  in  the  night,  and  leave  tii^in 
destitute  and  on  foot  in  the  niiilst  of  the  iiiairios, 

Nothing,  howe\-er,  could  restrain  ihe  nanantic 
,irdor  of  the  Count  for  a  cam]),iign  of  hiilialu  hunt- 
ing with  the  Osages,  and  he  h.ul  a  gaiiv:  spirit 
that  seemed  nlw;,ys  stimulated  by  the  idea  of 
danger.  His  trtivelling  comp.inion.  of  discrccttr 
age  and  ctilmer  temperament,  was  convinced  if 
the  rashness  of  the  enlerpi-ise  ;  but  he  cdulil  nut 
control  the  'mpetuous  ze.'d  of  his  joiiihful  friend, 
and  he  was  too  loyal  to  leave  him  to  pursue  Ids 
hazardous  scheme  alone.  To  our  great  rei;rci, 
therefore,  we  stiw  them  abandon  the  pnitcttiin 
of  our  escort,  and  strike  off  on  their  hap-lia:?.ra 
I'xpedition.  The  old  hunters  of  our  party  sliuk 
their  h.eads,  and  our  half-breed,  ISeallo.  pa- 
dieted  all  kinds  of  trouble  to  them  ;  myonh  !:;'-■ 
was,  that  they  would  soon  meet  with  ]ierple\.t.i.5 
enough  to  cool  the  impetuosity  of  the  mu;'.; 
Count,  and  Induce  him  to  rejoin  us.  With  t!;:- 
idea  we  travelleil  slowly,  and  mailea  consideiv.i  !e 
halt  at  noon.  After  resuming  our  iiiaixh.  '.vo 
came  in  sight  of  the  Arktmsas.  It  presented  a 
i)ro.id  ;ind  rapid  stre-am,  l)ordered  by  a  licaeh  ■: 
hue  sand,  overgrown  with  willows  and  cuttcn- 
wood  trees.  Heyond  the  river,  the  eye  u.nni'eral 
over  a  beautiful  chamiiaign  country,  of  lloweiy 
])lains  and  sloping  ui)le.nds,  diversified  hv  i,'rivi.5 
and  clumps  of  trees,  and  long  screens  ol  wecv;- 
land  ;  the  whole  wearing  the  aspect  of  coiiiplcto, 
aiul  even  ornamental  cultivation,  instead  ol  n.i- 
tive  wildness.  Not  far  from  the  ri\er,  on  amfeR 
eminence,  wc  passed  through  the  recently  ee- 
sorted  camping  place  of  an  Osage  «.u'  I'^ir'V 
The  frames  of  the  tents  or  wigwams  remainci.. 
consisting  of  polos  bent  into  an  arch,  wiili  i-'-"^'' 


w 


A   TOUR    OX   THE    PRAIRIES. 


443 


n(l5tuck  into  tlic  ground  ;  these  are  intenvincd 
•h  iHi"s  at"'  br.iiichcs,  and  covered  wiih  hark 

!  i  skiii>.    'I'x'^'^   experienced   in   Indian  lure, 

f'  ,,-^.^.rt,'lill  tiic  tribe,  and  «lietlier  on  a  luintini; 

''Vu'.irlilic  expedition,  by  the  siiape  and  dispo- 

■  „niiftiie  «i,:;\vams.     lieatte  pointed  out  to  us, 

the  piest-iit   skeleton  camp,  the  wigwam    in 

•  vi-li  the  chiefs   liad    held   their   consultations 

■'  '.ml  lilt'  cDimcil-tire  ;  and  an  open  area,  well 
.-iii|ili.'l  down,  "i>  *vhich  the  grand  war-dance 
luiibaMi  perlbrnied. 

rur^uinj;  <'nr  journey,  as  we  were  ])assni(; 
•■.-ii'h  It  iDiest,  we  were  met  by  a  forlorn,  half- 
■■  ■  iiioil  (111.;.  wlii>  came  rambling  along  the  trail, 
ii-.hinlbmcdeyes,  and  bewildereil  look.  Though 
r.'Vlv tnuiiplt'd  upon  by  the  foremost  rangers,  he 

"i  niiticc  of  no  one,  but  rambled  heeiUessly 
rrn^'the  horses.  The  cry  of"  mad  dog"  was 
'•'-".icdiaU'lv  raised,  and  one  of  the  r.mgers  levelled 
i- i  riili,  Init  was  stayed  by  the  ever-ready  hu- 
Ri:i!:vof  tlie  Commissioner.  "He  is  blind!" 
;';!lii.'.  ''  It  is  the  dog  of  some  poor  Indian,  fol- 
1  vi:v;  his  master  by  the  scent.  It  would  be  a 
^h'.moto  kill  so  faithfid  an  animal."  The  ranger 
;h''.;!'Ii-'i'i.'d  his  rille,  the  dog  bUmdered  blindly 
!:i::ii,'h  the  cavalcade  unhurt,  and  kce])ing  his 
;■  .,c  to  the  ground,  continued  his  course  along 
iii  tr.til,  affording  a  rare  instance  of  a  ilog  siu'- 
i:vi:-.i;.i  bad  name. 

.Vbiiiit  three  o'clock,  we  came  to  a  recent 
cniiiiiv^-place  of  the  company  of  rangers  :  the 
br.wi's  of  one  of  their  tires  were  still  smoking  ; 
sj  that,  accord uig  to  the  opinion  of  Heatte,  they 
c  aid  not  have  jjassed  an  above  a  day  previously. 
As  there  was  a  tine  stream  of  water  close  by.  and 
li.'atvof  pea-vines  for  the  horses,  we  encamped 
i;;r.'iiir  the  ni.,ht. 

We  had  nut  been  here  long,  when  we  hcai'd  a 
i:,i!!o:)  from  a  distance,  and  beheld  the  young 
C  ijnt  and  his  |)arty  advancing  through  the  fcu'est. 
\\V  "clciiined  them  to  the  camp  with  heartfelt 
■v.isf.ictiiia  ;  tor  their  departure  upon  so  h.azard- 
cu-^iaexpLditiiin  had  caused  us  great  inieasiness. 
;\  jhurt  experiment  had  con\  inccd  them  of  the 
t'\I  .iiul  difficulty  of  inexperienced  traveller^  like 
:homscives  making  their  way  through  tlv  wihler- 
r.ojwith  such  a  train  of  horses,  and  such  slender 
,r,i;nd.iiirc.  I'ortimately,  they  determined  to  re- 
imiis  hcfore  niglitfall  ;  one  night's  camping  o\it 
r.-.i^ht. have  cost  them  their  horses.  The  Count 
hi  prevailed  upon  his  protege  and  csipiire,  the 
yaiin,:,' Osa^'c,  to  continue  with  him,  and  still  cal- 
cdaied  upon  achieving  great  exploits,  with  his  as- 
sistance, on  the  buflalo  prairies. 


CIIAl'TMR    VII. 


IhU  III  the  1 1  ■,•.),/.(.  —  I  ( \h',f;.i>i.i  .ScYH,:—0.u 
—Os.i^v  I'lsil^'rs  ,it  our  I.vcnln:^  C\imJ>. 


I  -.ll.u 


Ix  the  morning  early  (October  12th),  the  two 
Crocks  wiiu  had  lieen  sent  express  by  the  com- 
maderof  Furt  Clibson,  to  stop  the  conijjany  of 
r.in^eri,  arrived  at  our  encampment  on  their 
return.  They  had  left  the  company  encamjied 
:./iiit  lifty  miles  distant,  in  a  line  ])lace  011  the 
Arkansas,  abounding  in  game,  where  they  in- 
:  :;ded  to  await  our  arrival.  This  news  sjiread  an- 
■   r.iontliroii;.;hout  our  p,,rty,  and  we  set  out  oii 

•  inarch  at  sunrise,  with  renewed  spirit. 

■:i  ainiinting  our  steeds,  the  young  O'-.age  at- 
■"••p-d  tu  throw  a  blaukct  upon  lus  wild  liorse. 


The  fine,  sensible  animal  took  friglit,  reared  and 
recoiled.  The  attituilesof  the  wild  horse  and  the 
almost  naked  savage,  would  h.ave  formed  .-)tudies 
for  a  painter  or  a  statuary. 

I  often  pleasetl  myself  in  the  course  of  our 
march,  witli  noticing  the  appi'arance  of  the  ycning 
Count  and  his  newly  enlisted  follower,  as  they 
rode  befoie  me.  .Never  w.is  prcux  clie\alicr  bet- 
ter suited  with  an  es([uire.  The  Count  was  well 
mounted,  and,  as  I  have  before  observed,  was  .a 
bold  and  graceful  rider.  He  was  fiuid,  too,  of 
caracoling  his  horse,  and  d.ishing  abmit  in  the 
buoyancy  of  youthful  spirits.  His  dress  was  a 
gay  Indian  hunting  ficiik  of  dressed  deer  skin, 
setting  well  to  the  shape,  dyed  of  a  beautiful 
purple,  and  fancifully  embroidered  with  silks  of 
various  colors  ;  as  if  it  had  been  the  work  of  some 
Indi.rn  beauty,  to  decorate  a  favorite  chief.  With 
this  he  wore  leathern  pant.iloons  ;ind  moccasons, 
a  ior.iging  cap,  .ind  a  double-b.arrelled  gun  slung 
by  a  b.indtdeer  athwart  his  hack  :  so  that  he  was 
cpiite  a  |)ictures([\ie  ligure  as  he  managed  grace- 
fully his  sjjirited  steed. 

The  yiuing  Osage  would  ride  close  behii.d  him 
on  his  wild  and  beautifully  mottled  horse,  which 
w.is  decorated  with  crimson  tufts  of  hair,  lie 
rode  with  his  tlnely sha[)ed  head  and  bust  naked; 
his  blanke-t  being  girt  round  his  waist.  He  car- 
ried his  rille  in  one  hand,  and  managed  his  horse 
with  the  other,  and  seemed  ready  to  dash  off  at  a 
miunent's  warning,  with  his  youthful  le.uler,  on 
any  madcap  foray  or  scam|)Cr.  The  Count,  with 
tiio  sanguine  anticipations  of  youth,  ])roniised 
hiins'i'many  hardy  adventures  and  •  ■.,  l-its  in 
comp.iuy  with  his  youthful  •■l)ra\e  '  ^•.::'.  we 
should  get  amoiiL'  the  but'faloes,  in  ii-  .  ..".  nee 
hunting  grounds. 

After  riding  some  distance,  we  crosseil  .a  nar- 
row, dei-p  stream,  upon  a  solid  bridge,  the  re- 
mains of  an  old  l)e.iver  d.ani  ;  the  industrious 
<  immunity  whic!)  had  constructed  it  had  .dl  been 
destroyed.  Above  us,  a  streaming  llighl  of  wild 
geese,  high  in  the  air,  and  making  a  vocit'erous 
noise,  ga\e  note  of  the  waning  year. 

About  half  past  ten  o'clock  we  made  a  halt  in 
a  forest,  where  there  w.is  abund.ince  (jf  the  ])ea- 
vine.  Here  we  turned  the  liorses  loose  to  graze. 
A  tire  was  nadc.  water  ])rocured  fnuu  an  atlja- 
cent  spring,  .and  in  a  short  timeoui-  little  French- 
man, Tonish,  had  a  ])ot  of  coffee  ]u-;'pared  for 
(uir  refreshment.  While  jiartaking  of  it,  we  weie 
joined  by  an  old  Osage,  one  of  a  sm.'.H  hunting 
pir;y  who  h.id  recently  passed  tin-,  way.  He 
W.IS  in  search  of  his  horse,  which  h  id  uanderetl 
awa\',  lu'  been  st(den.  Our  h.ilf-breed,  lieatte, 
matle  a  wry  Lick:  on  hearing  of  Os.ige  hunters  in 
this  <lirection.  "  I'ntil  we  ])a.-s  tho^e  hunters," 
^,ud  he,  '■  we  shall  see  no  l)Ullaliie-,.  They 
frighten  away  ever\-  thing,  like  a  pi.'.ine  o\\  tire." 

Idle  morning  re[)ast  lieing  over,  the  party 
amused  themselves  in  various  w.iys.  Some  shot 
with  their  rides  ;\t  a  mark,  others  lay  asleep  half 
ouried  in  the  deep  bed  of  foli.ige,  with  their  head.; 
resting  on  their  saddles  ;  others  gos,-.i|)ed  roimd 
tiio  lire  at  the  foot  of  a  tree,  whi(di  sent  up  wreaths 
(.f  blue  smoke  .among  the  braiudie-,  The  horses 
baiKpieted  luxuriously  on  the  pea-vines,  and  some 
l,iy  (iown  anil  ndled  amongst  them. 

We  were  oversh.idowed  by  lol'.y  trees,  with 
straight,  smo(Uh  trunks,  like  stately  columns; 
and  as  the  glancing  rays  of  t!ie  sun  slione  through 
the  transparent  lea\es,  tinted  wi'di  the  many- 
colored  hues  of  autumn,  1  w.is  reminded  of  the 
effect  of  sunshine  among  the  stained  windows  and 
clustering  eoluiiiiis  ut    a  Gothic  e.iihedra.1.     In- 


.'J8i 


4il 


A  TOUR   OX   THE   PRAIRIES. 


I  mB  'i\ 


"1 


deed  tlicre  is  a  ;,'rnrKlciir  and  solemnity  in  our 
Sjiacioiis  lV)rL-.ls  of  tlu'  West,  tliat  aw.il<en  in  me 
the  sanu.'  leelMii^  I  liave  expcrieiK  ed  in  tliose  vast 
and  \i.iu'ral)le  piles,  and  tii<'  souml  of  tiie  wiiul 
sweeping;  ihroii.nh  tiieni,  siipp'ies  oeeasionally  tlie 
deep  lueatliin^'s  of  tlie  oj'gan. 

About  niHin  the  hu^le  siuinded  to  horse,  and 
\vc  were  a>;ain  (ui  the  niarcli,  ho|)in;^'  to  arrive  at 
the  encanipnieiit  of  the  rani;ers  liefore  ni;<ht  ;  as 
the  old  ( >sa;;e  liad  assured  us  it  was  not  above 
ten  or  twelv  e  miles  distant.  In  our  course  throuj^h 
a  forest,  we  passi'd  by  a  lonelv  jiool,  covered  with 
the  most  ma'_;nilicent  water-lilies  I  had  e\er  he- 
held  ;  amon;4  which  swam  several  wood-ducks, 
one  of  the  most  beautiful  of  water-fowl,  remark- 
able for  till!  gracefulness  and  brilliancy  of  its 
plumage. 

After  proceeding  some  distance  farther,  wc 
came  down  upon  the  banks  of  the  Arkansas,  at  a 
])lace  where  tracks  of  numerous  horses,  all  en- 
tering the  water,  showed  where  a  ])arly  of  Osage 
hunters  had  recently  crossed  the  river  on  their 
way  to  the  Itull'alo  range.  After  letting  our  horses 
ilrink  in  the  river,  we  continued  along  its  bank 
for  a  space,  and  then  across  prairies,  where  we 
saw  a  distant  smoke,  whicli  ive  hoped  might  pro- 
ceed from  the  mcampinent  of  the  rangers.  Fol- 
lowing what  we  sup|)osed  to  be  their  trail,  we 
came  to  .i  meadow  in  whi^jli  were  a  number  of 
horses  grazing  :  they  were  not,  liowe\er,  the 
horses  of  the  troo]).  A  little  farther  on,  we 
reached  a  str.iggling  Osage  \illage,  on  the  banks 
of  the   Arkansas.     Our  arrixal   created    tiuiie    ,i 

•as.ition.     A  number  of  old  men  came  forward 
and  slicok  hands  with  us  all  se\erally  ;   while  the 
women    i    ■'     hildren  huddh.-d  together  in  groups, 
staring   .'ii     us    wildly,    chattering   and    laughing 
among  themselves.     We  found  that  all  the  yo\uig  ' 
men  of  the  \ill.ige  had  clepartt  d  on  a  himting  ex-  | 
jiedition,  leaving  the  wiunen  and  children  and  old  I 
men  behind.      Here   the    Com.nissioner  made  a  i 
speech  fi(un  on  !u)rsel)ack  :   'pforming  his  hearers  j 
of  the  purport  of  his  mission  ,  '(>  jiron^ote  a  general  j 
jieace  anviiig  the  tribes  of  Ji  ■  \\'e  .,  and  urging  I 
them    to    i.'y  aside   all  warlik''   and    bloodthirsty  j 
notions,    and    not   to    make  any  wanton  attacks 
U|)on  the  Pawnees.     'I'his  speech  being  inter|ireted 
by  lieatte,  seemed  to  have  a  most  pacilying  el'l'ecl 
upon  the  nuillilude,  who  ])roniised  laithfully  that, 
as  far  as   in   them  lay,  the  ))eaee  should  not  be 
disturbed  ;    and  indeed  their  age  and    sex    gave 
some  reason  to  trust  that  they  would  kee|j  llieir 
word. 

Still  luiping  to  reach  the  cam])  of  the  rangers 
before  nightfall,  we  ])ushed  on  until  twilight,  when 
we  W(;re  obliged  to  h.dt  on  the  borders  of  a  ravine. 
The  rangers  bivouacked  under  trees,  at  the  bot- 
tom of  the  dell,  while  we  pitched  our  tent  on  a 
rocky  knoll  near  a  running  stream.  The  night 
came  im  dark  and  overcast,  with  llying  clouds, 
and  much  appearance  of  rain.  The  lires  of  the 
rangers  burnt  brightly  in  the  dell,  and  threw 
strong  massi's  of  light  upon  the  robber-looking 
groui)s  that  were  cooking,  eating,  and  drinking 
around  them.  To  add  to  the  wildncss  of  the 
scene,  several  Osage  Indians,  visitors  from  the 
i.illage  we  h  id  ji.issed,  were  mingled  among  the 
men.  Tliree  of  ihem  came  a'vl  seated  themselves 
by  our  lire,  I'hey  watched  eery  tiling  that  \*as 
going  on  around  them  in  silenc  ;,  and  looked  like  | 
figures  of  monumental  bronze.  We  gave  them  I 
food,  and,  what  they  most  relished,  coffee;  for 
the  Intlians  [)ail,\kc  in  the  univ'is.il  fondness  for 
this  beverage,  which  perv^ides  the  West.  When 
they  had  made  their  si;pper,  they  stretched  thetn- 


selves,  side  by  side,  before  the  fire,  and  h^i 
low  nas.d  chant,  drumming  uitli  tluir  hands  v^ 
their  breasts,  by  way  of  acriiin|i,uunicm  ''■[•"'' 
cliaiit  se'.-med  to  consist  of  ret;iil,ir  slaves  "■' 
one  terminating,  not  in  a  melodnnis  cadcna  vi'i 
in  the  abrupt  interjection  huh!  uiteral  alnv"! 
like  a  hiccuj).  Tiiis  diant,  we  were  tdldlni^"! 
interpreter,  lieatte,  related  to  ourselves,  our t' 
liear.mce,  our  treatment  of  them,  and' all  •?• 
they  knew  of  our  ))lans.  In  one  part  tlnv.,, 
of  the  young  Count,  whose  animated  tiiarlr'- 
and  eagerness  for  Indian  enterprise  had  sir  ^ 
their  fancy,  and  they  indulged  in  soiikmvi"-" 
about  him  and  the  young  Indian  lieamii,  "[!  '. 
produced  great  merriment  among inirhall-liK,,!" 

This  mode  of  improvising  is  counmm  thini;  h! 
out  the  s.ivage  tribes;  and  in  lliis  way,  with  j 
few  simiile  inllections  of  the  voice,  tlic'i'hiintail 
their  exploits  in  war  and  hunting,  and  (icc'asiun- 
ally  indulge  in  a  vein  of  comic  liiimnr  and  drv 
satire,  to  which  the  Indians  appear  tDmcmjr' 
more  (irone  than  is  generally  imagined. 

In  fact,  the  In<lians  that  j  ha\e  had  an  nnpr. 
tunity  of  seeing  in  real  life  are  iinite  diiilTtn 
from  those  described  in  poetry.  'I'hey  arc  bv  no 
means  the  stoics  that  they  are  re|irese'nted  ;  vw- 
turn,  unbending,  without  a  tear  or  a  smile.  l\:ii. 
turn  tiiey  are,  it  is  true,  when  in  <  ompanv  h,;1; 
white  men,  whose  good-will  tju'v  (listnisi,  :,:A 
whose  language  they  do  not  understand;  l;;;t '.i;.. 
white  man  is  ecpially  taciturn  under  like  circum- 
stances. When  the  Indians  are  .iinijiK;  ihu;;. 
selves,  however,  there  cannot  be  gi'eater  ^ii-inii. 
Half  their  time  is  taken  up  in  t.ilking  nvn thi.; 
;uhentures  in  war  and  hunting,  and  in  iciim^ 
whimsical  stories.  They  are  great  mimics  zd 
bul'ibons,  also,  and  entertain  tliemsclves  exces- 
sively at  the  'jxpense  of  the  whites  with  when 
they  have  associated,  and  who  have  suppo5ul 
them  impressed  with  profound  rc-jieet  fur  i!ic;r 
grandeur  and  dignity.  They  are  curious  ob- 
servers, noting  every  thing  in  sileme,  hut  with. i 
keen  and  watchful  eye  ;  occasionally  exclian^;ir.^ 
a  glance  or  a  grunt  with  cat;h  other,  when  ar.v 
thing  j)articularly  strikes  tliem  :  hut  reservin;,' .'iil 
cmnments  until  they  are  alone.  Then  it  is  tha: 
they  give  full  scope  to  criticism,  s.itire,  mimicry, 
and  mirth. 

In  the  course  of  my  journey  al'.mg  tlie  fronti.r. 
I  have  had  repeated  opportunities  of  iioiiciR,; 
their  excitability  and  boisterous  merriment  at 
their  games  ;  and  h.ive  occasionally  noticed  a 
group  of  Osages  sitting  rounti  a  tire  until  ahto 
hour  of  the  night,  engaged  in  ilir  most  animated 
aiul  lively  conversatimi  ;  ;inel  at  times  makmL;  ;ho 
woods  resouml  with  peals  of  laughter.  .-\s  ti 
tears,  they  have  them  in  abundance,  both  real 
:intl  affected  ;  at  times  they  m.ike  a  merit  of  them. 
No  one  weejis  more  bitterly  or  prol'uscly  at  the 
tleath  of  a  relative  or  friend  :  and  tliey  have  stated 
times  when  they  repair  to  howl  and  lament  at 
their  graves.  1  have  hoard  doleful  wailings  at 
daybreak,  in  the  neighboring  Indian  vilLyes 
made  by  some  of  the  inhabitants,  who  j,'o  out  at 
that  hour  into  the  fields,  to  nvuirn  andweeplM 
the  dead  :  at  such  times,  I  am  toid.  the  tears  will 
stream  down  their  clueks  in  torrents. 

As  far  as  I  can  judge,  the  Indi.ui  of  poetica! 
liction  is  like  the  shepherd  of  p.isKual  romance, 
a  mere  personilication  of  imaginary  aurihutes. 

The  nasal  chant  of  our  Osage  giii  sts  jiradually 
died  awav;  thev  covereil  their  lieads  with  their 
blankets  and  fel'l  fast  .asleep,  and  ci  a  httle  while 
all  w.is  silent,  exeeinmg  the  pattering  uf  scattcriu 
r.iiu-drops  upon  .  ur  tent. 


A    TOUR  OX    Till';    PRAIRIKS. 


445 


""MMniinunt,   t  '■ 

"l'';'"^ca,lcna,.; 
'"'•'  ■  '"l^'rcl  aim  ;; 

l<'  oursdvcs.ocr-.; 
""■'".  and  ail .!-. 

^<^n'n-,u  had  Sit' ;; 
I'l  111  .soincMac-e'v 
■xliiin  licuitii.s,,,'-, 
i?""j;<HiriialW,rc;V 
IS  tdininoniliroi;),; 
'"  "lis  wnv,  Mitli'a 
voiaMlicy  ,;],,„, ,;, 
ltlll;-,^  :nHl  occas.ur,. 
iiiiL-  luiinnr  and  in 
•'i'i>'Mr  lomeiiKcii 
iiii'iK'ncd. 
li^ivc  jiad  an  nppor. 
nrc  i|uiie  (li|i;,,„,; 

!•>■•  'llK'yarcl)vrio 
i-'  iV|]ivsciuud  ;  tac;. 
'^r  01- :i  smile.  Tad- 
•11  in  company  «ith 

ility  (listni^f,  p.nd 
iniicrsinnd ;  l.vjt :!.,; 

iiiuler  like  ciicua' 
5  arc  amon;.;  iliu;;- 

be  Ki'i--atLT';;ojS!ii5. 
n  talkin;;  ovcrtli« 
ing.  and  in  tciiin:; 
'  Ki'i-'at  mimics  anil 

thenistdvcs  wccs- 

whites  with  «li,.n 

■  ho  liavL-  siippoiul 
id  rc-ijcct  f(ir  ihc: 
■y  arc  curious  '-b- 

silence,  butv.iihi 
^iiinaily  cxchanj.'ir,,' 
,li  mhcr,  when  ar.y 
1  :  but  rcservinj; ail 
ic.  Tiicn  it  is'tlia: 
in.  satire,  mimicry. 

■  .-iIdii,:,'  the  fronii-.r, 
unities  of  iioiicin,' 
•Otis  merriment  .at 
sion.illy  r.oticed  a 
.1  a  tire  until  a  late 
ilii-  most  animated 
t  times  makin;,'the 
f  hui^diter.  .As  lo 
ind.incc.  Ijnth  real 
kc  .a  merit  lit' thera. 
ir  |iri)l"uscly  at  the 
ul  they  have  stated 
)\vl  and  lament  at 
iolcl'ul  wailini;?  at 
;  hnliaia  vill.a^e-, 
it.s.  who  ;,'i)  out  at 
iiirii  and  weep  lor 
tdld,  the  tears  «ii! 
rrents. 

Iiidi.m  of  poi'ti' 
pastoral  romance, 
iiary  attributes. 
-■  ;;iicsls  p-adii.ally 
licads  with  iheir 
id  in  a  little  while 
x'riii.;  of  scattered 


Indian  visitors  brcnkfastcd  j 


...Vmnrnin!;  f^i"' 
.'/but  the  vouiiK'  Ona^o  wlio  was  to  act  as 
r''',rn)the  Count  in  liis  kiii^'iitcrrantry  on  llic 
r''^  r,  wis  iiowlK'ro  to  be  found.  Ills  wild 
|P';:"'',',,,,^'ttns  niis^in^;,  and,  .-iftc'r  many  con- 
l'"'"-'      '_  -,,„,..  I,,  ilw  conclusion  tliat  lie  liad 

c 

that    lie   had    lieeu  |)er- 

llie  (»sa^;cs  we  liad   recently 


was  nus^in 
;^'^;^^,  wc  came  to  the 

Uk^n     '   '    ' 


•''■"-"■•' Indian  leave  "  of  us  in  the  niiiht.     \V 


ijserw.irds  asrert.nnc 
..'■itd  so  to  di      ,  ,        ,  ■        ,  ■, 

Miitb'  who  had  represented  to  hun  the  penis 
f:.  „,„u|',i  attend  him  in  an  expi'flition  to  the 
r'na^e  hunting' Ki'"i'i"''^'"bere  he  iiii-ht  fall  into 
'n  hinds  of  the  imiilacal)le  enemies  of  his  tribe  ; 
;;y'„ii.it  was  scarcely  less  to  he  apprehended, 
f- '.  anni'vanccs  to  which  he  would  he  subjected 
f-!'"i' die  capricious  and  overltearlni,'  conduct  of 
|Ve",dii;e  men;  who,  as  I  h.avc  witnessed  in  my 
(snjhort  e.vpcricnce,  arc  prone  to  treat  the  poor 
pJiasns  little  better  than  lirutc  animals.  In- 
Aiei  hehad  had  a  s])ecinien  of  it  liimself  in  the 
r'-ron  escape"  he  ni.ide  from  the  inlliction  of 
I'Linch's  law."  by  the  h;ird-wiid<inrj  worthy  of 
I t;e  frontier,  for  the  flagitious  crime  of  lindin^^  a 

i'.Mvli'irse. 

Th.M'.iiappcaranre  of  tin- yotith  was  i^'cnerally 

Ir  "Lt'.ed  by  our  p.irty,  for  we  h.id  till    t.ikeii  a 

je";;  fancv' to  him  from  his   handsome,   fr.ink, 

Ijjjinanly  appearance,  and  the  easy  jjrace  of  his 

Ictfrtnicnt.    lie  was  indeed  a  native-born  'fjen- 

;r:,ii!.    I'V  none,  however,  was  he  so  miicli  la- 

.".ted  as  by  the  viniiii;'  Count,  who  thus  sud- 

|c;.lii'i'iiiid  himself  deprived  of  his  cs(|uire.      I 

i.j'/.ted  tile  (lejiartiire  of  the  <  )s.i;.,'e  for  his  own 

si.  for  we  should  lia\e  cherished   him  throui;li- 

c,;: the  expedition,  and  I  am  convinced,  from  the 

rnnilicent  spirit  of  his  patron,  he  would  have  re- 

;;rntdtii  his  tribe  laden  with  wealth  of  beads  and 

tr.nkelj and  Indian  blankets. 


CII.M'TKK   \-IlI. 


yXc  //I'wci'  Cimfi. 


iHF.wcaihcr,  which  had  been  rainy  in  the  iiiijht, 

h.iiini; held  up,  wc  resumed  our  march  at  sewn 

r'clock  in  the  ninrning,  in  contident  hope  of  soon 

,i.rriv!n;,'at  the  encimptnent  of  the  ranj;ers.     We 

la,!  not  ridden  above  three  or  four  miles  when  we 

I  ca:r.e  to  a  large  tree  which  had    recently  been 

f.i'.ed  by  an  axe,  for  the  wild  honey  contained  in 

tr.o hollow  of  its  trunk,  se\eral  broken  Hakes  of 

vaidi  still  remained.     We  now  felt  sure  that  the 

I  ranpronkl  not  be  far  distant.     About  a  cou])!e 

I  tf  miles  further  some   of   the    raiv^ers  set   up   :\ 

:aMt,  and  pidiued  to  a  number  of  horses  gra/iiv^ 

:.a«K!dy  bottom.     A  few  paces  brought  us  to 

!.'jbroivof  an  elcvate'd   ridge,  wlience  we  looked 

I  c '.a upon  the  encampment.     It  was  a  wild  ban- 

i  c.;. or  Rid)in  Mood,  scene.     In  a  beautiful  ojicii 

,    rist.  traversed    by    a    running    stream,    were 

I  p-disof  bark  and  branches,  and  tents  of  blan- 

i  fcts.tiniporary  shelters  from   the    recent   rain, 

! T  tiie  rangers  commonly  bivouac  in  the  open 

"^  There  were  grou])s  of  rangers  in  every  kiiul 

i'l'ath  garb.     Some  were  cooking  at  large 

;  nude  at  the  feet  of  trees;  some  were  stretch- 

:■; and  dressing  deer  skins  ;  some  were  shooting 

■■-.1  mark,  and  some  lying  about  ow  the  grass. 

i  usL-on  jerked ,  and  hung  on  frames,  was  drying 

■■«  die  embers  in  one  place  ;  in  another  lay'car- 

•■'s  recently  lirought  in  by  the  hunters.   Stacks 

■  '.lies  Were  leaning  ag.ainst   the  trunks  of  the 

'■"=,  and  saddles,   bridles,   and   powdcr-hoins 


hanging  above  th(  iii,  while  the  )ior;i's  were  graz- 
ing lure  and  there  among  the  thickets. 

Our  jirrival  w.is  greeted  with  acidaination.  The 
r.mgers  crowded  alimit  their  comrades  to  incpiirc 
the  news  from  the  fort  ;  for  our  own  part,  wc 
wereie  eived  in  frank  sitnplo  iumter's  style  by 
C,'.iptai;i  Hean,  the  commaii<ler  of  the  company; 
;i  m.\n  about  forty  ye, us  of  age,  vigorous  and  ac- 
tive. His  life  had  been  chielly  p.issed  on  the 
frontier,  occasionally  in  Indian  warfare,  so  that 
he  was  a  thorough  woodsman,  and  ji  tirst-rato 
hunter.  He  w,is  eipiippi'il  in  character  ;  in 
leatlu'rn  hunting  shirt  and  leggings,  ami  ;i  le.ith- 
erii  foraging  ca[). 

While  we  were  conversing  wilh  the  Captain,  ;i 
veter.in  huntsman  ap[)roaclied,  whose  whole  ap* 
]iearancc,  struck  me.  He  w.is  of  the  middle 
size,  but  tough  and  weather- proverl  ;  a  head 
partly  bald  and  g.irnishetl  with  loose  irun-gray 
locks,  and  a  tine  black  eye,  be.iming  with  youth- 
ful spirit.  His  dress  was  similar  to  that  of  the 
Captain,  a  rille  shirt  and  leggings  of  dressed  deer 
skin,  that  had  evidently  seen  service  ;  a  ])owder- 
lun-n  was  slung  by  his  side,  a  hunting-knife  stuck 
in  his  belt,  and  in  his  hand  was  tin  .incieiu  and 
trusty  rille,  doubtless  as  dear  to  him  as  a  bosom 
friend.  He  ,'isked  i)ermishion  to  go  hunting, 
which  was  readily  gr.mted.  •'  Thai's  old  Ryan," 
s.iid  the  Captain,  when  he  had  gone;  "there's 
not  a  better  hunter  in  the  c.iiiii)  ;  he's  sure  to 
bring  in  game." 

In  a  little  while  our  pack-horses  were  unloaded 
and  turned  loose  to  re\el  among  the  i)ea-vines. 
<  Uir  tent  was  ])itclied  :  our  lire  m.ide  ;  the  half  of 
a  deer  had  been  sent  to  us  from  the  Captain's 
lodge  ;  lieatte  brought  in  a  couple  of  wild  tur- 
keys ;  the  s])its  were  laden,  and  the  cimp-kettlc 
crammed  with  meat  ;  and  to  crown  our  luxuries, 
a  basin  lilled  with  great  ll.ikes  of  delicious  honey, 
the  spoils  of  a  plundered  bee-tree,  w.is  given  its 
by  one  of  the  rangers. 

Our  little  Frenchman,  Tonisli,  was  in  an  ec- 
stasy, and  tucking  up  his  sleeves  to  the  elljosvs, 
set  to  work  to  make  a  disjilay  of  his  culinary  skill, 
on  whicdi  he  jirided  himself  almost  as   much   as 


upon  his  huntini 
prowess. 


his    ridiu'',    and    his    warlike 


CIIAl'Ti-.R  IX. 

.•/  /.',■<■  //.v«.'. 

The  beautiful  foroU  in  wiiich  v.e  \vcre  encamped 
abounded  in  bee-trees  ;  that  is  to  say,  trees  in 
the  decayed  trunks  of  which  wild  Vices  had  estab- 
lished their  hives.  It  is  surprising  in  what  count- 
less sw.irms  the  bees  have  overspread  the  l'"ar 
West,  within  but  a  moderate  number  of  years. 
The  Ineiians  consider  them  the  liarbinger  of  the 
white  man.  as  the  bulTalo  is  of  the  reel  man  ;  and 
sav  that,  in  jiroportion  as  the  bee  aiUanres,  the 
Indian  and  bul'fado  retire.  We  .iie  always  accus- 
tomed to. associate  the  hum  of  tlie  bee-Jiive  with 
the  farmhouse  and  tlower-garden.  :iiid  to  consider 
those  industrious  little  tininials  as  eonneeted  with 
the  busy  haunts  of  man,  :ind  1  .  <i  told  that  the 
wild  bee  is  seldom  to  he  met  \wlh  at  any  great 
distance  from  the  tVontier.  They  have  been  the 
heralds  of  civilization,  Mradf.istU  preceding  it  as 
it  advanced  from  the  Atlantic  bortlers,  and  some 
of  the  ancient  settlers  of  the  West  pretend  to 
give  the  very  year  when  the  honey-bee  first: 
crossed  the  Mississippi.  The  Iiuli.ins  with  sur- 
prise found  the  mouldering  treci  of  their  lurcsta 


I- Si 


mf>\ 


I,  I   mi  i>  1,     M  I 


|j    ' 


iailsi 


11 


'  ,  I 


•110 


A  TOl'R   ()\    TIIK    PRAIRII'S. 


m 


i  m 


I;     { 

i, 


I 


-j  ,■« 


MuUU'nly  tcrmiii!;  with  nm1ir(isi:il  sweets,  r\ncl 
luitliili;,',  I  am  tn|(|,  cm  i-x(  eed  the  j^'ieeily  leli^li 
witli  wliicli  ilic  y  l),m(|iiet  lor  tlu'  liist  time  u[)(iii 
tins  \ml)<)ii;.',ht  Iiimii  y  of  the  wikUrness. 

At  ineseiit  the  liuiu'y  hie  sw^iriiis  in  myri.uls, 
in  the  nuhK'  };i()\es  and  Imests  whieh  skirt  aiitl 
intersect  llie  pr.iiries,  anil  extend  .lion^  the  alhi- 
vial  l)i)tt()ms  (il'ihe  rivers.  It  seems  to  nie  as  if 
these  lieaiitiliil  re^jions  answer  literally  to  the  iK'- 
scription  ot  the  land  ot  promise,  "  a  land  tlowin;^ 
with  milk  and  lioiuy  ;"  lor  the  rieh  ])astura;;e  of 
the  ])rairies  is  cdenlati'd  to  susi.iiii  herds  of  cat- 
lie  as  countless  its  the  sands  upon  the  sea-shore, 
while  the  llow lis  with  which  they  arc  enamelled 
vender  them  a  very  paradise  for  the  nectar  seik- 
iiij;  liee. 

W'c  had  not  ln'cn  loii^  in  the  camj)  when  a 
party  set  onl  in  ipiest  of  a  bee-tree;  and,  hein^' 
curious  to  winu  ss  the  s[)ort,  1  j^dadly  accepted  an 
in\it,ition  to  aci-oTn|)any  them.  The  party  was 
lieadeil  by  a  \eteian  bee-hunter,  a  tall  lank  fel- 
low in  homespun  ^.uh  that  I1UIV4  loosely  about 
liis  limbs,  and  a  straw  liat  sliapi'il  not  unlike  a 
bee-hi\e  ;  .1  ( (uniade,  eciiiaily  uncouth  in  j;arb, 
and  uithout  a  hat,  straddleil  alon;;  at  his  heels, 
with  a  loiij^'  rille  011  his  shoulder.  To  these  suc- 
ceeded half  a  do/en  others,  some  with  axes  ami 
some  with  lilies,  I'or  no  oni;  stirs  fir  from  the 
camp  without  his  lireaiins,  so  as  to  be  reaily 
cither  for  wild  deer  or  wild  Indian. 

After  proceeding  some  distance  we  came  to  an 
ri])en  j^ladu  on  the  skirts  of  the  forest.  Here  our 
le.uler  h.dtcd,  and  then  advanced  tpiietly  to  a  low 
bush,  on  the  top  of  which  1  ])erceived  a  ])iece  of 
lioney-i  luiib.  Tiiis  I  found  was  the  bait  or  hue 
for  the  wild  liees.  Several  were  huniniin;^  abotit 
it.  and  di\  ini;  into  its  cells.  When  they  had  laden 
themselves  with  hoiiey  they  would  rise  into  the 
air,  and  dart  oiV  in  ;\  str.ii^'Ju  line,  almost  with 
the  velocity  of  a  bullet.  The  luiiUers  watched 
.ntlentively  the  cmuse  they  look,  ami  then  set  olf 
in  the  same  direction,  siumblin;.;  alonj^  over 
tvvisted  roots  and  fallen  trees,  with  their  eyes 
turned  up  to  the  sky.  In  this  way  they  traced 
the  honey-l.Kiea  bees  to  their  hive,  in  the  hollow 
trunk  of  a  bl.isted  oak.  where,  ifter  buz.'in;^  about 
for  a  monunt.  tlu  y  entered  a  hole  about  sixty 
feet  from  the  ;.;round. 

Two  of  tb.e  bee-luinter.T  now  plied  their  axes 
vi;4orously  at  the  foot  of  the  tree  to  level  it  with  the 
ground.  The  mere  spectators  and  .amateurs,  in 
the  meantiir.e,  drew  olf  to  a  caution i  distance,  to 
be  out  of  the  w.iy  of  the  fdliiiLj  of  the  tree  ;iiiil 
the  vengeance  of  its  inmates,  'i'he  jairing  blow  s 
of  the  axe  seemetl  to  have  no  etfect  in  alarming 
or  disturbing  this  most  iiuluslrious  comnumiiy. 
They  continued  to  ]dy  at  their  usual  occu|)ations, 
some  arriving  full  freighted  into  ]iort,  others  sally- 
ing forth  on  new  expeditions,  like  so  many  mer- 
chantmen in  a  money-making  metropolis,  little 
suspicious  (.f  impi'iiding  bankru|)tcy  aiul  down- 
fall, liven  a  loud  crack  which  announced  the 
tlisruiJture  of  tlic  trunk,  filled  to  divert  their  at- 
tention from  the  intense  pursuit  of  gain  ;  at 
length  down  c.ime  the  tree  with  a  tremendous 
crash,  bursting  open  from  end  to  end,  ami  di^,- 
]ilaying  all  the  hoarded  treasures  of  the  eommon- 
v.eallh. 

t)nc  of  the  huntc?r3  immediately  ran  up  with  a 
wisp  of  liglite;l  hav  as  a  defence  against  the 
bees.  Tlu'  latter,  however,  made  no  attack  and 
sought  no  re\eii;j,e;  they  seemed  stujietied  by  the 
catastrophe  and  unsuspicious  of  its  cause,  and  re- 
mained crawling  .and  buzzing  about  the  ruins 
■without  oU'erin^;  uj  any  mulcstalion.     Every  one 


of  the  i)arty  now  fell  to,  with  ^pnnn  .m,]  1  „,:. 
knift  ,  to  scoop  mit  the  ll.ikes  of  iKiiHv.cdi,  i"',"  I 
which  the  hollow  trunk  was  stored.  Si'imt,']'.* 'M 
wi'ie  of  old  dale  and  a  deej)  hrown  C(ili,r'  ,/" . 
were  beautifully  white,  and  the  lioncv  r  i' '' 
cells  was  almost  limpid.  Such  of  tlie'ci.'nj" ' 
were  entire  were  pl.ieed  in  cam|)  ketiks  •">! 
conveyed  to  the  enc.iinpment  ;  tliu^i.  «h;,.  ;  1 1 
been  shivered  in  the  fill  were  devnurfd  i„,i'/ 
s\Hn.  Kvery  stark  bee-hunler  w;is  to  la.  4^,  „',,  1 
a  rich  morsel  in  his  li.iiul,  dri])piii^(  abunt  i 
gers,  and  disap|)earing  as  r.ipuily  ?is  a  ,rci|v' .,.,  1 
before  the  holiday  appetite  of  a  sclionllun  

Nor  was  it  the  bee-hunters  alone  that  1  ri,-rl 
by  the  downfdl  of  this  industnoiis  comn.t.  . 
as  if  the  bees  would  carry  throu^ili  the  Miim     ! 
of  their  habits  with  those  of  l.ihoriiius  .u/l''-! 
ful  man,  I  beheld  numbers  from  rival  \\\\^^% 
riving  on  eager  wing,  to  enrich  l'K'nhi'ht.','i  •i  | 
the  ruins  of  their  neighhius.    These  lniskil;ln~! 
selves    as    eagerly    and    cheerfully  as  sn  iiv.-v  1 
wreckers  on  an   Indiainan   th.it  has  hi.cn  (it;,'i 
on  shore;  iilunging  into  the  cells  of  the  l.^'^lj  | 
li(Miey-coii  '  1,  bampieling  greedily  nn  ti.c  .1   ; 
and  then  winging  their  i\.i\-  lull-rrei;.;hit.(l  ti,  tii 
homes.     As  to  the  jioor  proprietor^  of  th,  r..," 
they  si'emcd   to    li.ne   no  heart  to  do  am  ti.,;  ■ 
not  even  to  t.iste   the  nectar  that  llowi,'!!';!:,  l 
them  ;   but  crawled  backward  and  I'orwanl.'.ir  .. 
cant  descd.ition,  as  1  lia\e  seen  a  poor  li'llnw  ■,i,;;i 
his  hands  in  his  ])ockets,  whistling' vacaniiv 
despondingly  about  the  ruins  of  his  huust.  ; 
luul  been  burnt. 

It  is  tlillicult  to  describe  the  I'cwildcniHr.:  ;r,l  | 
(•(uifusiim  of  the  bees  of  the  b.mkrupt  liivrahj 
had  been  absent  at  the  time  of  the  tata-ir'i|i':,c, 
;ind  who  arri\etl  from  'iine  to  time,  with  fi';'.  :.:■ 
goes  from  abro.id.  At  liist  they  whtclcii  .ii>  ■; 
in  the  air,  in  the  jilace  where  the  filliii  tic:  h,.i 
once  reared  its  head,  astonishei!  :!t  limliii- :•,,;;. 3 
\Mcuum.  At  length,  as  if  coniprLliemhr.;.;  ;h.:: 
disaster,  they  settled  down  in  clusters  m.  ,ii!r, 
branch  of  a  neighboring  tree,  whence  lliey  •.'.;;•..£ 
to  contenipl.ite  the  prostrate  ruin,  and  t^  1;,.;: 
forth  doleful  l.imentations  over  the  dmviiUll  ■! 
their  republic.  It  was  a  scene  on  whid;  :'.;, 
"  melancholy  Jaecjues"  might  have  muiah^ca  'jy 
the  hour. 

We  now  abandoned  the  ])lnce.  Icaiin,' iiii:''; 
honey  in  the  hollow  of  the  tiee.  "  It  will  ;\\'.  ':. 
cleareil  olf  by  varmint,"  said  one  of  the  r.iiv,i.r-. 
"  Wli.it  \ennin?"  asked  1.  "  oh,  bcaii,  ..r.]  j 
skunks,  and  racoons,  .and  'possums.  The  bears 
is  the  knowingest  \armini  for  tiiulini;  out  a  bcf 
tree  in  the  world.  'I'hey'll  gnaw  for  (l:iys  '.••■ 
gether  at  the  trunk  till' they  make  a  Imle  hi;.; 
enough  to  get  in  their  jiaws,  and  then  tlk's'll  li,ul 
out  huney,  bees  and  all." 


ciiArriiR  x. 

.■tmi/.<r!tf/!/<  in  tlu'  (\;mp.  —  C\vi::i'i\itii"r—I!'''''<'>'  '/' 
ciiii  /-'i-.ts/i/it,'.  — /.>'/■;////<' .S((«i-.i. — '  u'W.'/.I/ii ..;■.■-.  -■■ 
/',;/('  f'/'  ii/i  .hihitciir  U'i'l, 

On  returning  to  the  camp,  we  fuiinil  it  a  <o.:.. 
of  the  greatest  hilarity.  Sonic  of  the  r.iiv^tii 
were  shooting  at  a  mark,  others  were  k:!!)':'.-'. 
wrestling,  and  playing  at  jirisun  hars.  ll'-y 
were  mostly  young  men,  on  their  first  expeihtion. 
in  high  health  and  vigor,  and  buoymt  with  amic!- 
liations  ;  and  I  can  conceive  nothini,' iinir' liki'.}^ 
to  set  the  youthful  blood  into  a  llow,  th.ir.  a«i;J 


'.      M 


A   TOl'R   ON    Till".    l'KAIRIi;S. 


447 


iw' 


f-i"' 


Jlifonfllickind.  nnd  tin-  r.uiKt'  <>f  a  in:n;niii- 

1,1,  ini'>%  ahoiiMilin^,'  "itii  v,.\u\v,  and  liiiil- 

\Vl'  m.'iuI  our  voiitli  iilii'd.id  to 

n  lull 


.iilu'imiri' 


'",„  1, siiiiinis  aiul  iUVmm.itr  in  l.uroi'^' :  't  iip- 
r"  .'.j,  iiit,  ih.it  ;i  pri'vioiis  tour  on  lliu  in.iirics 
'^'jVli.Miiiirc  liki'lv  III  nrodiicc  lli;it  lll;mlllu■^s, 


liilK'imirc 
„,  I  •  tv,  ami  si'ir-dc|ii'iuk'nco,  iiKJst  iii  iiiiisoii 
'"iii'liVrp'olitical  imtiiuiion^. 

|i,,.iTmii  aimisciiK'iU'.,  a  •^riivt.T  si't,  L-oin|iosi.'(l 

.y.ln.  Cipt.uii,  tliu  Doi-loi-,  iiiid  oIIkt  safe's  anil 

,.,\,i  ol  till.'  cMiiip.  wire   siat(.(l   or  slirtclK'd 

',',„,|,c  aijss,  rmind  a  froiitiir  map,  luddiiv^  a 
r';.l|,,ij„n  al)i>ut  our  iiosilion,  and  the  course 
L««rc  t(.  parsiio. 

^mr  plan  was  til  rross  llio  Arkansas  just  above 

Lhtre  the  Ki'd  I'ork  I'.ills  into  it,  tlien   to  keep 

,!,;,.rh-,  uiUil  we  should   i)as>  tliroii-h  a  ^raiKl 

k,";;  of  oiKii  forest,  called    the    Cross   'riiiiher, 

Liiich  r.w^cs  nearly   noiih  and  south  from  tiie 

Arkmwj  til  Ki d  Kiver  ;  after  \Nliirli,  we  were  to 
I  i.-iiiasiiutlieiiy  course  toward  the  latter  river. 

"(I'jr  Iwll'-hreed,  lleatle,  liein^'  an  cx|)erieneed 
O-'.'o  lumicr,  was  c.illed  into   the  consultation. 

■  Hue  villi  c\cr  hunted  in  this  direction.'"'  said 
fe Ciptaiii.    "  Ves,"  was  the  1. iconic  reply. 

'I'tihaps,  then,  you  can  tell  us  in  wliich  di- 
reciion  lies  llie  Ned  l''ork  r  " 

'Ifvoii  keep  aliiiiL,'  yonder,  by  the  eil;.;e  of  the 
pniric,  you  will  eoiue  to  a  b.dd  hill,  with  a  pile 

'iidiics  iipi>n  it." 

•■jh.uc  noticed  th.U  hill  a;  I  was  hunting," 
ixJtheCapt.-iin. 

••  Well !  those  stones  were  set  up  by  the  ( >sa^'es 
;;,il.in(lmark:  from  that  spot  you  m.iy  ha\e  a 
■Jitufilie  Kcd  Fork." 

"In  that  case,"  cried  the  ra|)t.iin,  "  we  sh.'dl 
rachlhc  Red  Fork  to-morrow;  then  cross  the 
.•irk.insas  above  it,  into  the  Pawnee  country,  and 
V.nm  !«o  days  we  shall  crack  bultalo  bones  !  " 

The  iiiia  of  .irrivin;.^  at  the  ad\enlurous  hunting 
frdjricU  of  the  Pawnees,  and  of  coming  uiion  the 
traces  of  the  hultaloos,  made  every  eye  sparkle 
ivi;h  .ininiation.  Our  further  conversation  was 
ir.tmipted  hy  the  sharp  report  of  a  rille  at  no 
jri'.K  (iisiance  fnun  the  camp. 

"That's  old  Ryan's  ride,"  exclaimed  the  Cap- 

j  i.iia;  "  there's  a  buck  down,  I'll  w.irr.mt!"  nor 

1  n;  he  mistaken  ;  for,  before  long,  ihe  veteran 

naJe  hii  ajipear.uice,  calling  upon  one  of  th  ■ 

y.uiyer  rangers  to  return  with  him,  and  aid  in 

'tnn^ia^'  home  the  carcass. 

Tile  siirrouiuling  country,  in  fact,  abounded 
v.r.iipmc.sa  that  the  camp  was  o\  erstocked  with 
friivijjons,  and,  as  no  less  than  twenty  bee- 
ire.s  h.id  been  cut  down  in  the  vicinity,  every 
K'.-  levelled  in  luxury.  With  the  wasteful  jiro- 
liji'iiy  of  luinters,  there  was  a  continual  feast- 
:r;.  and  scarce  any  one  ])ut  by  ))rovision  for  the 
:::  rrijw.  The  cooking  w.is  conducted  in  hunter's 
i';.c:  the  meat  was  stuck  upon  tapering  s|)its  of 
(•v'.vood,  which  were  thrust  ])er])endicularly  into 
tajrwiind,  so  as  to  sustain  the  joint  before  the 
:r:,  uhere  it  was  roasteil  or  broiled  with  all  its 
.'-A'es  retained  in  it  in  a  manner  th.U  would  lia\c 
:  -kl.'J  the  pal, lie  of  the  most  exiieriericeil  gour- 
'■■■::.!.  .Vs  much  could  not  be  s.iid  in  f.wor  of 
'•.".e bread.  It  was  littk  more  than  a  paste  m.ide 
(filour  .and  water,  anil  fried  like  fritters,  in  lard  ; 
t.M;;h  some  adopteil  a  ruder  style,  twisting  it 
■  ^-n,;ithe  ends  of  slicks,  and  thus  ro.isting  it  be- 
::;  the  lire.  In  either  way,  I  ha\  e  found  it  ex- 
I'vmeiy  pal.ilable  on  the  prairies.  No  one  knows 
-■i'triie  relish  of  fuuJ  until  he  has  a  hunter's  ap- 
r:;;ie. 


I'lefore  sunset,  we  were  siimnioncil  hy  little 
'I'onisli  to  a  sumptuous  rep.iit.  I.l.iiikets  h.ul 
been  spread  on  the  ground  ne.ir  to  tin;  tire,  uixiii 
whiih  we  took  our  si. its.  A  l.irge'  di-.h,  or  bowl, 
ni.ide  from  the  root  of  a  maple  trei',  and  which 
we  had  purch.ised  ;it  the  liidi.in  \illage,  was 
pl,i(  ed  on  tin;  ground  belore  us,  ,ind  into  it  were 
einptie<l  the  conlents  of  one  of  the  c.iiiip  kettles, 
collilsling  of  a  wild  turkey  h.islud,  logelher  with 
slices  of  b.icon  and  lumps  of  duiigli.  Ileside  it 
was  placed  another  bowl  of  simil.ir  w,ir';,  con- 
taining an  amjile  supply  of  fritters.  Alter  wo 
li.ul  discussed  the  hash,  two  wooden  spits,  on 
which  the  ribs  of  a  f.it  buck  were  broiling  before 
the  lire,  were  removed  and  pl.mii  d  in  theground 
before  us,  with  a  triumphant  air,  bv  little  'ioiiiih. 
Having  no  dishes,  we  had  to  procc  ed  in  hunter's 
style,  cutting  olf  strips  and  sliii-.  with  luir  hunt- 
ingdviiives,  and  dipping  them  iii  s.ili  and  pepper. 
'I'll  do  justice  to  'I'onish's  coidary,  however,  and 
to  the  keen  sauce  of  the  jir.iiriis,  never  have  I 
tasted  venison  so  delicious.  With  all  this,  our 
beverage  w.is  colTei',  boiled  in  a  (  .iiiip  kettle, 
sweetened  with  brown  sugar,  and  drunk  out  of 
tin  cups:  ;ind  such  was  Ihe  style  of  our  b.impiet- 
ing  throughout  this  e\pi dition,  whenever  provi- 
sions were  ph'iily,  and  as  long  as  lloiir  .mil  coll'ee 
ami  sugar  lu  Id  out. 

As  tile  twilight  thickened  iiioi  iii.;ht,  the  senti- 
luls  were  marched  forth  to  tluir  si.iiioiis  around 
the  cami)  ;  an  iiiilis|]Lnsable  precaution  in  a 
country  infested  by  liuli.ins.  'Ihe  encani|)ment 
now  presented  a  ])ielures(|iie  appearance.  Camp 
iires  were  blazing  and  smouldei  ■  g  here  and  there 
among  the  trees,  with  groups  of  rangers  round 
them  ;  some  seated  or  lying  on  the  ground,  ijthers 
st.inding  in  the  ruddy  gl.ire  of  the  llames,  or  in 
shadowy  relief.  At  some  of  the  tires  then  was 
much  boisterous  mirth,  where  ]k','i1s  of  laughter 
were  mingled  with  loud  lib.ild  jokes  and  uncouth 
exclamations  ;  for  the  troop  wa-.  evidently  a  raw, 
undisci|)lined  band,  levied  among  the  wild  young- 
sters of  the  frontier,  who  had  enlisted,  some  for 
the  sake  of  roving  adventure,  and  smiie  for  the 
purpose  of  getting  a  kiioukdge  of  tlie  country. 
Many  of  them  were  the  neighbor  i  of  iheir  officers, 
and  accustomed  to  regard  them  with  the  famili- 
arity of  equals  and  companions.  .None  of  them 
li.id  any  idea  of  the  restraint  and  decorum  of  a 
cam]),  or  .ambition  to  ac'iniro  a  name  for  exact- 
ness in  .a  ])rofession  in  wh  'i  iliey  h.ul  no  inten- 
tion of  continuing. 

While  this  boisterous  merriment  ])revailed  at 
some  of  the  tires,  there  suddenly  rose  a  strain  of 
nas.il  melody  from  another,  at  which  a  <  iioir  of 
"vocalists"  wi  ir  uniting  then  voices  in  a  most 
lugi'brious  psalm  tune.  This  w.is  led  by  one  of  the 
lieutuiants  ;  a  tall,  spare  man,  wb.o  we  were  in- 
fornietl  had  officiated  as  schonlm  ister,  singing- 
master,  and  oec  isionally  as  .Metliodiht  |)reachcr, 
in  one  of  tls  illages  of  the  fronlier.  'I'lie  chant 
rose  solemnly  and  s.adly  in  the  night  air,  and  re- 
minded me  of  the  description  of  similar  canticles 
in  the  camps  of  the  Coven. inters  ;  and,  indeed, 
the  strange  medley  of  figures  and  faces  and  un- 
couth garbs,  congreg.Ued  together  in  our  troop, 
would  not  ha\i'  disgraced  the  banners  of  I'raise- 
(iod  ILireboiii  ■. 

In  one  of  the  intervaK  nf  this  na-^al  psalmody, 
an  amateur  owl,  as  if  in  competition,  began  his 
dreary  hooting.  Immediately  there  w.is  a  cry 
throughout  the  camp  of  "  Charlev's  owl  !  Char- 
ley's owl!"  It  seems  this  "  obscure- bird  "  h.ul 
\i.->ileil  the  camp  every  night,  .ind  had  been  tlreel 
at   by  one  of  the   seatiiieU,  u   half-willed   lad. 


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Hiotographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


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448 


A  TOUR  ON   THE   PRAIRIES. 


.U 


( ;■ 


named  Charley  ;  who,  on  being  called  up  for  fir- 
ing when  on  duty,  excused  liiinsclf  by  sayinj^, 
that  he  understood  owls  made  uncommonly  good 
soup. 

One  of  the  young  rangers  mimicked  the  cry  of 
this  bird  of  wisdom,  who,  with  a  simplicity  little 
consonant  with  his  chaiactcr,  came  hovering 
within  sight,  and  alighted  on  the  naked  branch 
of  a  tree,  lit  up  by  the  blaze  of  our  fire.  The 
young  Count  immediately  seized  his  fowling- 
piece,  took  f.Ual  aim,  and  in  a  twinkling  the 
poor  bird  of  ill  omen  came  fluttering  to  the 
ground.  Charley  was  now  called  upon  to  make 
and  eat  his  dish  of  owl-soup,  but  declined,  as  he 
had  not  shot  the  bird. 

In  the  course  of  the  evening,  I  paid  a  visit  to  the 
Captain's  fire.  It  was  composed  of  huge  trunks 
of  trees,  and  of  sufficient  magnitude  to  roast  a 
buffalo  whole.  Here  were  a  number  of  the  prime 
hunters  and  leaders  of  the  camp,  some  sitting, 
some  standing,  and  others  lying  on  skins  or  blan- 
kets before  the  fire,  telling  old  frontier  stories 
about  hunting  and  Indian  warfare. 

As  the  night  advanced,  we  perceived  above  the 
trees  to  the  west,  a  ruddy  glow  flushing  up  the 
sky. 

"That  mwt  be  a  prairie  set  on  fire  by  the 
Os.age  hunters,"  said  the  Captain. 

"  It  is  at  the  Red  Fork,"  said  IScatte,  regarding 
the  sky.  "  It  seems  but  three  miles  distant,  yet 
it  perhaps  is  twenty." 

About  half  past  eight  o'clock,  a  beautiful  pale 
light  gradually  sprang  up  in  tlie  cast,  a  jjrecursor 
of  the  rising  moon.  Drawing  off  from  tiie  Cap- 
tain's lodge,  1  now  prepared  for  the  night's  re- 
pose. 1  had  determined  to  abandon  the  shelter 
of  the  tent,  and  henceforth  to  bivouac  like  the 
rangers.  A  bear-skin  spread  at  llie  foot  of  a 
tree  was  my  bed,  with  a  ])air  of  saddle-bags  for  a 
l)illow.  Wrapping  myself  in  blankets,  1  stretched 
myself  on  this  hunter's  couch,  and  soon  fell  into 
a  sound  and  sweet  sleep,  from  which  1  did  not 
awake  until  the  bugle  sounded  at  daybreak. 


CllAl'TKR  XI. 


Preii);iiij^  ti^  cf  the  I'.iutnnpntnit. — r'uturi-s,;iii'  Af.iy,li. — 
iftiwt'.  —  (\niip  Sti-ut's. —  Trhnyil'k  i\t  ,i  Yontii^^  Uunlt-r, 
— lit  Suciiss  I'/  ail  Oiii  JIuHtcr. — J'oul  MurJcr  of  ,i 

J'olll\lt. 


OCTOr.KR  14TU. — At  the  signal  note  of  the  bugle, 
the  sentinels  and  jiatrols  marched  in  from  their 
stations  around  the  camp  and  were  dismissed.  The 
rangers  were  roused  from  their  night's  repose,  and 
soon  a  bustling  scene  took  place.  While  some 
cut  wood,  made  tires,  and  ))repared  the  morn- 
ing's meal,  others  struck  their  foul  weather  shel- 
ters of  blankets,  and  made  every  preparation  for 
departure  ;  while  others  dashed  about,  tluough 
brush  and  brake,  catching  the  horses  and  leading 
or  driving  tlicm  into  camp. 

During  all  this  bustle  the  forest  rang  with 
vhoops,  and  shouts,  ami  ])eals  of  laughter  ;  when 
all  had  ineakfasted.  packed  up  their  eflects  and 
camp  ecpiipagc.  and  loaded  the  ])ack-horses, 
the  bugle  sounded  to  saildleand  mount.  Uy  eight 
o'clock  the  whole  troop  setotfin  a  long  straggling 
line,  with  whoop  and  halloo,  intermingled  with 
many  an  oath  at  the  loitering  pack-horses,  and  in 
a  little  while  the  forest,  which  for  several  da;  s 


had  been  the  scene  of  such  unwonted  bi'sii,. 
uproar,  relapsed  into  its  primeval  solitude  ani 
lence.  '"'■' 

It  was  a  bright  sunny  morning,  wit],  •, . 
transparent  atmosphere  that  seemed  tubati,,  •■' 
very  heart  with  gladness.     Our  march  cmim."'! 
parallel  to  the  Arkansas,  through  .i  rich  ar.d"'i 
ried  country  ;  sometimes  we  had  to  brc.ik  wnn  ' 
through  alluvial  bottoms  matted  wiih  ndavi  ''• 
vegetation,  where  the  gigantic  trees  wcrc\'r"a'.' 
glcd  with  grape-vines,  hanging  like  cnrda-e  H 
their  branches  ;    sometimes   we    coasted  /  ' 
sluggish  brooks,  whose  feebly  tricklinj,currin''  i 
served   to   link   together  a  succession  of  di.t- 
pools,  imbedded  like  miirors  in  the  quiubo^ 
of  the  forest,  reilecting  its  autumnal  foliacc,  3-1 
patches  of  the   clear  blue  sky.    SomctinKs  v' 
scrambled  up  broken  .-•"!  rocky  hills,  fptm  i^I 
summits  of  which  we  had  wide  views 'sta'tch;nj 
on  one  side  over  distant  prairies  diversiticd  bv 
groves  and  forests,  and  on  the  other  ranj;ini; ale 
a  line  of  blue  and  shadowy  hills  beyond  tlit  »> 
ters  of  the  Arkansas. 

The  appearance  of  our  troop  was  suited  to  th; 
country  ;  stretching  along  in  a  line  orupwardJt' 
half  a  mile  in  length,  winding  ainonj;  br.ikcsar/i 
bushes,  and  up  and  down  in  the  diiiles  of '.h; 
hills,  the  men  in  every  kind  of  uncouth  p/., 
with  long  ritles  on  their  shoulders,  and  niounici 
on  horses  of  every  color.  The  jjack  horns,  in', 
would  incessantly  wander  from  the  line  of  mar.ii, 
to  crop  the  surrounding  herbai;e,  andworclian^tj 
and  beaten  back  by  Tonish  and  his  haif  braj 
compeers,  with  volleys  of  mongrel  oiul.s.  t\cr, 
now  and  then  the  notes  of  the  bu>;k',  frcun  thekaii 
of  the  column,  would  echo  through  the  woodlaniis 
and  along  the  hollow  glens,  sinnninniii;,'  up  stnij- 
glers,  and  announcing  the  line  of  m.\ich.  Tr.e 
whole  scene  reminded  me  of  the  description  jiir. 
of  bands  of  buccaneers  per.etratin,;  the  \ukis  i 
South  America,  on  their  i)huulering  expcdii:c.; 
against  the  Spanish  setilen)ents. 

At  one  time  we  passed  throu^jh  a  hixuri.ir.tl  •■ 
torn  or  meadow  bordered  by  thickets,  where  •,].. 
tall  grass  was  jjressed  down  into  numerous  "da: 
beds,"  where  those  animals  had  couched  thepr-.- 
ceding  night.  Some  oak  trees  also  bore  5ij;iiM!' 
having  been  clambered  by  bears,  in  ipiest  ii 
acorns,  the  marks  of  their  claws  beinLj  vb.blc  .3 
the  bark. 

As  we  opened  aglade  of  this  sheltered  incado'v 
we  beheld  several  deer  bouiidiiig  away  in  »il.i 
affright,  tmtil,  having  gained  some  distance,  the; 
woulil  stop  and  gaze  back,  with  tlie  curiosiiycon.- 
mon  to  this  animal,  at  the  strange  intniderj  ir.M 
their  solitudes.  There  was  ininiedi.Uely  a  jliir? 
report  of  rilles  in  c\ery  direction,  from  ihev.iu';; 
huntsmen  of  the  troop,  hut  they  were  too  e,'„i.: 
to  aim  surely,  anil  the  ileer,  uidiarmed,,  bouaiiu 
away  into  the  depths  of  the  lorest. 

In  the  course  of  our  march  we  strutk  the  Ar- 
kansas, but  found  ourselves  still  below  the  K.l 
Fork,  and,  as  the  river  made  deep  bends. •*; 
again  left  its  banks  and  cmitinueil  iliroui;ii  ;:;■-' 
woods  until  nearly  eight  o'clock,  when  «e  vP.- 
cam])ed  in  a  beautiful  basin  bmilered  by  a  "■.e 
stream,  and  shaded  by  clumps  of  lolty  oar;-. 

The  horses  were  now  liuhbled,  that  is  t'l  «,>>■ 
their  fore  legs  were  fettered  with  conls  or  k.i;./ 
ern  straps,  so  as  to  impede  their  imivomenis.in'i 
prevent  their  wandering  from  the  camp,  l''^', 
were  then  turned  loose  to  graze.  A  minilHr  ii  | 
rangers,  ])rime  hunters,  startnl  oil  in  diiieri'. 
directions  in  search  of  game.  Tluie  «•'*  5"^ 
w  hooping  nor  laughing  about  the  tamp  as  w  '>•" 


A  TOUR  ON   THE   PRAIRIES. 


449 


ch  unwonted  b.istle  j-j 
irimuval  solitude  anili, 

I  morning,  with  a  ■  .. 
hat  sccnicd  tob.r,    ■  ' 

Our  march  cnir/!' 
.  through  a  rich  and"':  j 
wehacltobreak<,;;r,i.. 

matted  with  redar,(i-. 
jantic  trees  were  er'a^i 
n^mg  l:ke  cnrda^e  fr  - 
mcs  we  coasted  .-;,'• 
-bly  tricklintciirkn:"^ 

a  succession  (jf  j;;j..' 
rors  in  the  quin  bov.n 
ts  autumnal  fohai;e,ar.i 
uc  sky.  SometiiiKsv.: 
-"1  rocky  hills,  fpim  i'-. 
(l  wide  views  strttchir- 
t  prairies  diversiiied  bv 
n  tile  other  ranijin^jalir;- 
iwy  hills  beyond  tin;  «!• 

troop  was  suited  to  the 
1,'  in  a  line  o,' upward  (f 
iding  ainoni-ljrakcsjr.d 
ivn  in  the  defiles  oi  the 

kind  of  uncouth  tan, 
shoulders,  and  niounid 
The  ])aek  hor-es,  t" , 
■from  tile  line  of  mar  h. 
erbage,  and  werebanjt^ 
nish  and  his  haifbrcej  | 
f  mongrel  oath.s.  Eicrv 
'  the  bugle,  from  the Inaii 
o  through  the  uuudlar.iis 
IS,  summoning  up  >;r;i^- 
lie  line  of  march.   Tr.; 

of  the  descripiitiniji.in 
lenetrating  the  \\Mi4 

])lundeniig  e.\ped:t;ir.i 

nients. 

through  a  luxuriant!  :• 

by  thickets,  wh.ere  :r.: 
.■n  into  numerous  "L^: 
lis  had  couched  the  pr;-  ] 

trees  also  bore  sign*  of 

by  bears,  in  quest  d 
r  claws  being  visible  .a  I 

f  this  sheltered  mcaiio'v 
bounding  away  in  »il.i 
led  senile  distance,  they  I 
with  the  curiosity  eon.- 
e  strange  intruders  i:::)  | 
as  iniinedi.itely  a  sl;.;rp 
rection,  from  the  V''^:,' 
)ut  they  were  tone...: 
er,  unharmed.  boi;;'.i:.>. 
le  t'orest. 

tirch  we  struck  the  .A:- 

ves  still  below  tlie  K.j  | 

made  deep  bends, 'H' 

continued  llirou.i;ii  ;'-  j 

o'clock,  when  "c  '■'■■ 

isiii  bonlcred  by  a  r.r.e 

imjis  of  lofty  oaks. 

lobbied,  that  is  t"  «>• 

ed  with  corils  or  katif  j 

e  their  inovemenis..iriii  j 

from  the  I'amp.    'H'''. 

II  gr.i/e.     A  number  •~\  j 
starteil  off  in  difler^r.; 

aiiie.     Tlieie  ».i'  '•'  i 
joul  the  camii  as  in  : 


nminfr  •  .ill  were  cither  busy  about  the  fires  pre- 
rrin-'ihe'cvcning's  repast,  or  reposing  uiion  the 

.  55°  Shots  were  soon  heard  in  various  dircc- 
f'''.'  j^fj^r  a  time  a  huntsman  rode  into  the 
0^0  with  the  carcass  of  a  fine  buck  hanging 
across  his  horse.  Shortly  afterward  came  in  a 
°le  of  stripling  hunters  on  foot,  one  of  whom 
L-e  on  his  shoulders  the  body  of  a  doe.  He  was 
c  antiv  proud  of  his  spoil,  being  probably  one 
fl  his  tir'st  achievements,  though  he  and  his  com- 
piP,„n  were  much  bantered  by  their  comrades, 
iii  voung  beginners  who  hunted  in  partner- 
just  as  the  night  set  in,  there  was  agre.it  shout- 
in'  at  one  end  of  the  camp,  and  immediately 
^ifcrvvard  a  body  of  young  rangers  came  parad- 
)• -round  the  various  fires,  bearing  one  of  their 
c  i;ir.i(l>-'S  in  triumph  on  tiieir  shoulders.  He  had 
chit  an  elk  for  the  first  time  in  his  hfe,  and  it  was 
the  lirst  animal  of  the  kind  that  had  been  killed 
or.  this  expedition.  The  young  huntsman,  whose 
nunc  was  M'l.cllan,  was  the  hero  of  the  camp  for 
thoni;'ht,  and  was  the  "  father  of  the  feast "'  into 
the  bargain ;  for  portions  of  his  elk  were  seen 
roasting  at  every  fire. 

The  other  hunters  returned  without  success. 
The  captain  had  observed  the  tracks  of  a  bufTalo, 
nhich  must  have  passed  within  a  few  days,  and 
h.:d  tracked  a  bear  for  some  distance  until  the 
fuut-printshad  disappeared.  He  had  seen  an  elk, 
too,  on  the  banks  of  the  Arkansas,  which  walked 
p:t  on  a  sand-bar  of  the  river,  but  before  he 
could  steal  nnind  through  the  bushes  to  get  a  shot, 
it  had  re-entered  the  woods. 

Our  own  hunter,  IJeatte,  returned  silent  and 
!"lkv.  frimi  an  unsuccessful  hunt.  As  yet  he  had 
bro.idit  us  in  nothing,  and  we  had  depended  for 
O'jr  sitpplies  of  venison  upon  the  Captain's  mess. 
Ikaite  was  evidently  mortified,  for  he  looked 
dr.vn  witli  contempt  upon  the  rangers,  as  raw  and 
ir.cxperienced  woodsmen,  but  little  skilled  in 
h.::;t!ng;  they,  on  the  other  hand,  regarded 
Bo.itte  with  no  very  complacent  eye,  as  one  of  an 
evil  breed,  and  always  spoke  of  him  as  "  the  In- 
dian." 

Our  little  Frenchman,  Tonish,  also,  by  his  in- 
ccss.ant  boasting,  and  chattering,  and  gasconad- 
ir;,',  in  his  balderdashcd  dialect,  had  drawn  upon 
l.iiiiself  the  ridicule  of  many  of  the  wags  of  the 
troop,  who  amused  themselves  at  his  expense  in 
a  kind  of  raillery  by  no  means  remarkable  for  its 
delicacy;  but  the  little  varlet  was  so  completely 
fortitied  by  vanity  and  self-concMt,  that  he  was 
invulnerable  to  every  joke.  I  must  confess,  how- 
ever, that  I  felt  a  little  mortified  at  the  sorry  fig- 
tre  our  retainers  were  making  among  these 
r.ss-trnopers  of  the  frontier.  Even  our  very 
equipments  came  in  for  a  share  of  unpojjularity, 
ar.d  I  heard  many  sneers  at  the  double-barrellecl 
c'^nswith  which  we  were  provided  against  smaller 
pme;  the  lads  of  the  West  holding  "  shot-guns," 
Si  ihcy  call  tlieni,  in  great  contempt,  thinking 
"ouse,  partridges,  and  even  wild  turkeys  as  be- 
neath their  serious  attention,  and  the  ritle  the 
cr.ly  firearm  worthy  of  a  hunter. 

1  was  awakened  before  daybreak  the  next 
■^'"ning,  by  the  mournful  howling  of  a  wolf,  who 
"Is  sktilking  about  the  purlieus  of  the  camp,  at- 
'k'  c''  ''^  ''""'  5^^'"t  of  venison.  Scarcely  had 
'he  first  gray  streak  of  dawn  appeared,  when  a 
yojjngster  at  one  of  the  distant  lodges,  shaking 
^^nisslt;ep,  crowed  in  imitation  of  a  cock,  with 
s  load  clear  note  and  prolonged  cadence,  that 
»:i'-ld  luve  done  credit  to  the  most  veteran  chan- 
i|"ti-T.   He  was  immec'iptely  answered  from  an- 


other quarter,  as  if  from  a  rival  rooster.  The 
chant  was  echoed  from  lodge  to  lodge,  and  fol- 
lowed by  the  cackling  of  hens,  quacking  of  ducks, 
g.abbling  of  turkeys,  and  grunting  of  swine,  until 
we  seemed  to  have  been  transported  into  the 
midst  of  a  farmyard,  with  all  iis  inmates  in  full 
concert  around  us. 

After  riding  a  short  distance  this  morning,  we 
came  upon  a  well-worn  Indian  track,  and  follow- 
ing it,  scrambled  to  the  summit  of  a  hill,  whence 
we  had  a  wide  prospect  over  a  country  diversified 
by  rocky  ridges  and  waving  lines  of  upland,  and 
enriched  by  groves  and  clumps  of  trees  of  varied 
tuft  and  foliage.  At  a  distance  to  the  west,  to 
our  great  satisfaction,  we  beheld  the  Hed  Fork 
rolling  its  ruddy  current  to  the  Arkansas,  and 
found  that  we  were  above  the  point  of  junction. 
We  now  descended  and  pushed  forward,  with 
much  difficulty,  through  the  rich  alluvial  bottom 
that  borders  the  Arkansas.  Here  the  trees  were 
interwoven  with  grape-vines,  forming  a  kind  of 
cordage,  from  trunk  to  trunk  and  limb  to  limb  ; 
there  was  a  thick  undergrowth,  also,  of  bush  and 
bramble,  and  such  an  abundance  of  hojis,  fit  for 
gathering,  that  it  was  difficult  for  our  horses  to 
force  their  way  through. 

The  soil  was  imprinted  in  many  places  with 
the  tracks  of  deer,  and  the  claws  of  bears  were 
to  be  traced  on  various  trees.  Every  one  was  on 
the  look-out  in  the  hope  of  starting  some  game, 
when  suddenly  there  was  a  bustle  and  a  clamor 
in  a  distant  part  of  the  line.  A  bear !  a  bear ! 
w.is  the  cry.  We  all  pressed  forward  to  be  pres- 
ent at  the  sport,  when  to  my  infinite,  though 
whimsical  chagrin,  I  found  it  to  be  our  two 
worthies,  Ueatte  and  Tonish,  perpetrating  a  foul 
murder  on  a  polecat,  or  skunk!  The  animal 
had  ensconced  itself  beneath  the  trunk  of  a  fallen 
tree,  whence  it  kept  up  a  vigorous  d"fence  in  its 
peculiar  style,  until  the  surrounding  forest  was  in 
a  high  state  of  fnigrance. 

Gibes  and  jokes  now  broke  out  on  all  sides  at 
the  expense  of  the  Indian  hunter,  and  he  was  ad- 
vised to  wear  the  scalp  of  the  skunk  as  the  only 
trophy  of  his  prowess.  When  they  found,  how- 
ever, that  he  and  Tonish  were  absolutely  bent 
upon  bearing  off  the  carcass  as  a  peculiar  dainty, 
there  was  a  universal  expression  of  disgust ;  and 
they  were  regarded  as  little  better  than  canni- 
bals. 

Mortified  at  this  ignominious  debut  of  our  two 
hunters,  I  insisted  upon  their  abandoning  their 
prize  and  resuming  their  march.  lieatte  com- 
plied with  a  dogged,  discontented  air,  and  lagged 
behind  muttering  to  himself.  Tonish,  however, 
with  his  usual  buoyancy,  consoled  himself  by 
vociferous  eulogies  on  the  richness  anel  delicacy 
of  a  roasted  polecat,  which  he  swore  was  consid- 
ered the  daintiest  of  dishes  by  all  experienced 
Indian  gourmands.  It  was  with  difficulty  I  could 
silence  his  loquacity  by  repeated  and  peremptory 
commands.  A  Erenclimtin's  vivacity,  however, 
if  repressed  in  one  way,  will  break  out  in  an- 
other, and  Tonish  now  eased  off  his  s|)leen  by 
bestowing  volleys  of  oaths  and  dry  blows  on  the 
pack-horses.  I  was  likely  to  be  no  gainer  in  the 
end,  by  my  oppositi(Hi  to  the  humors  of  these 
varlcts,  for  after  a  time,  Reatte,  who  had  lagged 
behind,  rode  up  to  the  head  of  the  line  to  resume 
his  station  as  a  guide,  and  I  had  the  vexation  to 
see  the  carcass  of  his  jirizc,  stripped  of  its  skin, 
and  looking  like  a  f.it  sucking-pig,  dangling  be- 
hind his  saddle.  I  made  a  solemn  \ow,  however, 
in  secret,  that  our  fire  should  not  be  disgraced 
by  the  cooking  of  that  polecat. 


430 


A  TOUR  ON  THE   PRAIRIES. 


Filial! 


|t( 


!!■ 


J: 


ill 


'|,;r  ; 


II-      " 


CHAPTER  XII. 

T/te  Crossing  of  the  Arkansas. 

We  had  now  arrived  at  the  river,  about  a  quarter 
of  .1  mile  aliove  tlie  junction  of  the  Red  l-'ork  ; 
but  tlie  banks  were  steep  anil  cruinblinj;,  and  tiie 
current  was  deep  and  rapid.  It  was  impossible, 
therefore,  to  cross  at  this  i)lace  ;  and  we  resumed 
our  painful  course  throu^jh  the  forest,  dispatchin[j 
IJealte  ahead,  in  search  of  a  '  linjj  jihice.  Wc 
had  proceeded  about  a  mile  farther,  when  he  re- 
joined us,  brinj^inj,'  intelligence  of  a  place  hard  by, 
where  tiie  river,  for  a  fjreat  part  of  its  breadth, 
was  rendered  fordable  by  sand-bars,  and  the  re- 
mainder nii^,'ht  easily  be  swam  by  the  horses. 

Here,  then,  we  made  a  halt.  Some  of  the 
rangers  set  to  work  vigorously  with  their  axes, 
felling  trees  on  the  edge  of  the  river,  wherewith 
to  form  rafts  for  the  transportation  of  their  bag- 
page  antl  camp  equipage.  Others  patrolled  the 
banks  of  the  river  farther  up,  in  hopes  of  finding 
a  better  fording  place  ;  being  unwilling  to  risk 
their  horses  in  the  deep  channel. 

It  was  now  that  our  worthies,  I?eatte  and  Ton- 
ishjhad  an  o])|i()rtunity  of  displaying  their  Indian 
adroitness  and  resource.  At  the  Osage  village 
which  we  had  passed  a  day  or  two  before,  they 
had  ])rocured  a  dry  buffalo  skin.  This  was  now 
produced  ;  cords  were  ]iassed  through  .1  lumiber 
of  small  eyelet-holes  with  which  it  \\as  bordered, 
and  it  was  drawn  up,  until  it  formed  a  kind  of 
deep  trough.  Sticks  were  then  placed  athwart  it 
on  the  ins'de,  to  keep  it  in  shajjc  ;  our  camp 
cc|uipage  and  a  jiart  of  our  baggage  were  placed 
within,  anil  the  singular  bark  was  carried  down 
the  bank  and  set  afloat.  A  cord  was  attached  to 
the  prow,  which  lieattc  took  between  his  teeth, 
and  throwing  himself  into  the  water,  went  ahead, 
towing  the  bark  after  him  ;  while  Tonish  followed 
behind,  to  keep  it  steady  and  to  propel  it.  I'art 
of  the  way  they  had  foothold,  and  were  enabled 
to  wade,  but  in  the  main  current  they  were 
obliged  to  s-vim.  The  whole  way,  they  whooped 
and  yelled  in  the  Indian  style,  until  they  landed 
safely  on  the  op[)osite  shore. 

The  Commissioner  and  myself  were  so  well 
jjleased  with  this  Indian  mode  of  ferriage,  that 
we  determined  to  trust  ourselves  in  the  buffalo 
hide.  Our  comjianions,  the  Count  and  Mr.  L., 
had  ])roceeded  with  the  horses,  along  the  river 
bank,  in  search  of  a  ford  which  some  of  the  ran- 
gers had  discovered,  about  a  mile  and  half  dis- 
tant. While  we  were  waiting  for  the  return  of 
our  ferryman,  I  happened  to  cast  r.iv  eyes  upon 
a  heap  of  luggage  under  .1  bush,  .and  descried  the 
sleek  carcass  of  the  polecat,  snugly  trussed  up, 
and  ready  for  roasting  before  the  evening  fire. 
I  could  not  resist  the  temjuation  to  plump  it  into 
the  river,  when  it  sunk  to  the  bottom  like  a  lump 
of  lead  ;  and  thus  our  lodge  was  relieved  from  the 
bad  odor  wliich  this  savory  viand  had  threatened 
to  bring  upon  it. 

Our  men  having  rccrosscd  with  their  cockle- 
shell bark,  it  was  drawn  on  shore,  half  tilled  with 
saddles,  saddlebags,  and  other  luggage,  amount- 
ing to  a  hundred  weight  ;  and  being  again  placed 
in  the  water,  I  was  invited  to  take  my  seat.  It 
appeared  to  me  pretty  much  like  the  embarkation 
of  the  wise  men  of  Cotham,  who  went  to  sea  in  a 
bowl  :  I  stepped  in,  however,  without  hesitation, 
though  as  cautiously  as  possible,  and  sat  down 
on  the  toj)  of  the  luggage,  the  margin  of  the  hide 
sinking  to  within  a  liand's  breadth  of  the  water's 
edge.     Rilles,  fowling-pieces,  and  other  articles 


of  small  bulk,  were  then  handed  in,  until  I 
tested  against  receiving  any  more  freijjht    h'" 
then  launched  forth  upon  the  stream  tlo  1 ,." 
being  towed  as  before.  '    '     "'^ 

It  was  with  a  sensation  half  serious,  half  ff,,>„ 
that  I  found  myself  thus  alloat,  on  t'lic  skin , 'i 
buffalo,  in  the  midst  of  a  wild  rivir,  siirn,  nr  ii 
by  wilderness,  and  towed  along  by  a  li.ilf  s.^vj"'.' 
whooping  and  yelling  like  a  divirincarnaic  li 
please  the  vanity  of  little  Toni^li,  1  disclur  ' 
the  double-barrelled  gun,  to  the  right  and  lir 
when  in  the  centre  of  the  stream.'  The  rc'K.-' 
echoed  along  the  woody  shores,  ami  uas  ansuir,  j 
by  shouts  from  some  of  the  r.mgers,  to  tht'-.- 
exultation  of  the  little  l-'renchnian,  whu  tonk  ti 
himself  the  whole  glory  of  this  Indian  modt:  ci 
na\igation. 

Our  voyage  was  accomplished  happily;  t.t 
Commissioner  was  ferried  across  wiilniiial  ..r! 
cess,  and  all  our  effects  were  broir^iit  over  in  ti;; 
same  manner.  Nothing  could  equal  the  var". 
glorious  vaporing  of  little  Tonish,  as  ho  strutivil 
about  the  shore,  and  exulted  in  liis  superior  5ic;;i 
and  knowledge,  to  the  rangers.  IkaUo,  howc.,: 
kept  his  proud,  s.iturnine  look,  without  a  vkciL 
He  had  a  vast  contemjit  for  the  ii^norancc  df ;.,; 
rangers,  and  felt  that  he  had  bei  11  undcrv.ilu  ; 
by  them.  His  only  observation  was.  "  iJiv  i.v 
see  de  Indian  good  for  someting,  auyliowl' 

The  broail,  sandy  shore  wlieie  wi-  had  l.indiV;, 
was  intersected  by  innumerable  tracks  of  l.;^, 
deer,  bears,  racoons,  tinki.ys,  ami  waicr-fm!, 
The  river  scenery  at  this  place  was  bcai)tili:i;v 
diversitied,  presenting  long,  siiiniiig  reached,  Imr- 
dered  by  willows  and  cottonwodd  trees;  r.  h 
bottoms,  with  lofty  forests  ;  anicjiv^'  which  ten- 
cred  enormous  plane  trees,  and  tlic  distance  uis 
closed  in  by  high  embowered  pioniontfr;  =. 
The  foliage  had  a  yellow  autumnal  tint,  wl;;.h 
gave  to  the  sunny  landscape  the  golden  tone  c; 
one  of  the  landscapes  of  Claude  Lorraine.  There 
was  animation  given  to  the  scene,  by  a  nft  (f 
logs  and  branches,  on  which  the  Captain  and  h.j 
prime  companion,  the  Doctor,  weie  I'erryin^'  ihi.r 
elfects  across  the  stream  ;  and  by  a  lonj;line'f 
rangers  on  horseback,  fording  the  river  ol)likp:o.y, 
along  a  series  of  sand-bars,  about  a  mile  and  a 
half  distant. 


CHAPTER  XIII. 

THE   CAMP   OK    Till'.   C.I.KN'. 

Camp    Gossip.— PaxL'nees  aiiJ  their  1 1 -.hi!  i— A  HunUr'i 
AJvinturt: — I  torses  founJ,  aiiJ  Mm  liist. 

Bein'G  joined  by  the  Captain  and  some  of  the 
rangers,  we  struck  into  the  woods  fur  about  h.d; 
•a  mile,  and  then  entered  a  wild,  mcky  ilell,  bcr- 
dered  by  two  lofty  ridges  of  limestone,  whicli 
narrowed  as  we  advanced,  until  they  met  ar.u 
united  ;  making  almost  an  angk'.  Here  a  tir.J 
spring  of  water  rose  among  the  mcks,  and  fed  a 
silver  rill  that  ran  the  whole  length  of  the  dell. 
freshening  the  grass  with  which  ii  was  carpeted. 
In  this  rocky  nook  we  encaniped,  amonj;  t.iil 
trees.  The  rangers  gradually  joined  us,  str.i:- 
gling  through  the  forest  singly  orin  groups ;  some 
on  horscb.ick,  some  on  foot,  driving  their  hor;Ci 
before  them,  heavily  laden  with  l).i:;gas,'C,  some 
dripping  wet,  having  fallen  into  the  river;  fjr 
they  had  experienced  much  fatigue  and  trouble 
from  the  length  of  the  ford,  and  the  dej)ih  and 


A  TOUR  OX   THE   PRAIRIES. 


•l.ll 


IIK   C.I.KX. 


nmilitv  of  the  Stream.  They  looked  not  unlike 
h'uiiui  rotiirninK'  with  tlicir  phnuler,  and  tlic 
i  dell  was  ^  retreat  worthy  to  receive  them. 
-".  I'icct  was  heightened  after  dark,  when  the 
I't'iif  the  fires  was  cast  upon  nig^'ed  lookin;; 
'."rniof  men  and  horses  ;  with  ba;4^ai;e  tumbled 
;"-Vcinj,  rille3|)iled  against  the  trees,  and  sad- 
^■■rt,  bri'ciles,  and  powder-horns  hanging  about 

n:ir  trunks.  •  •      i    i       .1 

V  the  encampment  we  were  jomcd  by  the 
^rJV  Count  and  his  companion,  and  the  younj; 
h''!brcc(l,  Antiiine,  who  had  all  passed  success- 
I  ilvbvtlic  fiii-d.  To  my  annoyance,  however,  I 
i"-overid  that  both  of  my  horses  were  missin'^. 
1  !i,k!  suppii^ed  them  in  the  charge  of  Antoine  ; 
1.  •  hi'.  Willi  characteristic  carelessness,  had  paid 
r.i  heed  to  them,  and  they  liad  probably  wan- 
tiered  from  the  line  on  the  opposite  side  of  the 
,ver.  It  was  arranged  that  lieattc  and  Antoine 
i^vid  reciDSS  the  river  at  an  early  hour  of  the 
irimn'i,  in  search  of  them. 

A  f.u  buck,  and  a  number  of  wild  turkeys  being 
1'  ,1,'lit  into  the  camp,  we  managed,  with  the 
-  ;■  null  of  a  Clip  of  coffee,  to  make  a  comfortable 
-pper;  after  which  I  repaired  to  the  Captain's 
iii,e.  which  was  a  kind  of  council  tire  aiul  gos- 
;  '11,'  place  for  the  veterans  of  the  camp. 

A3  «e  were  conversing  together,  wo  observed, 
,v  in  fiirmcr  nights,  a  tlusky,  red   glow  in    the 

•  -•.  :ibjve  the  summits  of  the  surrounding  cliffs. 
1:  WIS  again  attributed  to  Indian  fires  on  the 
ti:,::ies;  and  supposed  to  be  on  the  western  side 
(■•.he  Arkansas.  If  so,  it  was  thought  they  must 
ii.iMdc  by  some  jjarty  of  I'awnees,  as  the  Osage 
l.r.'.ers  seldom  ventured  in  that  quarter.  Our 
:;. if  breeds,  however,  pronounced  them  Osage 
■ris;  and  that  they  were  on  the  opposite  side  of 
i'.i  Arkansas. 

The  conversation  now  turned  upon  the  Paw- 
r;.'i,  into  whose  hunting  grounds  we  were  about 
rv.ering.  There  is  always  some  wild  untamed 
Vibe  of  Indians,  who  form,  for  a  time,  the  terror 
I  fa  frontier,  and  al)oiit  whom  all  kinds  of  fearful 
•:  riesare  told.  Such,  at  present,  was  the  case 
■  'h  ;he  Pawnees,  who  rove  the  regions  between 
■,..  Arkansas  and  the  Red  River,  and  the  prairies 
iflex.is.  They  were  represented  as  admirable 
1.  rienicn,  and  always  on  horseback;  mounted 
(!i  fleet  and  hardy  steeds,  the  wild  race  of  the 
pr.'.iries,  With  these  they  roam  the  great  plains 
tint  extend  about  the  Arkansas,  the  Red  River, 
..r.d  through  Texas,  to   the  Rocky  Mountains  ; 

•  nietimes  engaged  in  hunting  the  deer  and  buf- 
1.1),  sjmetimes  in  warlike  and  predatory  expedi- 
t  o.i;  tor,  like  their  counterparts,  the  sons  of 
i>!.;;;acl,  their  hand  is  against  every  one,  and 
•.  .ry  one's  hand  against  them.  .Some  of  them 
!.'ve  no  fixed  habitation,  but  dwell  in  tents  of 
s^.n, c.isily  i)acked  up  ;md  transported,  so  that 
they  are  here  to-day,  and  away,  no  one  knows 
"lierc,  to  morrow. 

One  of  the  veteran  hunters  gave  several  anec- 
I'ltes  of  their  mode  of  fighting.  Luckless,  ac- 
cirding  to  his  account,  is  the  band  of  weary 
ir.'.ders  or  hunters  descried  by  them,  in  the  midst 
<}  a  prairie.  Sometimes,  they  will  steal  upon 
''•'.eai  by  str.Uagem,  hanging  with  one  leg  (uer 
i-'..;  s.iddle,  and  their  bodies  concealed  ;  so  that 
i.ieir  troop  at  ,1  distance  has  the  appearance  of  a 
f"V  f'f  wild  horses.  When  they  have  thus 
pined  sufficiently  upon  the  enemy,  they  will 
suddenly  raise  themselves  in  their  saddles,  and 
time  like  a  rushing  blast,  all  tluttering  with 
f.v.hers,  shaking  their  mantles,  brandishing  their 
•eapons,  and    making    hideous   yelb.     In   this 


way,  they  seek  to  strike  ,1  panic  into  the  horse;, 
and  put  them  to  the  scamper,  when  they  will 
pursue  and  carry  them  olf  in  trium|>h. 

The  best  mode  of  defence,  according  to  tlii; 
veteran  woodsman,  is  to  get  into  the  covert  of 
some  wood,  or  thicket;  or  if  there  be  none  at 
hand,  to  dismount,  tie  the  horses  lirmly  lie.id  to 
liead  in  a  circle,  so  that  they  cannot  break  away 
and  scatter,  and  resort  to  the  sheltei  of  a  ravine, 
or  make  a  hollow  in  the  sand,  where  they  maybe 
screened  fr(un  the  shafts  of  the  r.iwnees.  T'he 
latter  chielly  use  the  bow  and  arrow,  and  arc  <lo\- 
terous  archers  ;  circling  round  and  round  tlieir 
enemy,  and  launching  tlicir  arrows  when  at  full 
speeil.  They  are  chielly  formidable  on  the  prai- 
ries, where  they  have  free  c.ireer  for  thvir  hoises, 
an;l  no  trees  to  turn  aside  their  arrows.  T'liey 
will  rarely  follow  a  living  enemy  into  the  forest. 

Several  anecdotes,  also,  were  given,  of  the  se- 
crecy and  caution  with  which  they  will  follow, 
and  hang  about  the  camp  of  an  enemy,  seeking  a 
favorable  moment  for  ])lunder  or  attack. 

"  We  must  now  begin  to  keep  a  sharp  look- 
out," said  the  Captain.  "  I  must  issue  written 
orders,  that  no  man  shall  hunt  without  leave,  or 
fire  off  a  gun,  on  pain  of  riding  a  wooden  horse 
with  a  sharp  back.  I  have  a  wild  crew  of  young 
, fellows,  unaccustomed  to  frontier  service.  It  will 
be  dilHciilt  to  teach  them  caution.  We  are  now 
ill  the  l.uul  of  a  silent,  watchful,  crafty  |)eople, 
who,  when  we  least  suspect  it,  maybe  around  us, 
spying  out  all  our  movements,  and  ready  to 
pounce  u])on  all  stragglers." 

"  How  will  you  be  able  to  keep  your  lUeii  from 
firing,  if  they  see  game  while  strolling  round  tlu 
camp  ?  "  asked  one  of  the  rangers. 

"  They  must  not  take  their  guns  with  them  un- 
less they  are  on  duty,  or  have  permission." 

"All,  Captain!"  cried  the  ranger,  "  that  will 
never  do  for  me.  Where  1  go,  my  rille  goes.  I 
never  like  to  leave  it  behind  ;  it's  like  a  ]).irt  of 
myself.  There's  no  one  will  take  sucli  care  of  it 
as  I,  and  there's  nothing  will  take  such  care  of 
me  as  my  ritle." 

"  TTiere's  truth  in  all  that."  said  the  Cajnain, 
touched  by  a  true  hunter's  symp.ithy.  "  I've 
had  my  rille  pretty  nigh  as  l<mg  as  I  li.ive  had  my 
wife,  and  a  faithful  friend  it  has  been  10  me." 

Here  the  Docior,  who  is  as  keen  a  hunter  ;;s 
the  Captain,  joined  in  the  conversation:  "  .V 
neighbor  of  mine  says,  next  to  my  rille,  I'd  as 
leave  lend  you  my  wife." 

"There's  few.''  observed  the  Captain,  "  th.it 
take  care  of  their  rilles  as  they  ought  to  be  taken 
care  ot." 

"  Or  of  their  wives  either,"  replied  the  Doctor, 
with  a  wink. 

"That's  a  fact,"  rejoined  the  Cai)tain. 

Word  was  now  brought  that  a  jiarty  of  four 
rangers,  headed  by  "  Old  Ryan,",  were  missing. 
T'liey  had  separated  from  the  main  body,  on  the 
o|)posite  siile  of  the  river,  when  searching  for  a 
ford,  and  had  straggled  off,  nobody  knew  wliithcr. 
Many  conjectures  were  made  about  them,  and 
some  apiuehensions  expressed  for  their  safety. 

"  I  should  send  to  look  after  them,"  said  the 
Captain,  "  but  old  Ryan  is  with  them,  and  he 
knows  how  to  take  care  of  himself  and  of  them 
too.  if  it  were  not  for  him,  I  would  not  give 
much  for  the  rest  ;  but  he  is  as  much  at  home  in 
the  woods  or  on  a  prairie  as  he  would  be  in  his 
own  farmyard.  He's  never  lost,  wherever  he  is. 
T'liere's  a  good  gang  of  them  to  stand  by  one 
another ;  four  to  watch  and  one  to  take  c.ire  of 
the  fire." 


•152 


A   TOUR   ON   THE    PRAIRIES. 


mm 


! 


I'l 


,Mi 


i^! :  • 


"  It's  a  dismal  thinR  to  pet  lost  at  ni;;lu  in  a 
strangle  and  wild  country,"  baidoncof  the  younger 
r.in;4crs. 

"  Not  if  you  have  one  or  two  in  company,"  said 
an  older  oni-.  "  I'or  my  part,  I  could  feci  as 
cheerful  in  this  lioUow  as  in  my  own  home,  if  I 
had  but  one  comrade  to  take  turns  to  watch  and 
keep  the  lire  jjoin^;.  1  could  lie  here  for  hours, 
and  ^;a/e  up  to  that  hlazinj;  star  there,  that  seems 
to  look  down  into  the  camp  as  if  it  were  keeping 
i;uard  over  it." 

•'  Aye,  the  stars  arc  a  kind  of  company  to  one, 
when  you  have  to  keep  watch  alone.  That's  a 
cliecrful  star,  too,  somehow  ;  that's  the  evening 
star,  the  planet  \'cnus  they  call  it,  I  think." 

"  If  that's  the  planet  \'enus,"  said  one  of  the 
council,  who,  I  believe,  was  the  psalm-singing 
schoolmastei;,  "  it  bodes  us  no  good  ;  for  1  recol- 
lect reading  in  some  book  that  the  Pawnees  wor- 
ship that  star,  and  sacrifice  their  jjrisoners  to  it. 
So  I  should  not  feel  the  better  for  the  sight  of 
that  star  in  this  part  of  the  country." 

"  Well,"  said  the  sergeant,  a  thorough-bred 
woodsman,  "  star  or  no  star,  I  have  passed  many 
n  night  alone  in  a  wilder  place  than  this,  and 
slept  sound  loo,  I'll  warrant  you.  Once,  how- 
ever, I  had  ratlicr  an  uneasy  time  of  it.  I  was 
belated  in  passing  through  a  tract  of  wood,  near 
the  Tomljigbee  River  ;  so  I  struck  a  light,  made 
a  fire,  and  turned  my  horse  loose,  while  I 
stretched  myself  to  sleep.  By  and  by,  I  heard 
the  wolves  howi.  My  horse  can.o  crowding  near 
ine  for  jjroteclion,  for  he  was  terribly  frightened. 
I  drove  him  off,  but  he  returned,  and  drew  nearer 
and  nearer,  and  stood  looking  at  me  and  at  the 
fire,  and  tlozing,  and  nodding,  and  tottering  on 
his  ft)re  feet,  tor  lie  was  powerful  tired.  After  a 
while,  I  heard  a  strange  dismal  cry.  I  thought 
at  iirst  it  might  be  an  owl.  I  heard  it  again,  and 
then  I  knew  it  was  not  an  owl,  but  must  be  a  pan- 
ther. I  felt  rather  awkward,  for  I  had  no  weapon 
but  a  double  "Maded  penknife.  I  however  pvc- 
])aicd  for  defenr  e  in  the  best  way  I  could,  and 
piled  up  small  brands  from  the  tire,  to  pepper 
liiin  with,  should  he  come  nigh.  The  company 
of  my  horse  now  seemed  a  comfort  to  me  ;  the 
poor  creature  laid  down  beside  me  and  soon  fell 
asleep,  being  so  tired.  I  kept  watch,  and  nod- 
ded and  dozed,  and  started  awake,  and  looked 
round,  expecting  to  see  the  glaring  eyes  of  the 
panther  close  upon  nie  ;  but  somehow  or  otlicr, 
fatigue  got  the  better  of  me,  and  1  fell  asleep  out- 
right. In  the  morning  I  found  the  tracks  of  a 
panther  within  si.xty  paces.  They  were  as  large 
as  my  two  fists.  He  had  evidently  been  walking 
backward  and  forward,  trying  to  make  up  his 
mind  tc  attack  me  ;  but  luckily,  he  had  nut 
courage." 

October  i6th. — I  awoke  before  daylight.  The 
moon  was  shining  feebly  down  into  the  glen,  from 
among  light  drifting  clouds  ;  the  camp  lircs  were 
nearly  burnt  out,  and  the  men  lying  about  them, 
wrapped  in  blankets.  With  the  first  streak  of 
day,  our  huntsman,  Beatte,  with  Antoinc,  the 
young  l.alf-breed,  set  otT  to  rccross  the  river,  in 
search  of  the  stray  horses,  in  company  with  sev- 
eral rangers  who  had  left  their  rilles  on  the  oppo- 
site shore.  As  the  ford  was  deep,  and  they  were 
obliged  to  cross  in  a  diagonal  line,  against  a  rapid 
current,  tluy  had  to  be  jnounted  on  the  tallest 
and  strongest  horses. 

By  eight  o'clock,  Bcatte  returned.  lie  had 
found  the  horses,  but  had  lost  Antoinc.  The 
latter,  he  said,  was  a  boy,  a  greenhorn,  that  knew 
nothing  of  the  woods.     He  had  wandered  out  of 


sight  of  him,  and  got  lost.     However  there,,. 
plenty  more  for  him  to  fall  in  cumpanv  „,.!'" 
some  of  the  rangers  had   gone  ahtnival,'  ^i- 
old  Ryan  and  his  party  had  not  retiirn'cii  '    '"' 

Wc  waited  until  tlie  morning  wa,  s,',nn,,,. 
advanced,  in  hopes  of  being  rejoiinil  U  • 
stragglers,  but  they  did  not  make'  tJuir  v,V,,'  ' 
ance.  The  Captain  observed,  that  tin;  V,,'  !' 
on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river,  wxTe  .ill  i,', 'i 
disposed  to  the  whites  ;  so  that  no  serious  „,!' 
hensicms  need  be  entertained  fir  tiie  safciv,|' ' 
missing.  The  greatest  danger  was.'tjut'ih'i 
horses  might  be  stolen  in  the  night  by  strr'  /, 
Osages.  He  determined,  therefore,  iu  nroai,' 
leaving  a  rear-guard  in  the  camp,  lu  await  ilu  f 
arrival. 

I  sat  on  a  rock  that  overhung  the  sjjriii'  rt  ■■ 
til>pcr  part  of  the  dell,  and  aiimsed  m\iuit 
watching  the  changing  scene  befuie  mc'  1 1^ 
the  preparations  for  departure.  Ilursis  drun 
in  from  the  purlieus  of  the  camp  ;  raiij;crs  nd t' 
about  among  rocks  and  bushes  in  cuiest  of  oiIks 
that  had  strayed  to  a  distame  ;  tlic  buitlc  c' 
packing  up  camp  ciiuip.age,  and  tlie  clamur;i"  - 
kettles  and  frying-pans  borrowed  by  one  iiii-, 
from  another,  mixed  up  with  oallis  ;\ii(l  cxii.v.:i.;' 
tions  at  restive  horses,  or  others  tli.it  iiadw'.r!- 
dered  away  to  graze  after  being  p;u:kc'i!,  aim  r  • 
which  the  voice  of  our  little  l-'reiuhman,  Tui-,:;' 
was  i)articularly  to  be  distinguislud. 

The  bugle  sounded  the  signal  m  nin;:nt  ;i".: 
march.  The  troop  filed  off  in  irrej;i;lar  bnc  cvir, 
the  glen,  and  through  the  open  lorest,  wimhr, 
and  gradually  disappearing  aincm^'  the  truT 
though  the  clamor  of  voices  and  the  imtib  dt  i.'^ 
bugle  could  be  heard  for  some  time  aUtrv.i: ., 
The  rear-guard  remained  under  tiic  taci  in  il.; 
h)wer  part  of  the  dell,  some  on  limscb.ick,  ur.h 
their  rilled  on  their  shoulders  ;  otb.ors  scaini  bv 
the  fire  or  lying  on  the  ground,  gusbi|)iii„'  ia  - 
low,  lazy  tone  of  voice,  their  lioises  imsadal-.i':, 
standing  and  dozing  around,  wliiie  one  nf  ;h; 
rangers,  profiting  by  this  interval  uf  leisure,  v,-^ 
shaving  himself  before  a  pocket  r.iinur  b:.ul; 
against  the  trunk  of  a  tree. 

The  clamor  of  voices  and  the  no'.os  of  ihcln,i;:o 
at  length  died  away,  and  the  glen  relapsed  i:.;) 
quiet  and  silence,  broken  occasinnaliy  by  ibeluv,- 
murmuring  tone  of  the  group  around  the  li'.e.ir 
the  pensive  whistle  of  some  laggard  aiiidn,'  ;i.o 
trees  ;  or  the  rustling  of  the  yelluw  leaves,  wliuii 
the  lightest  breath  of  air  brought  down  in  v..\\er- 
ing  showers,  a  sign  of  the  departing' gloil.iii 
the  year. 


CHAPTER  XIV. 

Dct-r-Shoofhi!;: — l.i/,'  en  the  Pr.ilru-'.—nf.iut'fui  ft- 
cimpmciit — Hiiiiter's  I.m!;. — AnerJctcs  cf  iiu  /■■'.> 
Vhircs  and  t/tvir  Su/ers/itions. 

Having  passed  through  the  skiit  r f  v.owll.ir.J 
bordering  the  river,  we  ascended  the  iiiUs,  tik:; ;,' 
a  westerly  course  through  an  undulatiivj  cour.;ry 
of  "  oak  openings,"  where  the  eye  suetelicil  o\'.r 
wide  tracts  of  hill  and  dale,  diversified  by  fcr- 
ests,  groves,  and  clumps  of  trees.  As  we  «i.ri' 
proceeding  at  a  slow  pace,  those  who  were  att:;c 
head  of  the  line  descried  four  deer  >,'raziii^  on  a 
grassy  slope  about  half  a  mile  distant,  Hh" 
apparently  had  not  perceived  our  approarli,,!' • 
continued  to  graze  in  perfect  tranquillity.  ■\ 
young  ranger  obtained  permissioa  from  llic  *-3p- 


A  TOUR  ON   THE   PRAIRIES. 


453 


pursuit  of   them,  and    the   troop 


"!'  hn^-ngthVncd  line,  watching  liim  in  silence. 

:'x  ,„  his  hursc  slowly  and  cautiously,  he  made 

n't  until  a  screen  of  wood  intervened  be- 

t '  '"n  liim  and  the  deer.     IJismountinj;  then,  lie 

I  ITlrs  horse  aiiioiii,' the  trees,  and  creeping;  round 

■  '„'||   ^vas  hidileii   from  our   view.     \Vc   now 

'■  V  inir  eyes  intently  fixed  on  the  deer,  which 

■nrcd  i^razin;;,  unconscious  of  their   danger. 

'i-,int!vtiierc  was  the  sharp  report  of  a  ritle  ;  a 

.'')uck  made  a  convulsive   bound  and  fell  to 

:,\,riii;  liis  t'jmpanions   scampered  off.     Im- 

Vitelv'our  whole  line  of  march  was  broken; 
rtKivas  a  helter-skelter  gallopinij  of  the  young- 
,. -i  of  tlie  tido]),  e.nger  to  get  a  shot  at  the 
j"'u,i;  and  one  of  the  mo3t  conspicuous  per- 
,'rvo  lii  t'l-  thasc  was  our  little  Frenchman 
f7>ii,iin his  silver-gray  ;  having  ab.andoned  his 
,,  ckhorscsnt  the  first  sight  of  the  deer.  It  was 
'no  tune  before  our  scattered  forces  could  be 
!c,r,!iil  by  the  Inigle,  and  our  march  resumed. 

l«oorthree  times  in  the  course  of  the  day  we 
„.re  interrupted  by  hurry-scurry  scenes  of  the 
k-.I  The  young  men  of  the  troop  were  full  of 
(v:;iT.!i.'nt  on  entering  an  unexplored  country 
i!);'i!i,i!in''  in  game,  and  they  were  too  little  ac- 
(:.;;. iiuil  to  discipline  or  restraint  to  be  kept  in 
ciir.  No  one,  however,  was  more  unmanage- 
;.:v.'  ;lun  Tonisli.  Having  an  intense  conceit  of 
l:;j  skill  as  a  hunter,  and  an  irrepressible  passion 
fir  iloplay,  he  was  continually  sallying  forth, 
like  aa  ill-broken  hound,  whenever  any  game 
«as  st.irtcd,  and  had  as  often  to  be  whipped 
uck. 

A: length  his  curiosity  got  a  salutary  check.  A 
fit  CL' came  bounding  along  in  full  view  of  the 
v.hle  line.  Tonish  dismounted,  levelled  his 
r;i'. a:ul  had  afaii  shot.  The  doe  kept  on.  lie 
ssMi!;,' upon  his  horse,  stood  up  on  the  saddle 
l.kca  pii^tiire-master,  and  continued  gazing  after 
ti.e  ;diiiiial  as  if  certain  to  see  it  fall.  The  doc, 
fciu.vcr,  kept  on  its  way  rejoicing ;  a  laugh 
Lpke  oat  along  the  line,  the  little  Frenchman 
s!;:i)i(l quietly  into  his  saddle,  began  to  belabor 
2r,J  hl.isplicme  the  wandering  pack-horses,  as  if 
thi".  had  iiecn  to  blame,  and  for  some  time  we 
UK  relieved  from  his  vaunting  and  vaporing. 

In  one  place  of  our  march  we  came  to  the  re- 
ir.,i;ns  of  an  old  Indian  encampment,  on  the 
b.inki  of  a  hne  stream,  with  the  moss-grown 
skalls  of  deer  lying  here  and  there  about  it.  As 
»e«ere  in  the  Pawnee  country,  it  was  supposed, 
cf  cnirse,  to  have  been  a  cam,)  of  those  formida- 
ble rivers;  the  Doctor,  however,  after  consider- 
i:,'  the  shape  and  disposition  of  the  lodges,  pro- 
tmnced  it  the  camp  of  some  bold  Delawares, 
Wii  had  probably  made  a  brief  and  dashing  cx- 
cjs;iin  into  these  dangerous  hunting  grounds. 

Hiving  proceeded  some  distance  farther,  we 
.  cfeorved  a  couple  of  figures  on  horseback,  slowly 
nnving  parallel  to  us  along  the  edge  of  a  naked 
liil about  two  miles  distant ;  and  apparently  re- 
cinnoitring  us,  There  was  a  halt,  and  much  gaz- 
in„' and  conjecturing.  Were  they  Indians  ?  If 
Indians,  were  they  Pawnees  ?  There  is  some- 
!!iiii^'exdting  to  the  imagination  and  stirring  to 
sieltelin^'s,  while  traversing  these  hostile  plains, 
■".^cein,:,' a  horseman  prowp-'g  along  the  horizon. 
'■li  like  descrying  a  sail  a:  sea  in  time  of  war, 
'.'.n  it  may  be  either  a  privateer  or  a  pirate. 
"-•  conjectures  were  soon  set  at  rest  by  recon- 
fJ^trinij  the  two  horsemen  through  a  small  spy- 
-  lis.  when  they  proved  to  be  two  of  the  men  we 
"■  'left  .at  the  camp,  who  had  set  out  to  rejoin 
Hi,  and  had  wandered  from  the  track. 


Our  march  this  day  was  animating  and  delight- 
ful. We  were  in  a  region  of  adventure  ;  break- 
ing our  way  through  a  country  hitherto  untrotlden 
by  white  men,  excepting  perchance  by  some  soli- 
tary trapper.  The  weather  was  in  its  perfection, 
tem])erate,  genial  and  enlivening  ;  a  deep  blue 
sky  with  a  few  light  feathery  clouds,  an  atmos- 
phere of  perfect  transparency,  an  air  pure  and 
bland,  and  a  glorious  country  spreading  out  f.ir 
and  wide  in  the  golden  sunshine  of  an  autumnal 
day  ;  but  all  silent,  lifeless,  without  a  human 
habitation,  and  apparently  without  a  human  in- 
habitant 1  It  was  as  if  a  ban  hung  over  this  fair 
but  fated  region.  The  very  Indians  dared  not 
abide  here,  but  made  it  a  mere  scene  of  perilous 
enterprise,  to  hunt  for  a  few  days,  and  then  away. 

After  a  march  of  about  fifteen  miles  west  we 
encamped  in  a  beautiful  peninsula,  made  by  the 
windings  and  doublings  of  a  deep,  clear,  and  al- 
most motionless  brook,  and  covered  by  an  open 
grove  of  lofty  and  magnilicent  trees.  Several 
hunters  immediately  started  forth  in  cpiest  of 
game  before  the  noise  of  the  camp  should  frighten 
it  from  the  vicinity.  Our  man,  I'leatte,  also  took 
his  ritle  and  went  forth  alone,  in  a  different  ccjurse 
from  the  rest. 

For  my  own  part,  I  laid  on  the  grass  under 
the  trees,  and  budt  castles  in  the  clouds,  and  in- 
dulged in  the  very  luxury  of  rural  re])ose.  Indeed 
1  can  scarcely  conceive  a  kind  of  life  more  calcu- 
lated to  put  both  mind  and  body  in  a  healthful 
tt)ne.  A  morning's  ride  of  several  hour.;  diversi- 
fied by  hunting  incidents  ;  an  encampment  in 
the  afternoon  under  some  noble  grove  on  the  bor- 
ders of  a  stream  ;  an  evening  banquet  of  venison, 
fresh  killed,  roasted,  or  broiled  on  the  coals  ;  tur- 
keys just  from  the  tliickets  and  wild  honey  from 
the  trees  ;  and  all  relished  with  an  appetite  un- 
known to  the  gourmets  of  the  cities.  And  at 
night — such  sweet  sleeping  in  the  open  air,  or 
waking  and  gazing  at  the  moon  and  stars,  shining 
between  the  trees  1 

On  the  present  occasion,  however,  we  had  not 
much  reason  to  boast  of  our  lartler.  lUit  one 
deer  had  been  killed  during  the  day,  and  none  of 
that  had  reached  our  lodge.  We  were  fain, 
therefore,  to  stay  our  keen  appetites  by  some 
scraps  of  turkey  brought  from  the  last  encamp- 
ment, eked  out  with  a  slice  or  two  of  salt  pork. 
This  scarcity,  however,  did  not  continue  long. 
Before  dark  a  young  hunter  returned  well  laden 
with  spoil.  Me  had  shot  a  deer,  cut  it  up  in  an 
artist-like  style,  and,  putting  the  meat  in  a  kind 
of  sack  made  of  the  hide,  had  slung  it  across  his 
shoulder  and  trudged  with  it  to  camp. 

Not  long  after,  Beatte  made  his  appe.iranco 
with  a  fat  doe  across  his  horse.  It  was  the  first 
game  he  had  brought  in,  and  I  was  gl.ul  to  sec 
liim  with  a  trophy  that  might  efface  the  memory 
of  the  polecat.  He  laid  the  carcass  tluwn  by  our 
fire  without  saying  a.  word,  and  then  turned  to 
unsaddle  his  horse  ;  nor  could  any  cpiestions  from 
us  about  his  hunting  draw  from  him  more  than 
laconic  replies.  I  Beatte,  however,  observed  this 
Indian  taciturnity  about  what  he  had  done, 
Tonish  made  up  for  it  by  boasting  of  what  he 
meant  to  do.  Now  that  we  were  in  a  good  hunt- 
ing country  he  meant  to  take  the  field,  and,  if  \\r 
would  take  his  word  for  it,  our  lodge  would  hence- 
forth be  overwhelmed  with  game,  i.uckily  this 
talking  did  not  prevent  his  working,  the  eioe  was 
skilfully  dissected,  several  fat  ribs  roasted  before 
the  fire,  the  coffee  kettle  replenished,  and  in  .t 
little  while  we  were  enabled  to  indemnify  our- 
selves luxuriously  for  our  late  meagre  repa:jt. 


(■ 


i|! 


|i!i  I 


454 


A   TOUR  OX    THE   PRAIRIES. 


[!'■       i 


Tlie  captain  did  not  return  until  late,  and  lie 
returned  empty  handed.  He  had  been  in  pur- 
suit of  his  usual  game,  the  deer,  when  he  eanie 
upon  the  traeks  of  a  giuij;  of  about  sixty  elk. 
llavinj;  never  killed  an  animal  of  the  kind,  and 
the  elk  bein}^  at  this  moment  an  object  of  ambi- 
tion anions^  all  the  veteran  hunters  of  th"  camp, 
he  aliandoned  his  pursuit  of  the  deer,  and  fol- 
lowed the  newly  discovered  track.  After  some 
time  he  came  in  si^jlit  of  the  elk,  and  had  se\eral 
fair  chances  of  a  shot,  but  was  anxious  to  brin^ 
ilown  a  Large  buck  which  kej)t  in  the  advance. 
Finding  at  length  there  was  danger  of  the 
whole  gang  escaping  hiu),  he  fired  at  a  doe. 
The  shot  took  effect,  but  the  animal  had  suffi- 
cient strength  to  keej)  on  for  a  time  with  its  com- 
panions. From  the  tracks  of  blood  he  felt  con- 
iident  it  was  mortally  wounded,  but  evening  came 
on,  he  could  not  keep  the  trail,  and  hail  to  gi\e 
up  the  search  until  morning. 

Old  Ryan  and  his  little  band  had  not  yet  re- 
joined us,  neither  had  our  young  half-lireeil  An- 
toine  made  his  ajipearance.  It  was  determined, 
therefore,  to  remain  at  our  enc.iinpment  for  the 
following  day,  to  give  time  for  all  stragglers  to 
arrive. 

The  conversation  this  evening,  among  the  old 
huntsmen,  turned  upon  the  Deiawar'  tribe,  one 
of  whose  encampments  we  IkuI  passed  in  the 
course  of  the  d.iy  ;  and  anecdotes  were  given  of 
their  prowess  in  w.ar  and  dexterity  in  hun'ing. 
They  used  to  be  deadly  foes  of  tiie  (Usages,  who 
stood  in  great  awe  of  their  ilesjierate  valor,  though 
they  were  ajit  to  attribute  it  to  a  whimsical 
cause.  '"  Look  at  the  Delawares,"  would  they 
say,  "  dcy  got  short  leg — no  can  run— must  stand 
and  fight  a  great  heap."  In  fact  the  Dehiuares 
arc  rather  short  legged,  while  the  Osages  are  re- 
markable for  length  of  limb. 

The  expeditions  of  the  Delawares,  whether  of 
war  or  hunting,  are  wide  and  fearless  ;  a  small 
band  of  them  will  jjcnetrate  far  into  these  d.in- 
gcrous  and  hostile  wilds,  and  will  push  their  en- 
campments even  to  the  Rocky  -Mountains.  This 
daring  temper  may  be  in  some  measure  encour- 
aged by  one  of  the  superstitions  of  their  creed. 
Tliey  believe  that  a  guardian  sjiirit.  in  the  I'orm 
of  a  great  eagle,  watches  over  them,  hovering  in 
the  sky,  far  out  of  sight.  Sometimes,  when  well 
pleased  vith  them,  he  wheels  down  into  the  lower 
regions,  and  may  be  seen  circling  with  wide- 
spread winds  against  the  white  chnids  ;  at  such 
times  the  seasons  are  propitious,  the  corn  grows 
finely,  and  they  have  great  success  in  hunting. 
Sometimes,  however,  he  is  angry,  and  then  he 
vents  his  rage  in  the  thunder,  which  is  his  voice, 
and  the  lightning,  which  is  the  dashing  of  hiseye, 
and  strikes  dead  the  object  of  his  displeasure. 

The  Delawares  make  sacrifices  to  this  spirit,  who 
occasionally  lets  drop  a  feather  from  his  wing  in 
token  of  satisfaction.  These  feathers  render  the 
wearer  invisible,  and  invulnerable.  Indeed,  the 
Indians  generally  consider  the  feathers  of  the 
eagle  possessed  of  occult  and  sovereign  virtues. 

At  one  time  a  party  of  the  Delawares,  in  the 
course  of  a  bold  excursion  into  the  Pawnee  hunt- 
ing grounds,  were  surrounded  on  one  of  the  great 
plains,  and  nearly  destroyed.  The  reirnant  took 
refuge  on  the  summit  of  one  of  those  isolated 
and  conical  hills  which  rise  almost  like  artificial 
mounds,  from  the  midst  of  the  ])rairies.  Mere 
the  chief  warrior,  driven  almost  to  despair,  s.icri- 
ficed  his  horse  to  the  tutelar  spirit.  Suddenly 
an  enormous  eagle,  rushing  down  from  the  sky, 
bore  off  the  victim  in  his  talons,  and  mounting 


into  the  air,  dropped  a  cpiill  feather  fr™,  i 
wing.  The  chief  caught  it  up  withjw  1,„  j 
to  his  forehead,  and,  leading  his  folliiwir. ,' 
the  hill,  cut  his  way  through  the  enemvui' ,  . 
slaughter,  and  without  any  one  of  liis  ],\,."'. 
ceiving  a  wound.  •'  ' 


■.k!. 


ciiai'Ti:r  XV, 

Tie  Si\n-ch  for  the  /'Jk.—t'.r.niee  Si.-nr 

With  the  morning  dawn,  the  prime  irir' 
the  camp  were  all  im  the  alert,  ami  set  nff 
ferent  directions,  to  beat  u])  the  i  uuniiv  fr,r 
The  Capt.iin's  brother,  Serge;int  JVin 
among  the  first,  and  returned  hcfdro  lir. 
with  success,  having  killed  a  f.t  (Id 
within  the  ])urlieus  of  the  camp. 

When  breakfast  was  over,  the  Captnin  w.n\::.\},  I 
his  horse,  to  go  in  tpiest  of  the  elk  wliirh  he  hi 
wounded  on  the  i)rcceding  evening';  ,-;n(l«h;h' 
he  was  jiersuaded,  had  received  its(lenlliw(i;:,t' 
I  determined  to  join  him  in  the  search,  ardiji 
accordingly  sallied  forth  together.  accfim;i;:n' i*.  I 
also  by  his  brother,  the  sergeant,  ami  a  \\v.. 
ant.     Two    rangers    followed   on   font,  \n  !•■■ 
home  the  carcass  of  the  doe  which  the  !.trv:-"tj 
had  killed.     We    had    not  ridden  fir,  whin»t| 
caine  to  where  it  lay,  on  the  side  nf  a  hill,  imhl 
midst  of  a  beautiful  woodl.uid  stine.    Thi.;«,il 
rangers  immediately  fell  to  work,  with  tii'. !, —.  j 
crs'  skill,  to   dismember   it,  anil  iiriparc  ii 
transportation  to  the  camp,  while  we  irpntimx;] 
on   our   course.     We   passed  ahm;,'  slupini; lull 
sides,  among  skirts  of  thicket  and  scaitondfr!' 
trees,  until  we  came   to  a  place  where  the  '.-: 
herbage    was  ])resseil  down  with  miiiicni;;s  i k  1 
beds.     Here    the    Captain    had  fust  niiHiil  the 
gang  of  elks,  and,  after  looking  a!)init  dilii;cr.t!v 
for  a  little  while,  he   pointed  out  ihiir  "  trp.:!,"  I 
the  foot-prints  of  which  were  as  haijc  as  thn-tof  I 
horned   cattle.     He  now  put   liima-lf  i;p(in '.Ml 
track,  and  went  ([uietly  foruard,  the  ristilo 
following  him  in  Indian  file.     At  leii;;t  i  he  haivj] 
at  the  place  where  the  elk  had  been  «h  ;'.  ^ 
at.     Spots  of  blood  on  the  siirnuimliiv.,' Ikt! 
showed   that   the   shot  had  been  ei!"ecti\i.'.   The | 
wounded  animal  had  evidently  kept  fur  siimodiv 
tance  with  the  rest  of  the  herd,  as  cinikl  be  n'.n  | 
by  sprinklings  of  blooil   here  anil  thire.  en  sh; 
shrubs  and  weeds  bordering  the  trail.    Tliosca: 
length  suddenly  disap])eared.    "  Sonn-Alicie here- 
about," said   the   Captain,  "  the  elk  must  li.v.t 
turned  off  from  the  gang.     WlKiievcr  ihiv  la!  | 
themselves    mortally    wounded,   they  will 
aside,  and  seek  sotiie  out-of-the-way  i)lace  in  i::e  ] 
alone." 

There  was  something  in  this  picture  of  the  l.i;ti 
moments  of  a  wounded  deer,  to  toiicli  the  >u> 
pathies  of  one  not  hardened  to  llie  ;,vntlc  liii- 
ports  of  the  chase  ;  such  synip^ithies,  howiver, 
are  but  transient.  Man  is  natiir.illy  an  ar.iiw. 
of  prey  ;  and,  however  changed  by  ci\ili2:ui(ii. 
will  readily  relapse  into  his  instinct  lor  licitra:- 1 
tion.  1  found  my  ravenous  and  sani;uinaiy  pn- 
pensities  daily  glowing  stronger  upon  the  i'f.ia;i>- 

After  looking  about  for  a  little  while,  the  O.;!- 
tain  succeeded  in  finding  the  se|)aralo  tiailofi:;.' 
wounded  elk,  which  turned  off  almost  at  r:i:.'.; 
angles  from  that  of  the  herd,  and  entered  .wfjpi^' 
forest  of  scattered  trees.  The  traces  ol  h'«'u 
became  more  faint  and  rare,  and  ticeurred  rt  j 
greater   distances :  at   length  they  cciscd  a.to- 


A   TOUR   ON    Till'    r'RAIRIKS. 


455 


\l 


,,;,cr  ami  the  Rroi.nd  was  so   hard    and   tl.c 
,,  ii)  niiiLh  |i:iiilK'd  and  witlicrcd,  tliat  tlic 


Ifrf-iClUi 


|(c:'^' 


,  I 


of  till.'  animal  could  nu  lunycr  be  pcr- 

••TIk'  <•'"*  '"''^'  ''*■"  ^"'"'^"■'^^■'■^"  '"  '''■'^  ni'it,'li- 
,,l"s,iicl  tli^'  Cajitain,  "as  von  may  know 
•' liiiU'V-lHWzards  wiit'clin;^'  about  in  the 
f  r  tlK'V  always   hover  in    that    way  above 
,  ,  ir^Mji.    Hi)vvcver,   the  dead   ilk   cannot 
viv,  sn  let  us  follow  the  trail  of  the  livin;^ 
";ii|..v  may  have  halteil  at  no  ^jreat  distance, 
j:|,,.'ii,,'iy  liml  them  ii'':izin<,',  and  got  another 
fvi;,!:  ihciii." 

Wc  iiccoriliiv^ly  returned,  and  resumed  the 
(,  :  ,•■  tin.' clks,^  which  led  us  a  stra^;>,din^,'  course 
f  T  i;:ll  -iii'l  ''''''^''  '-'"^■'-''''•'''  ^^''l'  scattered  oaks. 
V  -v '.unv  ami  then  we  would  catch  a  yjimpse  of 
,i'-r  b;niiu!in;,'  away  across  some  j.;l'ide  of  the 
f 'f,;. '>,il  the  C.iptain  was  not  to  be  diverted 
f:■^i)i elk  himt  by  such  inferior  [,'ame.  A  lar^e 
j;\.k.if  «:lil  turkeys,  too,  were  roused  by  the 
l',-,..,;;Pj;  of  (lur  horses;  some  scampered  off  as 
f.t ,1^  their  li'iv^'  le.;s  could  carry  them  ;  others 
|!-.r,J  up  inii)  the  trees,  where  they  reniaini'd 
ii:hK:lstrctL'hed  necks,  t,'a/in^;  at  us.  The  Cap- 
jv- « ii;!il  not  allow  . I  rille  to  be  ilischarned  at 
(i..;«,j^st  it  sluni'.d  alarm  the  elk,  which  he  hoped 
tjXi!  ill  the  vicinity.  At  len;^'th  we  c.imc  to 
i\h-.r.  '.lie  f(irest  ended  in  .a  sleep  bank,  and  the 
K..1  F  irk  wound  its  way  below  us,  between  bro.id 
Sir.'iv shores.  The  tr.iil  descended  the  bank,  and 
»c:iV,iKl  trace  it,  with  our  eyes,  across  the  level 
sirsii. '.i:ilil  it  terminated  in  the  river,  which,  it 
»iH".:ilent,  the  gan:;  had  forded  on  the  precetl- 
r;  cviniii;,'. 

'■  h  ii  needles;  to  follow  on  any  f.irther,"  saitl 
lh;C:,i;.iin.  "The  elk  must  ha\e  been  much 
f:;,:.ti;ie;l,  and,  after  cro,isin;.^  the  river,  m.iy 
h.;..'ki'|it  iin  for  twenty  miles  without  slopping." 

Oir  little  party  now  divided,  the  lieti'enant 
3i;  >.'r;,'e:int  making  .1  circuit  in  t|uest  of  game, 
a",.i  '.iv:  Captain  and  myself  taking  the  direction 
of  ;h:  camp.  On  our  way,  we  came  to  a  bul'lalo 
tM-k.  ni'ire  than  a  year  old.  It  was  not  wider 
thill  .n  ordiii.iry  footpath,  and  worn  deep  into 
th.'-.'.l;  for  these  anim  \ls  follow  each  other  in 
iisj'.i'  tile.  Shortly  afterward,  we  met  two 
rr^'.rsHn  foot,  hunting.  They  h.id  wounded  an 
t'k.  bill  lie  had  ebca|)ed  ;  and  in  ])ursuing  him, 
hi  f'lmd  the  one  shot  by  the  Cajilain  on  the 
p-.,ii,n,;,' evening.  They  turned  back,  and  con- 
il;;:.\l  US  to  il.  It  w.is  a  noble  animal,  as  large 
2vi  U'arling  heifer,  and  l.iy  in  an  open  p.irt  of 
th.iir;:t,  atxHit  a  mile  and  a  half  tlistanl  from 
i.i.i' ice  where  it  had  been  shot.  The  turkey- 
:.:;;,ii\;5,  which  we  had  previously  noticed,  were 
(vi.viip.;;  ill  the  ;iir  above  it.  The  observation  of 
t.i:  l,i;itaiii  seemed  \-erified.  The  poor  animal, 
a.-!;l.'was  ebbing  away,  had  ap|)arenlly  aban- 
i)Ki  its  unhurt  companions,  and  turnetl  asitle 
!3  die  alone. 

The  Captain  and  the  two  rangers  forthwith  fell 
ti  "M:k.  with  their  hunting-knives,  to  (lay  and 
f :!  iiii  tiie  carcass.  It  was  already  tainted  on  the 
-■'■e,  but  ample  collops  were  cut  from  the  ribs 
■■■■■'.i  JMinche^,  and  l.iid  in  a  heap  on  the  oui- 
^rcleiied  hide.  Holes  were  then  cut  along  the 
.  "...r  of  the  hide,  raw  thongs  were  ])assed 
'■•■  '.A  them,  and  the  whole  drawn  up  like  a 
behind  the  Captain's  sad- 
the    tLirkev-buzzards   were 


th. 


'inch  was  swain" 
All  this  whih  ■ 


'•'■:','  overhead,  waiting  for  our  departure,  to 
yi.own  and  bancpiet'on  the  carcass. 
i..e  wreck  of  the  pocn-  elk  being  thus  disman- 
'■•-t.;e  Captain  and  myself  mounted  our  horses, 


and  jogged  back  to  the  ramp,  while  the  two  ran- 
gers resunuil  their  hunting. 

On  ri'. idling  the  cinip,  1  found  there  our  young 
half  breed,  .\ntoine.  Afterseparatingfrcuu  lieattc, 
in  the  scare  h  afti  r  the  str.iy  horses  on  the  other 
side  of  the  Ark.ms.is,  lie  h.ul  fillen  upon  a  wrong 
track,  whicdi  he  followed  for  severa'  miles,  when 
he  owrtook  cdd  Ryan  and  ids  party,  and  found 
he  had  been  following  their  tr.ices. 

'i'hey  all  f(U(led  the  Ark.insas  about  eight  miles 
above  our  crossing  place,  and  found  their  w.iy  to 
our  Lite  encampment  in  the  glen,  where  the  rear- 
guard we  hail  left  behind  wis  waiting  for  them. 
Antoiiie,  being  well  mounted,  and  somewhat  iiii- 
jiatient  to  rejoin  us,  had  pushed  on  alone,  fdlow- 
ing  our  trail,  to  our  jiresent  encam|)iiunt.  and 
bringing  the  carcass  of  a  voung  be.ir  wliicli  he 
h.id  killed. 

Our  caiiii),  during  the  residue  tif  the  d.iy,  pre- 
sented a  mingled  |)icture  of  bustle  and  repose. 
Some  of  the  men  were  busy  round  the  fires,  jerk- 
ing and  roasting  venison  and  be.ir's  nie.it,  to  lie 
packeil  up  as  a  future  supply.  Some  were  stretch- 
ing and  dressing  the  skins  of  the  animals  they  had 
killed  ;  others  were  washing  their  clothes  in  the 
brook,  ami  Ii.inging  them  on  the  bushes  to  dry  ; 
while  many  were  lying  on  the  grass,  and  lazily 
gossiping  in  the  shade,  fivi'ry  now  and  then  :i 
hunter  would  return,  (ui  horseback  or  on  foot, 
laden  with  game,  or  empty  handed.  Those  who 
brought  home  any  spoil,  deposited  it  at  the  Cap- 
tain's fire,  and  then  tiled  oif  to  their  respecti\e 
messes,  to  relate  their  dav's  e.\|iloits  to  their  com- 
jiiinions.  The  g.inie  killed  at  this  camp  mnsi-.ted 
of  six  deer,  one  elk,  two  bears,  anil  bix  or  eight 
turkeys. 

During  the  last  two  or  three  days,  since  their 
wild  Indian  achievement  in  navigating  the  river, 
our  ret.iiners  had  risen  in  consequence  among  the 
rangers  ;  ;uid  now  I  found  Tonish  making  him- 
self a  cimiplete  oracle  among  some  of  the  r.iw  and 
inexperienced  recruits,  who  had  never  been  in  the 
wilderness.  He  had  continually  a  knot  h.mging 
about  him,  and  listening  to  his  extravagant  tales 
about  the  I'awnees,  with  whom  he  ])reteiided  to 
have  had  fearful  encounters.  His  representa- 
tions, in  fact,  were  calculatid  to  inspire  his  hear- 
ers with  an  awful  idea  of  the  foe  into  whose  lands 
they  were  intruding.  According  to  his  accounts, 
the  ritle  of  the  white  man  was  no  match  for  the 
bow  and  arrow  of  the  I'.iwaiee.  \\'lien  th.;  rille 
was  once  dischargcil,  it  took  time  and  trouble  to 
lo.ul  it  ag.iin,  and  in  the  meantime  the  enemy 
could  keep  on  launching  his  sh.ifls  as  fist  as  he 
could  draw  his  bow.  Then  the  Pawnee,  accord- 
ing to  'I'onish,  could  shoot  witli  uneniiv.;  aim, 
three  liundred  Viirds,  and  semi  li  s  .arrow  (  lean 
thnnigli  and  through  a  bulfalo  ;  nay,  he  had 
known  a  Pawnee  shaft  ]5ass  through  one  butValo 
and  wound  another.  And  liien  the  way  the  Paw- 
nees sheltered  themsebes  from  the  shots  of  their 
enemy  :  they  would  hiing  with  one  leg  over  the 
saddle,  crouching  their  bodies  along  the  opposite 
siile  of  their'horsc,  and  would  slioot  their  arrows 
from  under  his  neck,  wliile  at  full  speed  ! 

If  Tonish  was  to  be  belie\ed,  there  was  peril 
at  every  step  in  these  debatable  grounds  of  th.c 
Indian  tribes.  Pawnees  lurked  unseen  among 
the  thickets  and  ravines.  They  had  their  scouts 
and  sentinels  on  the  summit  of  the  mounils  which 
command  a  \iew  over  the  prairies,  wdiere  t!ie;.  lay 
crouched  in  the  tall  grass  ;  only  now  and  then 
raising  their  heads  to  watch  the  movements  nt 
any  w.ir  or  lumtiiig  jiarty  that  might  be  passing 
ill  lengthened  line  below,     At  night,  they  would 


48« 


A   TOUR   ON   THE  PRAIRIES. 


J I  i 


.(' 


lurk  round  an  encampment ;  crawling  throii^;li  the 
j;i.iss,  and  imitating  tlie  nioveniunts  of  a  wolf,  so 
as  to  (k'ccivc  the  sentinel  (m  the  outpost,  until, 
lia\  in;^  arri\ed  sufficiently  near,  they  would  speed 
an  arrow  ihrouuli  his  heart,  and  retreat  unilis- 
covered.  In  telling;  liis  stories,  Tonish  would  ap- 
peal from  lime  to  time  to  liealte,  for  the  truth  of 
what  he  saiil  ;  the  only  reply  would  be  a  nod  or 
sliru:^  of  the  shoulders  ;  the  latter  bein;^'  tlivided 
in  mind  between  a  distaste  for  the  jjasconadin^; 
spirit  of  his  comrade,  and  a  soverei(,'n  contempt 
ftir  the  inexperience  of  the  youn^,'  rangers  in  all 
that  he  considered  true  knowled'je. 


CIIAl'TKR    X\'I. 

A  Sid-  r.imp.—  Thc  Mar,lt.—  Tlu-  /Ht.ihUJ  Ihn-^e.—OUt 
h'Viin  iiuJ  tilt'  Str,i:;^li-rs. — Svin/'toms  of  (/t,i>i:;c  t'/ 
li  'fiilli(>\  iinil  C/tii»j;e  of  Humors. 

OcToi'.f.u  iRrit. — We  prepared  to  march  at  the 
usual  hoiw,  but  woril  w;is  brou>;lit  to  the  Captain 
that  three  of  the  rant;ers,  who  had  been  attacked 
with  the  measles,  were  unable  to  jiroceed,  and  th.tt 
another  one  was  missin;;.  The  last  was  an  olil 
frontiersman,  by  the  name  of  Sawyer,  who  had 
gained  years  without  experience  ;  and  having 
sallied  forth  to  hunt,  on  the  preceding;  day,  h.ul 
jirobably  lost  his  way  on  the  ])rairies.  A  guard 
of  ten  men  was,  therefore,  to  take  care  of  tlie  sick, 
and  wait  for  the  stra;^'j;ler.  If  the  former  re- 
c,i\ered  suftKienlly  in  llie  course  of  two  or  three 
days,  they  were  to  rejoin  the  main  budy,  other- 
wise to  be  escorted  back  to  tlie  garrison. 

Taking  our  lea\  e  of  the  sick  camp,  v.e  shaped 
our  cour  .e  westwanl,  along  the  he:!d.;  of  small 
streams,  :\11  wandering,  in  ileep  ravines,  toward 
the  Red  fork.  The  land  w.is  high  and  imdu- 
lating,  or  ■'  rolling,'"  as  it  is  termed  in  the  West  ; 
with  a  jjoor  hungry  soil  mingled  with  the  sand- 
stone, which  is  unusual  in  this  jiait  of  the  coun- 
try, and  checkered  with  harsh  forests  of  post-oak 
and  black-jack. 

In  the  course  of  the  morning,  I  recei\e<l  a  les- 
son on  the  importance  of  being  chary  of  one's 
steed  on  the  prairies  The  one  I  rode  on  sur- 
passed in  action  most  horses  of  the  troop,  and 
was  of  great  mettle  and  a  generous  spirit.  In 
crossing  the  ileep  ravines,  he  would  scramble  up 
the  steep  banks  like  a  cat,  and  was  alw.tys  for 
leaping  the  narrow  runs  of  w.iter.  I  was  not 
aware  of  the  imj)rudence  of  indulging  him  in  such 
exertions,  until,  in  leajiing  him  across  a  small 
biDok,  I  fjlt  him  immediately  f.dler  beneath  me. 
He  limped  forward  a  short  distance,  but  soon  fell 
starlv  lame,  having  sprained  his  shoulder.  What 
was  to  be  done  ?  He  could  not  kee])  up  with  the 
troop,  and  w.is  too  valuable  to  be  abandoned  <in 
the  jn-airie.  The  only  alternative  was  to  send 
him  back  to  join  the  invaliils  in  the  sick  camp, 
and  to  share  their  fortunes.  Nobody,  however, 
seemed  disposed  to  lead  him  back,  although  I 
oflered  a  liberal  reward,  lather  the  stories  of 
Tonish  about  the  Pawnees  had  s])read  an  appre- 
hension of  lurking  foes,  and  imminent  ])erils  on 
the  prairies  ;  or  there  was  a  fear  of  missing  the 
trail  and  getting  lost.  At  length  two  young  men 
ste[)[)ed  forw.ard  and  agreed  to  go  in  company,  so 
that,  shouUl  they  lie  Ijenighted  on  the  prairies, 
there  might  be  one  to  watch  while  the  other 
sle()t. 

The  horse  was  accordingly  consigned  to  their 


care,  and  I  looked  after  him  with  \  rueful  cv     I 
he  limped  ot'f,  for  it  seemed  as  if,  with  i,,;.'., 
strength  and  buoyancy  had  <lep,irti'(l  fnu,  „  ' 

I  looked  r(nmd  for  a  steed  to  supply  i,,,.,  . 
and  fixed  my  eyes  u|)on  the  gallant  Krivlh';, 
hail  transferred  at  the  Agency  to -i-un,;!,    fl 
moment,  however,   that  I  hinted  alidut  li;, , 
mounting  and  taking  up  with  the  siipcrr,;''.' 
I)ony,  the  little  varlet  broke  out  int')vu;Vi 
remonstrances   and    lamentaiions,  pspi '• 
almr)st  strangling,  in  his  eagenuss  td  m  ,;  , 
to  them.     I  saw  that  to  unhorse  him  \\wi\'l 
prostrate  his  spirit  and  cut  his  vanity  '.n  thiii'; 
I  had  not  the  heart  to  intlict  such  -a  wminJ., , 
bring  down  the  poor  devil  from  his  lr,iiM,|,l 
glory  ;  so  I  left  him  in  possessi(jn  uf  hi,  ■•,i| 
gray;    and  contented    myself  with  sliifnlr  r,  I 
saildle  to  the  jaded  pony.  ' 

I  was  now  sensible  of  the  conii)lcte  ri'\i:K<;)| 
which  a  horseman  is  exposed  on  the  pni!;. 
felt  how  completely  the  spirit  of  the  nli: 
pended  upon  his  steed.     I  had  hitlunnbanab;:! 
to  make  excursions  at  will  from  thf  liiu,  an^i  •' 
g.allop  in  pursuit  of  any  objec  t  of  inii.ri.,ti,r  jr 
osity.     1  was  nowretlucec'  to  the  toiKnf  thi' ;;6,;  | 
animal  I  bestrode,  and  doomed  to  |ilini  (.>.  ; 
tiently  and  slowly  after  my  tile  kaikr.    A!,  . 
all,  1  was  made  conscious  how  unwise  iti;,  or,  I 
expeditions  of  the  kind,  where  a  niMii'n  lift  ni;v 
depend  ujxm  the  strength,  and  s|)ce(l,  and  fa-h- 
ness  of  his  horse,  to  task  the  genermis  aiiim.illv 
any  unnecessary  exertion  of  his  powers. 

I  have  observed  that  the  wary  ami  c\peiicr.«:' 
lumtsmen  and  tra\eller  of  the  prairies  is  nl,i  ,, 
sparing  of  his  horse,  when  on  a  joiuney;  iv.-,  :. 
except  in  emergency,  jnitting  luni  dlf  ol'  ,i«,iii. 
The  regular  journeyings  of  frontieisiiie'ii  mu!  In- 
dians,   when  (Ml  a    long  march,  i-cKIum  exavi 
above  fifteen  miles  a  day,  and  are  gene't^illynbi:;! 
ten  or  twelve,  and  they  never  imlulge  incajini!  .; 
gallo|)ing.     Many  of  those,  however,  witliwlKr.il 
1  was  travelling  were  young  and  inexpcriencii 
and  full  of  excitement  at  tinding  theiiisel.csir.  1 1 
country  abounding  with  game.     It  was  iiuprissib!;  I 
to  retain  them  in  the  sobriety  of  a  niaicli.dri) 
keep  them  to  the  line.     As  we  hidkc  our  «:y 
through   the  coverts  and  ravines,  ami  the' dn:  | 
started  up  and  scampered  off  to  the  rijiht  .ir;i 
left,  the  rille  balls  would  whiz  after  them, and  o..; 
young  hunters  dash  off  in  pursuit.     At  one  tic-.' | 
they  made  a  grand  burst  after  what  they  supi'un ■ 
to  be  a  gang  of  bears,  but  soon  pulleil  up  cint;.-- 
covering  them  to  be  black  wohes,  iJioulin^'  ;:'. 
company. 

At'ier  a  march  of  about  twelve  raiics  wc  en- 
camped, a  little  after  mitl-day,  on  t!ic  borders d  | 
a  brook  which  loiteretl    through  a  deep  nv&i 
In  the  course  of  the   afternoon  (dtl  Ky:'.n,  tl. 
NestiH'  of  the  cam]),  made  his  appeaniiici.',  lo.- 1 
lowed  by  his  little  band  of  stragglers.    Hcw; 
greeted  with  joyful  acclamations,  which  sIkhuu  | 
the   estimati(m    in   which    he   was  liokl  by  t' 
brother  woodmen.     The  little  band  nuiio  l;i'l:: 
with  xenison  ;  a  fine  haunch  of  which  tiie  vi.:- 
cran  hunter  l.iid,  as  a  present,  In-  the  C.'.p;.'.:'.: 
fire. 

(Wurmen,  Beattc  and  Tonish.  both  s.illiiilfriA 
early  in  the  afternoon,  to  hunt.  Tuwaid  c.." 
ing  the  former  returned,  with  a  fine  buck  acre : 
his  horse.  He  laid  it  down,  as  usual,  in  silcn.e 
and  proceeded  to  unsaddle  and  turn  his  hi^- 
loosc.  Tonish  came  back  w  ithout  any  game'.  •  >■ 
with  much  more  glory;  having  made  sm:- 
capital  shots,  though  unluckily  the  wounded  t..a 
I',ad  all  escaped  him. 


A  TOUR   ON   THE   rRAIKIKS. 


m 


Tkfrtwas  an  ahundint  supply  of  meat  in  the 
for.  bcsick's  other  t,M'»»-'.  '•"'i-''-'  '-■"<  h'»'l 
r.  iiillici.  I  ho  wary  and  veteran  woodmen 
■"■''"  ^^11  in'isv  jerking'  meat  against  a  time  of 
"Wtv  tliclt's^  experienced  revelled  in  present 
.i"inci,ina',  leaving  the  morrow  to   provide  for 

''on  the  following  mornini;  (October  lyth),  I 
,.iccicil«.il  in  ch.inninK  my  pony  and  a  reasonable 
,'-, I'f  niiincv  for  a  strong;  and  active  horse.  It 
■  ^ '-ant -i.iti^failion  to  find  myself  once  more 
llcMblv  well  inoiiiited.  I  jjerceived,  however, 
ihr  tlHTc  wdukl  be  little  dililiculty  in  making;  a 
sf'VfiMin  fnim  amonj;  the  troop,  for  the  rangers 
hi'j  .ill  llwt  prcM'cnsity  for  "  swaj.pinK',"  or,  as 
(iicv  term  it,  "  tradinj;,"  which  pervades  the 
\Vc5t.  In  'l'^^'  '"""'■'^c  of  our  expedition,  there  w.is 
s-irrclv  a  h(irse,  ritle,  powder-horn.,  or  blanket, 
ihjt  iliii  not  change  owners  several  limes  ;  and 
pne  keen  "trader"  bo.astcd  of  having;,  by  dint 
(f  friuuent  bar^jains,  chanjjed  a  bad  horse  into 
a  godd  one,  and  put  a   hundred  dollars   in  his 

The  morning'  was  lowcnnR  and  sultry,  with  low 
r'.iitti'rin^;  of  dist.mt  thunder.  The  change  of 
wcailKT  li'"l  ''''  effect  ujion  the  spirits  of  the 
trnop.  Tlio  camp  was  unusually  sober  and  quiet  ; 
thiTi'  w.ns  nolle  of  the  accustomed  faiinyard 
i^dinlv  of  crowing'  and  cackling,'  at  daybre.ik  ; 
none  of  the  bursts  of  merriment,  the  loud  jokes 
,-nJ  Imnterintjs,  that  had  commonly  ])re\ailed 
djinL'tlio  bii-itle  of  ei|uii)ment.  Now  and  then 
nj'ht  be  iiearcl  a  short  str.iin  of  a  son;^,  a  faint 
Liu'h.  or  a  solitary  whistle  ;  but,  in  t;eneral, 
even  one  went  silently  and  doKKedly  about  the 
diities  of  the  camp,  or  the  preparati-jns  for  de- 
p.irt'.iro. 

When  tlic  time  arrived  to  saddle  and  mount, 
f.ve  horses  were  reported  as  missinj^  ;  althoui^h 
,ill  the  woods  .ind  thickets  had  been  beaten  uj) 
for  some  distiince  round  the  camp.  Several 
ra^^ers  were  dispatched  to  "skir"  the  country 
rojiid  in  i|oest  of  them.  In  the  meantime,  the 
th'jnder  continued  to  (;rowl,  and  we  had  a  pass- 
in;  shower.  The  horses,  like  their  riders,  were 
jifected  by  the  change  of  weather.  They  stood 
here  .iml  there  about  the  camp,  some  saddled 
and  bridled,  others  loose,  but  all  spiritless  and 
(iMm;,'.  with  stooping  head,  one  hind  leg  partly 
drawn  up  so  as  to  rest  on  the  point  of  the  hoof, 
and  tlie  whole  hide  reeking  with  the  rain,  and 
sending'  up  wreaths  of  va])or.  The  men,  too, 
waited  in  listless  groups  the  return  of  their  com- 
ndes  who  had  gone  in  quest  of  the  horses  ;  now 
and  then  tinning  up  an  anxious  eye  to  the  drifting 
clouds,  which  boded  an  approaching  storm. 
Gloomy  weather  inspires  gloomy  thoughts.  Some 
cspreiscd  fears  that  we  were  dogged  by  some 
party  of  Indians,  who  had  stolen  the  horses  in 
the  n;j;bt.  The  most  prevalent  apprehension, 
however,  was,  that  they  had  returned  on  their 
traces  to  our  last  encampment,  or  had  started  off 
on  ,1  direct  line  for  Fort  Gibson.  In  this  respect, 
the  instinct  of  horses  is  said  to  resemble  that  of 
the  pi;,'con.  They  will  strike  for  home  by  a 
direct  course,  i)assing  througli  tracts  of  wikler- 
ne>i  which  they  have  never  before  traversed. 

.Alter  delaying  until  the  morning  was  somewhat 
advanced,  a  lieutenant  with  a  guard  was  a])pointed 
toaw.iit  the  return  of  the  rangers,  and  we  set  off 
on  our  day's  journey,  considerably  reduced  in 
timbers;  much,  ;is  I  thought,  to  the  discom- 
posure of  some  of  the  troop,  who  intimated  that 
»e  might  prove  too  weak-handed,  in  case  of  an 
encounter  with  the  Pawnees. 


CIIAI'TKR  XVII. 


T/iuniltr -Storm  iv/    Ihf   l't\iiriet.—  Thf   S\^rm    I-Hiiim, 


niint.-.\it;/il 
tniii  //one. 


SifHf.  —  /nJi,i/t    M/or 


S,,irm    l-Hiamfi- 


OfK  march  for  a  part  of  the  day,  l.iy  a  little  tn 
the  south  of  west,  through  str.iggliiig  Inrests  of 
the  kiiul  of  low  scrubbed  trees  alre.idy  iiuiitioned, 
c.dled  "  post-oaks,"  anil  "  bl.uUJ.icks."  The 
soil  of  tiu'se  "  oak  barrens  "  is  hiose  and  uiisdund  ; 
being  little  better  at  times  than  a  mere  (pm  ks.iiid, 
in  wliich,  in  rainy  weather,  the  horse'-,  liciof  slips 
from  side  to  side,  and  now  and  then  sinks  in  a 
rotten,  sjiongy  turf,  to  thefetloik.  Sudi  was  the 
case  .'it  jiresent  in  consequence  of  successi\e 
thunder-showers,  through  whi<h  we  dr.iggled  aloii}; 
in  doggeil  silence.  lieveral  tieer  were  roused  by 
our  approach,  and  scudded  across  the  forest 
gl.ides  ;  but  no  one,  as  formerly,  broke  the  line 
of  march  to  pursue  them.  At  one  time,  wo 
p.isseil  the  bones  and  horns  of  a  Inill'.dd,  and  at 
another  lime  a  butTalo  track,  not  above  three 
days  old.  These  signs  of  the  vicinity  of  this 
grand  game  of  the  prairies,  had  a  reviving  elfect 
on  the  spirits  of  our  huntsmen  ;  but  it  was  of 
transient  duration. 

In  crossing  a  prairie  of  moderate  extent,  ren- 
dered little  better  than  a  slippery  boi;  by  the  re- 
cent showers,  we  were  overtaken  by  a  violent 
thunder-gust.  'l"he  rain  came  rattling  upon  us  in 
torrents,  and  spattereil  up  like  steam  ahmg  the 
ground  ;  the  whole  landscape  was  sucUknly 
wra])|)eil  in  gloom  that  g.ive  a  vi\  iil  elfect  to  the 
intense  sheets  of  lightning,  while  the  thumler 
seemed  to  burst  over  our  very  heads,  and  w.u 
reverberated  by  the  groves  and  forests  that 
checkered  and  skirted  the  jir.iirie.  Man  and 
beast  were  so  pelted,  drenched,  and  confounded, 
that  the  line  was  thrown  in  com|)lete  confusion  ; 
some  of  the  horses  were  so  frightened  as  to  be 
almost  unmanageable,  and  our  scattered  caval- 
cade looked  like  a  tempest-tosseil  tket,  driven 
hither  and  thither,  at  the  mercy  of  wind  and 
wave. 

At  length,  at  half  past  two  o'clock,  we  came  to 
a  halt,  and  gathering  together  our  forces,  en- 
camped in  an  open  and  lofty  grove,  with  a  prairie 
on  one  side  and  a  stream  on  the  other.  The 
forest  immediately  rang  with  the  sound  of  the 
axe,  and  the  crash  of  falling  trees.  Huge  tires 
were  soon  blazing  ;  blankets  were  stretched  be- 
fore them,  by  way  of  tents  ;  booths  were  hastily 
reared  of  bark  and  skins  ;  every  t'lie  had  its 
group  drawn  close  round  it,  drying  and  warming 
themselves,  or  i)rep,iring  a  coiiifoi  ting  meal. 
Some  of  the  rangers  were  discharging  ami  clean- 
ing their  ritles,  which  hail  been  exposid  to  the 
rain  ;  while  the  horses,  relieved  from  their  sad- 
dles and  burdens,  rolled  in  the  wet  gras-5. 

The  showers  continued  from  time  to  lime,  until 
late  in  the  evening.  liefore  dark,  our  horses 
were  gathered  in  anil  tethered  about  the  skirts  of 
the  camp,  within  the  outposts,  through  fear  of 
Indian  prowlers,  who  are  ajit  to  lake  advantage 
of  stormy  nights  for  their  depreilations  and  as- 
saults. As  the  night  thickened,  the  huge  fires 
became  more  and  more  luminous  ;  lighting  up 
masses  of  the  overhanging  foliage,  and  leaving 
other  parts  of  the  grove  in  deep  gloom.  l-'very 
fire  had  its  goblin  group  around  it,  while  the  teth- 
ered horses  were  dimly  seen,  like  sjiectres, 
among  the  thickets ;  excepting  that  here  and 
there  a  gray  one  stood  out  in  bright  relief. 

The  grove,  thus  titfully  lighted  up  by  the  ruddy 


■ir>H 


A   TOUR   ON    TIIK    I'KAIUIKS. 


, 


:^i\ 


;i 


'?U 


01 


ulaif  nf  till'  fircH,  rcsini1)k'(l  a  va«t  leafy  ddiDc, 
w.ilU'tl  ill  liy  n|),ii|iiL'  il.iikin'ss  ;  ))iit  I'viry  lunv 
and  tlii'M  isvoor  llnco  l|ui\L■|•ill^;  (li^liis  of  li^lil- 
nin^;  in  (|iii(k  siiicis^ioii,  nmhiUI  smUlLnly  tcmmI 
a\MsiilMiii|>.ii;4n  1  i)imir\ ,  wIuti-  luUlsatKl  fdrc^ls, 
and  tunning;  sliranis,  winilil  start,  as  it  wviv,  intn 
cxistcnci'  liir  a  few  l)rii'f  soconds,  antl,  hcforc  tin- 
eye  could  ahcc'i't.iin  tlicni,  vanish  aj^ain  into 
jjicioin. 

A  lliiindcr-sti>rn>  on  a  jirairio,  as  iiinin  llu- 
oci'an,  (li'iiM-i  j;ian(li'ur  and  siihliniity  Imm  tlic 
wild  and  IkiimuUiss  waste  omt  wliii  li  it  la^jes  and 
l)ill(i\vs.  It  IS  not  sur|iiisiii;;  that  these  awful 
]iheniiiiu'na  of  nature  should  he  ohjecls  of  super- 

slitiiius  leveieiiie  to  the  | r  s,u  aj;es,  and  thai 

they  should  consider  the  thunder  the  an^jry  xoicc 
of  the  (Ireat  Spirit.  As  <uir  hail-hri'eds  sat  ^os- 
;.ipini,'  round  the  lire,  I  drew  from  them  some  of 
the  notions  enlert.iini'd  on  the  subject  by  their 
Indian  fiieiuls.  The  latter  declare  that  exlin- 
piiished  thunderbolts  arc  sometimes  ])icked  up 
by  hunters  on  the  prairies,  wlio  use  them  for  the 
heads  of  arrows  and  lances,  and  that  any  w.irrior 
thus  armed  is  invincible.  .Should  .i  thiin<hr- 
storm  occur,  ho\ve\er,  during  b.iltle,  he  i-.  liable 
to  be  carried  away  by  the  ihuniler,  and  ne\er 
hearil  of  more. 

A  warrior  of  the  Kon/a  tribe,  hunting  on  a 
]n'airie,  was  owrtaken  by  a  storm,  and  struck 
down  seiiseii'ss  by  the  thunder.  On  recovering;, 
lie  beheld  the  thunderbolt  lyiiv4  on  the  (^nuintl, 
and  a  horse  standing;  beside  it.  Snatchini,'  up 
the  bolt,  he  sprang;  u|)on  the  horse,  but  found, 
too  late,  that  he  was  astride  of  the  lij,'litnin;^'.  In 
an  instant  he  w.is  whisked  away  over  jir.iiries  and 
forests,  and  slre.inis  and  desirts,  until  he  was 
flunj^  senseless  at  the  foot  of  the  Rocky  .Moun- 
tains ;  whence,  on  recovering;,  it  took  him  several 
months  to  return  to  his  own  jieoplc. 

This  story  reminded  liii'  of  an  Indian  tradition, 
related  by  a  ti.iveller,  of  the  fate  of  a  warrior  who 
saw  the  thunder  1)  iiv^  upon  the  };round,  with  a 
beautifully  wrouj;lit  moccason  on  each  side  of  it. 
TliinkiiiL;  he  h.ul  found  a  p.rize,  he  ])ut  on  the 
nuiccasons  ;  but  they  bore  him  away  to  the  land 
of  spirits,  whence  he  iie\er  returned. 

These  are  simple  and  artless  tales,  but  tlu'y 
had  a  wihl  and  romantic  interest  heard  I'rom  the 
li|)S  of  half-savaj,'e  n.irrators,  round  a  hunter's 
fire,  on  a  stormy  nis;lit,wiih  a  forest  on  one  side, 
and  a  howliiv.;  waste  on  the  other  ;  and  where, 
peradventure,  savaye  foesini<;lu  belurkin;;  in  the 
outer  darkness. 

Our  conversation  was  interrupted  by  a  loud 
claj)  of  thunder,  followed  immediately  by  the 
sound  of  a  horse  ;;allopiiv.;  off  madly  into  the 
waste.  livery  one  listened  in  mute  .silence.  'I'he 
hoofs  resounded  \i;;orously  for  a  time,  but  grew 
fainter  and  f.iinter,  until  they  dieil  away  in  re- 
mote distance. 

When  the  sound  was  no  loni;er  to  be  heard, 
the  listeners  turned  to  conjecture  what  coukl 
have  causeil  this  sudden  scamper.  Some  thouijht 
the  horse  had  been  startk'd  by  the  thunder ; 
others,  that  some  lurking  Indian  had  [galloped  off 
with  him.  -'I'o  this  it  was  objectecl,  that  the 
usual  mode  with  the  Indians  is  to  steal  cpiictly 
upon  the  horse,  take  off  his  fetters,  mount  liiin 
]4enlly,  and  walk  him  off  as  sileiUly  as  possible, 
leading  off  others,  without  any  unusual  stir  or 
noise  to  disturb  the  cain[). 

On  the  other  hand,  it  was  stated  as  a  common 
practice  with  the  Indians,  to  creep  among  a 
troop  of  horses  when  grazing  at  night,  mount  one 
quietly,  an<l  then  start  off  suddenly  at  full  speed, 


Nothing   is   lo    cont.agious    ainoii;;  horv*  .i, 
p.imc  ;  one  sutlden  bre.ik-.iw.iy  m|  tliu  liin-l  »  ' 
sometimes  .il.irm  the  whole  troup,  and  tlnv  »  i 
set  off,  helter-skelter,  after  the  le.ulcr.        '     " 

i;\ery  one  who  h.ul  a  horse  ura/iiij;  ,|,  ,i, 
skirts  of  the  c.imp  w.is  uneasy,  Usi  liii  shnnlil ''," 
the  fugiti\e;  but  it  was  impossihle  h>  asnrtaii 
tin:  f.ict  until  morning.  'I'liose  who  li  ul  ml.,.;  i 
their  horses  felt  more  secure  ;  thouijli  liorn,  i,  ' 
tied  up,  .nnd  limited  to  a  short  raiijjc  .it  u,  b' 
are  apt  to  fall  <iff  in  llesh  and  stren;;!!),  clim?  "j 
long  lu.irch  ;  and  many  of  the  lioiscs  u\  "^,, 
troo|)  already  g.ivc  sign-,  of  being  w.iyworn, 

After  a  gloomy  ami  unruly  ni^;lit,'tlic  mnrri;;-.- 
dawned  bright  and  cle.ir,  and  a  glunmis  siirriit 
transformed  the  whole  landscape,  a-,  if  liv  in,.,-, 
The  l.itc  dreary  wilderness  briglitciail  iiUn.M.v' 
open  i-ountry,  with  stately  gro\es,  aivl  cliim|i,,| 
o.iks  of  ;i  gigantic  si/e,  some  of  wliirh  bioud ;,:;. 
gly,  as  if  planted  for  ornament  ami  sIiikIc,  in  i'„j 
midst  of  rich  meailows;  while  our  hursts,  v.,.;. 
tered  about,  ;ind  grazing  under  tlielii,  ^;.uu  ti',;.: 
whole  the  ;iir  of  a  noble  jiark.  It  w.is  iliftitiil'.  i j 
realize  the  f.ict  th.it  we  were  so  fir  in  the  wildi 
beyond  the  residence  of  man.  ( )ur  eiuMiii|)inii,t, 
alone,  had  a  savage  appiarance  ;  wilh  iis  r,,:, 
tents  of  skins  and  bl.inkets,  ami  its  cohmiiu  ii' 
blue  smoke  rising  among  the  lree;i. 

The  (irst  care  in  the  morning,  was  titKiok  ;il,  r 
our  horses.  Some  of  them  had  w.iiuicixil  1 1  ,\ 
distance,  but  all  were  fortuiiati  ly  fmiml ;  ;\.:i 
the  one  whose  clattering  hoofs  had  c.aisiil  sn'i 
uneasiness  in  the  night,  lie  had  coim;  tn  a  h,'.',; 
about  a  mile  from  the  camp,  ami  was  fujnl 
cpiietly  gr.izing  near  a  brook.  The  lni;:lL  icninil.  i 
for  departure  about  half-p.ist  eight.  As  wc  wc: 
in  greater  risk  of  Indian  molestation  tiii:  t.'.i'uur 
we  advanced,  our  line  was  formed  uuli  niuix'  pr.- 
cibion  than  heretofore.  .Everyone  h.ul  his  st,.' 
tion  assigned  him,  anil  was  forbiilileii  loiciui.;! 
in  jnirsuit  of  game,  without  speci.d  pi'iiiih-i'",. 
The  pack-horses  were  ])l.iced  in  the  tentic  ol '.';.. 
line,  and  a  stronij  guard  in  the  re.ir. 


CIIAFTKR  .Win. 

.1  Cr.ii/J  /'r.iiii,:  —  Cliff  <\tst!i\—IU(f.ii'   Ti\uh.—Vi,> 
lltinttd  /,.     \\\iivcs.  —  i  io>'i   Jimh-r, 

Al'TKK  a  toilsome  march  of  some  distance  tliroii.;!: 
a  country  cut  up  by  ra\ines  and  h-rouks,  .uul  i.;> 
tangled  by  thickets,  we  emerged  upon  a  gr.iiui 
prairie.  Here  one  of  the  characteristic  sciiil- 
of  the  Far  West  broke  upon  us.  An  imiiKibc 
extent  of  grassy,  undulating,  or,  as  it  is  turned, 
rolling  country,  with  here  and  there  a  clump  ot 
trees,  ilimly  seen  in  the  distance  like  a  ship  it 
sea ;  the  landscape  deri\ing  suhliniity  from  n- 
vastness  .-ind  simplicity.  To  tiie  sou^h^vc^t,  in 
the  summit  of  a  hill,  was  a  singul.ir  civst  of 
broken  rocks,  resembling  a  ruined  fnrtre^v  .1 
reminded  me  of  the  ruin  of  some  Moiuisli  c,i>"i.' 
crowning  a  height  in  the  mitlst  uf  a  Imiely  Sp.;;> 
ish  landscape.  To  this  hill  we  g.ive  the  iiair.t  d 
Cliff  Castle. 

The  prairies  of  these  great  hunting  rcjjions  (.i:- 
fcred  in  the  character  of  their  vegei.uion  Iroa 
those  through  which  I  had  hitherto  jiis^ai.  i-j 
stead  of  a  profusion  of  tall  (lowering  iibnts  aiul 
long  Haunting  grasses,  they  were  coveied  witli.i 
shorter  growth  of  herbage  called  buiialu  i;: '-^ 
somewhat  coarse,  but,  at  the  proper  sciuoiis,  ..l* 


A   TOUR   ON   TIIK    PRAIRIf.S. 


450 


(,]„.  cwcllcnt  nrul  nhiindant   piistiirni^c.     At 
r!  Kilt  !'"■'<  i'.f""'"^'*^ '•■>■.  ■""'•  "»  "••'">■  pliicc* 

'  w'l.it  .irul  M.MSII11  (.illid  till'  liuli.in  Siimnui'. 
',/',^.  j,',n  a  MMiiky  li.iA'  in  till'  alinoipluiL'  tli.it 
.inpacil  till.'  liiinlitiiL-.H  of  llic  siiiisliiiu'  iiitu  .i 
•i'lliii  tint,  siiluiuiii,'  the  fc.iti.ii -.  i>(  tin'  l.uul- 
['p^.,,iiul  nivin^  11  \,>>;uiMU'sH  t<»  the  outlitun  of 
J|.',„\,ilijciis,  'I'lii'*  li.i/iiu->s  w.is  (Lilly  iiuiiMs- 
-■, 311.1  «.!•»  .ittiiliiitiil  to  tlif  liuriiiiij;  of  clihtiiiu 
r'ir'a's  liv  tilt'  liuli.iii  iiiintm;;  |),iilios. 
'  Uc  li.iil  Mut  Koiic  f.ir  iijiou  ilic  iir.iiric  bifoic 
».  cr.nc  ID  wiicrc  dtciily  worn  footpallis  wire 
i.in  ir.iMTMii;'  tin."  totmtry  :  soimiiiiR's  two  or 
;;.ru«"iil'l '<'■''•  P  ""  l'i"'''"'-'l  l'>  i-';ii  It  otlii'i,  ami 
'",M  few  piiLi'i  apart.  'Ihcsc  wi're  proiioiiiii(.(l 
•'be  tiaciii  'if  liiiU'iiloi's,  wluie  i.ir^'c  ilroMs 
1  .,1  p.iiscd.  '1  lure  wire  tracks  also  of  liorsos, 
'.,i,..lnii'rc  (ibsirvLil  with  sonic  attention  tty  our 
tM.riincal  luiiiters.  They  coiilil  not  !jc  the 
iM.iiuf  ttilil  lioises,  as  there  were  no  prints  of 
•he  lumfs  (if  ch-. ;  all  were  full-j^rown.  Ai  the 
!,  riijcvitlcntly  were  not  shoil,  it  w.is  eoncliuKil 
•,;;.;v  imist  luKiii^,'  to  some  liuiuiiv^'  P'lrty  of 
LrJiiiis.  Ill  the  course  of  the  niornin^;,  the 
t;.hkiiif .1  siiv^le  horse,  with  shoes,  were  diseov- 
iral,  Thi-i  iiii^ht  lie  llie  horse  of  a  Cherokee 
hjr.itr, or  pirluips  .i  iiorse  stolen  from  the  whiles 
(I'.lii,'  friiiitiiT.  Tluis.  in  tra\ersiii;^  these  peni- 
II.:- «.oti'S,  every  fniitprint  airl  iliiit  of  hoof  lie- 
liiik'j  mailer  (if  cautious  inspection  and  shrewd 
<;imbo;  .iiul  the  iiue--tion  coniinu.illy  is,  whether 
itktlic  tr.ire  of  friend  or  foe,  whether  of  recent 
i:  mcii'tlt  il.ile,  and  whether  the  liein;^  that 
rr,i!'.' It  bo  (I'.it  (if  re.icli,  or  liable  to  bo  eiicoim- 
•..rul, 

Ui'  were  ;,'ettiiv.;  more  and  more  into  the  };ame 
r.amry ;  as  we  proceeded,  wo  repeatedly  saw 
uir  to  the  ri^jht  ami  left.  Ixmndin;^  off  for  the 
ciurts;  but  their  appe.ir.ince  no  lon^^'er  excited 
iiii'siiiK' ca;,'eniess  to  ])ursiie.  In  passing'  alon.; 
a-l'|ia(if  tlio  prairie,  between  two  roHio;.^  swells 
ifl.inil,  wc  cinie  in  si^dit  of  a  (,'eniiine  natur.il 
hiin'.i:,,'  male  li.  A  ]).iek  of  seven  black  wnlves 
;r  i  MKMiliite  one  were  in  full  chase  of  a  buck, 
»h.,ii  tlioy  bad  iicirly  tired  down.  They  crosseil 
;i.iiaic  pf  our  in.irih  without  apjiarently  perceiv- 
ir;  ;ii;  we  saw  them  have  a  fair  run  of  nearly 
.1  Kile,  paiiiiiv.,'  upon  the  buck  until  they  were 
killing'  upon  his  h.-'unches,  when  he  |)hiii:.;ed 
li.'in  a  ravine.  .Some  of  our  i)arty  j,'alloped  to 
a  rijirii}  K't'iuul  commandiiv^'  a  view  of  the 
fi'ir.c.  The  ))oor  buck  was  completely  beset. 
sWicnn  bis  ll.mks,  some  at  bis  throat  ;  he  iiuule 
I'  If  three  stri;:;i;K's  and  desperate  bounds,  but 
«i5  ilra,;i;ed  ibiwn,  overpowered,  aid  torn  to 
p.as,  The  lil.uk  wolves,  in  their  ravenous 
t-;ir  anil  fury,  took  no  notice  of  'he  distant 
P'.y  of  borseuien  ;  but  tlic  white  wolf,  appar- 
i"iiy  lc55  j,v.nu',  abandoned  the  ])rey,  and  scam- 
P'lii  over  bill  and  dale,  rousinjj  various  deer 
i:..it  were  crouched  in  the  hollows,  and  which 
fc-ndeil  ntf  likewise  in  ditleient  directions.  It 
«i*altci;;etber  a  wild  scene,  worthy  of  the  "  hunt- 
•■-.'^rininds.'' 

\U-  now  came  once  more  in  sight  of  the  Red 
' '1;,  Mi  ml  ill;;  iis  turbid  course  between  well- 
•  "led  hills,  and  tliroiij;h  a  vast  .'ind  mai,'nit"icent 
iinlicipe.  The  prairies  bordering'  on  tlie  rivers 
;"■-'  auyay-.  varied  in  this  way  with  woodland,  so 
;"'iii'.itully  iiiier-.])ersed  as  to  appear  to  have  been 
•W'  out  by  the  hand  of  taste  ;  and  they  only 
lli'i^t  here  and  there  a  viUaj^e  si)ire,  the  battle'- 
■■-:'.o  of  a  cistle,  or  the  turrets  of  an  old  family 


in.insion  rising  frntn  .nmonR  the  trees,  to  rival  the 
most  ornamented  scenery  of  llurope. 

About  iiiidd.iy  we  re.iched  the  edge  of  tli.it 
scittered  belt  ol  forest  l.iml,  about  forty  iiiilis  in 
\Miltli,  whiili  sliet(lies  across  the  counliy  troni 
north  to  south,  from  the  .Arkansas  to  the  Ued 
Kiver,  seii.iraiing  the  ujiper  from  the  lower  prai- 
lies,  and  commonly  c.illid  the  "  C'loss  Timber.'' 
Oil  the  skirts  of  this  forest  I. mil,  jiisl  mi  the  edge 
of  a  pr.iirie,  we  louiid  traces  of  a  I'.iwine  cn- 
c.impiiuiit  of  l)eiween  one  and  two  hiindreil 
lodges,  showing  that  the  |i,ii»y  must  have  been 
numerous.  The  skull  of  a  biiff.do  l.iy  ni.ir  the 
c.imp,  and  the  moss  which  Ii.id  i.;.itlirred  on  it 
proved  tli.it  the  enc.impmeiit  w.is  .it  li.ist  a  ve.ir 
old.  About  li.df  a  mile  off  we  cncaiiiped  in  a 
beautiful  grove,  w.itered  by  a  tine  spring  ami 
rivulet.  Our  day's  journey  had  been  .iboiit  four- 
teen miles. 

Ill  the  course  of  the  aflernoim  we  were  rejoined 
by  two  of  l.ii  utcii.int  King's  p.irty,  which  we 
li.iil  left  behind  a  few  d.iys  before,  to  look  after 
str.iy  horses.  All  the  horses  li.iil  been  found, 
though  some  li.ul  w.indered  to  the  di-.taiicc  of 
several  miles.  T'ho  lieutenant,  with  seventeen 
of  his  companions,  li.id  rein.iined  at  our  list 
night's  eiic.iiiipmeiit  to  hunt,  h.uingcome  u|)i)n 
recent  tr.ues  of  biilT.ilo.  T'liev  li.id  also  seen  a 
line  wild  horse,  which,  however,  had  |;alloped  off 
with  a  speed  that  delied  pursuit. 

I  ■oiifideiit  anticipations  were  nn'.v  indulged, 
tli.it  (HI  the  following  day  we  should  meit  with 
bull.ilo,  and  peril. i|)s  with  wild  luMses,  and  every 
one  W.IS  111  s|)irits.  We  needed  some  e\(  iliineiU 
of  the  kind,  for  our  young  nun  were  growing 
we;iry  of  inar(  liing  and  enc. imping  under  re- 
straint, and  provisions  this  day  were  sc.inty. 
The  Cajitain  and  sever.d  of  the  ringers  went  out 
hunting,  but  brought  home  nothing  but  a  sm.ill 
deir  and  a  few  turkevs.  Our  two  men,  ISealte 
and  T'onish,  likewise  went  out.  T  he  former  re- 
turned with  a  deer  athw.irt  his  horse,  which,  a-, 
usual,  he  l.iid  down  1)y  our  lodge,  and  said  noth- 
ing. T'onish  returned  with  iiog.ime,  but  with  his 
custom. iry  Ijudgit  of  wondi'iful  tabs.  Ilnth  he 
and  the  dier  li.id  done  m.irvels.  Nut  one  li.id 
come  within  the  lure  of  his  rille  without  being 
hit  in  a  mortal  part,  yet,  strange  to  s.iy,  every 
(ine  had  kept  on  his  way  without  llinchiiig.  We 
all  deieriiiiiied  that,  from  the  acciir.icy  of  hi  i  aim, 
T'onish  mil  it  have  shot  with  cliarnied  biills,  but 
that  every  deer  had  a  ch.iriiied  lil'e.  The  inn-l 
important  inlclligence  broughl  by  hiiii.  lumever, 
w,is,  that  he  had  seen  the  fresh  tracks  of  siver.il 
wild  horses,  lie  now  considered  himself  upon 
the  eve  of  gre.it  exploits,  for  there  w.i.  mithing 
upon  which  he  glorilied  himself  more  lli.in  his 
skill  in  horse-eatchiiig. 


Cil.Al'TKR    XIX. 

Jlunli-i's    AiitiiiSitiom.—  Thc    Kii^\'i\{   /'.'fi.'.—.l    U'l.'J 
/hts,: 

• 
OcTonr.K^isr. — TTiis  morning  the  cimp  was  in  a 
bustle  at  an  early  hour  :  the  expectation  of  filling 
in  with  biitt'alo  in  the  course  of  the  day  roused 
every  one's  spirit.  T'liere  was  a  continual  cracking 
of  rilles,  that  they  might  be  reloadeil  :  the  shot  was 
drawn  ot'f  from  doulile-b.irrelled  guns,  and  balls 
were  substituted.  T'onish,  however,  jirepared 
chietly  for  a  campaign  against  wild  horses.  He 
took  the  ticld,  with  a  toil  of  cordaye  luing  at  his 


1 


m 


460 


A  TOUR  ON   THE   PRAIRIES. 


]■'  -:   i 


saddlc-bow,  and  a  couple  of  white  wands,  some- 
thing like  fishiny-rods,  eight  or  ten  feet  in  length, 
with  forked  ends.  The  coil  of  cordage  thus  used 
in  hunting  the  wild  horse,  is  called  a  lariat,  and 
answers  to  the  lasso  of  South  America.  It  is  not 
flung,  however,  in  the  graceful  and  dexterous 
Spanish  style.  The  hunter,  after  a  hard  chase, 
wiien  he  succeeds  in  getting  almost  head  and 
head  with  the  wild  horse,  hitches  the  running 
noose  of  the  lariat  over  his  head  by  means  of  the 
forked  stick ;  then  letting  him  have  the  full 
length  of  the  cord,  plays  him  like  a  fish,  and 
chokes  him  into  subjection. 

All  this  Tonish  promised  to  exemplify  to  our 
full  satisfaction  ;  we  had  not  much  confidence  in 
his  success,  and  feared  he  might  knock  up  a  good 
horse  in  a  headlong  gallop  after  a  bad  one,  for, 
like  all  the  French  Creoles,  he  was  a  merciless 
hard  rider.  It  was  determined,  therefore,  to 
keep  a  sharp  eye  upon  him,  and  to  check  his 
sallying  propensities. 

'Ve  iiad  not  proceeded  far  on  our  morning's 
march,  when  we  were  checkeil  by  a  deep  stream, 
running  ahuig  the  bott<im  of  a  thickly  wooded 
ravine.  After  coasting  it  for  a  coujile  of  miles, 
we  came  to  a  fording  ])lace  ;  but  to  get  down  to 
it  was  the  difficulty,  for  the  banks  v.ere  steep  and 
crumbling,  and  overgrown  with  forest  trees, 
mingled  with  thickets,  Ijrambles,  and  grapevines. 
At  lergth  the  leading  iiorseman  broke  his  way 
through  the  thicket,  and  his  horse,  putting  his 
feet  togetlier,  slid  down  the  black  crumlsling 
bank,  to  the  narrow  margin  of  the  stream  ;  then 
floundering  across,  with  mutl  and  water  up  to 
the  saddle-girths,  he  scrambled  up  to  the  oppo- 
site bank,  and  arrived  safe  on  level  grou  ^d. 
The  whole  line  followed  pell-mell  after  the 
leader,  and  pushing  forward  in  close  order,  In- 
dian file,  they  crowded  each  other  down  the  bank 
and  into  the  stream.  Some  of  the  horsemen 
missed  the  ford,  and  were  soused  o\er  head  and 
ears  ;  one  '.vas  unhorsed,  and  plumped  head  fore- 
most into  the  middle  of  the  stream:  for  my  own 
])art,  while  pressed  forward,  and  hurried  o\ertlie 
bank  by  those  behind  me,  I  was  interru])ted  by  a 
grape-vine,  as  thick  as  a  cable,  which  hiuig  in  a 
fi'Uoon  as  low  as  the  saddle-bow,  and,  dragging 
me  from  the  saddle,  threw  me  among  tlie  feet  of 
the  trampling  horses.  Fortunately,  I  escaped 
without  injury,  regained  my  steed,  crossed  the 
stream  without  further  difficulty,  and  was  enabled 
to  join  in  the  merriment  occasioned  by  the  ludi- 
crous disasters. 

It  is  at  ])asses  like  this  tliat  occur  the  most 
dangerous  ambuscades  and  sanguinary  surprises  of 
Indian  warf.ire.  A  party  of  savages  well  ])laced 
among  the  thickets,  might  have  matle  sad  havoc 
among  our  men,  while  entangled  in  the  ravine. 

We  now  came  out  upon  a  vast  and  glorious 
prairie,  spreading  out  beneath  the  golden  beams 
of  an  autumnal  sun.  The  deej)  and  freipient 
traces  of  buffalo,  showed  it  to  be  one  of  their 
favorite  grazing  grounds  ;  yet  none  were  to  be 
seen.  In  the  course  of  the  morning,  we  were 
overt.'iken  by  the  lieutenant  and  seventeen  men, 
who  h;id  ilm.iined  behind,  and  who  came  laden 
with  th<.'  spoils  of  buffaloes  ;  having  killed  three 
on  the  ineceding  day.  One  of  the  rangers,  how- 
ever, had  little  luck  to  boast  of;  his  horse  having 
taken  fright  at  sight  of  the  butfaloes,  thrown  his 
rider,  and  escaped  into  the  woods. 

The  exc'tement  of  our  hunters,  both  young  and 
old.  now  rose  almost  to  fever  height  ;  scarce  any 
of  them  having  ever  encountered  any  of  this  far- 
famed  game  of  the  prairies.     Accordingly,  when 


in  the  course  of  the  day  the  cry  of  buffalo'  U 
falo!  rose  from  one  part  of  the  line,  tht  wh ' 
troop  were  thrown  in  agitation.  We  wae  i'^i 
then  p.-issing  through  a  beautiful  part  nf  ■,(,'' 
prairie,  finely  diversified  by  hills  .ind  slupo,  'J 
woody  dells,  and  high,  statelv  {proves  Ti,',' 
who  had  given  the  alarm,  pointed  nut  a  i.^p! 
black-looking  animal,  slowly  inoviiv'  aliin-i'. 
side  of  a  rising  ground,  about'  two  miles  diT  '  x^ 
e\er- ready  Tonish  jumped  up,  and  stoodunhi  ' 
feet  on  the  saddle,  and  his  forkicl  sticks  m  h  ■ 
hands,  like  a  posture-master  or  scuaiiKnuh  •-•  1 
circus,  just  ready  for  a  feat  of  lioisniian-hi, 
After  gazing  at  the  animal  for  a  iiioiiunt,  u!,  ,'h 
he  could  have  seen  full  as  well  without  risii'v.;froni 
his  stirrups,  he  pronounced  it  a  wild  horse ;  anil 
dropping  again  into  his  saddle,  was  ab.nit  to 
dash  off  full  tilt  in  pursuit,  when,  to  his  inexpres- 
sible chagrin,  he  was  called  back,  and  ordered 
to  keep  to  his  post,  in  rear  of  the  bai;.;aj;e  horses 

The  Captain  and  two  of  his  offiiirs  now  set  en' 
to  reconnoitre  the  game.  It  was  the  intention  of 
the  Captain,  who  was  an  adinir.ible  iiiiirkMnan.to 
endeavor  to  crease  the  horse;  that  is  to  sav,  ;o 
hit  him  with  a  rifle  ball  in  the  ridge  of  the  iiei. 
A  wound  of  this  kind  paralyzes  a  Imr^e  for  a  ni  >• 
ment ;  he  falls  to  the  ground,  and  may  he  secure! 
before  he  recovers.  It  is  a  cruel  expedient,  hi.-.\. 
ever,  for  an  ill-directed  shot  may  kill  unnaiin  tlv; 
noble  animal. 

As  the  Captain  and  his  companions  moved  off 
laterally  and  slowly,  in  the  direction  of  ilie  horse, 
we  continued  our  course  forward  ;  u  uchin;'  in- 
tently, however,  the  movements  of  the  •j.iiiie, 
The  horse  moved  cpiietly  over  the  protile  of  the 
rising  ground,  and  disajjpeared  Ixhiiul  it.  The 
Ca])tain  and  his  party  were  likewise  soon  hidden 
by  an  intervening  hill. 

After  a  time,  the  horse  suddenly  made  his  ap- 
pearance to  our  light,  just  ahead  of  the  line, 
emerging  out  of  a  small  valley,  on  a  hri^k  irot; 
ha\ing  evidently  taken  the  ahum.  .At  si^;htofi;s 
he  stojjped  short,  gazed  at  us  for  an  instant  with 
surprise,  then  tossing  up  his  head,  trotted  off  in 
fine  style,  glancing  at  us  first  over  one  slioulder, 
then  over  the  other,  his  ample  m.ino  tind  tail 
streaming  in  the  wind.  Il.ning  dashed  throii^;h 
a  skirt  of  thicket,  that  looked  like  a  liedi^e-row, 
he  p.aused  in  the  open  field  beyond,  elanced  hack 
at  us  again,  with  a  beautifiil  bend  of  tlie  neck, 
snuffed  the  air,  then  tossing  his  head  ,i;,'nin,  broke 
into  a  gallop,  and  took  refuge  in  a  wood. 

It  was  the  first  time  1  had  ever  seen  a  hor-e 
scouring  his  native  wilderness  in  all  the  pride  and 
freedinn  of  his  nature.  He)ve  dillereiit  from  the 
poor,  mutilated,  harnessed,  r'.cched,  leined-iip 
victim  of  luxury,  caprice,  and  av.uice,  in  o.;r 
cities ! 

After  travelling  about  fifteen  miles,  we  en- 
camped abcnit  one  o'clock,  that  our  hunters 
might  have  time  to  procure  a  supply  of  jirovisions. 
Our  encampment  was  in  a  spacious  grove  o!  lofy 
oaks  and  walnuts,  free  from  underwood,  on  the 
border  of  a  brook.  While  unloading  the  iKuk- 
horses,  our  little  Frenchman  w.is  loud  in  1.^ 
comiihiints  at  ha\ing  l)een  prewiued  from  ]>»'■■ 
suing  the  wild  horse,  which  he  wouUl  certain.; 
have  taken.  In  the  meantime.  I  s.nv  our  lull- 
breed,  lieatte,  (|uietlv  saeldle  his  best  horse,  a 
jiowerful  steed  of  halV-savage  race,  linni,' a  lari.il 
at  the  saddle-bow,  take  a  ritle  and  forked  suck  in 
hand,  and,  mounting,  depart  from  the  camp  with- 
out saving  a  word.  It  was  evident  he  was  ;;o- 
ing  off 'in  ipiest  of  the  wild  horse,  but  was  disposed 
to  hunt  ulone. 


hecryofbufrnlolhuf. 
■'"."«-■  'inc,  the.  w 
i'  atio,,.     We  «,re     , 

l^y  lulls  and  slopes  'j 
^^tatdy  proves/ Tl 
111,  pointal  ..lit  alar. 
"wly  nunm;,'  al„n.  ,!;,, 
joiit  two  milwdiy.  'jijj 
■"  iip.:iii(l  stood  with  |,.5 
Ills  UnkLd  sticks  11,  h.'i 
3tcr  or  sc-iniiiKiiuii  m  a 

■>'•;'  "'  li"i-^i'm.iiL-hin. 
lal  lor  a  iiioitU'iit,  wlr,  h 
'Wclhvitl,„„tri,j|,j,f,;;|j, 

fed  It  a  wild  horse;  and 
saddle,  was  abom  ,o 
t.wlicn,  to  liis  incxpres- 
lied  back,  and  ordond 
rotthcba-ajjehorsci. 
I  Ills  olticcrs  lunvsct  erf 
It  was  tiif  iniL'ntinnof 
Klmirahle  maik-,man,!o 
"fsc  ;  that  is  to  sav,  to 
1  the  ri(l.i,'L'  of  tlie  licrk. 
ahzi's  a  h.iri,e  foranw. 
nd.aiid  iii.'.ybe  scciinj 
a  crml  cxiKilicnt.  Ii.,u. 
lot  may  kill  ur  maim  !li,< 


companions  mnvcd  on 
:  din-ctioii  of  liie  horn', 
forward  ;  «  Ui.liiiv,'  in- 
vemcnts  of  the  >;!inie, 
over  the  iJioiile  of  dw 
iiearcd  behind  it.  The 
'c   likewise  soon  hidden 

suddenly  made  his  ap- 
list  ahead  of  the  line, 
alley,  on  a  brisk  trot; 
[;  alarm.  At  sijjhtof  i;5 
t  us  for  an  instant  with 
his  head,  trotted  uii  in 
first  over  one  shoulder, 

ample  m.ine  :ind  tail 
il.iNin;.,'  dashed  tliroii','h 
)ked  like  ;i  lK'd;^e-iinv, 
d  'jeyond,  .i;l,ineed  back 
ifiil  bend  of  tlie  neck, 
i.l;  his  heatl  .ij;ain,  broke 
fiige  in  a  wood. 
had  e\er  seen  a  hor^c 
less  in  .dl  the  pride  and 
rlovi'  dit'ferelit  from  the 
d,  r'.ecked.  reincd-i;p 
,   ami   av.iriee,  in  o;:r 

fifteen  miles,  we  en- 
3ck,  th.it  our  hunters 
;  a  supply  of  pro\i>ion>. 

spaeioiis  urove  of  lol'v 
)in  tinderuood,  on  the 
e  iinloadin;.;  the  pack- 
ni;in  w,;s  loud  in  I'.ij 
1  jirevented  from  pur- 
:h  he  would  certainlv 
ntime.  1  s.iw  our  hall- 
Idle  his  best  horse,  ;i 
a^e  rare,  haiii,'  a  kni'" 
■ille  and  forked  stick  m 
irt  from  the  eamp  with- 
as  e\  ident  he  w,is  j;o- 
horse,  but  was  disposed 


nlilii 


i!    ■  if,' 


II 


1 1*1 


f:":f^ 


1  ;!'    -iTj-     ■■ 

m 


'i 


rut  rt  .\--  '^.^■j 


/  ////^/   y//'^./<      r  ///"^jr 


^ouyi5ht   'SO  ■   P>   ''^^    --"Ji  ■ 


/v/v-v/  ///"  Ai"//*'.'  ^'"A  ■'' 


A   TOUR   ON   THE   PRAIRIES. 


4G1 


CHAPTER  XX. 


THE  CAMP  OF   THE   WILD    HORSE. 


llrrtJ  .""/   f"'   I  rizt. 
SfinI  Tinned. 


,/  .'/;<•  1 1  ■//,/  Jlorsf.  —  T/if  Ihir- 
l    J/Wse   C/iasc.—.l    HilJ 


\Vi:  had  encamped  in  a  good  ncighliorhood  for 
rime,  as  the  reports  of  ritlcs  in  various  directions 
I'lci'dilv  R'l^c  'notice.  One  of  our  Inintcrs  soon 
rjturnwl  with  the  meat  of  a  doe,  tied  \\\t  in  the 
skin,  and  slunj;  across  his  shoulders.  Another 
broiigiit  a  fat  Inick  across  his  horse.  Two  otlicr 
(l.crwcro  brouijht  in,  and  a  number  of  turkeys. 
.\ll  the  game  was  thrown  down  in  front  of  tiic 
Captain's  tire,  to  be  portioned  out  among  the  va- 
rious messes.  The  spits  and  camp  kettles  were 
Sinn  in  full  employ,  and  throughout  the  evening 
tiktc  w.is  a  scene  of  hunter's  feasting  and  profu- 
sion. 

We  had  been  disappointed  this  day  in  our 
hopes  of  meeting  with  buffalo,  but  the  sigiit  of  the 
v.ildliorse  had  been  a  great  novelty,  and  gave  a 
turn  to  the  conversation  of  the  camp  for  the  even- 
ing. There  were  several  anecdotes  told  of  a  fa- 
nousgray  horse,  which  has  ranged  the  prairies  of 
this  nei^diborhood  for  six  or  seven  years,  setting 
,it  naught  every  attempt  of  the  hunters  to  capture 
him.  They  say  he  can  jiace  and  rack  (or  amble) 
faster  than  the  tleetest  horses  can  run.  Equally 
marvellous  accounts  were  given  of  a  black  liorse 
en  the  lirazos,  who  grazed  the  prairies  on  that 
river's  bank  in  Texas.  For  years  he  outstrip[)ed 
A\  pursuit.  His  fame  spread  far  and  wide ; 
oiTers  were  made  for  him  to  the  amount  of  a 
thousand  dollars ;  the  boldest  and  most  hard- 
riiiing  hunters  tried  incessantly  to  make  \n\,'.c  of 
him,  but  in  va'n.  At  length  he  fell  a  victim  to 
his  jjalhntry,  being  decoyed  under  a  tree  by  a 
tame  mare,  and  a  noose  dropjied  over  his  head 
hya  boy  |)erched  among  the  branches. 

The  capture  of  a  wild  horse  is  one  of  the  most 
favorite  achievements  of  the  prairie  tribes  ;  and, 
indeed,  it  is  from  this  source  that  the  Indi.m 
hunters  chiclly  supply  themselves.  The  wild 
horses  which  range  those  vast  grassy  plains,  ex- 
tending from  the  Arkansas  to  the  Spanish  settle- 
ments, are  of  various  forms  and  colors,  betraying 
their  various  descents.  Some  resemble  the  com- 
mon Enijlish  stock,  and  are  probably  descended 
from  horses  which  have  escaped  from  our  border 
settlements.  Others  are  of  a  low  but  strong  make, 
and  arc  supposed  to  be  of  the  Andalusian  breed, 
broi  jht  out  by  the  Spanish  discoverers. 

Some  f.mciful  speculatists  have  seen  in  them 
descendants  of  the  Arab  stock,  bi ought  into 
i'pain  from  Africa,  and  thence  transferred  to  this 
fountry  ;  and  have  jileased  themselves  with  the 
idea,  that  their  sires  may  ha\  e  been  of  the  jiure 
coursers  of  the  desert,  that  once  bore  Mahomet 
:'!id  his  warlike  disciples  across  the  sandy  plains 
tf  .Araljia. 

I'he  habits  of  the  Arab  seem  to  have  come  with 
I  ■■-Steed.  The  introduction  of  the  horse  on  the 
'"'^'■ndless  prairies  of  the  Far  West,  changed  the 
niole  mode  of  iivingof  their  inhabitants.  It  gave 
i:ivm  that  ficility  of  rapid  motion,  and  of  sudden 
-'ddistant  change  of  place,  so  dear  to  the  roving 
T'lpensities  of  man.  Instead  of  lurking  in  the 
i"pths  of  gloomy  forests,  and  p.itiently  threading 
'•"-mazes  of  a  t.mgled  wilderness  on  foot,  like  his  I 
I  :vthien  of  the  north,  the  Indian  of  the  West  is  a  j 
f'^erof  the  plain  ;  he  leads  a  brighter  and  more 
i'Jnshiny    life ;    almost    always    on    horseback, 


on    vast   flowery   prairies    and    under   cloudless 
skies. 

I  was  lying  by  the  Captain's  fire,  late  in  the 
evening,  listening  to  the  stories  about  those 
coursers  of  the  iirairies,  and  weaving  speculations 
of  my  own,  when  there  was  a  clamor  of  voices  and 
a  loud  cheering  at  the  other  end  of  the  camp ; 
and  word  was  (lassed  tli.it  IJealte,  the  half-breed, 
had  brought  in  a  wild  horse. 

In  an  instant  every  tire  was  deserted  ;  the  whole 
camp  crowded  to  see  the  Indi.m  and  his  priz«. 
It  was  a  colt  about  two  years  oUl,  well  grown, 
finely  limbed,  with  bright  jjrominent  eyes,  and  a 
spirited  yet  gentle  demeanor.  He  gazed  about 
him  with  an  air  of  mingled  stupefaction  and  sur- 
prise, at  the  men,  the  horses,  and  the  ctimp-tires; 
while  the  Indian  stood  before  him  wiiii  folded 
arms,  having  hold  of  the  otliei  end  of  ilie  cord 
which  noosed  his  captive,  and  gazing  on  him  with 
a  most  imiierturbable  aspect.  Heattc,  as  I  have 
before  observed,  has  a  greenish  olive  complexion, 
with  a  strongly  marked  countenance,  not  unlike 
the  bronze  casts  of  Napoleon  ;  and  as  he  stood 
before  his  captive  horse,  with  folded  arms  and 
fixed  aspect,  he  looked  more  like  a  statue  than  a 
man. 

If  the  horse,  however,  manifested  the  least 
rcstiveness,  IJeatte  would  immediately  worry 
him  with  the  lariat,  jerking  him  lirst  on  one  side, 
then  on  the  other,  so  as  almost  to  throw  him  on 
the  ground  ;  when  he  had  thus  rendered  him 
passive,  he  would  resume  his  siatuc-like  attitude 
aiul  gaze  at  him  in  silence. 

The  whole  scene  was  singularly  wild  ;  the  tall 
grove,  jiartially  illumined  by  the  tlasliing  tires  of 
the  camp,  the  horses  tethered  here  and  there 
among  the  trees,  the  carcasses  of  deor  hanging 
around,  and  in  the  midst  of  all,  the  wild  luints- 
man  and  his  wilil  horse,  with  an  admiring  throng 
of  rangers,  almost  as  wild. 

In  the  eagerness  of  their  excitement,  several  of 
the  young  rangers  sought  to  get  tiie  horse  by 
purchase  or  barter,  ani.1  even  ofl'ered  extravagant 
terms;  but  lieatte  declined  .ill  their  olfers.  "  Vou 
give  great  jirice  now  ;  "  said  he,  "  to-morrow  you 
be  sorry,  and  take  back,  and  say  d— d  Indian  !  " 

The  young  men  importuned  him  witlupiestions 
about  the  mode  in  which  he  took  the  horse,  but 
his  answers  were  dry  and  laconic  ;  he  evidently 
retained  some  jiique  at  having  been  undervalued 
and  sneereil  at  by  them  ;  ami  at  tin-  same  time 
looked  down  upon  them  with  coiUemi)t  as  green- 
horns, little  versed  in  the  noble  science  of  wood- 
craft. 

.Vfterward,  however,  when  he  w:i ;  seated  by 
I  ;  tiro,  I  readily  ilrew  from  him  an  account  of 
Ins  exploit  ;  for,  though  taciturn  among  stran- 
gers, and  little  prone  to  boast  of  his  actions,  yet 
liis  taciturnity,  like  that  of  all  Iiuli:ins,  had  its 
times  of  relaxation. 

He  informed  me,  that  on  leaving  the  ramp,  he 
had  returned  to  the  place  where  we  liad  lost  sight 
of  the  wild  horse.  Soon  getting  upon  its  tr.ick, 
he  followed  it  to  the  b.mks  of  the  river.  Here, 
the  prints  being  more  distinct  in  the  sand,  he 
jicrceived  that  one  of  the  hoofs  w.is  broken  and 
defective,  so  ho  gave  u|}  the  pursuit. 

As  he  was  returning  to  the  camj),  h:,-  came  ujion 
a  gang  of  six  horses,  which  immediately  made  for 
the  river.  He  pursued  them  across  the  stream, 
left  his  rifle  on  the  river  bank,  and  putting  his 
horse  to  full  speed,  soon  came  up  with  the  fugi- 
tives. He  attemptetl  to  luxise  o;ie  of  them,  but 
the  lariat  hitched  on  one  of  his  ears,  and  he 
shook  it  off.     The  horses  dashed  up  a  ImII,  he 


4Ga 


A  TOUR  ON   THE   PRAIRIES. 


;,-l  ' 


til 


If 


ttii 


1 1;  Lit  f 


m 


Slti  1"'-  ^1  ■ 


:H 


"'> 


followed  hard  nt  their  heels,  when,  of  a  sudden, 
he  saw  their  tails  wliiskin^j  in  the  air,  and  they 
plunjjinj;  down  a  precipice.  It  was  too  late  to 
stop.  He  shut  his  eyes,  held  in  his  breath,  and 
went  over  witli  them— neck  or  noihini,'.  The  tie- 
scent  was  between  twenty  and  thirty  feet,  but 
they  all  came  down  safe  ii[)on  a  sandy  bot- 
tom. 

He  now  succeeded  in  throwinjjhis  noose  round 
.1  fine  youn;^'  hr)rse.  As  he  i^alloped  alonj;sidc 
of  him,  the  two  horses  jiassed  each  side  of  a 
snplin};,  and  the  end  of  the  lariat  was  jerked  out 
of  his  hand,  lie  rci^ainetl  it,  but  an  interveninj; 
tree  oblij^ed  him  a^'ain  to  let  it  j;o.  Havini;  once 
more  cau;^ht  it,  and  comini;  to  a  more  open  coun- 
try, he  was  enabled  to  play  the  younj^  horse  w'th 
the  line  until  lie  ^;raduaily  checked  ;ind  subdued 
him,  so  as  lo  lead  him  to  the  place  where  he  hail 
left  liis  rille. 

He  had  anothtr  formidable  difficulty  in  s^ctting 
him  across  tiie  river,  where  boiii  liorses  stuck  for 
a  time  in  tiie  mire,  and  lieatte  was  nearly  un- 
seated from  his  saddle  by  the  force  of  the  current 
and  the  stiii;4:-;les  of  his  captive.  y\fter  much  toil 
and  trouble,  however,  he  got  across  the  stream, 
and  brouj^ht  his  ])ri/e  safe  into  camp. 

For  the  remainder  of  the  eveninij,  the  camp 
remained  in  a  hi.Ljli  state  of  excitement  ;  nothing 
was  talked  of  but  the  capture  of  wild  horses  ; 
every  youngsitr  of  the  troop  was  for  this  harum- 
scarum  kind  of  chase  ;  every  one  promised  him- 
self to  return  fvom  the  campaign  in  triumph,  be- 
striding one  (if  these  wild  coursers  of  the  prairies, 
lieatte  had  suddenly  risen  to  great  importance  ; 
he  was  the  prime  hunter,  the  hero  of  the  day. 
Offers  were  mad',' him  by  the  best  mounted  ran- 
gers, to  let  him  ride  their  horses  in  the  chase,  pro- 
vided he  would  ;',i\e  them  a  share  of  the  spoil. 
IJeatte  bore  his  honors  in  silence,  and  closed  with 
none  of  the  offers.  Our  stammering,  chattering, 
gasconading  little  Frenchman,  however,  made  up 
for  his  taciturnity,  by  vaunting  as  much  u])on  the 
subject  as  if  it  were  he  that  had  caught  the  lun-se. 
Indeed  he  held  forth  so  learnedly  in  the  matter, 
and  boasted  so  much  of  the  many  horses  he  had 
taken,  that  he  began  to  be  considered  an  oracle  ; 
and  some  of  the  youngsters  were  inclined  to 
doubt  wheihor  he  were  not  superior  even  to  the 
taciturn  lieaiie. 

The  excitement  kept  the  camji  awake  later 
than  usual.  The  hum  of  voices,  interrupted  by 
occasi(Uial  ])eals  of  laughter,  was  heard  from  the 
groups  around  tlie  various  fires,  and  the  night 
was  considerably  advanced  before  all  had  sunk  to 
sleep. 

With  the  morning  dawn  the  excitement  re- 
vived, and  lieatte  and  his  wild  horse  were  again 
the  gaze  and  talk  of  the  camp.  The  captive  h.id 
been  tied  all  night  to  a  tree  among  the  other 
horses.  He  was  again  led  forth  by  lieatte,  by  a 
long  halter  or  lariat,  and,  on  his  manifesting  the 
least  restixeness.  was,  as  before,  jerkeil  and  wor- 
ried into  passive  siilimission.  He  appeared  to  be 
gentle  and  ilocile  l)y  nature,  and  lirul  a  beauti- 
fully mild  ex|)ression  of  the  eye.  In  his  strange 
and  forlorn  situ.ition,  the  poor  animal  seemed  to 
seek  protection  and  companionship  in  the  very 
horse  which  had  aided  to  capture  him. 

Seeing  him  thus  gentle  and  tractable,  Beatte, 
just  as  wc  were  aixnit  to  march,  strapped  a  light 
]iack  upon  his  back,  by  way  of  giving  him  the 
lirst  lesscm  in  servitude.  The  native  pride  and 
independence  of  the  animal  took  tire  at  this  in- 
dignity. He  rearetl,  and  plunged,  and  kicked, 
and  tried  in  every  w  ay  to  get  rid  of  the  dcgradintj 


va 


burden.  The  Indian  was  too  potent  foi  him  i 
every  paroxysm  he  renewed  the  discipline  of  th! 
halter,  until  the  poor  animal,  driven  to  dcsn.v 
threw  himself  prostrate  on  the  ground,  and  l- 
motionless,  as  if  acknoulcdging  hii  ii'lf  v^'' 
cpiished.  A  stage  hero,  representing  lie  dosiir 
of  a  captive  jnince,  could  not  have  ]ilavud  Im- 
part more  dramatically.  There  was  abb  iln^.l ' ' 
moral  grandeur  in  it. 

The  imperturbable  lieatte  folded  his  anus  nm' 
stood  for  a  time,  looking  down  in  siknceiipi.nh'i 
captive  ;  until  seeing  him  pertectlv  subdiud  lie 
nodded  his  head  slowly,  screwed  his  ni(imli  into 
a  sardonic  smile  of  triumph,  and,  with  a  jurk  1 1 
the  halter,  ordered  him  to  rise.  He  obeyed,  and 
from  that  time  forward  otfercd  no  rcsisiiuice 
During  that  day  he  bore  his  pack  iiaticiuly,  and 
was  led  by  the  halter;  but  in  two  da.s  lie  fd]. 
lowed  voluntarily  at  large  among  the' supernu- 
merary horses  of  the  troop. 

I  could  not  look  without  compassion  upon  this 
fine  young  animal,  whose  whole  course  of  exiit- 
encc  had  been  so  suddenly  reverseil.  Frini 
being  a  denizen  of  these  vast  pastures,  rani;in',it 
will  fr(mi  plain  to  plain  and  niead  to  mead,  civp- 
ping  of  every  herb  and  (lower,  and  driiikin-  if 
every  stream,  he  was  suddenly  reduced  td  ia- 
Iietual  and  painful  servitude,  to  pass  liij  life  i;n. 
der  the  harness  anil  the  curb,  ainiil,  perhaps, 
the  din  and  dust  and  drudgery  of  cities,  jhc 
transition  in  his  lot  was  such  as  soineiinu's  takes 
l)lace  in  human  alTairs,  and  in  the  Idrtuiies  ci 
lowering  individuals  : — one  day.  a  prince  ul  ih'^ 
prairies— the  next  day,  a  pack-horse  ! 


CHAPTKR  X.XI. 


'/'/if  /•\>rtfi»^  of  Ihc  Ri\{  I'oi-k.- 
tlic  "  C/i'ss   Timber, 


Th,-  Drr.vv  Forali  J 
'—llti^.ilo  / 


\\v.  left  the  camp  of  the  wild  horse  about  a 
([uarter  before  eiglit,  and,  after  steering  nearly 
south  for  three  or  four  miles,  arrived  (ii  thi' 
banks  of  the  Red  Fork,  about  seventy-five  iiidc?. 
as  we  supposed,  above  its  mouth.  The  ri\er\v,i> 
about  three  hundred  yartls  wide,  wamUfiiij; 
among  sand-bars  and  shoals.  Its  shores,  and  the 
long  sandy  banks  that  stretched  out  inio  tiie 
stream,  were  jirinted,  as  usual,  with  the  traces  of 
various  animals  that  had  come  down  to  cmss  it, 
or  to  drink  its  waters. 

Here  we  came  to  a  halt,  and  there  was  mueh 
consultation  aliout  the  possibilitv  of  forilin;.;  lite 
river  with  safety,  as  there  was  an  apprelun>niniif 
cpiicksands.  lieatte,  who  had  been  >(inK'»h.it:n 
the  rear,  came  up  while  we  were  debaiin;.;.  He 
w;is  mounted  on  his  horse  of  the  half-wild  breed, 
and  leading  his  cajjlive  by  the  bridle.  He  sj'i^'; 
the  hitter  in  charge  to  'fonish,  and  withiuit  say- 
ing a  word,  urged  his  horse  iiii  the  stream,  and 
crossed  it  in  s.ifety.  Fxerythiug  was  done  by 
this  man  in  a  similar  way,  pronijitly,  residutely, 
and  silently,  without  a  previous  pruniisc  cr  an 
after  \aunt. 

The  troop  now  followed  the  lead  of  rieatte,.ind 
reached  the  opposite  sliore  without  anv  mishap, 
though  one  of  the  pack-horses  wandering  a  liule 
from  the  track,  came  near  being  sualloued  upi^i 
a  cpiicksaiid,  and  was  with  dil'iiciiltv  drat;;4ed  to 
land. 

After  crossing  the  ri\er,  we  had  to  force  cur 
way,  for  nearly  a  mile,   ihrouyh  a  thick  cane- 


A   TOUR  ON   THE   PRAIRIES. 


4C3 


brake,  which,  at  first  sifjht,  appeared  an  impcr- 

I,ij  mass  of  reeds  and  braniljles.  It  was  a  hanl 
frtim'le ;  our  horses  were  often  to  the  saddle- 
nrths"  in  mire  and  water,  and  both  horse  and 
Lrscman  harassed  and  torn  by  bush  and  brier. 
F.illin",  however,  upon  a  Ijuffalo  track,  we  at 
1  n 'tlu'^ficatcd  ourselves  from  this  morass,  and 
ijoiiided  a  ridge  of  land,  where  we  beheld  a 
bciiitilul  open  country  before  us  ;  while  to  our 
r  lit.  the  belt  of  forest  land,  called  "  The  Cross 
Tiiiibcr,''  continued  stretchin<j  away  to  the  south- 
V,  iril,  as  far  as  the  eye  could  reach.  We  soon 
ab.im'liined  the  open  country,  and  struck  into  the 
forest  l.intl.  It  was  the  intention  of  the  Captain 
to  keep  on  southwest  by  south,  and  traverse  the 
Cross  Timber  diagonally,  so  as  to  come  out  upon 
the  edije  of  the  great  western  prairie.  15y  thus 
maintaining  something  of  a  southerly  direction, 
ho  trusted,  while  he  crossed  the  belt  of  the 
forest,  he  would  at  the  same  time  approach  the 
Red  Kiver. 

The  plan  of  the  Captain  was  judicious  ;  but  he 
erred  from  not  being  informed  of  the  nature  of 
the  country.  Mad  he  kept  directly  west,  a  couple 
of  davs  would  have  carried  us  through  the  forest 
Innd,  and  we  might  then  have  had  an  easy  course 
j'/in;,'  the  skirts  of  the  upper  prairies,  to  Red 
R;ver;  by  going  diagonally,  we  were  kejit  for 
ninv  weary  days  toiling  through  a  dismal  series 
of  ru;,'t;ed  forests. 

The  Cross  Timber  is  about  forty  miles  in 
bre.idtli,  and  stretches  over  a  rough  country  of 
ro'i'iin;;  hills,  covered  with  scattered  tracts  of  post- 
oak  and  black-jack  ;  with  some  intervening  val- 
levs,  which,  at  proper  seasons,  would  afford  good 
p.-.sliirage.  It  is  very  much  cut  up  by  deep 
ravines,  which,  in  the  rainy  seasons,  are  the  beds 
of  temporary  streams,  tributary  to  the  main 
rivers,  and  these  are  called  "  branches."  The 
whole  tract  may  present  a  pleasant  aspect  in  the 
fresh  time  of  the  year,  when  the  ground  is  covered 
with  herb.ige  ;  when  the  trees  are  in  their  green 
leaf,  and  the  glens  are  enlivened  by  running 
streams.  Unfortunately,  we  entered  it  too  late 
in  the  season.  The  herbage  was  parched  ;  the 
foliage  of  the  scrubby  forests  was  withered  ;  the 
whole  woodland  prospect,  as  far  as  the  eye  could 
reach,  h,ad  a  brown  and  arid  hue.  The  fires  made 
en  the  prairies  by  the  Indian  hunters,  had  fre- 
quently penetrated  these  forests,  sweeping  in  light 
transient  flames  along  the  dry  grass,  scorching 
and  calcining  the  lower  twigs  and  branches  of 
the  trees,  and  leaving  them  black  and  hard,  so 
as  to  tear  the  flesh  of  man  and  horse  that  had  to 
scramble  through  them.  I  shall  not  easily  for- 
get the  mortal  toil,  and  the  vexations  of  llesh  and 
spirit,  that  we  underwent  occasionally,  in  our 
wanderings  through  the  Cross  Timber.  It  was 
like  struggling  through  forests  of  cast  iron. 

After  a  tedious  ride  of  several  miles,  we  came 
cjtupon.an  open  tr.act  of  hill  and  d.ale,  inter- 
spersed with  woodland.  Here  we  were  roused  by 
the  cry  of  buff.do  !  buffalo  !  The  effect  was  some- 
thing like  that  of  the  cry  of  a  sail !  a  sail  !  at  sea. 
It  was  not  a  false  alarm.  Three  or  four  of  these 
cnoriiKius  animals  were  visible  to  our  sight  graz- 
i:Von  the  slope  of  a  distant  hill. 

I  here  was  a  general  movement  to  set  off  in 
fKrsuit,  and  it  was  with  some  difficulty  that  the 
vivacity  of  the  younger  men  of  the  troop  could  be 
restrained.  Leaving  orders  that  the  line  of  march 
should  be  proservccl,  the  Captain  and  two  of  his 
otticcrs  departed  at  a  quiet  pace,  accompanied  by 
lieattc,  and  by  the  ever-forward  Tonish  ;  for  it 
•as  impossible  any  longer  tQ  keep    the  little 


Frenchman  in  check,  being  half  crazy  to  prove 
his  skill  and  jirowess  in  hunting  the  buffalo. 

The  intervening  hills  soon  hid  from  us  both  the 
game  and  the  huntsmen.  We  kept  on  our  course 
in  tpiest  of  a  camping  place,  which  was  difticult 
to  be  found  ;  almost  all  the  ch,innels  of  the 
streams  being  dry,  and  the  country  being  desti- 
tute of  fountain  heads. 

After  proceeding  some  distance,  there  w.ts 
again  a  cry  of  buffilo,  and  two  were  jjointed  out 
on  a  hill  to  the  left.  The  Captain  being  absent, 
it  was  no  longer  possible  to  restr.iin  the  ardor  oi 
the  young  hunters.  Away  several  of  them 
d.ished,  full  speed,  and  soon  (li>a])peared  among 
the  ravines  ;  the  rest  kept  on,  anxious  to  find  a 
proper  place  for  encampment. 

Indeed  we  now  began  to  experience  the  disad- 
vantages of  the  season.  The  pasturage  of  the 
|)rairies  was  scanty  and  iiarcheil  ;  the  pea-vines 
which  grew  in  the  woody  bottoms  were  withered, 
and  most  of  the  "branches"  or  streams  were 
dried  up.  While  wandering  in  this  ])erplexity, 
we  were  overtaken  by  the  Ca])tain  and  all  his 
party,  except  Tonish.  They  l)a<l  pursued  the 
buffalo  for  some  distance  without  getting  within 
shot,  and  had  given  up  the  chase,  being  fearful 
of  fatiguing  their  horses,  or  being  Icdotftoo  fir 
from  camp.  The  little  frenchman,  however,  had 
g.'iUoped  after  them  at  headlong  s[)eed,  and  the 
last  they  saw  of  him,  he  was  engaged,  as  it  were, 
yard-arm  and  yard-arm,  with  a  ;.;reat  buffilo  bull, 
tiring  broadsides  into  him,  "  1  tink  dat  little 
man  crazy — somehow,"  observed  lioatle,  dryly. 


CHAPTER  XXII. 

The  Ahirm    <\jii;^, 

Wf,  now  came  to  a  halt,  and  had  to  content  our- 
selves with  an  indifferent  encampment.  It  was  in 
a  grove  of  scrub-oaks,  on  the  borders  of  a  deep 
ravine,  at  the  bottom  of  which  were  a  few  scanty 
])ools  of  water.  We  were  just  at  the  foot  of  .a. 
gradually-sloping  hill,  covered  with  half-withered 
grass,  that  afforded  meagre  p.isturage.  In  the 
spot  where  we  had  encamped,  the  grass  was  high 
and  parched.  The  view  arounil  us  was  circum- 
scribed and  much  shut  in  by  gently  swelling  hills. 

Just  as  we  were  encamping,  'i'onish  arrived,  all 
glorious,  from  his  hunting  match  ;  his  white  horse 
luing  all  round  with  buffilo  meat.  According  to 
his  own  account,  he  had  laid  low  two  mighty 
bulls.  As  usual,  we  deducted  one  h.ilf  from  his 
boastings  ;  but,  now  that  he  had  sumething  real 
to  vaunt  about,  there  was  no  restraining  the  valor 
of  his  tongue. 

After  having  in  some  measure  ajjpeased  hi:; 
vanity  by  boasting  of  his  exploit,  he  informed  us 
that  he  had  observed  the  fresh  tr.ick  of  liorses, 
which,  from  various  circunistaiiccs,  he  suspected 
to  have  been  made  by  some  roving  band  of  Paw- 
nees. This  caused  some  little  Uiieasincss.  The 
young  men  who  had  left  the  lino  of  march  in  pur- 
suit of  the  two  buffdoes,  had  not  yet  rejoined  us  ; 
a])])rehensions  were  expressed  that  they  might  be 
waylaid  and  att.icked.  Our  veter.m  hunter,  old 
Ryan,  also,  immediately  on  our  halting  to  en- 
ca'iip,  had  gone  off  on  foot,  in  company  with  a 
young  disciide,  "  Dat  old  man  will  have  his 
ijrains  knocked  out  by  de  I'.iwnees  yet,"  said 
lieatte.  "  He  tink  he  know  every  ting,  but  he 
don't  know  I'awaccs,  anyhow." 


461 


A  TOUR  ON  THE   PRAIRIES. 


\\:X    ! 


:i;. 


■    I. 


!>.. 


•A  \ 


II  :l 


!.;!!' :, 


■:yi'il 


!;.ifi- 


liHi 


JiM.,; 


i!   f:    ii  S 


Taking  his  rifle,  the  Captain  repaired  on  foot 
to  reconnoitre  tlie  country  from  the  naked  siiin- 
mit  of  one  of  the  neighl)orin.i;  iiills.  In  llie  mean- 
time, tlic  horses  were  hobljled  and  turned  loose 
to  graze  ;  and  wood  was  cut,  and  fires  made,  to 
prepare  the  evening's  repast. 

Suddenly  there  was  an  alarm  of  fire  in  the 
cnmp  !  The  tlanie  from  one  of  the  kindling  fires 
had  caught  to  the  tall  dry  grass  ;  a  breeze  was 
blowing  ;  there  was  danger  that  tlie  camp  would 
soon  be  wra])ped  in  a  light  blaze.  ''  Look  to  the 
horses  !  "  cried  one  ;  "  JJragaway  the  baggage  !  " 
cried  another.  "  Take  care  of  the  rilles  and 
powder-horns !  "  crieil  a  third.  All  was  hurry- 
scurry  and  upro.'r.  The  horses  dashed  wildly 
jxbout  ;  some  of  tie  men  snatched  away  rilles  and 
powder-horns,  others  dragged  off  saddles  and 
saddle-bags.  Meantime,  no  one  thought  of  (picll- 
ing  the  fire,  nor  indeed  knew  how  to  quell  it. 
Ik'atte,  however,  and  his  comrades  attacked  it  in 
the  Indian  niode,  beating  down  the  edges  of  the 
fire  with  blankets  and  horse-cloths,  and  endea- 
voring to  prevent  its  spreading  among  the  grass  ; 
the  rangers  followed  their  example,  and  in  a  little 
vhile  the  flames  were  happily  quelled. 

The  fires  were  now  properly  kindled  on  places 
from  which  the  dry  grass  had  been  cleared  away. 
The  horses  were  scattered  about  a  small  valley, 
and  on  the  s!()|)ing  hill-side,  cropping  the  scanty 
herbage.  'i'oni'ih  was  preparing  a  suinptuous 
evening's  meal  from  his  buffalo  meat,  promising 
us  a  rich  soup  anil  a  prime  piece  of  roast  beef, 
but  we  were  ilonmed  to  experience  another  and 
more  serious  alarm. 

There  was  an  indistinct  cry  from  some  rangers 
on  the  summit  of  the  hill,  of  which  we  could  only 
ilistinguish  the  words,  "  The  horses  !  the  horses! 
get  in  the  horses  I  " 

Immediately  a  clamor  of  voices  arose  ;  shouts, 
inquiries,  rejilies,  were  all  mingled  together,  so 
that  nothing  could  be  clearly  understood,  and 
every  one  drew  his  own  inference. 

"  The  Cajitain  has  started  buffaloes,"  cried 
one,  "  and  wants  horses  for  the  chase."  Imme- 
diately a  number  of  ran<^ers  seized  their  rifles,  and 
scampered  for  the  hill  top.  "  The  prairie  is  on 
fire  beyond  the  hill,"  cried  another;  "  1  see  the 
smoke — the  Captain  means  we  shall  drive  the 
horses  beyond  the  brook." 

15y  this  time  a  ranger  from  the  hill  had  reached 
the  skirts  of  tli,;  camp.  He  was  almost  breath- 
less, and  could  only  say  that  the  Captain  had 
seen  Indians  at  a  distance. 

"  Pawnees  !  Pawnees  !  "  was  now  the  cry  among 
our  wild-headed  youngsters.  "  Drive  the  horses 
into  camp  !  "  cried  one.  "Saddle  the  horses!" 
cried  another.  "  Form  the  line  !  "  cried  a  third. 
There  was  now  a  scene  of  clamor  and  confusion 
that  baffles  ;i!l  description.  The  rangers  were 
scampering  about  the  adjacent  field  in  pursuit  of 
their  horses.  One  might  be  seen  tugging  his 
steed  along  by  a  halter  ;  another  without  a  hat, 
riding  bare-backed  ;  another  driving  .a  hobbled 
horse  before  him,  that  made  awkward  leaps  like 
a  kangaroo. 

The  alarm  increased.  Word  was  brought  from 
the  lower  end  of  the  camp  that  there  was  a  l)and 
of  Pawnees  in  a  neighboring  valley.  They  had 
shot  old  Ryan  through  the  head,  and  were  chas- 
ing his  companion  !  "  N'o  it  was  not  old  Ryan 
that  was  killed^it  was  one  of  the  hunters  that 
had  been  after  the  two  buffaloes."  "  There  are 
three  hundred  Pawnees  just  beyond  the  hill," 
cried  one  voice.     "  More,  more  !  "  cried  another. 

Our  situation,  shut  in  among  hills,  prevented 


our  seeing  to  any  distance,  and  left  us  a  ^nm- . 
all  these  rumors.  A  cruel  enemy  was  supno  !^ 
to  beat  hand,  and  an  immediate  attack  aim',' 
hended.  The  horses  by  this  time  were  drl' ' 
into  the  camp,  and  were  dashing  about  .imfT' 
the  fires,  and  trampling  upon  the  ba't-.-n'u' 
Every  one  endeavored  to  prepare  fornctinn"  f  i 
here  was  the  perplexity.  During  the  late  alun 
of  fire,  the  saddles,  bridles,  rifles,  powder-horn, 
and  other  equipments,  h.ad  been  snatrhed  out  (,i 
their  pbces,  and  thrown  helter-skelter  .iniur- 
the  trees.  "" 

"Where  is  my  saddle?"  cried  one,  ''il.ii 
any  one  seen  my  rifle  ?  "  cried  another.  ••  W),' 
will  lend  me  a  ball  ?  "  cried  a  third,  who  u,is 
loading  his  piece.  "  I  have  lost  mv  huila 
pouch."  "  For  Ciod's  sake  help  nic  to  >;'iiih  ih,- 
horse  !  "  cried  another  ;  "he's  so  rcstive"l  can  do 
nothing  with  him."  In  his  hurry  and  wurrv  he 
had  put  on  the  saddle  the  hind  part  before !  ' 

Some  affected  to  swagger  and  talk  bold;  others 
said  nothing,  but  went  on  steadily,  preparin' 
their  horses  and  weapons,  and  on  these  I  felt  the 
most  reliance.  Some  were  evidently  excited  aiij 
elated  with  the  idea  of  an  encounter  wit'i  Indians; 
and  none  more  so  than  my  young  Swiss  fellov; 
traveller,  who  had  a  passion  for  wild  adventiin.-, 
Our  man,  Heatte,  led  his  horses  in  the  rear  uf  tlw 
cr.mp,  placed  his  rifle  against  a  tree,  then  seated 
himself  by  the  fire  in  perfect  silence.  On  the 
other  hand,  little  Tonish,  who  was  busv  cookin:, 
sto|)ped  every  moment  from  his  work  to  play  the 
fanfaron,  singing,  swearing,  and  alfeciin^' aii  un- 
usual hilarity,  which  made  me  slroiv^dy  saspctt 
that  there  was  some  little  fright  at  bottom,  to 
cause  all  this  effervescence. 

About  a  dozen  of  the  rangers,  as  soon  as  tliev 
could  saddle  their  horses,  dashed  oiTin  the  direc- 
tion in  which  the  Pawnees  were  said  to  have  at- 
tacked the  hunters.  It  was  now  determined,  in 
case  our  camp  should  be  assailed,  to  put  our 
horses  in  the  ravine  in  the  rear,  where  they  would 
be  out  of  danger  from  arrow  or  rille-ball,and  ti 
take  our  stand  within  the  edge  of  the  ravine.  Thai 
would  serve  as  a  trench,  and  the  trees  and  thickets 
with  which  it  wa..  bordered,  would  be  suliicient 
to  turn  aside  any  shaft  of  the  enemy.  Tlie  Paw- 
nees, besides,  are  wary  of  attacking  any  covert  of 
the  kind  ;  their  warfare,  as  I  have  already  ob- 
served, lies  in  the  open  prairie,  where,  mounted 
upon  their  fleet  horses,  they  can  swoop  like  hawks 
upon  their  enemy,  or  wheel  about  him  a:ul  dis- 
charge their  arrows.  Still  I  could  not  but  per- 
ceive, that,  in  case  of  being  attacked  by  such  a 
number  of  these  well-mounted  and  warlike  sav- 
ages as  were  s;iid  to  be  at  hand,  we  should  be 
exposed  to  considerable  risk  from  the  inexperi- 
ence and  want  of  discipline  of  our  newly  raised 
rangers,  and  from  the  very  courage  of  many  of 
the  younger  ones  who  seemed  bent  on  adventure 
and  exploit. 

15y  this  time  the  Captain  reached  the  camp, 
and  every  one  crowded  rounil  him  for  informa- 
tion. He  informed  us,  that  he  had  proceeded 
some  distance  on  his  reconnoitering  expedition, 
and  was  slowly  returning  toward  the  camp, 
along  the  brow  of  a  naked  hill,  when  lie  saw 
something  on  the  edge  of  a  parallel  hill,  th.it 
looked  like  a  man.  He  paused,  and  waaliedit; 
but  it  remained  so  jjcrfectly  motionless,  that  he 
supposed  it  a  bush,  or  the  top  of  some  tree  be- 
yond the  hill.  He  resumed  his  course,  when  it 
likewise  began  to  move  in  a  par;illel  direction. 
Another  form  now  rose  beside  it,  of  smne  one 
who  had  either  been  lying  down,  ur  had  just  as- 


A  TOUR  ON   THE  PRAIRIES. 


4G5 


.J  ,hc  other  side  of  the  hill.  The  Captain 
''"Intel  and  regarded  them;  they  likewise 
'■ '     1     He  llien  lay  down  upon  the  grass,  and 

'"'■'■  d  as  if  watchinj,'  him.  Knowmg  that  the 
fTn'areaut  to  have  their  spies  and  sentinels 
,?'  Visted  nn  the  summit  of  naked  hills,  com- 

''lin"  extensive  prospects,  his  doubts  were  in- 
"^^"'■d^bv  tlie  suspicious  movements  of  these 
'^'"■r  He'  now  put  his  foraginj?  cap  on  the  end 
'th'i  riilc,  and  waved  it  in  the  air.  They  took 
:,  notice  of  tlic  signal.     He    then  walked  on, 

ntdhe  entered  the  edge  of  a  wood,  which  con- 
Pilcd  him  from  t'l^^'''  ^'^w.  Stoppmg  out  of 
.'Vfura  moment,  he  .ngain  looked  forth,  when 
lUiw  the  two  men  passing  swiftly  forward.  As 
•he  lull  on  which  they  were  walking  made  a  curve 
.'ward  that  on  which  he  stood,  it  seemed  as  if 
i  .v  »ere  ende.ivoring  to  hci'd  him  before  he 
ch.iild  reach  the  camp.  Doubting  whether  they 
J;';  htnot  behni;;  to  some  large  party  of  Indians, 
i'Tui  in  amlnisii  or  moving  along  the  valley  be- 
,!d  the  hill,  the  Captain  hastened  his  steps 
himew.ird,  and,  descrying  some  rangers  on  an 
cciincncc  between  him  and  the  camp,  he  called 
,vlt  to  them  to  pass  the  word  to  have  the  horses 
jnvou  in,  as  these  are  generally  the  first  objects 
ei' Indian  depred.-ition.  ,  .  ,     ,     , 

Such  w.ns  the  origin  of  the  alarm  which  had 
thrnvwi  the  cam])  in  commotion.  Some  of  those 
»i-.o heard  the  Cajitain's  narration,  had  no  doubt 
that  ihemeii  on  the  hill  were  Pawnee  scouts,  be- 
lon,'mgto  the  band  that  had  \^iylaid  the  hunters. 
libum't  shots  were  heard  at  intervals,  which  were 
jjpposed  to  be  tiied  by  those  who  had  sallied  out 
;;:  R'sciie  their  comrades.  Several  more  rangers, 
luviii;,'  completed  their  equipments,  now  rode 
f.irthin  the  ilirection  of  the  firing  ;  others  looked 
avioiis  and  uneasy. 

"If  they  are  as  numerous  as  they  arc  said  to 
b;,"  said  one,  "  and  as  well  mounted  as  they 
.-rierally  are,  wc  shall  be  a  bad  match  for  them 
v.iih  our  jaded  horses." 

"Well,"  replied  the  Captain,  "we  have  a 
;:ron^' encampment,  and  can  stand  a  siege." 

"Ay.  but  they  may  set  fire  to  the  prairie  in  the 
r.yi;.  and  burn  us  out  of  our  encampment." 

"  We  will  then  set  up  a  counter-fire  !  " 

The  \>ord  was  now  passed  that  a  man  on  horse- 
back approached  the  camp. 

"it  is  one  of  the  hunters!  It  is  Clements! 
He  brink's  buffalo  meat ! "  was  announced  by 
several  voices  as  the  horseman  drew  near. 

It  was,  in  fact,  one  of  the  rangers  who  had  set 
Ki'in  the  morning  in  pursuit  of  the  two  buftaloes. 
He  rode  into  the  camp,  with  the  spoils  of  the 
chase  hanging;  rountl  his  horse,  anil  followed  by 
h:s  companions,  all  soind  and  unharmed,  and 
equally  well  laden.  Tney  proceeded  to  give  an 
account  of  a  grand  gallop  they  had  had  after  the 
lao  buffaloes,  and  how  many  shots  it  had  cost 
them  10  brin;;-  one  to  the  ground. 

"  Well,  but  the  I'awnces — the  Pawnees — where 
are  the  Pawnees  ?  " 

"What  I'awnces?" 

"  The  I'awnees  that  attacked  you." 

"  .No  one  attacked  us." 

"ISut  have  you  seen  no  Indians  on  your  way  ?  " 

"Uh  yes,  two  of  us  got  to  ic  top  of  a  hill  to 
look  out  for  the  camp,  and  saw  a  fellow  on  an 
opposite  hill  cutting  ipiecr  antics,  who  seemed 
to  be  an  Indian." 

"  I'shaw !  th.it  was  I !  "  said  the  Captain. 

Here  the  bubble  burst.  The  whole  alarm  had 
nsen  from  this  mutual  mistake  of  the  Captain 
80 


and  the  two  rangers.  As  to  the  report  of  the 
three  hundred  Pawnees  and  their  attack  on  the 
hunters,  it  proved  to  be  a  wanton  fabrication,  of 
which  no  further  notice  was  taken  ;  though  the 
author  deserved  to  have  been  sought  out,  and 
severely  punished. 

There  being  no  longer  any  prospect  of  fighting, 
every  one  now  thought  of  eating  ;  and  here  the 
stomachs  throughout  the  camp  were  in  unison. 
Tonish  served  up  to  us  his  promised  regale  of 
buffalo  soup  and  butfalo  beef.  The  soup  was 
peppered  most  horribly,  and  the  roast  beef  proved 
the  bull  to  have  been  one  of  the  patriarchs  of  the 
prairies;  never  did  1  have  to  deal  with  a  tougher 
morsel.  However,  it  was  our  first  re|)ast  on 
buffalo  meat,  so  we  ate  it  with  a  lively  faith  ;  nor 
would  our  little  Frenchman  allow  us  any  rest, 
until  he  had  extorted  from  us  an  acknowledgment 
of  the  excellence  of  his  cookery ;  though  the 
pepper  gave  us  the  lie  in  our  throats. 

The  night  closed  in  without  the  return  ol  old 
Ryan  and  his  companion.  We  had  become  ac- 
customed, ho\\ever,  to  the  aberrations  of  this  old 
cock  of  the  woods,  and  no  further  solicitude  was 
expressed  on  his  account. 

After  the  fatigues  and  agitations  of  the  day,  the 
camp  soon  sunk  into  a  profound  sleep,  excepting 
those  on  gu.ird,  who  were  more  than  usually  on  the 
alert  ;  for  the  traces  recently  seen  of  Pawnees, 
and  the  certainty  that  we  were  in  the  midst  of 
their  hunting  grounds,  excited  to  constant  vigi- 
lance. About  half  past  ten  o'clock  we  were  all 
startled  from  sleep  by  a  new  alarm.  A  sentinel 
had  fired  off  his  rifle  and  run  into  camp,  crying 
that  there  were  Indians  at  hand. 

Every  one  was  on  his  legs  in  an  instant.  Some 
seized  their  rilles  ;  some  were  about  to  saddle 
their  horses ;  some  hastened  to  the  Captain's 
lodge,  but  were  ordered  back  to  their  respective 
fires.  The  sentinel  was  examined.  He  declared 
he  had  seen  an  Indian  approach,  crawling  aiong 
the  ground  ;  whereupon  he  had  fired  upon  him, 
and  run  into  camp.  The  Captain  gave  it  as  his 
opinion,  that  the  supposed  Indian  was  a  wolf; 
he  reprimanded  the  sentinel  for  deserting  his 
]K)st,  and  obliged  him  to  return  to  it.  .Many 
seemed  inclined  to  give  credit  to  the  story  of  the 
sentinel  ;  for  the  events  of  the  d.iy  had  predis- 
posed them  to  apprehend  lurking  foes  and  sudden 
assaults  during  the  darkness  of  the  night.  For  a 
long  time  they  sat  round  their  fires,  with  rifle  in 
hand,  carrying  on  low,  murmuring  conversations, 
and  listening  for  som-^  new  alarm.  Nothing 
further,  however,  occurred  ;  the  voices  gradually 
died  away  ;  the  gossipers  nodded  and  dozed,  and 
sunk  to  rest  ;  and,  by  degrees,  silence  and  sleep 
once  more  stole  over  the  camp. 


CHAPTER  XXIII. 

Bca-fi-  Dj7!t.—niiff,i!o  and  /{,'ru-  T>\ul:!.—A  Prr.L'!:ce 
Trail. —  Wild  Horses.  —  The  Wniii:^'  Hunter  and  the 
Bear.  —  Chanj^e  of  A'jiile. 

On  mustering  our  forces  in  the  morning  (October 
23d),  old  Ryan  and  his  comrade  were  still  missing  ; 
but  the  Captain  had  such  perfect  reliance  on  the 
skill  and  resources  of  the  veteran  woodsman,  that 
he  did  not  think  it  necessary  to  take  any  measures 
with  respect  to  him. 

Our  march  this  day  lay  through  the  same  kind 
of  rough  rolling  country  ;  checkered   by  brown 


400 


A  TOUR  ON   THE   PRAIRIES. 


ilfi:''^ 


dreary  forests  of  post-oak,  and  cut  up  by  deep 
dry  riivines.  The  distant  lires  were  e\  idently  in- 
creasing; on  the  prairies.  Tlie  wind  had  been  at 
northwest  for  several  days  ;  and  the  atmospliere 
had  lieeonie  so  smoky,  as  in  the  heij^lit  ■  (  Inihan 
sununer,  that  it  was  diftieult  to  distinguish  ol)- 
jeets  at  any  distance. 

In  tlie  course  of  the  morning,  wc  crossed  adeej) 
stream  with  a  complete  beaver  dam,  above  three 
feet  \\\\^h,  making;  a  lar^e  ponil,  and  doubtless 
containin;.;  several  families  of  that  inilustrious 
animal,  tliouj,'h  not  one  showed  his  nose  above 
water.  The  Ca])tain  would  not  i)ermit  this  am- 
phibious commonwealth  to  be  disturbed. 

We  were  now  continually  coming  upon  the 
tracks  of  buffaloes  anil  w  ild  horses  ;  those  of  the 
former  tended  i. 'variably  to  the  south,  as  we 
could  perceive  by  ti."  direction  of  the  tram|)led 
grass.  It  was  evident  >  e  were  on  the  great  high- 
way of  tliese  niigr.itory  herds,  but  that  they  had 
chiefly  passed  to  the  southward. 

liealte,  who  generally  ke])t  a  parallel  course 
several  hundred  yards  distant  from  our  line  of 
march,  to  be  on  the  lookout  for  game,  and  who 
reg.inled  every  track  with  the  knowing  eye  of  an 
Inili.m,  reported  that  he  had  come  upon  a  very 
sus|)icious  trail.  There  were  the  tracks  of  men 
who  wore  I'awnce  moccasiu'ss.  He  had  scenteil 
tlie  smoke  of  mingled  sumach  and  tobacco,  such 
as  the  Indians  use.  He  had  obser.'d  tracks  of 
horses,  mingled  with  those  of  a  dog  ;  and  a  ma  k 
in  the  <lust  where  a  cord  had  been  trailed  along  ; 
probably  the  long  bridle,  one  end  of  which  the 
Indian  horsemen  suffer  to  trail  on  the  gr(nmd.  It 
was  evident,  they  were  not  the  tracks  of  wild 
horses  My  anxiety  began  to  revive  about  the 
safety  of  'uu-  veteran  hunter  Ryan,  for  I  had  taken 
a  great  f.iucy  to  this  real  old  l.eatherstocking  ; 
every  one  expressed  a  conlidence,  however,  that 
wherever  Ryan  was,  he  was  safe,  and  knew  how- 
to  take  care  of  himself. 

We  had  accomplished  the  greater  part  of  a 
weary  d.ay's  march,  and  were  passing  through  a 
glade  of  the  oak  openings,  when  we  came  in  sight 
of  six  wild  hor'  s,  among  which  1  esjDecially 
noticed  two  very  handsome  onfs,  a  gray  and  a 
roan.  They  iir.mced  about,  with  heads  erect, 
and  long  Haunting  tails,  offering  a  proud  contrast 
to  our  poor,  spiritless,  travel-tired  steeds.  Hav- 
ing reconnoitred  us  for  a  moment,  they  set  otT  at 
a  gallop,  passed  through  a  woody  dingle,  and  in 
a  little  while  emerged  once  more  to  view,  trot- 
ting up  a  slope  about  a  mile  distant. 

The  sight  of  these  horses  was  again  a  sore  trial 
to  the  vajioring  Tonish,  who  had  his  lariat  and 
forked  stick  ready,  and  was  on  the  jioint  of  launch- 
ing forth  in  pursuit,  on  his  jaded  horse,  when  he 
was  again  ordereil  back  to  the  pack-horses. 

After  a  day's  journey  of  fourteen  miles  in  a 
southwest  direction,  wc  encamped  on  the  banks 
of  a  small  clear  stream,  on  the  northern  border 
of  the  Cross  Timbers  ;  and  on  the  edge  of  those 
vast  prairies,  that  extend  away  to  the  foot  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains.  In  turning  loose  the  horses 
to  graze,  their  bells  were  stuffed  with  grass  to 
prevent  their  tinkling,  lest  it  might  be  heard  by 
some  wandering  horde  of  Pawnees. 

Our  hunters  now  went  out  in  different  direc- 
tions, but  without  much  success,  as  but  one  deer 
was  brought  into  the  camp.  A  young  ranger  had 
a  long  story  to  tell  of  his  adventures.  In  skirting 
the  thickets  of  a  deep  ravine  he  had  wounded  a 
buck,  which  he  plainly  heard  to  fall  among  the 
bushes.  He  stopped  to  fix  the  lock  of  his  ritle, 
which  was  out  of  order,  and  to  reload  it ;  then 


advancing  to  the  edge  of  the  thicket,  in  -mc,.  . 
his  game,  he  heard  a  low  growling;,    l'ui;ir,,',J, 


branches  aside,  and  stealing  silmilv  fi 


r«ar(l.!,( 


looked  down  into  the  ravine  and  hilitiii 
bear  dragging  the  carcass  of  the  (Ka  ,ili,r,!'." 
dry  channel  of  a  brook,  and  growlin;;  ami  ^^.'.^ 
ing  at  four  or  five  officious  \volves,  MluiHtniui.' 
ha\e  droi)i)ed  in  to  take  supjier  wuli  him.  '^'  " 

The  ranger  fired  at  the  hear,  hut  iuimuI  I,-. 
liruin  maintained  his  ground  ami  his  pn^.  1  i 
seemed  disposed  to  make  battle.  The  «(i' 
too,  who  were  evidently  sharp  set,  dnw  (,;V .' 
but  a  small  distance.  As  night  was  n)min>'  if;' 
the  young  hunter  felt  disin.iyed  ;u  the  v.illin  ^' 
i'.nd  darkness  of  the  place,  and  thu  sti;uij;c  r  ,';> 
pany  he  had  fallen  in  with;  so  lie  ([uiiily  «;;!,'. 
drew,  and  returned  empty  handed  to  ilic'c.i;.-) 
where,  having  told  his  story,  he  wa-,  la;\rii!vh'.|,! 
tered  by  his  more  experienced  comriulcs, 

In  the  course  of  the  e\ening,  did  Kv.m  cm' 
straggling  into  the  camp,  followed  hy  liisdL-cii/.i, 
and  as  usual  was  received  with  lieartv  '.;raii:i.i! 
tions.  He  had  lost  himself  yesterd.iy.wlKnli,;).;. 
ing,  and  camped  out  all  night,  hut  had  foumlijr 
trail  in  the  mo'-ning,  and  followed  it  up.  llthu! 
passed  some  time  at  the  beaver  dam,  adm:r;r' 
the  skill  and  solidity  w  ilh  which  it  had  been  t(,n' 
Btructed.  "These  beavers,"  said  he,  "  arc  in- 
dustrious little  fellows.  They  are  the  kninvin;-,,; 
varment  as  I  know  ;  and  I'll  warrant  the  pir.i 
was  stocked  with  them." 

"  Aye,"  said  the  Captain,  "  I  have  no  d,),';-. 
most  of  the  small .  rivers  we  have  p.issed  are  i:.]'. 
of  beaver.  I  would  like  to  come  and  trap  i  - 
these  waters  all  winter." 

"  Hut  would  you  not  run  the  chance  nf  hi;;;; 
attacked  by  Indians  ?  "  asked  one  uf  the  in;;,- 
pany. 

"  Oh,  as  to  that,  it  would  be  safe  enoui,'lilKr:, 
in  the  winter  time.  There  would  be  no  Imli.ii,, 
here  until  spring.  I  should  want  no  more  tl;:i:i 
two  comjianions.  Three  persons  arc  safer  tl,,::' 
a  large  number  for  trai)])ing  beivcr.  'riieyc;:; 
keep  cpiiet,  and  need  seldom  fire  a  yun.  .Alt,.: 
would  ser\e  them  for  food,  for  two  months,  t,ii<- 
ing  care  to  turn  every  i)ar*  uf  it  to  ailv,i;,- 
tage." 

A  consultation  was  now  held  as  to  our  future 
progress.  We  had  thus  far  pursued  a  wcste;:i 
course  ;  and,  having  traversed  the  Cross Timkr, 
were  on  the  skirts  of  the  Creat  Western  l'r,iii;c. 
We  were  still,  however,  in  a  \ery  rouv;h  coumrv, 
where  food  was  scarce.  The  season  h,is  so  l.ir 
advanced  that  the  grass  was  withered,  and  the 
prairies  yielded  no  pasturage.  The  pea-vmej 
of  the  bottoms,  also,  which  had  sustained  c.i'.r 
horses  for  some  part  of  the  journey,  were  nc.uly 
gone,  and  for  several  days  i)ast  the  |)oor  aniin.ili 
had  fallen  off  wofully  both  in  tlesli  and  spirit. 
The  Indian  fires  on  the  prairies  were  appru.uh- 
ing  us  from  north,  and  south,  and  west ;  they 
might  spread  also  from  the  east,  and  le.ivc  a 
scorched  desert  between  us  and  the  frontier,  ;:i 
which  our  horses  might  be  funished. 

It  was  determined,  therefore,  to  advance  m 
further  to  the  westward,  but  to  shape  oiircuiaj; 
more  to  the  east,  so  as  to  strike  the  north  fork  ul 
the  Can.adian,  as  soon  as  possible,  where  wc 
hoped  to  find  abundance  of  young  cane,  which, 
at  this  season  of  the  year,  affords  the  most  nutri- 
tious pasturage  for  the  horses  ;  and,  at  the  sj.mc 
time,  attracts  immense  cpiantitiesof  game.  Here 
then  wc  fixed  the  limits  of  our  tour  to  the  Inr 
West,  being  within  little  more  than  a  day's  marcH 
of  the  boundary  line  of  Texas. 


A  TOUR  ON   THE    PRAIRIKS. 


W 


.C :'"'.' 


CHAPTF.R  XXIV. 


T„F,  mnrnin.,'  broke  l)ri},'lit  and  clear,  but  the 
f  ■•,',1  iiiul  no'iliiii;.;  nf  its  usual  Kaycty.     The  con- 

•'ttlic  f.iniivaril  was  at  an  end;  not  a  cock 
fvii  h'T  il",'  I'arked  ;  nor  was  fliere  either  sin;^'- 
■•<  -if  laus;lansl !  <-'veiy  one  jjursued  his  avoca- 
1  '-j  (iiiiitlv  .ind  };ravely.  'I'he  novelty  of  the 
npfdition  was  wearin;^  off.  Sonic  of  the  younj; 
|,;nwcrc  SL'ttint!  :'«  way-worn  as  their  horses  ; 
liiirnDStof  llicm,  unaccustomed  to  the  hunter's 
if;,  bc^i'.n  to  ni)ine  at  its  jirivations,  Wliat 
linvm'Jstfclt  was  the  want  of  bread,  their  ra- 
ins of  tlour  having'  been  exhausted  for  several 
d-.vs.  The  (lid  hunters,  who  had  often  experi- 
(tcil  this  want,  made  li^'ht  of  it  ;  and  IJcatle, 
;^r:;4tnmc(l  wiien  anioni-  the  Indians  to  live  for 
riojiihs  without  it,  considered  it  a  mere  article  of 
i;\iirv.  "  liiead,"  he  would  say  scornfully,  "  is 
dvfitf'ra  ihild." 

Ahdiit  a  ([uarter  before  cii,'ht  o'clock,  wc  turned 
oirlmks  uiion  the  Far  West,  and  set  off  in  a 
soa'.hw'.t  course,  alonj,'  a  yentle  valley.  After 
niin;;.!  few  miles,  beattc,  who  kept  parallel  u  ith 
i:>,  aliin;' the  ridi;e  of  a  naked  hill  to  our  ri>;lit, 
called  (lilt  and  made  sii;nals,  as  if  soincthini;  were 
coming  nnind  tlie  hill  to  intercept  us.  Some  who 
\iorc  near  me  cried  out  that  it  was  a  party  of 
Iumtcs.  A  skirt  of  thickets  hid  the  a])])roach  of 
the  S'jppi'sed  enemy  from  our  view.  We  heard 
:  uampiin;;  among  the  brushwood.  My  horse 
li  kid  toHaid  the  ])lace,  si.orted  and  pricked 
tp  h's  cars,  when  presently  a  couple  of  larj;e 
kii'ilo  bulls,  who  had  been  alarmed  by  Deatte, 
c,i:iic  cmshin;^  through  the  brake,  and  making 
ciRTtly  toward  us.  At  sight  of  us  they  wheeled 
Mind,  and  scuttled  along  a  narrow  delilc  of  the 
l::!l.  In  .in  instant  half  a  score  of  ritles  cracketl 
on;  there  was  a  luiiversal  whoop  and  halloo,  and 
iivaywent  half  the  trooj),  helter-skelter  in  pur- 
sjit,  anil  myself  among  the  number.  The  most 
of  us  snon  |)idlcd  up,  and  gave  over  a  chase 
which  li'd  tluough  birch  and  brier,  and  break- 
f.eck  r.ivincs.  Some  few  of  the  rangers  persisted 
foratime;  hut  eventually  joined  the  line,  slowly 
hf'gin:,'  one  after  another.  One  of  them  rc- 
t'jrned  on  foot ;  he  had  been  thrown  while  in 
fiill chase;  his  ride  had  been  broken  in  the  fall, 
,^nd  his  horse,  retaining  the  spirit  of  the  rider,  li;id 
keptonnfLer  tliebuffalo.  It  was  a  melancholy  pre- 
ci.amcnt  to  bo  reduced  to  ;  without  horse  or  wc;i- 
pon  in  the  midst  of  the  Pawnee  hunting  grounds. 

For  my  own  part,  I  had  been  fortunate  enough 
recently,  by  a  further  exchange,  to  get  posses- 
vniifthc  best  horse  in  the  troop  ;  a  full-blooded 
wrcl  of  excellent  bottom,  beautiful  form,  aiid 
ir.o-t  generous  ([ualities. 

In  such  a  situ:uion  it  almost  seems  as  if  a  man 
cimues  his  nature  with  his  horse.  I  felt  quite 
Ikeamnhcr  being,  now  that  I  had  an  anim;d  un- 
lieriiie,  spirited  yet  gentle,  docile  to  a  remark- 
3)ledigree,  and  easy,  clastic,  and  rapid  in  all 
li^^ranvcnicnts.  In  a  few  days  he  became  almost 
iim;irh;ut.iched  to  me  as  a  dog  ;  would  follow 
f^ewhin  1  dismoimted,  would  come  to  me  in  the 
f;irn;n.;  tn  be  noticed  and  caressed  ;  and  would 
""lis  nuiz/lo  between  me  and  my  book,  as  I  sat 
wdin-  :it  the  foot  of  a  tree.  The  feeling  I  had 
'■rthis  my  dumb  companion  of  the  prairies,  gave 
f"'-  some  faint  idea  of  that  attachment  the  Arab  is 
"id  to  entertain  for  the  horse  that  has  borne  him 
>oout  the  deserts. 


After  riding  a  few  miles  further,  we  came  to  a 
fiiic  meadow  with  a  broad  clear  .stream  winding 
llirough  it,  on  the  banks  of  which  there  w;is  ex- 
cellent p;isturage.  Here  we  at  once  came  to  ;i 
halt,  in  a  beautiful  grove  of  ehns,  on  the  site  of 
an  (dd  ()s:ige  cue  mipment.  Sc.ircely  had  we 
dismounted,  when  ;i  univcrsid  tiring  of  rilles  took 
])lace  ujjon  a  huge  tlock  of  turkeys,  MC.Uti'red 
idxiut  the  grove,  which  proved  to  be  ;i  f.norite 
roosting-id;ice  for  these  simple  birds.  They  llew 
to  the  trees,  and  sat  ])erche(|  upon  their  br.uK  lies, 
stretching  out  their  long  necks,. and  g.izing  in  stu- 
pid astonishment,  untd  eighteei.  of  them  were 
shot  down. 

In  the  height  of  the  carnage,  word  w;is  brought 
that  there  were  four  buffaloes  in  a  neighboring 
uieadow.  The  turkeys  were  now  abandoned  for 
nobler  game.  'I'he  tired  horses  were  ;\g;iin 
mounted,  and  urged  to  the  chase.  In  ;i  little 
while  we  c;iiiu  u  sight  of  the  buffaloes,  looking 
like  brown  iiilloeks  among  the  long  green  herb- 
age. liCiitte  endeavored  to  get  ;ihead  of  them 
and  turn  them  tow;-rd  us,  that  the  iiuxperieiued 
hunters  might  have  a  chance.  They  ran  round  the 
Ivise  of  ;i  rocky  hill,  that  hid  us  from  tin;  sight. 
Some  of  us  endeavored  to  cut  across  the  hill,  but 
became  entr;i[)ped  in  .a  thick  wood,  malted  with 
grape-vines.  Sly  horse,  who,  under  his  fiunier 
rider,  had  huntetl  the  buffalo,  seemed  as  murli  ex- 
cited as  myself,  and  cndeinored  to  force  his  way 
through  the  bushes.  At  length  we  extricated 
ourselves,  and  gallo])ing  over  the  hill,  1  foun<lour 
little  Frenchman, Toni^h,  curvetting  on  liorsel.>;ick 
round  a  great  buffalo  which  he  l::\d  wounded  too 
severely  to  lly,  and  which  he  was  keeping  em- 
ployed until  we  should  come  up.  There  wa;i  a 
mixture  of  the  grand  ;md  the  comic,  in  beholding 
this  tremendous  animal  :ind  his  f;int;istic  assail- 
ant. The  bulTalo  stood  with  his  sli;iggy  front 
always  ]iresented  to  his  foe  ;  his  mouth  open,  his 
tongue  ])arched,  his  eyes  like  coals  of  fire,  ;ind  his 
tail  erect  with  nige  ;  every  now  and  then  he 
would  make  a  f;dnt  rush  upon  his  foe,  who  e;isily 
evadeil  his  attack,  capering  and  cutting  all  kinds 
of  antics  Ijcfore  him. 

W'e  now  m;ulc  repeated  shots  at  the  buflalo, 
but  they  glanced  into  his  mountain  of  lle;di  with- 
out jiroxing  mortal.  He  made  a  slow  , and  nl 
retreat  into  the  shallow  river,  turning  up  .s 
assailants  whenever  they  jiressed  u|)on  him  ;  ad 
when  in  the  water,  took  his  stand  there  as  if  iire- 
li;ired  to  sustain  a  siege.  A  ride-biill,  however, 
more  fat;illy  lodged,  sent  a  tremor  through  his 
frame.  1  le  turned  and  attemjited  to  w:ule  across 
the  stream,  but  after  tottering  a  few  jxaces,  slowly 
fell  upon  his  side  and  expired.  It  w.is  the  fill  of 
a  hero,  and  we  felt  somewhat  ash;mied  of  the 
butchery  that  had  effected  it  ;  but,  after  the  lirst 
shot  or  two,  we  had  reconciled  it  to  our  feelings, 
by  the  old  plea  of  putting  the  [loor  ;inimal  out  of 
his  misery. 

Two  other  Inifl'aloes  were  killed  this  evening, 
but  they  were  all  Inills,  the  tlesli  of  which  is  me.igre 
and  hard,  ;it  this  season  of  the  year.  A  i.\K  buck 
yielded  us  more  savory  me;it  for  our  evening's 
repast. 


CHAPTER    X.W. 

Ringlns;  the   Wild  ilorse. 

W'v.  left  the  buftalo  camp  about  eight  o'clock,  and 
h;id  a  toilsome  and  harassing  march  of  two  hours, 
over  ridges  of  hills,  covered  with  a  ragged  meagre 


4G3 


A  TOUR   ON   THE   PRAIRIES. 


;  '.<i!i 


i^:' 


I 


i''i    I  1 


1^ 


V-      (1 


forest  of  scrul)-o.-iks,  anil  broken  by  deep  jjuUics. 
Among  the  o.iks  I  observeil  many  of  the  most 
(limiiiutive  si/c  ;  sonic  not  abose  a  foot  lli^;ll,  yet 
beiiriiin  aljundance  of  small  acorns.  'I'lie  wiiole 
of  the  Cross  'I'imbcr,  in  fitt,  abounds  witli  mast. 
'I'lieri-  is  a  jiine-oak  wliieli  prodiues  an  acorn 
l)ieas:int  to  the  taste,  antl  ripening;  early  in  the 
season. 

About  ten  o'clock  in  the  niorninj;,  we  came  to 
wlierc  this  line  of  ru^;ged  hills  swept  down  into  a 
valley,  throuj;h  whii  1>  llowed  the  north  fork  of 
the  Red  River.  A  be.iutiful  meadow  about  half 
a  mile  wiile,  enamelled  with  yellow  autumnal 
flowers,  stretcheil  for  two  or  three  miles  alonj; 
the  fool  of  the  hills,  bordered  on  the  opposite  siile 
1>y  the  river,  wluise  bank  was  frin^;ed  with  cotton- 
wood  trees,  the  bri^lu  foliajje  of  which  refreshed 
and  delighted  the  eye,  after  being  wearieil  by  the 
contcmidatioii  of  monotonous  wastes  of  brown 
forest. 

The  meadow  was  finely  diversified  by  jjroves 
and  (lumps  of  trees,  so  l)ap|>ily  dispersed,  that 
they  seemcil  as  if  set  out  by  the  hand  of  art.  As 
we  cast  our  eyes  over  this  fresh  and  delightful 
valley,  we  beheld  a  troop  of  wild  horses,  tpiietly 
grazing  on  a  green  lawn,  about  a  mile  disiant  to 
our  right,  while  to  our  left,  at  nearly  the  same 
distance,  were  several  buffaloes;  some  feeding, 
others  reposing  and  ruminating  among  the  high 
rich  herbage,  under  the  shade  of  a  cliiin])  of  cot- 
ton-wood trees.  The  whole  had  the  a])pearancc 
of  a  broiid  beautiful  tract  of  ])asture  land,  on  the 
highly  ornamented  estate  of  sonic  gentleman 
farmer,  with  his  cattle  grazing  about  the  lawns 
and  meadows. 

A  council  of  war  was  now  held,  and  it  was  de- 
termined to  profit  by  the  present  fivorable  o|)- 
])ortunit\  ,  and  try  our  haiul  at  the  grand  hunting 
manreuvre,  which  is  called  ringing  the  wild  horse. 
This  re(iuires  a  huge  party  of  horsemen,  well 
mounted.  They  extend  themsehes  in  each  di- 
rcciiiin,  singly,  at  certain  distances  apart,  and 
gradually  form  a  ring<if  twoor  three  miles  in  cir- 
cumference, so  as  to  surround  the  game.  This 
has  to  be  done  with  c^•;reme  care,  for  the  wild 
horse  is  the  most  readily  alarmed  inh.abitant  of 
the  j)rairie,  and  can  scent  a  hunter  at  a  great  dis- 
tance, if  to  windward. 

The  ring  being  formed,  two  or  three  ride  to- 
ward the  horses,  who  start  off  in  an  oj)posite  ili- 
rection.  Whenever  they  a|)|)roach  the  bcninds 
of  the  ring,  liowever,  a  huntsman  presents  him- 
self and  turns  them  horn  their  course.  In  this 
way,  they  are  checked  and  driven  back  at  every 
])oint;  and  kept  galloi)ing  round  and  round  this 
magic  circle,  until,  beins;  completely  tired  down, 
it  is  easy  for  the  hunters  to  ride  up  beside  them, 
and  throw  the  lariat  over  their  heads.  The 
prime  horses  of  most  speed,  courage,  and  bot- 
tom, however,  are  apt  to  bre.ik  through  and  cs- 
ca[)e,  so  that,  in  general,  it  is  the  second-rate 
horses  that  are  taken. 

Preparations  were  now  made  for  a  luint  of  the 
kiml.  Tlie  jiack-horses  were  taken  into  the 
woods  and  lirmly  tied  to  trees,  lest,  in  a.  rush  of 
tiiC  wild  horses,  they  should  break  away  with 
them.  Tweiity-tive  men  were  then  sent  under 
the  command  of  a  lieutenant,  to  steal  along  the 
edge  of  the  valley  within  the  strip  of  wood  that 
skirted  the  hills.  They  were  to  station  them- 
selves about  fifty  yards  apart,  within  the  edge  of 
the  woods,  and  not  advance  or  show  themselves 
until  the  horses  dashed  in  that  direction.  Twen- 
ty-five men  were  sent  across  the  valley,  to  steal 
in  like  manner  along  the  river  bank  that  bordered 


the  opposite  side,  and  to  station  thcmsclvoi.inif. 
the  trees.     A  thirti  patty,  of  alioiit  tlics.imin'' 
ber,  was  to  form  a  line,  stretching  acrdsstlKJi  " 
I)art  of  the  valley,  so  as  to  connect  the  iw,,!,',"." 
Ileatte    and  our   other   lialf-hr.ed,  Antoinc   ' 
gelher  with    the  ever-officious    Tdnhh,  \np,  .' 
make  a  circuit  through  the  woods  sd  a'-,  t,,  •  .  • 
the  upper  jjart  of  the   valley,  in  the  rcir  ,'!'[''.' 
horses,  and   to   drive  them  forwiinl  inii,  i1k\- ' 
of  sack  that  we  had  formed,  wink'  the  iwi^r  ' 
should  join  behind  them  and  make  a  cuhilI  ■'. 
circle.  ■""'■' 

The   flanking  parties  were   (piietlv  cxtLnd" 
themselves,  out  of  sight,  on  each  sulc  of  tht  la' 
ley,  and  the  residue  were  stretching  tlHUhi!,,- 
like  the  links  of  a  chain,  across  it,  wluii  the » I'i 
horses  gave  signs  that  they  scented  an  cnui-  • 
snuffing  the  air,  snorting,  and  looking  alHut.   ■\J 
length  they  pranced  off  slowly  toward  the  ti\ir 
and  disa|)peared  behind  a  green   hank.     IKn' 
had  the  regulations  of  the  chase  htcn  dhiiriul' 
they  would  have  been  quietly  checkcilar.d  turui 
back    by  the  advance   of  a  hiuiter  fii.m  am,,;,. 
the  trees  ;  unluckily,  however,  we  had  our  «r. ^ 
lire  Jack-o'-lanttrn  little  I'renchm.inti)  d^.tlu;;;,. 
Instead  of  keeping  (piietly  up  the   ri^ht  sale  J 
the  valley,  to  get  above  the  horses,  tlu  minKc: 
he  saw  them  move  toward  the  river,  heliMki     • 
of    the   covert   of  woods,  and    daslitd  fiirin,-;, 
across  the  i)lain  in  pursuit  of  them,  biii;;^  ni(),;r.:- 
cd  on   one    of  the    led   horses  iHlun-in^;  to  ;1 ; 
Count.     This   put    an    end  to  all  svstuii.    Tl.c 
half-breeds  and  half  a  score  of  rangers  ji'iiinln 
the  chase.     Away  they  all  went  over  the  jirun 
bank;  in  a  moment  or  two  the  wild  Ikihs  re- 
appeared, anil  came  thundering  dnwn  tlic  \alkv, 
with  Frenchman,  half-breeds,  aiul  ranger-i  ;.Ml;(.ii. 
ing  anil  yelling  like  devils  behind  thmi,    lt«.ij 
in  vain  that  the  line  drawn  across  the  xalKv  at- 
tempted to   cheek  and  turn  back  the  fi;^iti\is, 
They  were  too  hotly  ])ressed  by  their  pmswr? ; 
in  their  panic  they  dashed  through  the  line,  ar.d 
clattereil    down   the    i)lain-      The    whnlc   trui  p 
joined  in  the  headlong  chase,  some  of  the  ian;;crj 
without  hats  or  cai)s,  their  hair  flying  about  thtir 
ears,  others  with  handkerchiefs  tied  ro.'.nd  thc:r 
heads.     The    buflaloes,    who    had  been   calmly 
ruminating  among  the  herbage,  heaved  up  ihtir 
huge  forms,  gazed  for  a  moment  with  astoni-h- 
ment  at  the  temjiest  that  came  scourin;;  dnvn  the 
meadow,  then  turned  and  took  to  heavy-iolling 
flight.     They  were  soon  overtaken  ;  the  |)iumi!- 
cuous  throng  were  pressed  together  hy  the  con- 
tracting sides  of  the  valley,  and  away  they  went, 
liell-mell,  hurry-scurry,  wild  bulTalu,  wild  hor«c, 
wild  huntsman,  with  clang  and  clatter, and  whoop 
and  halloo,  that  made  the  forests  ring. 

At  length  the  buffaloes  turned  inti  a  grcon 
brake  on  the  river  bank,  while  the  horses  dashed 
up  a  narrow  defile  of  th.e  hills,  with  their  pursuers 
close  at  their  heels.  Heatte  ])assed  several  of 
them,  having  li.xed  his  eye  upon  a  fine  l'.:wi;ee 
horse,  that  had  his  cars  slit,  and  sadiUe-niarks 
upon  his  back.  He  pressed  him  gall.intly,  but 
lost  him  in  the  woods.  Among  the  wdd  hor!fs 
was  a  fine  black  mare,  far  gone  with  foal.  In 
scrambling  up  the  defile,  she  tripped  and  fell. 
A  young  ranger  sprang  from  his  lioise,  nnd 
seized  her  by  the  mane  and  nnizxle.  Another 
ranger  dismounted,  and  came  to  his  .issistancc. 
The  mare  struggled  fiercely,  kicking  and  bitini;. 
and  striking  with  her  fore  feet,  but  a  neose  wr.s 
slipped  o\  er  her  head,  and  her  strugslcs  were  ;n 
vain.  It  was  some  time,  however,  before  she  g.ave 
over  rearinjj  and  plunging,  and  lashing'  out  with 


A  TOUR  ON   THE   PRAIRIES. 


409 


,  f.pt  on  every  siitc.  Tl)c  two  ran^'ors  then 
I  l..r  alont;  tlic  v.illcy  l)y  two  lonj,'  lariats, 
"k  h  cnahkil  tlH-ni  to  keep  at  a  sufficii'nt  dis- 
•'■\  |,n\.;ich  side  to  be  out  of  tlic  reach  of  licr 
I  ;' ■';  ,„j  \vlu'nt'V(.'r  she  struck  out  in  one  tlirec- 
.'  I'iliewas  jcrkcil  in  the  other.     In  tiiis  way  her 

'it  to  little    Scaramouch    Tonish,    who   li.itl 

,;„„,1  (lie  whiilo  scene  by  his  precipitancy,  he 
i  I 'i„.n  more  successful  than  he  deserved,  hav- 

- •  111 m.iLa'd  to  catch  a  beautiful  cream-colored 
■  ,il)oiit  seven   months   old,  which   had    not 

,„!^ . til  t(i  keep  u|>  with  its  companions.  The 
1'i.^inal  lilile  Frenchman  was  beside  himself 
,.iii i'xiiluti"n-  It  was  ainusinji  to  see  liim  with 
■■"mue.  Tiie  colt  would  rear  and  kick,  and 
",'.•  le  in  i;ct  free,  when  Tonish  would  take  him 
•1,  ''the  neck,  wrestle  with  him,  jumii  on  his 
v^cLiinil  c"'  •'*''  iii''"y  iintics  as  a  monkey  with 
-k;t!on.  Nothing'  surprised  me  more,  however, 
'.,,n  If)  witness  how  soon  these    poor   animals, 

•  ;<  taken  fmni  the  unbounded  freedom  of  the 

•  r;r:i'.  vielded  to  the  dominion  of  man.  In  the 
vsr-e  I'l  two  or  three  days  the  mare  and  coll 
Win:  with  llic  led  horses,  and  became  quite  do- 
cic, 


CII.M'TKK  X.WI. 

;  '.'.,■■■; <f  the  X.'rtli  J'orfi.  —  Dri-iiiy  S,fnfry  of  the  ('/-ott 
limftr.—Stiim/'rr  of  l/orsis  in  the  \ii;kt.  —  Os^ix'C 
W'.tr l\irt\.—lj)eits  of  u  J'tiuc  ll.iraii^'uc. — Itujalo. 
-WdilLru. 

!;t-iMlN'i;  our  march,  wc  forded  the  North 
Fiirk,  a  rapid  stream,  and  of  a  purity  seldom  to 
le  foiiiui  in  tlie  rivers  of  the  jjrairies.  It  e\i- 
cnlly  had  its  sources  in  hij;h  land,  well  sup[)licd 
\ii:li  spiini;s.  After  crossin;^  the  river,  we  aj^ain 
Kcatkii  amoiij;  hills,  from  one  of  which  we  liad 
jr.  raciisive  view  over  this  belt  of  cross  timber, 
,-.r,J  a  cheerless  prospect  it  was  ;  hill  beyond  hill, 
fircst  heyond  forest,  all  of  one  sad  russet  hue — 
txaptini;  that  here  and  there  a  line  of  ^'recn 
c;i!oii-w(iod  trees,  sycamores,  and  willows, 
caked  the  course  of  some  streamlet  throui^h  a 
lailey.  ,\  procession  of  buffaloes,  moving  slowly 
iiptlie  prolilc  of  oneof  those  distant  hills,  formed 
2 characteristic  object  in  the  savaye  scene.  To 
ihv  left,  the  eye  stretched  beyond  this  rugj^cd 
v.iidcrncss  of  hills,  and  ravines,  and  ragged 
f  rests,  to  a  jirairie  about  ten  miles  off,  extending 
;r.  a  clear  blue  line  along  the  horizon.  It  was 
!:ie  looking'  from  among  rocks  and  breakers  ujjon 
iiliitaiit  tract  of  tranquil  ocean.  Unluckily,  our 
•'i'jiedid  not  lie  in  that  direction;  wo  still  had  to 
:r;urse  many  a  weary  mile  of  the  "  cross  tim- 
ber." 
We  encamped  toward  evening  in  a  valley,  be- 
M'e  a  scanty  pool,  under  a  scattered  grove  of 
dr.is.  the  upper  branches  of  which  were  fringed 
'"!i  t'lfts  of  the  mystic  mistletoe.  In  the  course 
f'f;he  nigiit,  the  wild  colt  whinnied  repeatedly  ; 
Ki!a!)out  two  hours  before  day,  there  was  a  su'd- 
cvn  Uiimpcdo,  or  rush  of  horses,  along  the  pur- 
i'.M  of  the  camp,  with  a  snorting  and  neighing, 
ad  clattering  of  hoofs,  that  startled  most  of  the 
:3r,ers  from  their  sleep,  who  listened  in  silence, 
■-r':l  the  sound  died  away  like  the  rushing  of  a 
Wiit.  As  usual,  the  noise  was  at  tirst  attributed 
-  some  party  of  marauding  Indians,  but  as  the 
uy  dawned,  a  couple  of  wild  horses  were  seen  in 
1  neighboring  meadow,  which  scoured  off  on 
k;.i^  approached.    It  was  now  supposed  that  a 


gang  of  them  had  dashed  through  our  camp  in 
the  night.  A  gener.d  mustering  of  our  luirses 
took  place,  many  were  found  scattered  to  .i  tdii- 
siderable  distance,  and  several  were  not  to  be 
found.  The  prints  of  their  hoofs,  howevir,  .i|)- 
))eared  deeply  dinted  in  the  soil,  le.iding  olf  at 
full  speetl  into  the  waste,  .and  their  owners,  put- 
ting thems'lves  on  the  trail,  set  nlf  in  we.iry 
search  of  them. 

We  had  a  ruddy  daybreak,  but  the  morning 
gathered  u[)  gray  and  lowering,  with  indieatiims 
of  an  autumnal  storm.  We  resume<l  our  m.inh 
silently  and  seriously,  through  .a  mugh  and  (  heer- 
less  country,  from  the  highest  ])oints  of  whic  h  we 
coidd  descry  large  jirairies,  stretching  indefiniteh 
wi.'stward.  After  tr.ivelling  for  two  or  three  hours, 
as  we  were  traversing  a  withered  prairie,  restiii- 
bling  a  great  brown  heath,  we  beheld  seven  Osage 
warriors  approaching  at  a  distance.  The  sight 
of  any  human  being  in  this  lonely  wilderness  was 
interesting;  it  was  like  speaking  a  ship  at  sea. 
One  of  the  Indians  took  the  lead  of  his  compan- 
ions, and  advanced  towartl  us  with  head  erect, 
chest  thrown  forward,  and  a  free  and  noble  mien. 
lie  was  .'i  fine-looking  fellow,  dresseil  in  scarlet 
froc:k  and  fringed  leggings  of  deer  skin.  His  head 
was  decorateil  with  .1  white  tuft,  and  he  stepped 
forward  with  something  of  a  marti.d  air,  swaying 
his  bow  and  arrows  in  one  hand. 

We  held  some  conversation  with  him  through 
our  interjireter,  liealte,  and  found  tluit  he  and 
his  comjjanions  had  been  with  the  main  jiart  of 
their  tribe  hunting  the  bulTalo,  and  had  met  with 
great  success  ;  and  he  informed  us,  that  in  the 
course  of  another  day's  march,  we  would  reach 
the  prairies  on  the  banks  of  the  Cirand  Canadian, 
and  find  plenty  of  game,  lie  added,  that  as 
their  hunt  was  o\er,  and  the  hunters  on  their  re- 
turn homeward,  h.e  and  his  comrades  had  set  out 
on  a  war  ]'arty,  to  waylay  ;iml  hover  about  some 
I'awnee  t  :!mp,  i;i  hopes  of  carrying  off  scalps  or 
horses. 

liy  this  lime  l;is  companionr.,  who  at  first  stood 
aloof,  joined  him.  Three  of  thein  had  inditterent 
fowling-pieces;  the  rest  were  armed  with  bows 
and  arrows.  I  could  not  but  admire  the  finely 
shaped  heads  and  busts  of  these  savages,  and 
their  graceUil  altitudes  and  expressive  gestures, 
as  they  stood  conversing  with  our  interpreter, 
and  surrounded  by  a  cavalcade  of  rangers.  We 
endeavored  to  get  one  of  them  to  join  us,  as  we 
were  desirous  of  seeing  him  hunt  the  bulYalo  with 
his  bow  and  arrow,  lie  seemed  at  first  inclined 
to  do  so,  bi;t  was  dissuaded  by  his  companions. 

The  worthy  Commissioner  now  remembered 
his  mission  as  p.icilicalor,  and  m.ide  a  sjieech, 
exhorting  them  to  abstain  from  r.ll  offensive  acts 
against  ihe  I'awnees  ;  informing  ihem  of  tlie  ])lan 
of  their  father  .-.t  Washinglon,  to  luit  an  end  to 
all  war  among  his  red  children  ;  and  assuring 
them  that  he  w.is  sent  to  the  frontier  to  esl.iblish 
a  uni\ersal  peace.  lie  told  them,  theretore,  to 
return  quietly  to  I'.icir  homes,  with  the  certainly 
that  the  Tawnees  would  no  longer  molest  ihem, 
but  would  sot)n  regard  them  ;'.s  brothers. 

The  Indians  listened  to  the  speech  with  tluir 
customary  silence  and  decorum  ;  after  wlii(  Ii. 
exchanging  a  few  words  among  themselves,  they 
bade  us  farewell,  and  pursueil  their  way  across 
the  prairie. 

Fancying  that  I  saw  a  lurking  smile  ia  iho 
countenance  of  our  interpreter,  Beatte,  I  pri- 
vately inquired  what  the  Indians  had  said  to  each 
other  after  hearing  the  speech.  The  leader,  he 
said,  hai  observed  to  his  con^panions,  that,  as 


■170 


A   TOUR  ON   Tin-:   PUAIRIKS. 


\i 


n  :',;  J 


f^! 


their  j;rr,ii  fitlicr  intcndoi!  so  soon  to  put  nn  I'liil 
to  all  w.irfari',  it  bi'lioovi'd  tluiu  to  iiiakc  the 
most  of  till-  httii-  tinio  th.U  w.is  K'ft  tlioin.  So 
tliuy  hail  iK  p.iitfd,  with  ri'douhlcd  zeal,  lo  pur- 
hUc  iliiir  iirojcit  oC  horse  stoalim;! 

\\\:  Ii.kI  not  lon^'  |iartiil  from  tlir  Indians  l)i'- 
forc  uo  discovcri'd  llui'c  biiiralois  ainon^'  tho 
thii  kcts  of  ;i  marshy  valley  to  our  left,  1  set  off 
with  the  Ca|it.iin  an<l  si'veral  ran;;ers,  in  pursuit 
of  then).  Stealing;  throi:^;li  a  stra^j^iiiiK'  yrove, 
the  (.'aplaiii,  wild  took  the  lead,  (.[ot  williin  rifle- 
shot, and  wounded  one  of  them  in  the  flank. 
They  all  three  m.ide  off  in  headlong'  pinie, 
through  thiikels  and  brushwood,  and  sw.imp  ami 
mire,  be.uiii;,'  down  e\ery  ohst.ule  by  their  im- 
incnsi-  wei;^ht.  The  C.iplain  and  rangers  soon 
j;ave  up  a  <hase  whirh  thre.itened  to  knoek  up 
their  hiu-ses  ;  1  had  got  upon  the  traces  of  the 
wounded  bull,  however,  ;ind  w.is  in  hopes  of  j;et- 
tinj^  near  i'nouj;h  to  >ise  my  |)islols,  the  only 
weapons  with  which  I  was  provided  ;  but  before 
I  (oidd  eliVct  it,  he  reached  the  foot  of  ;i  rocky 
hill,  <  iivrred  with  posl-oak  and  br.unbles,  and 
phinj;ed  forward,  d.ishin;;  and  (  rashini,'  alon;,', 
with  ne(  k  or  nothing;  fuiy,  where  it  would  li.ive 
been  m.idness  to  have  followed  hinj. 

The  chase  h.id  led  me  so  far  on  one  side,  that 
it  was  liome  time  before  I  rej,'ained  the  tr.iil  of 
our  troop.  As  1  was  slowly  ascendinj^  a  hill,  a 
fmc  bl.ick  mare  came  jjraneing  numd  the  simi- 
mit,  and  w.is  close  to  me  before  she  was  aware. 
At  si^du  of  me  she  started  back,  then  turuiri},', 
swept  at  full  speed  down  into  the  \;dley,  ;md  up 
the  o|)i)osite  hill,  with  flowing  mane  and  tail,  and 
action  tree  .as  .air.  I  gazed  after  her  as  long  as 
she  was  in  sight,  and  breathed  a  wish  th.it  so 
glorious  an  .inimal  might  ne\er  come  under  the 
degr.iding  thraldom  of  whipand  curb, but  remain 
a  free  ru\  er  of  the  prairies. 


CHAl'TKR    XXVII. 

/■'iiii.'  \\'f,U/icr  I-.tmimpmenl. — Anecdotes  of  Itcir  llitiilin,!;. 
— hiiHiin  .\'i>,'ions  tiboul  Dimin. — Hirii/lcs  A'cs/ec/it/j,' 
tlu-  IMiJ. 

On  o\ert.iking  the  troop,  I  found  it  encamping 
in  a  rich  bottom  of  woodland,  traversed  by  a 
small  stream,  running  between  deep  crumbling 
banks.  A  shar[)  cracking  olT  of  rilles  was  kept 
up  for  some  time  in  various  directions,  upon  a  i 
numerous  llock  of  turkeys,  scampering  among  j 
the  thickets,  or  perched  ujion  the  trees.  We  had  : 
not  been  long  :\t  a  halt,  when  a  drizzling  rain 
ushered  in  the  autumnal  storm  that  had  been 
brewing.  Preparations  were  immediately  made 
to  we.uher  it  ;  our  tent  was  |)itched.  and  our  sad- 
dles, s,\ddleb;igs,  packages  of  coffee,  sugar,  salt, 
and  every  thing  else  that  could  be  damaged  by 
the  rain,  were  gathered  under  its  shelter.  Our 
men,  I'eatte,  Tonisii,  and  Antoine,  drove  stakes 
with  forked  ends  into  the  groimd,  laid  i)oles  across 
them  for  rafters,  and  thus  made  a  shed  or  pent- 
house, covered  with  bark  and  skins,  slopinjj  to- 
ward the  wind,  and  open  toward  the  tire.  'I'he  ran- 
gers formed  similar  shelters  of  b.irk  and  skins, 
or  of  blankets  stretched  on  poles,  supported  by 
forked  stakes,  with  great  fires  in  front. 

These  precautions  were  well  timed.  The  rain 
set  in  sullenly  and  steadily,  and  kept  on,  with 
slight  intermissions,  for  two  clays.  The  brook 
which  flowed  peacefully  on  our  arrival,  swelled 
into  a  turbid  and  boilinj  torrent,  and  the  forest 


became  little  better  than  a  mere  sw.imp    ti 
men  gathered  under  their  slultcrs  nf  sk,j,,   , ' 
blankets,  or  sal  idwcring  round  their  firrs'«i 
columns  (if  smoke  curling  up  ainun^;  the  ir., 
and  dilfusing  theniseUes  in  the  .lir,  sprc.id  it 
ha/e  through  the  woodland.     Ourpdur,  u.iv-    . 
horses,  reduced  by  weary  trawl  and  s'am\  ,,/ 
turage,  lost  all  remaining  sjiirit,  .uul  mi,.,,!  „?' 
drooping    he.uls,   flagging   ears.  ;iiul  h,il|J,„i 
eyes,  dozing  and  ste,in»ing  in  the  r.iin,  «hi!,   i '. 
yellow  autumnal  leaves,  at  everv  sli.ikinK  (!|  ■ 
breeze,  c.ime  wa-.ering  down  around  tlnm.      ^ 

Notwithstanding  the  l)a<l  wi.iilar,  ImucT. 
our  hunters  were  not  iille,  but  during  th,'  ^r.-. 
\als  of  the  rain,  sallied  forth  on  luirsiliiii,  ■, 
prowl  through  the  woodland,  liviry  imu  ;>  ( 
then  the  sharp  report  of  a  distant  rille  hodil  •  , 
death  of  a  deer.  \'enison  in  aluindini.  li^ 
brought  in.  Stuue  busied  thenisrhcs  undu  n  1 
sheds,  Haying  and  cutting  up  the  cnri,i,s,,. ',f 
round  the  tires  with  spits  aiul  cain|i  kc'ttlc.,,ir' 
a  rude  kind  of  fe.isting,  or  rather  ;;iirin:iii(;:'  r 
prex.iiled  throughout  the  camp.  TIk..  ,tv,.  „"j 
continually  at  wmk,  and  wearied  the  fdriN!  v\ 
its  echoes.  Crash  !  some  mighty  trie  «i;,!.l 
come  down  ;  in  a  few  minutes  its  limbs  wdnliilit 
blazing  and  crackling  on  the  lui;;e  cunp  lii  ^ 
with  some  luckless  deer  roasting  before  it,  ;i„;; 
had  once  sported  beneath  its  shade. 

The  change  of  weather  had  taken  slurp  1..  ii 
of  our  little  Frenchman.  His  nKa].;re  fnii-.x, 
composed  of  Ijones  aiul  whip-coiil,  \\a<  r.uk'  1 
with  rheumatic  pains  and  tuniges.  He  li,i(l  ;!;:. 
toothache  the  earache  -his  f.we  was  tied  I'p- 
he  had  shooting  pains  in  every  limb ;  y,t  ,:!1 
seemed  but  to  increase  his  restless  aetivitv,  ,t:| 
he  was  an  incessant  fidget  about  tlic  tlie,  r.  i-;- 
ing,  and  stewing,  anil  groaning,  and  iccKl;);, 
and  swearing. 

Our  man  Beatte  returned  grim  .iiul  mortii nl, 
from  hunting,  lie  had  come  upon  ahe.irol  l.r- 
midable  dimensions,  and  wounded  liiin  witli  \ 
rille-shot.  The  bear  took  to  the  brinik.  uIikH 
was  swollen  and  rapid.  Ik-atte  dashed  aftLrli:;;i 
and  assailed  him  in  the  rear  with  his  linirii:- 
knife.  At  every  blow  the  bear  turned  fiiii(i,;-ly 
upon  him,  with  a  terrific  display  ol  white  iixih. 
r.eatte,  haxing  a  foothold  in  the  brciok,  \us  en- 
abled to  push  him  off  with  his  rille,  anil.Hlunho 
turned  to  swim,  would  flounder  after.  ;ind  ai- 
tempt  to  hamstring  him.  The  bear,  hii«c\i'r, 
succeeded  in  scrambling  off  among  the  thitkcti. 
and  IJeatte  had  to  give  up  the  chase. 

Thisailventure,  if  it  jiroduced  n()gamo,l)rnii;;ht 
up  at  least  several  anecdotes,  round  the  cvoir.ti;; 
lire,  relative  to  bear  hunting,  in  which  the  jjriz^ly 
bear  figured  conspicuously.  This  powerUd  and 
ferocious  animal  is  a  favorite  theine  of  liunln's 
story,  both  among  red  and  white  men;  ami  his 
enormous  claws  are  worn  round  the  neck  nl  .in 
Indian  brave  as  a  trophy  more  honorable  than  .n 
human  scalp.  }Ie  is  now  scarcely  seen  beliv 
the  upper  jirairies  and  the  skirts  of  the  Ki'^'^y 
Mountains.  Other  bears  are  fornuilahle  >'i:^n 
wounded  and  provoked,  but  seldom  make  battle 
when  allowed  to  escape.  The  grizi.ly  bear  alnne. 
of  all  the  animals  of  our  Western  wilds,  is  prime 
to  unprovoked  hostility.  His  prodigious  size  and 
strength  make  him  a  formidable  opponent :  and 
his  great  tenacity  of  life  often  baffles  the  skill  ot 
the  hunter,  notwithstanding  repeated  shots  of  the 
rifle,  and  woimds  of  the  hunting-knife. 

One  of  the  anecdotes  related  on  this  occasion, 
gave  a  picture  of  the  accidents  and  hard  shitis 
to  which  cur  frontier  rovers  are  inured.  A  hunter, 


A   TOUR   ON   TIIK    PRAIRIKS. 


471 


anint;,  iind  scolJ:i;j, 


,  ,^  .    pursuit  of  ^  lU'or,  foil  into  one  of  tljoso 

''tllinncl'i''»l"'''  1'''^'  ''"""^■''  ""  '''^"  l>':>if'i'^ 
rL.  ..tiliii;:  "(  <Ih'  watiTs  afur  iuMvy  r.iiii'*, 
,;\„„«n  bv  lilt'  'I'l'iit"  "'  '>ink-'i'>l''s.  l'>  111"* 
■  ihiirrDr,  ia'  '■•i'"'-'  '"  tnntacl,  at  the  linltom, 
''■I  .1  \wi'^  Kri^'y  ''^''"■*  '"'^"  '"""•<''■'■  t^raiil'l'il 
I  ail"'i<">  <'"ii't"*'  tn^iit'''-  ill  \vIik1i  tlii.'  jinDr 
k  .'.'rw.u  si'Mri'ly  l"i'ii  -I'l''  liitli'ii.  and  li.ul  a 
i.",ml  in  :irm  broken,  Init  stii-coi'cUd  in  killing 

!', ,^^\  f,,^.,     h(ir  si'vcral  (lays  lie  riinainril  at 

rMwrncf  till-  iiit,  tno  iniicli  (  npplod  to  tn.>\r, 
,Vu.  bsjsliiv  on  tlif  raw  IIliIi  dI  iIu-  bear,  diir- 
?-•  'iiuli  time  he  kept  his  wounds  open,  that 
,v"/,mj;ht  heal  ^'radiiaily  and  ctCectually.  He 
i,,i;lcn"th  enabled  to  serainbU' to  the  lop  of  the 
"i' ,.',;!  jooiit  upon  the  open  jtrairie.  With  ^;reat 
'■^c.iltv  he  iTas\led  to  a  ra\ine,  formed  by  a 
^■.  "' ,',',/ thf II  nearly  dry.  Hero  he  took  a  de- 
1  i;s'jr.ni;;ht  of  water,  whieli  infused  new  life 
vjium;  iheii  dra^^'in;;  himself  ahni;^  from  i)ool 
ijuool,  he  supported  himself  by  small  lish  and 

one  il.i^'  he  saw  a  wolf  hunt   down  and  kill  a 

,iArm'li^''i'-''i-''''""''"'''l"'"'''''-'"  "e  immediately 
(•.AudfiT'l' from  the  ravine,  drove  otf  the  wolf, 

',i. Km' iliiwii  be'sidc  the  carcass  of  the  deer, 
jViinal"  there  mUil  he  made  several  liearty 
;;'  ;],,  Ijv  which  lils  strcnj^th  was  nuieh  recruited. 

k.iiirnin^!  to  the  ravine,  he  pursued  the  course 
,;  ::ii.' briiiik,  until  it  grew  to  be  a  ccmsiderable 
,.:„im.  Down  this  he  lluated,  imtil  became  to 
■i.ri-  it  emptied  into  the  Mississippi.  Just  at 
l;.i  :ii(iuth  of  the  stream,  he  found  a  forkeil  tree, 
tth;:!i  he  huiiicheil  with  some  difficulty,  and, 
;c;;,n,'  iutiiile  of  it,  committed  himself  to  the 
(xviU  of  the  miijhty  river.  In  this  way  ho 
f  JH.I  .ilnn^;,  until  he  arrived  opposite  the  fort 
.r.  Linincil  liliiffs.  Fortunately  he  arrived  there 
ii.iht' daytime,  otlierwise  he  iiii^jht  ha\e  lloated, 
i.r.n/.ucii,  past  this  solitary  post,  and  i)erished 
ir.;h.'  idle  w.iste  of  waters.  IJeins^  descried  from 
;h.fnrt, acaiKio  was  sent  to  his  relief,  and  he  w.is 
V  i,lit  lo  shiir  •  more  dead  than  alive,  where  he 
!  1  recovered  from  his  wounds,  but  remained 
i;;.,ii;ii.'d  for  life. 

n.;r  ni.iii  lieittc  had  come  out  of  his  contest 
'  ;ii  ihc  hear  \  ery  much  worsted  and  discomtited. 
H:>  danchiii.;  in  the  brook,  to;,'ether  with  the 
riCi:n  change  of  weather,  had  broui^ht  on  rheu- 
r,ric  p.iiiii  in  his  limbs,  to  which  lie  is  subject. 
T:iiii„'h  ordin.irily  a  fellow  of  undaunted  sj>irit, 
"il  .ihove  all  hardship,  yet  he  now  sat  down  by 
;..  lire,  j,'lo:)iny  ami  dejected,  and  for  once  i;ave 
»»\  til  repining.  Though  in  the  prime  of  life, 
nr.l  (ifa  rolmst  frame,  and  ajiparently  iron  con- 
.■';;,;'..on,  yet,  by  his  own  account  lie  was  little 
K'.:er  tliiiii  a  mere  wreck.  He  was,  in  fact,  a 
Uin,'miiniiment  of  the  hardships  of  wild  frontier 
111'.  li:\ring  his  left  arm,  lie  showed  it  w.irped 
".Icfmtracted  by  a  former  attack  of  rheumatism  ; 
:■.  inilKly  with  which  the  Indians  are  often  af- 
■  I'.J;  lor  their  exposure  to  the  \icissitudes  of 
!.  dements  does  not  produce  that  perfect  har- 
ilbi'd  and  iiiSL-nsibility  to  the  changes  of  the 
'•'.Mini  th.it  many  are  apt  to  imagine.  He  bore 
lii.  scirs  of  various  maims  and  bruises  ;  some 
t-  '.ivrtl  in  juinting,  some  in  Indian  warfare. 
Hiiri-hl  arm  had  been  broken  by  a  fall  from  his 
iirs. ;  at  another  time  his  steed  had  fallen  with 
t.i.;iiul  crushed  his  left  leg. 

"lam  all  broke  to  pieces  and  good  for  noth- 
%';"  s.iid  he,  "  1  no  care  now  what  happen  to 
K  .ir.y  more."  "  However,"  added  lie.  after  a 
!"'::i,ni's  pause,  "  for  all  that,  it  ivoald  take  a 
P'ctty  stron.;  man  to  put  me  down,  anyhow." 


1  drew  from  liim\ariouH  particulari  concernini; 
himself,  >\hi(h  served  to  r.iise  him  in  mv  ettima* 
tion.  His  residence  w.is  on  the  Neosim,  in  an 
O.sage  h. unlet  or  neighborhood,  under  tlu'  super- 
intendence of  ,1  wDrlhy  mission, iry  from  the  b.inks 
of  the  Hudson,  by  tlu'  name  of  Ki'ou.i,  who  was 
ende.ivoriiig  to  iiistno  t  the  s,i\  .iges  in  the  .irt  of 
agriculture,  and  to  m.ike  hih^b.indmen  and  herdH> 
men  of  tli>'in.  1  li.ul  Msited  this  agricultural 
mission  of  Uecpia  in  the  course  of  my  ie(  eiit  tour 
■doiig  the  frontier,  and  h.id  eoii-.ideri'd  it  more 
likely  to  produce  solid  .idv.mt.iges  to  the  poor 
liidi.ms  th.in  any  of  the  mere  pr-iym;,'  and  pre. idl- 
ing missions  .along  the  border. 

In  this  neighborhood,  I'ierre  lieatte  li.id  his 
little  f.irm,  his  Indi.in  wife,  and  his  liall-bieeil 
children  ;  and  aiiled  .Mr.  Kei|u.i  in  his  enilea\ors 
to  civili/e  the  h.ibits,  and  melior.iie  tiie  i undilion 
of  the  Osage  tribe.  Ilealte  li.id  been  brought  up 
a  Catholic,  and  w.is  inllexible  in  his  religious 
f.iith  ;  he  could  not  pr.iy  with  .Ml.  Kecpi.i,  he 
said,  but  he  could  work  with  liiiii,  and  he  evin<ed 
a  zeal  for  the  good  of  his  sa\'.ige  rel.itions  and 
neighbors.  Indeed,  though  bis  father  had  been 
l-'rench,  an<l  he  himself  hail  been  brought  up  in 
communion  with  the  whites,  he  evidently  was 
more  of  .in  Indi.in  in  his  tastes,  aiul  his  heart 
yearned  toward  his  mother's  n.ition.  When  he 
talked  to  me  of  the  wrongs  and  insults  that  the 
poor  Indians  sul'fered  in  their  intercourse  with  the 
rcuigli  settler.s  on  the  frontiers  ;  when  he  described 
the  precarious  and  degrailed  state  of  the  ( is.ige 
tribe,  diminished  in  numbers,  broken  in  spirit, 
and  almost  living  on  sulferance  in  the  l.ind  where 
they  once  figured  so  heroically,  I  could  see  his 
veins  swell,  .md  his  nostrils  distend  with  indigna- 
tion ;  l)ut  he  would  check  the  feeling  with  a  strong 
exertion  of  Indian  self-command,  and,  in  a  m. in- 
ner, dri\e  it  back  into  his  bosom. 

I  le  did  not  hesitate  to  relate  an  instance  wherein 
he  had  joined  his  kindred  Osages,  in  |)ursuingand 
avenging  themsehes  on  a  party  of  uliite  iiu'ii  who 
had  committed  a  llagranl  outrage  upon  them  ; 
and  1  found,  in  the  encounter  that  to(dc  jil.ice, 
Heatte  h.id  shown  himself  the  complete  Indi.m. 

He  had  more  ih.in  once  accom|)anied  his  Osage 
relations  in  their  wars  with  the  I'awnees,  and  re- 
lated a  skirmish  which  took  i)lace  on  the  borders 
of  these  very  hunting  grounds,  in  which  several 
Tawnees  were  killed.  We  should  jiass  near  the 
place,  he  said,  in  the  course  of  our  tour,  and  the 
unburieil  hones  antl  skulls  of  the  slain  were  still 
to  be  seen  there.  The  surgeon  of  the  troop,  who 
was  present  at  our  conversation,  jiricked  up  his 
ears  at  this  intelligence.  He  was  scmiething  of  a 
phrenologist,  and  offered  Be.itte  a  handsome  re- 
ward if  he  would  j.rocure  him  one  of  the  skulls. 

Heatte  regarded  him  for  a  moment  with  a  lot)k 
of  stern  surprise. 

"No!"  said  he  at  length,  "  dat  too  bad!  1 
have  heart  strong  enough— 1  no  cue  kill,  but  /rl 
//if  ilfixd  alonr .' '' 

He  added,  that  (mce  in  travelling  with  .".  party 
of  white  men,  he  had  slept  in  the  same  tent  with 
a  doctor,  anil  found  that  he  had  a  I'awnee  skull 
among  his  baggage:  he  at  once  renounced  the 
doctor's  tent,  and  his  fellowship.  "  He  try  to 
coax  me,''  said  ISeatte,  "  but  I  say  no,  we  must 
part — 1  no  keep  such  company." 

In  the  temporary  depression  of  his  spirits, 
Heattc  gave  way  to  those  su])erstitious  forebod- 
ings to  which  Indians  are  prone.  He  had  sat  for 
some  time,  with  his  cheek  upon  his  hand,  gazing 
into  the  lire.  I  found  his  thoughts  were  wander- 
in;;  back  to  his  humble  home,  on  the  banks  of 


472 


A   TOUR  OX  THE   PRAIRIES. 


m 


£!  :  Hi 


W      I 


Mist  I !     |!J  ■: 


ii: 


the  Neosho  ;  he  was  sure,  he  said,  that  he  sliould 
find  some  one  of  his  family  ill,  or  dead,  on  his 
return:  his  left  eye  had  twitched  and  twinkled  for 
two  days  past  ;  an  omen  which  always  boded 
some  miifortune  of  the  kind. 

Such  are  the  trivial  circumstances  which,  when 
maj^nitied  into  omens,  will  shake  the  souls  of 
these  men  of  iron.  The  least  sign  of  mystic  and 
sinister  jjortent  is  sufficient  to  turn  a  hunter  or  a 
w.irrior  from  his  course,  or  to  fdl  his  mind  with 
apprehensions  of  impending  evil.  It  is  this  su- 
perstitious pro])ensity,  common  to  the  solitary  and 
sa\ai,'e  rovers  of  the  wilderness,  that  gives  such 
])owerful  inlluence  to  the  prophi.H  and  the  dreamer. 

The  Osages,  with  whom  Ik-atte  had  passetl 
much  of  his  life,  retain  these  superstitious  fan- 
cies and  rites  in  much  of  their  original  force. 
They  all  believe  in  the  existence  of  the  soul  after 
its  separation  from  the  bod\ ,  and  that  it  carries 
with  it  all  its  mortal  tastes  and  habitudes.  At  an 
Osage  village  in  the  neighborhor.d  of  Iteatte,  one 
of  the  chief  warriors  lost  an  only  child,  a  beauti- 
ful girl,  of  a  very  tender  age.  A'l  her  ])laythings 
were  buriid  with  her.  Her  favorite  little  horse, 
also,  was  killed,  and  laid  in  the  g.-ave  beside  her, 
that  she  might  have  it  to  ride  in  the  land  of 
spirits. 

1  will  here  add  a  little  story,  which  I  picked  up 
in  the  course  of  my  tour  thmugii  Ileatte's  coun- 
try, and  which  illustrates  the  superstitions  of  his 
Os.ige  kindred.  A  large  ])arty  of  t)sages  had 
been  encamped  for  some  time  on  the  borders  of 
a  line  stream,  called  the  N'ickanansa.  Among 
them  was  a  young  hunter,  one  of  the  bravest  and 
most  graceful  of  the  trilie,  who  was  to  be  married 
to  an  Osage  giil.  who,  for  her  beauty,  w.is  called 
the  I'lower  of  the  I'rairies.  The  young  hunter 
left  her  for  a  time  among  her  relatives  in  the  en- 
campment, and  went  to  St.  Louis,  to  dispose  of 
the  ))roducts  of  his  hunting,  and  purchase  orna- 
ments for  his  bride.  At"ier  an  absence  of  some 
weeks,  he  returned  to  the  banks  of  the  N'ickan- 
ansa, but  the  camp  was  no  longer  there  ;  and  the 
bare  frames  of  the  lodges  and  the  brands  of  ex- 
tinguished tires  alone  marked  the  place.  At  a 
distance  he  beheld  a  fem.alc  seated,  as  if  weeping, 
by  the  side  of  the  stream.  It  was  his  atVianced 
bride.  He  ran  to  embrace  her.  but  she  turned 
nmurnfully  away.  He  dreaded  lest  some  evil  had 
bef.iUen  the  camp. 

'■  Where  are  our  people  ?"  cried  he. 

'•  Tliey  arc  gone  lo  tlie  b.mks  of  the  Wa- 
grushka." 

"  And  what  art  thou  doing  here  alone  ?  " 

"  Waiting  for  thee." 

'■  Then  let  us  hasten  to  join  our  people  on  the 
banks  of  the  Wagrushka." 

He  ga\e  her  his  ])ack  to  carry,  and  walked 
ahead,  according  to  the  Indian  custom. 

Till)-  came  to  where  the  smoke  of  the  distant 
cam))  was  seen  rising  from  the  woody  m.irgin  of 
the  stream.  The  girl  seated  herself  at  the  foot 
of  ;>  tree.  "  It  is  not  pro|ier  for  us  to  return  to- 
gether," said  she  ;   "  1  will  wait  here." 

'I"he  young  hunter  proceedetl  to  the  camp 
alone,  and  was  received  by  his  relations  with 
gloomy  coimtenances. 

"  What  evil  has  happened,"  said  he,  "  that  ye 
are  all  so  sad  ?  " 

N'o  one  replied. 

He  turned  to  bis  favorite  sister,  and  bade  her 
go  forth,  seek  his  bride,  and  conduct  her  to  the 
camp. 

"  Alas  !"  cried  she,  "  how  shall  I  seek  her? 
She  died  a  few  days  since." 


The  rcl.ations  of  the  yoimg  girl  now  surro«r,^,i 
him,  weeping  and  wailing  ;  but  ho  refuscch,  l 
heve  the  dismal  tidings.     "I'.ut  a  few  m,jm -'' 
since,"  cried  he,  "  I  left  her  alone  and  in  hcvC 
come  with  me,  and  I  will  conduct  voii  tnlu,"'" 

He  led  the  way  to  the  tree  where  she  h-i 
seated  herself,  but  she  was  no  longer  there  "> 
his  pack  lay  on  the  ground.  The  f,i,;,i  ',|?!'" 
struck  him  to  the  heart  ;  he  fell  to  the  rrii-J 
de.ad.  "'"" 

I  give  this  simple  story  almost  in  the  Knnii  - 
which  it  was  related  to  me,  as  I  lay  hy  the  lip  ! 
an  evening  encampment  on  the' banks  ui  tV 
haunted  stream  where  it  is  said  to  have  hapinT.  i 


CHAPTER   X.WIH. 

\rrt/  F.xpidilion. — Deer  Bh\Uhi:;.—MvU  I:y; 


On  the  following  morning 


we  were  rejoined  bv 


the  rangers  who  had  remained  at  tiic  las;  t'- 
campment,  to  seek  for  the  stray  horses.  Thiv 
had  t-aeked  them  for  a  consieierahle  tlisi.m  i 
through  bush  and  brake,  and  across  stre,ir;.j. 
until  they  found  them  cropping  the  licrb,n;'o,c 
the  edge  of  a  ])rairie.  Their  heads  w  re  in  ihj 
direction  of  the  fort,  and  they  were  evi(k:r,,v 
grazing  their  way  homeward,  h.ecdless  of  the  t.- 
bounded  freedom  of  the  prairie  su  suddenly  1,^.; 
open  to  them. 

About  noon  the  weather  held  up,  .nnil  j  :  j. 
served  a  mysterious  consultation  going  on  bj. 
tween  our  half-breeds  and  Tonish  ;  it  ended  in  ,i 
rccpiest  that  we  would  dispense  with  the  servias 
of  the  latter  for  .a  few  hours,  and  permit  him  m 
join  his  comrades  in  a  grand  foray.  We  nbiec. ; 
that  Tonish  was  too  much  disabled  by  aches ,i:,i 
pains  for  such  an  undertaking;  but  hewnsM.i 
with  eageri.css  for  be  mysterious  enterprise,.!;:,!, 
when  jiermission  was  given  him,  seemed  toiVr 
get  all  his  ailments  in  an  instant. 

In  a  short  time  the  trio  were  ei|uip|iod  ,ind  or. 
iiorseback  ;  with  ritles  on  their  shoulders  ,;:.: 
handkerchiefs  twisted  round  their  heads,  e>;- 
dently  bounil  for  a  granil  scamper.  As  ihey 
passed  by  the  dit'ferent  lodges  of  the  camp,  tlii' 
vainglorious  little  Frenchman  could  not  help 
boasting  to  the  right  and  left  of  the  great  thr.^j 
he  was  ab(nit  to  achieve  ;  though  the  taeiuirn 
Heatte,  who  rode  in  aihance,  w  iild  every  r.in 
and  then  check  his  horse,  anil  look  back  ,it  iaii'. 
with  an  air  of  stern  rebuke.  It  was  hard.h™- 
ever,  to  make  the  loipiacious  Tonish  i)lav"hv 
dian." 

Several  of  the  hunters,  likewise,  sallied  W\\ 
and  the  prime  old  woodman,  Ryan,  came  luci; 
early  in  the  afternoon,  with  air.ple  spoil,  h.uin^' 
killed  a  buck  and  two  fat  does.  1  diewne.ino  j 
group  of  rangers  that  had  gathered  roiMulhiin  .'■ 
he  stood  by  the  spoil,  anel  found  they  were ili-- 
cussing  the  merits  of  a  stratagem  sometime.'' i;-.i 
in  deer  hunting.  This  consists  in  imitatm;.;.  .».di 
a  small  instrument  called  a  bleat,  the  ery  d  the 
fawn,  so  as  to  lure  the  doe  within  reach  :  ih'-' 
ritle.  There  are  bleat>;  of  various  kinds,  suited 
to  calm  or  wiiulv  weati,er,  and  to  the  at;e  ul  the 
fawn.  The  poor  animal,  deliuUcI  by  them,  in  its 
anxiety  about  its  young,  will  sometimes  advaiue 
close  up  to  the  hunter.'  "  1  once  bleated  a  dee. 
said  a  young  hunter,  "  until  it  came  within  twenty 
vards  of  me.  and  jiresented  a  sure  mark.  I  lev- 
elled my  ritle  three  times,  but  had  not  the  he.irt 
to  shoot,  for  the   poor  doe  looked  so  \vistla.ly> 


A   TOUR   ON   THE   PRAIRIES. 


473 


"■ngRirlnowsurroanU 
=' i^  but  ho  refused  ,„b': 

.Ji^-rnoncamlinhp  V 
1  conduct  yon  to Ih,:.  ■ 
1^'   tree  wlicre  she  'h-,  i 

''^'  '^^■" '"  the  ,ro;:S 

■ilniost  ill  the  ,,„r,;.  , 
'I-'.  ■IS  I  lay  bv  the  lip ',' 

'  '"1  the  banks  01  ■.;: 

s  SLiRl  to  have  happer -T 


X.WIII. 

'/;/.-,;/,V.  _.]/,. ,.;;... 

S  we  wci-e  rejoined  h- 
named  at  t!ie  last  t-'. 
lio  stray  horses.  Th^v 
I  foiisideral)le  disLir,.; 
%  and  across  striMr,;,' 
;oppni-  llie  herbawio 
lieir  heads  «.  re  in  ih; 
|<1  tliey  were  evidca-'v 
ird,  heedless  of  the  i:r,'. 
prairie  so  suddenly  bi 

icr  held  up,  and  I  lo- 
sultation  f;oing  on  be. 
I  Tonish  ;  it  ended  in  .i 
pcnse  with  the  servias 
lis.  and  ])erniit  him  ;i 
md  foray.   We  objefU'ii 

I  disableil  by  aches  .ir„i 
iking  ;  but  he  \niw2 
itcrious  enterprise,  and, 
"n  him,  seemed  tofr 
instant. 

were  C(piippe{l  ,ind  nn 
n  their  shoulders  x.i 
iind  their  heads.  e\;- 
111  scamper.  As  duv 
d.ijes  of  the  camp,  ihi- 
hnian  could  nm  hiin 
left  of  the  great  thm^i 

;  though  the  taem:rn 
mce,  \\   old  e\ery  no.v 

and  look  bark  ,il  liin 
cc.  It  was  hard.  Im«- 
oils  Tonish  pl.iy  "In- 

likewise,  sallied  fur.h, 
i;in,  ky.iii,  c.ime  l),uk 
h  aiKple  spoil,  li.i'.;n,' 
oes.  1  drew  ne.ir  to.! 
gathered  round  hiiii  .w 

found  they  were  di-- 
tagem  sometime-'  i:-i  i 
sists  ill  iinilatin;.;,  .miIi 
a  i)lcal,  the  cry  I'f  li'.o 
e  within  reach  ■. :  tl;o 

\'ari(uis  kinds,  siiaeJ 
ind  to  the  age  til  tl'.t 
.'hided  by  them.  ini!> 

II  sometimes  ad\.ir.ie 
1  once  ble.ateil  allot." 

it  came  withui  tiunty 
1  a  sure  mark.  I  li-^- 
)iit  had  nut  the  hi'ir. 

looked  so  wistfully, 


A  ,  it  in  a  manner  made   my  heart   yearn.     I 

i,.<ilitof  my  own  mother,  and  how  anxious  she 
'j°to  1)L'  about  me  when  1  was  a  child  ;  so  to 
'^"!  ,n  end  to  the  matter,  I  gave  a  halloo,  and 
I"". ,  ] ,],(.  doe  out  of  rifle-shot  in  a  moment." 
*"l'\'nil  van  did  right,"  cried  honest  old  Ryan. 
•  For  niv  part.  I  never  could  bring  myself  to 
i,:..,tii-'  (leer.  I've  been  with  hunters  who  Iiad 
I'ltj  ami  have  made  them  throw  them  away. 
lis.TiM-^i-'ally  trick  to  take  advantage  of  a  motli- 
{^•/I'ne  for  her  young." 

Toivanl  evening  mir  three  worthies  returned 
f- 111  tlK'ir  mysterious  foray.  The  tongue  of 
Tnish  s,'.ive  notice  of  their  approach  long  before 
,  vc.uiie  in  sight ;  for  he  was  vociferating  at  the 
'I'u'i  his  hings.  and  rousing  the  attention  of  the 
„;:,;,■  camp.  The  lagging  gait  and  reeking  flanks 
■  ;lH;r  horses,  gave  evidence  of  hard  riding  ; 
V,;,  mi  nearer  approach,  we  found  them  hung 
i  .::;d  u;th  meat  like  a  butcher's  shambles.  In 
frt.tluy  had  lieen  scouring  an  immense  prairie 
t'i.it  extended  heyoiul  the  fon>st,  and  which  was 
c^.ertd  with  herds  of  buffalo.  Of  tiiis  prairie, 
:r.il  iho  animals  upon  it,  Heatte  had  received  iii- 
[.jii^ente  a  few  days  before,  in  his  conversation 
«;-.h  the  Osages,  but  had  kept  the  information  a 
if  ret  I'roiii  the  rangers,  that  he  and  his  comrades 
n.hth.ne  the  first  dash  at  the  game.  They  had 
ci:i;enied  themselves  with  killing  four;  though, 
i;Tcini>li  might  be  believed,  they  might  have 
sLiiii  them  by  scores. 

These  tidings,  and  the  buffalo  meat  brought 
h  me  m  evidence,  spread  exultation  through  the 
C3;ap.  :uul  every  one  looked  forward  with  joy  to 
abulTalohnnt  on  the  prairies.  Tonish  was  again 
the  oracle  of  the  camp,  and  held  forth  by  the 
h>jr  to  a  knot  of  listeners,  crouched  round  the 
f-o.  with  their  shoulders  up  to  their  ears.  He 
iv.i;  nou  more  boastful  than  ever  of  his  skill  as 
,- marksman.  All  his  want  of  success  in  the  early 
pirtof  (iiir  march  he  attributed  to  being  "  out  of 
1  ck."  if  not  "spell-bound;"  and  finding  him- 
y.!f  listened  to  w  ith  apparent  credulity,  gave  an 
;n;tanco  of  the  kind,  which  he  declared  had  hap- 
f.acd  to  himself,  but  which  was  evidently  a  tale 
picked  up  among  bis  relations,  the  Osages. 

.According  to  this  account,  when  about  fourteen 
ycirsof  age,  as  he  was  one  day  hunting,  he  saw 
a  white  deer  come  out  from  a  ravine.  Crawling 
r.c.ir  to  get  a  shot,  he  beheld  another  and  another 
cime  forth,  until  there  were  seven,  all  as  white 
as  snow.  Having  crept  sufficiently  near,  he  sin- 
fled  one  out  and  tired,  but  without  effect ;  the 
il.cr  remained  unfrightened.  He  loaded  and 
f.'cJ  a-.iin  and  missed.  Thus  he  continued  firing 
ard  missing  until  all  his  ammunition  was  ex- 
fvnded.and  the  deer  remained  without  a  wound. 
lie  returned  lioiiie  desjiairing  of  his  skill  as  a 
i^arksmaii,  but  was  consoled  by  an  old  Osage 
hiinter.  These  white  deer,  said  he,  have  "a 
charmed  life,  and  can  only  be  killed  by  bullets 
fMpariicular  kind. 

liio  old  liidian  cast  several  balls  for  Tnnish, 
^•.:;  would  not  suffer  him  to  be  present  on  the  oi- 
(■•■•'n,  nor  inform  him  of  the  ingredients  and 
i:.)s!ic  ceremonials. 

I'rnvided  with  these  balls,  Tonish  again  set  out 
'"qiit'siof  the  white  deer,  and  succeeded  in  find- 
^;  them.  He  tried  at  first  with  ordinary  balls, 
I''-:',  missed  as  before.  A  magic  ball,  however, 
Mediately  brought  a  fine  buck  to  the  ground. 
"hereupon  the  rest  of  the  herd  immediately  dis- 
ippcared  .ind  were  never  seen  again. 

'■•ctober  29th.— The  mo.ning  opened  gloomy 
!M  lowering;  but  toward  eight  o'clock  the  sua 


struggled  forth  and  lighted  up  the  forest,  and  the 
notes  of  the  bugle  gave  signal  to  prepare  for 
marching.  Now  began  a  scene  of  i)ustle,  and 
clamor,  and  gayety.  Some  were  scampering  and 
brawling  after  their  horses,  some  were  riiling  in 
bare-backed,  and  driving  in  the  horses  of  their 
comrailes.  Some  were  stri|)ping  the  poles  of  the 
wet  blankets  tli.it  had  served  for  shelters  ;  others 
packing  up  with  all  possible  dispatch,  and  load- 
ing the  baggage  horses  as  they  arriveil,  while 
others  were  cracking  off  their  danij)  rifles  and 
charging  them  afresh,  to  be  ready  for  the  sport. 

About  ten  o'clock,  we  began  our  march.  I  loi- 
tered in  the  rear  of  the  troop  as  it  forded  the 
turbid  brook,  and  defiled  through  the  l.ibyrinth; 
of  the  forest.  I  a'ways  felt  ilisposed  to  linger 
until  the  last  straggler  disajipeared  among  the 
trees  and  the  distant  note  of  the  bugle  tlied  upon 
the  ear,  that  I  might  behold  the  ..  .iderness  relap- 
sing into  silence  and  solitude.  In  the  jiresent 
instance,  the  des(?rteil  scene  of  our  late  bustling 
encam])iiient  had  a  forlorn  and  desolue  njipear- 
ance.  The  surrounding  forest  had  i)ecn  in  many 
places  trampled  into  a  ipiagmire.  T'rees  felled 
and  p.irtly  hewn  in  pieces,  and  scattered  in  huge 
fragments  ;  tent-poles  stri]i|K'd  of  their  covering  ; 
smouldering  tires,  with  great  morsels  of  roastetl 
venison  and  buffalo  meat,  st.mding  in  wooden 
s]iits  before  them,  hacked  and  slashed  by  the 
kni\es  of  hungry  hunters  ;  while  around  were 
strewed  the  hides,  the  horns,  the  antlers,  and 
bones  of  bulialoes  and  deer,  with  uncooked  joints, 
and  uni)lucked  turkeys,  left  behind  with  that 
reckless  improvidence  and  w.istet'ulness  which 
young  hunters  are  a]>t  to  indulge  when  in  a  neigh- 
borhood where  game  ab(niiuls.  In  tb.e  meantime 
a  score  or  two  of  turkey-buxzards,  or  vultures, 
were  already  on  the  wing,  whi-eling  their  magni- 
ficent flight  high  in  the  iiir,  and  preparing  for  a 
descent  upon  the  camj)  dj  soon  as  it  sliould  be 
abandoned. 


CHAl'TKR  XXIX. 

T/i,-   Crr.riJ  J'r.!!>ic.—.l   ISiif.i.\'  /.'::>:!. 

AKTf,f<  proceeding  about  two  hours  in  a  southerly 
direction,  we  emerged  tow.ud  mid-day  tVoni  the 
dreary  belt  of  the  Cross  Timber,  and  to  our  in- 
finite delight  liehekl  "  the  great  Prairie  "  stretch- 
ing to  the  right  and  left  lieHire  us.  We  could 
distinctly  trace  the  meandering  course  of  the 
m.iin  Canadian,  and  v.iriinis  sm.iller  streams,  by 
the  strijis  of  green  forest  that  bordered  them. 
The  lanelscape  was  \  ast  and  beautiful.  'I'bere  i:i 
always  an  expansion  of  feeling  ia  looking  ujion 
these  boundless  and  fertile  wastes;  but  I  w.i; 
doubly  conscious  of  it  after  emerging  from  oi;r 
"  close  dungeon  of  innuiiierous  boughs." 

l'"roiii  a  rising  ground  lleatte  pointed  out  the 
])lace  vvhere  he  and  bis  romr.uU's  li.id  killed  tb.e 
Imli'aloes  ;  aid  v.-e  beheld  scver.il  bl.uk  objects 
moving  in  ti-e  distance,  which  he  s.iid  were  p.ut 
of  the  herd.  The  Captain  <letermiiieil  to  sli.ipe 
his  course  to  a  wooily  bottom  about  a  mile  dis- 
tant, and  to  encamp  there  for  a  day  or  two,  by 
way  of  having  a  regular  biit'falo  bunt,  and  getting 
a  supply  of  provisions.  As  the  troo|)  deliled 
along  the  slope  of  the  hill  toward  the  camping 
ground,  lieatte  projiosed  to  my  messmates  ami 
myself',  lh.it  we  should  put  oursehes  under  bis 
guidance,  promising  to  t.ike  us  wliere  we  should 
have  plenty  of  sport.    Leaving  the  line  of  march, 


474 


A   TOUR  ON   THE  PRAIRIES. 


'li'ilil: 


!'!! 


if'i 


liH  i: 


r'il'i  : ; 


therefore,  we  diverged  toward  the  prairie  ;  tra- 
vcrsinj^  a  small  valley,  and  ascending;  a  gentle 
swell  of  land.  As  we  reached  the  summit,  wc 
beheld  a  (j-'fo  "''  v,^\d  horses  about  a  mile  off. 
IJcatte  was  immediately  on  the  alert,  and  no 
lonj^cr  thought  of  buffalo  hunting.  He  was 
inoimted  on  his  powerful  half-wild  horse,  with  a 
lariat  cdled  at  the  saddle-bow,  and  set  off  in 
pursuit  ;  while  we  remained  on  a  rising  ground 
watching  his  mananivres  with  great  solicitude. 
Taking  advantage  of  a  strip  of  woodland,  he  stole 
([uietly  along,  so  as  to  get  close  to  them  before 
he  was  perceived.  The  moment  they  caught 
sight  of  him  a  grand  scamper  took  ])Iace.  We 
watched  him  skirting  along  the  horizon  like  a 
privateer  in  full  chase  of  a  merchantman  ;  at 
length  he  jiassed  ox  er  the  brow  of  a  ric'.gi;,  and 
ilown  into  a  shallow  valley  ;  in  a.  few  moments  he 
was  on  the  opi)osite  hill,  and  close  upon  one  of 
the  horses.  He  was  soon  head  and  head,  and 
appeared  to  be  trying  to  noose  his  prey  ;  but 
they  both  disappeared  again  below  the  hill,  and 
we  saw  no  more  of  them.  It  turned  out  after- 
ward that  he  had  noosed  a  powerful  horse,  but 
coukl  not  hold  him,  and  had  lost  his  lariat  in  the 
attempt. 

While  we  were  waiting  for  Iiis  return,  wc  per- 
ceived two  buffalo  bulls  descending  a  slope,  to- 
ward a  stream,  which  wound  through  a  ravine 
fringed  with  trees.  The  young  Count  and  myself 
endeavored  to  get  near  them  under  covert  of  the 
trees.  They  disco\ered  us  while  we  were  yet 
three  or  four  hundred  yards  off,  and  turning  about, 
retreated  up  the  rising  ground.  We  urged  our 
horses  across  Ihe  ravine,  and  gave  chase.  The 
immense  weiglit  of  head  and  shoulders  causes 
the  buffalo  to  labor  heavily  up  hill ;  but  it  accel- 
erates his  descent.  We  had  the  advantage, 
therefore,  and  gained  rajjidly  upon  the  fugitives, 
though  it  was  difticult  to  get  our  horses  to  ap- 
proach them,  their  very  scent  inspiring  them 
with  terror.  The  Count,  who  had  a  double-bar- 
relled gun,  loaded  with  ball,  fired,  but  it  missed. 
The  bulls  now  altered  their  course,  and  galloped 
down  hill  with  headlong  rapidity.  As  they  ran 
in  ilifferent  directions,  we  e;vch  singled  out  one 
and  separated.  I  was  provided  with  .a  brace  of 
veteran  brass-barrelled  pistols,  which  I  had  bor- 
rowed at  Fort  Gibson,  and  which  had  e\  idently 
seen  some  service.  I'istuls  are  very  effective  in 
buffalo  hunting,  as  the  hunter  can  ride  up  close 
to  the  animal,  and  fire  at  it  while  at  full  speed  ; 
whereas  the  long  heavy  rilles  used  en  the  fron- 
tier, cannot  be  easily  managed,  nor  discharged 
with  accurate  aim  from  horseback.  My  object, 
therefore,  was  to  get  within  [)istol  shot  nf  the  buf- 
falo. This  was  no  very  easy  matter.  1  was  well 
iiiounted  on  a  horse  of  excellent  spectl  and  bot- 
tom, that  seemed  eager  for  the  chase,  and  soon 
overtook  the  game  ;  but  the  moment  he  came 
nearly  parallel,  he  would  keep  sheering  off,  with 
ears  forked  and  pricked  forward,  and  every 
symptom  of  aversion  and  alarm.  It  was  no 
womler.  Of  .all  animals,  a  buffalo,  when  close 
presseil  by  the  hunter,  has  an  aspect  the  most 
diabolical.  His  two  short  black  horns,  curve  out 
of  a  huge  frontier  of  shaggy  hair  ;  his  eyes  glow 
like  coals  •  his  mouth  is  open,  his  tongue  jiarched 
and  drawn  up  into  a  half  crescent  ;  his  tail  is 
erect,  .mil  tufted  and  whisking  about  in  the  air, 
he  is  a  perfect  picture  of  mingled  rage  and  terror. 

It  was  with  difficulty  I  urged  tny  horse  suffi- 
ciently near,  when,  t.iking  aim.  to  my  chagrin, 
both  ])istols  missed  fire.  Unfortunately  the  locks 
of  these  veteran  weapons  were   so  niucli  worn, 


that  in  the  gallop,  the  priming  li.ni  been  sln'^ 
out  of  the  pans.  At  the  snapping  df  ti„.  i.,^,"^' 
tol  I  was  close  upon  the  buffalo,  wlicn,  in  ir'i' 
spair,  he  turned  round  with  a  siulden' siiorPri 
rushed  upon  me.  My  horse  wheeled  abm  '^,''| 
on  a  pivot,  made  .1  convulsive  sprin;;,  .md  ,  i 
had  been  leaning  on  one  side  wiiirpM,,' ''\ 
tended,  I  came  near  being  thrown  at  ih  ■  f  ' 
the  buffalo.  '  '''•"' 

Three  or  four  bounds  of  the  horse  cinia'  ■  ■ 
out  of  the  reach  of  the  enemy;  wlio.  iin,,"' 
merely  turned  in  desperate  Belf-dilerKe,  (iiii, ; ' 
resumed  his  fiight.  As  soon  as  1  cmiM  ''';',;htr''T 
my  panic-stricken  horse,  and  pi-ip.K>  th^.  p'^.  ,. 
afresh,  I  again  spurred  in  pursiut  of  Hk- |,i;£;i' 
who  had  slackened  his  sjieed  to  take  bre.uh.  o-J 
my  ap|)roach  he  again  set  off  full  tih.  hiavirr 
himself  forward  with  a  heavy  rolling  ;;:ill,jp.  d^^ir. 
ing  with  headlong  precipit:ition  tiirouj;!i  bnil;.; 
and  ravines,  while  several  deer  nnd  \\u\\r. 
startled  from  their  coverts  by  his  tlr.imitr-l 
career,  ran  helter-sk'Uer  to  right  and  kf;  acr -; 
the  waste. 

A  gallop  across  the  prairies  in  pursuit  of  mkc 
is  by  no  means  so  smooth  a  career  as  those  m  ,• 
imagine,  who  have  only  the  idea  of  .\n  open  Ind 
plain.     It    is   true,  the  prairies  of  the  hunur,' 
ground  are  not  so  much  entangled  \vi;h  tlowcri;/' 
l)Iants  and  long  herbage  as   the   \o\\r<:  prairivf^ 
and   are   principally  covered  with  short  buif,.'.;) 
grass  ;  but  they  are  diversified  by  hill  and  dale 
and  where  most  level,  are  apt  to  he  cut  up  bv 
deep  rifts  and  ravines,  madi    by  torrents  af;.r 
rains  ;  and  which,  yawning  fnun  an  even  siirfiu-, 
are  almost  like  pitfalls  in  the  way  (}f  the  huniiv, 
checking  him  suddenly,  when  in  iall  c:i:eer.  i;- 
subjecting  him  to  the  risk  of  limb  aivd  lite.    T';j 
l)lains,  too,  are  beset  by  burrow  iiig  iioles  of  ^m.i'.l 
animals,  in  which  the  horse  is  apt  to  sink  to  tho 
fetlock,  and  throw  both  himself  and  his  riikr. 
The  late  rain  had  covered  some  parts  of  tlie  jira;- 
rie,  where  the  ground  was  hard,  with  a  thin  s'lctt 
of  water,  through  which  the  horse  had  to  spLbli 
his  way.     In  other  parts  there  were  inmniurali'.o 
shallow  hollows,  eight  or  ten  feet  in  di.uiictir, 
made  by  the  bulfaloes,  who  wallow  in  sand  k.1 
muil  like  swane.     These  being  filled  with  water, 
shone  like  mirrors,  so  that  the  horse  w.is  coritin.:- 
ally  leaping  over  them  or  springing  on  one  side. 
We  hail  reached,  too,  a  rough  part  of  the  prairio, 
very  much  broken  and  cut  up  ;  the  bnlialo,  wli) 
was  running  for  life,  took  no  heed  to  his  course, 
jilunging  down  bre;'.k-neck  ravines,  wh.ere  it  was 
necessary  to  skirt  the  borders  in  search  of  .t  safer 
descent.     At  length  we  came  to  where  a  winter 
streair>  had  torn  a  deep  chasm  across  the  whule 
I>rairie,  leaving  open  jaggetl  rocks,  and  lorinin,' 
a  long  gb-n  bordered  by  steej)  cruiublin;,'  cliliVof 
mingled  stone  and  clay.     Down  one  of  these  the 
buffalo  tlung  himself,  lialf  tumbling,  ball  leapiii::, 
and  then  scuttletl  along  the  bottom  :  while  1,  see- 
ing all  further  jjursuit    useless,  pidled  iip.iinil 
gazed  quietly  after  him  from  the  bordtr  ol  th: 
clil'f,  until  he  disappeared  amidst  the  wiiidiiiijs  nt 
the  ravine. 

Nothing  now  remained  but  to  ttn-n  my  steed 
and  reioin  mv  comi)anions.  Here  at  first  was 
some  little  difficulty.  The  ardor  of  the  chase  h.id 
betr.iyed  me  into  a' longs  heedless  g.iUop.  1  m';!' 
found'  myself  in  the  midst  of  a  lonely  waste,  m 
which  the  prospect  was  bounded  by  tuuhilatin,; 
swells  of  land,  naked  and  uniform,  wheie,  liotii 
the  deficiency  of  landmarks  and  distinct  teaiures. 
an  inexperienct'd  man  ma\-  become  bewibbred, 
and  lose  his  way  as  readily  as  in  the  wastes  ul 


A  TOUR   OX    TFIE    PRAIRIES. 


*in 


(IC  OCC^I' 


The  day,  too,  was  overcast,  so  that  I 


'^  "''--  ■'"■•se  c.rriul  •, 

"iHii-siiit  of  ti,, ,;,;,:.;,; 

■'■'1  t"  take  l,a.,„i,  „' 

.''^"'.[""•ilt,  huv,' 
ivyroll,„s.all,m.d.io.: 
it:iti()ii  tliiou'li  brV  '- 
-•    clccr   and  X: 

"S     ''>•     Ills    tlK!,U',.:, 

o  '-'ylit  ami  l.ft  ac^ii 


ndiT. 

'omcp.-irtsof  the  jir.i;- 
lard.Hitlia  tliiii  slicit 

horse  had  to  spl.bli 
M-e  were  iiim,;iiu.iu!e 
en  feet  in  diiiiiictiT, 

wallow  ill  s:i:i(l  ai:,| 
n.^r  filled  with  w.itor, 
'le  hoisc  was  Cdiilinj- 
I'liv^ijiL,'  1)11  one  side. 
,'li  part  (.1' the  pr.urio, 
jp  ;  the  biii'ulo,  mIv) 
)  lieed  to  his  course, 
•a\ines,  uherc  it  uv.s 
■sin  search  of  a  safer 
le  to  where  a  winter 
sin  across  the  wimle 

rocks,  and  furnini,,' 
p  cruiubiin;,'  didx'l 
)wn  one  of  iliese  the 
nhliiit;.  half  Icapiii;', 
otloiii  ;  whdc  l,see- 
ss,  pidk'd  lip,  anJ 
1  tiu'  liordtr  nf  tl;e 
itlst  the  wiudiiiijs  (if 


.J  not  guide  myself  by  the   sun  ;    my   only 
ie  was  t"  retrace   the    track   my  horse   liatl 


thout,'h  this  I  would  often  lose 
the   ground   was    covered   with 


,',-ht  of.  "■''^''■^" 

wrchcd  herbage.  ,       .      , 

To  one  unaccustomed  to  it,  there  is  something 
;-t.vorcs>ihlv  lonely  in  the  solitude  of  a  prairie. 
The'loaeliiK'ss  of  a  forest  seems  nothinjj  to  it. 
TVrctheview  is  shut  in  by  trees,  and  the  im- 
y-niwn  is  loft  free  to  picture  some  livelier  scene 
"vond.  Hut  l'^"''-"  "'-'  'i'^^'^  •!"  immense  extent 
"fijinlicipe  without  a  sign  of  human  existence. 
We  h.i^c  the  consciousness  of  being  far,  far  be- 
vondthc  bcmnds  of  human  h;ibit;ition;  we  feel  as 
;.n„nin>'  in  the  midst  of  a  desert  world.  As  my 
horjO  l.T"'o'l  slowly  back  over  the  scenes  ot  our 
ii;c  sc.impcr,  and  the  delirium  of  the  chase  had 
niiieJ .i»'.iv,  I  w.is  peculiarly  sensible  to  these 
c'CJiiMtanies.  The  silence  of  the  wtiste  wt's  now 
ajj  then  broken  by  the  cry  of  a  distant  tlock  of 
piiicins,  stalking  like  spectres  about  a  shtdlow 
■i.oI:  sometimes  by  the  sinister  croaking  of  a 
,'aven  in  the  air,  while  occasionally  a  scoundrel 
Ivolf  would  scour  off  from  before  mc  ;  and,  hav- 
jp; attained  a  safe  distance,  would  sit  down  and 
heivland  whine  with  tones  that  gave  a  dreariness 
lithe  surrimnding  solitude. 

.Alter  pursuing  my  way  for  some  time,  I  de- 
scried a  iiorseman  on  the  edge  of  a  distant  hill, 
and  soon  recognized  him  to  be  the  Count.  He 
had  been  equally  unsuccessful  with  myself;  we 
were  shortly  after  rejoined  by  our  worthy  com- 
rade, the  \'irtuoso,  who,  with  spectacles  on  nose, 
had  made  two  or  three  ineffectual  shots  from 
hirieback. 

We  determined  not  to  seek  the  camp  until  we 
had  made  one  more  effort.  Casting  our  eyes 
.--.bciut  the  surrounding  .vaste,  we  descried  a  herd 
tf  buffalo  about  two  miles  distant,  scattered 
apart,  .and  ciuictly  grazing  near  a  small  strip  of 
trees  and  bushes.  It  recpiired  but  little  stretch 
of  fancy  to  picture  them  so  many  cattle  grtizing 
on  the  ed<;e  of  a  common,  and  that  the  grove 
ia;;;ht  shelter  some  lowly  farmhouse. 

We  now  formed  our  jiian  to  circumvent  the 
i;crd,and  by  getting  on  the  other  side  of  them, 
til  hunt  them  in  the  direction  where  we  knew  our 
camp  to  be  situ.ited,  otherwise,  the  jnirsuit  might 
take  us  to  such  a  distance  as  to  render  it  im- 
pii>s:ble  to  find  our  way  back  before  nightf.ill. 
Taking  a  wide  circuit  therefore,  we  moved  slowly 
sad  cautiously,  pausing  occasionally,  when  we 
saw  any  of  the  lienl  desist  from  grazing.  The 
«:nd  fortunately  set  from  them,  otherwise  they 
n:,'htliave  scented  us  and  have  taken  the  alarm. 
la  this  way  we  succeeded  in  getting  round  the 
htrd  without  disturbing  it.  It  consisted  of  about 
firty  head,  bulls,  cows,  and  calves.  Separating 
to  some  distance  from  each  other,  we  now  ap- 
pro,iched  slowly  in  a  parallel  line,  hoping  by  de- 
j-'rees  to  steal  near  without  exciting  attention. 
'Iheybeijan,  however,  to  move  off  i|uietly,  stoj)- 
p.a;,' at  every  step  or  two  to  graze,  when  sudden'/ 
.".  ball  that,  unol)served  by  us,  h.ul  been  taking 
iw  siesta  under  a  clump  of  trees  to  our  left, 
rojsed  himself  from  his  lair,  and  hastened  to 
join  his  companions.  We  were  still  at  a  consiil- 
wable  distance,  but  the  game  had  taken  the 
a.arm.  We  (piickened  our  pace,  they  broke  into 
•■;~i!'op,  and  now  commenced  ;i  full  c'h.ise. 

•As  the  ground  was  level,  they  shouldered 
[■on„'with  i^reat  speed,  following  each  other  in  a 
'ie;  two  or  three  bulls  bringing  up  the  rear,  the 
•■i;ti..f  whom,  from  his  enormous  size  and  vener- 


able frontlet,  and  beard  of  sunburnt  hair,  looked 
like  the  jiatriarch  of  the  herd  ;  timl  as  if  he 
might  long  have  reigned  the  mon.irch  of  the 
prairie. 

There  is  a  mixture  of  the  awful  and  the  comic 
in  the  look  of  these  huge  animals,  as  they  betir 
their  great  bulk  forward,  with  an  up  anil  down 
motion  of  the  unwieldy  head  ;ind  shoulders  ; 
their  tail  cocked  up  like  the  ipieue  of  r.intaloon  in 
a  ijantomime,  the  end  whisking  about  in  a  fierce 
yet  whimsical  style,  and  their  eyes  glaring  ven- 
omously with  an  expression  of  fright  ami  fury. 

For  some  time  1  kept  p.irallel  w'nh  the  line, 
without  being  able  to  force  my  horse  within  pis- 
tol shot,  so  much  h.id  he  been  alariiied  by  the 
assault  of  the  bulTalo  in  the  preceding  chase. 
At  length  1  succeeded,  but  was  again  balked  by 
my  pistols  missing  fire.  My  comp.mions,  whose 
horses  were  less  fleet,  and  more  way-worn,  could 
not  overtake  the  herd  ;  at  length  Mr.  L.,  who 
was  in  the  rear  of  the  line,  and  losing  ground, 
levelled  his  double-barrelled  gun,  and  fired  ;i  long 
raking  shot.  It  struck  a  butVaio  just  above  the 
loins,  brol.c  its  back-bone,  and  brought  it  to  the 
ground.  He  stopped  and  alighted  to  dispatch 
his  prey ,  when  borrowing  his  gun,  which  had  yet 
a  charge  remaining  in  it,  I  put  my  horse  to  his 
speed,  again  overtook  the  herd  which  was  thun- 
dering along,  pursued  by  the  Count.  With  my 
present  weapon  there  was  no  need  of  urging  my 
horse  to  such  close  quarters  ;  g.illoping  along 
jiarallel,  therefore,  1  singled  out  a  butTalo,  and 
by  a  fortunate  shot  brought  it  down  on  the  spot. 
The  ball  had  struck  a  vital  part  ;  it  could  not 
move  from  the  place  where  it  fell,  but  l.iy  there 
struggling  in  mortal  agony,  while  the  rest  of  the 
herd  kept  on  their  headlong  c:ueer  across  the 
prairie. 

Dismounting,  1  now  fettered  my  horse  to  pre- 
vent 'lis  straying,  and  adv.inced  to  contemplate 
my  victim.  1  am  nothing  of  a  sportsman  ;  1  had 
been  prompted  to  this  unwonted  exploit  by  the 
magnitude  of  the  game,  ami  the  excitement  of 
an  adventurous  chase.  Now  that  the  excitement 
was  over,  I  could  not  but  loo!,  with  commisera- 
tion upon  the  poor  animal  that  lay  struggling  and 
bleeding  at  my  feet.  His  very  size  ;ind  impor- 
tance, which  had  before  inspired  me  with  eager- 
ness, now  increased  my  c(niipuiu:iioii.  It  seemed 
as  if  I  had  inflicted  ])ain  in  propcution  to  the  bulk 
of  my  victim,  and  as  if  it  were  .a  hundred-fold 
gretiter  waste  of  life  than  there  would  ha\e  been 
in  the  destruction  of  an  animal  of  inferior  size. 

T"o  add  to  these  after-t[ua!ins  of  conscience, 
the  poor  animal  lingered  in  his  agony.  He  had 
evidently  received  a  mortal  wound,  but  death 
might  be  long  in  coming.  It  v.ould  not  do  to 
leave  him  here  to  be  torn  ])ieceiiual,  while  yet 
alive,  by  the  wolves  that  h.id  already  snuft'ed  his 
blood,  and  were  skulking  anil  howling  at  a.  dis- 
tance, and  waiting  for  my  departure ;  and  by 
the  r.wensthat  were  flapping  tibout,  cro, iking  dis- 
mally in  the  air.  It  became  now  an  act  of  mercy 
to  give  him  his  quietus,  ami  juit  him  out  of  his 
mi:5ery.  I  primed  one  of  the  justols,  therefore, 
and  advanced  close  up  to  the  biiflalo.  To  in- 
flict a  wound  thus  in  cold  blood,  1  found  a  totally 
dilTerent  thing  frcun  firing  in  the  heat  of  the 
chase.  Taking  aim,  however,  just  behind  the 
fore-shoulder,  my  pistol  for  once  proved  true  ;  the 
ball  must  have  passed  through  the  he.irt,  for  the 
animal  ga\e  cme  convulsiv'c  throe  and  expired. 

While  1  stood  meditating  ami  moralizing  over 
the  wreck  I  had  so  wantonly  produced,  witli  my 
horse  grazing  near  me,  1  was  rejoined  by  r.iy  fcl- 


47a 


A   TOUR   ON   THE   PRAIRIES. 


:i 


■-li- 


m:i, 


fciH  fi 


r-i 


tii-"i 


I    !ii 


bciny  .1  man 
thai,  more 


low-sportsman,  the  Viituoso  ;  who, 
of  universal  adroitness,  and  withal,  more  ex- 
perienced and  hardened  in  the  gentle  art  of 
"  venerie,"  soon  managed  to  carve  out  the  tongue 
of  the  buffalo,  and  delivered  it  to  mc  to  bear 
back  to  the  camp  as  a  trophy. 


CHAPTER   XXX. 

W    Comriiifr  Lost. —  /   Sniyc/i  for  lite   Cimp. —  T/if   Com- 
viiisii'iirr,  the  \\  iUl  I/orsf,  auJ  the  ISu^fiUo. — .  /  11  olf 

Our  solicitude  was  now  awakened  for  the  young 
Count.  With  his  usual  eagerness  and  impetuos- 
ity he  liad  ])crsisted  in  urging  his  jaded  horse  in 
puisuit  of  the  herd,  unwilling  to  return  without 
ha\  ing  likewise  killed  a  buffalo.  In  this  way  he 
bad  ke])i  on  following  them,  hither  and  thiiher, 
and  oceasit)nally  firing  an  ineffectual  shot,  until 
by  degrees  horseman  and  herd  became  indis- 
tinct in  the  distance,  and  at  length  swelling 
ground  and  strips  of  trees  and  thickets  hid  them 
entirely  from  sight. 

liy  the  time  my  friend,  the  amateur,  joined 
me,  the  young  Count  h.ad  been  long  lost  to  view. 
We  held  a  consultation  on  the  matter,  livening 
was  drawing  on.  Were  we  to  pursue  him,  it 
would  be  dark  before  we  should  overtake  him, 
granting  we  did  not  entirely  lose  trace  of  him  in 
the  gloDMi.  We  should  then  be  too  much  bewil- 
dered to  find  our  way  back  to  the  encampment  ; 
even  now,  our  return  would  be  difficult.  We  de- 
termined, therefore,  io  hasten  to  the  camp  as 
speedily  as  possible,  and  send  out  our  half-breeds, 
and  some  of  the  veteran  hunters,  skilled  in  cruis- 
ing about  the  prairies,  to  search  for  our  compan- 
ion. 

We  accordingly  set  forward  in  what  we  sup- 
posed to  bo  llie  direction  of  the  camp.  Our 
weary  horses  could  hardly  be  urged  beyond  a 
walk.  The  t\\  ilight  thickened  upon  us  ;  the  land- 
scape grew  gradually  indistinct ;  we  tried  in  vain 
to  rccogni/e  xarious  landmarks  which  we  had 
noted  ill  the  morning.  The  features  of  the  jirai- 
ries  are  so  similar  as  to  baffle  the  eye  of  any  but 
an  Indi.m,  or  a  practised  woodman.  At  length 
night  closed  in.  We  hoped  to  see  the  distant 
glare  of  camp-fires  ;  we  listened  to  catch  the 
sound  of  the  bells  about  the  necks  of  the  grazing 
horses.  Once  or  twice  we  thought  we  distin- 
guished lliL'iii  ;  we  were  mistaken.  Nothing  was 
to  be  heard  but  a  monotonous  concert  of  insects, 
with  now  and  then  the  dismal  howl  of  wolves 
mingling  with  the  night  breeze.  We  began  to 
think  of  halting  for  llie  night,  and  bivouackin;; 
under  the  lee  of  sonic  thicket.  We  had  imple- 
ments to  strike  a  light;  there  was  plenty  of  fire- 
wood at  hand,  and  the  tongues  of  our  bufValoes 
would  furnish  us  with  a  repast. 

Just  as  we  were  preparing  to  dismount,  we 
heard  the  re])ort  of  a  rille,  and  shortly  after,  the 
notes  of  the  bugle,  calling  up  the  night  guard. 
Pushing  forward  in  that  direction,  the  camp  fires 
soon  broke  on  our  sight,  gleaming  at  a  distance 
from  among  the  thick  groves  of  an  alluvial  bot- 
tom. 

•\s  we  entered  the  camp,  we  found  it  a  scene 
of  nule  hunters'  revelry  ar  I  wassail.  There  hail 
keen  a  grand  day's  sport,  in  which  all  had  taken 
a  part,  l-.iglit  bufialoes  had  been  killed;  roaring 
fires  were  bla/ing  on  every  side  ;  all  hands  were 
feasting   upon   roasted  joints,    broiled   marrow- 


bones, .-ind  the  juicy  hump,  far-f.imcd  amor.-  •■ 
epicures  of  the  prairies.     Right  g|;uKv„|," ' ;' 
dismount  and  partake  of  the  sturdy  chcr*  •" 
we  had  been  on  our  weary  horses  siiicc  mor'. 
without  tasting  food.  '"'■ 

As  to  our  worthy  friend,   the  CommissV,-,. 
with  whom  we  had  parted  company  at  tin.. ,,  i 
of  this  eventful  day,  we  fountl  him  ivin-inaf  ■ 
ner  of  the  tent,  much  the  worse  fur  wear  i   •- 
course  of  a  successful  hunting  match,      '       " 

It  seems  that  our  man,  lieattc,  in  his  zr'  • 
give  the  Commissioner  an  opportuiiiiv  cf ;!  "■  l' 
guishing  himself,  and  gratifying  his  In'intm;'  pr-! 
])ensities,    had  mounted  him  u|h)ii  his  lial'i'-'v' 
liorse,  and  started  him  in  pursuit  of  a  Im -o  i,  •! 
falo  bull,  that  had  already  been  friylitoned  l)v;-. 
hunters.     The  horse,  which  was  tlarlcsj  as  !■■ 
owner,  and,  like  him,  had  a  coiibidur.ablc  vv^ 
of  devil   in  his  composition,  and  wlui  besides 
had  been  made  familiar  with  tiie  game,  r.nsi»n() 
came  in  sight  and  scent  of  the  buiialu,  dian'h' 
set  off  full  speed,  bearing  the  inv(,|unt:irv  ln;a'„J 
hither  and  thither,  and  whither  lie  wnuld  nn;^ 
up  hill  and  down  hill — leaping  jiooli  and  bro  b 
—dashing    thnuigh  glens  and   giillies,  until  b 
came  up  with  the  game.    Instead  of  slieerin'tr; 
he   crowded   upon    the   buffalo.     'I'lio  Coimiij;! 
sioner,   almost  in  self-defence,  di^cbarged  both 
barrels  of  a  double-barrelled  gun  iiUDllieciieir.v. 
The  broadside  took  elTect,  but  was  not  mort.-.I. 
Thi;  buffalo  turned  furiously  ujion  liis  piirbu.r; 
the  horse,  as  he  had  been  taught  by  bis  owner, 
wheeled  ofT.   The  InifTalo  plunged  after  biiii.  Ti;; 
worthy  Commissioner,   in  gre.it  extremity,  drcv 
his  sole  pistol  from  his  holhter,  tired  it  on  ,is.-. 
stern-chaser,  shot  the   buffalo  full  in  tbc  brcis:, 
and  brought  him  lumbering  forward  to  tbc  cir.i'.. 

The  Commissioner  returned  to  camp,  buidcd 
on  all  sides  for  his  signal  ex])loit  ;  ln;t  j,'riev(ii;siv 
battered  and  way-worn.  He  had  been  .t  h.itd 
rider  perforce,  and  a  victor  in  spite  of  bimself. 
He  turned  a  deaf  car  to  all  coniidimenis  andcir.- 
gratulations  ;  had  but  little  stoni.uh  for  tbo  Iwr.- 
ter's  fare  jilaced  before  him,  and  fonn  ietre.'.!i. i 
to  stretch  his  limbs  in  the  tent,  ('.Lclaring  ih.r, 
nothing  should  tempt  him  agaia  to  mount  tli.r 
half  devil  Inilian  horse,  and  that  l;o  bad  had 
enough  of  buffalo  hunting  tor  tiie  re'it  of  Ids  life. 

It  was  too  dark  now  to  send  any  one  in  icarc':; 
of  the  young  Count.  Ciuns,  however,  were  lirLii, 
and  the  bugle  sounded  from  time  to  time,  m 
guide  him  to  the  camp,  if  by  chance  bo  si.,  ill 
str.iggle  within  hearing  ;  but  the  night  adwir-cd 
without  his  making  his  appearance.  There  w.; 
not  a  star  visible  to  guide  him,  and  we  conelud:! 
that  wherever  he  was.  he  would  give  i:p  wander- 
ing in  the  dark,  and  bivouac  until  tl.iybrcak. 

It  was  a  raw,  overcast  nigl'.l.  'H'.c  carcasses 
of  the  buffaloes  killed  in  the  vicinity  of'  die 
camp  had  drawn  about  it  an  unusual  number  c! 
wolves,  who  kept  up  the  most  forlorn  ceneeritf 
whining  yells,  ])rolonged  into  dismal  cadence; 
and  inflexions,  literally  converting  the  surround- 
ing waste  into  a  howling  wilderness.  NotbinL'  is 
more  melancholy  than  the  niidniglit  bowl  of  a 
wolf  on  a  jirairie.'  ^\Tlat  rendered  the  gloom  r.n'i 
wildness  of  the  night  and  the  savage  concert  ft 
the  neighboring  waste  the  more  dreary  to  us,  was 
the  idea  of  the  lonely  and  exposed  situation  (f 
our  young  and  inexiierienced  comrade,  "o 
trusted,  however,  that  on  the  return  of  daylighi, 
he  would  find  his  way  back  to  the  camp,  and 
then  all  the  events  of  the  nij'.ht  woelil  be  remem- 
bered only  as  so  many  savory  gratifications  of  l-j 
passion  for  adventure. 


T.,,£  r.wrnin 
•l-.iio'Jt  .my 
;  ^1  uncisin 
I',,;,,  be  mi! 
s.r.io  oppos 
(iKnb""^ 


IJ'iS 


about 


.  vv 


v,,thliii"i 
j..,i  liable  ti 

(,:-ir.ib'Sl'"iJ 
.\s  soon 

I'a.ir  breakf 
t'rjbO  ill  se 
ji,.crs,  mo' 
horses,  aiid_ 
'•.,.rt:  puf 
;'i;h  our  litl 
:.;hecau^c 
I,  ,hcAV  tbc 
iviicre  vvc  b 
«c  all  set 
coujiie  of  ill 
two  buiMloi 

f,^,i;3  wolves 

i'.i  approai 


A  TOUR  ON    THE   PRAIRIES. 


4,Tt 


CHAPTER   XXXI. 

A  Hunt  for  a  Lost  Comr,iiie. 

T  ir  nornins  dawned,  .ind  .nn  hour  or  two  passed 
,lo'utanvudint;s  of  the  Count.  Wc  beg.-m  to 
.•"l  ;;ncasincss  lest,  h.ivin^'  no  compass  to  aid 
I  ,  ]',j,  might  i)cii)lex  himself  and  wander  in 
'mc' opiwsitc  direction.  Stragglers  arc  thus 
i-.|,i^],jt  for  (lays  ;  what  made  us  the  more  anx- 
■~,ji  ibout  liini  was,  that  he  had  no  provisions 
''■hiiiiii.  was  totally  unversed  in  '"  wood  craft," 
'd  i:.ibl'c  to  fall  into  the  hands  of  some  lurking 
■'-' Mr.";,'^liiin'  P-^'''>'  "*"  savages. 
'.\j  5,1011  as  our  jjcople,  therefore,  had  made 
I'n'ir  breakfast,  we  beat  up  for  volunteers  for  a 
.rVo  in  search  of  the  Count.  A  dozen  of  the 
rir'cri,iii()iintcdon  some  of  the  best  and  freshest 
horses,  and  armed  with  rifles,  were  soon  ready  to 
;•  n;  our  lialf-brceds  lieatte  and  Antoine  also, 
»i;liwir  little  mongrel  Frenchman,  were  zealous 
■".•hecuise;  so  Mr.  L.  and  myself  taking  the  lead, 
|rsho»thc  way  to  the  scene  of  our  little  hunt 
ivhcre  we  liad  jiarted  company  with  the  Count, 
V,.'  all  set  out  across  the  prairie.  A  ride  of  a 
couple  of  miles  brought  us  to  the  carcasses  of  the 
wo  biiiuloes  we  had  killed.  A  legion  of  ra\e- 
r,  ;:5\volves  were  already  goi^^ing  upon  thcni.  At 
I ,,:  approach  they  reluctantly  drew  off,  skulking 
■,i,;h.ieaitiff  look  to  the  distance  of  a  few  hun- 
cid  v.uds,  and  there  awaiting  our  departure, 
!;.,iniiev  mii;ht  return  to  their  banquet. 

1  conducted  lieatte  and  Antoine  to  the  spot 
v.iiLr.ce  the  young  Count  had  continued  the  chase 
iiiao.  It  was  like  putting  hounds  upon  the 
sciiit.  Thcv  immediately  distinguished  the  track 
cf  his  horse  amidst  the  trami)ings  of  the  buffaloes, 
anJ!etoffat  around  i)ace,  following  with  the  eye 
;r.  r.varlv  a  straight  course,  for  upward  of  a  mile, 
v.hen  they  came  to  where  the  herd  had  v'.i\idcd, 
ar.d  run  hither  and  thither  about  a  meadow. 
litre  the  track  of  the  horse's  hoofs  wandered  and 
doubled  and  often  crossed  each  other  ;  our  half- 
breeiis  were  like  hounds  at  fault.  While  wc 
vcre  at  a  halt,  waiting  until  they  should  unravel 
;he  aiize,  lieatte  suddenly  gave  a  short  Indian 
whoop,  or  rather  yelp,  and  pointed  to  a  distant 
lull.  On  regarding  it  attentively,  we  perceived  a 
horseman  on  the  summit.  "It  is  the  Count!"' 
cried  Lieatte,  and  set  off  at  full  gallop,  followed 
by  the  wiiole  company.  In  a  few  moments  he 
chocked  his  horse.  Another  figure  on  horseback 
h.idappeared  on  the  brow  of  the  hill.  This  com- 
[I'.etely  .iltered  the  case.  The  Count  had  wandered 
cii' alone  ;  no  other  person  had  been  missing  from 
the  camp.  If  one  of  these  horsemen  were  indeed 
the  Count,  the  oUier  must  be  an  Indian.  If  an 
Ir.dian,  in  all  probability  a  Pawnee.  Perhaps  they 
v.ereboth  Indians  ;  scouts  of  some  ])arty  lurking 
i;;  the  vicinity.  While  these  and  other  sugges- 
tions were  hastily  discussed,  the  two  horsemen 
flidod  down  from  the  profile  of  the  hill,  and  we 
lost  s!;;lit  of  thein.  One  of  the  rangers  suggested 
that  there  might  be  a  straggling  ])arty  of  Pawnees 
hvhind  the  hill,  and  that  the  Count  might  have 
fallen  into  their  hands.  The  idea  had  an  electric 
ciicct  upon  the  little  troop.  In  an  instant  every 
hiirsc  was  at  full  speed,  the  half-breeds  leading 
the  way;  the  young  rangers  as  they  rode  set  up 
vial  yelps  of  exultation  at  the  thoughts  of  having  a 
brushwiih  the  Indians.  A  neck  or  nothing  gallop 
brtiu;.;ht  lis  lo  the  skirts  of  the  hill,  and  revealed 
tur  mistake.     In  a  ravine  we  lound  the  two  horse- 

of  a  buffalo  which 
lo  be  t«'o  rangers, 


raon  standing  by  the  carcass 
!-•-■;•■  had  killed.  '  They  proved 


who,  unperccivcd,  had  left  the  camp  a  little  be- 
fore us,  and  h.ad  come  here  in  a  direct  line,  while 
we  had  made  a  wide  circuit  abiuit  the  prairie. 

This  episode  being  at  an  end,  and  the  sudden 
excitement  being  over,  we  slowly  and  coolly  re- 
traced our  steps  to  the  meadow  ;  but  it  was  some 
time  before  our  half-breeds  could  again  get  on 
the  track  of  the  Count.  Having  at  length  found 
it,  they  succeeded  in  following  it  Ihniugh  all  its 
doublings,  until  they  came  to  where  it  was  no 
longer  mingled  with  the  tramp  of  but'faloes,  but 
became  single  and  separate,  wandering  here  and 
there  about  the  prairies,  but  always  tending  in  a 
direction  opposite  to  that  of  the  ciinp.  Here  the 
Count  had  evidently  given  up  the  ])ursuit  of  the 
herd,  and  had  endeavored  to  liiul  his  way  to  tlic 
encampment,  but  had  become  bewildereil  as  the 
evening  shades  thickened  around  him,  and  had 
completely  mistaken  the  jjoints  of  tl;e  compass. 

In  all  this  quest  our  half-breeds  dis])layed  that 
quickness  of  eye,  in  following  up  a  track,  for 
which  Indians  are  so  noted.  Uc^ute,  especially, 
was  as  staunch  as  a  veteran  hound.  Sometimes 
he  would  keep  forward  on  an  easy  trot  ;  his  eyes 
fixeil  on  the  ground  a  little  alieael  of  his  horse, 
clearly  distinguishing  prints  in  the  heriiage  which 
to  me  were  invisible,  excepting  on  the  closest 
inspection.  Sometimes  he  wciuld  inill  up  and 
w.ilk  his  horse  slowly,  regarding  the  grt)und  in- 
tensely, where  to  my  eye  noiliing  was  api)arent. 
Then  he  would  dismount,  lead  his  lunse  by  the 
bridle,  and  advance  cautiously  step  by  step,  with 
his  face  bent  toward  the  earth,  just  catching, 
here  and  there,  a  casual  indication  of  the  vaguest 
kind  to  guide  him  onward.  In  some  |)laces  where 
the  soil  was  hard  and  the  grass  withered,  he 
would  lose  the  track  entirely,  and  wander  back- 
ward and  forward,  and  right  and  left,  in  search 
of  it ;  returning  occasionally  to  the  jdace  where 
he  had  lost  sight  of  it,  to  take  a  new  departure. 
If  this  f.iiled  he  would  examine  the  b.uiks  of  the 
neighboring  streams,  or  the  sandy  bottoms  of  the 
ravines,  in  hopes  of  finding  tracks  where  the 
Count  had  crossed.  Wiien  he  again  came  upon 
the  track,  he  would  remount  his  horse,  and  re- 
sume his  onward  course.  At  length,  after  cross- 
ing a  stream,  in  the  crumbling  banks  of  which 
the  hoofs  of  the  horse  were  deeply  dented,  we 
came  u|)on  a  high  dry  ])rairie,  where  our  half- 
breeils  were  completely  batiled.  Xot  a  foot-print 
was  to  be  discerned,  though  they  se.ircheel  in 
every  direction  ;  and  ISeattcat  length  coming  to 
a  pause,  shook  his  head  despondingly. 

Just  then  a  small  herd  of  deer,  roused  from  a 
neighboring  ravine,  came  bounding  by  us.  ISeatte 
sprang  from  his  horse,  levelleil  his  ritle,  and 
wountled  one  slightly,  but  wiiliout  bringing  it  to 
the  ground.  The  report  of  the  ride  was  almost; 
immediately  followcil  by  along  halloo  fnnn  a  dis- 
tance. We  looked  around  but  could  sec  luilhing. 
.Another  loivg  halloo  was  In  ard.  and  at  length  a 
ImrMenian  was  descried,  enu.r;ging  o.ut  of  a  skirt 
of  forest.  A  single  glance  slioweel  him  lo  be  the 
young  Count;  there  was  .'i  universal  shout  and 
scamper,  every  one  setting  olf  t'ull  gallop  to  greet 
him.  It  was  a  joyful  meeting  lo  both  ])arlies  ; 
for,  much  anxiety  had  been  felt  by  us  all  on  ac- 
count of  his  youth  and  inexperience,  and  for  his 
part,  with  all  his  love  of  adventure,  he  seemed 
right  glad  to  be  once  more  among  his  friends. 

As  wc  supposed,  he  had  cimipletely  mistaken 
his  course  oi;  the  preceding  evening,  and  had 
wandered  about  until  dark,  wdien  he  lliought  of 
bivouacking.  The  iirght  was  cold,  yet  he  feared 
to  make  a  lire,  lest  it  might  betray  him  to  some 


r   i^M! 


I]  ' 


'n  h 


;*'"■:■  I 


w 


'  (•:■• 


'478 


A  TOUR  ON   THE   PRAIRIES. 


lurkinfj  party  of  Indians.  Hobbling  his  horse 
with  his  jjockcl  handkerchief,  and  leavinj,'  him  to 
};raze  on  thj  margin  of  tiic  prairie,  he  clambered 
into  a  tree,  fixed  his  saddle  in  the  fork  of  the 
branches,  and  placin;^  himself  securely  with  his 
back  against  the  trunk,  prepared  to  pass  a  dreary 
and  anxious  ni.i;ht,  regaled  occasionally  with  the 
bowlings  of  the  woKes.  He  was  agreeably  dis- 
appointed. The  fatigue  of  the  day  soon  brought 
on  a  sound  sleep  ;  he  hail  delightful  dreams  about 
his  lu)me  in  Suit/erland,  nor  did  he  wake  until  it 
was  broad  d.iylight. 

He  then  deseended  from  his  roosting-placc, 
mounted  his  horse,  and  rode  to  the  naked  summit 
of  a  hill,  whence  he  beheld  a  trackless  wilderness 
around  him,  but,  at  no  great  distance,  the  tirand 
Canadian,  winding  its  way  between  borders  of 
forest  land.  The  sight  of  this  river  consoled  him 
with  the  itlea  lliat,  should  he  fail  in  finding  his 
way  back  to  the  camp,  or,  in  being  found  by  some 
party  of  his  comrades,  he  might  follow  the  course 
of  the  stream,  which  could  not  fail  to  conduct 
him  to  some  frontier  post,  or  Inilian  hamlet. 
So  closed  the  events  of  our  hap-hazard  buffalo 
hunt. 


CHAPTKR  X.XXII. 

«4  A'l/'iibHc  of  Prairie  Dogs, 

On  returning  from  our  expedition  in  quest  of  the 
young  Count,  1  learned  that  a  burrow,  or  village, 
as  it  is  termed,  of  jjrairie  dogs  had  been  discov- 
ered on  the  level  summit  of  a  hill,  about  a  mile 
from  the  camp.  1  Living  heard  much  of  the  hab- 
its and  peculiarities  of  these  little  animals,  I  de- 
termined to  ])ay  .1  \  isit  to  the  community.  The 
prairie  dog  is,  in  fact,  one  of  the  curiosities  of 
the  I'"ar  West,  about  which  travellers  delight  to 
tell  marvellous  tales,  endowing  him  at  times  with 
something  of  the  politic  and  social  habits  of  a 
rational  being,  and  giving  him  systems  of  civil 
government  aiul  domestic  economy,  almost  equal 
to  what  ihey  used    to  bestow  upon  the  beaver. 

The  prairie  dog  is  an  animal  of  the  coney  kind, 
and  about  the  si/e  of  a  rabbit.  He  is  of  a 
sprightly  mercurial  nature  ;  quick,  sensitive,  and 
somewhat  petulant.  He  is  very  gregarious,  liv- 
ing in  large  communities,  sometimes  of  several 
acres  in  extent,  where  innumerable  little  heaps  of 
earth  show  the  entrances  to  the  subterranean 
cells  of  the  inhabitants,  and  the  well  beaten 
tracks,  like  lanes  antl  streets,  show  their  mobility 
and  restlessness.  According  to  the  accounts 
given  of  them,  they  would  seem  to  be  continually 
full  of  sport,  business,  ;md  public  affairs;  whisk- 
ing about  hitiier  and  thither,  as  if  on  gossiping 
visits  to  each  other's  houses,  or  congregating  in 
the  cool  of  the  evening,  or  after  a  shower,  and 
gambolin;.;  together  in  the  open  air.  Sometimes, 
especially  when  the  moon  shines,  they  pass  half 
the  night  in  revelry,  barking  or  yelping  with  short, 
quick,  yet  weak  tones,  like  those  of  very  young 
jjuppies.  While  in  the  height  jf  their  playfulness 
and  clamor,  howe\er,  should  there  be  the  least 
alarm,  they  all  vanish  into  their  cells  in  an  in- 
stant, and  the  vill,\ge  remains  blank  and  silent. 
In  case  they  are  hard  pressed  by  their  pursuers, 
without  any  ho[)e  of  escape,  they  will  assume  a 
pugnacious  air,  and  a  most  whimsical  look  of 
impotent  w  rath  and  deliancc. 

The  pniirie  dogs  are  not  ])ermittcd  to  remain 
sole   and   undisturbed  inhabitants  of  their  own 


homes.    Owls  and  rattlesnakes  arc  said  to  t  l- 
their  abodes  with  them  ;  but  whetlicr  ■,         '' 
guests  or  unwelcome   intruders,  is  a 
contro\ersy.     The  owls  are  of  a 


iiuitcr  ,1 

peculiar  kit,' 

•If  Ut  , 


and  would  seem  to  part.ike  of  tlie  char 
the  hawk;  for  they  are  taller  and  niorti'r.xi, 

lui  raind  .li 


their  legs,  more  alert  in  their  looks  ;i,i 
their  flight  than  ordinary  owls,  and  dn  nn- 
hne  their  excursions  to  the  night,  hut  s.illvr?i! 
in  broad  day.  '  '■  "'"'' 

Some  s.iy  that  they  only  inhabit  cells  wh 
the  prairie  dogs  have 'deserted,  and  suliaal  i,''! 
to  ruin,  in  consecpience  of  the  death  iiitluiv  ' 
some  relative;  for  they  would  make  out  th,  <? 
tie  animal  to  be  endowed  with  keen  sinsiljiln  '■ 
that  will  not  permit  it  to  remain  in  the  duii, ?! 
where  it  has  witnessed  the  ikatii  uf  a  {^^^l 
Other  fanciful  speculators  represent  the  uMl.i  a 
kind  of  housekeeper  to  the  prairie  dug  ;  aiul.frlm 
having  a  note  very  similar,  insinuate  that  \\-k>- 
in  a  manner,  as  family  preceptor,  and  tuchti 
the  young  litter  to  bark. 

As  to  the  rattlesnake,  nothing  satisfirUirv  hi- 
been  ascertained  of  the  ])arl  he  plays  in  Uiis  ini.s' 
interesting  household  ;  thougli  he  is dubidind  ,v 
little  better  than  a  sycophant  and  shaipei,  tli.r 
winds  himself  into  the  concerns  ul'  the  hmuM' 
credulous  little  dog,  and  takes  him  in  must  saiilv! 
Certain  it  is,  if  he  acts  as  toad-e.iter,  itc  (>Ci;a>inn! 
ally  solaces  himself  with  more  than  tiie  u<„,il 
perquisites  of  his  order ;  as  he  is  now  and  then 
detected  with  one  of  the  younger  mendxTs  of  tl.o 
family  in  his  maw. 

Such  are  a  few  of  the  particulars  that  I  cncid 
gather  aljout  the  domestic  economy  of  this  ht;]; 
inhabitant  of  the  prairies,  who,  with  his  pij;!;;'. 
republic,  appears  to  be  a  subject  of  nuich  whin- 
sical  speculation  and  burlesque  remarks  .iiiiun' 
the  hunters  of  the  Far  West. 

It  was  toward  evening  that  I  set  out  widi  ,1 
companion,  to  visit  the  village  in  (piestioii.  l:> 
luckily,  it  had  been  invaded  in  the  coui^e  of  ilio 
day  by  some  of  the  rangers,  who  had  shut  lunur 
three  of  its  inhabitants,  and  thrown  the  \\\\\ic 
sensitive  community  in  confusion.  As  wc  ap- 
proached, we  could  perceive  numbers  of  dit  in- 
habitants seated  at  the  entrances  of  tiieir  tills, 
while  sentinels  seemed  to  have  been  posted  rii 
the  outskirts,  to  keep  a  look-out.  At  siLjht  of  i.s, 
the  picket  guards  scampered  in  and  gave  tk 
alarm  ;  wherevqion  every  inliabitant  gave  a  slmrt 
yelp,  or  bark,  and  dived  into  his  hole,  liis  htcii 
twinkling  in  the  air  as  if  he  had  thrown  a  somer- 
sault. 

We  traversed  the  whole  village,  or  republic, 
which  covered  an  area  of  about  thirty  acres ;  ba; 
not  a  whisker  of  an  inhabitant  was  to  be  sovn. 
We  probed  their  cells  as  far  as  the  ramrods  of 
our  rifles  would  reach,  but  could  imearih  neither 
dog,  nor  owl,  nor  rattlesnake.  Mo\in;,'  (|iiicily 
to  a  little  distance,  we  lay  down  upon  thejjround, 
and  watched  for  a  long  time,  silent  and  motion- 
less, liy  aiul  by,  a  cautious  old  burgher  would 
slowly  put  forth  the  end  of  his  nose.lnil  instantly 
draw  it  in  again.  Another,  at  a  greater  di=taiico, 
would  emerge  entirely  ;  but,  catching  a  fiance  tf 
us,  would  throw  a  somersault,  and  pluir^c  back 
again  into  his  hole.  At  length,  some  wlio  resultJ 
on  the  opposite  side  of  the  village,  takiii;,'  cour- 
age from  the  continued  stillness,  would  steal 
forth,  and  hurry  off  to  a  distant  iiolc,  the  resi- 
dence possibly  of  some  family  connection,  or  pij- 
siping  friend,  about  whose  safety  they  were  solici- 
tous, or  with  whom  they  wished  to  compare' notes 
about  the  late  occurrences. 


nthor5, 


kWiN  I" 


CISC'JS^ 


the 


•:i  ii!<e 
then  veil' 
fa■^cli  fr"i" 
ceriy  <i'>l'^''' 
[ireciion ; 
ir.t,i  llif  f-irt 
The  dusk 
ijrvaticriSi ' 
s,ir,s  prnil'i'-" 
iiiiics  which 
pditic  anim 
cjnip ;  and 
;;:thecami: 

r.c»  of  tlH' 
frcnitheili- 
i-.Mo  my-' 
;-  noisy  a-si 
-;.ir.5  lor  the 
i.;aJ  riijlUs 


A  TOUR   ON    TIIK    PRAIRIES. 


479 


fliiicrs  'till  more  hold,  ns-,cni1)lc(l  in  little 
1,  .;  in'tlit  streets  and  public  places,  as  if  to 
r,;''j, he  recent  (iutra};cs  offered  to  the  com- 
''*^  ,',.,lih  ami  the  atrocious  murders  of  their  fel- 

Wcro-e  from  the  ground  and  moved  forward, 
MtiU'  .1  nearer  view  of  these  iiublic  proceedings, 
VnVlp!  yelp!  yelp!— there  was  a  shrill  alarm 
'-■.ciifri'iii  iiH'u'h  to  mouth  ;  the  meetinj;s  sud- 
!'riv dispersed  ;  feet  twinkled  in  the  air  in  every 
"rectiiin;  .inJ  in  an  instant  all  had  vanished 
in'Mhe  earth.  .  ,  .  , 

The  dusk  of  the  cvcninj;  put  an  end  to  our  ob- 
...-vMions,  but  the  train  of  whimsical  comi)ari- 
[li-sprodiiced  in  my  brain  by  the  moral  attri- 
brts  wliic'i  '  '•'"'  heard  j;iven  to  these  little 
r"|nc  animals,  still  continued  after  my  return  to 
cMip;  nndlate  in  the  night,  as  I  lay  awake  after 
•^',  the  camp  was  asleep,  and  heard  in  the  still- 
r'fjK'f  the  hour,  a  faint  clamor  of  shrill  voices 
(.•ir.tiiciii>tant  village,  I  could  not  help  pictiir- 
;- to  m>self  the  inhabitants  gathered  together 
|;'noi>v  assemblage  and  windy  debate,  to  devise 
"■jnsfar  the  i)uhlic  safety,  ahd  to  vindicate  the  iii- 
l--iJ  r:i;hli  and  insulted  dignity  of  the  republic. 


CHAPTER  XXXIII 

Cmniil  in  llie  CimJ'. — Reasons  f^ir  Faiini^  Ifome-.i'r.yd, 
-ii-nes  I.t>sl.—/-><f>irlure  tuilk  ii  /K-l,u/imeiil  en 
fii  //t'liiai'iin/  koiile. — Sir.im/i.  —  ll'i/it  lloysc. — 
(j/i;,*  SuHcs  ly    A'ij,'lit.  —  T/ic     Owl,    ilarbiiii^cr  cf 

Win;  E  breakfast  was  preparing,  a  council  was 
kid  as  tn  our  future  movements.  Symptoms  of 
(ii.-content  had  appeared  for  a  day  or  two  ])ast 
sraoi;'^  the  rangers,  most  of  whom,  unaccustomed 
pthelifeof  the  prairies,  had  become  impatient 
(titi  privations,  as  well  as  the  restraints  of  the 
nnip.  The  want  of  bread  had  been  felt  severely, 
,-.r.d  tlicy  were  wearied  with  constant  travel.  In 
fact,  the  novelty  and  excitement  of  the  cxpedi- 
t;in  «cre  at  an  end.  They  had  hunted  the  deer, 
the  bear,  the  elk,  the  buffalo,  and  the  wikl  horse, 
and  liad  no  further  object  of  leading  interest  to 
:?ok  lorward  to.  A  general  inclination  prevailed, 
therefore,  to  turn  homeward. 

Grave  reasons  disposed  the  Captain  and  his 
cfScers  to  adopt  this  resolution.  Our  horses 
»cre  i;cncrally  much  jaded  by  the  fatigues  of 
ir.mHin;4and  hunting,  and  had  fallen  away  sadly 
forw.iatof  good  pasturage,  and  from  being  teth- 
ered .it  night,  to  protect  them  from  Indian  depre- 
cr,:on5.  'I'iie  Lite  rains,  too,  seemed  to  have 
«r.shed  away  the  nourishment  from  the  scanty 
krb.ige  that  remained  ;  and  since  our  cncamp- 
nent during  the  storm,  our  horses  had  lost  llchh 
ffid strength  rapidly.  With  every  possible  care, 
i'.'^rscs,  accustomed  to  grain,  and  to  the  regular 
:nd  pk'iitiful  nourishment  of  the  st.-xble  ancl  the 
firm,  lose  heart  and  condition  in  travelling  on  the 
pM.rics.  In  all  expeditions  of  the  kind  we  were 
i"agc(l  in,  the  hardy  Indian  horses,  which  are 
[encrally  mustangs,  or  a  cross  of  the  wild  breed, 
-Mo  be  preferred.  They  can  stand  all  fatigues, 
•  •irdships,  and  privations,  and  thrive  on  the 
passes  and  wild  herbage  of  the  plains. 

Oarmen,  ton,  had  acted  with  little  forethought  ; 
plloping  oiT  whenever  they  had  a  chance,  after 
ts;  1,'ame  that  we  encountered  while  on  the 
nwch.  In  this  way  they  had  strained  and  wearied 
'iiir  horses,  instead  of  husbanding  their  strcnjjth 


and  s|)irits.  On  a  tour  of  the  kind,  horses  should 
as  seldom  as  ])ossible  be  put  olV  ot  a  quiet  w.dk  ; 
and  the  average  day's  journey  should  not  exceed 
ten  miles. 

We  had  hoped,  by  pusiilng  foru.ird,  to  reach 
the  bottoms  of  the  Red  River,  wliicii  abound 
with  young  cane,  a  most  nourishing  forage  for 
cattle  at  this  season  of  the  year.  It  would  non* 
t.ike  us  several  days  to  arrive  there,  and  in  the 
meantime  many  of  our  horses  Neniild  probably 
give  out.  It  was  the  time,  t(-o,  when  the  hunting 
parties  of  Indians  set  tiro  t^)  the  prairies  ;  the 
herbage,  throughout  this  ]),\rt  of  the  country, 
\,as  in  that  parched  state,  favorable  to  combus- 
tion, and  there  was  daily  more  and  more  risk 
that  the  prairies  between  us  and  tiie  fort  would 
be  set  on  lire  by  some  of  the  return  i>.irties  of 
Osages,  and  a  scorched  desert  left  for  us  to  tra- 
verse. In  a  word,  we  had  started  too  late  in  the 
season,  or  loiteied  too  much  in  the  early  |)art  of 
our  march,  to  accomplish  our  originally  inieiuletl 
tour;  and  there  was  imminent  lii/ard,  if  we  con- 
tinued on,  that  we  should  lose  the  greater  part  of 
our  horses  ;  and,  besides  suffering  various  other 
inconveniences,  be  obliged  to  return  cm  foot.  It 
was  determineil,  therefore,  to  gi\e  up  all  further 
progress,  and,  turning  our  f.ices  to  the  southeast, 
to  make  the  best  of  our  way  back  to  I'ort  (ubson. 

This  resolution  being  taken,  there  was  an  im- 
mediate eagerness  to  ])ut  it  into  o])eration.  Sev- 
eral horses,  however,  were  missing,  and  amonij 
others  those  of  the  Captain  and  tlie  Surgeon. 
Persons  had  gone  in  search  of  them,  but  the 
morning  advanced  without  any  tidings  of  them. 
Our  ])arty  in  the  meantime,  being  all  ready  for  a 
march,  the  Commissioner  determined  to  set  off 
in  the  advance,  with  his  original  esc(>rt  of  a  lieu- 
tenant and  fourteen  rangers,  leaving  the  Captain 
to  come  on  at  his  convenience,  with  the  main 
body.  At  ten  o'clock  wc  accordingly  started, 
under  the  guidance  of  Beatte,  who  had  hunted 
oxer  this  part  of  the  country,  and  knew  the  direct 
route  to  the  garrison. 

For  some  distance  wc  skirted  the  prairie,  keep- 
ing a  southeast  direction  ;  ,iiid  in  the  course  of 
our  ride  wc  saw  a  \ariety  of  wild  animals,  deer, 
white  and  black  wolves,  buffaloes,  and  wild 
horses.  To  the  latter,  our  half-breeds  and 
Tonish  gave  ineffectual  chase,  only  serving  to 
add  to  the  weariness  of  their  already  jaded  steeds. 
Indeed  it  is  rarely  that  any  but  the  weaker  and 
least  lleet  of  the  wild  horses  are  taken  in  these 
hard  racings  ;  while  the  horse  of  the  huntsman 
is  |irone  to  be  knocked  u]i.  The  l.ittcr,  in  fact, 
risks  a  good  horse  to  catcli  a  bad  one.  On  this 
occasion,  Tonish,  who  was  a  ])erfect  imp  on 
horseback,  and  noted  for  ruining  e\ery  animal 
he  bestrode,  succeeded  in  l.uiiing  and  almost  dis- 
abling the  powerful  gray  on  wliic'i  wc  had 
mounted  him  at  the  outset  of  o;:r  tour. 

After  proceeding  a  few  miles,  we  left  the 
prairie,  and  struck  to  the  east,  t.d<ing  what  Heatte 
)>ronounced  an  old  Osage  war-track.  This  led  us 
through  a  rugged  tract  of  country,  overgrown 
with  scrubbed  forests  and  entaiigled  iliickets,  and 
intersected  by  deep  ravines,  and  brisk-running 
streams,  the  sources  of  Little  Ri\er.  About 
three  o'clock,  we  encamped  by  some  pools  of 
water  in  a  small  valley,  having  come  about  four- 
teen miles.  We  had  brought  on  .a  su])ply  of 
provisions  from  our  last  camp,antl  siip[)ed  heart- 
ily upon  stewed  buffalo  meat,  ro.istecl  venison, 
beignets,  or  fritters  of  flour  fried  in  bear's  lard, 
ancl  tea  made  of  a  species  of  the  golden-rod, 
which  wc  had  found,  throu<;hout  our  whole  route, 


Hil    •  !i 


480 


A  TOUR  ON   THE   PRAIRIES. 


iim 


iV. 


;ti; 


•i 


n 


ii;;^i 


mf  i 


almost  ns  j,'i-r\trful  a  beverage  as  coffee.  Indeed 
our  coffee,  wliicli,  ns  long  as  it  held  out,  had  been 
served  u|>  with  every  meal,  aceordiny  to  the  cus- 
tom of  the  West,  was  by  no  means  a  bcvera^'e 
to  boast  of,  It  was  roasted  in  a  fryinj;-pan, 
without  mtii'h  care,  pounded  in  a  leathern  liaj,', 
with  a  round  stone,  and  boiled  in  our  prime  anil 
almost  only  kitilien  utensil,  the  camp  kettle,  in 
"  branch  "  or  brook  w.iter  ;  wliich,  on  the  ])rai- 
ries,  is  deeply  colored  by  the  soil,  of  which  it 
always  holds  abundant  jiarticlcs  in  a  state  of 
solution  and  SMsj)ension.  In  fact,  in  thiT  course 
of  our  tour,  we  had  tasted  the  quality  of  every 
variety  of  soil,  and  the  drauj;hts  of  water  we 
had  taken  mi^ht  \  ie  in  di\ersity  of  color,  if  not 
of  flavor,  witii  the  tinctures  of  an  apothecary's 
shop.  Pure,  limpid  water  is  a  rare  luxury  on 
the  prairies,  at  least  at  this  season  of  the  year. 
Sujijier  o\er,  we  placed  sentinels  about  our 
scanty  and  diminislied  camp,  spread  our  skins 
and  blankets  under  the  trees,  now  nearly  desti- 
tute of  foliage,  and  slept  soundly  until  mornint;. 

We  had  a  beautiful  daybreak.  The  camp 
again  resounded  w  ith  cheerful  voices  ;  every  one 
was  animated  « ith  the  thoughts  of  soon  being  at 
the  fort,  and  revelling  on  bread  and  vegetables. 
Kven  our  saturnine  man,  lieatte,  seemed  in- 
spired on  this  occasion  ;  and  as  he  drove  up  the 
horses  for  the  m.irch,  I  heard  him  singing,  in 
nasal  tones,  a  most  forlorn  Indian  ditty.  All 
this  transient  gayety,  however,  soon  died  away 
amidst  the  fatigues  of  our  march,  which  lay 
through  the  same  kind  of  rough,  hilly,  thicketed 
country  as  that  of  yesterday.  In  the  course  of 
the  morning  we  arrived  at  the  valley  of  the  Lit- 
tle River,  where  it  wound  through  a  broad  bottom 
of  alluvial  soil.  At  present  it  had  overllowed  its 
banks,  and  iuimdated  a  great  part  of  the  valley. 
The  difficulty  was  to  distinguish  the  stream  from 
the  broad  slieets  of  water  it  had  formed,  and  to 
find  a  i)lace  where  it  might  be  forded  ;  for  it 
was  in  general  deep  and  miry,  witli  abrupt 
crumbling  banks.  I'nder  the  pilotage  of  Beatte, 
therefore,  we  wandered  for  some  time  among  the 
links  made  by  this  winding  stream,  in  what  ap- 
peared tt>  us  a  trackless  labyrinth  of  swamps, 
thickets,  and  standing  pools.  Sonietimes  our 
jaded  horses  dragged  their  limbs  forward  with 
the  utmost  difficulty,  having  to  toil  for  a  great 
distance,  with  '.he  water  up  to  the  stirrups,  and 
beset  at  the  bottom  with. roots  and  creeping 
plants.  Sometimes  we  had  to  force  our  way 
through  dense  thickets  of  brambles  and  grape- 
vines, which  almost  pulled  us  out  of  our  saddles. 
In  one  place,  one  of  the  pack-horses  sunk  in  the 
mire  and  fell  on  his  side,  so  as  to  be  extricated 
vith  great  difficulty.  Wherever  the  soil  was 
bare,  or  there  was  a  sand-bank,  we  beheld  in- 
numerable tracks  of  bears,  wolves,  wild  horses, 
turkeys,  and  water- fowl  ;  showing  the  abundant 
sport  this  valley  might  afford  to  the  huntsman. 
Our  men,  however,  were  sated  with  hunting,  and 
too  weary  to  be  excited  by  these  signs,  which  in 
the  outset  of  our  tour  would  have  put  them  in  a 
fever  of  antici])ation.  Their  only  desire,  at  pres- 
ent, was  to  push  on  doggedly  for  the  fortress. 

At  length  we  succeeded  in  finding  a  fording 
place,  where  we  all  crossed  Little  River,  with  the 
water  and  mire  to  the  saddle-girths,  and  then 
halted  for  an  hour  and  a  half,  to  overhaul  the  wet 
baggage,  and  give  the  horses  time  to  rest. 

On  resuming  our  march,  we  came  to  a  pleas- 
ant little  meadow,  surrounded  by  groves  of  elms 
and  cotton-wood  trees,  in  the  midst  of  which  was 
a  fine  black  horse  grazing,    I5cattc,  who  was  in 


the   advance,  beckoned  us   to  halt,  and  1      ' 

' '"''l  ll,c'l,ni,cV"'"' 

hinny  „f  ,1,^.  ^,, 

"le  nol,!^.  ,, 


mounted  on  a  marc,  approached  iIic'Ikiuc'.  • 
step  by  step,  imitating  the  whinny  uf  th^  I""";'; 


with  .ulmirable  exactness.       .  ..^  i,,,,,,^.  ^ 
of  the  ijrairie  gazed  for   a  time,  siuilkd  iIk'^' 
neighed,  pricked  up  his  ears,  and  praiiL,,!  „■'!> 
and  round  the  mare  in  g.dlant   siyic  ;   b  j  T"; 
at  too  great   a  distance  for    liciiiu  lu  ii;r,,w  f 
lariat.      He  was  a   magnificent  oltjcci,  ij,  .|,i  .J* 
pride  and  glory  of  his  nature.     It  was',i,l;i'irr' 
to  see  the  lofty  and  airy    carriage  of  In,  i,„'|j'! 
the  freedom    of  e\ery  mo\enieiU;  thecLhtiV 
with  which  he  trod  the  meadow,     I'indm   n  - 
possible  to  get  within  noosing  distnnco,  mil'"' 
ing   that   the    horse    was    receding,'  ;inii  ^rdivr" 
alarmed,    lieatte   slid    down    Inmi    lil,  \^ii-\ 
levelled  his  rifie  across  the  l)a(k  nf  his  ni.irc  .ipi 
took  aim,  with  the  evident  intention  ol  n  l"n' 
him.     I  felt  a  throb  of  anxietv  fur  the  s.iliiv  if 
the  noble  animal,  .and  called  out  to  lieatte  \:,i^. 
sist.     It  was  too  late;  he  pulled  the  tri--ir  >  I 
spoke  ;  luckily  he  did  not  shoot  with  li:,  j, 
accuracy,   and    I  had  the  satisfaciiun  t(i  sii.ih» 
coal-black   steed    dash  off   unharmed  miu  tlie 
forest. 

On  leaving  this  valley,  we  asrended  anuir 
broken  hills  and  rugged,  n-gged  forests. n|ii,i,;"' 
harassing  to  horse  and  ritler.  The  r.ivnus, '.i  ., 
were  of  red  clay,  and  often  so  steep  tli.it,  m  .;.■ 
scending,  the  horses  would  put  their  feet  u  .;it!,i: 
and  fairly  slide  down,  and  then  sciinnhlc  u],  ;':.; 
opposite  side  like  cats.  Here  and  tliere,  .im.in^ 
the  thickets  in  the  valleys,  we  met  wiili  stv" 
and  persimmon,  and  the  eagerne.ss  with  wlinh 
our  men  broke  from  the  line  of  march.  ,iiid  r.a 
to  gather  these  poor  fruits,  showed  Ikav  nv,ii.!i 
they  craved  some  vegetable  condiment,  iiw: 
living  so  long  exclusively  on  animal  lood. 

About  half  past  three  we  eni^amped  nc-.r  a 
brook  in  a  meadow,  where  there  was  some  stamv 
herbage  for  our  half-famished  horses.  As  liuiue 
had  killed  a  fat  doe  in  the  course  of  the  day,  ani 
one  of  our  company  a  fine  turkey,  wc  did  not 
lack  for  provisions. 

It  was  a  splendid  autumnal  cvenin;.;.  Tiie 
horizon,  after  sunset,  was  of  a  clear  apple  j;ricn, 
rising  into  a  delicate  lake  which  grailiially  lost  it- 
self in  a  deep  purple  blue.  One  narrow  strealt 
of  cloud,  of  a  mahogany  color,  edged  with  ainhir 
and  gold,  floated  in  the  west,  and  just  beneath  it 
was  the  evening  star,  shining  with  the  pure  bril- 
liancy of  a  diamond.  In  unison  with  this  scine, 
there  was  an  evening  concert  of  insects  of  variouj 
kinds,  all  blended  and  harmonized  into  one  sobir 
and  somewhat  melancholy  note,  which  I  have 
always  found  to  have  a  soothing  el'i'ect  upon  ilio 
mind,  disposing  it  to  quiet  musings. 

The  right  that  succeeded  was  calm  .nnd  beau- 
tiful. There  was  a  faint  light  frcjiii  the  iinnin, 
now  in  its  second  quarter,  and  after  it  Iwd  sci, 
a  fine  starlight,  with  shooting  meteors.  'Iho 
wearied  rangers,  after  a  little  murnuiring  ccmvor- 
sation  round  their  fires,  sank  to  rest  at  an  cailv 
hour,  and  I  seemed  to  have  the  whole  scene  lo 
myself.  It  is  delightful,  in  thus  bi\oiiackin>;  on 
the  prairies,  to  lie  awake  and  gaze  at  the  stars; 
it  is  like  watching  them  from  tlie  deck  ol  a  ship 
at  sea,  when  at  one  view  we  have  the  whole  cope 
of  heaven.  One  realizes,  in  such  lonely  scenes, 
that  companionship  with  these  be.uitiful  lumi- 
naries which  made  astronomers  ol  the  eastern 
shepherds,  as  they  watched  their  Hocks  by  night. 
How  often,  while  contemplating  their  mild  ml 
benignant  radiance,  I  have  called  to  mind  the 
cxquisitQ  text  of  Job :    "  Canst  thou  bind  the 


I  ,f  '.  in""'"! 
;'-.;,i.l  On 

^;cmn  mai; 
KCincil. «',' 
iiMvcn.ti)  I" 

iii;,ir.nini!  l^"! 

j,;.ly ;  .ind 

iae^'ippy'" 
p.rnin'4,  ""C 

;hc  '.'w'l''  •■ 
r,,i«e.irv  :>i 
■U    1    fl 
;;;.\ ens  .also. 
""■•  If  the  St. 
;i  -.'.,ir  daybij 
'  ■■  There  cal 
,K.  l.iy  closel 
•■I  IPCS  the  I 


A  TOUR  ON  THE   TRAIRIKS. 


481 


■'"•■'!'/  ^'yic;  b.a? 

V     "^•■"^'  to  throw; 

'•'•"■'■|••'^;^• »( hi,  1;,.,. 

^■:"'""-    I'liuhiv,  It ,. 

"""K  <ii^tanco,  a,,,!,;;:; 

L'  'wck(,fhisnu;v,„r,; 

>t     llltl'lltlOU    Ul    I'.'     i' 

ixii'tv  f;>r  tlir  .,,[^^'1 
li-'iloiit  t(.  IVnttc',,,' 
-'PMllc.l,h.tn^,u,;i 
•  *''!'".'  "itii  li;,  iiv.  , 
,.S''li''l':irtioii  to  sicii;'.! 
I    iinli.iniK'd  iiitu  [];,".  , 


imnal  cvciiiri'^.  The 
f  a  clc.ir  appk'  frnen, 
hicli  xi'.uliially  hbl  i;- 

One  naiKnv  streak 
or,  cilj^vd  with  anihcr 
t,  and  jii-,t  Ixnuathii 
?  with  the  pine  bril- 
lisoii  with  this  scene, 
t  of  iiisi.-cts  (if  various 
oiiizL'il  into  (,iiie  sober 

note,  which  I  have 
liin^'  elTcct  upon  the 
iiLsings. 

was  calm  and  hcai;- 
lij,'ht  fi-(im  tiic  iiKHin, 
and  after  it  Itad  set, 
tiiiL,'  meteors.  The 
'  imiriniiring  coiiver- 
c  to  rest  at  an  early 

the  ulidle  scene  to 

iuis  bi\()iiackint;  on 

gaze  at  the  stars; 

tile  deck  of  a  ship 
have  the  whole  cope 

such  loiiel)  scenes, 
CSC  beautiful  lumi- 
ncrs  of  the  eastern 
heir  dorks  by  night. 

ing  their  mild  and 
called  to  mind  the 
iiMl  thou  bind  the 


-t  influences  of  the  Pleiades,  or    loose   the 

f'4 of  Orion?"     1  <!<>  not  know  why   it   was, 

s!.Tfelt  this  niijht    unusually  affected  by  the 

I    '.mn  mai-nifu  ence    of    the    lirmament  ;    and 

1  _.,s  I  lay  thus   under  the    open  vault    of 

I  f  ,tn,'t„inh,i'le  the  pure  untainted  air,  an  ex- 

UiMiini;  buoyancy  id'  spirit,  and,  as    it    were, 

.-ecstasy  of  inind.     I    slept  and  waked  aller- 

',\lv;  and  when  I  slejit,  my  dre.uns  jjarlook  of 

whappvtone  of  nij  waking'  reveries.     Toward 

r.rnin'M  "'"^  "'^  the  sentinels,  the  oldest  ni.m  in 

•»' troop,  came   ami  took  a  seat  near  nie  ;  he 

r"'i«carv  and  sleepy,  and  imp.itient  to    be  re- 

■j'l^.J.    'l    found    he    had    been    K'azinj.;    at    the 

ieivcns  also,  but  with  dilVerent  feeling;-;. 

•if  the  stars  don't  tieceive  me,"  said  lie,  "it 
.;.,,ir  daybre.ik." 

"Ihcrccan  be  no  doubt  )f  that,"  said  Ileatte, 
,'r  I.ivduse  by.     "  I  licanl  :;n  owl  just  now." 

"Iioes  the  owl,  then,  hoot  toward  daybreak  ?  " 

:skal  I. 

•Aye,  sir,  just  as  the  cock  crows." 

This  was  ;i  useful  haliitudo  of  the  bird  of  wis- 
ijirj,  of  wliicli  1  was  not  aware.  Neither  the 
suriHor  iiwlde<eived  their  votaries.      In  a  short 


there  was  a  faint  streak  of  li;jlit  in  the  east. 


CIIArTKR  XXXIV. 

C'..'  ''r/ft  /'>ii::'it*nirnf. — ^'i(7rn',y  cf  riiKhit^nf. — /•'./(/ 
II  .ji'iiT.—  1 1  \.!iy  Man/till^;. — .  /  Jfunlfr's  IStUl^c, 

The  fountry  tlir(iii^;h  which  wc  passed  this  morn- 
;r,,MNoveiiii)er  2(1),  was  less  rugj^ed,  and  of  more 
j;rctable  aspect  than  that  we  liad  lately  tra- 
wrnd.  At  eleven  o'clock,  we  came;  out  upon  an 
Hicnsive  prairie,  and  about  six  miles  to  our  left 
beheld  a  lon<,'  line  of  f;reen  forest,  niarkinjj  the 
cr.Tse  of  the  north  fork  of  the  Arkansas.  On  the 
ci^'ofthc  prairie,  and  in  a  spacious  grove  of 
r.nblc  trees  which  ovcrsh.idowed  .1  small  brook, 
were  the  traces  of  an  old  Creek  hunting;  camp. 
Or.  the  bark  of  the  trees  were  rude  delineations 
of  hunters  and  scpiaws,  scrawled  with  charcoal; 
:o;:c:hcr  with  various  sit;ns  and  hieroglyphics, 
vhich  our  half-breeds  interpreted  as  indicating 
lit  from  this  encampment  the  hunters  had  re- 
turned home. 

In  this  beautiful  camping  ground  we  made  our 
mid-day  halt.  While  reposing  under  the  trees, 
«c  heard  a  shouting  at  no  great  distance,  and 
prc-cntly  the  C'aptain  and  the  main  body  of 
iJn;;ers,  whom  wc  had  left  behind  two  days  since, 
emerged  from  the  thickets,  and  crossing  the 
twoK,  were  joyfully  welcomed  into  the  camp. 
ThoCaptain  and  the  Doctor  had  been  unsuccess- 
Min  the  search  after  their  horses,  and  were 
obliged  to  march  for  the  greater  part  of  the  time 
on  foot ;  yet  they  had  come  on  with  more  than 
ccdmary  speed. 

We  resumed  our  march  about  one  o'clock, 
keeping  easterly,  and  approaching  the  north  fork 
obliquely;  it  was  late  before  we  found  a  good 
wmpingplacc;  the  beds  of  the  streams  were  dry, 
the  prairies,  too,  had  lieen  burnt  in  various  places, 
Of  Indian  hunting  parties.  At  length  we  found 
«3ierin  a  small  alluvial  bottom,  where  there  was 
tolerable  pasturage. 

On  the  following  morning  there  were  flashes 

ft  lightning  in  the    east,   with    low,   rumbling 

thridcr,   and    clouds    began    to    gather    about 

tie  horizon.    IJeatte   prognosticated  rain,   and 

SI 


that  the  wind  would  veer  to  tl»e  r.orth.  In 
the  course  of  our  march,  a  llo(k  of  br.mt  were 
seen  overhead,  living  from  the  iiorlh.  ''  There 
comes  the  wind!"  said  Ucitte  ;  aiul,  ii\  f.ict,  it 
began  to  blow  from  that  (piarter  almost  immedi- 
ately, with  occasional  Hurries  of  rain.  About 
h.ilt  past  nine  o'clock,  we  for  'ed  tin'  north  fork 
of  the  Canadian,  and  ene, imped  about  one,  that 
our  hunters  might  have  time  to  be. it  up  the  neigh- 
borhood for  g.ime  ;  for  a  serious  sc.ircity  began 
to  prevail  in  thec.imp,  .M();>t  (d"  the  rangers  were 
young,  heedless,  ;ind  iiieNpcrieniKl,  aail  could 
not  be  jirevailed  upon,  while  ))iii\  isi<uisaboundeil, 
to  provide  for  the  future,  by  jerking  meat,  or  car- 
rying aw.iy  any  on  their  liorsi  s.  On  leaving  an 
enc.impment,  they  would  leave  (piantities  ;if 
meat  lying  al)out,  trusting  to  I'roviilence  and 
their  rilles  for  a  future  supply.  The  coiisei|uence 
was,  that  any  temporary  scarcity  of  game,  or  ill- 
luck  in  hunting,  j)roduced  almost  a  l.uniui^  in  the 
c.imp.  In  the  ])resenl  instance,  they  had  left 
loads  of  buffalo  meat  at  the  camp  on  the  great 
prairie  ;  i'.nd,  ha\  ing  ever  since  been  on  a  forced 
march,  leaving  no  time  for  hunting,  they  were 
now  destitute  of  sup[)lies,  and  pinched  with  liun- 
ger.  Some  had  not  e.iteii  any  thing  since  the 
morning  of  the  preceding  day.  Nothing  would 
have  persuaded  them,  when  revilling  in  the  abun- 
dance of  the  bulT.do  encampment,  th.it  they  woulil 
so  soon  be  in  such  famisliiii;.;  plight. 

The  hunters  returned  with  indifl'erer.t  success. 
The  game  hail  been  frightened  away  from  this 
jiart  of  the  country  by  Indian  hunting  ))arties, 
which  had  preceded  us.  Ten  (r  a  dozen  wikl 
turkeys  were  brought  in,  but  not  a  deer  had  been 
seen.  The  rangers  began  to  think  turk;  ys  and 
c\en  prairie-hens  deserving  of  attention  ;  game 
which  they  had  hitherto  eonsideretl  unworthy  of 
their  rilles. 

The  night  was  cold  and  windy,  with  <  ccasionid 
sprinklings  of  rain  ;  but  we  li.ul  roaring  tires  to 
keep  us  comfortable.  In  the  night,  a  lliglit  of 
wild  geese  passed  over  the  camp,  r.i. iking  a  great 
cackling  in  the  air  ;  symptoms  of  approaching 
winter, 

We  set  forward  at  an  early  hour  the  next  morn- 
ing, in  a  northeast  course,  and  <  ,uiie  upon  the 
trace  of  a  party  of  Creek  Indians,  which  enabled 
our  poor  horses  to  travel  with  r.iore  ease.  Vv'c 
entered  upon  a  fine  champaign  country.  From 
a  rising  ground  we  had  a  noiile  pm^pect,  over 
extensive  prairies,  finely  diverr>iikd  by  groves 
and  tracts  of  woodland,  and  bounded  by  long 
lines  of  distant  hills,  all  clothed  with  the  rich 
mellow  tints  of  autumn,  tlanie,  too,  was  more 
jilenty.  A  fine  buck  sjirang  up  from  r.niong  the 
herbage  on  our  right,  and  daslied  oif  at  full 
speed  ;  but  a  young  ranger  by  the  name  of 
Childcrs,  wdio  was  on  foot,  lc\ell.'d  hi:;  rille,  dis- 
charged a  ball  that  broke  the  neck  (d'  the  bound- 
ing deer,  and  sent  him  tumbling  head  over  heels 
forward.  Another  buck  and  a  doe,  besides  sev- 
eral turkeys,  w ere  killed  bef(uc  we  came  to  a  halt, 
so  that  the  hungry  mouths  of  the  troop  were  once 
more  supplied. 

About  three  o'clock  wc  encamped  in  a  grove 
after  a  forced  march  of  twenty-five  miles,  that 
had  proved  a  hard  tri.d  to  the  horses.  For  a 
long  time  after  the  head  of  the  line  had  en- 
camped, the  rest  kept  straggling  in,  two  and 
three  at  a  time;  one  of  our  pack-horses  had 
given  out,  about  nine  miles  back,  and  a  pony  be- 
longing to  IJeatte,  shortly  after.  Many  of  the 
other  horses  looked  so  gaunt  and  feeble,  that 
doubts  were  entertained  of  their  being  able  to 


482 


A  TOUR  ON   THE   PRAIRIES. 


11    !  I 


Mi: 

In 


[    '' 


Hi; 


't  :U 


iiMi 


m.  t 


■■"^  !;!f  il 


! 


reach  the  fnrt.  In  the  nifjlit  tlicrc  was  heavy 
rain,  and  the  ninrninj,' tlawned  thmily  and  dismal. 
The  camp  resounded,  however,  with  somethinjj 
of  its  former  i;ayely.  The  ra^^,'crs  had  supped 
well,  and  were  renovated  in  spirits,  antici|)atin^; 
a  speedy  arrival  at  the  jjarrison.  liefore  we  set 
forward  on  our  march,  ISeatte  returned,  and 
l)r()U;,'ht  hii  pony  to  the  camp  with  j;reat  difti- 
culty.  The  jjack-horse.  however,  was  com|)letely 
knocked  uji  and  had  to  he  ahandoned.  The  wild 
mare,  too,  ii;id  cast  her  foal,  throu^^h  exhaustion, 
and  \>as  not  in  a  state  to  tjo  forward.  She  and 
the  pony,  therefore,  were  left  at  this  encamj)- 
ment,  wliere  there  was  water  and  good  jiastur.iye  ; 
and  where  thire  would  he  a  chance  of  their  re- 
viving', and  bein;;  afterward  sought  out  and 
brouj^ht  to  the  jjarrison. 

AVe  set  off  about  eij^ht  o'clock,  and  had  a  day 
of  weary  and  harassing  travel;  part  of  the  time 
over  rouLjli  hills,  and  part  over  rollin^j  prairies. 
The  rain  had  rendered  the  soil  slijipery  and 
plashy,  so  as  to  afford  unsteady  foothold.  Some 
of  thoran^'ers  dismounted,  their  horses  havinj;  no 
lon;,'cr  ii'.reiv^th  to  bear  them.  We  made  a  halt 
in  the  course  of  the  mornin;^,  but  the  horses  were 
too  tired  to  gr.ize.  Several  of  them  laid  down, 
and  there  was  some  difficulty  in  fjettinj,'  them  on 
their  feet  again.  Our  troop  presented  a  forlorn 
appearance,  stra;;t,'linij  slowly  along,  in  a  liroken 
and  scattered  line,  lh.it  extended  over  hill  and 
dale,  for  three  miles  and  upward,  in  groups  of 
three  ami  four,  widely  apart  ;  some  on  horseback, 
some  on  foot,  with  a  few  laggards  far  in  the  rear. 
About  four  o'clock,  we  halted  for  the  night  in  a 
spacious  forest,  beside  a  deep  narrow  river, 
called  the  Utile  North  I'ork,  or  Deep  Creek. 
It  was  late  before  the  main  part  of  the  troop 
straggled  into  the  encampment,  many  of  the 
horses  having  given  out.  As  this  stream  was  too 
deep  to  be  forded,  we  v  ted  until  the  next  day 
to  devise  means  to  cross  it ;  but  our  half-breeds 
swam  the  horses  f)f  our  party  to  the  other  side  in 
the  evening,  as  they  would  liave  better  ])asturage, 
and  the  stream  was  evidently  swelling.  The 
night  was  cold  and  unruly  ;  the  wind  sounding 
hoarsely  through  the  forest  and  whirling  about 
the  dry  leaves.  We  made  long  fires  of  great 
trunks  of  trees,  which  diffused  something  of  con- 
solation if  not  cheerfulness  around. 

The  next  morning  there  was  general  permis- 
sion given  to  hunt  until  twelve  o'clock  ;  the  camp 
being  destitute  of  provisions.  The  rich  woody 
bottom  in  which  we  were  encamped  abounded 
with  will!  turkeys,  of  which  a  considerable  nimi- 
ber  were  killed.  In  the  meantime,  preparations 
were  made  for  crossing  the  river,  which  had  risen 
several  feet  during  the  night ;  and  it  was  deter- 
mined to  fell  trees  for  the  purpose,  to  serve  as 
bridges. 

The  Captain  and  Doctor,  and  one  or  two  other 
leaders  of  the  camp,  versed  in  woodcraft,  exam- 
ined, with  learned  eye,  the  trees  growing  on  the 
river  bank,  until  they  singled  out  a  couple  of  the 
largest  size,  and  most  suitable  inclinations.  The 
axe  was  then  vigorously  ap])lied  to  their  roots,  in 
such  a  way  as  to  insure  their  falling  directly 
across  the  stream.  As  they  did  not  reach  to  the 
opposite  bank,  it  was  necessary  for  some  of  the 
men  to  swim  acrf)ss  and  fell  trees  on  the  other 
side,  to  meet  them.  They  at  length  succeeded 
in  making  a  precarious  footway  across  the  deep 
and  rapid  current,  by  which  the  baggage  could 
be  carried  over  ;  but  it  was  necessary  to  grope 
our  way,  ste|)  by  step,  along  the  trunks  and  main 
branches  of  the  trees,  which  for  a  part  of  the  dis- 


tance were  completely  submerged,  nn  thu 
were  to  our  waists  in  water.     M,i^t  df  t|,^,  | ,  .*' 
were  then  swam   across,  but  some  nf  tlum'?' ' 
too  weak  to  l)rave  the  current,  and  evidnrK-!' 
much   knocked  up   to  bear   any  furihcr  tr'uV 
Twelve  men,  therefore,  were  left  at  the  incim 
ment  to  guard  these  horses,  until,  hy  rq,,,,,', ,?,' 
good  jiasluragcthey  should  he  siiftirumlvp  ■   ' 
ered  to  complete  their  journev  ;  and  thi't'im 
engaged  to  send  the  nien  a  Mijiplv  of  tUn  L) 
other  necessaries,  as   soon  as  «c 'bliuuM  nrr,. 
at  the  Fort.  '  '^ 


CHAI'TI-.R  XX.W. 

/l,illiii,i,'.—A    Irontur  l\ii-mlhHise.—.\rn:\il  ui  ■ 
ii.irriion.  '"        '" 

It  was  a  little  after  one  o'clock  when  wen'Minp. 
sumed  our  weary  wayfaring.  Tjic  residnodl  ihii 
day  and  the  whole  of  the  next  were  s[ant  in  ii,,]! 
some  travel.  I'art  of  the  way  was  civcr  stonv 
hills,  part  across  wide  prairies,  rcndcnd  spmi'v 
and  miry  by  the  recent  rain,  ruiil  cut  up  bv 
brooks  swollen  into  torrents.  Our  poor  ln.rsc'i 
were  so  feeble,  that  it  was  with  dit'ticuliv  w^ 
could  get  them  across  the  deep  ravines  ami  t;ir. 
bulent  streams.  In  traversing  the  iniiy plain;, 
they  slijjped  and  staggered  at  every  step,  ,ind 
most  of  us  were  obliged  to  disuMuiiit  :iiul  walk  fnr 
the  greater  part  of  the  way.  llu:v.;cr  prcvaiVd 
throughout  the  troop  ;  every  one  be;,'an  to  Idok 
anxious  and  haggard,  and  to  feel  the  prowi;;,- 
length  of  each  additional  mile.  At  (inc  time,  in 
crossing  a  hill,  Heatte  climbed  a  high  trie,  cim- 
manding  a  wide  prospect,  and  took  a  look-out, 
like  a  mariner  from  the  mast-head  .nt  so.i.  Ho 
came  down  with  cheering  tidings.  To  the  kfthe 
had  beheld  a  line  of  forest  stretching  .icro's  tho 
country,  which  he  knew  to  be  the  nondy  hordcr 
of  the  Arkansas  ;  anil  at  a  distance  lie  had  re- 
cognized certain  landmarks,  from  which  he  con- 
cluded that  we  could  not  be  above  fiirty  miles 
distant  from  the  fort.  It  was  like  the  rtcleoiiie 
cry  of  land  to  tempest-tossed  mariners. 

In  fact  we  soon  after  saw  smoke  rising;  from  a 
woody  glen  at  a  distance.  It  w.as  siip|)osed  tn  bo 
inade  by  a  hunting-party  of  Creek  or  Dsa^ie  In- 
dians from  the  neighborhood  of  the  tort,  and  was 
joyfully  hailed  as  a  harbinger  of  man.  It  was 
now  confidently  hoped  that  we  would  soon  ariive 
among  the  frontier  hamlets  of  Creek  Indians, 
which  arc  scattered  along  the  skirts  nl  the  unin- 
habited wilderness  ;  and  our  luin;.,'ry  rangers 
trudged  forward  with  reviving  spirit,  resjalin;; 
themselves  with  savory  anticipations  of  lann- 
house  luxuries,  and  enumerating  c.  ery  article  nf 
good  cheer,  until  their  iriouths  tairly  watered  at 
the  shadowy  feasts  thus  conjured  up. 

A  hungry  night,  however,  closed  in  upon  a  toil- 
some day.  We  encamped  on  the  border  ot  one 
of  the  tributary  streams  of  the  Arkansas,  amidst 
the  ruins  of  a  stately  grove  that  had  heen  riven 
by  a  hurricane.  The  blast  had  torn  its  «ay 
through  the  forest  in  a  narrow  column,  and  its 
course  was  marked  by  enormous  trees  shivered 
and  splintered,  and  upturned,  with  their  roots 
in  the  air  ;  all  lay  in  one  direction,  like  so  many 
brittle  reeds  broken  and  trodden  down  hy  the 
hunter. 

Here  wai  fuel  in  abundance,  without  the  la- 


A   TOUR  ON   THE   PRAIRIES. 


483 


I    Tr.irelli,,.  „„j  „ 


<  ihc  nxt ;  *'<^  had  soon  immense  fires  blaz- 

-.'llsP'irkli"^'  ill  tl'C  frosty  air,  and   li^htinj; 

''ih' whole  I'liri's'  ;  ''"''  "''^*  '  ^^'"^  ''-"^  ""  '"*-''" 

n nok  nt  them.    The  scarcity  in  tlic  camp  al- 

iL'.aniounlcilto  famine.     Happy  >vas  lie  who 

luamorstl  of  jerked  meat,  or  even  the  half- 

•tcd  bones  (if  a  former  repast.     For  our  jiart, 

f'    '.  „«r.>  liickv  at  our  mess  than  our  nci;4h- 


,f  ucre  more        •      ,      .        ,  , 

of  our  men  having  sliot  a  turkey. 


We 


ince,  without  the  li- 


liors ;  one  ...  , 

kjjni' bread  to  cat  with  it,  nor  salt  to  season  it 
j-.'jjjl  it  was  simply  boiled  in  water  ;  the  latter 
ira. served  ii|)  ^'*  soup,  and  we  were  fain  to  rub 
Jh  morsel  uf  tilt;  turkey  on  the  empty  salt-ba^;, 
ijliopis  some  saline  particle  might  remain  to  re- 

isvc  It* '"''!''''''>• 

Thi.nii;ht  «as  biting  cold  ;  the  brilliant  monn- 
|:.|,,  spafkled  oil  the  frosty  crystals  which  cov- 
ereii  every  object  around  us.  'I'he  water  fro/c 
!,.;iiile  the  skins  on  which  we  bivouacked,  and  in 
th.  morning  I  found  the  blanket  in  wliith  I  was 
wrapped  covered  with  a  hoar  frost  j  yet  I  had 
[i'.iT  slept  more  comfortably. 

;\licr  a  shadow  of  a  breakfast,  consistinf;  of 
l^Jkiy  bones  and  a  cup  of  coflee  without  suj^ar, 
K(ii'camped  at  an  early  hour  ;  for  huni;er  is  a 
sh^rp  quiekeiier  on  a  journey.  The  prairies  were 
i;'.  L'cmmed  with  frost,  that  covered  the  tall 
ncfilsaiid  glistened  in  the  sun.  We  saw  j^reat 
iiWi  of  prairie-hens,  or  grouse,  that  ho\ered 
(mi  tree  '.o  tree,  or  sat  in  rows  along  the  naked 
bmch'.'s,  waiting  until  the  sun  should  melt  the 
fro^;  from  tlie  weeds  and  herbage.  Our  rangers 
r,ikin„'L'r  despised  such  humble  game,  but  turned 
from  tiie  ranks  in  pursuit  of  a  prairie-hen  as  cag- 
(M  as  tliev  formerly  would  go  in  pursuit  of  a 
Lir. 

Lveryonc  now  pushed  forward,  anxious  to  ar- 
r;;c  at  some  human  habitation  before  night. 
The  poor  iiorses  were  urged  beyond  tjieir 
slrenph,  in  the  thought  of  soon  being  ai)le  to  in- 
li.Tiiuly  tiiem  for  present  toil,  by  rest  and  ample 
frivender.  Still  the  distances  seemed  to  stretch 
c;; more  than  ever,  and  the  blue  hills,  pointed 
c:  as  landmarks  on  the  horizon,  to  recede  as  wc 
jiiianccd.  Every  step  became  a  labor  ;  every 
Dv  and  then  a  miserable  horse  would  give  out 
ar.l  i:e  down.  His  owner  would  raise  him  by 
mill  strength,  force  him  forward  to  the  margin 
c:.-oi;!c  stream,  where  there  might  be  a  scanty 
Imltr  of  herbage,  and  then  abandon  him  to  his 
f:tc.  Among  them  that  were  thus  left  on  the 
11.1).  was  one  of  the  led  horses  of  the  Count  ;  a 
prane  hunter,  that  had  taken  the  lead  of  every 
!r.:n„'in  the  chase  of  the  wild  horses.  It  was  in- 
t.nded,  however,  as  soon  as  wc  should  arri\c  at 
the  fort,  to  send  out  a  party  provided  with  corn, 
13 bring  in  such  of  the  horses  as  should  survive. 

In  the  coiirsc  of  the  morning,  we  came  upon 
Mian  tracks,  crossing  each  other  in  various 
creciions,  a  proof  that  wc  must  be  in  the  neigh- 
borhoiid  of  human  habitations.  At  length,  on 
p.ijMiig  through  a  skirt  of  wood,  wc  beheld  t.vo 
orihree  log  houses,  sheltered  under  lofty  trees  on 
'«  border  of  a  prairie,  the  habitations  of  Creek 
Indians,  .vlio  had  small  farms  adjacent.  Had 
liieybecn  sumptuous  villas,  abounding  with  the 
iMrics  of  civilization,  they  could  not  have  been 
Kiled  Hitli  greater  delight. 
Some  of  the  rangers  rode  up  to  them  in  quest 
C'ffiod ;  the  greater  part,  however,  pushed  for- 
um in  search  of  the  habitation  of  a  white  settler, 
»^nich  we  were  told  was  at  no  great  distance. 
Ine  troop  soon  disappeared  .among  the  trees,  and 
'Wiioued  slowly  in  their  track  ;  for  my  once  fleet 
Mil  gcnc-ous  steed  faltered  under  me,  and  was 


just  able  to  drn^  one  font  after  the  other,  yet  I 
was  too  we.iry  and  exhausted  to  spare  him. 

In  this  way  we  crept  (ui,  until,  on  turning  .a 
thick  dumj)  of  trees,  a  frontier  firmhousc  sud- 
denly jinsented  itself  to  view.  It  was  .i  low  tcne- 
iiunt  of  logs,  overshadowed  by  great  forest  trees, 
hut  it  seemed  as  if  a  very  region  of  Cocaigne  pre- 
vailed around  it.  Here  was  a  st.ible  and  b.irn, 
and  gr.'inaries  teeming  with  abundance,  whih; 
legions  of  Krunting  swine,  gobbling  turkeys,  (  ai  k- 
ling  hens  and  strutting  roosters,  swarmed  about 
the  farmyard. 

My  poor  jaded  and  half-fimished  horse  raiscil 
his  head  and  pricked  up  his  e.irs  at  the  welt- 
l.nown  sights  and  sounds,  lie  gave  a  chuckling 
inward  sound,  something  like-  a  drv  laugh  ; 
whisked  his  tail,  and  made  great  leeway  tow. ird 
a  corn-i'ril),  tilled  with  goklen  c.irs  of  m.iize,  anil 
it  was  with  some  diffRulty  that  I  could  control 
his  course,  and  steer  him  up  to  the  door  of  the 
cabin.  A  single  glance  within  was  sufficient  to 
raise  every  gastronomic  faculty.  There  sat  the 
Captain  of  the  rangers  and  his  officers,  round  a 
three-legged  table,  crowned  by  a  broul  aad 
smoking  dish  f)f  boiled  beef  and  turiiipi.  I 
sprang  off  my  horse  in  an  instant,  cast  him  loose 
to  make  his  way  to  the  corn-crib,  ami  entered 
this  palace  of  jilenty.  A  fit  good-humored 
negress  received  me  at  the  door.  She  was  the 
mistress  of  the  house,  the  spouse  of  the  white 
man,  who  was  absent.  I  hailed  her  as  some 
swart  fairy  of  the  wild,  that  h.ul  sudileiily  con- 
jured up  a  banquet  in  the  tlesert ;  and  i<  haiu|uet 
was  it  in  gootl  sooth.  In  a  twinkling,  she  lugged 
from  the  fire  a  huge  iron  pot,  tli.it  might  have 
rivalled  one  of  the  famous  flesh-pots  of  llgyiu,  or 
the  witches'  caldron  in  Macbeth.  Placing  a  brown 
earthen  dish  on  the  tloor,  she  inclined  the  corpu- 
lent caldron  on  one  side,  and  out  leaped  sundry 
great  morsels  of  beef,  with  a  regiment  of  turnips 
tumbling  after  them,  aad  a  rich  cascade  of  broth 
overflowing  the  whole.  This  she  handed  me  with 
an  ivory  smile  that  extended  from  e.ir  to  ear  ; 
apologizing  for  our  humble  fare,  anil  the  humble 
style  in  which  it  was  served  u]).  1  lunible  f ue  ! 
humble  style!  ISoiled  beef  and  turnips,  and  an 
earthen  dish  to  e.it  them  from  I  To  think  of 
apologizing  for  such  a  treat  to  a  half-star\  ed  man 
from  the  prairies ;  and  then  such  magnilicent 
slices  of  bread  and  butter!  Head  of  Aiiicius, 
what  a  banquet  ! 

"  The  rage  of  hunger"  Ijcing  .appeased,  I  be- 
gan to  think  of  my  horse.  He,  however,  like  an 
old  campaigner,  had  taken  good  care  of  himself 
I  found  him  paying  assiduous  ailenlion  to  the 
crib  of  Indian  corn,  and  dexterously  dr.iw  ing  forth 
and  munching  the  ears  that  jirotruded  between 
the  bars.  It  was  with  great  regret  that  1  inter- 
rupted his  repast,  whicli  he  abandr.ned  with  a 
heavy  sigh,  or  rather  a  rumbling  groan.  I  was 
anxious,  however,  to  rejoin  my  travelling  com- 
panions, who  had  passed  by  the  farmho'ise  with- 
out stopping,  and  proceeded  to  the  banks  of  the 
Arkansas;  i)eing'n  hopes  of  arriving  befine  night 
at  the  Osage  Agency.  Leaving  the  Captain  and 
his  troop,  therefore,  amidst  the  abundance  of  the 
farm,  where  they  had  determined  to  cpiarter 
themselves  for  the  night,  I  bade  adieu  to  our 
sable  hostess,  and  again  pushed  forward. 

A  ride  of  about  a  mile  brought  me  to  where  my 
comrades  were  waiting  on  the  banks  of  the  Arkan- 
sas, which  here  ])oured  along  between  beautiful 
forests.  A  number  of  Creek  Indians,  in  their 
brightly  colored  dresses,  looking  like  so  many 
gay  tropical  birds,  were  busy  aiclinij  our  men  to 


i»i 


A  TOUR  ON  THE  PRAIRIES. 


!       i 


tratrspnrt  tlio  b:>KRaRC  across  the  river  in  ii  canoe. 
Wliiic  tills  was  (loinj!,  f>iir  horses  liatl  anotlior  re- 
j,'ale  from  two  };ieiil  i;ril)s  heaped  up  with  ears  of 
Inciian  corn,  wliicli  stood  near  tiie  ed^je  of  tlic 
river.  We  liad  to  keep  a  elieik  upon  the  jioor 
lialf-fainislu'd  animals,  lest  tliey  should  injure 
tlu'inselvi's  l)y  tlieir  voracity. 

'J'lie  l)aj;^;aKe  beinj;  all  carried  to  the  opposite 
bank,  we  eini)arked  in  the  canoe,  and  swam  our 
horses  across  the  river.  1  was  fearful,  lest  in 
their  enl'eel)le<l  state,  they  should  not  he  able  to 
stem  tlic  current  ;  but  their  banquet  of  Indian 
corn  had  already  infused  fresh  life  and  spirit  into 
them,  and  it  would  appear  as  if  they  were  cheered 
by  the  instinctive  consciousness  of  their  approach 
to  honu',  where  they  would  soon  be  at  rest,  and 
in  plentiful  cpiarters  ;  for  no  sooner  had  we 
lande<l  and  resumed  our  route,  than  they  set  off 
vn  a  hand-gallop,  and  continued  bo  for  a  great 


part  of  seven  miles,  th.it  wp  h.id  to  ride  t!„„  i 
the  woods.  ""»' 

It  ^^as  an  early  hour  in  the  cvcnin);»v,„ 
arrived  at  the  Aj,'eney,  on  the  biinksnf  tli..\  .' 
Kris  River,  whence  we  had  set  oif  .ihou' a  m,V,i! 
before.     Here  wc  passed  t'lc  ni^ht  cnnifc,.,. 
([uartered  ;    yet,  after   having;  hcon  .nrri,' 1  , 
to  sleep  in  the  open  air,  the  contiiinn,'.', ',' 
chamber  was,  in  some  respects,  irlcMimc    n! 
atmosphere  seemed  close,  and  liustitiiacff,,,';'! 
nc-is  ;  and  when  I  woke  in  the  uikIu  aiuUj,.'j| 
about  me  upon  complete  darkness,  1  misjcd  ihe 
glorious  companionship  of  the  st.irs. 

The  next  mornint;,  after  hieakf.ist,  I  a^.-iin,..! 
forward,  in  company  witli  tin;  wortliv  oimmii. 
bioner,  for  Fort  (libson,  wluie  we  ariivi'ii  nvrHI 
tattered,  travel-stained,  and  wtalluT-kMUn  b'. 
in  hit;h  health  and  spirits  ;-and  llui'.  niJcj  mi 
foray  into  the  I'awncc  Hunting;  Gruuiius. 


!'; 


<•<  •"'•lil-.'stiimcoffK,:' 

"?  ',''*■■  '">;'"  •Ti'iu'i  I 

'>' thcst.irs.  I 

'^•-•l.r.akfas,  !,,,„,   I 

:>'i<l  wc;iil,or-lxM|,n  b 


NEWSTEAD    ABBEY./ 


WAS  1 11 N  ( '/r( )  N   I  lU'  1 N*  r. . 


HISTORICAL  NOTICE. 

r,^;^,-,  about  to  i^'ive  a  (cw  sketches  taken  diirinn 
a:hrcc  weeks' sdjoiiin  in  \\\i.'  ancestral  inansiini 
(f;h.' l.ite  Lord  Uyrou,  1  think  it  jjroper  to  jire- 
cij  some  brief  particulars  concerning  its  liis- 

[  l.rv. 

N.Aiiciul  Abl)ey  is  tine  of  the  finest  specimens 
jjivitciicc  (if  those  quaint  anil  romantic  piles, 

jllc,\stl",  half  convent,  whicii  remain  as  inonu- 
n.T.ijuf  tiic  olilen  times  of  Knglanii.  It  stands, 
1-1,  111  the  midst  of  a  lej,'entlary  nei^;hl)orh()l)<l  ; 
Km,' in  tlic  heart  of  Sherwood  Forest,  and  sur- 
rounilal  l)y  the  haunts  of  Kobin  Hood  and  his 
im!  (if  outlaws,  so  famous  in  ancient  ballad  and 
urscry  tale.  It  is  true,  the  forest  scarcely  exists 
i)j;  in  II  line,  and  the  tract  of  country  over  whieli 
i:iflce  extended  its  broad  solitudes  and  shades, 
is  nmv  an  open  and  smilin^j  region,  cultivated 
»:thp.iiks  and  farms,  and  enlivened  with  viilajjes. 

.W'Witead,  which  probably  once  exerted  a  nio- 
nv.ic  sway  (uxr  this  rcfjion,  and  controlled  the 
Diiicicnccs  of  the  rude  foresters,  was  originally  a 
pnory,  founded  in  the  latter  ])art  of  th(-' twelfth 
cintiiry,  by  Ihniry  If,,  at  the  time  uhen  he 
sought,  by  biiildinj;  of  shrines  and  convents,  and 
In  other  acts  of  external  piety,  to  expiate  the 
riirdcr  of  Thomas  h.  Hecket.  The  priory  was 
dedicated  to  Ciod  and  the  Virgin,  and  was  inhab- 
itt'd  by  a  fraternity  of  canons  regular  of  St. 
Aj;iisiinc.  This  order  was  originally  simple  and 
abstemious  in  its  mode  of  living,  and  exemplary 
in  its  conduct ;  hut  it  would  seem  that  it  grad- 
ailly  lapsed  into  tliosc  abuses  which  disgraced  loo 
many  of  the  wealthy  monastic  establishments  ; 
fr there  arc  documents  among  its  archives  which 
ir.iimite  the  ])revalence  of  gross  misrule  and  dis- 
solute sensuality  among  its  members. 
.■\tihe  time  of  the  dissolution  of  the  convents 
dM;,'the  iei;,'n  of  Henry  VIll.,  Newstcad  under- 
ivent  a  sudden  reverse,  being  given,  with  the 
nciijhhirin.;  manor  and  rectory  of  I'apclwick,  to 
Sir  Joiin  iiyron.  Steward  of  Manchester  and 
Rf'clidale,  and  Lieutenant  of  Sherwood  Forest. 
Tbij  ancient  family  worthy  figures  in  the  ttadi- 
iM^ofthe  Abbey,  and  in  the  ghost  stories  with 
'-ch  it  abounds,  under  the  quaint  and  graphic 
appellation  of  "  Sir  John  IJyron  the  Little,  with 
vi'ijreat  Beard."  He  converted  the  saintly  edi- 
'w  into  a  castellated  dwelling,  making  it  his 


favorite  residence  and  the  scat  <>f  Iw.  forcu  juris- 
diction. 

The  Uyron  family  being  subsequently  cniuddcd 
by  a  b.ironial  title,  and  enriched  by  various  pos- 
sessions, maint. lined  great  style  .iiid  retinue  at 
Newsteail.  The  i)iiiud  edifice  jiartook,  h(iwe\ir, 
of  the  vicissitudes  of  the  times,  and  Lord  I'lyron, 
in  one  of  his  jioenis,  represents  it  as  alternately 
the  scene  of  lordly  wassailing  ;ind  of  ci\il  war  ; 

"  Hark,  bow  IIk;  ball  resounding  to  the  strain, 
Shakes  with  the  niarliil  iiui>-ii 's  novii  din  ! 
The  heraliU  of  .•%  w.irrioi's  hau(;lity  ri'n;ii. 
lllyh  creeled  l).aniifrs  w.-.vc  thy  w.nIK  vithiii. 

"  Of  eb.ingiiig  scMlineln  the  distant  lunii, 

'i'lie  niirlh  of  fe.rsts,  the  cl.Tiig  of  lmrni..IiM  ann^. 
The  braying  triiin|)et,  .-xiid  tlio  iioarser  dniiii, 
I'nite  ill  conceit  «ith  ineixaseil  .ilaniis.'' 


About  the  middle  of  the  last  century,  the  .Abbey 
came  into  the  imssession  of  another  noted  cli.ir- 
acter,  who  makes  n^i  less  figure  in  its  shadowy 
tradiiiims  than  Sir  J(din  the  I.ittle  with  the  great 
Heard.  This  was  the  granil-imcle  of  the  imet, 
familiarly  known  among  the  gossiping  cbroiii- 
elers  of  tjie  Abbey  as  "  the  Wicked  Lord  Lyron." 
He  is  represented  as  a  man  of  irritalile  pas-ions 
and  vindictive  temper,  in  the  indulgence  of  which 
an  incident  occurred  which  g.ive  a  turn  to  his 
whole  character  and  lite,  and  in  some  measure 
affected  the  fortunes  of  the  Abbey.  In  his 
neighborhood  li\ed  hi;  kinsman  and  friend.  Mr. 
Chaworth,  ])ropriotor  of  Annesley  H.ill.  lieing 
together  in  London  in  1765,  in  .1  chamber  of  the 
.Star  and  (iarter  tavern  in  I'all  Mall,  a  (piarrel 
rose  between  them.  Hyroii  insisted  upon  settling 
it  upon  the  spot  by  single  combat.  They  fought 
without  seconds,  by  the  dim  light  of  a  candl-,  aiul 
Mr.  Chawin-th.  althoagh  the  most  expert  sworiU- 
inan,  received  a  iiiort.il  wound.  W'itii  his  dying 
breath  he  related  such  particulars  of  the  contest 
as  induced  the  coroner's  jury  to  return  a  xerdict 
of  wilful  murder.  Lord  Hyron  was  sent  to  the 
Tower,  and  subsequently  tried  before  the  House 
of  I'eers,  where  an  ultimate  verdict  was  given  of 
manslaugliter. 

He  retired  after  this  to  the  Alibey,  where  he 
shut  himself  up  to  brood  over  his  disgraces  ; 
grew  gloomy,  morose,  and  fantastical,  and  in- 


486 


NEWSTEAD  ADBEY. 


j'.:'\ 


i"'A 


r'iM'' 


KM 


dulgcfl  in  fits  of  passion  and  caprice,  that  made 
him  the  theme  of  rural  wonder  and  scandal.  No 
talc  was  too  wild  or  too  monstrous  for  vulgar  be- 
lief. Like  his  successor  the  poet,  he  was  accused 
of  all  kinds  of  vagaries  and  wickedness.  It  was 
said  that  he  always  went  armed,  as  if  prepared 
to  commit  murder  on  the  least  provocation.  At 
one  time,  when  a  gentleman  of  his  neighborhood 
was  to  dim.  A7t'  a  t('tc  with  him,  it  is  said  a  brace 
of  pistols  were  gravely  laid  with  the  knives  and 
forks  tipon  the  table,  as  part  of  the  regular  table 
furniture,  and  implements  that  might  l)e  needed 
in  the  course  of  the  repast.  Another  rumor  states 
that  being  exasperated  at  his  coachman  for  dis- 
obedience to  orders,  he  shot  him  on  the  spot, 
threw  his  body  into  the  coach  where  Lady  ISyron 
was  seated,  and,  mounting  the  box,  officiated  in 
his  stead.  At  another  time,  according  to  the 
same  vulgar  rumors,  he  threw  licr  ladyship  into 
the  lake  in  front  of  the  Abbey,  where  she  would 
have  been  drowned,  but  for  the  timely  aid  of  the 
gardener.  These  stories  arc  doubtless  exaggera- 
tions of  trivial  incidents  which  may  have  oc- 
curred ;  but  it  is  certain  that  the  wayward  pas- 
sions of  this  imhapijy  man  caused  a  separation 
from  his  wife,. and  linally  spread  asolituile  around 
him.  lieing  displeased  at  the  marriage  of  his 
son  and  heir,  he  displayed  an  inveterate  malignity 
toward  him.  Not  being  able  to  cut  off  his  suc- 
cession to  the  Abbey  estate,  v.hich  ilescended  to 
him  liy  entail,  he  endeavored  to  injure  it  as  much 
as  possible,  so  that  it  might  come  .a  mere  wreck 
into  his  hands.  For  this  purpose  he  sut'lered  the 
Abbey  to  fall  out  of  repair,  and  everything  to 
go  to  waste  about  it,  and  cut  down  all  the  timber 
on  the  estate,  laying  low  many  a  tract  of  old 
Sherwood  Forest,  so  that  the  Abbey  lands  lay 
stripped  and  bare  of  all  their  ancient  honors.  He 
was  balded  in  his  unnatural  revenge  by  the  pre- 
mature death  of  his  son,  and  passed  the  re- 
mainder of  his  days  in  his  deserted  and  dilajii- 
datcl  halls,  a  gloomy  misanthrope,  brooding 
am''' St  the  scenes  he  had  laid  desolate. 

]'.ib-  wayward  humors  drove  from  him  all  neigh- 
borly society,  and  for  a  part  of  the  time  he  was 
ai  nest  without  domestics.  In  lii^  misanthropic 
111  jod,  when  at  variance  with  all  human  kind,  he 
took  to  feeding  crickets,  so  that  in  process  of 
time  the  Abbey  was  overrun  with  them,  and  its 
h)nely  halls  made  more  lonely  at  night  by  their 
monotonous  music.  Tradition  adds  that,  at  his 
death,  the  crickets  seemed  aware  that  'they  had 
icst  their  jjatron  and  protector,  for  they  one  and 
all  packed  up  bag  and  baggage,  and  left  the 
Abbey,  trooping  across  its  courts  and  corridors 
in  all  directions. 

The  death  of  the  "  Old  Lord,"  or  "  The  Wicked 
Lord  Hyron,"  for  he  is  known  by  both  appella- 
tion"., occurred  in  179S  ;  and  the  Abbey  then 
passed  into  the  possession  of  the  poet.  The  lat- 
ter was  but  eleven  years  of  age,  and  living  in 
humble  style  with  his  mother  in  Scotland.  They 
came  soon  after  to  Kngl.inil,  to  take  jiossession. 
Moore  gives  ;i  simple  but  striking  anecdote  of  the 
first  arri\al  of  the  poet  at  the  domains  of  his  an- 
cestors. 

They  had  arrived  at  the  Newstead  toll-bar, 
and  saw  the  woods  of  the  Abbey  stretching  out  10 
receive  them,  \.hen  Mrs.  Hyrtm,  affecting  to  be 
ignorant  of  the  place,  asked  the  woman  of  the 
toll-house  to  whom  that  seat  belonged  ?  She  was 
told  that  the  owner  of  it.  Lord  l$yron,  had  been 
some  months  dead.  "  And  who  is  the  next 
heir?"  asked  the  p.oud  and  happy  mother. 
"  They  say,"  answered  the  old  woman,  "it  is  a 


little  boy  who  lives  at  Aberdeen."    "  ,\n(l  il,;- 
he,  bless  him!  "  exclaimed  the  nurse  n^  '  -i  ' 
able  to  contain  herself,  and  turnini'  to  l;i  « '"!' 
delight  the  young  lord  who  was  "sc.itcd  m  1 '• 
lap.* 

During  Lord  Byron's  minority,  the  Alibcv  „. 
let  to  Lord  Cirey  de  Ruthen,  but  ihf  poc;  yj\ 
it  occasionally  during  the  Harrow  vacation^  .'i,J 
he  resided  with  his  mother  at  lodginj^s  in  Ni,u  r  • 
ham.  It  was  treated  little  better  by  its  n^^-' 
tenant,  than  by  the  old  lord  who  prcccdLii  '  •■' 
so  that  when,  in  the  autumn  of  iSoS,  I.nnl  \\-',,'\ 
took  up  his  abode  then,  it  was  in  a  ruiiious  «-! 
dition.  The  following  lines  from  his  o\.n  •, - 
may  give  some  idea  of  its  condition  ;  ' 

"Through    thy  b.ittlements,    Xcwstead,   t'le  1.^1  j, 
wiiuLs  whistle, 
Thou,  the  h.ill  of  my  f.-ilhcrs,  art  t;one  tn^iccav 
In  thy  once  smiling  gardoii,  tlie  lienilock  ami  ;!.i'  '. 
Have  choked  up  the  ro!.e  whicli  oiKeUoumcdi'  ■-e 
way. 

"  Of  the  mail-covcrcil  barons  wlio,  ]irnu(li\,  if,  'la't'- 
Led  tliy  vassals  from  ]uiro]ie  to  raliMine's  blai? 
The  escutcheon  and  shiekl,   which  with  cvtrv  »:r'l 
rattle, 
Are  the  only  sad  vestiges  nuw  tluit  remain."  f 

In  another  poem  he  expresses  the  niclandioiv 
feeling  with  which  ho  took  possession  of  his  ac- 
cestral  mansion  : 

"  Newstead  !  what  saddenir.^  scene  of  cli.inge  isthine, 
Thy  yawning  arch  betokens  sure  deciy  : 
The  last  and  youngest  of  a  nublo  line, 

Now  holds  thy  mouldering  turrets  in  hijswav. 

"  Deserted  now,  lie  scans  thy  gray-worn  towers, 
Thy  vaults,  where  dead  of  fuinlal  aijes  sl«p, 
Thy  cloisters,  pervious  to  the  wintry  slunvti-, 
These — these  he  views,  and  views  tliem  but  to  weep, 

"Vet  he  prefers  thee  to  the  gilded  doncs. 
Or  gewgaw  grottoes  of  llio  vainly  ijre.it; 
Vet  lingers  mid  thy  damp  and  nios>y  tumhs, 
Xur  breathes  a  nmrmur  'gainst  tin.  will  uf  fate"; 

Lord  Byron  had  not  fortune  s.ifticicM  to  put 
the  pile  in  extensive  repair,  nor  to  r.iair.tain  anv- 
thing  like  the  state  of  his  ancestors,  lie  restoral 
some  of  the  apartments,  so  as  to  furnish  his 
mother  with  a  comfortable  habitr.tion,  and  ti'.tcd 
up  a  quaint  study  for  hi.nself,  ir  which,  anmn, 
books  and  busts,  and  other  library  fuiniuin', 
were  two  skulls  of  the  anciepl  hi.-,'-*,  grinning  on 
each  side  of  an  antique  cross.  One  ol  his  ^.ly 
comjianions  gives  a  jiictuie  k^^  Newstead  when 
thus  repaired,  and  the  picture  is  sufficiently  dc>o- 
late. 

"  There  arc  two  tiers  of  cloisters,  with  a  ^.v 
riety  of  cells  and  rooms  about  them,  ulncii, 
though  not  inhabited,  nor  in  an  inhabitable  stale, 
might  easily  be  made  so  ;  and  many  of  ilieoiiL,!- 
nai  rooms,  among  which  is  a  line  stone  hail,  aio 
still  in  use.  Of  the  Abbey  chun  li,  one  end  wiK 
remains  ;  and  the  old  kitchen,  with  a  lonu'  ran.c 
of  apartments,  is  reduced  to  a  heap  of  nibbi-h. 
Leading  from  the  Abbey  to  the  modem  jiart  i;l 
the  habitation  is  a  noble  room,  seventy  leet  m 
length,  and  twenty-three  in  breadth;  butcury 
part  of  the   house  displays  neglect  and  cccay, 


•  Moore's  Life  of  Lord  liyron, 

t  Lines  on  leaving  Newstead  Abbey. 

\  Elegy  on  Newstead  Abbey. 


NEWSTEAD   ABBEY, 


487 


icrdccn."    "And,!.;.    ^H  ,,,6  those  which  the  present  lord  has  hitcly  fitted 


L'l  the  nurse,  no  ion... 
^nd  turning  ,o  k,s,  "'! 
who   was  seated  03  l^^l 

minority,  ;hcAI,bcv«,, 

Harrduvacaiioii,  .,.,.' 
rat  lodgings  1,1  N.;,!,;-.; 
lo  Letter  by  its  pr,:^:'. 
ord  who  premlodh.p.' 
>nnof,SoS,],,raii;,;;„ 
f  «-ns  in  a  ruinous  cm. 
lines  from  lu,  own  ir 
condition :  " 

•    -'^■'■■"■stead,   fie  1,,;;^, 

hers,  art  t;onc  tn  ,:t„,, 
.  tlielieinlack  am!  ilj; '. 
«hicli(,iiL-eljloumiM;:);he 

who,  prnudlv,  t.,;,,!"',. 
ropet.)  I'al-iincNJt 
!,   winch  «i!l;  cvcrv  mn'j 

i  now  tliat  remain."* 

51C.S.SCS  ihe  melancholv 
c  posacbbion  ol'  \v.i  ai.. 


;-'ccnenfclKin-e  is  thine, 
.ii.s  sure  decay  : 
noble  line, 
ig  turrets  in  hh  miy. 

gray-worn  towers, 
>f  fuuilal  a;jcs  sleep, 

lie  wintry  shower*, 

id  view.s  thcui  but  to  wefn, 

iliied  doiiics, 
10  vainly  tjreat ; 
nd  mossy  tdinlis, 
t'ainst  tin;  will  of  fate."; 

rtunc  s.ilticiei.t  lo  pjt 
',  nor  tc  I'.iair.tain  .in\- 
icestors.  He  restored 
so  as  to  furnish  hii 
habitr.tion,  and  titled 
;elf,  jp  which,  nraons, 
lier  library  furniuire. 
cpl  frir.'-*.  grinnini:cn 
■o.'=.s.  One  of  his  ..'.y 
e  of  Nenvstcad  wiiea 
ire  IS  sufficiently  de^o■ 

cloisters,  with  .a  \a- 
about  tlicm,  whidi, 
1  an  inhabitable  st;i;e, 
nd  many  of  the  I'li,.,!- 
a  fine  stone  hail.  a:o 
church,  one  end  only 
cii,  with  a  lon.u'  r:ip.;e 

0  a  heap  of  nil)l)i>h. 
the  modern  jiait  oi 

•ooin.  seventy  leet  m 

1  Ijreadth  ;  but  every 
;  neglect  and  decay, 


1  Iivron. 
.vsteail  Abbey, 
Vbbey. 


■'Even  the  repairs  thus  made  were  but  of  tran- 
,:  itbcnctit,  for  the  roof  beinjj  left  in  its  dilapi- 
'^.'•■d  state,  the  r.iin  soo."  penetrated  into  the 
jiirtmciits  which  Lord  Hyron  had  restored  and 
iCowteHl,  ami  in  -^  fc-w  years  rendered  them  al- 
.-"ist  as  desolate  as  the  rest  of  the  Abbey. 

-^'ililie  felt  a  pride  in  the  ruinous  old  edifice; 
;-uTV  dreary  and  dismantled  sta'e,  addressed 

•iilftohis  poetical  imagination,  and  to  that  love 
cfilie  melancholy  and  the  grand  which  is  evinced 
i'^ ill  his  writings.  "  Come  what  may,"  said  ho 
;-iir.e  of  his  letters,  "  Xewstead  and  1  stand  or 
iv;  to''cther,  I  have  now  lived  on  the  spot.  I 
'•ivc  lixed  mv  heart  uiion  it,  and  no  pressure, 
'rejcnt  or  future,  shall  induce  me  to  liarter  the 
l.iitvc5ti;,'e  of  our  inheritance.  I  have  that  pride 
fi;h:n  nie  which  will  enable  me  to  support  dif- 
ii:;;l;ics ;  could  I  obtain  in  exchange  for  Ncw- 
si.ad  Ahbcv,  the  first  fortune  in  the  country,  I 
ii'ould  reject  the  proiiosition." 

His  residence  at  the  Abbey,  however,  was  fitful 
r:ij  uncertain.  He  passed  occasional  portions 
(f;;me  there,  sometimes  studiously  and  alone, 
crcncr  idly  and  recklessly,  and  occasionally  with 
\  ;;:!,' and  gay  companions,  in  riot  and  revelry, 
•n:  the  indulgence  of  all  kinds  of  mad  caprice. 
The  .Abbey  was  by  no  means  be>;elited  by  these 
r  vstcrin,'  inmates,  who  sometimes  played  off 
c.nkish  mummeries  about  the  cloisters,  at  other 
t.nies  turned  the  state  chambers  into  schools  for 
t'Nin;,'  and  singlestick,  and  shot  pistols  in  the 
;re,it  hall.  The  country  people  of  the  neighbor- 
h  ,«1  were  as  much  puzzled  by  these  madcap 
v.i.Mries  of  the  new  incumbent,  as  by  the  i^looni- 
i.r  habits  of  the  "  old  lord,"  and  began  to  think 
;;•,;  madness  was  inherent  in  the  Hyron  race,  or 
tr.itsnmc  wayward  star  ruled  over  the  .Abbey. 

1:  is  needless  to  enter  into  a  detail  of  the  cir- 
tamst.inces  which  led  his  Lordship  to  sell  his 
rnastral  estate,  notwithstanding  the  partial  pre- 
lii'.ections  and  hereditary  feeling  which  he  had 
so  clo(iucntly  expressed.  Fortunately,  it  fell 
;:.;  I  the  hands  of  a  man  who  possessed  sonie- 
thn,' of  a  poetical  tem|)erament,  and  who  cher- 
i-iied an  enthusiastic  ad.niration  for  Lord  lUron. 
Lilonel  (at  that  time  Major)  Wildman  had  been 
arfhoolmate  of  the  poet,  and  sat  with  him  on  the 
Krx  form  at  Harrow.  He  had  subsequently  dis- 
i:r:;i;bhe(l  himself  in  the  war  of  the  I'eninsula, 
r.r.datthe  battle  of  Waterloo,  and  it  was  a  great 
uinsolation  to  Lord  Byron,  in  parting  with  his 
'.:iiily  estate,  to  know  that  it  would  be  held  by 
ce capable  of  restoring  its  faded  glories,  and 
-hiuoiikl  respect  and  preserve  all  the  monu- 
i'.' ills  and  memorials  of  his  line.f 

"Letter  of  the  late  Charles  SUinner  Mathews,  ];s,|. 
*  The  folhnviii;,'  letter,  written  in  the  course  of  the 
'.::r.-ferof  the  estate,  lias  never  been  published  : — 
VEMcii,  November  iS,  iSi.S. 

Mv  b'AR  WlI.DM.W. 

Mr.  Hanson  i-  on  the  eve  of  his  return,  so  that  I 
Uve  "Illy  time  10  return  a  few  iiiadecjuate  tbanUs  for 
yar  very  kind  litter.  I  should  regret  to  trouiile  yiui 
»i;iiaiiy  rci|uests  of  mine,  in  regard  to  the  ]ireservatii)ii 
t.  ..ny  sii;iis  of  iny  family,  wliicli  may  still  exist  at  Xew- 
^■"il,  and  leave  everything  of  tli  t  kind  to  your  own 
■■■;"'i;S  present  or  future,  ujiou  the  subject.  The  por- 
'■i".  which  you  flatter  me  by  ilesiring,  would  not  lit 
"'«.!  to  you  your  trouble  and  expense  of  sueli  an  ey. 
i^'tion,  hut  you  may  rely  upon  having  the  very  first 
•It  may  be  painted,  aiwl  which  may  seem  wortli  vuur 
»:ccplanii' 

'  ifusl  that  Newstead  will,   beiiiij  your.s,  remain  so, 


The  confidence  of  Lord  Piyrnn  in  th.c  good 
feeling  and  good  taste  of  Colimel  Wildman  has 
been  justified  by  the  event.  Under  his  judicious 
eye  and  muniticent  hand  the  venerable  and  ro- 
mantic pile  has  risen  from  its  ruins  in  all  its  old 
monastic  and  baronial  splendor,  and  additions 
have  been  made  to  it  in  perfect  coniormity  of 
style.  The  groves  and  forests  ha^\.■  been  re- 
planted ;  the  lakes  and  fish-ponds  cleaned  out, 
and  the  gardens  rescued  from  the  ''  hemlock  and 
thistle,"  and  restored  to  their  pristine  and  digni- 
fied formality. 

The  farms  on  the  estate  have  been  put  in  com- 
plete order,  new  farm-houses  built  of  stone,  in  the 
picturescpie  and  comfortable  style  of  the  old 
Knglish  granges  ;  the  hereditary  tenants  secured 
in  their  paternal  homes,  and  treated  with  the 
most  considerate  indulgence  ;  everything,  in  a 
word,  gives  ha)j])y  indications  of  a  liberal  and 
beneficent  landlord. 

What  most,  however,  will  interest  the  v  isitors 
to  the  Abbey  in  favor  of  its  present  occupant,  is 
the  reverential  care  with  which  he  has  preserved 
and  renovated  every  monument  '  nd  relic  of  the 
liyron  family,  and  every  objeci  in  anywise  con- 
nected with  the  memory  of  the  poet,  i'.ighty 
thousand  pounds  have  already  been  expended 
upon  the  venerable  pile,  yet  the  work  is  still 
going  on,  and  Xewstead  promises  to  realize  the 
hope  faintly  breathed  by  the  poet  when  bidding 
it  a  melancholy  farewell — 

"Ilaply  thy  sun  emerging',  yet  may  sliine, 
Thee  to  irr.idiate  witji  meridian  ray; 
Hours  splendid  as  tlic  pae'.  may  still  bo  tbine, 
And  bless  thy  future,  as  tliy  former  day." 


ARRR'AL   AT   THE  Ani5EV. 

I  li.\n  been  passing  a  merry  Christmas  in  tl  e 
good  old  style  at  liarlboro'  H.ili,  a  venerable 
family  mansion  in  Derbyshire,  and  set  olf  to  fin 
ish  the  holidays  with  the  !ios])itable  proprietor  of 
Xewstead  Abbey.  A  drive  of  seventeen  miles 
through  a  pleasant  country,  part  of  it  the  storied 
region  of  Sherwood  Forest,  brought  me  t(j  the 
gate  of  Xewstead  I'ark.  The  aspect  of  the  -park 
was  bv  no  m?ani  imposing,  the  fine  old  trees 
that  once  adc-t.ed  it  having  been  laid  low  by 
Lord  Hyr(n'i's  wayward  pred  'cessor. 

Entering  the  gate,  the  postchaise  roiled  heavily 
along  a  sandy  road,  between  naked  declivities, 
gradually  descending  into  one  of  those  gentle  anil 
sheltered  valleys,  in  which  the  sleek  monks  of  old 
loved  to  nestle  themselves.  Here  a  sweep  of  the 
road  round  an  angle  of  a  garden  wall  brought  us 
full  in  front  of  the  veiier.ible  edifice,  embosomed 
in  the  valley,  with  a  beautiful  sb.eet  of  w.iter 
spreading  out  before  it. 

and  that  it  may  see  you  as  bapi'.y,  as  I  am  very  sure 
that  you  will  make  your  depeiKleiits.  Willi  regard  to 
myself,  vou  mav  be  sure  that  wbotlier  in  ilie  fourlli,  or 
fifth,  or  sixth  form  .".t  Harrow,  cr  in  the  lluctuations  of 
after  iil'e,  I  shall  always  remember  wiili  legard  my  old 
sehooKellow — fellow  monitor,  and  frieiul,  and  reeo^'^i/.c 
V.  ith  re.peet  tlie  gallant  soldier,  who,  with  all  the  ad- 
vantages of  fortune  and  allurements  of  youili  to  a  li'''■^ 
of  |ileasure,  devoted  liiiuself  to  duties  of  a  nobler 
order,  and  will  receive  his  reward  i:i  the  esteem  an  1 
admiration  of  bis  country. 

Ever  voursiiiobt  truly  aid  alTeclioiiati  Iv, 

IJVKOX. 


488 


NEWSTEAD  ABBEY. 


■;-i|';in 


iliiltiif 


l''i^-:r' 


V  >  it 


The  irregular  Rrny  pile,  of  motley  nrchitccturc, 
answered  to  the  description  given  by  Lord  IJyron  : 

"  An  old,  old  monastery  once,  nnd  now 
Still  older  mansion,  of  a  rich  and  rare 
Mixed  Cothic " 

One  end  was  fortified  by  a  castellated  tower, 
bcspeakin}^  the  baronial  and  warlike  days  of  the 
edifice  ;  the  other  end  maintained  its  primitive 
monastic  character.  A  ruined  chapel,  flanked 
by  a  solemn  grove,  still  reared  its  front  entire. 
It  is  true,  the  threshold  of  the  once  frequented 
portal  was  grass-;;rown,  arid  ihe  great  lancet 
window,  once  glrrious  with  painted  glass,  was 
now  entwined  and  overhung  with  ivy  ;  but  the 
old  convent  cv  >i-,s  still  braved  both  time  and 
tempest  on  the  'jinnacle  of  the  chapel,  and  below, 
the  blessed  efigies  of  the  Virgin  and  child, 
sculptured  in  gr.iy  stone,  remained  uninjured  in 
their  niche,  giving  a  sanctified  aspect  to  the 
pile.* 

A  flight  of  rooks,  tenants  of  the  adjacent  grove, 
were  hovering  about  the  ruin,  and  balancing 
themselves  upon  every  airy  projection,  and  looked 
down  with  curious  eye  and  cawed  as  the  post- 
chaise  rattled  along  below. 

The  chamberlain  of  the  Abbey,  a  most  deco- 
rous personage,  dressed  in  black,  received  us  at 
the  portal.  Here,  too,  we  encountered  a  me- 
mento of  Lord  Byron,  a  great  black  and  white 
Newfoundland  dog,  that  had  accompanied  his 
remains  from  C'ircece.  He  was  descended  from 
the  famous  Boatswain,  and  inherited  his  generous 
qualities.  He  was  a  cherished  inmate  of  the 
Abbey,  and  honored  and  caressed  by  every  vis- 
itor. Conducted  by  the  chamberlain,  and  fol- 
lowed by  the  dog,  who  assisted  in  doing  the 
honors  of  the  house,  we  passed  through  a  long 
low  vaulted  hall,  supported  by  massive  Gothic 
arches,  and  not  a  little  resembling  the  crypt  of  a 
cathedral,  being  the  basement  story  of  the 
Abbey. 

From  this  we  ascended  a  stone  staircase,  at  the 
head  of  which  a  pair  of  folding  doors  admitted  us 
into  a  broad  corridor  that  ran  round  the  interior 
of  the  Abbey.  The  windows  of  the  corridor 
looked  into  a  cpiadrangular  grass-grown  court, 
forming  the  hollow  centre  of  the  pile.  In  the 
midst  of  it  rose  a  lofty  and  fantastic  fountain, 
wrought  of  the  same  gray  stone  as  the  main  cdi- 
Ike,  and  which  has  been  well  described  by  Lord 
Byron. 

"  Amidst  the  court  .1  Gothic  fountain  play'd, 

Symmetrical,  bui  deck'd  with  carvini;s  (jiiaint, 
'■[range  faces,  like  to  men  in  masquer.ide. 

And  here  perhaps  a  monster,  there  a  saint  : 
The  spring  rush'd  through  grim  mouths  of  granite 
made, 
And  sparkled  into  basins,  where  it  spent 
Its  little  torrent  in  a  thousanil  Inibbles, 
Like  man's  vain  glory,  and  his  vainer  troubles." f 

Around  this  quadrangle  were  low  vaulted 
noisters,  with  (iothic  arches,  once  the  secluded 
walks  of  the  mo.iks  :    the  corridor  along  which 

*  " -in  a  hifjher  niche,  alone,  but  crown'd. 

The  \irj;in  Mother  of  the  tiod-born  child 
With  her  son  in  her  blessr-d  arms,  looked  round. 
Spared    by  some  chance,   when   all     beside  was 
spoil'd  : 
She  made  the  earth  below  seim  holy  ground." 
J)u.N  Jlan,  Canto  IlL 
f  Don  Juan,  Canto  HI, 


we  were  passing  w.ts  built  above  these  clolst... 
and  their  hollow  arches  seemed  to  revcrh  '-.i 
:very  footfall.  Everything  thus  far  hai!  as(,!,[l! 
monastic  air  ;  but,  on  arriving  at  an  an"!c  i'iX[ 
corridor,  the  eye,  glancing  along  a  sliatlouvJa' 
lory,  caught  a  sight  of  two  dark  fu'wrts  '  '  "" 


in  pir,: 


armor,  with  closed  visors,  bucklers  b 
swords   drawn,  standing  motionless  ajjainst  ttc 
wall.     They  seemed  two  phantoms  of  tlie  cliival- 
rous  era  of  the  Abbey. 

Here  the  chamberlain,  throwini,'  open  ?.  fiM'-r.- 
door,  ushered  us  at  once  into  a  sjiacious  mi 
lofty  saloon,  which  offered  a  brilliant  contrast 'o 
the  quaint  and  sombre  apartments  wc  h.iii  ua. 
versed.  It  was  elegantly  furnished,  and  thcvr.ils 
hung  with  paintings,  yet  something  of  its  ori-wl 
architecture  had  been  preserved  and  bkndiii 
with  modern  embellishments.  There  were  the 
stone-shafted  casements  and  the  deep  bow-njn, 
dow  of  former  times.  The  carved  and  paneikj 
wood-work  of  the  lofty  ceiling  had  likewise  been 
carefully  restored,  and  its  Ciothic  and  gr(]tiM;;c 
devices  paintetl  and  gilded  in  their  anriint  sivl;. 

Here,  too,  were  emblems  of  the  furmcr  ar.d 
latter  days  of  the  Abbey,  in  the  effigies  of  the 
first  and  last  of  the  Byron  line  that  hekl  swav 
over  its  destinies.  At  the  upper  end  of  the  sali.on, 
above  the  door,  the  dark  (iothic  portrait  of  "Sir 
John  Byron  the  Little  with  the  gre.it  Heard,' 
looked  grimly  down  from  his  canvas,  while,  ?.t 
til?  opposite  end,  a  white  marble  bust  of  the  ;,- 
/liitS  loci,  the  noble  poet,  shone  eonspicuoii;!f 
from  its  pedestal. 

The  whole  air  and  style  of  the  npavtnient  [ar- 
took  more  of  the  palace  than  the  monastery,  ar.d 
its  windows  looked  forth  on  a  suitable  pros|K::, 
composed  of  beautiful  groves,  smoutii  verdarit 
lawns,  and  silver  sheets  of  water.  ISelow  ;!,o 
windows  was  a  small  flower-garden,  inclosed  bv 
stone  balustrades,  on  which  were  stately  pea- 
cocks, sunning  themselves  and  displaying  their 
plumage.  About  the  grass-plots  in  front  were 
gay  cock  pheasants,  and  plump  partridges,  and 
nimblr:  footed  water  hens,  feeding  almost  in  per- 
fect security. 

Such  was  the  medley  of  objects  presented  m 
the  eye  on  first  visiting  the  Abbey,  a.ul  1  Imir.d 
the  interior  fully  to  answer  the  description  of  the 
poet — 

"  The  mansion's  self  was  vast  and  venerable, 
With  more  of  the  monastic  than  lias  been 

];isewhere  preserved  ;  the  cloisters  still  were  sta;  !t. 
The  cells,  too,  and  refectory,  I  ween  ; 

An  exquisite  small  chapel  bad  been  able. 
Still  unimpair'd,  to  decorate  the  scene; 

The  rest  had  been  reformed,  replaced,  or  sunk, 

And  .spoke  more  of  the  friar  than  the  monk. 

"  Huge  halls,  long  galleries,  spacious  chambers,  joinei 
)iy  no  quite  lawful  marriage  of  the  arts, 
MiSjht  shock  a  connoisseur  ;  but  when  conibineJ 

Formed  a  whole,  which,  irregidar  in  pari-, 
Vet  left  a  grand  impression  on  the  .iiiml,  ^ 

At  least  of  those  whose  eyes  were  in  llicir  hearts, 

It  is  not  mv  intention  to  lav  open  the  fccnes 
of  domestic  life  at  the  Abbey,  nor  to  describe 
the  festivities  of  which  1  was  a  partaker  durnv; 
mv  sojourn  within  its  hospitable  walls.  I  »:■;' 
merely  to  p-esent  a  picture  of  the  edifiee  it-ell. 
andof  thosj  personages  and  circumstances  .ilwut 
it,  connected  with  the  mcmorv  of  Byron. 

I  forbear,  therefore,  to  dwell  on  my  reception 
b-,  my  excellent  and  amiable  iiost  and  bostcs,, 
or  to  make  my  reader  acquainted  wiili  the  cK-^- 


NEWSTEAD  ABBEY. 


489 


.  MS  of  the  mansion  that  I  met  in  the  saloon  ; 
''^Vsl'  11  pass  on  at  once  with  him  to  the  cham- 
[/ralkittcil  me,  ..nd  to  which  I  was  most  re- 


V  coiuluctcd  by  the  chamberlain. 

I  „5 'one  of  a  magnificent  suite  of  rooms,  c.\- 

-linir  between  the  court  of  the  cloisters  and 
!•"  \bbev  garden,  the  windows  looking  into  the 
'1"^.',,  f'le  wiiole  suite  formed  the  ancien*  jtati; 
'nr'ment,  and  had  fallen  into  decay  ihr.ua  ll  e 
r'iatcd  tlavs  of  the  Abbey,  so  as  to  be  in  :: 
r'noiis  coiuii'iion  in  the  time  of  Lord  Byron.  It 
VI  .incc  been  restored  to  its  ancient  splendor, 
o'tthich  my  chamljcr  may  be  cited  as  a  sjjcci- 
Jn.  It  was  lofty  and  well  proportioned ;  ;he 
ijl'ipaitof  llie  walls  was  panelled  with  ancient 
y;\lie  upper  part  hung  with  gobelin  t.apestry, 
rfircsciUing  oriental  hunting  scenes,  wherein  the 
ti 'aai  wcie-'of  tiie  size  of  life,  and  of  preat  viva- 
Quf attitude  and  color. 

the  furniture  was  antique,  dignified,  and  cum- 
t'oiis.  Hi!,'b-b;iclccd  chairs  curiously  carved,  and 
uroaght  in  needlework  ;  a  massive  clothes-press 
otii.'kpak,  well  polished,  and  inlaid  with  land- 
sapoj  of  various  tinted  woods;  a  bed  of  state, 
aciple  and  lofty,  so  a;  only  to  be  ascended  bv  a 
-jiable  tli;^ht  of  steps,  the  huge  ))osts  support- 
Jxaiiish  tester  with  a  tuft  of  crimson  plumes  at 
each  corner,  and  rich  curtains  of  crimson  damask 
hjiying  in  broad  and  heavy  folds. 

Awiicrable  mirror  of  plate  glass  stood  on  the 
vZd,  in  wliieh  belles  of  former  centuries  may 
iuic  contemplated  and  decorated  their  '-harms. 
The  lioorof  the  chamber  was  of  tesselated  oak, 
iiiining  with  wax,  and  partly  covered  by  a  Turkey 
c.rpo'.  In  the  centre  stood  a  massy  oaken  table, 
\i.i\aland  polished  as  smooth  as  glass,  and  fur- 
r..:hal  with  a  writing-desk  of  perfumed  rosewood. 

.\  sober   lij^ht  was   admitted   into   the   room 


Gothic  stone-shafted 
J  by  crimson   curtains. 


casements,  partly 
sruiia  Dy  crunson  curtams,  and  partly  over- 
sh.idowcd  by  the  trees  of  the  garden.  This  sol- 
cr.rJy  tempered  light  added  to  the  effect  of  the 
:;..'..lyand  antiquated  interior. 

Two  portraits,  susp-^nded  over  the  doors,  were 
ir.  keeping  with  the  scene.  They  were  in  ancient 
V.indyke  dresses ;  one  was  a  cavalier,  who  may 
la.o  occupied  this  apartment  in  days  of  yore, 
the  other  was  a  lady  with  a  black  velvet  mask  in 
terhind,  who  may  once  have  arrayed  herself  for 
cy fiest  at  the  very  mirror  I  have  described. 

The  most  curious  relic  of  old  times,  however, 
ir.  this  quaint  but  richly  dight  apartment,  was  a 
jreit  chimney-piece  of  panel-work,  carved  in 
[.:h  relief,  with  niches  or  compartments,  each 
c.iujuiing  a  human  bust,  that  protruded  almost 
tr,;iro!y  from  the  wall.  Some  of  the  figures  were 
1..  jncient  (iothic  garb  :  the  most  striking  among 
i."i;a  was  a  female,  who  was  earnestly  regarded 
ly  J  tierce  Saracen  from  an  adjoining  niche. 

This  panel-work  is  among  the  mysteries  of  the 
Abbey,  and  causes  as  much  wide  speculation  as 
ih.  l-.gyptian  hieroglyphics.  Some  suppose  it  to 
i.''i>ir.ite  an  adventure  in  the  Holy  Land,  and 
li'itthe  lady  in  effigy  had  been  rescued  by  some 
CVisader  of  the  family  from  the  Uirbaned  Turk 
m  watches  her  so  earnestly.  What  tends  to 
^.ve  weight  to  these  suppositions  is,  that  similar 
u"*  "■'  P''"'^'"^^o''^  '-''^'s'  '"  other  parts  of  the 
rtoljoy,  in  all  of  wh.ich  are  to  be  seen  the  Chris- 
li.in  lady  and  her  Saracen  guardian  or  lover. 
•y>tlK'  bottom  of  these  sculptures  are  emblazoned 
Itvarinnrial  bearings  of  the  Hyrons. 

1  shall  not  detain  the  reader,  however,  with 
^ny  further  descri,  .ion  of  my  apartment,  or  of 
!"i^^  mysteries  connected  with   it.     As  he  is  to 


pass  some  days  with  mc  at  the  Abbey,  we  shall 
have  time  to  e.xaminc  the  old  edifice  at  our  lei- 
sure, and  to  make  ourselves  acquainted,  not 
merely  with  its  interior,  but  likewise  with  its  en- 
virons. 


THE  ABIJEY  GARDEN'. 

The  morning  after  my  arrival,  I  rose  at  an  early 
hour.  The  daylight  was  peering  brightly  be- 
tween the  window  curtains,  and  drawing  them 
apart,  I  gazed  through  the  Clothie  easement  upon. 
:^  scene  that  accorded  in  character  with  the  inte- 
rior of  the  ancient  mansion.  It  was  the  old 
Abbey  garden,  but  altered  to  suit  the  tastes  of 
different  times  and  occupants.  In  one  directioi^ 
were  shady  walls  and  alleys,  broad  terraces  and 
lofty  groves  ;  in  another,  beneath  a  gray  monas- 
tic-looking angle  of  the  edifice,  overrrn  with  ivy 
and  surmounted  by  a  cross,  lay  a  small  French 
garden,  with  formal  flowerpots,  gravel  walks, 
and  stately  stone  balustrades. 

The  beauty  of  the  morning,  and  the  quiet  cf 
the  hour,  tempted  me  to  an  early  stroll ;  for  it  is 
]jleasant  to  enjoy  such  old-time  j, laces  alone, 
when  one  may  indulge  poetical  reveries,  and  spin 
cobweb  fancies,  without  In'erruption.  Dressing 
myself,  therefore,  with  all  sjieed,  I  descended  a 
small  flight  of  steps  from  t'le  state  apartment  into 
the  long  corridor  over  the  cloisters,  along  which 
I  passed  to  a  door  at  the  farther  end.  Here  I 
emerged  into  the  open  air,  and,  descending  an- 
other flight  of  stone  ste|)3,  found  myself  in  tha 
centre  of  what  had  once  been  the  Ahljey  chapel. 

Nothing  of  the  sacred  edifice  remained,  how- 
ever, but  the  Gothic  front,  with  its  deep  portal 
and  grand  lancet  window,  already  described. 
The  nave,  the  side  walls,  the  choir,  the  sacristy, 
all  had  disappeared.  The  open  sky  was  over  my 
head,  a  smooth  shaven  grass-plot  beneath  my 
feet.  Gravel  walks  and  shrubberies  had  suc- 
ceeded to  the  shadowy  aisles,  and  stately  trees 
to  the  clustering  columns. 

"  Where  now  the  grass  exhales  a  murky  dew, 

The  liumid  pall  of  life-extinguishcil  clay, 
In  sainteu  fame  the  saered  fathers  grew. 

Nor  raised  their  pious  voices  but  to  pray. 
Where  .'ow  the  bats  their  wavering  wings  extend, 

Soon  a;,  the  gloaming  spreads  her  warning  shade, 
The  choir  aid  oft  their  mingling;  vespers  blend, 

Or  matin  orisons  to  Mary  paid." 

Instead  of  the  matin  orisons  of  the  monks, 
however,  the  ruined  walis  of  the  chr.pel  now  re- 
sounded to  the  cawing  of  innumerable  rooks  that 
were  fluttering  and  hovering  about  the  dark  grove 
which  they  inhabited,  and  pie|)ariiig  for  their 
morning  flight. 

My  ramble  led  .ne  along  cpiiet  alleyr,,  bordered 
by  shrubbery,  where  the  solitary  water-hen  would 
now  and  then  scud  across  my  path,  and  take 
refuge  among  the  bushes.  From  lience  I  entered 
upon  a  broad  terraced  walk,  once  a  fa'orite  re- 
sort of  the  friars,  which  extended  the  whole 
length  of  the  old  Abbey  garden,  passing  along 
the  ancient  stone  wall  which  boip^ded  it.  In  the 
centre  of  the  garden  lay  one  of  thu  monkish  fish- 
pools,  an  oblong  sheet  of  water,  deep  set  like  a. 
mirror,  in  green  sloping  banks  of  turf.  In  its 
glassy  bosom  was  reflected  the  dark  mass  of  a 
neighboring  grove,  one  of  the  most  imporiu.t 
features  of  the  garden. 

Tliis  grove  goes  by  the  sinister  name  of  '"  the 


I 


490 


NEWSTEAD   ABBEY. 


I  'iJ^ 


I'Mii'J; 


vmi 


I]  ).'„■:«'! ts 


i^ii/l!?^ 


:i^ 


:!< 


■lii 


:':l 


Devil's  Wood,"  and  fnjoys  but  an  equivocal 
character  in  th  neighborhood.  It  was  planted 
by  "  The  Wicked  Lord  Byron,"  during  the  early 
part  of  his  residence  at  the  Abbey,  before  his 
fatal  duel  with  Mr.  Chaworth.  Having  some- 
thing of  .a  foreign  and  classical  taste,  lie  set  up 
leaden  statues  of  satyrs  or  fauns  at  each  end  of 
the  grove.  The  statues,  like  everything  else 
about  the  old  Lord,  fell  under  the  suspicion  and 
oblocpiy  that  oversh.adowed  him  in  the  latter  part 
of  liis  life.  The  country  people,  who  knew  noth- 
ing of  heathen  mythology  and  its  sylvan  deities, 
looked  with  horror  at  idols  invested  with  the  dia- 
bolical attributes  of  horns  and  cloven  feet.  Thoj- 
probably  supposed  them  some  object  of  secret 
•worsliip  of  the  gloomy  and  secluded  misanthrope 
and  reputed  murderer,  and  gave  them  the  name 
of  "The  old  Lord's  Devils." 

I  penetrated  the  recesses  of  the  mystic  grove. 
There  stood  the  ancient  and  much  slandered 
statues,  overshadowed  by  tall  larches,  and  stained 
by  dank  green  mold.  It  is  not  a  matter  of  sur- 
prise that  stran^'c  figures,  thus  behoofed  and  be- 
horncd,  and  set  up  in  a  gloomy  grove,  should 
perplex  the  minds  of  the  simple  and  superstitious 
yeomanry.  There  arc  many  of  the  tastes  and 
caprices  of  the  rich,  that  in  the  eyes  of  the  un- 
educated must  savor  of  insanity. 

I  was  attracted  to  this  grove,  however,  by 
memorials  of  a  more  touching  character.  It  had 
been  one  of  the  favorite  haunts  of  the  late  Lord 
liyron.  In  his  farewell  visit  to  the  Abbey,  after 
he  had  parted  with  the  possession  of  it,  he  passed 
some  time  in  this  grove,  in  company  with  his 
sister  ;  and  as  a  last  memento,  engraved  their 
names  on  the  bark  of  a  tree. 

The  feelings  that  agitated  his  bosom  during 
this  farewell  visit,  when  he  beheld  round  him  ob- 
jects dear  to  his  ])ride,  and  dear  to  his  juvenile 
recollections,  but  of  which  the  narrowness  of  his 
fortune  would  not  permit  him  to  retain  posses- 
sion, may  be  gathered  from  a  passage  in  a  poetical 
epistle,  written  to  his  sister  in  after  years; 

•'  I  did  remipd  you  of  our  own  dear  lake 

r>y  the  old  liall,  -.oJtich  may  t<f  mine  no  more  ; 

Lcman's  is  fair  ;  but  tliink  not  I  forsake 
The  swoct  remembrance  of  a  dearer  shore  : 

S.id  havoc  Time  must  with  my  memory  make 
ICre  that  or  tJioii  can  fade  tliese  eyes  before  ; 

Though,  like  all  tilings  which  I  have  loved,  ihey  are 

Resign'd  for  ever,  or  divided  far. 

"  I  feel  almost  at  times  as  I  have  felt 

In  hapjiy  cliildhoud  ;  trees,  and  (lowers,  and  brooks, 
Wliich  do  remember  me  of  where  I  dwelt 

I"re  my  young  mind  i\  as  sacrificed  to  books. 
Come  as  of  yore  upon  me,  and  can  melt 

My  he.irt  with  recognition  of  their  looks  ; 
And  even  iit  moments  I  would  think  I  see 
Some  living  things  I  love — but  none  like  thee." 

I  scarchc<l  the  grove  for  some  time,  before  I 
fountl  the  tree  on  which  Lord  liyron  had  left  his 
frail  memorial.  It  was  an  elm  of  peculiar  form, 
having  two  trunks,  which  sprang  from  the  same 
root,  and,  ;ifter  growing  side  by  side,  mingled 
their  branches  together.  He  had  selected  it, 
doubtless,  as  emblematical  of  his  sister  and  him- 
self. The  names  of  Ih'RdN  and  Al"f;i'STA  were 
still  visible.  They  had  been  deeply  cut  in  the 
bark,  but  the  natural  growth  of  the  tree  was 
gradually  rendering  them  illegible,  and  a  few 
years  hence,  rtrangets  will  seek  in  vain  for  this 
record  of  fraternal  affection. 

Leaving   the   grove,    I  continued   my   ramble 


along  a  spacious  terrace,  o\-crInokin,;  nli.i'  ]  4 
once    been  the    kitchen  garden  of  \\^r.  .{|Jl|. 
Ik'low  me  lay  the  monks'  slew,  or  fish  L„j''  ' 
dark  pool,  overhung  by  gloomy  c> presses,  «r''! 
solitary  water-hen  swimming  about  in  it, 

A  little  farther  on,  and  the  terrace  iook-d  d  ■ 
upon  the  stately  scene  on  the  south  sid,- ,,|  •■'^ 
Abbey  ;  the  flower  garden,  with  its  stone  1,,,;  . 
trades  and  stately  peacocks,  tlie  lawn  wfV  •' 
pheasants  and  partridges,  and  the  sufi  v.illv'.  if 
Newstead  beyond. 

At  a  distance,  on  the  border  of  tlicluvn.b'.i 
another  memento  of  Lord  liyron  ;  an  n:ik  pllr  J 
by  him  in  his  boyhood,  on  his  tiist  visit  '()•■-' 
Abbey.  With  a  superstitious  feclia.;  inlia.:;  -" 
him,  he  linked  his  own  destiny  with  that  (,[•'■ 
tree.  "  As  it  fares,"  said  he',  "  su  will  far-  ijiy 
fortunes."  Several  years  elai)sed,  many  of'th.^l 
passed  in  idleness  and  dissipation.  He  i'.i;i:ni.; 
to  the  Abbey  a  youth  scarce  grown  to  manhmd" 
but,  as  he  thought,  with  vices  and  follies  ljav,ni 
his  years.  He  found  his  eiublcm  oak  alir.fii; 
choked  by  weeds  and  brambles,  and  touk  the 
lesson  to  himself, 

"  Young  oak,  when  I  pl.intcd  thee  deep  in  tliegrour.l 
I  hoped  that  tliy  days  would  Ijc  lunj^cr  than  ii.ir.c, 
That  thy  dark  waving  i)ranchcs  woiil  1  llouiish  arour.;. 
And  ivy  thy  trunk  with  its  mantle  entwine, 

"  .Such,  such  was  my  hope — when  in  infancy's  vtan 
On  the  land  of  my  fathers  I  reared  theewiih  pri'e; 
They  are  past,  and  I  water  thy  ston  wi;li  niv  le.irs- 
Tliy  decav  not  the  weeds  that  siiiroiinil  thee  cia 
hide.'" 


I  leaned  over  the  stone  balustrade  of  the  tor- 
race,  and  gazed  upon  the  \alley  of  NcHsteiiil, 
w'ith  its  silver  sheets  of  water  glcaiuiii„'  in  the 
morning  sun.  It  was  a  sabbath  niornui;,,'.  which 
always  seems  to  have  a  hallowed  iiilluente  r,,or 
the  landscape,  probably  from  the  quiet  of  ihc 
day,  and  the  cessation  of  all  kinds  of  weekdiy 
labor.  As  I  mused  upon  the  mild  and  beautifi;! 
scene,  and  the  wayward  destinies  of  the  man, 
whose  stoimy  temperament  forced  him  from  thii 
tranquil  paradise  to  battle  with  the  passions  and 
perils  of  the  world,  the  sweet  chime  of  Ijclisfrna 
a  village  a  few  miles  distant  cauie  siealin:;  up  the 
valley.  Every  sight  and  sound  llu's  mornin:; 
seemed  calculated  to  summon  up  tourhinj  rc.nl- 
lections  of  poor  Byron.  The  chime  was  from  the 
village  spire  of  Hucknall  Torkard,  bcncatli  which 
his  reriains  lie  buried  ! 

I  have  since  visited  his  tomb.    Itisin 

an  old  gray  country  church,  venerable  witli  the 
lapse  of  centuries.  He  lies  buried  beneath  the 
pavement,  at  one  end  of  the  [jrincipal  aisle.  A 
li.ght  falls  on  the  spot  through  the  stained  i;l,is5 
of  a  (.iothic  window,  and  a  tablet  on  tlio  .adjacent 
wall  announces  the  family  vault  of  tiie  lUron~. 
It  had  beei  he  wayward  intentiini  of  the  poef.o 
be  entombed,  with  his  faithful  dog.  in  tliemoivi- 
nient  erected  by  iiim  in  the  garden  of  Newstoa.l 
Abbey.  His  executors  showetl  bitter  jud'^'iiio;;: 
and  feeling,  in  consigning  his  ashes  to  the  lamily 
sepulchre,  to  mingle  widi  those  of  liisiuutlier  aiiJ 
his  kindred.     Here, 

"  .•\fler  life's  fitful  fever,  he  slccjis  well. 
Malice  domestic,  foreii;n  levy,  notliiiij; 
Can  toucli  him  furllun-  !  " 

How  nearly  diu  his  dying  horn-  realise  the  wiA 
made  by  him',  but  a  few  years  prcviousl.v,  iiu'iis 


(,;■  hi!  fitful  I 

tflopy  ■ 

«\VheiJ 
Tl 
Ohlivl 
\V.1 

"Sol 
To| 

N<|  "1 
Tol 


He  died 
»;;hout  a  kin 
c:i  not  die  I 
triors,  .ind  \\ 
(I  atuchini,'! 
'r,;n.  One  c 
h;;  remains  t 
:T.v.e.  1  ^1" 
eood  holdin 
:.r.d  when  al 
live  gone  (U 
■.;i  master.— 
t;chmems,  11 
cent. 


NEWSTEAD  ABBEY. 


401 


■^    ^''-■^S  or  fish  p„>  , 

"nsabouiinit        -M 
''"I  terrace  look,,!  d, J 

acks.  the  lawn,  «,■    .. 
s.  and  the  soft  v.ili:.!  ,",• 

'<;;-<'^'>-ofthcIa«n.,,„,j 

"->  l"s  (Mst  v,s„',o  .: 

Kuis  fee!in.;inl,er -, 

lestiny  with  that  U'C 

'^  >^'. " -^0  will  f„, ;;; 

■t^'apsed,  manvofii,  ■ 
'■^ipat.on.  Herd;,r„" 
•"(-■c  Krnuii  to  ni:inli„„(| 
;'cc,s  .-nul  f„ll,,s  b,,,„j 
'^  fii'Weni  oak  almost 
rambler,  and  took  ih- 


P    'e-.'Ioepmtl.egroun', 
'"1<1  l>c  lui,t;cr  than  imne 
•licswuiiHilouHsharutrJ 
Its  iiiaiille  entHiiie.        ' 

vlien  in  inftnrv's  vcir, 
hi  r<.-are.lilu.f,vit'i,prre' 
thy  stem  \\i;l]mvie,irs-! 
s  tliat  iiuroiiii.l  'ihee  can 


balustrade  of  iIk-  tor- 
-'  valley  of  NewstiM,!, 
-yntor  gleamiii,'  in  ih.' 
bbatli  nioniiii;'.  uinch 
allowed  iiilluentL' ir.or 
f|-<)in  the  quiet  of  the 
all  kinds  of  wci'k-d.iv 
die  mild  and  lie.ii,'t:i;i 
:!estinies  of  i|,e  m,ir, 
t  forced  him  from  this 

with  the  i)assior.s  and 
ct  chime  of  hells  frnn 
t  came  slealin;;  up  ihe 

sound  this  iiKirr.in; 
ion  up  touching  rccul- 
10  chime  was  from  tho 
irkard,  beneath  hIiicIi 

■d  his  tonil).  It  is  in 
1,  \enoral)le  with  tho 
i  buried  beneatli  the 
le  principal  aisle.  A 
i.t;li  the  stained  ijLiss 
ablet  on  the  ailjacent 
vaidt  of  the  liyrons. 
entifni  of  the  poet  tj 
ul  doL;,  in  the  iiioin- 
^ardeii  of  Xewste;'..! 
ved  better  jiiil;,'menr 
5  ashes  to  the  lamily 
)sc  of  his  mother  anj 


he  vlceps  well, 
a  levy,  iiolliiiii^ 


lour  realize  the  wijh 
s  jircN  iouily,  la  una 


■  Vs  fitful  moods  of  melancholy   and  misan- 

liirop;'  '■ 

«\Vhentinic,  or  f  on  or  late,  shall  bring 
The  (heamlcss  sleep  that  lulls  the  dead, 
Oblivion  !  may  thy  languid  wing 
Wave  gently  o'er  my  dying  bed  I 

"KolanJ  of  friends  or  heirs  be  there, 
To  weep  or  wish  the  condng  blow  ; 
Xo  maiden  with  dishevelled  hair, 
To  feel,  or  feign  decorous  woe. 

"  Cut  silent  let  me  sink  to  earth, 
With  no  ofiicious  mourners  near  : 
I  woulil  not  mar  one  hour  of  mirth, 
Nor  startle  friendship  with  a  tear." 

He  died  among  strangers,  in  a  foreign  land, 
»r.hout  a  kindred  hand  to  close  his  eyes  ;  yet  be 
c;j  not  (lie  unwept.  V/ith  all  his  faults  and 
cmrs,  and  passions  and  caprices,  he  had  the  gift 
ci  attaching,'  his  humble  dependents  warmly  to 
h;r.i,  One  of  them,  a  poor  (ireek,  accompanied 
lis  remains  to  England,  and  followed  them  to  the 
crave,  I  am  told  that,  during  the  ceremony,  he 
swd  holding  on  by  a  pew  in  an  agony  of  grief, 
si  when  all  was  over,  seemed  as  if  he  would 
live  gone  down  into  the  tomb  with  the  body  of 
;.:i  master.— A  nature  that  could  inspire  such  at- 
tachments, must  have  been  generous  and  bcneti- 
ccnt. 


TLOUGH    MONDAY. 

?:!rR\vnon  Forf.st  is  a  region  that  still  retains 
n;.;chof  the  quaint  customs  and  holiday  games 
tf;he  oklcn  time.  A  day  or  two  after  my  arrival 
,-.t the  Abbey,  as  I  was  walking  in  the  cloisters,  1 
hiird  the  sound  of  rustic  music,  and  now  and 
then  a  burst  of  merriment,  proceeding  from  the 
interior  of  the  mansion.  Presently  the  chamber- 
laia  came  and  informed  mc  that  a  party  of  coun- 
try lads  were  in  the  servants'  hall,  performing 
Ho'jgh  Monday  antics,  and  invited  me  to  witness 
their  mummery.  I  gladly  assented,  for  I  am 
somewhat  curious  about  these  relics  of  popular 
csigts.  The  servants'  hall  was  a  fit  place  for 
Ihc  exhibition  of  an  old  Gothic  game.  It  was  a 
chamber  of  great  extent,  whiv  h  in  monkish  times 
had  been  the  refectory  of  the  Abbey.  A  row  of 
massive  columns  extended  lengthwise  through  the 
centre,  whence  sprung  Gothic  arche  .supporting 
the lowvaulted  ceiling.  Here  was  a  set  of  rus- 
tics dressed  up  in  something  of  the  style  repre- 
sented in  the  books  concerning  popular  antiiiui- 
lies.  One  was  in  a  rough  garb  of  frieze,  with  his 
head  miit'tled  in  bear-skin,  and  a  bell  dai.j^iing 
hehir  1  him,  that  jingled  at  every  movement.  He 
«as  the  clown,  or  fool  of  the  party,  probably  a 
tr.iditional  representative  of  the  ancient  satyr. 
The  rest  were  decorated  with  ribbons  and  armed 
»ith  wooden  swords.  The  leader  of  the  troop 
recited  the  old  ballad  of  St.  George  and  the 
br.igon,  which  had  been  current  among  the  coun- 
try people  for  ages  ;  h.s  companions  accompanied 
the  recitation  with  some  rude  attempt  at  acting, 
^hile  the  clown  cut  all  kinds  of  antics. 

lo  these  succeeded  a  set  of  morris-dancers, 
E'lyly  dressed  up  with  ribbons  and  hawks'-bells. 
in  this  troop  we  had  Robin  Hood  and  Maid 
wian,  the  Litter  represented  by  a  smooth-faced 
My;  also  l!eelzebub,  equipped  with  a  broom, 
»nd  accompanied  by  his  wife  Ucssy,  a  termaj;ant 


old  beldame.  These  rude  pageants  are  the  lin- 
gering remains  of  the  old  customs  of  Plough 
Alonday,  when  bands  of  rustics,  fantastically 
dressed,  and  furnished  with  pipe  and  tabor, 
dragged  what  was  called  the  "  foul  ]iloui.;h"  from 
house  to  house,  singing  l)allads  and  ]ierforming 
antics,  for  which  they  were  rewarded  with  money 
and  good  cheer. 

But  it  is  not  in  "merry  Sherwood  Forest" 
alone  that  these  remnants  of  old  times  prevail. 
They  are  to  be  met  with  in  most  of  the  counties 
north  of  the  Trent,  which  classic  stream  seems 
to  be  the  boundary  line  of  primitive  customs. 
During  my  ucent  Christmas  sojourn  at  liarlboro' 
Hall,  on  the  skirts  of  Derbyshire  and  Yorkshire, 
I  had  witnessed  many  of  the  rustic  festivities 
peculiar  to  that  joyous  season,  wbirh  have  nishly 
been  pronounced  obsolete,  by  those  who  draw 
their  experience  merely  from  city  life,  I  had 
seen  tl'.e  great  Yule  log  put  on  the  lire  on  Christ- 
mas Kve,  and  the  wassail  liowl  siiil  round,  brim- 
ming with  its  spicy  beverage.  I  had  heard  carols 
beneath  my  window  by  the  choristers  of  the 
neighboring  village,  who  went  their  rounds  about 
the  ancient  Hall  at  midnight,  according  to  imme- 
morial custom.  W'e  had  nuunmers  and  mimers 
too,  with  the  story  of  St.  George  and  the  Dragon, 
and  other  ballads  and  traditional  dialogues,  to- 
gether with  the  famous  old  interlude  of  the  Hobby 
Horse,  all  represented  in  the  antechandjcr  and 
servants'  hall  by  rustics,  who  inherited  the 
custom  and  the  poetry  from  preceding  genera- 
tions. 

The  boar's  head,  crowned  with  rosemary,  had 
taken  its  honored  station  among  tb.e  Christmas 
cheer  ;  the  festal  board  had  been  attended  by 
glee  singers  and  minstrels  from  the  village  to 
entertain  the  company  with  hereditary  songs  and 
catches  during  their  repast  ;  and  the  old  I'yrrhic 
game  of  the  sword  dance,  handed  down  since  the 
time  fif  the  Romans,  was  admirably  performed 
in  the  court-yard  of  the  mansion  by  a  band  of 
young  men,  lithe  and  supple  in  their  forms  and 
graceful  in  their  movements,  who,  I  was  told, 
went  the  rounds  of  the  villages  and  country  seats 
during  the  Christmas  holidays. 

I  specify  these  rural  pageants  and  rcremonials, 
which  1  saw  during  my  sojourn  in  this  neighbor- 
hood, because  it  has  been  deemed  that  some  of 
the  anecdotes  of  holiday  custom^  given  in  my 
preceding  writings,  related  to  usages  which  have 
entirely  jiassedaway.  Critics  who  reside  in  cities 
have  little  idea  of  the  ])rimitive  manners  and 
observances,  which  still  i)revail  in  remote  and 
rura'i  neighborhoods. 

In  fact,  in  crossing  the  Trent  one  seems  to  step 
back  into  old  times  ;  and  in  the  vill.iges  of  Sher- 
wood Forest  we  are  in  a  black-letter  region.  The 
moss-green  cottages,  the  U)wly  mansions  of  gray 
stone,  the  (Gothic  crosses  at  each  end  of  the  vil- 
lages, and  the  tall  M.iypoli;  in  the  centre,  trans- 
port us  in  imagination  to  foregone  centuries ; 
everything  has  a  cjuaint  and  anlic|uated  air. 

The  tenantry  on  the  Abbey  estate  jiartake  of 
this  primitive  character.  Some  of  the  families 
have  rented  farms  there  for  nearly  three  hundred 
years  ;  and,  notwithstanding  that  their  mansions 
fell  to  decay,  and  every  thing  about  them  par- 
took of  the  general  waste  and  misride  of  the 
liyron  dynasty,  yet  nothing  could  uproot  them 
from  their  native  soil.  I  am  happy  to  say,  that 
Colonel  Wildman  has  taken  these  stanch  loyal 
families  tinder  his  peculiar  care.  He  has  favored 
them  in  their  rents,  repaireel,  or  rather  rebuilt 
their  farm-houses,  and  has  enabled  families  that 


:•■    i 


'If' 


,'':;u|:'!i;' ;  j 


fiffi  1  i  '1' 


m 


NEWSTEAD  ARBEY. 


had  almost  sunk  into  the  class  of  mere  rustic 
hiijorcr.s,  once  more  to  hold  up  their  heads  amony 
the  yeomanry  of  the  land. 

I  visited  one  of  tliese  renovated  establishments 
that  hail  but  lately  Ijeen  a  mere  ruin,  and  now 
was  a  substantial  j^ran^e.  It  was  inhabitetl  by  a 
younj,'  couple.  Tiie  j;ood  woman  showed  every 
part  of  ilic  establishment  with  decent  ])ride,  ex- 
ultinj,'  in  its  comfort  and  respectability.  Her 
husband,  I  understood,  had  risen  in  consequence 
with  the  improvement  of  his  mansion,  and  now 
began  to  be  known  among  his  rustic  neighbors 
by  the  appellation  of  "  the  young  Squire." 


OLD  SERVANTS. 

Tn  an  old,  time-worn,  and  mysterious  looking 
mansion  like  Newstead  Abbey,  and  one  so 
haunted  by  monkish,  and  feudal,  and  poetical 
associations,  it  is  a  ])ri/.e  to  meet  with  some  an- 
cient crone,  who  has  ])assed  a  long  life  about  the 
place,  so  as  to  have  become  a  living  chronicle  of 
its  fortunes  and  vicissitudes.  .Such  a  one  is 
Nanny  Smith,  a  worthy  dame,  near  seventy  years 
of  age,  who  for  a  long  time  served  as  house- 
keeper to  the  Hyrons.  The  Abbey  and  its  do- 
mains comprise  her  world,  beyond  which  she 
knows  nothing,  but  within  which  she  has  ever 
conducted  herself  with  native  shrewdness  and 
old-fasliioned  honesty.  \\'hen  Lord  15yron  sold 
the  Abbey  her  xocation  was  at  an  end,  still  she 
lingered  about  the  place,  having  for  it  the  local 
attachment  of  a  cat.  Abandoning  her  comforta- 
ble housekeejier's  apartment,  she  took  shelter  in 
one  of  tlie  "ruck  liouses,"  which  are  nothing 
more  than  a  little  neighborhood  of  cabins,  ex- 
cavated in  the  jierpendicular  walls  of  a  stone 
cpiarry,  at  no  great  distance  from  the  Abbey. 
Three  cells  cut  in  the  living  rock,  formed  her 
dwelling  ;  these  she  fitted  up  humbly  but  com- 
fortably ;  her  son  William  labored  in  the  neigh- 
borhood, and  aided  to  support  her,  and  Nanny 
Smith  maintained  a  cheerful  aspect  and  an  in- 
dejiendenl  b])irit.  One  of  her  gossips  suggested 
to  her  that  \Villi;im  should  marry,  and  bring 
home  a  young  wife  to  help  her  and  take  care  of 
her.     "  Xay,    nay,"   replied    Nanny,    tartly,   "  I 

•■"•  '■'tiisc."     So  much 


,'s  house  was  a 


want  no  young  n'' 
for  the  love  of  r. 
hole  in  a  rock  ! 

Colonel  Wildman,  on  taking  possession  of  the 
Abbey,  found  Nanny  Smith  thus  humbly  nestled. 
With  tliat  active  benevolence  which  characterizes 
him,  he  immediately  set  William  up  in  a  small 
farm  on  the  estate,  where  Nanny  Smith  has  a 
comfortable  mansion  in  her  old  days.  Her  pride 
is  roused  by  her  son's  advancement.  She  re- 
marks with  exultation  that  people  treat  William 
with  much  more  res])ect  now  that  he  is  a  farmer, 
than  they  did  when  he  was  a  laborer.  A  fanner 
of  the  neighborhood  has  even  endeavored  to 
make  a  match  between  him  and  his  sister,  but 
Nanny  Smith  has  grown  fastidious,  and  inter- 
fered. '  '  >  girl,  she  said,  was  too  old  for  her 
son,  besides,  she  did  not  see  that  he  was  in  any 
need  of  a  wife. 

"  No,"  said  William,  "  I  ha'  no  great  mind  to 
marry  the  wencli  ;  but  if  the  Colonel  and  his 
lady  wisii  it,  1  am  willing.  They  have  been  so 
kind  to  me  that  I  shoukl  think  it  my  duty  to 
please  them."  The  Colonel  and  his  lady,  how- 
ever, have  not  thought  proper  to  put  honest 
William's  gratitude  to  so  severe  a  test. 


Another  worthy  whom  Ccloncl  Wildman  fotnJ 
vegetating  upon  the  iilaee,  and  who  h,,d  L  "j 
there  for  at  least  sixty  years,  was  did  JocMur- 
lie  had  come  there  when  a  mere  boy  in  ilic  ',' 
of  the  "  old  lord,"  about  the  iniddfc  of  th/i"'; 
century,  and  had  continued  wait  him  ,.|n,i  1'': 
death.  Having  been  a  cabin  Ihiv  wlun  \,',?. 
young,  Joe  always  fancied  himseif  a  bu  ,•' 1 
sail(,  ,  and  had  charge  of  all  liie  pieasiind). V- 
on  the  lake,  though  he  afterward  rose  to  died  ! 
nity  of  butler.  In  the  latter  days  of  ihc  ,;i 
Lord  liyron,  when  he  shut  hiinself  up  fn,,,, '||J 
the  world,  Joe  Murray  was  the  onlv  servant  re- 
tained by  him,  excepting  iiis  housekcqicr,  IV,-,- 
Hardstaff,  who  was  reputed  to  have  an'uni' 
sway  over  him,  and  .-as  derisively  called  bdv 
15etty  among  the  country  folk. 

When  the  Abbey  came  into  the  possession  01 
the  late  Lord  Hyron,  Joe  Murray  acKJinpanitd  ;t 
as  a  fixture.  He  was  reinstated  as  butler  in  die 
Abbey,  and  liigh  admiral  on  the  lake,  aiuihj 
sturdy  honest  mastiff  qualities  won  so  upon  Lord 
liyron  as  even  to  rival  his  Newfoiuidland  dn'  m 
his  affections.  Often  when  dining,  lie  woidd  pMi;r 
out  a  bumper  of  choice  Minleira,  and  liand  it  tj 
Joe  as  he  stood  behind  his  cli.nir.  lii  faet, '■Jua 
he  built  the  monumental  tonil)  which  stamis  n 
the  Abbey  garden,  he  intended  it  for  liiniself, 
Joe  Murray,  and  the  dog.  The  two  latter  uere 
to  lie  on  each  side  of  him.  ISoatswain  died  n^jt 
long  afterward,  and  was  regularly  interred,  and 
the  well-known  epitaph  inscribed  on  one  side  of 
the  monument.  Lord  ISyron  departed  fordreece; 
during  his  absence,  a  gentieinan  to  whom  loc 
.Murray  was  showing  the  tomb,  ()l)served,  "  Weil, 
old  boy,  you  will  take  your  place  here  sunic 
twenty  years  hence." 

"  I  don't  know  that,  sir,''  growled  Joe,  in  re- 
ply, "if  I  was  sure  his  Lordshi])  would  ecnie 
here,  I  should  like  it  well  enough,  but  1  should 
not  like  to  lie  alone  with  the  dog." 

Joe  Murray  was  always  extremely  neat  in  his 
dress,  and  attentive  to  his  person,  and  made  a 
most  respectable  appearance.  A  portrait  of  him 
still  hangs  in  the  Abbey,  representing  him  a  hale 
fresh-looking  fellow,  in  a  tlaxen  wig,  a  blue  eoat 
and  buff  waistcoat,  with  a  pipe  in  his  hand.  He 
discharged  all  the  duties  of  his  station  with  },'reat 
fidelity,  unquestionable  honesty,  and  nuieh  out- 
ward decorum,  but,  if  we  may  believe  his  eon- 
temporary,  Nanny  Smith,  who,  as  housekeeper, 
shared  the  sway  of  the  liousehold  witii  luni,  he 
was  very  lax  in  his  minor  morals,  and  used  to 
sing  loose  and  profane  songs  as  he  presided  at 
the  table  in  the  servants'  hall,  or  sat  takinj;  hij 
ale  and  smoking  his  pipe  by  the  evcnin;;  t'.re. 
Joe  had  evidently  derived  his  convivial  iiotions 
from  the  race  of  English  coimtry  scpiires  «ho 
flourished  in  the  days  of  his  juveiuHty.  Nanny 
Smith  was  scandalized  at  his  ribald  sonijs,  bit 
being  above  harm  heri'df,  endured  them  in  ;^:- 
Icnce.  At  length,  on  hi.-,  singing  them  bclore  a 
young  girl  of  sixteen,  she  could  coiit.dn  her^e.t 
iio  longer,  but  read  him  a  lecture  that  niade  li:s 
ears  ring,  and  then  flounced  off  to  bed.  '1  he  lec- 
ture seems,  by  her  account,  to  have  st.a.u'ijereJ 
Joe,  for  he  told  her  the  next  UKuniiig  tiial  he  had 
had  a  terrible  dream  in  the  night.  An  Kvan:.;il- 
ist  stood  at  the  foot  of  his  bed  with  a  great  Duieh 
IJible,  which  he  held  with  the  priiUed  part:'- 
ward  him,  and  after  a  while  pushed  it  in  his  lace. 
Nannv  Smith  undertook  to  interpret  the  vision, 
and  read  from  it  such  a  homily,  and  deduced  such 
awful  warnings,  that  Joe  became  ipiite  serious, 
left  off  sii:ging,  and  took  to  reading  good  books 


NEWSTEAD   ABBEY. 


493 


'LO,  ;uul  ^^|,„  l,,j  ,    « 

.  "';•■  '■Hcidic  of  ,1,;  ; 

(  ='"  "'^'  Plcasurcl,,,,, 
latter   <|,,ys  of  ,1,^.  ,", 

K.s  •'"-■  <mly  servant  re 

■'^■'1.  to  have  anu,id'„i 
^|l|-M-i.sivcly  called  L.dy 

int.,  the  possession  cf 
•\'"n-ayacn,mp;,ni,(i,t 
iitatal  as  builer  in  ;h, 
'  ""  t''^'  lake,  and  h. 
itics  won  so  upon  l.ord 

^i-'vvfoiindlaiHl  dii'in 

II 'lining,  he  vvnukh"„r 
•W'-'ii-i,  and  linnd  it  •■, 

fli.tir.  In  fact,  Mm 
tc.iiil)  vvhieh  standi  n 
'tended  it  for  hmudf, 
1  lie  two  latter  inre 
•  ISuatsuain  died  n.jt 
•Cf^ulaily  interred,  and 
scribed  on  one  side  .f 
'11  departed  forCneCi': 
iitieniiin  to  whom  l„e 
'inh,  observed,  •■«;■!" 
our   place   here  su;:io 


,,,,„(,mh;  Init  after  that,  continued   Nanny, 
l!,!'inH(ian(l  became  as  bad  as  ever,  and  con- 
I'ij  tj  sing  loose  and   profane  songs    to    his 

■5?, jj  (joloncl  Wildinan  became  proprietor  of 

,v..  Abbevlio  foiind  Joe  MmTay  nourishing  in  a 

'■;■■   il^l';,j;e,  thouv;h  upward  of  fourscore,  and 

^'r'n'icilliiiii  ia  1"^  station  as  butler.     The  old 

1h  «!i5  ix'ioiceil  at  the  extensive   repairs   that 

...  iinmeiliately  commenced,  and  anticipated 

V)ri'li.'  ll"-'  day  when  the  Abbey  should  rise 

It- jits  mi'"  "'''^  renovated  splendor,  its  gates 

i' ihrongeJ  with  trains  and   equipages,  and  its 

[jv  ona-  more  echo  to    the  sound   of  joyous 

liipitalilv. 

iviia:  ciiicllv,  however,  concerned  Joe's  pride 

,,)  j,i,!)iti()ii,  was  a  jilan  of  the  Colonel's  to  have 

|fi".inrieiu  refectory   of  the    convent,    a   great 

iTiteJ  room,  supported  by  Gothic  columns,  con- 

Tertt'il  into  a  servants'  hall.     Hero  Joe  looked  for- 

rrd  to  rule  tlic  roast  at  the  head  of  the  servants' 

I  able,  and  to  make  the  Gothic  arches  ring  with 

thoii;'  h'Jiuing  and  hard-drinking   ditties  which 

iie:e  the  horror  of  the    discreet  Nanny  Smith. 

1  Tne,  however,  was  fast  wearing  away  with  him, 

I  jr.dhis  "rent  fear  was  that  the  hall  would  not  be 

I  cr.'.plc'ted  in  his  day.     In  his  eagerness  to  hasten 

.;.;ropairs,  he  used  to  get  up  early  in  the  morn- 

i  j._-  anil  ring  up  the  workmen.     Notwithstanding 

hiKM  n;;c,  also,  he  would  turn  out  half-dressed 

i:  cu!J  weather  to  cut  sticks  for  the  fire.     Colonel 

W.ldman  kindly  remonstrated  with  him  for  thus 

i  iw;  his  health,  as  others  would  do  the  work 

■  f:rhim. 

■Lord,  sir,"  exclaimed  the  hale    old    tellow, 

:'j  my  air-bath,  I'm  all  the  better  for  it." 

I'niuckily,  as  he  was  thus  employed  one  norn- 

ir;  a  splinter  flew  up  and  wounded  one  of  his 

cv;i.   .\n  inllammation  took  place  ;  he  lost  the 

i:;iuofihat  eye,  and  subsequently  of  the  other. 

Poor  Joe  Xfadually  pined  away,  and  grew  nielan- 

cWy,    Colonel  Wiktman  kindly  tried  to  cheer 

ti up— ''Come,  come,  old  boy,"  cried  he,  ''  be 

c:;;a(rtl  heart,  you  will  yet  take  your  place  in  the 

!c:;iii!,'  hall." 

".Nay,  nay.  sir,"  replied  he,  "  I  did  hope  once 

tla;  1  should  live  to  see  it — I   looked  forward  to 

;:with  pride,  1  confess,  but  it  is  all  over  with  me 

r,jx-l  iliall  soon  go  home  !  " 

He  died  shortly  afterward,  at  the  advanced 
sjo  of  ci;4hty-six,  seventy  of  which  had  been 
f.i>scd,isan  honest  and  faithful  servant  at  the 
.Vjbey.  C(/loncl  Wildinan  had  him  decently  in- 
t.rred  in  the  church  of  Hucknall  Torkard,  near 
ti  vault  of  Lord  IJyron. 


SITERSTITIONS  OF  THE  ABBEY. 

Thf.  .wccdotcs  I  had  heard  of  the  quondam 
r.jjickeeper  of  Lord  Byron,  rendered  me  desir- 
(i:j  of  paying  her  a  visit.  I  rode  in  company 
9i'h Colonel  Wildinan,  therefore,  to  the  cot'age 
cMiorson  Wdliani,  where  she  resides,  and  found 
Kr  seated  by  her  fireside,  with  a  favorite  cat 
F-rchcd  upon  her  shoulder  and  purring  in  her 
«•■  .Nanny  Smith  is  a  large,  good-looking  wo- 
j-'i:..  a  specimen  of  the  old-fashioned  country 
t  -sewife,  combining  antiquated  notions  and 
P^'.iudices,  and  very  limited  information,  with 
Wiral  j;ood  sense.  She  loves  to  gossip  about 
li-' Abbey  and  Lord  Byron,  and  was  soon  drawn 
i."0  .uoursc  of  anecdotes,  though  mostly  of  an 


humble  kind,  such  as  .suited  the  meridian  of  the 
housekeeper's  room  and  servants'  hall.  She 
seemed  to  entertain  a  kind  recollection  of  Lord 
Byron,  thouglt  she  had  evidently  been  much  per- 
plexed by  some  of  his  vagaries  ;  and  especially 
by  the  means  he  adopted  to  C(uinter.ut  his  ten- 
dency to  corpulency,  lie  used  \arioiis  modes  to 
sweat  himself  down  ;  sometimes  he  would  lie  for 
a  long  time  in  a  warm  bath,  soiiutimes  he  would 
walk  up  the  hills  in  the  jiark,  wra))ped  up  and 
loaded  with  great  coats  ;  "  a  sad  toil  for  the])oor 
youth,"  adilecl  Nanny,  "  he  being  so  l.une." 

His  meals  were  scanty  and  irregular,  ciuisisting 
of  dishes  which  Nanny  seemed  to  hold  in  great 
contenqit,  such  as  i)illau,  maccaroni,  and  light 
puddings. 

She  contradicted  the  report  of  the  licentious 
life  which  he  was  reported  to  leail  at  the  Abbey, 
and  of  the  paramours  said  to  have  been  brought 
with  him  from  London.  ''  A  great  part  of  his 
lime  used  to  be  passed  lying  on  a  sofa  reading. 
Sometimes  he  had  young  gentlemen  of  his  ac- 
quaintance with  him,  and  they  played  some  mad 
pranks  ;  but  nothing  but  what  young  gentlemen 
may  do,  and  no  harm  done." 

"  Once,  it  is  true,"  she  added,  ''  he  had  with 
him  a  beautiful  boy  as  a  page,  which  the  house- 
maids said  was  a  girl.  For  my  part,  I  know- 
nothing  about  it.  I'oor  soul,  he  was  so  lame  he 
could  not  go  out  much  with  the  men  ;  all  the 
comfort  he  had  was  to  be  a  little  with  the  l.isses. 
The  housemaids,  however,  were  very  jealous  ; 
one  of  them,  in  particular,  took  the  matter  in 
great  dudgeon.  Her  name  was  Lucy  ;  she  was  a 
great  favorite  with  Lord  liyron,  and  had  been 
much  noticed  by  him,  and  began  to  have  high 
notions.  She  had  her  fortune  told  by  a  man  who 
squinted,  to  whom  she  g.ive  two-and-sixpence. 
He  told  her  to  hold  up  her  head  and  look  high, 
for  she  would  come  to  great  things.  Upon  this," 
added  Nanny,  "  the  jioor  thing  dreamt  of  nothing 
less  than  becoming  a  lady,  antl  mistress  of  the 
Abbey  ;  and  promised  me,  if  such  hick  should 
happen  to  her,  she  would  be  a  good  iViencl  to  me. 
Ah  well-a-day  !  Lucy  never  had  the  tine  fortune 
she  dreamt  of;  but  she  had  better  tli.m  1  thought 
for;  she  is  now  married,  and  kee[)s  a  puljlic 
house  at  Warwick." 

Finding  that  we  listened  to  her  with  great  at- 
tention, Nanny  Smith  went  on  with  her  gossiping. 
'•  One  time,"  said  she,  "  Lortl  I'lyron  look  a  no- 
tion that  there  was  a  deal  of  money  buried  about 
the  .'\bbey  by  the  monks  in  old  tinies,  and  noth- 
ing would  serve  him  but  he  must  have  the  (lag- 
ging taken  up  in  the  cloisters  ;  and  tliey  digged 
and  digged,  but  found  nothing  but  stone  coftins 
full  of  bones.  Then  he  must  needs  luue  one  of 
the  coftins  yiut  in  one  end  of  the  great  hall,  so 
that  the  servants  were  afraid  logo  there  of  nights. 
Several  of  the  skulls  were  cleani'd  and  put  in 
frames  in  his  room.  1  used  to  have  to  go  into 
the  room  at  night  to  shut  the  windows,  and  if  I 
glanced  an  eye  at  them,  they  all  seemed  to  grin  ; 
which  1  believe  skulls  alw.iys  do.  1  can't  say 
but  I  was  glad  to  get  out  of  llv  room. 

'"There  was  atone  time  (an  1  for  that  matter 
there  is  still)  a  good  deal  said  about  ghosts 
haunting  about  the  Abbey.  The  keejier's  wife 
said  she  saw  two  standing  in  a  dark  part  of  the 
cloisters  just  opposite  the  chapel,  and  one  in  the 
garden  by  the  lord's  well.  Then  there  was  a 
young  lady,  a  cousin  of  Lord  Byron,  who  was 
staying  in  the  Abbey  and  slept  in  the  roo/i".  next 
the  clock;  and  she  told  me  that  one  niglu  when 
she  was  lying  in   bed,  she  saw  a  lady  in  white 


iU 


MEWSTEAD  ABBEY. 


m. 


:   ; 


ii,''ii'       ?■ 


,-Al  1 


i;      :    i 


;:  fi  1 : 


come  out  of  the  wall  on  one  side  of  the  room,  and 
go  into  the  wall  on  the  o|)posite  side. 

"  I.onl  I'lyion  one  ilay  said  to  me,  '  Nanny, 
what  nonsense  they  tell  about  (ghosts,  as  if  there 
ever  were  any  siieh  thin},'s.  1  have  never  seen 
any  tiling;  nf  the  kind  al)out  the  Abbey,  and  I 
uarrant  you  have  not.'  This  was  all  done,  tlo 
you  see,  to  draw  nie  out ;  but  I  said  nothing;,  but 
lihook  my  head.  However,  they  say  his  lortlship 
did  onee  see  somethin;;.  It  was  in  the  f,'reat  hall 
— something  all  black  and  hairy,  he  said  it  was 
the  devil. 

"  For  my  part,"  continued  Xanny  Smith,  "  I 
never  saw  anything  of  the  kind — but  I  heard 
something  once.  I  was  one  evening  scrubbing 
the  floor  of  the  little  dining-room  at  the  end  of 
the  long  gallery  ;  it  was  after  dark  ;  1  exjiccted 
every  moment  to  be  called  to  tea,  but  wished  to 
finish  what  I  was  about.  All  at  once  I  heard 
heavy  footsteps  in  the  great  hall.  They  sounded 
like  the  tramp  of  a  horse.  I  took  the  light  and 
went  to  see  wh.it  it  was.  I  heard  the  steps  conic 
from  the  lower  end  of  the  hall  to  the  fireplace  in 
the  centre,  where  they  stopped  ;  but  I  could  see 
nothing.  1  returnetl  to  my  work,  and  in  a  little 
time  heard  the  same  noise  again.  I  went  again 
with  the  light  ;  the  footsteps  slojiped  by  the  tire- 
place  as  before  ;  still  1  could  see  nothing.  I  re- 
turned to  my  work,  when  1  heard  the  steps  for  a 
third  time.  1  then  went  into  the  hall  without  a 
light,  but  they  stopped  just  the  same,  by  the  fire- 
place, half  way  up  the  hall.  I  thought  tliis  rather 
odd,  but  returned  to  my  work.  When  it  was  fin- 
ished, 1  took  the  light  and  went  through  the  hall, 
as  that  was  my  way  to  the  kitchen.  I  heard  no 
more  footstei)s,  and  thought  no  more  of  the  mat- 
ter, when,  on  comingto  the  lower  end  of  the  hall, 
I  found  the  door  locked,  and  then,  on  one  side  of 
the  door,  1  saw  the  stone  coffin  with  the  skull  and 
bones  that  h.ul  been  digged  up  in  the  cloisters." 

Here  Nanny  paused.  I  asked  her  if  she  be- 
lieved that  the  mysterious  footsteps  had  any  con- 
nection with  the  skeleton  in  the  coffin  ;  but  she 
shook  her  heail.  and  would  not  commit  herself. 
We  took  our  leave  of  the  good  old  dame  shortly 
after,  and  the  story  she  had  related  gave  subject 
for  conversation  on  our  ride  homeward.  It  was 
evident  she  had  spoken  the  truth  as  to  what  she 
had  heard,  but  had  been  deceived  by  some  ])ccu- 
liar  etfect  of  sound.  Noises  arc  propagated  about 
a  huge  irregular  edilice  of  the  kind  in  a  very  de- 
ceptive manner  ;  footsteps  are  prolonged  and  re- 
verberated by  the  vaulted  cloisters  and  echoing 
halls  ;  the  creaking  and  slamming  of  distant 
gates,  the  rushing  of  the  blast  through  the  groves 
and  among  the  ruinetl  arches  of  the  chapel,  have 
all  a  slrang-ly  delusive  effect  at  night. 

Colonel  Wildman  gave  an  instance  of  the  kind 
from  his  own  experience.  Not  long  after  he  had 
taken  up  his  residence  at  the  Abbey,  he  heard 
one  moonlight  night  a  noise  as  if  a  carri.igc  was 
passing  at  a  distance.  He  opened  the  window 
and  leaned  out.  It  then  seemed  as  if  the  great 
iron  roller  was  dragged  along  the  gravel  walks 
and  terrace,  but  there  was  nothing  to  be  seen. 
When  he  saw  the  gardener  on  the  following 
morning,  he  questioned  him  about  working  so 
late  at  night.  The  gardener  declared  that  no 
one  had  been  at  work,  and  the  roller  was  chained 
up.  He  was  sent  to  examine  it,  and  came  back 
with  a  countenance  full  of  surprise.  The  roller 
had  been  moved  in  the  night,  but  he  declared  no 
mortal  hanil  could  have  moved  it.     "Well,"  re- 


plied the  Colonel,  good-humoredly,  "  I  am 
.to  find  1  have  u  brownie  to  work  for  mc." 


'lad 


Lord  T?yron  did  much  to  foster  and  eivc  r.  I 
rcney  to  the  superstitious  tales  conncrud     'A 
the  Abbey,  by  believing,  or  prctemlnv.  tnhX 
in  them.     Many  have  supposed  that  liMnindr 
really  tinged  with  superstition,  and  that  ilm     ' 
natc  infirmity  was  increased  by  pasbin;;  mucV  ' 
his  time  in  a  lonely  way,  about  the  tiiipiv  h'.  I 
and   cloisters   of  the  Abbey,  then  in.irui'r'l 
melancholy  state,  and  brooiling  ovcrihci'"- 
and   effigies  of   its   former   inmates.     |  si,,,''']  i 
rather  think  that  he  found  jioetical  ciijoviikti  'i 
these  supernatural  themes,  and  that  hi/imii-'na 
lion  delighted  to  peojile  this  gloomy  anil  n.niar! 
tic  pile  with  all   kinds  of  shadowy  inhabitr'i 
Certain  it  is,  the  aspect  of  the  mansiim  umkrihe 
varying  influence  of  twilight  and  moonlight,  .I'j 
cloud  and  sunshine  operating  upon  itslullsilr^ 
galleries,  and   monkish    cloisters,  is  cnmiu'h  \i) 
breed  all  kinds  of  fancies  in  the  minds  of  its  jn. 
mates,  especially  if  poetically  or  supcrsmiouil.- 
inclined. 

I  have  already  mentioned  some  of  the  fab'ci  I 
visitants  of  the  AI  bey.     The  goblin  friar,  hov-' 
ever,  is  the  one  to  whom  Lord  liyron  has  j,;\cn  i 
the  greatest  importance.     It  walked  the  dui-'.c 
by  night,  and  sometimes  glimpses  of  it  wcro  sim  | 
in  other  i)arts  of  the  Abbey.     Its  appearance  uj 
said  to  portend  some  impending  evil  to  the  nus. 
ter  of  the  mansion.     Lord    liynm  prctenilal  lo 
have  seen  it  about  a  month  before  he  lontiacii.]  ] 
his  ill-starred  marriage  with  Miss  Milhankc. 

He  has  embodied  this  tradition  in  the  lolloivin; 
ballad,  in  which  he  represents  the  friar  as  oneci 
the  ancient  inmates  of  the  Abbey,  niaintairirj 
by  night  a  kind  of  spectral  possession  of  it,  ;a 
right  of  the  fraternity.  Other  traditions,  hnw. 
ever,  represent  him  as  one  of  the  friars  dommd 
to  wander  about  the  place  in  atonement  for  h.s 
crimes.     15ut  to  the  ballad — 


"  Beware  !  beware  !  of  the  Black  Friar, 

Who  sittt'th  by  Norman  stone, 
For  he  mutters  his  prayer  in  the  niiilnight  air. 

And  his  mass  of  the  days  that  are  j;one. 
When  the  Lord  of  the  Hill.  Aiiiiindeville, 

M.ade  Norman  Church  his  prey. 
And  expell'd  the  friars,  one  friar  still 

Would  not  be  driven  away. 

"  Tiiough  he  came  in   his  might,  with  King  Ilenrj's 
right. 
To  turn  church  lands  to  lay, 
With  sword  in  hand,  and  torch  to  iijjht 

Their  walls,  if  they  said  nay, 
A  monk  remain'd,  unchascd,  unchainM, 

And  he  did  not  seem  form'd  of  clay, 
For  he's  seen  in  the  porcli,    and  he's  seen  in  '.he 
church. 
Though  he  is  not  seen  by  day. 

"  And  whether  for  good,  or  whether  for  ill, 

It  is  not  mine  to  s-iy  ; 
But  still  to  the  house  of  Amundeville 

He  abiileth  night  and  day. 
By  the  marriage  bed  of  their  lords,  'tis  said. 

He  flits  on  the  bridal  eve  ; 
And  'lis  held  as  faith,  to  their  bed  of  death. 

He  comes— but  not  to  grieve. 

"  When  an  heir  is  born,  he  is  heard  to  mourn. 

And  when  anglit  is  to  befall 
That  ancient  line,  in  the  pale  moonshine 

He  walks  from  hall  to  hall. 
His  form  you  may  trace,  but  not  his  face, 

'Tis  shadow'd  by  his  cowl ; 
But  his  eyes  may  be  seen  from  the  folds  bct«e«, 

And  they  seem  of  a  parted  soul. 


NEWSTKAD    ABnEV, 


4n5 


us 


sti 


U 


IlK 


»"  faster  and  givo.,., 

'"","".  ••'■Hi  tha,,!,,,!'' 
>'■'''""'  the  cnipu  la  I 
>r<)<.tlin|;  over  the  ,i. ": 

'"'•  I">^;'ical  cnjovnKT.t 
Xjs.an. hhath,,-^^^^  I 

»l''s  Klnoiny  and  r,;,,: 
of  shadowy  inhabit,,..; 

o'tlic  mansion  umlir 'he 
'Kilt  and  moonli.lit  [,,<  , 
ratinj;  upon  its  halls,  ..rj 
.  cloisters,  is  cnotiRh  •, 
les  111  the  minds  of  It,  i„. 
nically  or  supcrsmiouslv 

f^ned  some  of  the  f,il,:(j 
'1'Ik'  jjoblii,  friar,  hf," 

n  Lord  ISyron  has  j,;vf„ 
It  walked  thccioi.'c.i| 

;},'l"iipse'sofitMerc5Kn 

JL'V.  Its  appearance  vi 
pcMulMiKevil  to  the  mas. 

>i-cl  liyron  pretended  to 
nil  before  he  inntracid 
vith  Miss  Miihankc, 

tradition  in  the  lolloivin; 
[?scnts  the  friar  as  one  01' 

the  Abbey,  niaintainirj 
:tral  possession  of  it. ;,' 
Other  traditions,  imw 
one  of  the  friars  dnnimd 
ice  in  atonement  for  h.i 
id — 

Black  Friar, 
II  stone, 

in  the  midnight  air, 
ys  that  are(,'one. 
ill,  Ainiindevillc, 
his  prey, 
le  friar  still 
vay. 

iiight,  with  King  llenrj's 

lay, 

torch  to  li(>lit 

1  nay, 

ed,  inuhainM, 

m'd  of  clay, 

-'h,    and  he's  seen  in  At 

y  day. 

whether  for  ill, 

uundeville 

y- 

:ir  lords,  'tis  said, 

-  t 

leir  bed  of  death, 

rieve. 

heard  to  mourn, 
fall 

de  moonshine 
ill. 
It  not  his  face, 

I; 

)m  the  folds  hctwesn, 
;d  soul. 


•  Jut  licwarc  !  Iicware  of  the  lUack  Friar, 

He  still  retains  his  sway, 
for  lie  i>  .vet  the  church's  heir, 

Wliocvrr  may  he  the  lay. 
Amimdcville  is  lord  by  day. 

Hut  the  monk  is  lord  by  ni(,'hf, 
,Vir  wine  nor  wassail  coidd  raise  a  vassal 
*  Tuiiticstion  that  friar's  right. 

"Savnmight  to  him  as  he  walks  the  hall, 

Ami  he'll  say  nouuht  to  you; 
lie  sweeps  along  inliis  dusky  pall, 

.\so'er  the  grass  the  dew. 
TUn  t;ramercy  !  for  the  lilaek  Friar ; 

IIe.iven  sain  him  !  fair  or  foul, 
And  «li.ils(ie'er  may  be  his  prayer 

Let  ours  he  for  his  soul." 

fjch  is  the  story  of  the  goblin   friar,  which, 

piriK  thiouj^h  (dd  tradition,  and  partly  throu^jh 

I  i,t  intluence  of  1-ord   Hyron's  rhymes,  lias   bc- 

I  (ocic  completely  established  in  the  Abbey,  and 

I  ihrentens  to  hold  possession  so   long  as  the  old 

(iiice  shall  endure.    \'arious  visitors  have  either 

lincicd, or  pretended  to  have  seen  him,  and  a 

I  cKsinof  Lord  liyron,  Miss  Sally  Parkins,  is  even 

Slid  to  have  made  a  sketch  of  him  from  niem- 

ix  As  to  the  servants  at  the  Abbey,  they  have 

kcnrac  possessed  with  all  kinds  of  superstitious 

fficies.    The  lonjj  corridors  and    Gothic   halls, 

«;!h  ihcir  ancient  portraits  and  dark  figures  in 

araor,  are  all  haunted   regions  to  them  ;    they 

ennftar  to  sleep  alone,  and  will  scarce  venture 

j;iiight  on  any  distant  errand  about  the  Abbey 

inlcss  ihcy  g(  in  couples. 

Even  the  magnificent  chamber  in  which  I  was 
bdjcd  was  subject  to  the  supernatural  intluences 
«tich  reiijned  over  the  Abbey,  and  was  said  to 
kliauntcd  by  "  .Sir  John  IJyron  the  Little  with 
lie  great  Beard."  The  ancient  black-looking 
portrait  of  this  family  worthy,  which  hangs  over 
ti:odoorof  the  great  saloon,  was  said  to  descend 
kcasionally  at  midnight  from  the  frame,  and 
iviili  the  rounds  of  the  state  apartments.  Nay, 
Li  visitations  were  not  confined  to  the  night,  for 
uvoanglady,  on  a  visit  to  the  Abbey  some  years 
iXi,  declared  that,  on  passing  in  broad  day  by 
;he  door  of  the  identical  chamber  I  have  de- 
scribed, which  stood  partly  open,  she  saw  Sir 
John  liyron  the  Little  seated  by  the  fireplace, 
Kiim^  out  of  a  great  black-letter  book,  from 
ijis  circumstance  some  have  been  led  to  suppose 
iiat  the  stoiy  of  Sir  John  Uyron  may  be  in  sonic 
measure  connected  with  the  mysterious  scul])- 
'.tresofthe  chimney-piece  already  mentioned; 
tut  this  has  no  countenance  from  the  most  aulhen- 
t  antiquarians  of  the  Abbey. 

for  my  own  part,  the  moment  I  learned  the 
'cndcifid  stories  and  strange  suppositions  con- 
recedwith  my  apartment,  it  became  an  imagi- 
riryrcahn  to  me.  As  I  lay  in  bed  at  night  and 
pedattlic  mysterious  panel-work,  where  Gothic 
l:ii„iit,  and  Christian  dame,  and  I'aynim  lover 
fcWd  upon  me  in  effigy,  I  used  to  weave  a  thou- 
iai  fancies  concerning  them.  The  great  figures 
ir.  the  tapestry,  also,  were  almost  animated  by 
■"■e  workings  of  my  imar;tnation,  and  the  Van- 
dyke portraits  of  the  cavalier  and  lady  that  looked 
»n  with  pale  aspects  from  the  wall,  had  al- 
■••lit  a  spectral  cfifect,  from  their  immovable 
pc  and  silent  companionship — 

"F»r  by  dim  lights  the  portraits  of  the  dead 
Hive  something  ghastly,  desolate,  and  dread. 
—  Their  buried  looks  still  wave 

Along  the  canvas  ;  their  eyes  glance  like  dreams 
Un  ours,  as  spars  within  some  dusky  cave, 

But  death  is  mingled  in  their  shadowy  beams." 


In  this  way  I  used  to  conjure,  iij)  fiction'?  of  the 
brain,  and  clothe  the  objects  around  nie  with 
ide.il  interest  and  import,  until,  as  the  Abbey 
clock  tolled  midnight,  1  almost  looked  to  see  Sir 
John  liyron  the  Litth'  with  the  long  Heard  stalk 
into  the  room  with  his  book  under  his  arm,  and 
t.ik  ■  his  seat  beside  the  mysterious  chimney- 
piece. 


AXXKSLKY  HALL. 

At  about  three  miles'  distance  from  Xewstead 
Abbey,  and  contiguous  to  its  lands,  is  situated 
Annesley  Hall,  the  old  family  m.insion  of  the 
Chaworllis.  The  families,  like  the  estates,  of  the 
liyrons  and  Chaworths,  were  connei.tetl  in  former 
times,  unlil  the  fatal  duel  between  their  two 
representatives.  The  feud,  liowe\er,  which  pre- 
vailed for  a  time,  prf)mised  to  be  cincelled  by 
the  attachment  of  two  youlhrul  heaits.  While 
Lord  liyron  was  yet  a  boy,  he  beheld  Mary  Ann 
Chaworth,  a  beautiful  girl,  ami  the  scde  heiress  of 
Annesley.  With  that  susceptibility  to  female 
cliarnis,  which  he  cvinceil  rdniosl  from  t  hildhood, 
he  became  almost  immediately  enaiiuMcd  of  her. 
According  to  one  of  his  biographers,  it  would  ap- 
pear that  at  first  their  attachment  was  mutual, 
yet  clandestine.  The  father  of  Miss  Chaworth 
was  then  living,  and  may  have  retained  some- 
what of  the  family  hostility,  for  we  are  told  that 
the  interviews  of  Lord  Hyron  and  the  young  la<ly 
were  private,  at  a  gate  which  opened  from  her 
father's  grounds  to  those  of  Xewstead.  How- 
ever, they  were  so  young  at  the  time  that  these 
meetings  could  not  have  been  regarded  as  of  any 
importance  :  they  were  little  more  than  children 
in  years;  but,  as  Lord  liyion  s.ijs  of  himself,  his 
feelings  were  beyond  his  age. 

The  passion  thus  early  conceived  was  blown 
into  ;i^ime,  during  a  six  weeks'  vacation  which 
he  passed  with  his  mother  at  Xottingham.  The 
father  of  Miss  Chaworth  w.is  dead,  and  she  re- 
sided with  her  mother  at  the  old  Hall  of  Annesley. 
During  liyron's  minority,  the  estate  of  Xewstead 
was  let  to  Lord  (^rcy  de  Rulhen,  but  its  youthful 
Lord  was  always  a  welcome  guest  at  the  Abbey. 
He  would  pass  days  at  a  time  there,  ;ind  make  fre- 
quent visits  thence  to  Annesley  Hall.  His  \isits 
were  encouraged  by  Miss  CTiawortli's  mother  ; 
she  jiariook  of  none  of  the  family  feud,  and 
probably  looked  with  complacency  upon  an  at- 
tachment that  might  hi.'al  old  differences  md 
unite  two  neighboring  estates. 

The  six  weeks'  vacation  passed  as  a  dream 
amongst  the  beautiful  flowers  of  Annesley.  Byron 
was  scarce  fifteen  years  of  age,  .\lary  Chaworth 
was  two  years  older  ;  but  his  heart,  as  1  have  said, 
was  beyond  his  a(;e,  and  his  tenderness  for  her 
was  deep  and  jiassionale.  These  early  loves,  like 
the  first  run  of  the  uncrushed  grape,  are  the 
sweetest  and  strongest  gusliings  of  the  heart,  and 
however  they  may  be  superseded  by  other  at- 
tachments in  after  years,  the  memory  will  con- 
tinually recur  to  them,  and  fondly  tlwcU  upon 
their  recollections. 

His  love  for  Miss  Chaworth,  to  use  Lord  liy- 
ron's own  expression,  was  "  the  romance  of  the 
most  romantic  period  of  his  life,"  and  I  think  we 
can  trace  the  effect  of  it  throughout  the  whole 
course  of  liis  writings,  coming  uji  every  now  and 
then,  like  some  lurking  theme  which  runs  through 
a  complicated  piece  of  music,  and  links  it  all  in  a 
pervading  chain  of  melody. 


.ilpiift 


h'        Vji 


85^1 


ifi 


M")' 


5!i.' 


:!i1  i 


40fi 


NKWSTKAD   ATinF.V. 


H(i\"  tenderly  and  inournfully  docs  lie  rer.dl, 
in  after  yens,  iheficliii^js  nwakcned  in  liis  yoiitii- 
fid  and  inexiierienced  Ixiioin  l)y  tliis  inipassiuned, 
yet  innocent  att.ielinient  ;  feelinj^s,  lie  says,  lust 
or  liaiilened  in  the  intercourse  of  life  ; 

"  The  love  (if  liftter  lliiiij;';  and  hottor  d.ivs  ; 

'I'lie  uiil")unik-il  liiipe,  ami  iR'avenly  i(;iiiir:im'e 
Of  wli.it  is  I  ;\Ilcd  llie  wnrld,  and  llic  world's  ways  ; 

'I'lie  iiiiiiiii'iit  i  wlii'ii  we  L;.-itlu.T  from  a  yhuiie 
Mnri'  jiiy  tli.\ii  from  all  future  pildo  o    ">aisL', 

Willi  li  Kiiid'c  inanliood,  hut  lan  act.,  tiitiance 
Tlie  lii^ait  in  in  e\istL'ii^  e  of  its  own, 
( )f  wliitli  aiioilicr'.s  liosoin  is  the  zuiic." 

^VIu■lller  tills  love  was  really  responded  to  by 
tlie  (dijec  I,  is  uiicei  lain.  I'yron  siiiiu;liines  sjieaks 
as  if  lu'  liad  met  with  kindness  in  return,  at  other 
tinus  lie  acknowk'djjes  that  she  never  ^;a\e  liiin 
reason  to  bt  lie\e  she  loved  him.  It  is  probable, 
however,  tli.'t  at  first  she  experienced  some 
flutterin^s  of  the  lieart.  She  was  of  a  susce|nible 
aije  ;  had  as  yet  formed  no  other  attachiv.ents  ; 
her  lover,  though  boyish  in  years,  was  a  man  in 
intellect,  a  jioet  in  iina};inati(jn,  and  luul  ;;  conn- 
tenance  of  ixniarkablc  beauty. 

With  the  MX  weeks'  \acation  ended  this  brief 
romance.  l'.\ron  retunv-'d  to  school  deeply  en- 
amored, but  if  he  hail  rtally  made  any  impres- 
sion on  Miss  Cliaworth's  heart,  it  was  too  sli;;lit  to 
stand  the  test  of  absenci'.  She  was  at  that  age 
when  a  female  soon  ehanj;es  from  the  girl  to  a 
woman,  and  lea\es  her  Ijuyish  lovers  far  behind 
her.  While  15yic.ii  v.as  ])ursuing  his  school-boy 
studies,  she  was  miii;^lin};  with  society,  and  met 
with  a  jjentliinan  of  the  name  of  Musters,  re- 
markable, it  is  s.iiil,  for  manly  beauty.  A  story 
is  told  of  her  ha\in^  first  seen  him  from  the  top 
of  Annesley  Hall,  r.s  he  dashed  through  thei)ark, 
with  hound  and  horn,  takinj^  the  lead  of  the 
whole  field  in  a  fox  ih.\se,  and  that  she  was  struck 
by  the  sjiirii  of  his  appearance,  and  his  admirable 
horsemansliip.  Under  such  faviirable  auspices, 
he  wooed  and  won  her,  and  when  L(jrd  liyrcjii 
next  met  her,  lie  learned  to  his  dismay  that  she 
was  the  afiianced  bride  of  another. 

With  that  ]iiide  of  spirit  which  always  distin- 
Ijuished  him,  he  controlled  liis  feelings  and  main- 
tained a  serene  counten.ince.  He  e\cn  atVected 
to  speak  ciliuly  on  the  subject  of  her  ajjproach- 
in;4  nuptials.  "  The  next  lime  I  see  you,"  said 
he,  "  1  suppose  you  «ill  be  Mrs.  Chaworth''  (for 
she  w.is  to  retain  her  family  name).  Her  rejily 
was,  "  I  hope  so." 

I  have  given  these  brief  details  jireparatory  to 
.1  sketch  of  a  \  isit  which  I  ni.ide  to  the  scene  of 
this  youthful  romance.  Annesley  Hall  I  under- 
stood was  shut  up,  neglected,  and  almost  in  a 
state  of  desolation  ;  for  .Mr.  Musters  rarely 
visited  it,  residing  with  his  family  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  .Nottingham.  I  set  out  for  the  Hall 
on  liorseback,  in  company  with  (..'olonel  Wildm.in. 
and  followed  by  the  great  Newfoundland  dog 
IJoatswain.  In  the  course  of  our  ride  we  \isited 
a  spot  memorable  in  the  love  story  1  have  cited. 
It  was  the  scene  of  ihi ,  parting  interview  betv.een 
liynm  and  Miss  Chaworth,  ])rior  to  her  marriage. 
A  long  ridge  of  u[)land  advances  into  the  valley 
of  N'ewste.id,  like  a  promontory  into  a  lake,  and 
was  formerly  crowned  by  a  beautiful  grove,  a 
landmark  to  the  neighboring  country.  The  grove 
and  promontory  are  graphically  described  by 
Lord  Byron  in  his  "  Dream,"  and  an  exquisite 
picture  given  of  himself,  and  the  lovely  object  of 
his  boyish  idolatry— 


"  I  WW  two  bcinR'!  in  llip  huc%  of  youth 
Standing  \i]>on  a  lull,  n  i;cnllc  lii'li, 
(irrcn,  and  of  mild  dcdiviiy,  tlic  |Vt 
As  'twoio  the-  tap';  of  a  |,,u^;  ii,|^,.  ,,f  ^„^]| 
Save  that  tlicre  was  no  sua  t,,  l.^e  its  |„,^,' 
but  a  luosi  living  landscape-,  andthewinV 
Of  woods  and  corn-liclds,  and  tLc  ,il„„lcv,,'n,.. 
Si.itlcr'd  at  inlervaU,  and  wrculiln-  mik,U 
-Arising  from  such  rustic  roofs ;  -\]„.  i\\[ 
Was  crown'd  uitli  a  )  cvuli.ir  dindcm 
( If  ticos,  in  circular  nil  ay,  so  fi\id 
Not  hy  tlic  sport  ofiialuic.  Imofmnn; 
Tlii'sc  two.  n  maitlen  and  a  yoiilli,  «cre  ihcrc 
('■a/ing— the  one-  on  all  tliat  was  li(iic;uli 
I'air  as  liersidf— but  the  boy  ga/'cd  cm  lief 
And  both  were  fair,  and  one  was  litMuliful  ■ 
And  both  were  ycuing-  yet  not  alik'  In  y„:i:],_ 
As  the  sweet  moon  in  the  horizon's  VL'rpi', 
'I'he  luaiil  was  on  the  verge  of  vvdiiianlidd.! ; 
'I'lic  boy  had  fewer  sunimcrs,  but  his  I.e.irt 
Had  far  outgrown  his  years,  and  to  liistve 
■■there  was  hut  one  beloved  face  on  caitli, 
And  that  was  shining  on  hiiu," 

I  Stood  upon  the  spot  consecrated  by  iliiii 
mcn-orable  interview,  lielow  me  cMciuli'd  ihel 
"  living  landscape,"  once  contcniplat.d  hv  thel 
loving  pair  ;  the  gentle  valley  of  N'cwstcad,  (iivirJ 
silled  by  woods  and  corn-tields,  ;inil  vill.i^^espirc?! 
and  gleams  of  water,  and  the  distant  tfuvcrs.iril 
jiinnacles  of  the  venerable  Abbey.  The  (liiuitnl 
of  trees,  however,  was  gone.  The  attcniiun  ilraunl 
to  it  by  the  i)oet,  and  the  roinaiuic  manner  :n| 
whi(di  he  had  .associated  it  with  liis  carlv  p,bs(!i| 
for  .Mary  Chaworth,  had  nettled  the  irriiahle fill- 
ings of  her  husband,  who  but  ill  brnokid  thel 
])oetic  celebrity  conferred  on  liis  wile  hv  the 
enamored  \erses  of  another.  The  cclelir.iitd| 
grove  stood  on  his  estate,  and  in  a  lit  cf  spleen! 
he  ordered  it  to  be  levelled  with  the  diisi,  .^tl 
the  time  of  my  visit  the  mere  roots  nf  the  tries  I 
were  visible  ;  but  the  hand  thai  laid  theiiiloivisl 
execrated  by  every  jioetical  |iilgrini. 

Descending  the  hill,  we  soon  entered  a  pnrtrf 
what  once  w;is  Annesley  I'ark,  and  rode  aim i:i; 
time-worn  and  tempest-riven  oaks  and  clms.wr.h 
i\y  clambering  about  their  trunks,  and  louks' ' 
nests  among  their  branches.  'I'lie  park  had  been 
cut  up  by  a  jiost-road,  crossing  which,  we  c.ir.e 
to  the  gate-house  of  Annesley  Hall.  It  was  an 
(dd  brick  building  that  might  have  served  as  an 
outpost  or  barbacan  to  the  Hall  durine;  the  ci\il 
wars,  when  every  gentleman's  house  was  liable  to 
become  a  fortress.  Loopholes  were  still  vi-iblc 
in  its  walls,  but  the  ])eaceful  ivy  had  mantled  the 
sides,  oxerrun  the  roof,  and  aliiust  buried  the 
ancient  clock  in  front,  that  still  marked  the  wan- 
ing hours  of  its  decay. 

An  arched  way  led  through  the  rciitro  of  the 
gate-house,  secured  by  grated  doors  of  open  :rcn 
work,  wrought  into  llowers  and  llourifhcs.  These 
being  thrown  open,  we  entered  a  pa\ed  court- 
>arel,  decorated  with  shrubs  and  antiijiie  llmvcr- 
jiols,  with  a  ruined  stone  fountain  in  the  centre. 
The  whidc  ajiin-oach  resembled  that  of  an  oU 
1-rench  chateau. 

On  one  side  of  the  court-yard  was  a  r.-.ngc  of 
stables,  now  tenantless,  but  which  bore  tr.m'sof 
the  fox-hunting  sepiire  ;  for  there  were  stahs 
boxed  up,  into  which  the  hunters  mi.ijht  he  turned 
loose  when  thev  came  home  from  the  chase. 

.•\t  the  lower'end  of  the  court,  and  immedi.ite:. 
opjiosite  the  gate-house,  extended  the  Ihill  it^i|''| 
a  rambling,  irregular  pile,  patched  and  piecei.  .■■ 
various  times,  and  in  various  tastes,  with  .u'.i)- 
ends,  stone  balustrades,  and  cnurmous  cliimm;;', 


lie  luir<!  of  voiith 
nK'i-nllc'liili, 
''■■I'^'i'y.  Ilie  la-t 

'  "'^•^ '"  I'W  iish,,; 
'^^••■>l'<-',  nn,|||,ew,vo' 

•'''^'"'""•■•''""''-•'mn 
i»"l  W'ca.l,in.  s,„„k.     ^^ 
icriKifs;.  -ilie|,ji| 
eciilhir  diadem 

"me,  l.m„r„,a,i. 
,"'1  •■'  yntli.  were  iIktc 
I  that  was  liiiieaili 
c  iM'vga.'cl.inlior. 
Ill  one  wasl,eaiiiii;ii'. 
-yet  nnt  alike  in  wirl, 
'■he  linrj/„n\ver(;e, 
•Tf^c  of  Hdinanlii,!,,' • 
imcrs,  hut  hi,  i,e,,ft' 
■cars,  and  toliisne 
<ved  fate  on  caitli,' 
n  liiiii." 


ipr>t    consccmtcd  hv  n,;,! 

Jkdow  inc  extended  lhe| 
nre  contcmplat,-,!  hv  ihel 
v.-ijicvof\eH.stead,(liur.r 
i-(icl(ls,;indvill.i-espir,.,| 
111  tlic  distant  tdneisa^jl 
ble  Abbey,  The  dia,ieni| 
"nc.    llifnttcniiondniiJ 

the  roiiiantic  manner  J 
1  it  with  jiis  earlv  y^,,;i'A 
1  nettled  tlieiriilalilefu;-! 
who  but  ill  brni.ked  thc| 
rri-d    oil   liis  wile  In-  ihe 
lotbcf,       'I'lic   eelelmttdl 
to,  ,niul  in  ,-i  lit  of  splecnl 
•cilc'd  with  the  dust.    ,\i\ 
c  iiiLTc  loots  nf  thetri'csl 
tiul  th.-it  l.iid  themloiiisl 
ifal  iiili^rini, 
ic  soon  entered  a  part  of  I 
y  I'ailv,  and  icide  amnns;! 
riven  oaks  and  elms, «i:t 
bcir   trunks,  and  looks'! 
los.     'I'he  park  had  been 
rrossiPL;  wliieli,  we  crar.e 
meslcy  Hall,     It  w.is  .in 
might  have  served  as  .in 
:hc   II, ill  diirini;  tlicciiil 
nan's  house  was  liable  lo  | 
pludes  were  still  visible 
eful  ivy  had  mantled  the 

and   almost  buried  the 
at  still  marked  the  \v,in- 

•oush  the  rentro  of  the 
rated  doors  of  open  iron 
s  .Tiid  (lourishcs.  These 
?ntci-ed  a  pa\ed  courl- 
libs  and  anti(pie  tltnver- 
fountain  in  the  centre. 
cndjled  that  nf  an  oiJ 

irt-yard  was  a  mngcof 
lit  whi(  li  liore  traces  of 

for    there  were  stalls 
uinters  nii,i;lil  bo  turned 
le  from  the  ella^o. 
court,  and  iniiiii'diately 
.xtended  the  Hall  ii.-eii; 

patched  and  |iiecei!  ^■'■ 
ions  tastes,  with  g.ih'-' 
id  enormous  chimneys. 


/^//////^//////^/////     ////////      y///////. //////    ////y     ^  /////////// 


flH\ 


I  ifL,  „ 
'iff 


l,kj,,tr.it!o< 

\\'i  .i|ipli« 

«h''cJ  '')  * 
b.':i;  an  ''I'l 

,.y  tenant  I 

I  f:  m  .1  >"'^ 
«.r.hy  inm.i 

1,.,.!.  "•'=  ^ 

c!  her  lift'  '• 
if.e  i.imily  1' 
tctn  left  in 
hi  been  ill 
(fihel.itc  ri 
»h;ch  the  il^ 
tvthe  mill). 
•,:!c  kind  v\ 
s;,,;,.  ol' ilefei 
ij'jtMnniuU 
b'X    "V, 
ir;,"5aiil  I, 
"Ah,  sir 
sr.J  have  a  1 
:J':\  Win 
■„  •,:  and  li\ 

l,:;Jal  b 
Lrtri'iS  wi-' 
«',::ch  she  li 
siiu,  in  as 
v.;v.ri'  thu 
>„.,ire  stone 
t^rythin;; 
(i:hioni(l  CO 
centre  i)f  till 
\:x  walls  w 
L.nttrs,  am 
:..:Jy  with  I 

^;,iircascs 
r.'.r.'.i.  In 
c^i'j|jlc  (if  Iji: 
louts,  of  ill 
art'  often  to 
r.ansions. 
f  :thcj;oo(l 
l.t',iin;;ed  ii 
;:i;(l>t  of  the 
cr.;c  bore  n 
s:.y  his  clai 
;■;.  ^;;li  ue  i 
('  i'.:\ss  he 
t:;:,n  his  tin 
-Sv.ruoud  1 
r,iraory  of 

As  we  Hi 
f  .:r-fiiutcil 
i-rcly,  as  i 
f.rncd  111  I 
r.-criu  til, 
'-.'.unged  .( 
.uara  towa 
^  "  Nay,  n 
l.t  him  };( 
Aa,  dear  \ 
:.':iat  care 
Weill"  c. 
V:i;ld  hav, 
-'Td  llyroi 

"  1 buppt 


KKWsTr-Ai)  arhi:y. 


lOT 


,  „f,|t!od  out  likp  huttrrsscs  from  tlic  walls. 
iihiilo  friiii'  "f  ''"-'  fi'''"^<-'  ^vas  overrun  with 

',\"  .iijplii'd  (of  admission  at  the  front  door, 
;».ii  iiiidir  a  licavy  porrli.  The  portal  was 
-  'i  li.irrii ailed,  ami  our  kiiockinj;  wa^ 
,",ll)y  waste  a  11(1  empty  halls.  livery  tiling' 
,  ,in  .ipijcarame  of  ahamlonnu-nt.  After  .i 
li(A\iner,  "ur  knocking  suiiimoiied  a  soli- 
.  i^niiii  friiin  some  reniole  eoriier  of  the  pde. 
..iikcciit-lciokinn  little  dame,  who  emervje'd 
•  J  .1  side  door  at  a  distance,  and  seemed  a 
.'hvinin.itc  of  the  antii|u,ited  niansi<in.  She 
V.nfiict,  Ki'"""  old  with  it.  1  K  r  name,  she 
i  i,  tt,i5  N.iiiny  M.irsden  ;  if  she  IiMd  until  next 
,{■'1,1,  she  woidil  1)';  seventy-one;  a  t;reat  (lart 
cfixrlifciiad  been  passeil  in  the  Ilall,an(l  when 
the l.iin''y ''•"'  removed  to  Nottin^jham,  she  had 
Icinlift  in  (iiarge  of  it.  The  front  of  the  house 
h,ul 'jci'n  thus  warily  barricaded  in  consecpience 
(;;!;i  Lite  ridts  at  Nottingham,  in  the  course  of 
Kxh  llic  dwelling'  of  her  m.ister  had  been  sacked 
hihomol),  To  ^;uard  .njiainsil  any  nttemi)t  of 
;;.  kind  upon  the  Hall,  she  had  put  it  in  this 
ii'.iiil'ik'fiiuc;  though  I  rather  think  she  and  a 
i.pLWiiniiated  gardener  comprised  the  whole  gar- 
r;.in.  "  Ydii  must  be  attached  to  the  old  build- 
ir;,"s,iid  1,  "  after  lia\ing  lived  so  long  in  it." 
",\h,  sir!"  replied  she,  "  I  Mn  };i/tinj^  in  years, 
ar.J  have  a  furnished  cottage  of  my  own  in  An- 
r.c-iiv  \V(iod,and  begin  to  feel  as  if  I  should  like 
tj;o  and  live  in  my  own  home." 

G.;iikd  liy  the  worthy  little  custodian  of  the 
foririis,  we  eiUereil  through  the  sally  port  by 
Baich  she  li.ul  issued  forth,  and  soon  found  <nir- 
sc'.ii'i  in  a  spacious,  but  somewhat  gloomy  hall, 
there  the  li^ilit  was  partially  admitted  through 
sijuare  stone-shafted  windows,  overhung  with  ivy. 
E.iTvihinj;  arinuul  us  had  the  air  of  an  old- 
faihionidcdinitry  scpiire's  establishment.  In  the 
(calrcofihe  ludl  was  a  billiard-table,  and  about 
iii  Halls  were  hung  portraits  of  race-horses, 
haters,  ,nnd  favorite  dogs,  mingled  indiscrimi- 
naiilywiih  funily  jjictures. 

Staircases  led  up  from  the  hall  to  various  apart- 
nintj.  In  uiie  of  the  rooms  we  were  shown  a 
couple  of  buff  jerkins,  mil  a  i)air  of  ancient  jack- 
boots, of  the  time  of  the  ca\aliers  ;  relics  which 
are  often  to  be  met  with  in  the  old  English  family 
r.ansiims.  These,  however,  h;id  pecidiar  value, 
for  the  good  little  dame  assured  us  that  they  had 
bclon^'ed  Id  Robin  Hood.  As  we  were  in  the 
laukiof  the  region  over  which  that  famous  outlaw 
cr.cebore  ruffian  sway,  it  was  not  for  us  to  gain- 
say his  claim  to  any  of  tliesc  venerable  relics, 
ibu-h  we  might  have  demurred  that  the  articles 
ifilrcss  here  shown  were  of  a  date  much  later 
than  his  time.  Kvery  antiquity,  however,  about 
Siwrwood  Finest  is  apt  to  be  linked  with  the 
mmiory  of  Robin  Hood  and  his  gang. 
^  .As  we  Were  strolling  about  the  mansion,  our 
' '^r-fooial  attendant,  ISoatswain,  followed  lei- 
■-•tly,  as  if  taking  a  survey  of  the  premises.  I 
'..".od  to  rebuke  him  for  his  intrusion,  but  the 
moment  the  old  housekeeper  understood  he  h.ad 
Klonijed  ,0  Lord  ISyron,  her  heart  seemed  to 
)arn  toward  liim. 

"Nay,  nay,"  exclaimed  she,  "let  him  alone, 
'^■' him  j;o  where  he  ple.ases.  He's  welcome. 
As.  dear  me!  If  he  lived  here  I  should  take 
w'm""^  of  him—he  should  want  for  nothing.— 
"■•''l!"  continued  she,  fondling  him,  "who 
«oa,d  have  thought  that  I  should  see  a  dog  of 
Lord  liyi-on  in  Anncsley  Hall !  " 
"I  suppose,  then,"  said  I,  "  you  recollect  some - 
33, 


thing  of  I.ntil  Hyrnn,  when  ho  used  to  visit 
here?"  "Ah,  Mess  him!"  cried  she.  "that  I 
do!  He  used  to  ride  o\erheri'  and  stay  three 
days  at  .1  time,  and  sleep  in  the  bliif  room.  Ali  ! 
pour  fellow!  He  was  very  much  taken  with  my 
\oung  mistress  ;  he  used  to  w.ilk  .dxiut  the  garden 
and  the  terr.ices  with  her,  and  seemed  to  love 
the  \ery  ground  she  imd  on.  He  used  to  tall 
her  /lis  I'tii^/it  iiiorniHi;  sl^ir  of' ,  Uniis/i  v." 

1  felt  the  beautiful  poetic  plir.ise  thrill  through 
me. 

"Yon  a|)i)ear  to  like  the  meiiicuy  of  Lord 
liyron,"  saiil  I. 

"  Ah,  sir !  why  should  not  I  !  He  was  alwa\s 
main  good  to  me  when  hi'  came  here.  Well, 
well,  they  say  it  is  a  pity  he  and  my  young  l.idy 
did  not  make  a  match.  Her  inothi'r  »ould  ha\e 
liked  it.  He  was  always  a  welcume  guest,  and 
some  think  it  would  h.ive  been  well  Inr  him  to 
have  h;id  her  ;  but  it  was  not  to  be!  He  went 
away  to  schixd,  and  then  .Mr.  Musters  saw  her, 
and  so  things  took  their  course." 

The  simple  soul  now  showed  us  int..  the  ftivorite 
sitting-room  of  .Miss  Ch.iworth,  with  a  small 
flower-garden  under  the  windows,  in  which  she 
had  delighted.  In  this  room  Uynm  used  to  sit 
and  listen  to  her  as  she  ])layeil  and  sang,  gazing 
upon  her  with  the  passionate,  and  almost  |)ainful 
devotion  of  a  love-sick  stripling.  He  himself 
gives  us  a  tilowing  picture  of  his  mute  idol- 
atry : 

"  lie  had  MO  breath,  no  heinf;,  Imt  in  hen  ; 
She  w.is  his  voice  ;  he  ilid  not  speak  to  licr, 
lint  tremliled  011  lier  words  ;   she  was  lii,  sight, 
I'or  Ids  eye  followed  liers.  ami  saw  willi  hers, 
Wliieli  colored  all  liis  objects  ;  lie  had  ee.ised 
To  live  within  liiinself;   she  was  liis  life, 
The  oce.m  to  the  river  of  his  ihoiiglits, 
Which  terminated  all  :  upon  a  lone, 
A  toueli  of  hers.  Ids  blood  woiihl  cl>li  and  flow, 
And  his  cheek  change  tenniestiiously — his  heart 
Unknowing  of  its  cause  of  agony." 


There  was  a.  little  Welsh  air,  called  "  Mary 
Ann,"  which,  froi-i  bearing  her  own  name,  he  ;isso- 
ciated  with  herself,  and  often  jjcrsuaded  her  to 
sing  it  over  and  over  for  him. 

'I'he  chamber,  like  all  the  other  jiarts  of  the 
house,  had  a  look  of  sadness  and  neglect  ;  the 
llower-pots  beneath  the  \vindi)u-,  uliieli  once 
bloomeil  bene.ith  the  hand  of  Mary  ('hawortli, 
were  overrun  with  weeds  ;  and  the  piano,  which 
h.ul  once  vibrated  to  her  imich,  and  thrilled  the 
heart  of  her  stripling  lover,  was  now  unstrung 
and  out  of  tune. 

We  continued  our  stroll  about  the  waste  ajjart- 
ments,  of  all  shapes  and  sizes,  and  without  much 
elegance  of  decoration.  Some  of  tiiem  were 
hung  with  family  ])ortraits,  among  which  was 
liointed  out  that  of  the  .Mr.  Lh.iwdrih  who  was 
killed  by  the  "  wicked  Lord  r.yion." 

These  dismal  looking  jjortraits  had  a  powerful 
effect  upon  the  imagination  of  the  stripling  i>oct, 
on  his  tirst  visit  to  the  hall.  As  they  gazed  down 
from  the  wall,  he  thought  they  scowled  upon  him, 
as  if  they  had  taken  a  grudge  against  him  on  ac- 
count of  the  duel  of  his  ancestor.  He  even  gave 
this  as  a  reason,  though  pndiably  in  jest,  for  not 
sleeping  at  the  Hall,  declaring  that  he  feared 
they  would  come  down  from  their  frames  at  night 
to  haunt  him. 

A  feeling  of  the  kind  he  has  embodied  in  one 
of  his  stanzas  of  "  Don  Juan  ;" 


\m 


.1; :  ll 


498 


NEWSTEAD   ABBEY. 


"■;i  '  r 


;-ii :::;  ill 

I|  '■ :;!!  iiiJj.  <i!  < ;    'Ira 


'i! 


m 


:|.i:,h:. 


mm 


w. 


"  The  form'!  of  the  Rrim  knights  and  pictured  saints 
I.ooU  living  in  tlie  moon  ;  and  as  you  turn 
Backward  and  forward  to  tile  eclioes  faint 

Of  yiiur  own  footsteps — voices  from    he  urn 
Appear  to  wake,  and  sliadows  wild  and  quaint 
iStart   from  the  frames  which  fence  their  aspects 
stern, 
As  if  to  ask  you  liow  you  dare  to  l;ecp 
A  vigil  there,  where  all  Init  death  should  sleep." 

Nor  was  the  youthful  poet  sinfjular  in  these 
fancies  ;  the  hall,  like  most  old  English  mansions 
t)iat  have  ancient  family  portraits  hanging  about 
their  dusky  galleries  and  waste  apartments,  had 
its  ghost  Si>)ry  connected  with  these  pale  incmo- 
rials  of  the  dead.  Our  simple-hearted  conductor 
stopped  before  the  portrait  of  a  lady,  vho  had 
been  a  beauty  in  her  time,  and  inhabited  the  hall 
in  the  heyday  of  her  charms.  Snmetiiing  mys- 
terious or  melancholy  was  connected  with  her 
Story  ;  she  died  young,  but  continued  for  a  long 
time  to  haunt  the  ancient  mansion,  to  the  great 
dismay  of  the  servants,  and  the  occasion.-.l  dis- 
cpiiet  of  the  visitors,  and  it  was  with  much  difH- 
cully  her  troubled  spirit  was  conjured  down  and 
put  to  rest. 

From  the  rear  of  Ih.:  hall  wc  walked  out  into 
the  garden,  about  which  Byron  used  to  stroll  and 
loiter  in  company  with  Miss  Chaworth.  It  was 
laid  out  in  the  old  French  style.  There  was  a 
long  terraced  walk,  with  heavy  stone  balustrades 
and  sculptured  \nns,  overrun  with  ivy  and  ever- 
greens. A  neglected  shrulibery  bordereil  one 
side  of  the  terr.ice,  with  a  lofty  grove  inhabiteil 
by  a  venerable  community  of  rooks.  dreat 
Jlights  of  stejis  led  down  from  the  terrace  to  a 
flower  garden  laid  out  in  formal  plots.  The 
rear  of  the  Hall,  which  overlooked  tiie  garden, 
had  the  weather  stains  of  centuries,  and  its 
stone-shalted  casements  and  an  ancient  sun-dial 
against  its  walls  carried  back  the  mind  to  days  of 
yore. 

The  retired  and  quiet  garden,  once  a  little  se- 
qucstcud  world  of  love  and  romance,  was  now- 
all  matted  and  wild,  yet  was  beautiful,  even  in  its 
decay.  Its  air  of  neglect  and  desolation  wis  in 
unison  with  the  fortune  of  the  two  beings  who  had 
once  walked  here  in  the  freshness  of  youth,  and 
life,  and  beauty.  The  garden,  like  their  young 
hearts,  had  gone  to  waste  and  ruin. 

Returning  to  the  Hall  we  now  visited  a  cham- 
ber built  over  the  [jorcli,  or  grand  entrance.  It 
was  in  a  ruinous  condition,  the  ceiling  having 
fallen  in  and  the  lloor  given  way.  This,  however, 
is  a  chamber  rendered  interesting  by  iioetieal  ' 
associations.  It  is  supposed  to  be  the  oratory 
alluded  to  by  Tonl  Uyron  in  his  "  Dream,"  wherein 
he  pictures  his  ileparture  from  Annesley,  after 
learning  that  Mary  Chaworth  wa^  engaged  to  be 
married — 


"  There  was  an  ancient  mansion,  and  before 
hs  walls  tlicre  was  a  steed  caparisoned  ; 
AVithin  an  anlicine  oratory  stood 
The  l)oy  of  whniu  I  spake; — he  was  .ilone, 
And  palo  and  pacing  to  and  fro  ;  an(  n 
He  sate  him  down,  and  seized  a  ])en,  and  traced 
^V(>^■ds  whicli  1  could  not  guess  cf ;  then  he  leaned 
His  how'd  htad  on  his  hands,  and  .hook  as  'twere 
With  a  convulsion — then  arose  again. 
And  wi;h  his  teeth  and  (puvering  hands  did  tear 
What  he  had  written,  but  he  shed  no  tears. 
And  he  did  <ahn  liinisclf,  and  fix  his  broiv 
Into  a  kind  nf  (piiet  ;  as  lie  paused. 
The  lady  of  his  hive  le-enteied  there; 
She  was  serene  and  smiling  then,  and  yet 


.She  knew  she  was  liy  him  beloved,— shj  in^. 
For  (|uickly  comes  such  knowledge,  tiiat  liis  heart 
Was  darkened  with  iier  shadow,  and  she  saw 
That  he  w.as  wretched,  but  she  saw  not  all 
He  rose,  and  with  a  cold  and  gentle  gr.vp 
He  took  her  hand ;  a  moment  o'er  his  face 
A  tablet  of  unutterable  tlioughts 
Was  traced,  anl  then  it  faded  as  it  came- 
He  dropp'd  the  hand  he  htld,  and  wiili  slowsttr,; 
Keturn'd,  but  not  .as  bidding  her  adieu  '' 

For  they  did  part  with  mutual  smiles  ;-Lhn  pasvl 
From  out  the  massy  gate  of  that  old  Hall 
And  mounting  on  his  steed  he  went  his  wav 
And  ne'er  repassed  that  hoary  thresliuld  more,'' 

In  one  of  his  journals.  Lord  Kyron  dcscril 's 
his  feelings  after  thus  leaving  the  oiatnrv.  .\: 
riving  on  the  summit  of  a  hill,  which  commanil'd 
the  last  view  of  AnncsK  y,  he  checked  his  hopj 
and  gazed  back  with  mingled  pain  and  fondncii 
upon  the  grovcb  which  embowered  the  Hall,  ar.d 
thought  upon  the  lovely  being  that  dwelt  there, 
un'il  his  feelings  w-cre  cjuite  dissolved  in  timicr- 
ness.  The  conviction  at  length  recurred  that  she 
n-^vcr  could  be  h'j,  when,  rousing  himself  from 
his  reverie,  he  struck  his  spurs  into  his  sttedwd 
dashed  forward,  as  if  by  rapid  motion  to  lc,i\e 
reflection  behind  hirn 

Vet,  notwithstanding  what  he  asserts  in  !ho 
verses  last  cpioted,  he  did  pass  the  "  hnary  thresh- 
old "  of  Annesley  .again.  It  was,  hmvevcr,  afier 
the  lapse  of  several  years,  during  which  he  had 
grown  up  to  manhood,  and  had  prisscd  thrftu:,'h 
the  ordeal  of  p'easincs  and  tvinuiltiioiis  passirns, 
and  had  felt  the  inllucnce  of  oth-.r  charms.  Miij 
C  laworth,  too,  had  becoiP'"  a  wife  and  a  mother, 
and  he  dined  at  Annesley  Hall  at  the  invitator, 
of  her  husband.  He  thus  met  th.-  object  of  hii 
early  idolatry  in  the  very  scene  of  his  tender  de- 
votions, which,  as  he  says,  her  smiles  had  orcc 
made  a  heaven  to  hiin.  The  scene  w.-is  but  li;::: 
cl.i.nged.  He  was  in  the  very  chamber  where 
he  had  so  often  listened  entranced  to  the  witchery 
of  her  voice  ;  there  were  the  same  instrumen-.s 
and  music  ;  there  lay  her  tlower  g.irde-n  beneath 
the  window,  and  the  walks  throug'i  which  he  had 
wandered  with  her  in  the  intoxicaiion  of  youthfd 
love.  Can  we  wonder  that  amidst  the  tender 
recollections  which  every  object  around  him  w, is 
calculated  to  awaken,  the  fond  passion  of  h:5 
boyiiood  should  rush  back  in  full  current  to  h.s 
heart  ?  He  was  himself  surprised  at  this  siidiien 
revulsion  of  his  feelings,  but  he  had  aci|uired 
self-possession  and  coukl  cominand  them.  His 
hrinness,  however,  was  doomed  to  iindcpvi  a 
further  trial.  While  seated  by  the  object  ot  hi; 
secret  devotions,  with  all  thei^e  recollccticiii 
throbbing  in  his  bosom,  her  infant  daiij^hter  w.is 
brought  into  the  room.  At  sight  of  tnc  child  he 
started  ;  it  dispelled  the  last  lingeiirijs  of  his 
dream,  and  he  afterward  confessed,  that  to  re- 
press his  emotion  at  the  moment,  was  the  sever- 
est part  of  his  task. 

The  conflict  of  feelings  that  raged  wiihin  h.s 
bosom  throughout  this  fond  and  tender,  ,.ct  pain- 
ful and  embarrassing  visit,  are  tourhin-ly  de- 
picted in  lines  which  he  wrote  iinuiechatcly  after- 
ward, and  which,  though  not  addrcs-^cd  to  her 
by  name,  are  evidently  intended  for  the  eye  a.-J 
the  heart  of  the  fair  lady  of  Annesley  ; 

"  Well  !  thou  art  happy,  and  I  feel 
That  I  should  thus  be  liappy  lo"; 
Fur  still  my  lie.art  regards  thy  weal 
Warmly,  as  it  was  wont  '.o  '". 


NEWSTEAD  ABBEY. 


49d 


s,  Lord  nyron  descrih.^. 
^•ivins  tlic  oratory.  M. 
^  '"II.  which  comman^.j 
y,  lie  chocked  his  horn. 
"K  fd  pain  and  fondncsi 
nibov.crcd  the  Hall,  an^ 
bcinj;  that  (hvelt  11,0^; 
uite  (hssolvcd  in  tender! 
length  recurred  tlm^.c 
•n,  rousing  himself  frn-i 
spurs  into  his  stml anil 
»'  i-apid  niution  to  leave 


iiThv  husband's  blest— and  'twill  impart 
Some  pangs  to  view  his  Iiappier  lot  : 
liut  let  tliem  pass— Oil  !  liow  my  heart 
Would  hate  him,  if  he  loved  thee  not  1 

"  When  late  I  saw  tl.y  favorite  child 

1  tiiouglit  my  jealous  heart  would  Ix-cak  ; 
Uutwhcn  the  unconscious  infant  smilf.d, 
1  ki»'J  it  for  its  mother's  sake. 

i.jki-s'il  it,  and  repress'd  my  sighs 
lis  father  in  its  face  to  see  ; 
But  then  it  had  its  mother's  eyes. 
And  they  were  all  to  love  and  me. 

'Miry,  adieu  !  I  must  away: 

While  thou  art  blest  I'll  not  repine  ; 
Bui  near  thee  I  can  never  stay  : 
My  heart  would  soon  again  be  thine. 

"Idcem'd  that  time.  I  deein'd  that  pride 
Ihdqucnch'd  at  length  my  boyish  llame ; 
Kor  knew,  Idl  seated  by  thy  side, 
My  Iieart  in  all,  save  love,  the  same. 

'Yet  1  was  calm  :  I  knew  the  time 

My  breast  would  th.-ill  before  thy  look  ; 
But  now  to  tremble  were  a  crime — 
We  met,  and  not  a  nerve  was  shook. 

"I  <aw  thee  g,ae  upon  my  face, 

Yet  meet  wiili  no  jcnfusion  there: 
One  only  feeling  couUl'st  thou  trace  ; 
The  sullen  calmness  of  despair. 

".\»ay  !  away  !  my  early  dream 
Kememhrance  never  must  awake : 
Oh  I  where  is  Lethe's  fabled  stream  ? 
My  foolish  heart,  be  still,  or  break," 

Th'- revival  of  this  early  passion,  and  the  mcl- 
ar.choly  associations  which  it  spread  over  those 
scenes  in  the  neighborhood  of  Ncw^stead,  which 
would  necessarily  be  tho  places  of  ]'':■>  frequent 
resort  while  in  England,  arc  alluded  ;o  by  him  as 
2 principal  cause  of  his  first  departure  for  the 
Continent : 


'■  When  m.an  expell'd  from  Eden's  bowers 

.\  moment  lingered  near  tlie  gate, 

Each  scene  recalled  the  vanish'd  hours, 

And  bade  him  curse  his  future  fate. 

"liut  wandering  on  through  distant  climes, 
lie  learnt  to  bear  his  load  of  grief ; 
Just  gave  a  sigh  to  other  times. 
And  found  in  busier  scenes  relief. 

"Thus,  Mary,  must  it  be  with  me. 

And  I  niu--t  view  thy  cliarms  no  more  ; 
Kor,  while  I  linger  nc-.r  to  thee, 
1  sigh  for  all  i  knew  1  efore." 

It  was  in  the  subsccjucnt  June  that  he  set  off 
Mh".  liilgrimago  by  sea  and  land,  which  was  to 
U'comc  the  theme  of  his  immortal  ijocin.  That 
&  image  of  Mary  Chaworlh,  as  he  saw  and 
Ijied  her  in  the  tlays  of  his  boyhood,  followed 
r.iai  to  tho  very  shore,  is  shown  in  the  glowing 
sianzas  addressed  to  her  on  the  eve  of  embarka- 
tion— 


'lis done— and  shivering  in  the  gale 
The  bark  unfurls  her  snowy  sail ; 
■\iid  wh'.,tling  o'er  the  bending  mast, 
l.'Hul  Mn^'s  on  high  the  fresh'ning  blast ; 
And  I  must  from  this  land  be  gone, 
lieca'js.  I  cannot  love  but  one. 


"  -And  I  will  cross  the  whitening  foam, 
And  I  will  seek  a  foreign  home; 
Till  I  forget  a  false  fair  face, 
I  ne'er  shall  fnid  a  resting  jilace  ; 
My  own  dark  thoughts  I  cannot  shun. 
Hut  ever  love,  and  love  but  one. 

"  To  think  of  every  early  scene, 
Of  what  we  arc,  and  what  we've  been, 
Would  whelm  some  softer  hearts  with  woe — 
liut    line,  alas  !  has  stood  the  blow  ; 
Yet  still  beats  011  as  it  begun, 
And  never  truly  loves  but  one. 

"And  who  that  dear  loved  one  may  be 
Is  not  for  vulgar  eyes  to  see. 
And  why  that  early  love  was  c.oss'd. 
Thou  know'st  the  best,  I  feel  the  most ; 
IJut  few  that  dwell  beneath  the  sun 
Have  loved  so  long,  and  loved  but  one. 

"  I've  tried  another's  fetters  too, 

With  charms,  perchance,  as  fair  to  view; 
And  I  would  fain  have  loved  as  well, 
lint  some  uncon'jneral)lc  spell 
I'orbade  my  bleeding  breast  to  own 
A  kindred  care  f  ir  aiiglit  but  one. 

"'Twould  soothe  to  take  one  lingering  view. 
And  bless  thee  in  my  last  adieu  ; 
Vet  wish  I  not  those  eyes  to  weep 
For  him  who  wanders  o'er  the  deep; 
lli.i  home,  bis  hope,  his  youth  are  gone. 
Yet  still  he  loves,  and  loves  but  one." 

The  painful  interview  ,-it  Annesley  Hall,  which 
revived  with  such  intenseness  his  early  passion, 
remained  stamped  upon  his  memory  with  singular 
force,  and  seems  to  have  survived  all  his  ''wan- 
dering through  distant  climes,"  to  which  he 
tri'sted  as  an  oblivious  antidote.  Upward  of 
two  years  after  that  event,  when,  having  made 
his  famous  pilgrimage,  he  vas  once  more  an  in- 
mate of  Newstead  Abbey,  his  vicinity  to  Annes- 
ley Hall  brought  the  whole  scene  vividly  before 
him,  and  he  thus  recalls  it  in  a  poetic  epistle  to 
a  friend — 

"  I've  seen  my  bride  another's  bride, — 
Have  seen  her  seated  by  his  side, — 
Have  seen  the  infant  which  she  bore. 
Wear  the  sweet  smile  the  mother  wore. 
When  sue  and  I  in  youth  iiave  smiled 
As  fond  and  faultier    as  her  child  ;  — 
Have  seen  her  eyes,  in  cold  disdain. 
Ask  if  I  felt  no  secret  pain. 

"  And  I  have  acted  well  my  part, 
And  made  my  cheek  belie  my  heart. 
Returned  the  freezing  glance  she  gave, 
Act  felt  the  while  //mt  woman's  slave; — 
Have  kiss'd,  as  if '\ithout  design, 
The  babe  which  ought  to  have  been  mine. 
And  show'd,  alas  !  in  each  caress, 
Time  iiad  not  made  lue  love  the  less." 

"  It  was  about  the  time,"  says  Moore  in  his  life 
of  Lord  Byron,  "  when  h::  was  thus  bitterly  feel- 
ing and  exjjressing  tl'.'*  bbght  wliic  h  his  heart  had 
sullered  from  a  fr<i/  (  bject  of  atfection,  that  his 
poems  on  an  im.igin.'.ry  one,  'Thyrza,'  were 
written."  He  was  at  the  same  time  grieving  over 
the  loss  of  severiil  of  his  earliest  and  dearest 
friends,  the  compr-^  ins  of  his  joyous  school-boy 
hours.  To  recur  to  the  beautiful  language  of 
Moore,  who  writes  with  the  kindred  and  kindling 
sympathies  of  a  true  poet  :  '"All  these  recollec- 
tions of  the  youn'j'  and  the  dead  mingled  thein- 


lil 


'!■  „i 


:  ;^i  f 


m 

An 


•I 


mi 


500 


NEVVSTEAD  ABBEY. 


selves  in  his  mind  with  the  image  of  her,  who, 
though  living,  was  for  him,  as  much  lost  as  they, 
and  diffused  that  general  feeling  of  sadness  and 
fondness  through  his  soul,  which  found  a  vent  in 
these  poems.  .  .  .  it  was  the  blending  of  the 
two  affections  in  his  men-  :t  and  imagination, 
that  gave  birth  to  an  idea  icct  combining  the 
best  features  of  both,  and  drew  from  him  thoie 
saddest  and  tenderest  of  love  poems,  in  which  we 
find  all  the  depth  and  intensity  of  real  feeling, 
touched  over  with  such  a  light  as  no  reality  ever 
wore." 

An  early,  innocent,  and  unfortunate  passion, 
however  fruitful  of  piin  it  may  be  to  the  man,  is 
a  lasting  advantage  to  the  poet.  It  is  a  well  of 
sweet  and  bitter  fancies  ;  of  refined  and  gentle 
sentiments  ;  of  elevated  and  ennobling  thoughts  ; 
shut  up  in  the  deep  recesses  of  the  heart,  keeping 
it  green  amidst  the  withering  blights  of  the  world, 
and,  by  its  casual  gushings  and  overflowings,  re- 
calling at  times  all  the  freshness,  and  innocence, 
and  enthusiasm  of  youthful  days.  Lord  IJyron 
was  conscious  of  this  effect,  and  purposely  cher- 
ished and  brooded  over  the  remembrance  of  his 
early  passion,  and  of  all  the  scenes  of  Anncsley 
Hall  connected  with  it.  It  was  this  remembrance 
that  attuned  his  mind  to  some  of  its  most  elevated 
and  vii-tuous  strains,  and  shed  an  inexpressible 
grace  and  pathos  over  his  best  productions. 

Heing  thus  put  upon  the  traces  of  this  little 
love-story,  I  cannot  refrain  from  threading  them 
out,  as  Ihcy  appear  from  time  to  time  in  various 
pass.iges  of  Lord  Byron's  works.  During  his 
subsequent  rambles  in  the  East,  when  time  and 
distance  had  softened  away  his  "  early  romance" 
almost  into  the  remembrance  of  a  pleasing  and 
tender  dream,  he  received  accounts  of  the  ob- 
ject of  it,  which  represented  her,  still  in  her  pa- 
ternal Hall,  among  her  native  bowers  of  Annes- 
Icy,  surrounded  by  a  blooming  and  beautiful 
family,  yet  a  prey  to  secret  and  withering  melan- 
choly— 

"  In  her  home, 

A  tlimiscind  leagues  from  his, — her  native  home, 

Slie  dwelt,  begirt  witli  (flowing  '.ifancy, 

Daughters  and  sons  of  licauty,  h.t — behold  ! 

I'pon  her  face  there  was  the  tint  of  grief, 

The  settled  sliadow  of  an  inwanl  strife. 

And  r.n  unquiet  drooping  of  the  eye, 

As  if  its  litis  wf>c  chayged  icitJi  unshed  tears." 

For  an  instant  the  buried  tenderness  of  early 
youth  and  the  fluttering  hopes  which  accompanied 
it,  seemed  to  have  revived  in  his  bosom,  and  the 
idea  to  have  flashed  upon  his  mind  that  his  image 
miglit  be  connected  with  her  secret  woes — but 
he  rejected  the  thought  almost  as  soon  as  formed. 

"  What  could  her  grief  be  ? — she  had  all  she  loved, 
And  he  wlio  h;ul  so  loved  her  was  nut  there 
To  trouble  with  bad  hopes,  or  evil  w  ish, 
f  )r  ill  repress'd  affection,  her  pure  thoughts. 
Wiiat  could  her  grief  be  ? — she  had  loved  liini  not, 
Is'ur  given  him  cause  to  deem  himself  beloved, 
Nor  could  he  be  a  part  of  that  which  prey'd 
Upon  her  mind — a  spectre  of  the  past." 

The  cause  of  her  grief  was  a  matter  of  rural 
comment  in  the  neighborhood  of  Newstead  and 
Anncsley.  It  was  disconnected  from  all  idea  of 
Lord  liyron,  but  attributed  to  the  harsh  and 
capricious  conduct  of  one  to  whose  kindness  and 
affection  she  had  a  sacred  claim.  The  domestic 
sorrows  which  had  long  preyed  in  secret  on  her 
heart,  at  length  affected  her  intellect,  and   the 


"  bright  morning  star  of  Anncsley"  was 
for  ever. 


CClipsdJ 


-St: 


"  The  lady  of  his  love,— oh!  she  was  chanced 
As  by  the  sickness  of  the  soul;  her  mind 
Had  wandered  from  its  dwelling,  and  her  eves 
They  had  not  their  own  lustre,  hut  the  luok  ' 
Which  is  not  of  the  earth ;  she  was  hecorne 
The  queen  of  a  fantastic  realm  :  hut  her  the; 
Were  combinations  of  disjointed  lhini;s  ■ 
And  forms  impalpable  and  unperceived  ' 
Of  others'  sight,  familiar  were  to  hers. 
And  this  the  world  calls  frenzy." 

Notwithstanding  lapse  J  time,  change  of  puc.  i 
and  a  succession  of  splendid  and  spirit-stirnrjl 
scenes  in  various  countries,  the  quiet  and  "tntvl 
scene  of  his  boyish  love  seems  to  h.ive  klj  jI 
magic  sway  over  the  recollections  of  Lord  Ikton  I 
and  the  image  of  Mary  Chaworili  to  have  ura^i 
pectedly  obtruded  itself  upon  his  mind  liki.sor,el 
supernatural  visitation.  Such  was  the  fact  en! 
the  occasion  of  his  marriage  with  Miss  Milbar.ki-I 
Anncsley  Hall  and  all  its  fond  associations  iloavjl 
like  a  vision  before  his  thoughts,  even  when  at! 
the  altar,  and  on  the  point  of  pronouncin,'  the! 
nuptial  vows.  The  circumstance  is  rclatd  bvl 
him  with  a  force  and  feeling  that  persuade  us  oi  f 
its  truth. 

"  A  changi  came  o'er  the  spirit  of  my  dream. 
The  wanderer  was  returned. — I  saw  him  bianl 
Before  an  altar — with  a  gentle  hride  ; 
Her  face  was  fair,  but  was  not  tiiat  which  made 
The  stardight  of  his  boyhood  ; — as  he  stood 
Even  at  the  altar,  o'er  his  brow  there  came 
The  self-same  aspect,  and  the  quivering  shock 
That  ir  ihe  antique    ratory  sho(d; 
His  bosom  in  its  s     tude  ;  and  then — 
As  in  that  hour — a  moment  o'er  his  face 
The  tablet  of  unutterable  thoU5;hts 
Was  traced, — and  then  it  faded  as  it  came. 
And  he  stood  calm  and  quiet,  and  he  spoke 
The  fitting  vows,  but  heard  not  his  own  words. 
And  all  things  reel'd  around  him  ;  he  jouM  see 
Not  that  whicli  was,  nor  that  wdiichsliouldhavebeen- 
IJiit  the  old  mansion,  and  the  accustomed  hall, 
And  the  remember'd  chambers,  and  the  |)laco, 
The  day,  the  hour,  the  sunshine,  aini  the  shade, 
All  things  pert.iining  to  that  place  .and  hour, 
And  her  who  was  his  destiny,  came  hack, 
And  thrust  themselves  between  him  and  tlieli^lit; 
What  business  had  they  there  at  such  a  time?' 

The  history  of  Lord  T5yron's  union  is  ton  we'.l 
known  to  need  narration.  The  errors,  and  humili- 
ations, and  heart-burnings  that  followed  upon 
it,  gave  additional  effect  to  the  re  icmbranccif 
his  early  passion,  and  tonnentc  him  with  the 
idea,  that  had  he  been  successful  in  his  suit  to 
the  lovely  heiress  of  Anncsley,  they  might  ImA 
have  shared  a  hap[)ier  destiny.  In  one  nt  li;s 
manuscripts,  written  long  after  his  marriage,  hav- 
ing  accif'-ntallv    mentioned    Miss  Chavuirih  a 


mv  l\.  .\.  C." 


Ahi 


exclaims  he,  «iih  a 


sudden  burst  of  feeling,  "  why  do  I  say  mi.' 
Our  union  would  have  healed  fends  in  which 
blood  had  been  shed  by  our  fathers;  it  wouiJ 
have  joined  lands  br.  ,'d  and  rich  ;  it  would  h.no 
joined  at  least  our  hea  '.,  and  two  persons  no!  ill- 
matched  in  years  — and— and— niul-wh.u  lu? 
been  the  result  ?  " 

liut  enough  of  Anncsley  I  Inll, and  thcpocticai 
themes  connected  with  it.  1  fell  as  it  I  coui 
linger  for  hours  about  its  ruined  oratory,  ar.d 
silent  hall,  and  neglected  garden,  and  spin  reve- 
ries and  dream  dreams,  until  all  became  an  lucai 


NEWSTEAD   ABBEY. 


501 


...J  jfound  me.  The  day,  however,  was  fast 
vine,  and  the  shadows  of  evcnin{,'  throwing 

I 'ir  shades  of  melancholy  about  the  place. 

I E'l,  our  leave  of  the  worthy  old  housekeeper, 

I  Itfore,  with  a  snipU  compensation  and  many 
l!!"l'l;s  for  her  civilities,  we  mounted  our  horses 

I  Joursucd  our  way  back  to  Ncwstead  Abbey. 


THE  LAKE. 

.'Before  the  mansion  lay  a  lucid  lake, 
Bruad  as  transparent,  deep,  and  freshly  fed 

Bf  a  river,  wliich  its  softened  way  did  take 
In  currents  through  the  calrier  water  spread 

teund:  the  wild  fowl  nestled  in  the  brake 
And  sedges,  brooding  in  their  liquid  bed  : 

Xfce  woods  sloped  downward  to  its  brink,  and  stood 

Wiih  their  green  faces  fixed  upon  the  flood." 

?ach  is  Lord  Byron's  description  of  one  of  a 

I  itrici  of  beautiful  snrots  of  water,  formed  in  old 
lias  bv  the  monks  by  damming  up  the  course 

I  eta  small  river.    Here  he  used  daily  to  enjoy  his 
fjvontc  recreations   in   swimming    and   sailing. 
wicked  old  Lord,"  in  his  scheme  of  rural 

|(l;•3^'„^tion,had  cut  down  all  the  woods  that  once 
fc;cd  the  lake  ;  Lord  Byron,  on  coming  of  age, 
er.iii'.orcd  to  restore  them,  and  a  beautiful 
vaj wood, planted  by  him,  now  sweeps  up  from 

I  the  water's  edge,  and  clothes  the  hillside  oppo- 
::;  lo  the  Abbey.     To  this  woody  nook  Colonel 

I  Wikm  has  given  the  appropriate  title  of  "  the 

I  lad  Corner." 
The  lake  has  inherited  its  share  of  the  tradi- 
[:'.•  ind  fables  connected  with   everything   in 
jr.d  about  the  Abbey.     It  was  a  petty  Mediter- 

I  r.^eansca  on  which  the  "  wicked  old  Lord"  used 
I?  ;:rjtify  his  nautical  tastes  and  humors.     He 

I  bd  Iii5  mimic  castles  and  fortresses  along  its 
ares,  and  his  mimic  fleets  upon  its  waters,  and 
jsd  to  get  u])  mimic  sea-fights.     The  remains 

|c:h;spctty  fortifications  still  awaken  the  curious 
i::j;r  ei  of  visitors.  In  one  of  his  vagaries,  he 
cv:scJ  a  lari^e  vessel  to  be  brought  on  wheels 
fr™  the  sea-coast  and  launched  in  the  lake.  The 
t:;niry  people  were  surprised  to  see  a  ship  thus 
nj  over  dry  land.     They  called  to  mind  a 

Isjyinjof  Mother  Shipion,  the  famous  prophet  of 
ik  vj|;;ar,  that  whenever  a  ship  freighted  with 
kg  should  cross  Sherwood    Forest,    Newstcad 

I  ''wld  pass  out  of  the  Hyron  family.  The  country 
fcpio,  who  detested  the  old  Lord,  wxre  anxious 
10  icnfy  the  prophecy.     Ling,  in  the  dialect  of 

I  Notiin;;liam,  is  the  name  for  heather  ;  with  this 
pant  they  heaped  the  fated  bark  as  it  passed,  so 

I  tilt  It  arrived  full  freighted  at  Ncwstead. 

The  most  important   stories   about  the  lake, 

hoivevcr,  relate  to  the  treasures  that  are  supposed 

15  he  buried  in  its  bosom.     These   may  have 

taken  iheiririgin  in  a  fact  which  actually  occur- 

I'eil.  Ihere  I'as  one  time  fished  up  from  the 
.'pirt  of  tie  hike  a  great  eagle  of  molten 
tes, wiihcxp.inded  wings,  standing  on  a  pede- 
stal or  perch  of  the  same  metal.  It  had  doubt- 
'"'-^'f^«i  as  a  stand  or  reading-desk,  in   the 

I  Abwv  chapel,  to  hold  a  folio  Hible  or  missal. 
The  sacred  relic  was  sent  to  a  brazier  to  be 
teinod.  As  he  was  at  work  upon  it,  he  dis- 
tovcred  thai  the  pedestal  was  hollow  and  com- 
M  of  several  pieces.  Unscrewing  these,  he 
WW  forti,  a  number  of  parchment  deeds  and 
rwts  appertaining  to  the  Abbev,  and  bearing 
•••t  seals  of  Edward  111.  and  Henry  VllL,  which 


had  thus  been  concealed,  and  ultimately  sunk  in 
the  lake  by  the  friars,  to  substantiate  their  right 
and  title  to  these  domains  at  some  future  day. 

One  of  the  parchment  scrolls  thus  discovered, 
throws  rather  an  awkward  light  upon  the  kind  of 
life  led  by  the  friars  of  Newstcad.  It  is  an  in- 
dulgence granted  to  them  for  a  certain  number  of 
months,  in  which  plenary  pardon  is  assured  in 
advance  for  all  kinds  of  crimes,  among  which, 
several  of  the  most  gross  and  sensual  are  specifi- 
cally mentioned,  and  the  weakness  of  the  flesh  to 
which  they  are  prone. 

After  inspecting  these  testimonials  of  monkish 
life,  in  the  regions  of  Sherwood  Forest,  we  cease 
to  wonder  at  the  virtuous  indignation  of  Robin 
Hood  and  his  outlaw  crew,  at  the  sleek  sensual- 
ists of  the  cloister  : 

"I  never  hurt  the  husbandman, 
That  use  to  till  the  ground, 
Nor  spill  their  blood  that  range  the  wood 
To  follow  hawk  and  huund. 

"  My  chiefest  spite  to  clergy  is, 
Who  in  these  days  bear  sway  ; 
With  friars  and  monks  with  their  fine  spunks, 
I  make  my  chiefest  prey." 

Old  Ballad  of  Robin  Iloon. 

The  brazen  eagle  has  been  transferred  to  the 
parochial  and  rollegiate  church  of  Southnll, 
about  twenty  mil.-s  from  Newstcad,  where  it  may 
still  be  seen  in  the  centre  of  the  chancel,  sup- 
porting, as  of  yore,  a  ponderous  liible.  As  to 
the  documents  it  contained,  they  are  carefully 
treasured  up  by  Colonel  Wildman  among  his 
other  deeds  and  papers,  in  an  iron  chest  secured 
by  a  p  itent  lock  of  nine  bolts,  almost  equal  to  a 
magic  spell. 

The  fishing  up  of  this  brazen  relic,  as  I  have 
already  hinted,  has  given  rise  to  the  tales  of  treas- 
ure lying  at  the  bottom  of  the  lake,  thrown  in 
there  by  the  monks  when  they  abandoned  the 
Abbey.  The  favorite  story  is,  that  there  is  a 
great  iron  chest  there  filled  with  gold  and  jewels, 
and  chalices  and  crucifixes.  Nay,  that  it  has 
been  seen,  when  the  water  of  the  lake  was  unu- 
sually low.  There  were  large  iron  rings  at  each 
end,  but  all  attempts  to  move  it  were  ineffectual  ; 
either  the  gold  it  contained  was  too  ponderous, 
or  what  is  more  probable,  it  was  secured  by  one 
of  those  magic  spells  usually  laid  upon  hidden 
treasure.  It  remains,  therefore,  at  the  bottom 
of  the  lake  to  this  day  ;  and  it  is  to  be  hoped, 
may  one  <lay  or  other  be  discovered  by  the  pre- 
sent worthy  proprietor. 


ROlMN   HOOD  AND  SHERWOOD  FOREST. 

Whii.K  at  Ncwstead  Abbey  I  took  great  de- 
light in  riding  and  rambling  about  the  neighbor- 
hood, studying  out  the  traces  of  merry  Sherwood 
Forest,  and  visiting  the  haunts  v.  Robin  Hood. 
The  relics  of  the  old  forest  are  few  and  scattered, 
but  as  to  the  bold  outlaw  who  once  held  a  kind 
of  freebooting  sway  over  it,  there  is  scarce  a  hill 
or  dale,  a  cliff  or  cavern,  a  well  or  fountain,  in 
tl'^s  part  of  the  country,  that  is  not  ctmnected 
with  his  memory.  The  very  names  of  some  of 
the  tenants  on  the  Newstcad  estate,  such  as 
Heardall  and  Hardstaff,  sound  as  if  they  may 
have  been  borne  in  old  t'.mes  by  some  of  tlia 
stalwart  fellows  of  the  outlaw  gang. 


i  \i\ 


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502 


NEWSTEAD  ABBEY. 


One  of  the  earliest  books  that  captivated  m/ 
fancy  when  a  child,  was  a  collection  of  Robin 
Hood  ballads,  "adorned  with  cuts,"  which  I 
bought  of  an  old  Scotch  pedler,  at  the  cost  of 
all  my  holiday  money.  How  I  devoured  its 
pages,  and  gazed  upon  its  uncouth  woodcuts! 
I'"or  a  lime  my  mind  was  filled  with  picturings  of 
'"merry  Sherwood,"  and  the  exploits  and  revel- 
ling of  the  bold  foresters ;  and  Robin  Hood, 
Little  Jolin,  Friar  Tuck,  and  their  doughty  com- 
peers, were  my  heroes  of  romance. 

These  early  feelings  were  in  some  degree  re- 
vived when  1  found  myself  in  the  very  heart  of 
the  far-famed  forest,  and,  as  I  said  before,  1  took 
a  kind  of  schoolboy  delight  in  hunting  up  all 
traces  of  old  Sherwood  and  its  sylvan  chivalry. 
t)ne  of  the  first  of  my  antiquarian  rambles  was  on 
horseback,  in  company  with  Colonel  Wildman 
and  his  lady,  who  undertook  to  guide  me  to  some 
of  the  moldering  monuments  of  the  forest.  One 
of  these  stands  in  front  of  the  very  gate  of  New- 
stead  Park,  and  is  known  throughout  the  country 
by  the  name  of  "The  Pilgrim  Oak."  It  is  a 
venerable  tree,  of  great  size,  overshadowing  a 
wide  arena  of  the  road.  Under  its  shade  the 
rustics  of  the  neighborhood  have  been  ac- 
customed to  assemble  on  certain  holidays,  and 
celebrate  their  rural  festivals.  This  custom  had 
been  handed  down  from  father  to  son  for  several 
generations,  until  the  oak  had  acquired  a  kind  of 
sacred  character. 

The  "  old  Lord  Byron,"  however,  in  whose 
eyes  nothing  was  sacred,  when  he  laid  his  deso- 
lating hand  on  the  groves  and  forests  of  New- 
stead,  doomed  likewise  this  traditional  tree  to  the 
axe.  P'ortunately  the  good  people  of  Notting- 
ham heard  of  the  danger  of  their  favorite  oak, 
and  hastened  to  ransom  it  from  destruction. 
They  afterward  made  a  present  of  it  to  the  poet, 
when  he  came  to  the  estate,  and  the  PUgrim  O.ak 
is  likely  to  continue  a  rural  gathering  place  for 
many  coming  generations. 

From  this  m.agnificent  and  time-honored  tree 
we  continued  on  our  sylvan  research,  in  quest  of 
another  oak,  of  more  ancient  date  and  less  flour- 
ishing condition.  A  ride  of  two  or  three  miles, 
the  latter  part  across  open  wastes,  once  clothed 
with  forest,  now  bare  and  cheerless,  brought  us 
to  the  tree  in  question.  It  was  the  Oak  of 
Ravenshead,  one  of  the  last  survivors  of  old 
Sherwood,  and  which  had  evidently  once  held  a 
high  head  in  the  forest ;  it  was  now  a  mere 
wreck,  crazed  by  time,  and  blasted  by  lightning, 
and  standing  alone  on  a.  naked  waste,  like  a 
ruined  column  in  a  desert. 

"  The  scenes  are  desert  now,  and  bare, 
Where  flourished  once  a  forest  fair. 
When  these  waste  glens  with  copse  were  lined, 
And  peopled  with  the  hart  and  hind. 
Y'ln  lonely  oak,  would  he  could  tell 
Tlie  changes  of  liis  parent  dell, 
Since  he,  so  gray  and  stubborn  now, 
Waved  in  each  breeze  a  sapling  bough. 
Would  he  could  tell  how  deep  the  shade 
A  thousand  mingled  branches  made. 
Here  in  my  shade,  methinks  he'd  say, 
The  minlity  slag  at  noontide  lay, 
While  doe,  and  roe,  and  red-deer  good, 
Have  bounded  by  through  gay  green-wood." 

At  no  great  distance  from  Ravenshead  Oak  is 
a  small  cave  which  goes  by  the  name  of  Robin 
Hood's  biable.  It  is  in  the  breast  of  a  hill, 
scooped  out  of   brown  freestone,  with  rude   at- 


tempt at  columns  and  arches.    Within  are    J 
niches,  which  served,  it  is  said,  as  stalls  f(    ."j 
bold  outlaw's  horses.     To  this  retreat  he  r- ^ 
when  hotly  pursued  by  the  law,  for  the  plac,' 
a  secret  even  from  his  band.     The  cave  i  '    J 
shadowed  by  an   oak  and    alder,  and  'kCm 
discoverable  even  at  the  present  day  ;  hut  iih  3 
the  country  was  overrun  with  forest  itmuiti- 
been  completely  concealed. 

There  was  an  agreeable  wiklncss  and  londinea 
m  a  great  part  of  our  ride.  Our  devious  rwj 
wound  down,  at  one  time  ainonj;  rockvdiHj  hJ 
wandering  streams,  and  lonely  pools,  liauntdb!l 
shy  water-fowl.  We  passed  through  a  skirt  th 
woodland,  of  more  modern  planting,  huicnnjii. 
ered  a  legitimate  offspring  of  the  ancient  furc^tj 
and  commonly  called  Jock  of  Sherwood. 
riding  through  these  (|uiet,  solitary  seems, iM 
partridge  and  pheasant  would  now  and  ih;3 
burst  upon  the  wing,  and  the  hare  scud  a.avbeJ 
fore  us. 

Another  of  these  rambling  rides  in  qucsi  qfl 
popular  antiquities,  was  to  a  chain  of  rocM 
cliffs,  called  the  Kirkby  Crags,  which  skirt  ;h( 
Robin  Hood  hills.  Here,  leaving  my  hftrse 
the  foot  of  the  crags,  I  scaled  their  rug<;cd  siis^ 
and  seated  myself  in  a  niche  of  the  rocks,  call 
Robin  Hood's  chair.  It  commands  a  wide  priisJ 
pect  over  the  valley  of  Newstcad,  and  here  ;hM 
bold  outlaw  is  said  to  have  taken  his  seat,  a; 
kept  a  look-out  upon  the  roads  below,  watu.i; 
for  merchants,  and  bishops,  and  other  wcahhy] 
travellers,  upon  whom  to  pounce  down,  like  aJ 
eagle  from  his  eyrie. 

Descending  from  the  cliffs  and  rcniountins;  isr 
horse,  a  ride  of  a  mile  or  two  further  .ilonj ; 
narrow  "  robber  path,"  as  it  was  called,  whiclii 
wound  up  into  the  hills  between  perpendicularl 
rocks,  led  to  an  artificial  cavern  cut  inthelacef 
of  a  cliff,  with  a  door  and  window  wroui;hU 
through  the  living  stone.  This  bears  the  n.iniel 
of  Friar  Tuck's  cell,  or  hermitage,  where,  ac-j 
cording  to  tradition,  that  jovial  anchorite  used  toi 
make  good  cheer  and  boisterous  revel  with  l;;sj 
freebooting  comrades. 

Such  were  some  of  the  vestiges  of  old  Slitr-I 
wood  and  its  renowned  "  yeoniandrie,"  which  ll 
visited  in  the  neighborhood  of  Newstead,  Thtl 
worthy  clergyman  who  officiated  as  chaplain  atl 
the  Abbey,  seeing  my  zeal  in  the  cause,  inlormtdl 
me  of  a  considerable  tract  of  the  ancient  forcit,! 
still  in  existence  about  ten  miles  distant.  Tlurel 
were  many  fine  old  oaks  in  it,  he  said,  that  liadl 
stood  for  centuries,  but  were  now  shattered  r.r.dl 
"  stag-headed,"  that  is  to  say,  their  uppcrl 
branches  were  bare,  and  blasted,  and  stra,;;;'.ir.j| 
out  like  the  antlers  of  a  deer.  Their  trunkj,  teo,r 
were  hollow,  and  full  of  crows  and  jackda«s,l 
who  made  them  their  nestling  places.  He  occa-j 
sionally  rode  over  to  the  forest  in  the  Ion;,'  :.;nfj 
mer  evenings,  and  pleased  himself  with  lo .Ar-l 
ing  in  the  twilight  about  the  green  alleys  ar.dl 
under  the  venerable  trees. 

The  description  given  by  the  chaplain  maJel 
me  anxious  to  visit  this  remnant  of  old  Sher.uKiJ,! 
and  he  kindly  offered  to  be  my  guide  and  eom-r 
panion.  We  accordingly  sallied  forth  one  mora-l 
ing  on  horseback  on  this  sylvan  cxpeditum.  0;rl 
ride  took  us  through  a  part  of  the  coiuitrv  uhvrel 
King  joh'i  had  once  held  a  hunting  se.u :  i.el 
ruins  of  which  are  still  to  be  seen.  At  that  tr.el 
the  whole  neighborhood  was  an  open  royal  ir-l 
est,  or  Frank  chase,  as  it  was  termed  ;  tor  K.r.ijI 
John  was  an  onemv  to  i)arks  and  warrens,  .'Ji 
other  inclosures,   by  which  game  was  fenced  ini 


;m' 


NEWSTEAD   ABBEY. 


503 


'Y/1^";    Within  arn.d 
t  IS  suk!,  as  stalls  fcr  7 

1  o  th.s  retreat  he  r.;,; 
."''^^'w  fortheplac'' 
band.    The  cave  i,  ■  J 

c  present  day;  bu,.  5 
'^,;;;tl>  forest  it  mu,!,;;.] 

5le  wildncss  and  InndiwU 
"'I'^-      0„rdev,o„s3 
lie  amon.,'  rockvddh  ' 

'lonely  pools,  liaunudD* 
'assed  through  a  skir!  °f| 
:lfrn  planting,  but  cmw 
'HK  of  the  ancient  f.rMj 
Jock  of  Sherwood  'J 
.uict,  solitary  sceiKs,  J 
It  would  now  and  iJ 
Hi  the  hare  scud  a.aybel 

mbling  rides  in  quesi  A 
■is    to  a  chain  of  rockiT 
y  Crags,  which  skirt  ;hd 
re,    leaving  mv  horse  A 
scaled  their  rugged  sid  J 
niche  of  the  rocks,  cal>r 
t  commands  a  wide  pr.i 
Newstcad,  and  here  tad 
lavc   taken  his  seat,  anl 
he  roads  below,  w.ittJHs 
hops,  and  other  wealthy) 
to  pounce  down,  like  :ij 

cliffs  and  remountini;  r,r| 
:  or  two  further  alon^ 
'  as  it  was  called,  whiclij 
s  between  pcrpcndica: 
al  cavern  cut  in  the  Uc^ 
or  and  window  Hrou^htl 
:.  This  bears  the  n.icJ 
3r  hermitage,  where,  ac4 
.t  jovial  anchorite  used  tJ 
boisterous  revel  with  l;;i| 

:hc  vestiges  of  old  Slier-I 
"  ycomandrie,"  which  l| 
liood  of  Xewslead.  The! 
ofticiated  as  chapl.iin  ,itj 
:al  in  the  cause,  informed: 
let  of  the  ancient  f(iro-t,| 
en  miles  distant.  Therel 
s  in  it,  he  said,  that  had! 
were  now  shattered  .•'.ndj 
s  to  say,  their  upperl 
I  blasted,  and  str.ii,;^linjl 
leer.  Their  trunks,  tiH),r 
)f  crows  and  jackdawspl 
'stling  places.  He  occi-r 
,"  forest  in  the  long  :'.;t;i- 
scd  himself  with  loiter-l 
ut  the  green  alleys  ar.d| 
s. 

by  the  chapLiin  niadej 
jinnant  of  old  .ShcrnouJil 
l)e  my  guide  and  com-r 
,■  sallied  forth  one  morn-i 
sylvtin  expedition.  Ourl 
irt  of  the  country  whircl 
jld  a  hunting  seat ;  the! 
)  be  seen.  Atthatt;niel 
was  an  open  royal  l<'r-| 
was  termed  ;  lor  K;nj 
)arks  and  warrens.  ."iJj 
;li  game  was  fenced  ml 


ihc  private  benefit   and   recreation    of    the 
■'Hies,ind  the  clergy. 

Hereon  the  brow  of  a  gentle  hill,  command- 
-  ."in extensive  prospect  of  what  had  once  tjccn 
iv  I  stood  another  of  those  monumental  trees, 
''■"h'  to  my  111'"'''  K^ve  a  peculiar  interest  to 
!"I„ji,,|iborhood.  It  was  the  Parliament  Oak, 
"dk'd  in  memory  of  an  assemblage  of  the 
'VikW  by  King  John  beneath  its  shade.  The 
''|j.^,(,f  upward  of  six  centuries  had  reduced  this 
''emi;'lity  tree  to  a  mere  crumbling  fragment, 
',.'' ljl(Q  a  gigantic  torso  in  ancient  statuary,  the 
niideiirof  ihc  mutilated  trunk  gave  evidence  of 
jjitithad  been  in  the  days  of  its  glory.  In 
contemplating  its  mouldering  remains,  the  fancy 
ij^-icd  itsclt  in  calling  up  the  scene  that  must 
liavc  been  presented  beneath  its  shade,  when  this 
i\-j\  hill  swarmed  with  the  pageantry  of  a  war- 
iikcand hunting  court.  When  silken  pavilions 
a-iJ  uarrior-tents  decked  its  crest,  and  royal 
itindards,  and  baronial  banners,  and  knightly 
wnnns  rolled  out  to  the  breeze.  When  prelates 
Kil  courtiers,  and  steel-clad  chivalry  thronged 
round  the  person  of  the  monarch,  while  at  a  dis- 
trce  loitered  the  foresters  in  green,  and  all  the 
t-il  and  hunting  train  that  waited  upon  his 
i:\m  sports. 


"Ailious.md  vassals  mustered  round 
With  horse,  and  hawk,  and  horn,  and  hound  ; 
.\iid  through  the  brake  the  rangers  stalk, 
.•\iidfalc'ners  hold  tlie  ready  hawk  ; 
.\nd  foresters  in  green-wood  trim 
L«d  in  the  leash  the  greyhound  grim." 

Sjch  was  the  phantasmagoria  that  presented 
i;>clffor  a  moment  to  my  imagination,  peo|5ling 
tr:i' silent  place  before  me  with  empty  shadows  of 
Ai  past.  The  reverie  however  was  transient  ; 
ktn;',  courtier,  and  steel-clad  warrior,  and  forest- 
er m  green,  with  horn,  and  hawk,  and  hound, 
al!  faded  again  into  oblivion,  and  1  awoke  to  all 
that  remained  of  this  once  stirring  scene  of  hu- 
itian  pomp  and  power — a  mouldering  oak,  and  a 
tradition. 

"  We  are  such  stuff  as  dreams  arc  made  of  1  " 

X  ride  of  a  few  miles  farther  brought  us  at 
length  among  the  venerable  and  classic  shades  of 
Sherwood.  Here  1  was  delighted  to  find  myself 
in  a  genuine  wild  wood,  of  primitive  and  ntitural 
fmith,  so  rarely  to  be  met  with  in  this  thickly 
penpled  and  highly  cultivated  country.  It  re- 
minded me  of  the  aboriginal  forests  of  my  native 
land.  I  rode  through  natural  alleys  and  green- 
«>iod  groves,  carpeted  with  grass  and  shaded  by 
l.fiy  ,ind  beautiful  birches.  What  most  inter- 
e-todme,  however,  was  to  behold  around  me  the 
ni:,'hiy  trunks  of  veteran  oaks,  old  monumental 
trees,  the  patriarchs  of  Sherwood  Forest.  T'hcy 
»erc  shattered,  hollow,  and  moss-grown,  it  is 
ir:e.  and  their  "  leafy  honors"  were  nearly  de- 
fined; but  like  mouldering  towers  they  were 
r.  ule  and  picturesque  in  their  decay,  and  gave 
evidence,  even  in  their  ruins,  of  their  ancient 
pandeur, 

As  I  gazed  .about  me  upon  these  vestiges  of 
wc^'Mcrrie  Sherwood,"  the  picturings  of  mv 
C'vish  fancy  began  to  rise  in  mv  mind,  and 
Ki'bm  Hood  and  his  men  to  stand  before  mc. 

''  He  clothed  himself  in  scarlet  then, 
His  men  were  all  in  green  ; 
A  finer  show  throughout  the  world 
In  no  place  could  be  seen. 


"  Good  lord  !  it  w.is  a  gallant  sight 
To  see  them  all  in  a  row ; 
With  every  man  a  good  broad-sword 
And  eke  a  good  yew  bow." 

The  liorn  of  Robin  Hood  again  seemed  to  re- 
sound through  the  forest.  I  saw  this  sylvan 
chivalry,  half  huntsmen,  l'".lf  freebooters,  troop- 
ing across  the  distant  ;^l;;des,  or  feasting  and 
revelling  beneath  the  trees  ;  I  was  going  on  to 
embody  in  this  way  all  the  ballad  scenes  that  had 
delighted  me  when  a  boy,  when  the  distant  sound 
of  a  wood-cutter's  axe  roused  n^e  from  my  ilay- 
drcain. 

The  boding  apprehensions  which  it  aw.akcned 
were  too  soon  verified.  1  had  not  ridden  much 
farther,  when  I  came  to  an  open  space  where  the 
work  of  destruction  was  going  on.  Around  me 
lay  the  prostrate  trunks  of  venerable  oaks,  once 
the  towering  and  magnificent  lords  of  the  forest, 
and  a  number  of  wood-cutters  were  hacking  and 
hewing  at  another  gigantic  tree,  just  tottering  to 
its  fall. 

Alas !  for  old  Sherwood  Forest  :  it  had  f  illcn 
into  the  ]iossession  of  a  noble  agriculturist  ;  a 
modern  utilitarian,  who  had  no  feeling  for  jioetry 
or  forest  scenery.  In  a  little  while  and  this 
glorious  woodland  will  be  laid  low  ;  its  green 
glades  be  turned  into  sbeep-wtilks  ;  its  legendary 
bowers  supplanted  by  turnip-fields  ;  and  "  Merrie 
Sherwood"  will  exist  but  in  ballad  and  tradition. 

"  O  for  the  ])oetical  superstitions,"  thought  I, 
"  of  the  olden  time  !  that  shed  a  sanctity  over 
every  grove  ;  that  gave  to  each  tree  its  tutelar 
genius  or  nymph,  and  threatened  disaster  to  all 
who  should  molest  the  hamadryads  in  their  leafy 
abodes.  Alas!  for  the  scrdid  propensities  of 
modern  days,  when  every  thing  is  coined  into 
gold,  and  this  once  holiday  planet  of  ours  is 
turned  into  a  mere  '  working-day  world.'" 

.My  cobweb  fancies  put  to  fiight,  and  my  feel- 
ings out  of  tune,  I  left  the  forest  in  a  far  different 
mood  from  that  in  which  1  had  entered  it,  and 
rode  silently  along  until,  on  reaching  the  summit 
of  a  gentle  eminence,  the  chime  of  evening  liclls 
came  on  the  breeze  across  the  heath  from  a  dis- 
tant vill.age. 

1  ])aused  to  listen. 

"  They  are  merely  the  evening  bells  of  Mans- 
field," said  my  companion. 

"Of  Mansfield!"  Here  was  another  of  the 
legendary  names  of  this  storied  neighborhood, 
th.it  called  up  early  and  j)leasant  associations. 
The  famous  old  ballad  of  the  King  and  the  Mil- 
ler of  .Mansfield  came  at  once  to  mind,  ami  the 
chime  of  the  bells  put  me  again  in  good  humor. 

A  little  farther  (ua,  and  we  were  again  on  the 
traces  of  Robin  Hood.  Here  was  Fountain  Dale, 
where  he  had  his  encounter  with  that  sttilwart 
shaveling  Friar  Tuck,  who  was  a  kind  of  saint 
militant,  alternately  wearing  the  casc|ue  ;uul  the 
coul  : 

"  Tlie  ciirtal  fryar  kept  f'ouiUain  dale 
Seven  long  years  and  more, 
There  was  neither  lord,  knight  or  earl 
Could  make  him  yieUl  licforv*. " 

The  moat  is  still  showti  which  is  said  to  ha\-c 
surrounded  the  stronghold  of  this  jovial  .and 
tigliung  friar  ;  and  the  jilace  where  he  .ind  Robin 
Hood  liad  their  sturdy  trial  of  strength  and 
prowess,  in  the  memorable  conllict  which  histed 

'■  From  ten  o'clock  tliat  very  <'ay 
Until  four  iu  the  afternoon," 


004 


NEVVSTEAD  ABBEY. 


It  * 


ilij 


1   '-i"!!'      ■  % 


•n 


11 


rind  ended  in  the  treaty  of  fellowship.  As  to  the 
hardy  feats,  both  of  sword  and  trencher,  per- 
formed by  this  "  ciirtal  fryar,"  behold  are  they 
not  recorded  at  lenj^th  in  the  ancient  ballads,  and 
in  the  niayic  paj;es  of  Ivanhoe  ? 

Tiie  evening  was  fast  cominj;  on,  and  the  twi- 
li(;ht  thickening,  as  we  rode  tiirough  these  haunts 
famo\is  in  outlaw  story.  A  melancholy  seemed 
to  <,'ather  over  the  landscape  as  we  proceeded, 
for  our  course  lay  by  shadowy  woods,  and  across 
naked  heaths,  and  alont;  lonely  roads,  marked  by 
some  of  those  sinister  names  by  which  the  coun- 
try people  in  England  arc  apt  to  make  dreary 
places  still  more  dreary.  The  horrors  of 
"  Thieves'  Wood,"  and  the  "  Murderers'  Stone," 
and  "  the  Hag  Nook,"  liad  .all  to  be  encountered 
in  the  gathering  gloom  of  evening,  and  threatened 
to  beset  our  path  with  more  than  mortal  peril. 
Happily,  however,  wc  passed  these  ominous 
])laces  unharmed,  and  arrived  in  safety  at  the 
portal  of  Newstead  Abbey,  highly  satisfied  with 
our  green-wood  foray. 


l! '  :i: 


TtlE  ROOK  CELL. 

I^f  the  course  of  my  sojourn  at  the  Abbey,  1 
changed  my  c|uarters  from  the  magnificent  old 
state  apartment  haunted  by  Sir  John  Byron  the 
Little,  to  another  in  a  remote  corner  of  the 
ancient  edifice,  immediately  adjoining  the  ruined 
chaiiej.  It  possessed  still  more  interest  in  my 
eyes,  from  having  been  the  sleeping  apartment 
of  Lord  IJyron  during  his  residence  at  the  Abbey. 
Tlie  furniture  remained  the  same.  Here  was  the 
bed  in  which  he  slept,  and  which  he  had  brought 
with  him  from  college  ;  its  gilded  posts  sur- 
mounted by  coronets,  giving  evidence  of  his 
aristocratical  feelings.  Here  was  likewise  his 
college  sofa  ;  and  about  the  walls  were  the 
portraits  of  his  favorite  butler,  old  Joe  Murray, 
of  his  fancy  acquaintance,  Jackson  the  pugilist, 
together  with  pictures  of  Harrow  School  and  the 
College  at  Cambridge,  at  which  he  was  educated. 
The  bedchamber  goes  by  the  name  of  the  Rook 
Cell,  froir.  its  vicinity  to  tlie  Rookery  which,  since 
time  immemorial,  has  maintained  possession  of  a 
solemn  grove  adjacent  to  the  chapel.  This  \ener- 
able  community  af'tbrded  me  much  food  for 
speculation  during  my  residence  in  this  apart- 
ment. In  the  morning  I  used  to  hear  them 
gradually  waking  and  seeming  to  call  each  other 
uj).  After  a  time,  the  whole  fraternity  would  be 
in  a  flutter  ;  some  balancing  and  swinging  on  the 
tree  lops,  others  perched  on  the  pinnacle  of  the 
Abbey  church,  or  wheeling  and  hovering  about 
in  tlie  air,  and  the  ruined  walls  would  reverlierate 
with  tlieir  incessant  cawings.  In  tliis  way  they 
would  linger  about  the  rookery  and  its  vicinity 
for  the  early  i)art  of  the  morning,  when,  having 
apparently  mustered  all  their  forces,  called  over 
the  roll,  and  determined  upon  their  line  of  march, 
they  one  and  all  would  sail  off  in  a  long  straggling 
flight  to  maraud  the  distant  fields.  They  would 
forage  the  country  for  miles,  and  remain  absent 
all  day,  excepting  now  antl  then  a  scout  would 
come  home,  as  if  to  see  that  all  was  well.  To- 
ward night  the  whole  host  might  be  seen,  like  a 
liark  cloud  in  the  disiance,  wingiag  their  way 
homeward.  Tluy  came,  as  it  were,  with  whoop 
a:ul  halloii,  wheeling  high  in  the  air  above  the 
Alibcy,  making  various  evolutions  before  they 
alighted,  and  then  keeping  up  an  incessant  caw- 


ing in    the  tree   tops,  until  they   gradually  fi 
aslee|).  '    " 

It  is  remarked  at  the  Abbey,  that  tlie  rork 
though  they  sally  forth  on  forays  throughout  rt' 
week,  yet  keej)  about  the  venerable  cIiukc  on 
Sundays,  as  if  they  had  inherited  a  reverence  f 
the  ('ay,  from  their  ancient  confreres,  the  nv)J' 
Indeed,  a  believer  in  the  metempsvcliosb  mi  {• 
easily  imagine  these  (iothie-lookinu  birds  toV' 
the  emboclied  souls  of  the  ancient  friars  '1 
hovering  about  their  sanctified  abode. 

I  dislike  to  disturb  any  point  of  popular  rmil 
poetic  faith,  and  was  loth,  therefore,  to  question 
the  authenticity  of  this  mysterious  reverenn' fct 
the  S.abbath  on  the  part  of  the  Newstead  rooki' 
but  certainly  in  the  course  of  my  sojourn  in  ;h' 
Rook  Cell,  I  detected  them  in  a  llai;rant  wa- 
break  and  foray  on  a  bright  Sunday  inornin '. 

lieside  the  occasional  clamor  (jf  tlie  rookcrv 
this  remote  apartment  was  often  greeted  w.ih 
sounds  of  a  different  kind,  from  the  neiKhbdrir.,' 
ruins.  The  great  lancet  window  in  front  of  i|,° 
chapel,  adjoins  the  very  wall  of  the  chamhtr- 
and  the  mysterious  sounds  from  it  at  night  Im' 
been  well  described  by  Lord  Byron  : 

"Now  loud,  now  frantic, 

The  gale  sweeps  through  its  fret,  ork,  and  oft  singi 
The  owl  his  anthem,  when  the  silent  quiic 
Lie  with  their  hallelujahs  <[ueiiclicd  like  fne. 

"  But  on  the  noontide  of  the  moon,  and  when 
The  wind  is  winged  from  one  point  of  he.ivcii, 

There  moans  a  .strange  unearllily  sound,  whicii  then 
Is  musical — a  dying  accent  driven 

Through  the  huge  arch,  which  soar>  and  sinks  .i-ain. 
Some  deem  it  but  tlie  distant  echo  fjivcn 

Back  to  the  night  wind  by  the  waterlall. 

And  liarinonized  by  the  old  choral  wall. 

"  Others,  that  some  original  shape  or  form, 

.Shaped  by  decay  jiercbance,  hath  t;ivcn  the  power 
To  this  gr.ay  ruin,  with  a  voice  to  charm. 

Sail,  but  serene,  it  sweeps  o'er  tree  or  tnwir; 
The  cause  I  know  not,  nor  can  solve;  hut  siith 
The  fact : — I've  lieard  it, — once  perhaps  too  niiioli,' 

Never  was  a  traveller  in  quest  of  tlic  rniiiap.ti: 
in  greater  luck.  I  had  in  sooth,  ^'ot  lodijeil  la 
another  haunted  apartment  of  the  Abbey;  fur  in 
this  chamber  Lord  Byron  declared  he  had  more 
than  once  been  harassed  at  midnight  h\  a  mys- 
terious visitor.  A  black  shapeless  form  would 
sit  cowering  upon  his  bed,  and  after  j;a7.in:;  at 
him  for  a  time  with  glaring  eyes,  would  roll  oil 
and  disappear.  The  same  uncouth  apparition  is 
s.iid  to  have  disturbed  the  slumbers  of  a  newly 
married  couple  that  once  passed  tlieir  honey- 
moon in  this  apartment. 

I  would  observe,  that  the  access  to  the  Rook 
Cell  is  by  a  spiral  stone  staircase  icadin<^  up  inw 
it,  .as  into  a  turret,  from  the  long  shadowy  corn- 
dor  over  the  cloisters,  one  of  the  mi(lni;;'r,t  w.ilks 
of  the  Goblin  Friar.  Indeed,  to  the  fancies  en- 
gendered in  his  brain  in  this  remote  and  lonely 
apartment,  incorporated  with  the  lloatin:^  super- 
stitions of  the  Abbey,  we  are  no  doubt  iiuiebteo 
for  the  spectral  scene  in  "  Don  Juan." 

"  Then  as  the  night  w.is  clear,  though  colil,  lie  tlirew 
Ills  elianiber  door  wide  oiien— and  went  firlli 

Into  a  gallerv,  of  sombre  line. 

Long  furnishM  with  old  i.ictures  ofLjreat  worth. 

Of  knii^hts  and  dames,  heroic  and  ch.istc  too, 
As  doubtless  should  be  people  of  hii;h  birth. 


NEWSTEAD  ABBEY. 


505 


.VnMund  except  the  echo  of  his  sigh 
'weo  ran  sadly  through  lliat  antuiue  house, 
saJileiily  he  hcanl,  or  thought  so,  nigh, 


ffken 


-or  a  mouse, 


.'  lout;  shaddwy  cdrri- 
)f  the  nii(hii;^r,t  w.ilkj 

d,  to  ll'.L'  fancies  en- 
is  rciiKitc  anil  lonely 

li  the  lliiatin,:,'  super- 
re  no  doubt  iniiebt'.ii 
)on  luaii." 


A  .upeniaturaUgeiit- 

--lie  iiihhliiiK'  rustle  will  emliarrass 
pic,  as  it  plays  along  the  arras. 


Whose  1 
Mo>t  pt"? 
„,.,.snomouse,  hut  lo!  a  monk,  arrayed 

Um\  anil  heads,  and  dusky  garb,  appeared, 
vinntheiiwonli-ht,  an  1  now  lapsed  in  shade; 

■  w  ill  'tq's  '•'=*'  "■'"'  ^'^  '"^"^y-  y^'  »"'"••"•'■'' ; 

H.nnnenlsonlya  slight  murmur  ir.me; 

IlMi,  iveil  as  shadowy  as  the  sisters  weird, 
nj.;iowlv;ru>a  as  he  passed  Juan  by 
OjwI,  without  iiausing,  on  him  a  bright  eye. 

i  „Ijm«5 petrified;  he  had  heard  a  hint 
■  iif,ucli  a  spirit  in  these  halls  of  old, 
If  tfiuiiglit,  like  most  men,  there  was  nothing  in't 

li-vonftlie  rumor  which  such  spots  unfold, 
Cr.n'J  from  surviving  superstition's  mint, 

Wiiiih  passes  ghosts  in  currency  like  gold, 
Bjirirelyseeii,  like  gold  compared  with  paper. 
A,. :„■■„/ lie  sec  this?  or  was  it  a  vapor  ? 

iiMr.e,  l«ice,  thrice  pass'd,  repassM— -the  thing  of  air, 

(Veirth  lieneath,  or  heaven,  or  t'other  place  ; 
.^-i  Iiun  gazed  upon  it  with  a  stare, 
Vc'ciiilii  not  speak  or  move  ;  but,  on  its  base 
\;.!,iii.ls  a  statue,  stool  :   he  felt  his  hair 
Tivine  lilic  a  knot  of  snakes  around  his  face  ; 
!i;  ii\'i  his  tongue    for   words,    which    were   not 

Uranted 
Tj  ,1^1;  I'le  reverend  person  what  he  wanted. 

'TiMhird  line,  after  a  still  longer  pause, 

T!ie shadow  pass'd  rway — but  where?  the  hall 

\V.i-  Im;;.  and  thus  far  there  was  no  great  cause 
Tilhiiik  his  vanishing  unnatural  : 

II  '[slliere  w'le  many,  through  which,  by  the  laws 
i.ii'phvsics,  bullies,  whether  short  or  tall, 

Mijiitome  or  go  ;  but  Juan  could  not  state 

T.i.-ou;;li  wliieli  the  spectre  seem'd  to  cvaiiorate. 

■lie stood,  how  long  he  knew  not,  but  it  seem'd 
Ai'.a^e— expectant,  powerless,  with  his  eyes 

SlrjiiiM  on  the  spot  where  first  the  figure  gleam'd  : 
Ineii  by  ile^jioes  recall'd  his  energies, 

An!  woiiM  have  pass'd  the  wdiole  off  as  a  dream, 
liul  c  luld  not  wake  ;  he  was,  he  did  surmise, 

WiUiijj  already,  and  return'd  at  length 

hJ.:  lu  his  chamber,  shorn  of  half  his  strength." 

.  As  !  Imvc  already  observed,  it  is  difticult  to 
i.:crraino  whether  Lord  Hyroii  was  really  subjeet 
yih-siiperstitioiis  faneies  which  have  liecn  im- 

j  filed  to  him,  or  uhelher  he  merely  amused  him- 

I  ij'.f  by  i;ivin;^  currency  to  them  among  his  do- 
n.'jiics  and  dependents.  He  certainly  never 
i;rapled  to  cxjiress  a  belief  in  sui)ernatural  visi- 
■i;:::ns,  both  verbally  and  in  bis  corresponilence. 
:-Jchueie  his  foible,  the  Rook  Cell  was  an 
.iii;:rablo  place  to  eni;ender  these  delusions.  As 
Irjichiiii  awake  at  night,  1  have  beard  all  kinds 
j: isysterious  and  sigbin;  sounds  from  the  neigb- 

j  Jirin^  ruin,  Distant  tootsteps,  too,  and  the 
c.  sin;;  of  doors  in  remote  parts  of  the  Abbey, 
■  'J'ld  send   hollow   reverberations   and   echoes 

n'ir.,' the  corridor  and  up   the   spiral  staircase. 

•■'e.  ill  fiet,  I  was  roused  by  a  strange  sound 

tlie  very  door  of  my  chamber.     I    threw  it 

fn.aiul  a  form  "black   and   shapeless   with 

»•'«!,,' eves"  stood  before  me.     It  jiroved,  bow- 

Mr.  neither  ghost  nor  goblin,   but    my  friend 

iu.;tswain,  the  grc-'f  XewfountUand  dog,  who 
Wameeivcd  a  companionable  liking   for  me, 

JKioccasionally  sought  mc  in  my  apartment. 
'"'•.liehauntings  of  even  such  a  visitant  as  hon- 
«;  linatswain  may  we  attribute  some  of  the  mar- 

'  >-iJo  stories  ;;bout  the  Goblin  Triur. 


THE  LITTLE  WHITE  LADY. 

In  the  course  of  a  morning's  ride  with  Colonel 
W'ildman,  about  tlic  Abbey  lands,  we  found  our- 
selves in  one  of  the  prettiest  little  wikl  woods 
imaginable.  The  road  to  it  had  led  us  among 
rocky  ravines  overhung  with  thickets,  and  now 
wound  through  birchen  dingles  and  among  beau- 
tiful groves  and  clumps  of  elms  and  beeches.  A 
limpid  rill  of  sparkling  water,  winding  and  doub- 
ling in  perjilexed  mazes,  crossed  our  jiath  re|)e,it- 
edly,  so  as  to  give  the  wood  the  appearance  of 
being  watered  by  numerous  rivulets.  The  soli- 
tary and  romantic  look  of  this  piece  of  woodland, 
and  th  ,  frequent  recurrence  of  its  mazy  stream, 
put  lii.n  in  mind.  Colonel  Wildman  said,  of  the 
little  ilerman  fairy  tale  of  Undine,  in  which  is 
recor  ltd  the  adventures  of  a  ki,  ;ht  who  hatl 
married  a  water-nymph.  As  he  rode  with  his 
bride  through  her  nati\-e  woods,  every  stream 
claimed  her  as  a  relative  ;  one  was  a  brother,  an- 
other an  uncle,  another  a  cousin. 

We  rotle  on  amusing  ourselves  with  applying 
this  fanciful  tale  to  the  charming  scenery  arounil 
us,  until  we  came  to  a  lowly  gray-stone  farm- 
house, of  ancient  date,  situated  in  a  solitary  glen, 
on  the  margin  of  the  brook,  and  overshadowed 
by  venerable  trees.  It  went  by  the  name,  as  I 
was  told,  of  the  Weir  Mill  farmhouse.  With 
this  rustic  mansion  was  connected  a  litte  tale  of 
real  life,  some  circumstances  of  which  were  re- 
lated to  me  on  the  spot,  and  othei's  I  collected  in 
the  course  of  my  sojourn  at  the  Abbey. 

Not  long  after  Colonel  Wildman  had  i)urchascd 
the  estate  of  Xewstead,  he  made  it  a  '.isit  for  the 
purpose  of  planning  repairs  and  alterations.  As 
lie  was  rambling  one  evening,  about  dusk,  in 
company  with  his  architect,  tlirough  this  little 
piece  of  woodland,  he  was  struck  with  its  jjcculiar 
characteristics,  and  then,  for  the  lirst  time,  com- 
pared it  to  the  haunted  wood  of  I'ndine.  While 
he  was  making  the  remark,  a  small  female  figure 
in  white,  Ihtled  by  without  speaking  a  word,  or 
indeed  appearing  to  notice  them,  ller  step  was 
scarcely  heard  as  she  passed,  and  her  forn;  was 
indistinct  in  the  twilight. 

"What  a  figure  for  a  fairy  or  sprite!"  ex- 
claimed Colonel  Wildman.  "  How  much  a  poet 
or  a  romance  writer  would  tiiake  of  such  an  ap- 
parition, at  such  a  time  and  in  such  a  place  !  " 

He  oegan  to  congratulate  himself  upon  having 
some  eUin  inhabitant  for  his  haunted  wt)od,  when, 
on  i)roceeding  a  few  paces,  he  found  a  white  frill 
lying  in  the  |)ath,  which  had  evidently  fallen 
from  the  tlgure  that  had  just  passed. 

"  Well,"  said  be,  "  after  all,  this  is  neither 
sprite  nor  fairy,  but  a  being  of  llesh,  and  bi'iod, 
and  muslin." 

Continuing  on.  he  came  to  where  the  road 
passed  by  an  c'.d  mill  in  front  of  the  Abbey.  The 
people  of  th(  mill  were  at  the  door.  He  |)aused 
and  iniiuiroj  whether  any  visitor  had  been  at  the 
Abbey,  but  was  answered  in  the  negati\e. 

"  lias  nol/odv  i)assed  by  here  ?  " 

"  No  one,  sir." 

"Th.tt's  strange!  Surely  I  met  a  female  in 
white,  who  must  ii^Lve  jiassed  along  this  path," 

"  Oh,  sir,  you  mear.  the  Little  White  Lady^ 
oh,  yes,  she  passed  by  here  not  long  since." 

"The  Little  Whit ;  Lady!  And  prav  who  is 
the  Little  White  Lady?" 

•'  Why,  sir,  that  nobody  knows  ;  she  lives  in 
the  Weir  Mill  farmh  luse,  tlown  in  the  skirts  of 
the  wofid.  She  comes  to  the  /Vbbey  every  morn- 
ing, keeps  about  it  all  day,   and  goes  away  at 


111 


50G 


NEWSTEAD  AnnEY, 


li     ! 


, ill » 'I  PI  : 


i<i'/  iil 


N 


1 


';B: 


II 


lt?l 


ilijv; 


night.     She  speaks  to  nobody,  and  \vc  arc  rather 
shy  of  lii.T,  for  we  ilon't  know  what   to  make  of 

her." 

Colonel  Wiklman  now  concluded  tliat  it  was 
some  artist  or  amateur  emjiloyed  in  making; 
sketches  of  the  Alibey,  and  thouj^ht  no  more 
about  the  matter,  lie  went  '.o  London,  and  was 
absent  for  some  time.  In  the  interim,  his  sister, 
who  was  newly  married,  came  with  her  husband 
to  pass  the  honcymocm  at  tlie  Abbey.  The 
Little  White  L.ady  still  resided  in  the  Weir  Mill 
farudiouse,  on  the  border  of  the  haunted  wood, 
and  continued  her  visits  daily  to  the  Abbey.  Her 
dress  was  always  the  same,  a  white  ^jown  with  a 
little  black  spencer  or  bo(hce,  and  a  white  hat 
with  a  short  veil  that  screened  the  upper  part  of 
lier  c(ninten.\nce.  Iter  habits  were  shy,  lonely, 
and  silent  ;  she  spoke  to  no  one,  and  sou<»ht  no 
companionship,  excei)tini^  with  the  Newfoundland 
do^;  that  had  belon<;ed  to  Lord  Uyron.  His 
fnendsliip  >!ie  secured  by  caressin;^  him  and  oc- 
casionally brin^'inj;  him  food,  and  lie  bec;rnr  the 
companion  of  her  solitary  walks.  She  avoided 
all  str,i'ij.;ers,  .nd  wandered  .about  the  retired 
])arts  of  the  t;ar(len  ;  s  imetinies  sittin;^  for  hours 
by  the  tsce  on  v.hirli  ,.ord  lUron  had  carved  his 
n.in  e,  or  at  the  foot  ui'  th;."  monument  which  he 
had  I  rected  amon;.^  the  ruins  of  the  chapel. 
Sometimes  she  reail,  sometiiv.es  she  wrote  with  a 
pencil  on  a  sm,\ll  slate  which  she  carried  with 
her,  but  much  of  he;  time  was  passed  in  a  kind 
of  reverie. 

'I'hc  people  about  the  place  grad.,.dly  became 
accustomed  to  her,  and  suffered  her  to  wander 
about  unmolested  ;  their  distrust  of  her  subsiiled 
on  discovering  that  most  f)f  her  i)eci;liar  and 
lonely  habits  arose  from  the  misfortune  of  being 
deaf  and  dumb.  Still  she  was  regarded  witli 
some  degree  ol  shyness,  for  it  was  the  common 
opini'  '  that  she  was  not  exactly  in  her  right 
mind. 

Colonel  Wildman's  sister  w.is  informed  of  all 
these  circumstances  l)y  the  serv.nits  of  the  .\bbey, 
a.iiong  whom  the  Little  White  Lady  was  a  theme 
of  tret(uent  discussion.  The  .Aljbey  and  its  mo- 
nastic environs  being  haunted  ground,  it  was 
natiual  that  a  mysterious  \isitant  of  the  kind, 
and  one  supposed  to  be  under  the  influence  of 
mental  hallucinalion,  shouki  insjjire  awe  in  a 
person  unaccustomed  to  the  ])lace.  As  Colonel 
Wildman's  sister  was  one  d.iy  w;dking  along  a 
broad  terrace  of  the  garden,  she  s  .iidenly  beheld 
the  Little  White  Lady  ctnning  toward  her,  and, 
in  the  surprise  .and  agitation  of  the  moment, 
turned  aid  r.in  into  the  house. 

Day  alier  day  now  elapsed,  and  nothing  more 
was  seen  of  this  singul.ir  personage.  Colonel 
Wildman  at  length  arrived  at  the  Abbey,  and  his 
sibter  mentioned  to  him  her  rencounti  •  .and  fright 
in  the  g.irden.  It  brought  to  mind  his  own  ad- 
venture with  the  Little  White  Lady  in  the  wood 
of  I'r.dine,  and  he  was  surprised  lo  lind  that  she 
still  eominued  her  mysterious  wanderings  about 
the  Abbey  Tlic  nustery  was  soon  explained. 
ImmediatLly  after  .'lis  arriv.d  he  received  a  letter 
written  in  the  most  minute  and  I'elicace  female 
hand,  and  in  elegant  and  even  eloquent  language. 
It  was  from  the  Little  White  Lady.  She  Lad 
noticed  and  been  shocked  by  the  -.bruov  retreat 
of  colonel  Wildman's  sister  im  seeing  her  in  the 
gartlen  walk,  and  ex|)ressed  her  unhappiness  at 
being  an  object  fif  alarm  to  any  of  his  family. 
She  explained  the  motives  of  her  frecpient  and 
long  visits  to  the  Abbey,  which  proved  to  be  a 
singul.-rly  enthusiastic   idolatry  <  f  t!;-:  ;-enius  of  j  to  Lord  Byron  ; 


Lord  Ryron,  and  a  solitary  .nnd  p.i55i.n,i,e ,;.  l 
light    \n   haunting   the    scenes  he  '    '  '' 

habited.     She  hinted  at  the  intin 


i;ul  nncv 


her  off  from  all  social  comnniiiion  with  L,,  f  ''^'P 
beings,  and  at  her  situation  in  hfc  as  <]    P 
and  bereaved  ;  and  concluded  hv  liiiniiv- ,\  , I'i 
would   not  deprive  her  of  her  unlv  cnnif„rr.u| 
|)erinission  of  visiting  the  Abbe- ■—      ■■  •  "■ 


lingering  .about  the  walks  and  gardens. 

Colonel  Wildman  now  made  funlKr  inr,  ;, 
concerning  her,  and  found  that  she  w,is  ,.'■,(''! 
favorite  with  the  people  of  tlie  farmlumsr  v'l" 
she  boarded,  from  the  gentleness,  (|iii«i:ii,,  ,.j 
innocence  of  her  manners.  WIrh  ^  hcimf "; 
passed  the  greater  part  of  her  time  inasimli!^ 
ting-room,  reading  and  writing.  "' 

Colonel  Wildman  immediately  cnllcd  nn  ho'  i 
the  farmhouse.  She  recei\  ed  '  liim  wni,  >,!,.'.. 
agit.ition  and  emba'-rassment,  but  liis  fnnkri.s's 
and  urbanity  soon  put  Iter  at  her  ease.  Slinis 
oas*  tlie  bloom  of  youth,  a  pale,  ncrvnui  l,;-'. 
being,  and  apparently  (K  licient  in  most  (,f  ;"j 
physical  or,;ans,  for  in  addition  to  heinjjdiaf.ri 
dumb,  she  saw  but  imperfectly.  Thev  i.ir'.l 
on  a  communication  by  means  of  a  snialUliv 
which  she  drew  out  of  her  relicuU',  and  on  «!;■  ;r 
they  wrote  their  (juestions  and  .'plies.  Ip, «rr.i 
ing  or  re.idii  g  she  always  approiiched  li-r  v'vi 
close  to  tie   written  characters. 

This  defective  organization  was  arciim|,.r,.,] 
by  a  niorind  sensibility  almost  aminintiii'.'tti  i!,. 
ci>e.  Siie  had  not  been  born  cleaf  ami  (l.im;,; 
but  had  lost  her  hearing  in  a  fit  of  siikntbi, rl 
with  it  the  power  of  distinct  articul.ilicn.  II, ( 
life  had  eviilently  been  checkered  and  iin'.iai;'; 
she  was  apparently  without  family  or  fricmi.  .i 
lonely,  desolate  being,  cut  off  from  socii'v  '■:■; 
her  infirmities. 

"  I  am  always  among  strangers,"  she  said." -,5 
much  so  in  my  native  country  as  I  cduld  In  ,i| 
the  remotest    parts  of  the  world.     liy  all  I  ,.;;i| 
considered  as  a  stranger   and  an  alan;  nn  ore 
will    acknowledge  any    connection  with  mc.    1 
seem  not  to  belong  to  the  human  species." 

Such  were  the  circumstances  that  tolir.l 
Wildman  was  able  to  draw  forth  in  the  co'.iir.'  f 
his  conversation,  and  they  strcMv^ly  inteusiul 
him  in  favor  of  this  jioor  enthusiast.  He  wast  o 
dexcnit  an  ailniircr  of  Lord  I'lyion  liiinself.no:;) 
sympathi/c  in  this  extraortiinaiy  /cal  of  one  ef  hi 
votaries,  and  he  entreated  her  to  renew  i'.er  vi;::j 
■  it  the  Abbey,  assuring  her  that  the  edifice  :'.:'.d 
its  „''■  ninds  sii/uld  always  be  open  to  her. 

The  Little  White  Lady  now  resumed  lierd,-.;!y 
waifs  in  the  Monk's  ('arden,  and  her  ncrasicn,' 
se;'t  at  the  foot  of  tin  monument;  shcv  -."v 
a'ld  diftident,  however,  and  evidently  f.arfiil  if 
i'ltruding.  If  any  persons  were  walkin;,'  in  lb: 
garden  she  would  avoid  them,  and  seek  ill'.' ir'-t 
remote  jiarts  ;  and  was  seen  like  a  sprite. only';' 
gleams  and  glimjises,  as  she  glided  iiiiii'ni;  i.i 
groves  and  thickets.  Many  oi  her  feelir  s  asd| 
fancies,  during  these  lonely  ramble ;,  weic  t"- 
bodied  in  verse,  noted  down  on  her  ial)!el.  r.r.J 
tr;.nsferred  to  i).iper  in  the  e\  ening  on  her  iv'.in 
to  t'ae  f.nimhouse.  Stune  o(  these  verses  nov,  i;-: 
before  me,  written  with  considerable  h.irinen;  1 
x-ersiticai^'.n,  l.nit  chielly  curi(uis  as  l.H'in.e;  illu^tr.y 
live  of  that  singulai  and'  enthusiastic  idnblry  u:;.i 
which  she  aim.'  st  worshipjied  the  genius  ot  liyron. 
or  rather,  the  nmiantic  imr.ge  of  him  toniici.  :y  ^ 
her  imagination. 

Two  or  three  extracts  mav  not  be  unacD^ptP.J.'^j 
The  follo-vingare  from  a  long  rhapsody  .iddrcsK-i 


t      \  ■ 


NEWSTEAD  AHHEV. 


507 


'"••'!•■>' ■'^"''  passionate,..  I 
s<--c'nes  he  |,;ul     '  '''l 

•'>'>'nninu,nwithi,,,r  'I 
•<»  .-ind  ^;,n■,le|,s,      ■ ^ 

"Hkt  lime  in  i,  small.:; 
wntinj;. 

nu'diatcly  called  nnh,.-., 
'■t-ci.'n«l  him  «i!h  .,\~l 
;"^"'ciu  but  his  frankri;;; 
l'J-''-at  her  ease.  Sho,;,! 
"ivT  |m1o,  nervniii  l;;.'., 
<  '  iHient  in  most  of  1  J 
uldilion  to  IjeinjjiKaiH' 
"l"''lfcily.  Thev  ar-'i 
y  means  of  a  sniall  ^y-. 
UT  rel;>ii!c,ancl  on  «l..'i 
)n.s  and  .cplies.  In  •,ir-'. 
ay?  npproadied  livr  r.'s 
raciens. 

izalion  was  arci)mp,;r,.,J 
almost  amoiiiitiii-.MiM;;',. 
n  l)orn  deaf  and  (Ijiiiij";! 
;  in  a  fit  of  siekiiKs,  ,!r] j 
istinct  articuLition,  H.fl 
^licckered  and  iinliai :  ,, 
tlioiit  family  or  friciKi.  .i| 
cut  off  from  socic'v 

strangers,"  she  said.' 
L-ountry  as  I  niuM  h  :a| 
111-'  \v(jrld.  liy  all  I  ,;-ij 
■r  and  an  aiiui ;  no  iir.cj 
connection  with  ine,  l| 
c  human  s|)ei;its," 
Li instances  that  Co 
aw  forth  in  the  cir.ir.vM'j 
:lify   strongly  inttiistnij 

enthusiast.  '  lie  was ;'.il 
ird  llyron  himself,  iiot;)j 
rdinary  zeal  of  (jiieofhis) 
'd  lier  to  renew  l!erv;^;:ij 
licr  that  the  edifice  .d| 
.s  l)c  oi)cn  to  her. 
:  now  resumed  ImA?. 
den,  and  her  ocra-icn.'' 
nonument ;  she  v  -hy 
ind  evidently  f.arl'ul  cfl 
ins  were  walkiiii;  in  thj 
hem,  and  seek  tli'-Mro^tl 
.•en  like  a  sprite,  or.ly'yl 

she  glided  ampng  '.h.'! 
any  of  her  feelir  s  ?.?.i\ 
lely  ramble.;,  were  cr.- 1 
own  on  her  lahlct,  ,'.r.J  j 
10  e\ening  on  I'.er  iv:'.:ri  j 

o(  these  verses  nov.  ]■: 
nnsiderable  li.u'inor.)  ' ! 
nrious  as  being  Whii'.v.- 
ntluisi.istic  idolatry «:"!  I 
)ed  tiie  genius  of  llyron, 
ni'.gc  of  him  toriiicil  ly  j 

ay  not  be  u.iaeco|itable. 
jiitj  rhapsody  addrcs-w 


„n,„hatdrc.id  charm  thou  rulest  the  mind 
'H  is  niil  yiven  for  us  to  know  ; 
W'e  mIovv  with  feelings  uniletined, 
Nor  can  explain  from  whence  they  flow. 

„jf(,t  that  fond  love  which  passion  breathes 
Anil  youthful  hearts  inflame; 
Xhe  soul  a  noliler  liomaKC  gives, 
Ami  bows  to  thy  great  name. 

■  lOft  have  "C  own'd  the  muses'  skill, 
Ami  proved  the  power  of  .sung, 
Biil  sweeter  notes  ne'er  woke  the  thrill 
Th,-U  solely  to  thy  verse  belong. 

uXhis—hut  far  more,  for  thee  we  prove, 
SDHielliing  that  bears  a  holier  name, 
Than  llie  pure  dream  of  early  love, 
l)r  friendship's  nobler  flame, 

'Somelliing  divine— Oh  !  what  it  is 

T/iv  muse  alone  can  tell, 
So  sweet,  Imt  so  jirofound  the  bliss 
We  dread  to  break  the  spell." 

This  singuhr  and  romantic  infatuation,  for 
iih  it  mi.giit  truly  be  called,  was  entirely  spirit- 
I  d  and  ideal,  for,  as  she  herself  declares  in 
ar.'.kruf  her  rhapsodies,  she  had  never  beheld 
LfirJ  llyron;  be  was,  to  her,  a  mere  phantom  of 
;;•.  brain. 

"I  ne'er  have  drunk  thy  glance — thy  form 
My  earthly  eye  has  never  seen, 
Thoiigli  "ft  ulien  fancy's  visions  warm, 
It  greets  nie  in  some  blissful  dream, 

"(.Ireetsme,  as  greets  the  sainted  seer 
.Some  railiant  visitant  from  high, 
When  lieavcu's  own  strains  break  on  his  ear, 
.\ml  wrap  his  soul  in  ecstasy." 


Her  poetical  wanderings  and  musings  were  not 
cratini'd  to  the  Abbey  grounds,  but  extended  to 
all  parts  of  the  neigbborbood  connecteil  with  the 
Effliory  of  Lord  liyron,  and  among  the  rest  to 
the  groves  and  g.irdens  of  Annesley  Hall,  the 
icii  of  his  early  passion  for  Miss  Cbawortb. 
Or.cofher  poetical  elfusions  mentions  her  having 
seen  from  Howet's  Hill  in  Annesley  I'ark,  a 
"sylphdike  form,"  in  a  car  drawn  by  milk-white 
liorscs,  passing  by  the  foot  of  the  bill,  who  proved 
»bc  the  "  fivorite  cliild,"  seen  by  Lord  Hyron, 
;a  his  memorable  interview  with  Miss  Cliaworth 
sfter  her  marriage.  That  favorite  child  was  now 
abluoniing  girl  ap|;roaebing  to  womanhood,  and 
seems  to  have  understood  something  of  the  char- 
ai.  and  story  of  this  singular  visitant,  and  to 
have  treated  her  with  gentle  sympathy.  The 
Little  White  Lady  expresses,  in  touching  terms, 
in  a  note  to  'ler  verses,  her  sense  of  this  gentle 
courtesy,  "The  benevolent  condescension," 
ays  she,  "of  that  amiable  and  interesting  young 
My,  to  the  iinforttmate  writer  of  those  simjilo 
Ik  will  remain  engraved  upon  a  grateful  mem- 
cry,  till  the  vit.d  .ipark  that  now  animates  a  heart 
l!ia!  too  sensibly  feels,  and  too  seldom  cxperi- 
cicessueh  kindness,  is  for  ever  extinct." 

In  the  meantime,  Colonel  \Vildman,  in  occa- 
spa.!',  interviews,  had  obtained  further  particulars 
oi  the  story  of  the  stranger,  and  found  that  jjov- 
s'tv^vas  .added  to  the  other  evils  of  ber  forlorn 
33iiisol,ued  state.  Her  name  was  Sophia  Hyatt. 
MO  was  the  daughter  of  a  country  bookseller, 
but  both  her  parents  had  died  several  years  be- 
-fs.  At  their  death,  her  sob.'  dependence  was 
'pen  her  brother,  v  ho  allowed  her  a  small  an- 


nuity on  her  share  of  the  property  left  by  their 
f.itber,  and  which  rem.iined  in  bis  hands.  Her 
brother,  who  was  .i  captain  of  a  mercb.mt  vessel, 
removed  with  his  family  to  America,  k'.iving  her 
almost  alone  in  the  world,  for  she  bad  no  other 
rr|,iti\e  ill  England  but  a  cousin,  of  «liom  she 
knew  .ilinost  nothing.  She  receiveil  ber  annuity 
•tgularly  for  a  time,  but  unfortunately  ber  brotlu'r 
lied  in  the  West  Indies,  leaving  Ins  atlairs  in 
confusion,  and  his  est.ite  overhung  bv  several 
commercial  claims,  wbieli  tlire,itciu'(l  lo  swallow 
lip  the  whole.  I'nder  these  disastrous  circum- 
stances, her  annuity  suddenly  ceased  ;  she  b.id 
in  \ain  tried  to  obtain  a  renewal  of  it  from  the 
widow,  or  even  an  account  of  the  state  of  ber 
brotlu'i's  allairs.  Her  letters  for  three  years  past 
bad  remainetl  unanswered,  and  she  would  have 
been  exposed  to  the  horrors  of  the  most  abject 
want,  Ijiit  for  a  [)ittance  ipiarterly  chjled  out  to 
her  by  her  cousin  in  England. 

Colonel  Wildman  entered  with  characteristic 
benevolence  into  the  story  of  her  troubles.  Ife 
saw  that  she  w.is  a  helpless,  uninotected  being, 
unable,  from  her  intirmities  and  her  ignorance 
of  the  world,  to  prosecute  her  just  claims.  He 
obtained  from  ber  the  address  of  ber  relations  in 
America,  and  of  the  commercial  connection  of 
ber  brcthor;  promised,  through  the  medium  of 
bis  own  agents  in  Liverpool,  to  institute  an  in- 
quiry into  the  situation  of  her  brother's  affairs, 
and  to  forward  any  letters  she  might  wiite,  so  as 
to  insure  their  reaching  their  place  of  destin.iticm. 

lns|)ired  with  some  faint  hopes,  the  Little 
White  Lady  continued  her  wanderings  about  the 
Abbey  and  its  neighborliood.  The  delicacy  and 
timidity  of  ber  deportment  increased  the  inter- 
est already  felt  for  her  by  Mrs.  Wildman.  That 
lady,  with  ber  wonted  kindness,  sought  to  make 
acc|uaintance  with  her,  and  inspire  her  with  con- 
fidence. She  invited  her  into  the  Abbey  ;  treated 
her  with  the  most  delicite  attention,  and,  seeing 
that  she  bad  a  great  turn  for  reading,  offered  her 
the  lo.m  of  any  books  in  ber  possession.  .She 
borrowed  a  few,  particularly  the  works  of  Sir 
Walter  Scott,  but  soon  returned  them  ;  the  writ- 
ings of  Lord  Byron  seemed  to  form  the  only 
study  in  which  she  delighted,  and  when  not  occu- 
j)ied  in  reading  those,  her  time  was  passed  in 
])assionate  meditations  on  his  genius.  Her  en- 
thusiasm spread  an  ide.il  world  around  her  in 
which  she  iiioved  and  existed  as  in  a  dream,  for- 
getful at  times  of  the  real  miseries  which  beset 
her  in  her  mortal  state. 

One  of  ber  rhapsodies  is,  however,  of  a  very 
mel.incholy  cast  ;  anticipating  ber  own  de.itb, 
which  her  fragile  frame  and  growing  iiibrmities 
rendered  but  too  probable.  It  is  he.ided  by  the 
following  paragraph. 

"  Written  beneath  the  tree  on  Crowbolt  Hill, 
where  it  is  my  wish  to  be  interred  (if  1  should  die 
in  Newstead)'." 

1  subj(.in  a  few  of  the  stanzas  :  they  are  ad- 
dressed to  Lord  liyron  ; 


'Thou,  while  thou  staml'st  beneath  this  tree, 
While  l)y  thy  foot  this  earth  is  jiress'd, 
Think,  here  the  wanderer's  aslies  be — ■ 
And  wilt  lliou  say,  sweet  be  thy  rest  ! 


"  'Twould  add  even  to  a  scrapli's  bliss 

Whose  sacred  charge  thou  then  ni.iy  bc^ 
To  guile — to  guard — yes,  liyron  !  ye\ 
That  glory  is  reserved  for  me. 


^!i 


t 


in 


COS 


NEWSTEAD  ABBEY. 


'i  ij 


Mi''    I! 


m. 


W:?. 


"  If  woes  hclow  niny  plead  above 

A  frail  heart's  crmrs,  mine  forgiven, 

To  tiiat  '  liij;li  world'  I  >oar,  wliere  'love 

Survisin^  '  forius  the  lilibs  of  Heaven, 

"0  whercsoc'or,  in  realms  above, 
Assiyii'd  niy  spirit's  new  abode, 
'Twill  watch  thee  with  a  seraph's  love, 
Till  thou  too  soar'at  to  meet  thy  God. 

"  And  here,  beneath  this  lonely  tree — 

Jiencalh  llu;  earth  thy  feet  have  preis'd, 
My  du^t  shall  sleep— once  dear  to  thee 

These  sceiiev-  here  may  the  wanderer  rest  !" 

In  the  midst  of  lic-r  reveries  and  rhapsodies, 
tidin^js  reached  Newstead  of  the  tintiiiiely  death 
of  Lord  I'.yron.  How  they  were  reLei\ed  by  this 
humljle  but  passionate  devotee  I  coidd  not  as- 
eertain  ;  her  life  was  too  obscure  and  lonely  to 
finnish  much  personal  anecdote,  but  amonj;  her 
poetical  elTusions  are  several  written  in  a  broken 
an?l  irrej^ular  manner,  and  evidenily  under  yre.at 
agitation. 

The  followin;;  sonnet  is  the  most  coherent  and 
most  descrifitive  of  her  peculiar  state  of  mind  ; 

"  Well,  thou  art  gone— but  what  wert  thou  to  me? 

I  never  saw  thee  — never  heard   thy  voice, 
Yet  my  soul  seemed  to  claim  affiance  with  thee. 

The  Roman  IkuiI  has  sunj^  of  fields  Klysian, 
Wiiere  the  soul  scijourns  ere  she  visits  earth  ; 

Sure  it  was  there  my  s])irit  knew  thee,  iiyron  ! 
Thine  imaj,;e  haunteth  me  liUe  a  jiast  virion  ; 

It  liatli  enshrined  itself  in  my  heart's  core  ; 
'Tis  my  soul's  soul — it  fills  the  whole  creation. 

For  I  do  live  but  in  that  world  ideal 
Which  the  muse  peopled  with  her  britjht  fancies, 

And  of  that  worhl  thou  art  a  monarch  real. 
Nor  ever  earthly  sceptre  ruled  a  kingdom, 

With  Bw.ay  so  potent  as  thy  lyre,  the   mind's  do- 
minion." 


Taking  all  the  circumstances  here  adduced 
into  consideration,  it  is  evident  that  this  strong 
c.Ncitement  and  exclusive  occujjation  of  the 
mind  upon  one  subject,  operating  upon  a  sys- 
tem in  a  high  state  of  morbid  irritability,  was 
in  danger  of  producing  that  species  of  mental 
derangement  called  monomania.  The  poor  little 
being  was  aware,  herself,  of  the  dangers  of  her 
case,  and  alluded  to  it  in  the  following  passage  of 
a  letter  to  Colonel  W'ildman,  which  presents  one 
of  the  most  lamentable  pictures  of  anticipated 
evil  ever  conjmed  up  by  the  liunian  mind. 

'■  I  have  long,"  writes  she,  "  too  sensibly  felt 
the  decay  of  my  mental  faculties,  wliich  1  con- 
sider as  the  certain  indication  of  that  dreaded 
calamity  which  I  anlicijiate  with  such  terror.  A 
strange  idea  has  long  liaimted  my  mind,  that 
Swift's  drca<lful  fate  will  be  mine.  It  is  not  ordi- 
nary insanity  1  so  much  api)rehcnd,  but  some- 
thing worse  — absolute  idiotism  ! 

"Osir!  think  what  1  must  suffer*  from  such 
an  idea,  without  an  earthly  friend  to  look  up  to 
for  protection  in  such  a  wretched  state — exposed 
to  the  indecent  insidts  which  such  spectacles  al- 
ways excite,  lint  I  dare  not  dwell  u])on  the 
thought  ;  it  would  facilitate  the  event  I  so  much 
dreacl,  and  rontempl.ite  with  horror.  Yet  I  can- 
not help  thinking  from  ])eo])le's  behavior  to  me 
at  times,  and  from  after  retlections  upon  my  con- 
duct, that  syminoms  of  the  disease  arc  already 
apparent." 

Five  months  passed  away,  but  the  letters  writ- 
ten by  her,  and  forwarded   by  Colonel  Wildman 


to  America  relative  to  her  brother's  affaj,, 
niained  unanswered  ;  tlie  in(|uirics  instiuii„i' i*' 
the  Colonel  had  as  yet  proved  ei|ually  f'uitl    ' 
A  deeper  gloom  and  dcspontkncv  now  sicmd'i 
gather  upon  her  mmd.     She   begiui  to  tilk    f 
leaving  Newstead,  and   repairing  t„  London ', 
the  vague  hope  of  obtaining  relief  (jr  re(lrcs,'l, 
instituting  some  legal   jirocess  to  .isn  rtain 'in'l 
enforce  the  will  of  her  deceased  brotjur.    \\   ' 
elapsed,  however,  before  she   could  siimnioii-l 
sufficient  resolution  to  tear  liersclf  away  finn,  .f!. 
scene    of   poetical    f.iscination.      The   follimii. 
simple   stanzas,  selected  from  a  nuiidnT  wiir,'n 
about  the  time,  express,  in  luunble  iliymtb,  t|.. 
melancholy  that  preyed  upon  her  spirui ; 

"  Farewell  to  thee,  Newstead,  thy  timerivcn  towers 
Si;all  meet  the  fond  gaze  of  the  pili;iiin  n,,  mor-'; 
No  more  m.ay  she  roam  through  thy  wall'      ,  ly 
bowers. 
Nor  muse  in  thy  cloisters  at  eve's  ptn,ivc  hour 

"  Oh,  how  shall  [  leave  you,  ye  hills  and  ye  daks 
When  lost  in  sid  musing,  though  >,t1  not  imHc-t 
A  lone  pilgrim  I  str.ay — .Mi  !  in  tli'jsc  Imnly  valt>, ' 
1  hoped,  vainly  hoped,  that  the  pil-iim  miMin  ,[.<,_ 

"  Yet  rest  is  far  distant--in  the  dark  vale  of  dcith, 
Alone  I  shall  find  it,  an  out(■a^t  fuilnrii— 
liut  hence  vain  complaints,  though  by  fni tunc  bereft 
(Jf  all  that  could  solace  in  life's  eaily  inurn. 

"  Is  not  man  from  his  birth  doomed  a  pil;,;iim  loro.im 
O'er  the   world's  dreary  wilds,  wlieiite  hy  fon;;i.c', 
rude  gust, 
In  his  pall),  if  some  flowrct  of  joy  eli.iniol  In  !.|of  si, 
It  is  torn  and  its  foliage  laul  low  in  the  i!u>l." 

At  length  she  fixed  upon  a  day  for  licr  tkp.ir- 
ture.  On  the  day  previous,  she  paid  a  farcwdl 
^isit  to  the  Abbey  ;  wandering  o\er  iicry  part  it 
the  grounds  and  gartlen  ;  pausing  and  linijeriii:; 
at  every  i)lacc  ])articularly  associated  witii  the 
recollection  of  Lord  Iiyron;  and  passing' a  lunj 
time  seated  at  the  foot  of  the  niomiinent,  which 
she  used  to  call  "  her  altar,"  Seeking  Mrs.  WiU- 
man,  she  placed  in  her  hands  a  sealed  packet, 
with  an  earnest  recpiest  that  she  would  nut  open 
it  until  after  her  departure  from  the  neigliborhdod. 
This  done,  she  took  an  affectionate  leave  of  her, 
and  with  manv  bitter  tears  bade  farewell  ti  tk 
Abbey. 

On  retiring  to  her  room  that  evening,  Mr;. 
\Yildman  could  not  refrain  from  inspecting  tlic 
legacy  of  this  singular  being.  On  opening  the 
jiacket,  she  found  a  number  of  fugitive  poems, 
written  in  a  most  delicate  and  iiiiiuitc  hand,  .ind 
evidently  the  fruits  of  her  rewries  and  medita- 
tions during  her  lonely  rambles  ;  from  iliesc  the 
foregoing  extracts  ha\  e  been  m.ule.  These  were 
accompanied  by  a  volumimuis  letter,  written  «i;h 
the  pathos  and  el<H|uence  of  genuine  feeling,  ."id 
depicting  her  jjeculiar  situ.ation  and  singular  st.ito 
of  mind  in  dark  but  painful  colors. 

"The  last  time,"  says  she,  "that  I  had  the 
pleasure  of  seeing  you,  in  the  garden,  you  aiktd 
me  why  I  leave  Newstead  ;  when  1  told  ynu  my 
circumstances  <d)liged  me,  the  expression  ol  con- 
cern which  I  fancied  I  observed  in  your  lonk  and 
manner  would  have  encouraged  nie  to  have  been 
explicit  at  the  time,  but  from  niv  iu.ibility  ot  ex- 
pressing myself  verbally." 

She  then'goes  on  to  detail  precisely  her  pecuni- 
ary circumstances,  by  which  it  appears  that  her 
whole  dependence  for  subsistence  w:is  on  an  al- 
lowance of  thirteen  pounds  a  \  ear  from  her  cousin, 


NEW.STEAD   AUUEY. 


r.oo 


■r  brother's  affairue. 
'"Klines  in.iiiut,,i  h, 

"'li-'ncy  now  5ucmc,|.„ 
'"■',  ''^H'"'  1"  lalk  if 
P'""".'  U,  London.  .„ 
'«  ri'lR'f  „r  rnlr,,,  i,, 
"fss  to  asi'i  nam  ,^,1 
nsc.l  l.rothn-.  W,,^, 
"1-'  '•■iiiilii  bummon.ia 
iKTsclfauiiyfn,,,,,',: 
"""•  Tlu'  foll„u;r'. 
rum  a  nunihiTuiifi,; 
1  Iiuiiilik'  ihviiRs, -h.. 
on  licT  spinii : 

lliy  liini.--riven  Idwih, 
'''tlic  liil.niiiii  Ml,  nii.n'' 
rouyli  thy  wall.      .  ,,', 

at  eve's  peii,ive  hour. 

e  liilK  and  ye  dales, 
tliout,'li  svl  iiMt  imhlc-1, 
!  in  tli'j'ic  liiiicly  valc>, 
It  the  iiili;rim  ini;;lit  ust, 

e  (lark  v.ilc  of  ile.-\!li, 
itca-^t  fi 111.. Ill— 
hiiiif^h  hy  f.. mine  bereft 
life's  e.iily  mum. 

nmed  a  pil^'iim  t.i  ro.im 
ihls,  wlieiiLc  hy  furiuiie'i 

if  j(iy  eh.inL-e.l  to  Mofj,, 
111  Urn  ill  ihu  ihisi," 

1  a  (lay  fi.r  her  ckp.ir- 
5,  she  paid  a  farLuill 
ills,'  "\'<-'r  eiery  part  i.|' 
)ausiii>5  and  iin;,'eri!i,,' 
associated  willi  the 
;  and  passinj,'  a  ions 
ihc  momiment,  which 
'  Seekiii.ii  Mrs.  Wild- 
nds  a  sealed  piickct, 
t  slie  would  not  open 
»in  the  iU'i.ulihorhdod, 
;ti(i]iate  leave  of  lur, 
bade  farewell  li  the 

tliat   evenin;,',  Mrs. 

from  inspectiii;,'  the 
ng.  On  opening  the 
:t  of  fuLjitivc  poctnj, 
nd  niinute  hand,  .ind 
reveries  and  mcilit.v 
olcs  ;  from  these  the 
t  made.  The^e  were 
us  letter,  w  ritten  with 

genuine  feelini;.  and 
ion  and  singular  state 
colors. 

lie,  •'  that  I  had  the 
ic  garden,  you  asked 

wlien  1  told  ynii  my 
lie  expres^ion  of  con- 
vcd  in  your  look  and 
^0(1  me'  to  have  been 
n  my  inability  of  ex- 

precisely  her  peciini- 

it  ajiiiears  that  her 

stcnce  wa.s  on  an  al- 

vcar  from  her  coiisii). 


:,  bestowed  it  through  ,1  foclinj,'  of  prule,  lest 

' nim^e'bliould  eome  upon  the  parish.     Durin;^' 

I    '  vi'ar.s  till'*  P'"'""^^'-'  '"'"^  been  augnientenl  from 

h  r  si.iirces,  to  twenty-three  pounils,  but   the 

ne.irit  had  shrunk  witliin  its  original  bonnds, 

'-': ii,is  vK-lded  so  grudgingly,  that  siu;  could  not 

riliiireof  its  coniiiuiance  from  one  ([u.irter  to 

VjtlkT.    More  than  once  it  had  been  witliliekl 

r.  shtjl'it  pretences,   anil   she    was    in    constant 

-«dle''t  1'  should  be  entirely  withdrtiwn. 

••[lis Willi  extreme  reluctance,"  observes  she, 

■••hat  1  li''^*-'  *""   '^'"'   ''■'<P"S'-''l   '">'    imfortunati' 

.nation;  hut  1  thought  you  expecteil  to  know 

I'liieihiiv  more  of  it,  and  I  feared  that  Cohuud 

Vi.iilniaii,  deceived  by  appearances,  might  think 

■  V.lani  ill  110  immediate  w.iiit,  and  thai  the  de- 

1  of  .1  few  weeks,   or   months,    respecting    the 

-.jjirv,  can  he  of  no  inateri.al  consequence.     It 

j.ihsiihitelv  necessary  to  the  success  of  the  busi- 

•lijthat  L'l'ilonel  Wildui.an  should  know  the  ex. u:t 

■tiieofmvcircumstances  without  reserve,  that  he 

r„;v  be  enabled  to  make  a  correct  representation 

.>lthem  to  any  gentleman  whom  he  intends  to  in- 

;;^^t|^dul.  I  presume,  if  they  are  not  of  Americ. 

ihiiibelvci,  li.ive  some  connections  there,  through 

»:;.in  my  friends  may  be  convinced  of  the  reality 

;iav distress,  if  they  pretend  to  iloubt   it,  as  1 

■;ii|.oa'  lliey  do.     Hut  to  be  more  explicit  is  ini- 

r.isible;  it  would   be  too   humili.iting   to  ])ar- 

[.d.nui:  the'  circumstances  of  the  embarrassment 

;r.  ahicli  1  am   nnh.ippily    involveil  —  my   utter 

.;.s:;tiition.    To  disclose  all  might,  too,  be  liable 

;  an  inference  which  I  hope  I  am  not  so  void  of 

i.iiiaiy,  of  natural   jiridc,    as    to    endure    the 

t!;  J.^lit of.    I'tirdon  me,  madam,  for  thus  giving 

•.;i»lile  where  1  have  no  right  to  do— compelled 

:  throu'  myself  upon    Colonel    Wihlmtin's  hu- 

'  ni.aity.  to  eiitre::t  his  earnest  exertions   in   my 

I  b.h.df.fiir  it  is  now  my  only  resource.     Yet  do  not 

I  t.'niiidi  despise  me  for  thus  submitting  to  im- 

P'.i'.'ius  necessity — it  is  not  love  of  life,  believe 

j.e  I!  is  nut,  nor  anxiety  for  its  ])reservation.     I 

■anot  say,  '  There   are   things    that  make    the 

veld  dear  to  me,' — for  in  the  world  there  is  not 

:.:. 'hject  to  make  ;;/(•  wish  to  linger  here  another 

hr,  cnihl  1  lind  thtit  rest  and  peace  in  the  grave 

vr.i.'h  1  have  never  found  on   earth,  and  I    fear 

'■a  be  denied  me  there."' 

.■\niithcr  part  of  her  letter  develops  more  coin- 

p'.vtely  the  dark  despondency  hinted   at   in   the 

i!  ::c!iision  of  the  foregoing  extract— and  ])resents 

I  a laicntahle  instance  of  a  mind  diseaseil,  wdiich 

ight  in  vain,  amidst  sorrow  and  calamity,  the 

i'let  consolations  of  religious  ftiith. 

"That  my  existence   has  hitherto  been  pro- 

,  l)c;ed,"  s,iys  she,  "often  beyond  what    I  have 

thought  to  have  been   its    destined   period,    is 

I  astonishing  to  myself.     Often  when  my  situation 

bibccn  as  desperate,  as  hopeless,  or  more  so, 

;:?!'"il)le,  than  it  is  at  present,  some  unexpected 

""•.rpoiition  of  Providence  has  rescued  inc  from 

•  fjte  that  has  appeared   inevitable.     I  do  not 

piraciilarly  allude  to  recent  circumstances  or  lat- 

:-rycar-,,  for  from  my  earlier  years  I  have  been 

:  !■:.■  child  of  Providence — then  why  should  I  dis- 

'■-it  115  care  now  ?     I  do  not  <//j'trust  it — neither 

-'trust  it.     1  feci  perfectly  unanxious,  uncon- 

■'"■fd,  and  inditTcrent  as  to' the  future;  but  this 

^-f't  trust  in  Providence— not  that  trust  which 

[■'"■«  claims  its  protection.     I    know   this    is   a 

■:ni>ihlc  indifference — it  is  more— for  it  reaches 

';-*interniin,able  future.     It  turns  almost  with 

>-,;-iist  from  the  bright  prospects  which  religion 

'"•rs  lor  the  consolation   and    support   of  the 

"'■itched,  and  to  which  I  was  early  taught,  by  au 


idniost  ailored  mother,  to  look  forw.ird  with  hope 
ami  joy  ;  but  to  me  they  cm  ali'ord  no  consid.i- 
tion.  Not  that  I  doubt  the  sacreil  truths  tliat 
religion  inculcates.  I  cannot  doubt  though  I 
confess  I  have  sometimes  tried  to  ilo  so,  bec.ius.' 
I  no  longer  wish  for  th:\t  iminort.dity  of  which  it 
assures  us.  My  only  wish  now  is  for  rest  and 
peace— endless  rest.  '  I'or  rest — but  not  to  feel 
'tis  rest,'  but  I  cannot  delude  iiiyse  If  with  the 
hope  that  such  rest  will  be  my  lot.  1  feel  .in  in- 
ternal evidence,  stronger  than  tiny  arguments  tliat 
reason  or  religion  cm  enfortx',  tli.it  I  li.ue  th.it 
within  me  which  is  im])erisli.ible  ;  tlmt  drew  not 
iis  origin  frcjin  the  '  clod  of  the  valley.'  With 
this  conviction,  but  without  ti  lujpe  to  brighten 
the  prospect  of  that  dretul  future  : 

"  '  I  dare  ii.it  look  beyoii.l  the  l.iinli, 
Vet  eaiiiiot  hope  (or  peace  liefoie, ' 

"  Su(di  an  unhappy  frame  of  mind,  I  am  sure, 
mailaiii,  must  excite  your  comiuiser.ition.  It  is 
perhtips  owing,  in  part  at  Icist,  to  the  siditude  in 
which  1  have  lived,  I  may  stiy,  even  in  the  midst 
of  society  ;  when  1  have  mixetl  in  it  ;  .is  my  int'ir- 
niities  entirely  exclude  me  from  th.it  sweet  inter- 
course of  kindred  spirits — th.it  sweet  sohK'c  of  re- 
tined  converstition  ;  the  little  intercourse  I  luue 
tit  any  time  with  those  around  nic  ciiinot  be 
termed  conversation — they  are  not  kiiulied  spirits 
—-and  even  where  circuiii,t.inces  htive  iis^oiitited 
me  (but  rtirely  indeed)  with  superior  and  culti- 
vtitcd  minds,  who  have  not  dituhiiiud  to  tulinit 
me  to  their  society,  they  could  not  liy  till  their 
generous  et'tbrts,  even  in  early  youth,  lure  from 
my  ihirk  soul  the  thoughts  that  loved  to  lie  buried 
there,  nor  inspire  me  with  the  courage  to  attempt 
their  disclosure  ;  and  yet  of  till  the  jdetisures  <;f 
liolished  life  which  ftmcy  litis  often  picturetl  to 
me  in  such  \  ivid  colors,  there  is  not  one  thtit  1 
have  so  ardently  coveteel  as  that  sweet  reciiiroci- 
tion  of  idetis,  the  supreme  bliss  of  enlightened 
minds  in  the  hour  of  socitd  converiie.  15ut  thi.-.  1 
knew  was  not  decreeil  for  me — 

"  '  Vet  tliis  was  in  my  nature- -' 

but  since  the  loss  of  my  hetiring  I  have  tdways 
been  incapable  of  verbal  eonvcrsalio!!.  I  need 
not,  however,  inform  you,  madiiui,  of  this.  Al 
the  tlrst  interview  with  which  you  f.ivorcel  me, 
you  ciuickly  discovered  my  jieculhir  itiihappiiie:,.! 
in  this  respect  ;  you  perceived  from  my  in. inner 
that  ;iny  attennK  to  drtivv  me  into  c mversation 
would  be  in  vain — htid  it  been  ollierwi.e.  per- 
haps you  would  not  luue  disihiitied  now  .ind 
then  to  luive  soothed  the  h/Uely  wanderer  with 
yours.  1  have  sometimes  fancied  wIumi  1  have 
seen  you  in  the  walk,  thtit  you  seeined  to  wirdi  to 
encourtige  me  to  throw  myself  in  your  vv.iy.  Par- 
don me  if  my  imtigination,  loo  tipt  to  beguile  me 
with  such  ilear  illusions,  has  deceived  me  into  too 
presumptuous  an  idea  here.  You  must  luiv  c  ob- 
served that  I  genertiUy  endeavored  to  tivoid  both 
you  and  Colonel  Wildnian.  It  w.is  to  spare  your 
generous  hctirts  the  ptiin  of  witnessing  distress 
you  could  not  alleviate.  Thus  cut  oil",  ;is  it  were, 
from  all  luimtui  society,  I  have  been  compelled 
to  live  in  a  world  of  my  own,  and  certtiinly  with 
the  beings  with  which  my  world  is  peo[)led,  I  am 
at  no  loss  to  converse.  lUit,  thougli  I  love  soli- 
tude anel  am  never  in  want  of  subjcts  to  amuse 
my  fancy,  yet  solitude  too  much  indulged  in  must 
necessarily  have  an  unhappy  effect  upon  the  mind, 
which,   when  left  to  seek   fur   resources  wholly 


no 


NRWSTKAD   AIJIJKV. 


im 


mi 


f,  •■■  '■ 


within  itself  will,  ima%'oi(lably,  in  hours  of  Rloom 
anil  tlcsiiondincy,  brood  ovtT  rorrodiiij,'  tlioughls 
that  jiruy  upon  the  spirits,  and  sonu'timi's  termi- 
nate in  rontirined  niisantlirdpy— especially  with 
those  who,  I'tom  constitution,  or  early  misfor- 
tunes, are  iiK'lined  to  melanelinly,  and  to  view 
Iniman  nature  in  its  dark  shades.  And  have  I 
rot  cause  for  i,'loomy  rellections?  The  utter 
loneliness  of  my  lot  would  alone  have  rendereil 
existence  a  curse  to  one  wiioni  nature  has  formed 
glowinj;  with  ;dl  the  warmth  of  soiial  affection, 
yet  without  an  object  on  which  to  plac:e  it — witli- 
oul  one  natural  connection,  one  earthly  friend  to 
anpeal  to,  to  shield  me  from  the  contempt,  indi^;- 
mties,and  insults,  to  which  my  deserted  situation 
ctmtinually  exposed  me.  ' 

I  am  [;i"int,'  li>ii;,'  extracts  from  this  Utti'r,  yet  I 
cannot  refr.iin  from  subjoining;  another  letter, 
wliicli  de[>iiMs  her  feelinijs  with  respect  to  New- 
stead. 

"  Permit  me,  madam,  a;;ain  to  re((uest  your 
and  Colonel  Wildman's  acceptance  of  these  ac- 
knowledj^ments  which  I  cannot  too  often  rei)eat, 
for  your  unexampled  j;f)odness  to  a  rude  stranj^er. 
I  know  I  ou;.;lU  not  to  have  taken  advantaj^e  of 
your  extreme  ^;oo(l  nature  so  frequently  as  I  have. 
i  should  have  absented  myself  from  your  fjarclen 
durin<^  the  stay  of  the  company  at  the  Abbey, 
but,  as  I  knew  I  must  be  j^one  lop^'  before  they 
would  lea\e  it,  1  could  not  deny  layself  the  indul- 
j;ence,  as  you  so  freely  i^ave  mc  your  jjermission  to 
continue  my  walks,  but  now  they  are  at  an  entl. 
I  have  taken  my  last  farewell  of  every  dear  and 
interestinjf  spot,  which  I  now  never  hope  to  see 
again,  unless  my  disembodii'd  spirit  may  be  per- 
mitted to  revisit  them. — Yet  O!  if  Providence 
shovdd  enable  me  aj^ain  to  support  ni\  self  with 
any  dcj,'ree  of  respectability,  and  you  should 
{,'rant  me  some  little  humble  shed,  with  what  joy 
shall  I  return  and  renew  my  deli;;htl'ul  rambles, 
liutdear  as  Newstead  is  tonic,  I  will  never  aj,Min 
come  under  the  same  imliappy  circumstances  as 
I  have  this  last  time — ne\  er  without  the  means  of 
at  least  securing;  myself  from  contempt.  How 
dear,  how  very  ilear  Newstead  is  to  me,  how  un- 
coni|uerable  the  infatuation  that  jiossesses  mc,  1 
am  now  j^oing  to  gi\e  .i  too  convincing  jiroof.  In 
offering  to  your  accejn:'.nce  the  worthless  tritles 
that  will  accompany  this,  I  hope  you  will  beliexe 
that  I  have  no  view  to  yinu-  amusement.  I  dare 
not  ho])e  that  the  consideration  of  their  being  the 
products  of  yovu' own  gp.rden,  and  most  of  them 
written  there,  in  my  little  tablet,  while  sitting  at 
the  foot  of  iitv  A/td, — I  could  not,  1  cannot  resist 
the  earnest  desire  of  leaving  this  memorial  of  the 
many  hap|)y  hours  I  have  there  enjoyed.  Oh  ! 
do  not  reject  them,  madam  ;  suffer  them  to  re- 
main with  yini,  and  if  you  slu)ulil  deign  to  honor 
them  with  a  jjcrusal,  when  you  read  them  repress, 
if  you  can,  the  smile  that  I  know  will  too  natu- 
rally arise,  v\hen  you  recollect  the  appearance  of 
the  wretched  being  who  lias  dared  to  devote  her 
whole  soul  to  the  contemplation  of  such  more 
than  human  excellence.  Vet,  ridiculinis  as  such 
dcNotion  may  appear  to  somi ,  I  must  take  leave 
to  say,  that  if  the  sentiments  which  I  have  enter- 
tained for  that  exalted  being  could  be  duly  appre- 
ciated, I  trust  they  wenild  be  found  to  be  of  such 
a  nature  as  is  no  dishonor  even  for  him  to  have 
insjiircd,"     .... 

"  I  am  now  coming  to  t.akc  a  last,  last  view  of 
scenes  too  deeply  impressed  ujion  my  memory  ever 
to  be  effaced  even  by  madness  itself,  O  madam  ! 
may  you  never  know,  nor  be  able  to  conceive 
the  agony  1  endure   in   tearing  myself  from  all 


ih.nt  the  world  contains  nf  dc.nr  and  McnM  i,  ,, 
the  only  s\w\.  on  earth  where  I  c;in  over  h™,.T, 
peace  or  comfort.  May  every  hll•sHin^;  \W  J,u 
lias  to  liestow  atfentl  you,  or  r.iilicr,  niw  - 
lung,  long  live  in  the  enjoyment  of  tiiu  ,y  i^, 
of  y(uir  own  (laradise,  in  secret  mtIu-jih  (,,,"' ' 
"orld  that  has  no  real  blessings  to  bistow  v;,., 
I  go— but  ()  might  I  dare  to  hope  ili,it  whinM',, 
are  enjoying  these  blissful  scenes,  a  lliuiijhi  rf 
the  unhappy  wanderer  miglit  sonulimn  ™. 
v<un-  mind,  how  soothing  would  such  ,in  idci  W 
if  I  dared  to  indulge  it— could  ynn  %k  m;  i;n,l 
at  this  moment,  how  needless  would  it  \k  in ,!! 
sure  you  of  the  res|)ectful  gratitude,  \\k  ann. 
tionate  esteem,  this  heart  must  i  vcr  Ijuir  v  ] 
both." 

The  effect  of  this  letter  upon  the  ^miM: 
heart  of  Mrs.  Wildman  may  be  morennililvc  r.. 
(  eived  than  exjiressed.  Ibr  tirst  ini|iiilu' «.i<') 
give  a  home  to  this  |)oor  honielcss  In  iii',;,  anfl  !i 
li\  her  in  the  midst  of  those  sients  \\\w\\  ffirnul 
her  earthly  paradise.  She  conuininiriitiil  l^r 
wishes  to  Colonel  Wildman,  and  lliev  iiKt  u'h 
an  immedi.ite  response  iu  his  j^incrnih  Jx.sdm, 
It  was  settled  on  the  sjiot,  that  lui  ;ip;irlimn! 
shoiilil  be  fitted  u|)  for  the  Little  Wliiti.'  I,n(i\  m  I 
one  of  the  new  farmhouses,  and  eviry  arraiij;!.  | 
ment  made  for  her  comfortable  ,ind  piriii.inir; 
maintenance  on  the  est.ite.  W'idi  ii  wnmin's 
liromi)t  benevolence,  Mrs,  Wildman,  liefiiri' <li» 
laid  her  head  upon  her  i>illow,  wrote  the  folluv. 
ing  letter  to  the  destitute  stranger: 


"N'KwsrKAii  AniiKv, 
"  Tuesday  night,  .SL-|iU.Miiln;r  :o,  i?;_;. 

"  On  retiring  to  my  bedcliamlicr  this  cvcni:,; 
1  have  opened  your  letter,  and  (annul  Idsoair.o- 
ment   in  expressing  to    you   the   stron;,;  intcnst 
which    it  has  excited   both  in  Colonel  Wildman ' 
iind  myself,  from  the  details  of  \oiir  luTuliir  •,;•  . 
nation,  and  the  delicate,  and,  let  me  add,i.'le^.ia 
language    in    which    they   are   conveyed.    1  .iin 
anxious  that  my  note   should  reach  you  prcvioa  j 
to   your    departure  from  this  nei;^lil)orhiiud,  apd  I 
shoi'ild  be  truly  happy  if,  by  any  arnui^i'iiKiit  W 
your  accommodation,  1  could  prevent  the  ncccv 
sily  of  your  undertaking   the  journey,    Col^nd 
Wildman  begs  me  to  assure  you  that  he  will  ;i!e 
his  best  exertions  in  the   investigation  of  tli  >c 
matters   which   ytni  have    conlided  to  him,  a'J 
should  you  remain  here  at  ))reseiU,  or  reUirn a::..,n 
after  a  short  absence,  I  trust  we  shall  lir.d  imar.; 
to  become  better  acquainted,  and  to  coinince  y.u  I 
of  the  interest  I  feel,  and  the  real  saiisf.iction  :t 
would  afford  mc  to  contribute  in  any  wiiy  to  yojr 
comfort  and  happiness.     I  will  only  now  addn;v 
thanks  for  the  little  packet  which  1  received  »:n 
your  letter,  and  I  must  confess  that  the  letter  liai 
so  entirely  engaged  my  attention,  that  1  hue  n'.  ^ 
as  yet  had  time  for  the  attentive  perusal  ot  ;:i 
ciunpanion. 

"  Uelieve  mc,  dear  madam,  with  sincere  iou  . 
wishes, 

"  Yours  truly,  „ 

"  LOL-I.SA  Wll  OMAN. 

Early  the  next  morning  a  servant  was  (;;:•  I 
patched  with  the  letter  to  the  Weir  M'^  f""':":; 
returned  with  the  information  that  the  Little  « !•  -  j 
Ladv  had  set  off,  before  his  arrival,  in  emiipai; 
with  the  farmer's  wife,  in  a  cart  for  .Noitiiii,'lw  M 
to  take  her  place  in  the  coach  for  London.  .*  =•  1 
Wildman  ordered  him  to  mount  horse  insianii,, 


"'•IV  '  f:incvTrh„n,.(,, 
^■v^'rybk.ssinjiihe;,,,:, 

"."•  "•■  f'XlHT,  nuv  u„ 
iJoyiiK'nt  „f  th,  4:1,.,,,; 

S'  t"  l"i|'>^^tluiHh,.n\„, 
"1  scenes,  ;i  il„„|jj|„'  ,,■ 
nut,'ht  Sdnieiimcs  nw. 
:  woiil'l  siidi  an  hb  i,f 
rniild  ymi  s(V.'  my  hti;- 
(Hess  W(.iil(l  It  \k  If)  s! 
fill  Ui-iititude,  ilii.  at;.-. 
lit   iiiu-,t  ever  IxMr  ■,.  , 


NRNVSTKAn   AHUKY, 


ftll 


folio*  »i^ 
bcr  hand  be 
The  ht:,\r^ 

nor  ipiif.  ■""' 
im'iiti-'rinn 
ip.i 


ih  all  "ipcc'li  ■'^"f'  deliver  the  letter  intd 


fore  tlic  (le|iiirtiirc  of  tlu:  cD.ieli 
r  lit  >;i»i<l  ticlinj;s  spareil  neither  wlii| 
[|  arrjveil  :it  Nottin^th.iin  oil  a  K'""l' 
ihe  tiiwn  a  crowd  olistructed  liim  in 


the  pri"'' 


1  sire 


jt.     Me   checked   his  horse   to 


ikl-  iiisMay  ilirminh  it  (|iiietly.     As    the  crtiwd 

I  111  the  ri^lit  and  lel'l,  ho  beheld  a  human 

llie  pavement. — It  was  the  corpse 


■iioncd 


bulvKin: 


Little'  White  Lady  I 


It 


seems  that  on  nrruin^;  in  town  and  dismount- 


ing' from  the  i  art,  the  lariiur's  wil\'  had   jLiried 
witli  lier  to  ),'()  on  an  erraiul,  and  the  White  Lady 


continued  on  toward  the  co,u 


■li-otll- 


li 


in^;  a  street  a  cart  came  alon^,'  dri\en  at  a  rapid 
r.Ue,  The  driver  c.dled  out  to  her,  but  slie  was 
too  deaf  to  iiear  his  Miice  or  the  ratiliii);  of  his 
cart.  In  .m  instant  siic  was  knocked  do\sn  by  the 
horse,  and  the  wheels  passed  over  her  body,  and 
she  died  without  a  ifroan. 


Xkwstkah  AniiKv, 
night,  Sfptoiiiljcr  :u,  iS;;. 

sdchanibcr  this  cvcnm,' 
r,  and  cannot  Ium;  ;i  im- 1 
>-ou   the   stron;.;  intcnst 
th  in  Colonel  U'ildma  | 
ails  of  Noiir  peculi.ir  -.;■  1 
and,  let  ine  .•i(l(l,elc^'. 
■    are   conveyed.     1  .11:1  | 
.)uld  reach  ymi  prcvioa 

this  nei;^hh(irhiii>d,  sr:J  I 

by  any  air.iiij^eincnt tor  | 
:ould  prevent  the  nccci- 
;   the  jonrney.    Ccl'ini! 
ure  yon  that  he  will  ;iiC  I 
l;   investigation  of  llr-cj 
I    confided  to  him,  r.d 
;  ))reseiu,  or  return  .i;:.i;n  | 
rust  we  bhall  tindmwr.s 
ted,  and  to  convince  y.u  | 
I  the  real  satisf.iction  : 
bute  in  any  way  to  yoar  I 

I  will  only  now  addir.y 
n  which  f  received  u;:h  I 
)nfess  that  the  letter  k.i 
ttention,  that  1  h:ivcrr;| 

attentive  perusal  ct  ::; 

dam,  with  sincere  gofJ 


'  Louis.\  Wll.DM.VN. 

nj^   a   servant  wns  a:-- 
the  Weir  Mill  farm.  1)1- I 

;ion  that  the  Little  Wl"'-' I 

his  arrival,  in  comp.wy  j 
a  cart  for  Nottinglunii 

oach  fur  Lond.m.    M''' 
mount  horse  instantly)] 


ividown  tfi 
ir.  account  of 
Abbotst'ord. 
evpect  much 
liken  at  tlv 
ffiv  mcmorv  s 
ihail  (lisapjio 
crj'Jeness  of  i 

Late  in  the 
r.vcJ  at  the  ;i: 
«h(TC  1  init  11 
f:on  l'!ihnhui 
aaJ  its  vicini 
"mi,'hty  mill 
of  mtroductic 
th';  poet,  .md 
lercit  lie  had 
b'.:a,4s,  that  :i 
an;atriision. 

iJn  the  folk 
is\.  I  set  off 
the  way  thitln 
fird.  and  seni 
kr.or  of  intr 
h,id  written  tl 
Melrose  Abb. 
«3'jld  be  a;;r 
been  made  a 
;a  the  course 

While  the 
t:nie  to  siirve 
Li\.v.\a:  \):-\: 
j'Vvepmj;  do' 
bj;  a  snii;4  ;^ 
r:ral  and  pi 
v.holc  front 
iMi'diately 
dk  horns,  in 
i^e,  ami  ^'iv 

ta'.i  modest 

*■«  just   0111 

*'.'.'iS  surro 
t;>ea  to  tho 
}jr.l  in  front 

Ihe  noise 
T-^i-t  of  til 
«arder  of  t 
'tipin;;  ou  i 


ABBOTSFORD 


BY 


WASHINGTON    IRVING. 


!::T(!own  W  perform  my  promise  of  giving  voii 
r  .iccoimt  of  a  visit  made  many  years  since  lo 
Abbotsford.  I  hope,  however,  that  you  do  not 
evpect  much  from  me,  for  the  traveMing  notes 
ukcn  at  the  time  are  so  scanty  and  vague,  and 
r;vniemorv  so  extremely  fallacious,  that  I  fear  I 
ihi':',  (lisai)point  you  with  the  meagreness  and 
c;:Lncss  of  my  details. 

Lite  in  tlie  evening  of  August  29,  1S17,  I  ar- 
r.eJatthc  ancient  little  border  town  of  .Selkirk, 
uhvre  I  put  up  for  the  night.  I  had  come  down 
Irci  ildinhurtjh,  partly  to  visit  Melrose  Abbey 
and  its  vicinity,  but  chiv:fly  to  get  sight  of  the 
"niii;lity  minstrel  of  the  north."  I  had  a  letter 
of  introduction  to  him  from  Thomas  Campbell, 
tho  poet,  and  had  reason  to  think,  from  the  in- 
terest lie  had  taken  in  some  of  my  earlier  scrib- 
b!;:;,'\  that  a  visit  from  me  would  not  be  deemed 
an;atriisinn. 

Mn  the  following  morning,  after  an  early  brcak- 
f.i;t.  1  set  ol'f  in  a  postehaise  for  the  Abbey.  On 
thiMvay  thithor  I  stopped  at  the  gate  of  Abbots- 
fird,  and  sent  the  postilion  to  the  house  with  the 
kttcr  of  introduction  and  my  card,  on  which  1 
b,l  written  that  I  was  on  my  way  to  the  ruins  of 
Mclrnsc  .Abbey,  and  wished  to  know  wheliier  it 
yjKi  be  a;;rceahle  to  .Mr.  Scott  (he  had  not  yet 
b'.'.amadea  liaronetj  to  receive  a  visit  from  me 
a  the  course  of  tlie  morning. 

Willie  the  postilion  was  on  his  errand,  I  had 
t::ae  to  survey  the  mansion.  It  stood  some  short 
d.^taace  below  the  road,  on  the  side  of  a  hill 
SAvepinj;  down  to  the  Tweed  ;  and  was  as  yet 
bjtasnti,'  ;,'enilenian's  cottage,  with  something 
f:;ral  and  pictniesiiue  in  its  ap|)earance.  The 
I'liole  front  was  overrun  with  evergreens,  and 
i-nttii'diately  above  the  i)ortal  was  a  great  pair  of 
w  linrns,  branching  out  from  l)eneath  the  foli- 
iis't,  and  ;,'iving  the  cottage  the  look  of  a  hunt- 
•J,.;  I".l:,'e,  The  huge  baronial  pile,  to  which 
'iiH  modest  mansion  in  a  manner  gave  birth, 
ws  just  emerging  into  existence  ;  part  of  the 
*'lls  surr.)unded"  by  scatfolding,  already  had 
"=«  tolhe  height  of  the  cottage,  and  the  court- 
ywdin  friMit  was  encumbered  bv  masses  of  hewn 
stono, 

The  noise  of  the  chaise  had  disturbed  the 
quiet  of  the  establishment.  Out  sallied  the 
«ardcr  of  the  casllo,  a  black  grevhound,  and, 
'"Ping  on  one  of  ilic  blocks  of  stone,  began  a 


furious  barking.  His  alarum  brought  out  the 
whole  garrison  of  dogs  : 

"  Uoth  mongrel,  puppy,  wlielp,  ami  hound, 
And  curs  of  low  degree  ;  " 

all  open-mouthed  and  vociferous. — I  should  cor- 
rect my  quotation  ;— not  a  cur  was  to  be  seen  on 
the  premises:  Scott  was  too  true  ;v  sportsman, 
and  had  too  high  a  veneration  for  pure  blood,  to 
tolerate  a  mongrel. 

In  a  little  while  the  "lord  of  the  castle"  him- 
self made  his  appearance.  I  knew  him  at  once 
by  the  descriptions  I  had  read  and  heard,  and 
the  likenesses  that  had  been  published  of  him. 
He  was  tall,  and  of  a  large  and  powerful  frame. 
His  dress  was  simple,  antl  almost  rustic.  An  old 
green  shooting-coat,  with  a  dog-whistle  at  the 
buttonhole,  brown  linen  pantaloons,  stout  shoes 
that  tied  at  the  ankles,  and  a  white  hat  that  h.ad 
evidently  seen  service.  He  came  limping  u|)  the 
gravel  walk,  aiding  himself  by  a  stout  walking- 
staff,  but  moving  rapidly  and  with  \  igor.  By  his 
side  jogged  along  a  large  iron-gray  stag-hound 
of  most  grave  demeanor,  who  tnok  no  part  in  the 
clamor  of  the  canine  rabble,  but  seemed  to  C(m- 
sider  himself  bound,  for  the  dignity  of  the  house, 
to  give  me  a  courteous  recei)tion. 

Hefore  Scott  had  reached  the  gate  he  called 
out  in  a  hearty  tone,  welcoming  mc  to  Abbots- 
ford,  and  asking  news  of  Campliell.  Arrived  at 
the  door  of  the  chaise,  he  grasped  me  warndy  by 
the  hand:  "Come,  drive  ilown,  diive  down  to 
the  house,"  said  he,  "  ye're  just  in  time  for 
breakfast,  and  afterward  ye  shr.li  see  all  the 
wonders  of  the  .'Mibey." 

I  would  h.ive  excused  myself,  on  the  plea  of 
having  .already  made  my  breakfist.  "  Hcnit, 
man,"  cried  he,  "  a  ride  in  the  morning  in  the 
keen  air  of  the  Scotch  hills  is  warrant  enough  for 
a  second  breakfist." 

I  was  accordingly  whirled  to  the  portal  of  the 
cottage,  and  in  a  few  moments  found  myself 
seatetl  at  the  breakfist-table.  There  w.as  no  (uie 
present  but  the  fimily,  which  consisted  of  Mrs. 
Scott,  her  eldest  d.iughter  Sophia,  then  a  fine  girl 
about  seventeen.  Miss  Ann  Scott,  two  or  three 
ye.irs  younger,  Walter,  a  well-grown  stripling, 
and  Ch.\rles,  .1  lively  boy,  eleven  or  twelve  years 
of  age.    1  soon  felt  myself  quite  at  home,  and  my 


614 


ABBOTSFORD. 


"1 


:]: ' 


'^■■,^') 


heart  in  a  glow  with  the  cordial  welcome  I  experi- 
enced. I  had  thought  to  make  a  mere  morning 
visit,  but  found  I  was  not  to  be  let  off  so  lightly. 
"  You  must  not  think  our  neighborhood  is  to  be 
read  in  a  morning,  like  a  newspaper,'"  said  Scott. 
"  It  takes  several  days  of  study  for  an  oliservant 
trn  veller  tiial  has  a  relish  for  auld  world  trumpery. 
Alter  breakfast  you  sjiall  make  your  visit  to  .Mel- 
rose Al)bey  ;  I  shall  not  be  able  to  accompany 
you,  as  I  have  some  household  affairs  to  attend 
to,  but  I  will  put  you  in  charge  of  my  son  Charles, 
who  is  very  learned  in  all  things  touching  the  old 
ruin  and  the  neighborhood  it  stands  in,  and  he 
and  my  friend  Johnny  )!ower  will  tell  you  the 
whole  truth  about  it,  with  a  good  deal  more  that 
you  are  not  called  ujjon  to  belie\c — unless  you 
be  a  true  and  nothing-douliting  antiquary.  When 
you  come  back,  I'll  take  you  out  on  a  ramble 
about  the  neighborhood.  To-morrow  we  will 
take  a  look  at  the  Yarrow,  and  the  next  day  we 
will  drive  o\cr  to  Dryburgh  Abbey,  which  is  a 
fine  old  ruin  well  wortli  your  seeing" — in  a  word, 
before  Scott  had  got  through  with  his  plan,  I 
found  myself  committed  for  a  visit  of  several 
days,  and  it  seemed  as  if  a  little  realm  of  romance 
was  suddenly  opened  before  me. 


iM-n: 


After  breakfast  I  accordingly  set  off  for  the 
Abbey  with  my  little  friend  Charles,  whom  1 
found  a  most  sprightly  and  entertaining  com- 
panion. He  had  au  ample  stock  of  anecdote 
about  the  neighborhood,  which  he  had  learned 
from  his  father,  and  many  rpiaint  remarks  and 
sly  jokes,  evidently  derived  from  the  same  source, 
all  which  were  uttered  with  a  Scottish  accent  and 
a  mixture  of  Scottish  phraseology,  that  gave  them 
additional  fla\or. 

On  our  way  to  the  Abbey  he  gave  me  some 
anecdotes  of  Johnny  Bower  to  wliom  his  father 
had  alluded  ;  he  was  sexton  of  the  parish  and 
custodian  of  the  ruin,  employed  to  keep  it  in 
order  and  show  it  to  strangers  ; — a  worthy  little 
man,  not  without  ambition  in  his  humble  sphere. 
The  death  of  his  predecessor  had  been  mentioned 
in  the  newspapers,  so  that  his  name  had  appeared 
in  print  throughout  the  land.  When  Johnny  suc- 
ceeded to  the  guardianship  of  the  ruin,  he  stipu- 
lated that,  on  his  death,  his  name  should  receive 
like  honorable  blazon  ;  with,  this  addition,  that  it 
should  be  from  the  pen  of  Scott.  The  latter 
gravely  pledged  himself  to  pay  this  tribute  to  his 
memory,  and  Johnny  now  lived  in  the  proud 
anticipation  of  a  |joetic  immortality. 

1  found  Johnny  Bower  a  decent-looking  little 
old  man,  in  blue  coat  and  red  waistcoat.  lie 
received  us  with  much  greeting,  and  seemed  de- 
lighted to  see  my  young  companion,  who  was 
full  of  merriment  and  waggery,  drawing  out  his 
peculiarities  for  my  amusement.  The  old  man 
was  one  of  the  most  authentic  and  particular  of 
cicerones  ;  he  pointed  out  everything  in  the 
Abbey  that  had  been  descriljed  by  Scott  in  his 
"  Lay  of  the  Last  Minstrel;"  and  would  repeat, 
with  broad  Scottish  accent,  the  passage  which 
celebrated  it. 

Thus,  in  passing  through  the  cloisters,  he  made 
me  remark  the  beautiful  carvings  of  leaves  and 
flowers  wrought  in  stone  with  the  most  exquisite 
delicacy,  and,  notwithstanding  the  lapse  of  cen- 
turies, retaining  their  sharpness  as  if  fresh  from 
the  chisel  ;  rivalling,  as  Siott  has  said,  the  real 
objects  of  which  they  were  imitations  : 

'•  Nor  herb  nor  fluwrct  glistened  there 
But  was  c.irscd  in  tlic  cloister  arches  as  fair." 


He  pointed  out  also  among  the  carved  worl: 
nun's  head  of  much  beaut\ ,  which  he  s,ii('  <  .. 
always  stopped  to  admire-^"  fdr  the  shirraKi^ ' 
wonderful  eye  for  all  sic  matters."  '  '  ■^^' 

I   would  observe  that  Scott  seemed  to  ('  -;. ,  I 
more  consequence   in    the    neit^hboihodii  'i^,''," 
being  sheriff  of  the  county  than  from  Uia"k  " 

In   the  interior   of  the  Abbey  joliimv" 
conducted   me   to   the  iilentical  stone  en  i    ,    i 
Stout  William  of  Ueloraine  and  the  monk  vH 
their   seat  on   that   memoraljle   ni^'ht  wha-'*' 
wizard's  book  was  to  be  rescued  from  the   -v" 
Nay,  Johnny  had  even  gone  beyond  Scoti  in  iC 
minuteness  of  his  antiipiarian' research,  for  ii!l  I 
had  discovered  the  very  tomb  of  the  wizard, 
position  of  which  had  been  left  in  doiilji  bv  th.. 
poet.     This  he  boasted  to  have  asctrtain'.V'v  I 
the  position  of  the  oriel  window,  aiul  the  d'n  1 
tion    in    which    the   moonbeams  full  at  r,;'ht 
through  the  stained  glass,  casting  the  sh,ido\  to  1 
the  red  cross  on  the  s\wl  ;  as  had  all  bien  spixi- 
fied  in  the  poem.    "  I  ])()inted  out  the  whole  to  ihe ' 
shirra,"  said  he,  "and  he  could  na'  i,'.unb,ivbu':;  i 
was  varra  clear."     I  found  afterwanl  th.it  Scott 
used  to  amuse  himself  with  the  siniplicitv  of  th; 
old  man,  and  his  zeal  in  verifying  every  p.is,,i;e 
of  the  poem,  as  though  it  had  been  .Tutii'enticlili- 
tory,  and  that  he  always  acc|uiesced  in  liisdid;::- 
tions.     I  subjoin  the  description  of  the  m.<.Ki 
grave,  which  called  forth  the  antiquarian  research 
of  Johnny  Bower. 

"  Lo  warrior  !  now  the  cross  of  red, 
Points  to  the  gr.ive  of  the  iiu;^hty  de.id  ; 
Slow  moved  tlie  monk  lo  the  IniKid  lb(;!-tone, 
Which  the  bloody  cross  was  traced  uimjii  : 
lie  pointed  to  a  sacred  nook  : 
An  iron  bar  the  warrior  look  ; 
And  -he  monk  made  a  sign  with  his  willierod  lupl. 
The  grave's  huge  portal  to  expand. 

"  It  was  by  dint  of  passing  strength, 

Tliat  he  moved  the  massy  stone  at  length. 
I  would  you  had  been  there  to  see, 
How  the  light  broke  fortli  so  gl.irioiisly, 
Streamed  ujnvard  to  thcelianetl  roof, 
Anil  through  the  galleries  far  aloof  ! 

And,  issuing  from  the  tonih, 
Showed  the  monk's  eowl  and  visage  pale. 
Danced  on  the  dark  brown  warrior's  mail, 

And  kissed  his  waving  plume. 

"  Hefore  their  eyes  the  wizard  l.iy, 
As  if  he  had  not  been  dead  a  day. 
His  hoary  beanl  in  silver  rolled, 
He  seemed  some  seventy  winters  old  ; 
A  palmer's  amice  wrapped  him  round  ; 
With  a  wrought  .Spani-.li  baldric  l)ound, 
Like  a  pilgrim  from  beyond  the  sea  ; 
H'S  left  hand  held  his  book  of  might  ; 
A  ^ilver  cross  was  in  his  right  ; 

The  lamp  was  phaced  beside  his  knee." 

The  fictions  of  Scott  had  become  facts  «ith 
honest  Johnny  Bower.  From  constantly  Ininj 
among  the  ruins  of  .Melrose  Abbey,  and  pointing 
out  the  scenes  of  the  poem,  the  "  L.i\  ol  the  l.i>i 
Minstrel"  had,  in  a  manner,  become  interwoven 
with  bib  whole  existence,  and  1  doul)t  whether 
he  did  not  now  and  then  mix  uji  his  own  idcnttty 
with  the  personages  of  some  of  its  cantos. 

He  could  not  bear  that  any  other  production  3l 
the  poet  should  be  preferred  to  the  "  Lay  of  u'f 
Last  Minstrel."  "  Faith,"  sr.id  he  to  me,  "  U'sjU'' 
e'en  r.s  gude  a  thing  as  .Mr.  Scou  ha^  written—in 
if  he  were  stannin'  there  Fd  tell  him  so-aii' t'"-'" 
he'd  lauff." 


ABBOTSFORD. 


CIS 


,  '^'.''>^'y  JMinnv- 
'"^"tic.il  stone  on,  :, 

""^'  a>Hi  the  ,n„nk ;;; 

'^°'-^''''^,  ni;,'ln.l,„.h 
ii-'saicd  fn,m  the  ,.rj^,  ' 
■)nc  Ix'vond  Scott  in  ivJ  I 
I'an.in  rcscarcli,  fo,  L 
tomb  of  tlie  wiwrd  tV 
tt^'ii  left  in  doubt  bv  .};■ 
to  have  ascertained  bv  i 
"indow,  and  the  djr,;. 
"ibcams   fell   at   ni-h- 
,  casiiiiu  ,i„,  sbadiwioj 
,;  :'^  li^ul  allheen  spec:.  I 
intcdoiittliewli(,lcto;he 
.'  coidd  na'jjainsavba'- 
itl  afterward  that  Scr.;t" 
ill  till'  simplicity  of  the 
verifying'  t-'very'pasM-'e 
bad  been  nulhenliclw. 
icc|uiesced  in  liisdedtc- 
criptioii  of  the  wizard's 
theanticiuarianrescarcli 


ad  I)ernme  facts  with 
rom  ennstantly  lii in, 
.'  Abbew  and  pnintnig 
,  tbe  '•  La\  of  the  Last 
.'r,  become  interwoven 
and  I  tliuiii!  uhelhcr 
ix  lip  his  own  identity 
c  of  its  cantos, 
iiy  other  production  i 
(1  to  the  •'  Lay  of  tiie 
.id  he  tonic,  "it'sji:?! 
Scoit  has  written— .in 
1  tell  him  so— an' then 


H.MV,i5  loml  in  his  praises  of  the  affability  of 
ir.tt  "He'll  come  here  sometimes,"  said  he, 
'f  ;,j  ,reat  folks  in  his  company,  an'  the  first  I 

It-wof  it  is  '^'*  ^'"''''^'  '^^"'"1''  ""'  '  Johnny  !— 
;;,nvIiowcr! '-and  when  I  j^ooiit,  I  am  sure  to 

l-ra'tcd  "i'h  :i  j"'^i-  or  a  pleasant  word.     He'll 

.'j  ^nd  crack  and  laiiff  wi'   me,  just  like  an 

,i'l  „'jf^,_and  to  think  that  of  a  man  who  has 

Sanawfu'  knowled^'e  o'  history  !" 

'fine  of  the  in;4i'nious  devices   on   which    the 

[  ,f,r'".v  little  man  prided  himself,  was  to  place  a 

I  ;...'''pinpnsitc  to  the  Abbey,  with  his  bacjk  to 
i,'','!,j bid  him  bend  down  and  look  at  it  between 
t'ilc'S'  Tliis.  he  said,  gave  an  entire  different 
asri'ct  to  the  ruin.  Folks  admired  the  plan 
,'!ii,mn?lv,  bat  as  to   the   "  Icddies,"  they  were 

Lj,ijn;v  (ill  the  matter,  and  contented  themselves 

I  ,;;:i  loi.kin,;'  fn>iii  under  their  arms. 
A-  Inhnnv  Bower  picpied  himself  upon  showing 

I  (viTvthin','  laid  down  in  the  poem,  there  was  one 
-,1,'e  that  per|)lexed  him  sadly.      It  was  the 

t  opcuin;;  of  one  of  the  cantos  : 

■•If thou  woulil'st  view  fair  Melrose  aright, 
(li)  visit  it  liy  the  pale  moonlight  ; 
Fiirthej;ay  heams  of  lightsome  (Lay, 
Gild  Ijut  to  lloul  the  niiiis  gr.iy,"  etc. 

h  consequence  of  this  admonition,  many  of 
ihemnit  (le\out  jjilgrims  to  the  ruin  could  not  be 
c::r.i':iteil  with  .i  daylight  inspection,  and  insisted 

mild  be  nothing,  unless  seen  by  the  light  of 
i-.innon.  Now,  unfortunately,  the  moor  jhines 
k:  f"r  a  part  of  the  month;  and,  what  is  still 
r.'c  unfortunate,  is  very  apt  in  Scotland  to  be 
l■J^.■:!re(l  by  clouds  and  mists.  Johnny  was 
■orciv  puzzled,  therefore,  how  to  accommodate 
r.:;;Hietry-stniek  visitors  with  this  indispensable 
Hooa^hine.  At  length,  in  a  lucky  moment,  he 
(it'v'.icd  a  siibstiiiite.  This  was  a  great  double 
tilloiv candle  btuck  upon  the  end  of  a  pole,  with 
«i;;ch  he  could  conduct  his  visitors  about  the 
r:;:b  un  dark  nights,  so  much  to  their  satisfac- 
tj", '.iiat,  at  length,  he  began  to  think  it  even  ])re- 
fir.iblc  to  the  moon  itself.  "  It  does  na  light  up 
.1  ti;e  .Abbey  at  ,aince,  to  be  sure,"  he  would  say, 
"b;:t  then  you  can  shift  it  about  and  show  the 
a;ll  rum  bit  by  bit,  whiles  the  moon  only  shines 
oai'r.e  side.'' 

Honest  Ljlmny  Rower  !  so  many  years  have 
eLipsed  since  the  time  I  treat  of,  that  it  is  more 
1I1.111  probable  his  simple  head  lies  beneath  the 
«il' (if  his  fivorite  Abbey.  It  is  to  be  hoped 
b humble  ambition  has  been  gratified,  and  his 
CMe  recorded  by  the  pen  of  the  man  he  so  loved 
ar.ilhiinured. 


.■\;::r  my  return  from  Melrose  Abbey,  Scott 
F'li.'jed  a  ramble  to  show  me  something  of  the 
:-"  landing  country.  As  we  sallied  forth,  every 
li  j'lnthe  esi.iblishment  turned  out  to  attend  us. 
There  was  the  old  stag-hound  Maida,  that  I  have 
p.i;iy  mentioned,  a  noble  animal,  and  a  great 
wnte  of  Scott's,  and  Hamlet,  the  black  "grey- 
a«nd,  awihl,  thoughtless  youngster,  not  yet  a'r- 
'■'vdtothe  years  of  discretion';  and  Fiiiette,  a 
J'-'a.i!iful  setter,  with  soft,  silken  hair,  long  pen- 
Kjit  ears,  and  a  mild  eye,  the  parlor  favorite. 
"lien  in  front  of  the  house,  we  were  joined  by  a 
S''?emnnuated  greyhound,  who  came  from  the 
k'-chen  wagging  his  tail,  and  was  cheered  by  Scott 
IS  M  old  friend  and  comrade. 

ki  our  walks,  Scott  would  frequently  pause  in 


conversation  to  notice  his  dof;s  and  speak  to  thcin, 
as  if  rational  companions;  and  indeed  there 
appears  to  be  a  vast  deal  of  rationality  in  these 
faithful  attendants  on  man,  derived  from  their 
close  intimacy  with  him.  .Maida  de])orted  him- 
self with  a  gravity  becoming  his  age  ami  size,  and 
seemed  to  consider  himself  called  u])on  to  pre- 
serve a  great  degree  of  dignity  and  decorum  in 
our  society.  As  he  jogged  along  a  little  distance 
aliead  of  us,  the  young  dogs  waiuld  gambol  about 
him,  leap  on  his  neck,  worry  at  his  ears,  and  en- 
deavor to  tease  him  into  a  frolic.  The  old  dog 
would  keep  on  for  a  long  time  with  imperturb.ible 
solemnity,  now  and  then  seeming  to  rebuke  the 
wantonness  of  his  young  companions.  At  length 
he  would  make  a  sudden  turn,  seize  one  of  them, 
and  tumble  him  in  the  dust ;  then  giving  a  glance 
at  us,  as  much  as  to  say,  "  \ov.  see,  geiillenien, 
I  c.in't  help  giving  way  to  this  nonsense,''  would 
resume  his  gravity  and  jog  on  as  before. 

Scott  amused  himself  with  these  ])eculiarities. 
"  1  make  no  doubt,"  said  he,  "  when  .Maida  is 
alone  ivith  these  young  dogs,  he  throws  gravity 
aside,  and  plays  the  boy  as  much  as  any  of  them; 
but  he  is  ashamed  to  do  so  in  our  company,  and 
seems  to  say,  '  Ha'  done  with  your  nonsense, 
youngsters  ;  what  will  the  laird  and  that  other 
gentleman  think  of  me  if  .1  give  way  to  such 
foolery  ?  '" 

-Maida  reminded  him,  he  said,  of  a  scene  on 
board  an  armed  yacht  in  which  he  made  an  ex- 
cursion with  his  friend  Adam  Ferguson,  'i'hey 
had  taken  much  notice  of  the  boatswain,  who  was  a 
fine  sturdy  seaman,  and  evidently  felt  tiattered  by 
their  attention.  On  one  occasion  the  crew  were 
"  ])ipe<l  to  fun,"  and  the  sailors  were  dancing  and 
cutting  all  kinds  of  capers  to  the  music  of  the 
ship's  band.  The  boatsw.iin  looked  on  with  a 
wistful  eye,  as  if  he  would  like  to  joii  in  ;  but  a 
glance  at  Scott  and  Ferguson  showed  that  there 
was  a  struggle  with  his  tlignity,  fearing  to  lessen 
himself  in  their  eyes.  At  length  one  of  his  me'ss- 
mates  came  up,  and  seizing  him  by  the  arm, 
challenged  him  to  a  jig.  The  boatswain,  con- 
tinued Scott,  after  a  little  hesitation  complied, 
made  an  awkward  gambol  or  two,  like  our  friend 
Maida,  Init  soon  gave  it  tip.  "  It's  of  no  use," 
said  he,  jerking  up  his  waistband  and  giving  a 
side  glance  at  us,  "  one  can't  dance  always 
nouther." 

Scott  amused  himself  with  the  licculiaiilies  of 
another  of  his  dogs,  a  little  shamefaced  terrier, 
with  large  glassy  eyes,  one  of  the  most  sensitive 
little  bodies  to  insult  and  indignity  in  the  wdrld. 
If  ever  he  whipped  him,  he  said,  the  little  fellow 
would  sneak  ot"f  ;ind  hide  himself  from  the  light  o{ 
day,  in  a  lumber  garret,  whence  there  was  no 
drawing  him  forth  but  by  the  sound  of  the  cliop- 
ping-knife,  as  if  chopping  up  his  vietu.als,  when 
he  would  steal  forth  with  humble  ami  d(iwni:ast 
look,  but  would  skulk  aw.iy  again  if  any  one  re- 
garded him. 

While  we  were  discussing  the  humors  and 
])eculiarities  of  our  canine  companions,  some 
object  provoked  their  spleen,  and  ])r(Hiuc(,'d  ,1 
sharp  and  petulant  barking  frcnii  the  smaller  try, 
but  it  was  some  time  before  Maida  was  sufiiciently 
.irouseil  to  ramji  forward  two  or  three  hounds 
and  join  in  the  chorus,  with  a  deep-mouthed  bow- 
wow ! 

It  was  but  a  transient  outbreak,  and  he  returned 
instantly,  wngging  his  tail,  and  looking  up  dubi- 
ously in  his  m.ister's  f.ice  ;  uncertain  whether  he 
woulil  censure  or  applaud. 

"  Aye,  aye,  old  boy  !  "  cried  Scott,  "  you  have 


i!i 


M 


;ti 


■ilm 


■Ht-^ 


616 


ABBOTSFORD. 


done  wonders.  You  have  shaken  the  Eildon  hills 
with  your  roaring  ;  you  may  now  lay  by  your 
artillery  for  the  rest  of  the  day.  Maida  is  like 
the  [,'reat  gun  at  Constantinople,"  continued  he  ; 
"  it  takes  so  long  to  get  it  ready,  that  the  small 
guns  can  fire  off  a  dozen  times  first,  but  when  it 
does  go  off  it  plays  the  very  d — 1." 

'I'luse  siin|)le  anecdotes  may  serve  to  show  the 
delightful  play  of  Scott's  humors  and  feelings  in 
private  life.  His  domestic  animals  were  his 
friends;  everything  about  him  seemed  to  rejoice 
in  the  light  of  his  countenance  ;  the  face  of  the 
luimhlesl  dependent  brightened  at  his  approach, 
as  if  he  ainici]jated  a  cordial  and  cheering  word. 
I  had  occasion  to  observe  this  particularly  in  a 
visit  wliich  we  paid  to  a  quarry,  whence  several 
men  were  cutting  stone  for  the  new  edifice  ;  who 
all  ])aused  from  their  labor  to  have  a  pleasant 
"  cr;u;k  wi'  the  lairtl."  (Jnc  of  them  was  a  bur- 
gess of  Selkirk,  with  whom  Scott  had  some  joke 
about  the  old  song  : 

"  I'p  with  the  .Soiiters  o'  Sell-irk, 
And  down  with  the  Earl  of  Home." 

Another  was  precentor  at  the  Kirk,  and,  besides 
leading  the  psalmody  on  Sunday,  taught  the  lads 
and  lasses  of  the  neighborhood  dancing  on  week 
days,  ill  the  winter  time,  when  out-of-door  labor 
was  scarce. 

Among  the  rest  was  a  tall,  straight  old  fellow, 
with  a  healthful  conijilexion  and  silver  hair,  and  a 
small  round-crowned  white  hat.  He  had  been 
about  to  shoulder  a  hod,  but  pauseil,  and  stood 
looking  at  Scott,  wii''  a  slight  sparkling  of  his 
blue  eye,  as  if  waiting  his  turn;  for  the  old  fel- 
low knew  himself  to  be  a  favorite. 

Scott  accosted  him  in  an  affable  tone,  and 
asked  for  .i  pinch  of  snuff.  The  old  man  drew 
forth  a  horn  snufl-box.  "  Hoot,  man,"  said 
Scott.  "  not  that  old  mull  :  where's  the  bonnie 
I'rench  one  that  1  brought  you  from  Paris  ? " 
"  Troth,  your  honor,"  replied  the  old  fellow, 
"  sic  a  mull  as  that  is  nae  for  week-days." 

On  leaving  the  ((uarry,  Scott  informed  me  that 
when  absent  at  Paris,  he  had  purchased  several 
trilling  articles  as  presents  for  his  tlependents, 
and  among  others  the  gay  snuff-box  in  question, 
which  was  so  carefully  reser\ed  for  Sundays,  by 
the  \eter;in.  "  It  was  not  so  much  the  value  of 
the  gifts,"  said  he,  "  that  |)leased  them,  as  the 
idea  that  the  laird  should  think  of  them  when  so 
far  away." 

The  old  man  in  question,  I  found,  was  a  great 
favorite  with  .Scott.  If  I  recollect  right,  he  had 
been  a  soldier  in  e.irly  life,  and  his  straight,  erect 
person,  his  ruddy  yet  rugged  countenance,  his 
gray  hair,  and  an  arch  gleam  in  his  blue  eye,  re- 
minded me  of  the  description  of  Kdie  Ochiltree. 
1  tiiul  tli.it  the  old  fellow  has  since  been  intiocluced 
by  Wilkie,  in  his  picture  of  the  Scott  family. 


We  ramliled  on  among  scenes  which  had  been 
familiar  in  Scottish  song,  and  rendered  classic  by 
jiastoral  muse,  long  before  Scott  had  thrown  the 
rich  inantle  of  his  jioetry  over  them.  What  a 
thrill  ol  pleasure  did  1  feel  when  first  1  saw  the 
bi(ioin-(  ()\  ered  tops  of  the  Cowden  Knowes,  ])ee|)- 
ing  p.!)o\e  the  gray  hills  of  the  Tweed  :  and  what 
touching  .issociations  were  called  up  by  the  sight 
of  latrick  X'.ile,  (lalla  Water,  and  the  I')raes  of 
Y.irniw!  livery  turn  brought  to  mind  some 
household  air — some  almost  forj^otten  song  of  the 


nursery,  by  which  I  had  been  luHcl  m  sKfn 
my    childhood;  and   with   them  the  Inok, 
voices   of  those  who   had   sunt'  tlitin   m/    ■   i 
were  now  no  more.     It  is  these  mcJdelKs.chm', 
in  our  ears  in  the  days  of  infancy,  and  ti)iini.c'  11 
with    the    memory  of  those  we'liavc  luvid  aV 
who  have  passed  away,  that  clotlu'  Scdtiishi '-i 
scape  with  such  teiuler  associations,     lln'      .' 
tish  songs,  in  general,  have  somuthinj;  iii;r-,.. 
cally  melancholy  in   them;  (juiiij,',  infill. pi 
ability,  to  the    pastoral    and    loiuK  l:fu  of  tr  ., 
who  com|)osed  them  ;  who  were  oltun  muif  si;, 
herds,  tending  their  Hocks  in  tl.e  suliiarv  riu 
or  folding  them  among  the  naked  hills.    Manvij  I 
these   rustic   bards   have    passed  ,iway,  wuh',;;, 
leaving  a  name  behind  them  ;  nothing  iLmair,Mf 
them  but  their  sweet  and  toucliinj,'  sun^s,  ukich  i 
live,  like  echoes,  about  the  places  tliex  onci- ; 
habited.      Most    of    these    siini)lc    cti'iisions  n 
pastoral  poets  are  linked  with  some  favoritu  hurt  1 
of  the  poet ;  and  in  this  way,  not  a  mount.iiiiot 
valley,  a  town  or  tower,  green  shaw  or  running  j 
stream,  in  Scotland,  but  has  sonic  iinpuLir  n.r 
connected  with   it,  that   makes   its  very  name  i  ! 
key-note  to  a  whole  train  of  delicious  fancii:,  ar.il 
feelings. 

Let  ine  step  forward  in  time,  and  mention  h  •* 
sensible  1  was  to  the  power  of  these  siinj)lc  iv.rs. 
in  a  visit  which  1  made  to  Ayr,  the  birthplace  i( 
Robert  Burns.  I  passed  a  whole  nioinin;,' al)n;;t 
"  the  banks  and  braes  of  bonnie  Doon,"  withh)5 
tender  little  love  verses  running  in  my  hcaii.  I 
founil  a  poor  Scotch  car])entcr  at  work  amongthe 
ruins  of  Kirk  AUoway,  which  was  to  he  dn- 
verted  into  a  school-house.  Finding  the  purpife 
of  my  visit,  he  left  his  work,  sat  doun  williinein 
a  grassy  grave,  close  by  where  I iurn-^' father »« 
buried,  and  talked  of  the  jioet,  wlniia  he  hiJ 
known  personally.  He  said  his  sonj^s  uitc 
familiar  to  the  poorest  and  most  illiterate  cf  '.he 
country  folk,  '^  ami  it  siriitn/  to  liim  as  if  Ik 
country  luid  }:;rozvn  more  bcnuliful,  sinct  jiiinu 
luiti  ivrittcn  /lis  bonnie  little  soni^'s  ,thnit  it.'' 

I  found  Scott  was  quite  an  enthusiast  on  she 
subject  of  the  popular  songs  of  his  country.  xA 
he  seemed  gratified  to  find  me  so  alive  to  thiin. 
Their  effect  in  calling  up  in  my  mind  the  tw\- 
lections  of  early  times  and  scenes  in  which  I  h:ul 
first  heard  them,  reminded  him,  he  said,  of  the 
lines  of  his  poor  friend,  Leyelen,  to  the  Scoitish 
I  muse  : 

•'  111  youth's  first  morn,  alert  and  ijay, 
Krc  rolling  years  liail  ii;>-->ed  au.iy, 

Kcnienihored  like  a  lUornniL;  dre,am, 
I  heard  the  dideel  ineasure.i  dual, 
III  many  a  lii|iiid  winding  note, 

Along  the  bank  of 'I'eviot's  stieain. 

"  Sweet  sounds  !  that  oft  have  soothed  to  re^t 
The  sorrows  of  my  guileless  breast, 

And  thanued  .away  mine  infant  tears; 
Fond  memory  shall  your  strains  repeat, 
Like  distant  echoes,  dniibly  sweel. 

That  on  the  wild  the  traveller  i.ear.s." 

Scott  went  on  to  expatiate  on  the  |iopular  sings 
of  Scotl.md.  '-Thev  are  a  part  of  our  natiuiui 
inheritance,"  said  he,  "  and  sonielliin;.;  Hut  «>•' 
mav  truly  call  our  own.  They  have  no  loiti:,n 
taiiil  ;  thev  h.ive  the  pure  breath  of  the  heather 
and  the  mountain  bree;ie.  All  genuine  le,^ltl^wte 
races  that  have  descended  from  the  .niuant 
Britons  ;  such  as  the  Scotch,  the  Welsh,  am  the 
Irish,  have  national  airs.  The  Fn-lish  li.ne 
none,  because  they  aie  not  natives  ol  the  soil, or, 


ABBOTSFORD. 


517 


"    t''^'in  the  looks  V 

'tli.sfind,Kl„s,cha„. 
f '"f^'nq-.  and  conn  ; 

''■"'.'""'^■^"'tu.liL,,: 
■'^soci.uions.  The  >ri 
li'ivc  somcthinsr  i,,,,^,^; 

■'"',  ""'"■^''  in  nlhtniJ 
•""I    '"ihK  lif,of  i|.., 

x'wo-cnficnmcrcshJ 
ks  in  ii:e  s„l,tnrvsk/, 
li^' nakal  liill,.    .\i,^„,,;j 

-'  I'-'-''^'-''  •''"ay,  «,ii;„„, 
'ciii;  nothing  r,n,ai„Hf 
','  '<Hidiing  sun-s,  «li,c!, 
lilt-'  pl.-uTs  ihn  onct  m- 
'C  simple  cifusions  of  j 
"•itIisoiin,'f;ivi)ritdiarat 
way,  not  a  niountaiiiot 

gifcn  sliaw  or  running 
nas  some  jjopular  :a  ' 
iiakfs  Its  vcrv  name  a 

of  delicious  fancies  .i;-.(] 

tiiiK',  and  mention  h^* 
t-T  of  tlieso  simple  a:'? 
'  A\i-,  the  birthplaa-  ,'f 
a  u  hole  mornin,:;  al)n;;t 
Ixmiiie  IJiion,"  Willi  his 
running'  in  niv  lieail.  I 
.'liter  at  worknmoni;the 
which  was  to  he  \..:,- 
:.  Findin;^'  the  jiiirpuje 
■k,  sat  down  wiili  niein 
vliere  liiirns' fatluiua; 
10  jioet,  whom  he  Lad 
said  his  sunijs  lure 
(1  most  illiterai'i  iif  :he 
(■//III/  to  him  lu  ii  tki 
hcuiitifid,  siiwc  j!iinis 
'Ic  so/ii^s  about  it." 
J  an  enthusiast  on  ;he 
igs  of  his  ((Himry.  ami 
id  me  so  alive  to  ihtn. 
in  my  mind  the  ixol- 
I  semes  in  which  I  haj 
(1  liilii,  he  said,  of  liie 
-cvden,  to  the  Scui:;.-h 


derl  and  t;ay, 
lassed  awav, 
norniiij;  iheam, 
ure,->  llual, 
il;  Mole, 
eviot's  slieani. 

Iiavo  soot  lied  to  ^e^t 
ele^s  breast, 
line  infant  tears ; 
r  strains  rejieat, 
ilily  sweet, 
traveller  iiears." 

'2  on  the  popular  H'WS 
I  part  (d  ipiir  iiatiun..i 
id  soinethini;  that  wc 
riiey  have  no  foreign 
breatll  (d'  the  liealher 
All  ^,vniiine  legiiimaie 
d  from  the  aiiiRiit 
li,  the  U'el-h.  and  the 
'Idle  i:n-lbh  have 
natives  of  the  soil, or, 


.'.i;t  .are  mongrels.  Their  music  is  all  made 
'34  foreign  scraps,  like  a  harlequin  jacket,  or  a 

'':,■•, if  mosaic.     K\cn    in    Scotland,    \vc   have 
'-iparatively  few  national  songs  in  the  eastern 

I  tri  \diere  we  have  had  most  iiidux  of  strangers. 

M'J^'il.iM  Scottish  song  is  a  cairngorm -a  gein 
lf,,jro«n  mountains  ;  or  rather,  it  is  a  i)recimis 
te'i-ofold  times,  that  bears  the  national  char- 
jcti'r -lamped  upon  i:— like  a  cameo,  that  shows 
diithe  national  visage  was  in  former  days,  bc- 
fJ'Mhe  breed  was  crossed." 
While  Scott  was  thus  discoursing,  \vc  were  pass- 
i-' nil  a  narrow  gK  n,  with  the  dogs  beating  about, 
torhiand  left,  when  suddenly  a  black  cock  burst 
ipfliiu'wing. 
".■\lul  '  cried  Scott,  "  there  will  be  a  good 
ii-,;f(ir  Master  \V. liter  ;  we  must  send  him  this 
i'.iv\vitli  Ills  gim,  when  we  go  home.  Walter's 
iKiamilv  sjiortsman  now,  and  keeps  us  in  game. 
1  iuvv  pretty  nigh  resigneil  my  i;un  to  him  ;  for 
liim!  1  cannot  trudge  about  as  briskly  as  for- 

isvrlv." 

ii,;r  ramble  took  us  on  the  hills  rnmnianding 
r  i\t'.'nsive  prospect.  "  .\ow,"  said  Scott.  "  1 
b'.L'brouiiht  yon,  like  the  pilgrim  in  tiic  l'il;.;riiii's 
Ii'.'asN  to  the  top  of  the  Delectable  Mountains, 
'.a.:  1  may  show  you  all  the  goodly  regions  here- 
ijAi'.i.  Yonder  is  Lamiuerimiir,  and  Smal- 
bvliiie;  and  there  you  have  (iallashiels,  and  Tor- 
« iKllie,  and  ("lallawatcr  ;  and  in  that  directicui 
m  see  Teviotdale,  and  the  Braes  of  Yarrow  ; 
an!  Hiirick  stream,  winding  along,  like  a  silver 
ir.rv.  I.  to  throw  itself  into  the  Tweed." 

He  went  on  thus  to  c.dl  o\er  names  celebrated 
uSci'itidi  song,  and  most  of  which  had  recently 
.'.■.liied  a  romantic  interest  from  his  own  jien. 
la  fact,  I  saw  a  great  part  of  the  border  country 
spre.ul  out  before  me,  and  could  trace  the  scenes 
of 'Jii'so  poems  and  romances  which  had,  in  a 
iwaier,  hew  itched  the  world.  I  ga/ed  about  me 
t-r  a  time  with  mute  surprise,  I  may  almost  say 
nillulisappoiiitment.  I  beheld  a  mere  succes- 
>;  nnfi^ray  wa^iiiL;  hills,  line  beyond  line,  as  far 
ii  i;iy  eye  coulil  reach  ;  monotinious  in  their 
i>pe:t.  and  50  destitute  of  trees,  that  one  could 
aliinst  see  a  stout  ily  walking  along  their  profile  ; 
and  the  far-famed  Tweed  ap])eared  a  naked 
slMiii.llowin^f  lietween  bare  hills,  without  a  tree 
crliiiiket  on  its  hanks  ;  and  yet.  such  had  been 
till'  ma.;ie  web  of  poetry  and  romance  thrown 
O'vr  ilie  whole,  that  it  had  a  greater  charm  for 
:.'..'';  ill  the  richest  scenery  1  beheld  in  Mn;^laiid. 

I'-'  'ilvinot  help  giving  utterance  to  my  thoughts. 
>'.<w  luiinined  for  a  moment  to  himself,  and 
I ' 'all  ;.;rave  ;  he  had  no  itlea  of  having  his  muse 
coiajiliaiented  at  the  expense  of  his  native  hills. 
"I; maybe  partiality,"'  said  he,  at  length  ;  "  but 
tuny  eye,  tliese gray  liills and  all  this  wild  border 
C'iniry  have  beauties  peculiar  to  themsehes.  I 
i.v.  '.lie  very  nakedness  of  the  land  ;  it  has  some- 
i'.;!:  hold,  and  stern,  and  solitary  about  it. 
^^-i:!  I  have  been  for  some  time  in  tlie  rich 
i-''M'v  about  Edinburgh,  which  is  like  oriia- 
f'-^i'.id  ;4arden  land,  I  begin  to  wish  myself  back 
3; ■::!  anion;.;  my  own  honest  gray  hills';  and  if  I 
''>1  not  sec  the  heather  at  least  once  a  rear,  / 
!w  /  !/wil,':/  i/ir .'" 

li'.e!a-t  words  were  said  with  an  honest  warmth, 
•"'-;rap,inied  with  a  thuiii])  on  the  ground  with  his 
JM.hy  wayid'einphasis.  that  showed  his  he.irt 
|«>  in  his  speech.  He  vindicated  the  Tweed. 
''"■«  a  beautiful  sti earn  in  itself,  and  observed 
■'•"lie  did  not  dislike  it  for  beiu';  b.ire  of  trees, 
?f'bali|y  from  ba\ing  been  much  of  an  angUr  in 
'•'■'  lime,  and  an  angler  does  not  like  to  iiave  a 


strearn  overhung  by  trees,  which  cmbarr.iss  him 
in  the  exercise  of  his  rod  and  line. 

I  took  occasion  to  jilead,  in  like  manner,  the 
associations  of  early  life,  for  my  disappointment 
in  respect  to  the  surrounding  scenery.  I  had 
been  so  accustomed  to  hills  crowned  witli  fiuests, 
and  streams  breaking  their  way  through  a  wilder- 
ness of  trees,  that  all  my  ideas  of  romantic  l.iiul- 
scape  were  apt  to  be  well  woodeil. 

"Aye,  and  that's  the  great  charm  of  your 
country,"  cried  Scott.  "  ^'()u  lo\e  the  forest  as  I 
do  the  heather — but  1  would  not  have  you  think  I 
do  not  feel  the  gliuy  of  a  great  woodland  ])ros- 
pect.  There  is  nothing  I  shouUl  like  more  than 
to  be  in  the  mitlst  of  one  of  your  grand,  wild, 
original  forests  with  the  idea  of  hundreds  of 
miles  of  untroildeii  forest  around  me.  1  once 
s.vw,  at  I.cith,  an  immense  stick  of  timber,  just 
landed  from  America.  It  nuist  have  l)een  aii 
enormous  tree  when  it  stood  on  its  native  soil,  at 
its  full  height,  and  with  .ill  its  branches.  1  ga/ed 
at  it  with  admiration  ;  it  seemed  like  one  of  the 
gigantic  obelisks  which  are  now  and  then  brought 
from  I'>gypt,  to  shame  die  pigmy  luonuinents  of 
hhirope  ;  and,  in  fact,  these  vast  aboriginal 
trees,  that  have  sheltered  the  Indians  before  the 
intrusion  of  the  white  men,  are  the  miuuimenis 
and  anti(|uities  of  your  country." 

The  conversation  here  turned  upon  Campbell's 
poem  of  "  (iertrude  of  Wyiuuing."  as  illustrative 
of  the  poetic  materials  furnished  by  American 
scenery.  Scott  spoke  of  it  in  that  liberal  style 
in  which  I  always  found  him  to  speak  of  the 
writings  of  his  contem|)(Maries.  lie  cited  several 
]iassages  of  it  with  great  delight.  "What  a  jiity 
it  is,"  said  he,  "  that  Campbell  cloes  not  write 
min-e  and  ofteiier,  and  give  full  sweep  to  his 
genius.  He  has  wings  that  would  bear  him  to 
tlie  skies  ;  and  he  does  now  and  then  spread 
them  grandly,  but  folds  them  uj)  again  and  re- 
sumes his  perch,  as  if  he  was  afraid  to  lauiiL-li 
away.  lie  don't  know  or  won't  trust  his  own 
strength.  l'".\tn  when  he  )ias  done  a  thing  well, 
he  has  often  misgivings  about  it.  lie  left  out 
several  line  passages  of  his  Lochiel,  but  1  got 
him  to  rest(ue  some  of  them.  Here  Scott  le- 
jieated  se\eral  passages  in  a  magnilicent  style. 
"  Wh.it  a  grand  idea  is  that,"  said  he,  "  .djoiit 
])roplietic  boding,  or,  in  common  parlance, 
second  sight  — 

'  Cdiiiiiig  events  cist  tbcii  sliadows  berae,' 

It  is  a  noble  thought,  and  nobly  expressed.  And 
there's  that  glorious  little  poem,  too,  of'  Hohen- 
lindeii  ; '  after  be  had  written  it.  he  did  not  -seem 
to   think  much  of  it,  but  considered  some  .if  it 

'  d d  druiu  and  irumiiet  lines.'     I  got  him  to 

recite  it  to  me,  and  1  believe  that  tlu^  delight  I 
felt  and  expressed  had  an  clfect  in  inducing  him 
to  print  it.  The  fact  is,"  added  he,  "  Camiiliell 
is,  in  a  manner,  a  bugbear  to  himself.  The 
brightness  of  his  e.irly  success  is  a  detriment  to 
all  bis  further  effort';.  //(•  is  af/iUii  of  the  ihiidou 
that  his  07.'/i J'a//ii-  rasts  hi-fa/c  hiz/i."" 

While  we  were  thus  chatting,  we  heard  the  rc- 
jKu-t  of  a  gun  among  the  hills.  "  That's  W.dt.-r, 
I  think.'"  said  Scott  "  he  li.is  finished  his  morii- 
ing's  studies,  and  is  out  with  his  gun.  I  shouKl 
not  be  surprised  if  he  had  met  with  the  bl.ick 
cock  ;  if  so,  we  shall  have  an  addition  to  our 
l.irder.  for  Walter  is  a  pretty  sure  shot.  " 

I  inquired  into  the  nature  of  Walter's  studi'.^s. 
"  l-'aith,"  said  Scof.,  "  I  can't  say  miicli  on  that 
lie.ul.    I  .1111  nut  over  bent  upon  m.ikmg  proiligies 


1 

i''i 

1 

if 


If:"? 


mm 


'H 


518 


ABI30TSF0RD. 


of  any  of  my  chiklrcn.  As  to  Walter,  I  taught 
him,  while  a  boy,  to  ritlc,  ami  shoot,  ami  speak 
the  truth  ;  .is  {,0  the  other  parts  of  his  eilucation, 
I  leave  them  to  a  very  worthy  youiij;  man,  the 
son  of  one  of  our  clergymen,  who  instructs  all 
my  children." 

I  afterwartl  became  accpiainteil  with  the  young 
man  in  i[uestion,  (leorge  Thomson,  son  of  the 
minister  of  Melrose,  and  found  him  ])ossessed  of 
much  learning,  intelligence,  .ind  modest  worth, 
lie  used  to  come  every  day  from  his  father's  re- 
sidence at  Melrose  to  superintend  the  studies  of 
the  young  fi)lks,  and  occasionally  took  his  meals 
at  Abbotsford,  vhere  he  was  highly  esteemed. 
Nature  had  cut  him  out,  Scott  used  to  say,  for  a 
stalwart  soldier,  for  he  was  tall,  vigorous,  active, 
and  fond  of  athletic  exercises,  but  accident  h.ul 
marred  her  work,  the  loss  of  a  limb  in  boyhood 
having  reduced  him  to  a  wooden  leg.  He  was 
brought  uj),  therefore,  for  the  C'luuch,  whence 
lie  was  occasionally  called  the  Dominie,  and  is 
su|)posed,  by  his  mixti're  of  learning,  simplicity, 
and  amiable  eccentricity,  to  have  furnished  many 
traits  for  the  character  of  Dominie  Sampson.  I 
believe  he  often  acted  as  Scott's  amanuensis, 
when  composing  his  novels.  With  him  the  young 
people  were  occupied  in  general  during  the  early 
])art  of  the  day,  after  which  they  took  all  kinds 
of  healthful  recreations  in  the  o|)en  air  ;  for  Scott 
was  as  solicitous  to  strengthen  their  bodies  as 
their  minds. 

We  had  not  walked  much  further  before  we 
saw  the  two  Miss  Scotts  advancing  along  the  hill- 
side to  meet  us.  The  morning  studies  being 
o\er,  they  had  set  off  to  take  a  r.mdile  on  the 
hills,  and  gather  heather  blossoms,  with  which  to 
decorate  their  hair  for  dinner.  As  they  came 
bounding  lightly  like  ycnmg  fawns,  and  their 
dresses  lluttering  in  the  pure  siunmer  breeze,  I 
w.is  reminded  of  Scott's  own  description  of  his 
children  in  his  introduction  tu  one  of  the  cantos 
of  .Marmion — 

"  My  iiii])'^,  thotigli  linrily,  bold,  am!  wikl, 
As  best  liefits  tlie  imiunt.Tiii  iliilil, 
Their  suiniiicr  gaiiilinls  tell  ami  iiiourn. 
An  I  anxious  .isk  will  spring  rcluni. 
Anil  liir<ls  .mil  l.inihs  ag:iin  lie  g;iy. 
And  Ijlossoms  clothe  the  hawthorn  spray  ? 

*'  Vcs,  ]irattlors,  yes,  tlie  (l;\isy's  (lower 
Again  shall  jiaint  your  sinnmer  bower  ; 
Attain  the  liawthorn  sliall  sn|iply 
Tlie  garlands  you  ilcli;^Iit  to  tie  ; 
The  lambs  upon  the  lea  sliall  bovnid, 
The  Willi  birds  carul  to  the  round. 
And  while  you  frolic  light  as  they, 
Too  short  shall  seem  the  sununer  ilay." 

As  they  approached,  the  dogs  all  sprang  forward 
and  gambolled  around  them.  They  i)layetl  with 
them  for  a  time,  and  then  joined  tis  with  counte- 
nances ftdl  of  health  and  glee.  Soi>hia,  the  eld- 
est, was  the  most  lively  and  joyous,  ha\ing  much 
of  her  f.ither's  varied  spirit  in  conversation,  and 
seeming  to  catch  excitement  from  his  utirds  and 
looks.  Ann  was  of  ipiieter  mood,  rather  silent, 
owing,  in  some  measure,  no  doubt,  to  her  being 
some  years  younger. 


At  dinner  Scott  had  laid  by  his  half-rustic  dress. 
and  appeareil  clad  in  black.  The  girls,  too,  in 
comi)leting  their  toilet,  had  tw  istetl  in  their  hair  the 
sprigs  of  purple  heather  which  they  had  gathered 


on  the  hillside,  and  looked  all  fresh  and  1,!(„,|t  -, 
from  their  breezy  walk.  '    = 

There  was  no  guest  at  dinner  hut  m,. '' 
Around  the  table  were  two  or  three  du"^  !■  "' 
tendance.  Maida,  the  old  stag-lmund,"  „  ;■  :  '. 
seat  at  Scott's  elbow,  looking  up  wistfuHv-  i ! 
master's    eye,   while    l'"inette,   the  put   mH''' 

jilaced  herself  near  Mrs.  Scott,  hy  whom,  1  ! 1 

perceived,  she  was  completely  spoiled.     '      '"  ' 

The  conversation  haiipeniiig  to  turn  (r.  •' , 
merits  of  his  dogs,  Scott  sjioke  with  j^rtnt  !;  i-" 
anil  affection  of  his  f.ivorite,  t'aniii,  win,  1, ,  ' 
picted  by  his  side  in  the  earlier  int;ia\ii;-,'f 
him.  He  talked  of  him  as  of  a  real  fi-ii.ii,l  ui/-, 
he  had  lost,  antl  Sophia  Scott,  loiikin;^  uijaniilv 
in  his  face,  observed  that  I'apa  shed  a  I'm  tt,-,r'i 
when  i)oor  Camp  died.  I  may  here  meniii.n  j?..  I 
other  testimonial  of  Scott's  fon(lne>s  fur  h^  i!;,-,  | 
and  his  hiniionnis  mode  of  showing  it,  «hi.;^i 
subsetpiently  met  with.  R:;inliling  with  luni,:,; 
morring  about  the  grotmds  adjacent  tuthrli.i-v,, 
1  observed  a  small  anlicpie  mununieiu,  011  ul.irh 
was  inscribed,  in  (iothic  char.ictera— 

"  Cy  git  le  preux  Percy." 
(Uete  lies  the  brave  I'eny.) 

I  paused,  suijposing  it  to  be  the  tonih  nf  srco 
stark  warrior  of  tl'.e  olden  time,  hnl  .Scutt  dr-..v 
me  on,  "  I'ooh!  "  cried  he,  '"  it's  nothiiv:  ln:t  hm 
of  the  monmnents  of  my  nonsense,  nf  winch  miu'H  1 
lind  enough  hereabouts."  I  learnt  aUirward  th,u 
It  was  the  grave  of  a  favorite  greyhmmd. 

Among  the  other  important  and  iMivilo'.'cil 
mend)ers  of  the  household  who  figined  iiiatiir.; 
ance  at  the  dinner,  was  a  l.uge  gray  cat,  u',;-. 
obser\ed,  was  regaled  from  time  to  time  With;:;- 
bits  from  the  table.  This  s.ige  grimalkin  u,b,i 
f.ivorite  of  both  master  and  mistress,  and  ^l^.|;t ,.'. 
night  in  their  room  ;  and  Scott  laughav,;ly  n'l- 
served,  that  one  of  the  least  wise  p.u;-.  of  tiki: 
establishment  was,  that  the  wimlowwas  lel'tdpiri 
at  night  for  jniss  to  go  in  and  out.  The  cat  .is- 
Slimed  a  kind  of  ascendancy  among  the  liiiaiiri;- 
peds— sitting  in  state  in  Scott's  ariu-ili.ia-,  ai.i! 
occasionally  stationing  himself  on  a  chair  htsule 
the  diun-,  as  if  to  review  his  siibjeils  as  ih'.y 
]iassed,  giving  each  dog  :i  cuff  beside  tlie  i.ai«  r.j 
lie  went  by.  This  clapper-clawing  was  alw.iys 
taken  in  good  ]>art ;  it  appeared  to  he,  in  t.ut.  a 
mere  act  of  sovereignty  on  the  p.irt  of  griiiiaik:i:, 
to  remind  the  others  of  their  vassala;.;e;  wliich 
they  acknowledged  by  the  most  perfect  -AoivMr 
cence.  A  general  harmony  prevaileil  lii.;.u,:'. 
sovereign  and  stdijects,  and  thev  would  all  tW.i 
together  in  the  sunshine. 

Scott  was  full  of  anecdote  and  ceavei^.'.t.Mn 
during  dinner.  He  made  some  admirable  re- 
marks upon  the  Scottish  character,  and  si'.ikc 
strongly  in  jiraise  of  the  (|uiet,  orderly,  1i"1K'-'. 
conduct  of  his  neighbors,  which  one  would  li.uilly 
expect,  said  he,  from  the  tiescendants  ol"  i:!"-j 
troopers,  and  borderers,  in  a  neighborliuoi!  I.im.u 
ill  old  times  for  brawl  and  feud,  and  vi'il.  ,\<^'<\ 
all  kinds.  He  said  he  had,  in  his  oI'Mcial  ia|i.>.a;v 
of  sheriff,  administLred  the  laws  fur  a  niiinlur  I 
vears,  during  which  there  had  been  \e;\  icx 
trials.  The  "old  feuds  and  local  inteiesls,  .'.r.a 
rivalries,  and  animosities  of  die  Scotch,  li"«eM.'r, 
still  slept,  he  said,  in  their  ashes,  and  m!;.;!'.-- 
easilv  be  roused.  Their  hereditary  keli'.u  If 
names  w.is  still  -reat.  It  w.is  not  always  s.ile  t" 
have  e\en  the  game  of  foot-ball  between  \iIa;;CN 
the  <dd  clannish  spirit  was  too  apt  to  hre  ik  n;il. 
The  Scotch,  he  said,  were  more  rcveniielui  tli-'-i 


li 


ABBOTSFORD. 


cin 


''■''"  f'-.sh  and  U„o,., 

""8 

="     '''"IILT     hut    lliu  V 

''  ^i''K-iuHimi,  ,,„•,;■■, 

''■^"i;-;  up  wistfullvi,''" 

I'  li-'ly  spoilal.  ' 

l"-''\"'o   to  liirii  on  -.. 

'■"^■'  ,<:  •""!',  wl,n,,c'' 
.-^  "'"•■' iv;il  fn,,|,l '^i,,,^  . 

^coil  Joukinj,.  uiKiriv 
'■i|msIk'c1  ;irrA;,,,r'i 

1    lll.ly  iK-TClnclKlw,-,-. 

s  '.'"Illness  fdi-liM!..'^ 

'•v^iinhlm-wiihl,,,,,!.-.. 
'^•■idjaLtiittiiili,  1,,,.,, 
>-■  iiionunu'iu,  01,  ubi 
iiar,u:ti.Tb— 

-•ux  Percy." 

iMVL'  IVuy.; 

bf  tlie  loml)  „f  jf,.,,., 
n  tiiiif,  but  Sccitt  (ir.x 
',  "  il's  noihiivj  i,i:;„,,. 
onscnsL',(,f  will,  !n„;;; 

I  Ic.-iriu  aluruarJ  ;:.,.,: 
itc  j^ivylioiiiul. 
tii'laiit   and    |.n»ilcvi 

U  111)    I'lLIUad  ill  ,;!1,:;,;. 

laryc  gray  cat.  \\l],.,[ 
1>  tiiiK-  to  timo  with  ;::. 
i  s.agc  i;iiina!kiii  «,i-,i 
1  iliibtix'ss,  and  ^;l^'.  •. 

Scdtt  laii,i;li:ii_-|y  ,... 
ast  wisi'  |)aris  onlk,; 
J  windiiwwas  IlU  iiptn 
anil  (int.  The  cat  ,,v 
L-y  anion;.,'  the  <iii,ii;r,:- 
U'ott's  arm-ch.ia-,  .iiu! 
isclf  on  a  cliair  hi-^n:o 

his  sulijccts  as  ili'.v 
rul'f"  hcbidc  thciar-  si 
r-chi\viiig  was  aiu.iys 
cared  to  be,  in  fact,  a 
tiic  part  of  griiiiail;:;'., 
Iicir  vassala,L;c ;  wl.icli 
must  |)crfcct  ;iii|i:;i.;" 
ly  |)rcv,iilcd  licluii.:! 
I  tbcv  would  all  ?!ii:i 

otc  and  C(iiivc;>.i!!i'n 
some  adniiruljic  re- 
L'liaracter,  and  s|«iI;o 
piict,  orderly,  linik?; 
licli  one  would  lurdiy 
descendants  of  iiii^ 
I  neigiiborliood  fauuJ 
feud,  and  viol., mo  n| 
n  his  oliicial  c,i|).'.('i;y 
laws  for  a  nuiiilKr  -f 
ll.ul  iicell  \r;\  fi'V 
local  iiitcrcsls,  anJ 
tiie  .Scotch,  lioHcvcr, 
ir  ashes,  .■uid  nuVl'.t 
ereditary  feclini,'  l"r 
,is  not  always  s.ifc  to 
)all  l)etween  vi!la;;e=, 
[(10  a])t  (o  lire  ik  nut. 
uorc  rcN-enyefiil  tlu:i 


,1  i!- 


,v,  Fiv'iiih ;  they  carried  their  resentments 
I".',.r  and  would  sometimes  lay  then\  by  for 
'- 'but  would  be  snre  to  ynitify  them  in  the 

The  .indent  jealousy  between  the  llit;lilandcrs 
,,' I'li' l.owhiiiders  still  continued  tu  ;i  certain 
P'JllJc  former  lookin;,'  u|)(in  the  hitter  as  an 
i.^r,)!'  race,  less  brave  and  hardy,  but  at  tlie 
Hiic'iime,  s'uspectins,'  them  of  a  disposition  to 
;'■'.,  ^,fj  upon   themselves    under   the    ide.i   of 

Ijcriori''^^''"'-''"'^^'''"  '^'''*  made  them  techy  and 
r'kluh  company  for  a  stranger  on  his  first  com- 
■-'Miiinng  them  ;  ruflhng  up  and  inittinj,'  them- 
i",  lUpnii  their  mettle  on  the  slightest  occasion, 
(iiliailiohad  in  a  manner  to  iiiiarrel  and  fight 
i,i ivav  into  their  good  graces. 

He  iniianced  a  case  in  point  in  a  brother  of 
V:n'o  i'.irk,  who  went  to  take  u|)  Iiis  residence  in 
-uU  nci'diborhood  of  the  Highlands.  lie  soon 
"'vrA  himself  considered  as  an  intruder,  and 
•'"'t  ih-tc  was  a  disposition  among  these  cocks 
ckiohill-i.  to  I'lX  a  quarrel  on  him.  trusting  that, 
|.;,i,'  a  Lowlander,   he  would    show    the    white 

i..;;h;T. 

For  a  time  he  bore  their  llings  and  taunts  with 
.TL.it  ciiolncss,  until  one,  presuming  on  his  for- 
k'.Mi'.co,  drew  forth  a  dirk,  and  holding  it  be- 
;■  :e  him,  nsked  him  if  he  had  ever  seen  :\  weapon 
;.ic  ihat  in  his  ])art  of  the  country.  Park,  who 
j.j  a  Hercules  in  frame,  seized  the  dirk,  and, 
» th  line  blow,  drove  it  through  an  oaken  table  : 
-"Vis,"  replied  he,  "and  tell  your  friends  that 
,-.  mm  from  the  Lowlands  drove  it  whore  the 
c.-.ii  him.-ielf  cannot  draw  it  out  again."  All 
r.r-ons  were  delighted  with  the  feat,  and  the 
•J  nii  that  accompanied  it.  They  drank  with 
1. irk  til  abetter  acquaintance,  and  were  stanch 
i'ri'.nJi  ever  afterw.ird. 


.^I'tcr  dinner  we  adjourned  to  the  drawing- 
r  .im.  which  served  also  f(jr  study  and  liljrary, 
.\;x,i)il  the  w.iU  on  one  side  was  a  long  writing- 
l.:'i!e,  with  drawers  ;  surmounted  by  ;i  small 
cibintt  (if  polished  wood,  with  folding  doors 
ridily  stiiddeil  with  brass  ornaments,  within 
shi.ii  Scott  kept  his  most  valu.ible  papers. 
.Vime  the  cabinet,  in  a  kind  of  niche,  was  a 
ciiii|ilcto  corslet  of  glittering  steel,  with  a  closed 
kimct,  and  tlanked  by  gauntlets  and  battle- 
rvii.  .Around  were  hung  trojihies  and  relics  of 
nrimis  kinds :  ,i  ciineter  of  Tippoo  Sail)  ;  a 
H:;lil,uid  broadsword  from  Klodden  Field  ;  a  |)air 
of Kippiin  spins  from  Hannockburn  ;  and  above 
.■'..  a^iin  which  had  belonged  to  ]\ob  Roy,  and 
brchii  initials,  K.  M.  C,  an  object  of  peculiar 
ir.tircst  tome  at  the  time,  as  it  was  umlerstood 
.'"Mtt  was  actually  engaged  in  printing  a  novel 
founded  on  the  story  ot  th.it  famous  outlaw. 

^''n  each  side  of  the  cabinet  were  liook-cases, 
»u!  stiircd  with  works  of  rom.intic  tlction  in  vari- 
Kjlan;,'nages,  many  of  them  r.ire  and  antiquated. 
This,  however,  was  merely  Ins  cottage  library, 
tie  principal  part  of  his  books  being  at  Kdii'i- 
l):r^h. 

liiiin  this  little  cabinet  of  curiosities  Scott 
fcvldrih  a  manuscript  jiicked  up  on  the  field  of 
».i!i'iio(i,  containing  copies  of  se\-eral  songs 
Fpr.lir  at  the  time  in  France.  The  paper  was 
MiWodwith  blood-"  the  very  life-blood,  very 
P'lssibly,"  said  Scott,  "of  some  gay  young  officer, 
«lio  had  clierislied  these  songs  as'  a  keepsake 
from  some  lady-love  in  Paris."" 

He  .idverted,  in  a  mellow  and  delightful  man- 


ner, to  tlic  little  half-gny,  half-melanclioly,  cam- 
Iiaigning  song,  said  to  have  been  comiiosed  by 
Cieneral  Wolfe,  and  sung  by  him  at  the  mess 
table,  on  the  e\e  of  the  storming  of  Ouebec,  in 
which  he  fell  so  gloriously  : 

"  Why,  soldiers,  why, 

•SlioiiUl  we  be  melancholy,  boys? 

Why,  soldiers,  why. 

Whose  liiisiness  'tis  to  die  ! 

l-'or  shoillil  next  campaign 

Send  us  to  him  who  made  us,  boys, 

We're  free  from  p.iin  : 

lint  should  we  remain, 

A  bottle  and  kind  landlady 

Makes  all  well  again." 

"  So,"  added  he,  "  the  poor  lad  who  fell  at 
Waterloo,  in  .ill  |)robabilily,  had  been  singing 
these  songs  in  his  tent  the  night  before  the  battle, 
and  thinking  of  the  fair  dame  who  had  taught  him 
them,  and  |)roinising  himself,  should  he  outlive 
the  campaign,  to  return  to  her  all  glorious  from 
the  wars." 

I  find  since  that  Scott  pulilished  translations  of 
these  songs  among  some  of  his  smaller  ])oems. 

The  evening  passed  away  delightfully  in  this 
(luainl-looking  apartment,  half  study,  half  draw- 
ing-room. Scott  read  se\eral  jiassages  from  the 
old  romance  of  "  Arthur,"  with  a  t'lne,  deep  sonor- 
ous voice,  and  a  gravity  of  tone  that  seemed  to 
suit  the  antiquated,  black-letter  volume.  It  was 
a  rich  treat  to  hear  such  a  work,  read  by  such  a 
jierson,  and  in  such  a  ))lace  ;  and  his  ajipearance 
as  he  sat  reading,  in  a  large  armed  chair,  with  his 
favorite  hound  Slaida  at  his  feet,  and  surrounded 
by  books  and  relics,  and  border  trophies,  would 
have  formed  an  admirable  .-11111  most  character- 
istic ])icture. 

While  Scott  was  leading,  the  sage  grim.ilkin, 
already  mentioned,  had  t.iken  his  seat  in  a  chair 
beside  the  fire,  and  remained  with  fixeil  eye  and 
grave  demeanor,  as  if  listening  to  the  reader.  I 
observed  to  Scott  that  his  cat  seemed  to  have  a 
bl.udc-lelter  taste  in  literature. 

"  Ah,"  said  he,  "  these  cits  are  a  very  mysteri- 
ous kind  of  folk.  There  is  always  more  jiassing 
in  their  minds  than  we  are  aware  of.  It  comes  no 
doubt  from  their  being  so  familiar  with  witcln.'S 
and  warlocks."  He  went  on  to  tell  a  little  story 
about  a  gude  man  who  was  returning  to  his  cot- 
tage one  night,  when,  in  a  lonely  out-of-the-way 
l)lace,  he  met  with  a  funeral  i)rocession  of  cats  all 
in  mourning,  bearing  one  of  tlieir  race  to  the  grave 
in  a  coftin  covered  with  a  black  velvet  pall.  The 
worthy  man,  astonished  and  half-frightened  at  so 
strange  a  pageant,  hastened  home  and  told  what 
he  had  seen  to  his  wife  and  children.  Scarce  li.id 
he  finished,  when  a  great  black  cat  that  sat  be- 
side the  tire  raised  himself  up,  exclaimed  "  'I'hen 
1  am  king  of  the  cits!"  and  vanished  up  the 
chimney.  The  funeral  seen  by  the  gude  man,  was 
one  of  the  cat  dynasty. 

"  Our  grimalkin  here,"  added  Scott.  "  some- 
times reminds  me  of  the  story,  by  the  airs  of 
so\  ereignty  w  hicli  he  assumes  ;  and  I  am  apt  to 
tre.it  him  with  resjiect  from  the  idea  that  be  iii.iy 
be  a  great  prince  incog.,  and  may  some  time  or 
other  come  to  the  throne.'' 

In  this  way  Scott  would  make  the  habits  and 
jieculiarities  of  even  the  dumb  animals  about 
liim  subjects  for  humorous  remark  or  whimsical 
story. 

Our  evening  was  enlivened  also  by  an  occa- 
sional  song    from    Sophia  Scott,  at  the  request 


l';i;i  i      ii 


m 


>i' '  ii 


m 


'} 


■III 

mm 
km 


sao 


ABBOTSFORD. 


(if  licr  fiiihcr.  She  never  wanted  to  l)c  asked 
twice,  l)ul  coniijlied  frankly  and  clieerfuUy.  Her 
son^s  were  all  Scotch,  sun^,'  without  any  acconi- 
])aninient,  in  a  simple  manner,  hut  with  (^'reat 
s|)irit  and  expression,  and  in  their  native  dialects, 
which  nave  them  ai  additional  charm.  It  was 
deli;^'hlful  to  hear  her  carol  olf  in  spri;4htly  style, 
and  with  an  animated  air,  some  of  those  j^encrous- 
spirileil  old  Jacobite  son^s,  once  current  amon;^ 
the  adherents  of  tlie  I'retender  in  Scotland,  in 
which  he  is  desiLjnated  by  the  appellation  ol' 
"  The  YounjT  Chevalier." 

These  songs  were  much  relished  by  Scott,  not- 
withstandinj^  his  loyalty;  (or  the  ut. fortunate 
"  Che\alier"  has  always  been  a  here  of  romance 
with  him,  as  he  has  with  many  other  stau  -h  .  1- 
herents  to  the  House  of  Hai  •<'<•,  nf  :  U  ti  e 
'  "uart  line  has  lo=t  ,"i'l  it  •■ 'errir  in  ;  .K;n  •  e 
tne  sid)ject,  Scott  li  "'Lioned  a^  a  •.  u;  :oii«  fact, 
that,  amon;4  the  jiapers  of  the  "  Chv  .in.  r.  '  -  hich 
had  been  sidnnilted  by<;over.  ici  '  ■  'w  i.i.iiec- 
tion,  he  had  found  a  memorial  to  i  !:.irlcs  lii  ,  • 
Eome  adherents  in  America,  dated  i/J^S,  pio[j  ,.. 
iny  to  set  up  his  standard  in  the  back  settlements. 
I  re;;ret  that,  at  the  time,  I  did  not  make  more 
particular  inquiries  of  Scott  on  the  subject  ;  the 
document  in  ([uestion,  however,  in  all  jirobabilily, 
still  exists  amon^f  the  I'retender's  |)apers,  which 
are  in  the  possession  of  the  liritish  {Government. 

In  the  course  of  tlie  evenin<,f,  Scott  related  the 
story  of  a  whimsical  pictme  hani^in^'  in  thi'  room, 
which  had  been  drawn  for  him  by  a  lady  of  liis 
acc|iuuntance.  It  represented  the  dolefid  per- 
]ile.\ity  of  a  wealthy  and  handsome  youn;..;  I'-n;.^- 
lish  kniylit  of  the  olden  time,  who,  in  the  course 
of  a  border  foray,  had  been  (•aptiu'cil  and  carried 
off  to  the  castle  of  a  hartl-lieaded  and  liiLjh- 
handed  old  baron.  The  unfortunate  youth  w;is 
thrown  into  a  dungeon,  and  a  tall  gallows  erected 
before  the  castle  gate  for  his  execution.  When 
all  was  ready,  he  was  brought  into  the  casile  hall 
where  the  grim  baron  was  seated  in  state, with  his 
warriors  armed  to  the  teeth  around  him,  and  was 
gi\en  his  choice,  either  to  swing  on  the  gibbet  or 
to  marry  the  ban.n's  daughter.  The  last  maybe 
thought  an  easy  alternative,  but  unfortunately, 
the  liaron's  young  lady  was  hidecnisly  ugly,  with 
a  mouth  from  ear  to  ear,  so  that  not  a  suitor  was  to 
be  h.ul  for  her,  either  for  love  or  money,  and  she 
was  known  throughout  the  border  country  by  the 
name  of  .Muekle-mouthed  Mag! 

The  ])icture  in  ciuestion  represented  the  un- 
happy dilemma  of  the  handsome  youth,  lieforc 
him  sat  the  grim  baron,  with  a  face  wortlu'  of  the 
father  of  such  a  daugluer,  and  looking  daggers 
and  rat's-bane.  On  one  siite  of  him  was  Muckle- 
niouthed  Mag,  with  an  amorous  smile  across  the 
whole  breadth  of  her  countenance,  and  a  leer 
enough  to  turn  a  man  to  stone  ;  on  the  other  siile 
was  the  father  confessor,  a  sleek  friar,  jogging 
the  xoulh's  elbow,  and  pointing  to  the  gallows, 
seen  in  ])erspective  through  tlie  open  jjort.d. 

The  st(uy  goes,  that  after  long  laboring  in 
mind,  between  the  altar  and  the  halter,  the  love 
of  life  pre\ailed,  and  the  youth  resigned  himself 
to  the  charms  of  Muekle-mouthed  Mag.  Con- 
trary to  all  the  ]irobal)ilities  of  romance,  the 
match  proved  a  hajjpy  one.  The  baron's  daugh- 
ter, if  not  be.uitiful,  was  a  most  exemiilary  wife  ; 
her  husband  was  never  troidiled  with  any  of 
those  doubts  and  jealousies  which  sometimes  mar 
the  happiness  of  connubial  life,  and  was  made 
the  father  of  a  fair  and  undoubtedly  legitimate 
line,  which  still  lloinishes  on  the  border. 

I   |,Mve   but   a  faint  outline  of  ;hc  story  from 


vague  recollection  ;  it  may,  pr  re 
riihly  ri'lated  elsewhere,  bv  souk 

-1      1.; ..r     .1.        i    !■     . 


'■clianco,  lie  nn 
riihly  ri'lated  elsewhere,  by  some  (mu  uli„  , 
retain  something  of  the  deligluful  hum'v', 
which  Scott  recmmted  it. 

When  1  retired  for  the  night,  I  found  i;;,>. 
impossible  to  sleep  ;   the  idea  of  hcin'.'  unil' "•• 
roof  of  Scott ;   of  being  on  the  borders  ,  i 
Tweed,  in  the  very  centre  of  ilmt  ri"ii'"  ■■ 
had  for  some  time  past  been  the  f.-ndm, 
of  romantic  ficti(ni  ;  and  above  ill,  t!,e  rm'- 
tions  of  the  rand)le  I  had  l.iken,  tlic  aimpaM 
which  1  had  U\kvn  it,  and  the  convers,uiii;,'uiv 
had     passed,    all    fermented   in  niv  miii,i    - 
nearly  drove  sleep  from  my  i)ilknv,  ' 


On  tne  foll-nvii^g  morning,  tlie  sun  dwcd  hijl 
beams  from  over  the  hills  throiigli  the  Knvhtuccl 
window.  1  rose  .it  an  early  hoiu',  :uul  loukcdoutl 
between  the  branches  of  eglantine  win  h  iivcr-l 
himg  the  casement.  To  my  sin]iriso  Scoimasl 
alreaily  u|)  ;ind  forth,  seated  on  a  fni'jmer.;  ofl 
stone,  and  chatting  with  the  workmen  iii:plii\  i]I 
on  the  new  building.  I  had  supposed,  ;iftir;hc  I 
time  he  had  wasted  ii])on  me  yestcrdnv,  liiMui;;iJ 
be  closely  occupied  this  morning,  but  li- m- 
])eared  like  a  man  of  leisiue,  who  juul  ndthinv.il 
do  but  bask  in  the  sunshine  and  amuse  huibiif. 

I    soon  dressed   myself  and  joined  liuii,    He 
talked  about  his  jjroposed  jilans  of  .Abl.ui-ford;  I 
hajjpy  woidd  it  have  been  for  him  could  lie  bvc  | 
contented  himself  with  his  deligluful  littli;  vir.c- 
covered  cottage,  and  the  simple,  yet  lieartv  nr.d  I 
hos[)itablc  style,  in  which  he  lived  at  the  timt  ul 
my  visit.     The  great  ])ile  of  Abbotsford,  uiihik  | 
huge  expense  it  ent.iiled  upon  him.  of  serv.m'.s, 
ret.iiners,  guests,  and  biironial  style,  was  .t  dran  I 
iijion  his  purse,  a  tax  upon  his  exertions,  and  a 
weight  upon  his  mind,  that  tinally  crushed  hun. 

As   yet,   however,  all  was  in  embry(i  and  per- 
spective, an<l  Scott  ijleased  him^ell' witli  picf.ir- 
ing  out  bis  future  residence,  as  he  would  op.':  (f  I 
the  fanciful  creations  of  his  own  roiiiant'es,  "1;  I 
was  one  of  his  air  castles,"  he  said,  "which he 
was  reducing  to  solid  stone  and  mortar."    Ahrnit  I 
the  jjlace  were  strewed  various  morsels  tVdm  the  j 
ruins  of  Melrose  Abbey,  which  were  to  be  incor- 
jjor.'tted  in  his  mansion.       He  bail  already  cm- 
strueted  out  of  similar  materials  a  kind  (ifdMi,;; 
shrine  over  a  spring,  and  had  surmounted  it  hy  a 
small  stone  cross. 

Among  the  relics  from  the  Abbey  which  lav 
scattered  before  us,  was  a  must  quaint  and 
antique  little  lion,  either  of  red  >tonc,  or 
painted  red,  which  hit  my  fancy.  1  for.mt  «hojc 
cognizance  it  was  ;  but  1  shall  never  Iit^'C.  ih: 
delightful  observations  concerning  old  .Mclioscto 
which  it  accidenlallv  gave  rise. 

The  Abliey  was  e'vidently  a  pile  tliat  called  up 
all  Scott's  poetic  and  romantic  feelings;  anddne 
to  which  he  w:is  enthusiastically  attached  by  the 
most  fanciful  and  delightful  of  bis  early  associ.i- 
ti.nis.  He  spoke  of  it,  1  mav  say,  with  ailcction, 
"  There  is  no  telling,"  said  he,  "  what  irea-^iiroi 
are  hid  in  that  glorious  old  pile.  U  is  a  t.inioiis 
place  for  antiquarian  plunder;  there  arc  suc.i 
rich  bits  of  old  time  sculpture  for  tbc  aichiuct, 
and  old  time  storv  for  the  poet.  Tlieic  I'j  a*  ''''^ 
Ijicking  in  it  as  a  Stilton  cheese,  and  m  ihc  janie 
taste— the  mouldier  the  better." 

Me  went  on  to  mention  circumstances  ol 
"mightv  import"  connected  with  dn  .W^; 
which  had  never  been  touched,  and  which  r.,iu 
even  escaped  the  researches  ot  Jubiwy  bo«cr. 


ABBOTSFORD. 


C21 


.  ''.    soniL'  (,n,j  ui,,, ,.  ^" 
'^'  'l^'liflitful  hum,,; 

^"io'lit-  I  foillKl  u  .,'., 

:  on  tliL>  borders  !  (  ■ 
'r^  "f  ll>at  rcpon  „  . 
I^e^'n  the  favorit,  <,„ 

'  =^'7^  -''l,tl,cruo'i'l. 

;' '.■''^^•"•tlH.'a.mpar.v'ia, 

''  "'L'  convcrsaiinn  «h,  I 

"'^•''   '"  '"y  mind,  „dl 
my  pillow.  '    ^' 


"1";.;,  till'  sun  darted  hisi 
-s  tliniiigh  (lie  Inwbtiiccl 

'lylym-,  amllo„kdoi!t 
'  L'Kl.mtmc  wh-h  nvcr. 
>  my  sur|.rise  Scouivail 
■■;iU'(l  (m  a  fra;jiner,t  nf) 
the  workmen  tmpli,v,jf 
iKid  supposaLaiur'tlie 


mu  yi.'^tcrdav,li|.«ou!d| 
s   morninf,',  but  hv  ap- , 
in-o,  who  had  iiiuhin-;) 
no  and  amuse  liinibih'. 

and  jdincd  luni.  Hcj 
d  i)lan;i  of  Abhotsford;, 
1  for  him  could  he  have] 
lis  (lc!i;;htt"ul  little  vine-, 

simpk',  yet  heartv  and  I 
1  lie  lived  at  thetimtoli 
of  Abhotsford,  with  the 

upon  him.  of  servants, 
■onial  style,  was  a  diaia  | 
»a  his  exertions,  .ami  ,i . 
it  finally  crushed  him. 
as  in  cniliryo  and  p^r- 
cd  himself  with  jiictur- 
cc,  as  he  would  one  (f  ] 
lis  own  romances.   •■]: 
s,"  he  said,  "wiiichhe 
c  and  mortar."    .Ahna 
irioiis  morsels  fi(>m  the 
vhich  were  to  be  inc  ■.'■ 

lie  had  already  cm- 
terials  a  kind  of  (li'ii;;: 
liael  surmounted  it  b;  a 

the  Abbey  which  lay 
i  a  most  c|uaint  and 
er  of  red  stone,  or 
fancy.  I  forget  vdwse 
shall  never  f'r.'e'.  thv 
icernini;  old  .Melrose  to 
rise. 

y  a  pile  that  called  up 
ntic  feelings ;  andeiie 
tically  attached  by  the 
il  of  his  early  associ;!- 
lay  say,  with  aiieetion. 
1  iic,  "  what  treasures 
I  pile.  It  is  a  famous 
iider  ;  there  are  such 
tnrc  for  the  architect, 
met.  There  is  as  r.ue 
ecsc,  and  in  the  same 
Icr." 

ion  circnmstaiKes  of 
ted  with  the  .Abbey, 
.ichcd,  and  which  h.id 
es  uf  Johnny  Itewer. 


L.,|j^,^ftnf  Robert  Rruce,  the  hero  of  Scotland, 
'Crn  buried  in  it.     He  dwell  on  the  bcaiiti- 
r,  if  Bruce  s  pious  and  cliiv.iiroiis  rcijucst 
,Kii;'  hour,  tiiat  his  lie.irt  inijjhl  be  c;ir- 


..  the  \U>\\-   '■ 
hre,  in  fidri  <■■ 
.iihcloyal  I- 
,-,  amvev  the  K' 

iB.ufc.ll'-'S.li'l-"'" 

|ir,;ii.u.iilventurous 


an 


his  death  in 


.......  — — -J.,..-  — 

and  .and  pl.iccd  mi  the  Hcdy 

ent  of  a  vow  of  pil^;rima;^i"  ; 

litioii  of  Sir  jaiiu     Doi.glas 

Otis  relic.      Much  iiiiKlit    !.'■ 

the  adventures  of  Si    James 

i],'e  ;  of  his  fortunes  in  Spain, 

^^ crusade  a!4ain.ji.  the  Moors; 

,rii  the  "subseii.  Mit  fort'i  es  of  the  lieart  of 
RAt-rt  Ilmce,  ■!  .  it  was  brou^du  back  to  its 
luiivc  land,  anu  enshrined  within  the  holy  walls 
oi.iidMi-lrose. 

^5  Scott  sat  nn  a  stone  t  ikin-  ai  iliis  way,  and 
lijicking  with  his  staff  against  the  little  red  lion 
»h:cii  lay  prostrate  before  him,  his  gray  eyes 
rra'icioJbeneath  his  shaggeil  eyebrows  ;  scenes, 
iHj_,L.i,  incidents,  kept  breaking;  upon  his  niiiul 
a,'h:  proceeded,  mingled  with  touches  of  the 
ni'.iterious  and  supernatural  as  connected  with 
th;  lieart  of  liniee.  It  seemed  us  if  a  poem  or 
rr.imeewere  breaking;  vat;uely  on  his  ima;.4ina- 
;;  n.  That  be  subseipiently  coatempl.ated  some- 
ihia.'iif  the  kind,  as  connected  with  this  subject, 
ar.d'.vith  his  favorite  ruin  of  .Melrose,  is  eviileiit 
Ipni  Ins  introduction  to  "The  Monastery  ;"  and 
:;  i!  a  pity  that  he  never  succeeileel  in  following 
cjtthcie  shadowy,  Init  enthusiastic  conceptions. 
\  summons  to  breakfast  broke  off  our  con- 
vention, when  1  bej^ged  to  recommend  to  Scott's 
atttnlion  my  .lend  the  little  reel  lion,  who  h.icl 
led  to  such  an  interesting  topic,  and  hoped  he 
ra;,ht  receive  some  niche  or  station  in  the  future 
ar.le.  worthy  of  his  evident  antit(uity  and  ap- 
p.'.rcnt  dii,'nity.  Scott  assured  me,  with  comic 
pivitv,  that  the  valiant  little  lion  should  be  most 
kinorably  entertained  ;  I  hope,  therefore,  that  he 
i:;;l  ilourishes  at  Abhotsford. 

Before  dismissini;  the  theme  of  the  relics  from 
the  .Abbey,  1  will  mention  another,  illustrative  of 
Satt's  varied  humors.  Tliis  w.is  a  human  skull, 
«i;;ch  had  probaljly  belonged  of  yore  to  one  of 
those jovial  friars,  so  honorably  mentioned  in  the 
cl.l  border  ballad  ; 

"0  the  monks  of  Melrose  made  f;iulo  kale 
Oil  Fridays,  when  they  fasted  ; 
They  w.antutl  iieilber  beef  nor  ale, 
.U  long  as  their  neighbors  lasted." 

Tiiis  skull  he  had  caused  to  be  cleaned  and  var- 
r.ijh'.d.  and  placed  it  on  a  chest  of  drawers  in  ids 
diiiiber,  immediately  opposite  his  bed  ;  where  1 
hive  seen  it,  ;,'rinning  raost  dismally.  It  was  an 
ihitt  of  great  awe  and  horror  to  the  superstitious 
b-Kemaids ;  and  Scott  used  to  amuse  himself 
«:'h their  apprehensions.  Sometimes,  in  chang- 
i"jliij  dress,  he  would  leave  his  neck-cloth  coiled 
rwndit  hkc  a  turban,  and  none  of  the  "  lasses" 
dired  to  remove  it.  It  was  a  matter  of  great 
ivMder  and  speculation  among  them  that  the 
l-[d  should  have  such  an  "  awsome  fancy  for  an 
Kid  girnin.;'  skull." 

At  breakfast  that  morning  Scott  gave  an 
aaubin,,' account  of  a  little  Highlander  called 
t'fflipbell  of  the  \orth,  who  had  a  lawsuit  of 
niny  years'  standing  with  a  nobleman  in  his 
f'-yliborhood  about  the  boundaries  of  their 
tbMtes.  It  was  the  leading  object  of  the  little 
'^■■•^slile  ;  the  running  theme  of  all  his  conver- 
sjtmns ;  he  used  to  detail  all  the  circumstances 
;•;  iall  length  to  everybody  he  met,  and,  to  aid 
f-i  m  his  description  of  the  premises,  and  make 


his  story  "  mair  prccccsc,"  he  had  a  great  map 
made  ol  ids  est.ite,  a  huge  roll  sever.i!  feet  long, 
which  he  used  to  carry  about  on  his  shoulder. 
C.impl)ell  was  a  long-bodied,  but  siiort  and 
b.iiuly  legged  little  man,  always  clad  in  the 
Highi.uui  garb  ;  and  as  he  went  about  with  this 
.  reat  loU  on  liis  shoulder,  and  his  little  li'gs 
curving  like  a  pair  of  p.irentlieses  below  Ills  kill, 
he  was  an  odd  hgure  to  behold.  He  w.is  like 
little  IJavid  '  uildering  the  spe.ir  of  (ioli.iih, 
which  was  "  li.ieunto  a  weaver's  beam." 

Whenever  sheep-shearing  was  over,  Campbell 
used  to  set  out  for  Edinburgh  to  .ittimd  to  his 
I.iwsuit.  At  the  inns  he  jjaid  double  for  all  his 
meals  and  his  night's  lodgings,  telling  the  l.ind- 
lords  to  keep  it  in  mind  until  Ins  return,  so  that 
he  might  come  back  that  way  at  free  cost ;  for 
lie  knew,  he  said,  that  he  would  s])end  all  his 
money  among  the  lawyers  at  lulinburgh,  so  he 
thought  it  best  to  secure  a  retreat  home  again. 

(Jn  one  of  his  \  isits  he  called  upon  his  lawyer, 
but  was  told  he  was  not  at  home,  but  his  lady 
was.      "  It's  just    the   same    thing,"    said    litt' 
Campbell.     On  being  shown  into  the  parlor,  ', 
unrolled  his  ma]),  stated  his  case  at  full  leng'i.. 
and,  having  gone  through  with  his  story,  ,  '<e 
her   the   customary    fee.       She    would    have      •>- 
dined  it,  but  he  insisted  on  her  taking  it,     '•  . 
ha'  had  just  as  much  pleasure,"  said  he,  '      ,  i  11- 
ing  the  wdiole  tale   to  you,   as   I   should   have  !i 
in  telling  it  to  your  husband,  and  1  beli'ce  fui. 
as  much  prolit." 

'I'he  last  lime  lie  saw  Scott,  he  tolc  i  ',.; 
believed  he  and  the  laird  were  licar  a  setti^iiK  nt, 
as  they  agreed  to  within  a  few  miles  of  the 
boundary.  If  I  recollect  right,  Scott  .ulded  that 
he  ailviseil  the  little  man  to  consign  his  cause 
and  his  map  to  the  care  of  "Slow  Willie  Mow- 
bray," of  tedious  memory,  an  lulinburgh  worthy, 
much  emi>loyed  by  the  country  ])eople,  for  he 
tired  out  everybody  in  office  by  repeated  visits 
and  drawling,  endless  prolixity,  and  gained  every 
suit  by  dint  of  boring. 

These  little  stories  and  anecdotes,  which 
abouiuled  in  Scott's  conversation,  rose  naturally 
out  of  the  subject,  and  were  perfectly  unforced  ; 
though,  in  thus  relating  them  in  a  detached  way, 
without  the  observations  (iv  circumst.mces  which 
led  to  them,  and  which  have  passed  from  my  re- 
collection, they  want  their  setting  to  give  them 
proper  relief.  They  will  serve,  however,  to  show 
the  natural  play  of  his  mind,  in  its  familiar  moods, 
and  its  fecundity  in  graphic  and  ch.n.icteristic 
detail. 

His  daughter  Sophia  and  his  son  Charles  were 
those  of  his  family  who  seemed  most  to  feel 
and  understand  his  humors,  and  to  take  didight 
in  his  conversation.  .Mrs.  Scott  did  not  alw.iys 
I)ay  the  same  attention,  and  would  now  and  then 
make  a  casual  remark  which  would  operate  a 
little  like  a  damper.  Thus,  one  morning  at 
breakfast,  when  Dominie  Thomps(m,  the  tutor, 
was  present,  Scott  was  going  on  with  great  glee 
to  relate  an  anecdote  of  the  laird  of  .Macnab, 
"  who,  poor  fellow,"  premised  he,  "  is  dead  and 
gone—"  "  Why,  Mr.  Scott,"  exclaimed  the 
good  lady,"  Macnab's  not  dead,  islie  ?  "  "  F.iith, 
my  dear,"  replied  Scott,  with  humorous  gr.uity, 
"  if  he's  not  dead  they've  done  him  great  injus- 
tice— for  they've  buried  him." 

The  joke  jiassed  harmless  and  unnoticed  by 
Mrs.  Scott,  but  hit  the  poor  Dominie  just  as  he 
had  raised  a  cup  of  tea  to  his  lips,  causing  a 
burst  of  laughter  which  sent  half  of  the  contents 
about  the  table. 


n 


fc#i'i  \F-^'' 


p. 


*i 


,'  ;  m  •! 


622 


AnnOTSFORD. 


.  ^v 


i;    /'  ;' 


::  u\ 


.Jl.11 


;!'i 


'  ;■'  i 


;'!.^  > 


•(' 


Afti'i  lircakfast,  Scott  w.is  occiipicil  for  some 
time  ((iiiL'ctini;  proof-sliccts  which  he  had  w- 
ici\c(l  liy  ihc  mail.  The  iui\(jl  of  Roh  Hoy,  as  I 
liavc  already  ohsi-rvcd,  was  at  that  time  \n  ilu- 
j)rL'ss,  and  I  supposed  them  to  be  the  proof- 
sheets  of  that  work.  The  authorship  of  the 
Waverley  no\els  was  still  a  matter  of  eonjecuire 
and  uneii  lainly  ;  though  few  douhted  their  heiii'^ 
piiniipally  written  hy  Scott.  One  proof  to  me 
of  his  heing  the  author,  was  that  he  never  ad- 
virted  to  ihem.  A  man  so  fond  of  an\lhin;; 
Scottish,  anil  anything;  relating;  to  national  his- 
tory or  local  Icj^end,  coukl  not  have  been  mule 
respecting;  such  productions,  hail  they  been  writ- 
ten hy  another,  lie  w.is  fonil  of  ipioting  the 
works  of  his  contemporaries  ;  he  was  continually 
reciting;  scraps  of  border  songs,  or  relating  anec- 
dotes of  border  story.  With  respect  to  his  own 
jxiems,  ,ind  their  n\erits,  however,  he  was  niute, 
and  while  with  him  1  observed  n  scrupidous 
silence  on  the  sid)ject. 

I  may  lu  re  mention  a  singular  fact,  of  which  I 
was  not  aware  at  the  time,  tli.it  Scott  was  \ery  re- 
ser\ed  with  his  children  respecting  his  own 
writings,  anil  w.is  even  disinclined  to  their  read- 
ing his  romantic  poems.  1  learnt  this,  some 
time  after,  from  a  passage  in  one  of  his  letters 
to  me,  adverting  to  a  set  of  the  American  minia- 
ture eilition  of  his  ])(iems,  whic  h,  on  my  return  to 
I'^ngland,  I  forwarded  to  one  of  the  yomig  ladies. 
"  Jn  my  hurry,"  writes  he,  '"l  have  not  thanked 
you,  in  Sophia's  name,  for  the  kind  attention 
whicJi  furni>hed  her  with  the  American  volumes. 
I  am  not  quite  sure  I  can  adil  my  own,  since  you 
have  made  her  acquainted  with  much  more  of 
papa's  folly  than  she  would  otherwise  have 
le.irned  ;  for  I  have  taken  special  care  they 
should  never  see  any  of  these  things  during  their 
earlier  years." 

To  retinn  to  the  thread  of  my  narrative,  When 
Scott  had  got  through  his  brief  literary  occup.i- 
tion,  we  set  out  on  a  ramble.  'I'he  young  ladies 
started  to  accom]iany  us,  but  they  had  not  gone 
far,  when  they  met  a  ])oor  old  laborer  anil  his 
distressed  f.imily,  .'uid  tinned  back  to  t.ike  them 
to  the  house,  and  relie\e  them. 

On  i)assing  the  boimds  of  Atjl>otsfnrd,  we  came 
upon  a  bleak-looking  farm,  with  a  forlorn,  crazy 
old  manse,  or  f.irm-house,  st.iniling  in  naked  deso- 
lation. 'I'his,  however,  Scott  told  me,  was  an 
ancient  hereditary  jiroperty  called  l.aiickend, 
about  as  \aluable  as  the  i)atrinionial  estate  of 
Don  Ouixolc,  and  which,  in  like  manner,  con- 
ferred an  hereditary  dignity  iqxin  its  projirictor, 
who  was  a  laird,  and,  though  poor  as  a  rat, 
prided  himself  ui)on  his  ancient  blood,  and  the 
standing  of  his  house.  lie  was  accordingly 
called  Lauckend,  according  to  the  Scottish  cus- 
tom of  naming  a  mar  after  his  family  estate,  but 
he  was  more  generally  known  through  the  country 
roimd  by  the  name  of  Lauckie  I-ong  I.cgs,  from 
the  length  of  his  limbs.  While  Scott  was  giving 
this  account  of  him,  we  saw  him  at  a  distance 
striding  along  one  of  his  fields,  with  his  plaid 
tluttering  .about  him,  and  he  seemed  well  to  ile- 
ser\e  his  ajjpellation,  for  he  looked  all  legs  and 
tartan. 

Lauckie  knew  nothing  of  the  world  beyond  his 
neighborlKiod.  Scott  told  me  that  on  returning  to 
Al)botsford  from  his  visit  to  l-' ranee,  immediately 
after  the  war,  he  was  calleil  on  by  his  neighbors 
generally  to  inquire  after  foreign  jiarts.  Among 
the  number  came  Lauckie  Long  1-X'gs  anil  an  old 
brother  as  ignorant  as  himself  They  had  many 
inquiries  to  make  about  the  French,  whom  they 


seemed  to  consider  some  remoicaiuUni,,;  I   ,    I 

ouslvu-de--''An.l  what  like  ariMltu'S''''''^ 
in   their  own  country  .'''  said  i..im  kn.  ..'        '" 

write  ?-can  they  cij.her  T      IR.  «,„'   ,'.'"  S 

ished  to  le.irn  th.it  they  were  nearlv  a,mu,h '3* 

v.nu  ed  in  civiluatiou  as  the  t;ii(l^  f„ii.,  „,  7 

botsford.  ■^* 

Alter  living  for  a  long  time  in  sindc  \,l    J 
ness,   Lauckie  all  at   once,  ami  not  limi;  1,",  ,T 
my   visit   to  the   neighborhoiid,  Un>\i  it  in'^'i 
head   to  get   married.     The   neiglil„„s  ,h,"  'J 
surprised;  but  the  family  eiinnixiiiii,  u',,,  ,    ■ 
a.-,    proud    as    they   were    poor,   vnic  "lir.r'l 
scandalized,  for  they  thought  the  \uiZ  «V„'";J| 
on  whom  he  h.id  set  his  mind  i|iuie'l)ini;,ii,i,'i;l 
It  was  in  vain,  however,  tli.it  lliiv  iviii(iii,;;,.'|i| 
on  the  misalliance  he  was  about  tiiiiMkc;  K»^^ 
not  to  be  swayed  from  his  ileiinnin.iiidn.  .UnJ 
ing  hin.self  in   his   best,   and  s.uldlmu ';,' ,,'^^1 
steed  that   might   have   ri\allid   KiiMiiimur.ir.a 
jilacing  a  pillion  behind  liis  saddle,  lie  dqiaiy 
to  wed   and   bring   home  the  liiiinhlu  l;b>u  4j| 
was  to  be  made  mistress  of  the  vtmiabli'  h  ,cl| 
of  Lauckend,  and  who  lived  in  a  villayc  in  ;'-t| 
opposite  side  of  the  Tweed.  I 

,A  small  event  of  the  kind  makes  a  great  ,i;r  J 
a  little  quiet  country  neiglibiiilmod,  Tlif  liiij 
soon  circulated  through  the  \ill:ige  of  .Mdr,,,..  I 
and  the  cottages  in  its  vicinity,  that  l.,iuiki«| 
Long  Legs  had  gone  over  the  Twicd  to  ft!,'ii| 
home  his  bride.  All  the  good  folks  asM'inlji.J.J 
the  bridge  to  await  his  return,  L.uk  kicliiiwi^n  f 
disappointed  them;  for  he  crossed  ilic  rr.u  ,i;j 
distant  ford,  and  conveyed  his  bride  iafo  iul,ij| 
mansion  without  being  percei\ed. 

Let  me  step  forward  in  the  toiirse  of  ivtn:!  I 
and   relate   the   fate  of  jioor  Lauckii-,  as  ii  v.,iil 
communicated  to  ine  a  year  or  twu  al'itruari!  A 
letter  by  Scott.     From  the  time  of  his  man :.;:■.•  I 
he  had  no  longer  any  peace,  owing  to  the  cun-l 
stant  intermeddling  of  his  relations,  who  uojijl 
not  permit  him  to  be  hajjpy  in  his  own  wav, 'i„t( 
endeavored  to  set  him  at  variance  with  h- v.iii.l 
Lauckie  refused  to  credit  any  of  their  stnriis'.ol 
her  disadvantage;  but   the   inces^.uU  wailate  hM 
had   to  wage   in  defence  of  her  good  iLime,  «i;i; 
out  both  lle-.h  and  spirit.     Hi.-.  I.i»t  coiillii.:  »..; 
witli   his  own  brothers,  in  front  of  his  |)ati,'rn.ill 
mansion.     A  furious  scolding  match  took  pLicej 
between  them;    Lauckie  made  a  xehemeDt  pro- [ 
fession  of  faith  in  fa\-or  of  her  Inimaciilaic  hen-  j 
esty,  and  then  fell  dead   at  the  tlireshokl  nf  h:j 
own  door.      His  jjcrson,  his  char.icter,  his  n.^nu', 
his  story,  and  his  fate,  entitled  linn  to  be  iniinit- 
tali/.ed   in  one  of  Scott's  novels,  .ind  1  lnokiil  t.i 
recognize  him  in  some  of  the  siiccee'din;;  »j ' 
from  his  pen  ;  but  I  looked  in  vain. 


After  passing  by  the  domains  of  honest  I.ni;d;c, 
Scott  pointed  out,  at  a  dist.uice,  the  kilw- 
stone.  There  in  ancient  days  stood  the  Eia;.;!  | 
tree,  beneath  which  Thomas  the  Rhymet.  .i:- 
cording  to  popular  tradition,  dealt  lorth  hb  pif- 
phecies,  some  of  which  still  exist  in  anliquatcJ 
ballads. 

Here  we  turned  up  a  little  glen  with  a  m:„..1  ! 
burn  or  brook  whimpering  and  dashing  aK'Hf  ■<• 
making  an  occasional  waterfall,  and  o\ ciluin,,'  ;a  | 
some  places  with  mountain  ash  and  wiii'i'» 
birch.  We  are  now,  said  Scott,  treadiii;;  «.la'-'>-'' 
or  rather  f;.iry  ground.  This  is  the  hauntcil  :4!j^:i 
of  Thomas  the  Rhymer,  where  he  met  wnn  '■■■^ 
queen  of  fairy  land,  and  this  the  bo^le  burn,  ^r 


JlI- 


AUHOTSl-URI). 


62n 


I  ■',  brook,  alcint;  which  she  rode  on  licr  ihip- 
|f' '!liv|)allr(.y,  "ill*  »''*■'■"'■  1j*-""s  ringinii  at  the 

'"itrc '' s'i'l  l"^'-  I''>i"*'"«'  "  's  Huntley  Hank. 
I  .hicli'l'i'""'"'  <1>^'  KliynH-r  l;iy  nlllhin^;  and 
j'fp,,,^  whin  lie  saw,  or  dreamt  he  saw,   the 


llj'JU'll 


of  niti.iiui 


„']-,iijTli""ii>s'iiy  on  Hiinllie  hank; 
\  lerlie  lie  spied  wi'  liis  e'c  ; 
\i..l  iheru  lie  saw  a  ladyo  1lli^;ll^, 
Oimtiri'liiiij  down  l>y  the  ICildon  tree. 

•  Her  -kin  was  c'  tlic  (jrass-green  silk, 

llcrmmtlen'  iIk;  velvet  fyne  ; 
At  ilka  ti'lt  iif  lier  In  use's  mane 
Hum.,'  lifiy  siller  hells  and  nine." 

Here  Scott  repented  several  of  the  stanzas  .nnd 
Ircjuntcil  ilio  cinnmistance  of  Thomas  the  Khy- 

Utr*  interview  with  the  fairy,  and  ins  bein^; 
[inKporteil  by  her  to  lairy  land— 

"An  I  til  seven  years  were  ^nnc  and  past. 
True 'I'liiiinas  (pn  eartli  was  never  seen." 

;ti5.ifine  old  story,"  said  he,  "  and  mi^^ht  be 

I  ,;:..:;lu  up  inm  a  caiiital  tale." 

Srott  coiilimicd  on,  le.idiiv.;  the  way  as  usual, 

;..,1  limping'  lip  the  wizard  ul"-'".   talkin^^  as  he 

I  iii".t.  but,  as  his  back  was  toward  me,  1   could 

lorJvhcar  the  (leeji  growling;  tones  of  his  voice, 

!  l:«c  the  low  breathing'  of  an  or;4an,  without  (lis- 

I  t:s."iisliin;,' tlio  words,  until  jjaiisin^',  and  turnini; 

ibMfe  toward  me,  1  found  he  was  recitiii;.,'  some 

j  imp  of  border   minstrelsy  about   Thomas    the 

[  Rhymer.    This  was  continually  the  case  in  my 

MniUin^'s  with  him  about  this  storied  nei;;hbor- 

}jiA.  liis  mind  was  frau;.;ht  with  the  traditionary 

•■'.ions  connected  with  every  object  around  him, 

ar.ii  he  would  breathe  it   forth  as  he  went,  ap- 

ririii'Jv  as  imirh  for  his  own  yratilicalion  as  for 

iiitofi'.is  cimipaninn. 

"Nurliill,  niir  bronl^,  we  paced  along, 
liut  had  It-,  legend  or  its  sonj;." 

Hiivoiccwas  deep  and  sonorous,  he  spoke  with 
.I.Scottish  accent,  and  with  somewhat  of  the 
N'rilmmljiian  "burr,"  which,  to  my  mind,  gave 
.-.li'iric  stren;.;tli  and  simi)licily  to  his  elocution. 
H;s  rccitatioa  of  poetry  was,  at  times,  niagniti- 
c;n!, 

1 '.iiink  it  w:is  in  the  course  of  this  ramble  that 
riiylrieiid  llaiidct,  the  black  j;reyliound,  got  into 
abad  scrape.  The  dogs  were  beating  about  the 
;icn5ancl  fields  as  usual,  and  had  been  for  some 
I  tine  out  nf  si-ht,  when  we  lu'.ird  a  barking  ;il 
!;iao  distance  to  the  left.  Shortly  after  we  s.iw 
ST.io  sheep  scaiii))ering  on  the  hills,  with  the 
(i-\;i  .".fter  them.  Scott  applied  to  his  lips  the 
iv.ry  whistle,  always  hanging  at  his  bultondnde, 
Ku  soon  called  in  the  culprits,  e.\ce[)ting  11am- 
:.;■  Hastening  up  a  bank  which  comm.indcd  a 
•:•.»■  .iluni;  a  fold  or  hollow  of  the  hills,  we  beheld 
;•'..  s.ible  |)rince  of  Denmark  staiuling  by  the 
'/.a'dinj,'  body  of  a  sheep.  The  carcass  was  still 
V'.irin,  the  thin.it  bore  marks  of  the  fatal  grip, 
^"il  Hamlet's  muzzle  was  stained  with  blood. 
•Vver  was  culprit  more  completely  caught  in 
n-lJiutl,'  (/(■!;,/,,,  I  sii|)posed  the  doom  of  ])oor 
riaiiilct  to  be  sealed  ;  for  no  higher  offence  can 
recommitted  by  a  dog  in  a  country  abounding 
«;|iisheep-w,ilks.  Sc()tt,  however,  had  a  greater 
'i.'-i;  for  hio  doys  than  for  his  sheep.    They  were 


his  companions  and  friends,  Hamlet,  too,  though 
an  irregul.ir,  iinpeitincnt  kind  of  youngster,  was 
I'vidently  a  f,ivorite.  lie  woidil  not  for  some  time 
believe  it  could  be  he  who  h,id  killed  the  sheep. 
It  must  have  been  some  cur  of  the  luighbiirhoud, 
that  h.id  m.ule  olf  on  our  ajjiiroach,  ai\d  left  poor 
Hamlet  in  the  lurch.  I'ronfs,  howt'ver,  were  too 
strong,  and  llamkl  w.is  generally  (nndemneil. 
"  Well,  well,"  said  Scott,  "  it's  partly  my  own 
fault.  I  have  given  up  coursing  for  some  tin>e 
past,  and  thi'  jioor  dog  has  h,id  no  (  h.ince  after 
game  to  take  the  (ire  edge  off<d'  him.  If  he  was 
put  after  a  hare  occasion, illy  he  never  woidil 
meddle  with  sheej)." 

I  understood,  afterward,  th.il  Scutt  actu.illy 
got  a  pony,  and  went  out  mivv  .md  tin  ii  coursing 
with  llandet,  who,  in  con-,e(|uenee,  showevl  no 
further  inclination  for  mutton. 


A  further  stroll  among  the  hills  brought  us  to 
what  Siotl  i)ronouncetl  the  rem.iins  nl  ,i  Kdinui 
camp,  and  as  we  sat  upon  a  hilhx  k  whu  h  li.id 
once  formed  a  i)art  of  the  ramparts,  he  poiiiti  il 
out  the  tr.ices  of  the  lines  and  Inilw.uks,  and  the 
pra'torium,  and  showed  a  knowledge  of  castram- 
aiation  that  would  not  have  disgraci'il  the  aiiti- 
ipiarian  Oldbuck  himself.  Indeeil,  various  cir- 
cunisvt.tnces  that  1  observed  ,d)out  Scott  during 
my  \  isit,  concurred  to  persuade  me  lh.it  many  of 
the  anti(|u:irian  humors  of  .Monkbarns  were  t.iken 
from  his  ouii  richly  compounded  char.ictcr,  .ind 
that  some  of  the  scenes  and  peisotiagis  of  th.it 
.idmir.ible  novel  were  furidshed  by  his  immediat-' 
neighborhood. 

He  gave  mc  sever.'d  anecdotes  of  :i  noted 
l)auper  named  Andrew  (lemiiKlls,  or  tlamnul, 
as  it  w,is  i)roiiouiiced,  who  had  once  lh)urisheil 
on  the  banks  of  tlall.i  Water,  immediately  op- 
l)osite  Abbotsford,  and  whinn  he  h.ul  seen  and 
talked  and  joked  with  when  a  boy  ;  and  1  in- 
stantly recognized  the  likeness  of  th.it  mirror  of 
|ihiloso|)hic  vag.d)onds  anil  Xestor  ol  begg.irs, 
lalie  Ochiltree.  1  was  on  the  ])oiiU  of  pronounc- 
ing the  name  and  recognizing  the  jxatr.iit,  when 
I  recollected  the  incognito  idjserved  b\  Scott 
with  respect  to  his  novels,  and  checkril  myself; 
but  it  was  one  among  many  things  tK.il  tended 
to  convince  me  of  his.aulhorship. 

His  jjiclure  of  Andrew  (lemmells  exactly  ac- 
corded with  that  of  J'ldie  as  to  his  height,  car- 
riage, and  soldier-like  air,  as  well  as  hi>  arch  and 
s.ircastie  humor.  1  lis  home,  if  home  he  had,  was 
at  (Jal.ishiels  ;  but  he  went  "  daundering  "  about 
the  country,  along  the  green  shaws  and  beside 
the  burns,  and  was  a  kind  of  walking  chroidcle 
throughout  the  valleys  of  the  Tweed,  the  h'.ttrick, 
and  tlie  Yarrow  ;  carrying  the  gos^ip  from  house 
to  house,  commenting  on  the  inh.djitants  and 
their  concerns,  and  never  hesitating  to  give  them 
a  ilry  rtib  as  to  any  of  their  faidts  or  follies. 

Ashrewd  beggar  like  Andrew  Ciemmells,  Scott 
added,  who  could  sing  the  <dd  Scotch  airs,  tell 
stories  .and  traditions,  aiul  gossip  away  the  long 
winter  evenings,  w.is  by  no  means  an  unwelcmno 
visitor  .It  a  lonely  manse  or  cott.ige.  The  chil- 
dren would  run  to  welcome  him,  and  place  his 
sto(d  in  a  warm  corner  of  the  ingle  nook,  and  the 
old  folks  would  receive  him  as  a  ])rivileged  guest. 

As  to  Andrew,  he  looked  upon  them  ;dl  as  a 
parson  does  upon  his  parishioners,  and  consid- 
ered the  alms  he  receivetl  as  much  his  due  as  the 
other  does  hi-  titles.  "  I  rather  tl.ink,"  added 
bcoit,   "Andrew  considered  himself  more  of  a 


524 


AnnoTSFORI). 


4 


ifcft'' 


II  !:: 


i^!'.:-        :l 


^-iMiilcman  tli.m  tlidsc  wlin  toiled  fur  a  li\  in^;,  ami 
ill, It  la-  sccritly  lookid  down  upon  llu'  o.iins- 
takin;;  peasants  thai  (cd  and  slicltend  hini. 

lie  liati  derived  iiis  aristoeralieal  notions  in 
siinie  di>;ree  Ironi  hein^;  ailniitled  oeeasionally  to 
a  ))reearioiis  soeialiility  "itli  some  of  the  small 
country  j,'entry,  who  were  sonietimes  in  w.mt  of 
(•iim|iany  to  help  whde  away  the  time.  With 
these  Andrew  would  now  and  then  jday  at  cards 
and  diee,  .ind  he  ne\er  lacked  "siller  in  pout  h  " 
to  stake  on  a  K'"'!*^''  ^^'li'l^  1'^'  did  with  a  perfect 
air  of  a  man  to  whom  money  was  a  matter  of 
little  moment,  and  no  one  could  lose  his  money 
with  more  ^;enilemaiilike  coolness. 

AmoMj;  those  who  occasionally  admitted  him  to 
this  lamiliarity,  was  old  John  Scott  of  (lalla,  a 
man  of  family,  who  inhahited  his  paternal  man- 
sion of  'I'oi wtiodlee.  Some  distinction  of  rank, 
liowe\er,  was  still  kept  up  'i'he  lairil  sat  on  the 
inside  of  the  window  and  the  l)e;^';4ar  on  the  out- 
sitle,  .ind  they  played  cards  on  the  sill. 

Andrew  now  and  then  toUl  the  laird  a  jiieco  nf 
his  mind  \ery  freely  ;  especi.illy  on  one  occasion, 
when  he  had  sold  some  of  his  paternal  lands  to 
liuild  himself  a  lar^'er  house  with  the  ])roceeds. 
'I'he  sjieech  of  lionest  Andrew  smacks  of  the 
shrewdness  of  I'.dic  Ochiltree. 

"  It's  a'  varra  weel--it's  a'  \arra  weel,  Tor- 
wooillee,"  said  he  ;  "  Init  who  would  li.i'  thought 
that  your  f.ither's  son  would  ha'  sold  two  yude 
estates  to  luiild  a  shaw's  (cuckoo's)  nest  on  the 
side  of  ahill.>" 


Th.'it  (lav  there  was  an  arrival  at  Abhotsford  of 
two  IJi^ii^h  tourists  ;  one  a  j^eiitleman  of  fortune 
and  landed  estate,  the  other  a  younj;  cler^jy- 
man  -.vhom  he  aiijieared  to  ha\e  under  his  pat- 
ronaj^e,  and  to  ha\  e  l)rou;.^ht  with  him  as  a  tra\el- 
lin^'  comp.inion. 

'I'hc  patron  was  one  of  those  well  bred,  com- 
monplace ;^entlemen  with  which  l''.iv.,dand  is  over- 
run. He  had  ^Meat  ileference  for  Scott,  and 
endea\()red  to  acquit  himself  learnedly  in  his 
comp.my,  aiming'  continualh-  at  abstract  dis(|uisi- 
tions.  t'orwhiih  Scott  had  little  relish.  The  con- 
versation of  the  latter,  as  usual,  was  studded 
with  anecdotes  and  st(uies,  some  of  them  of 
j,'p'at  pith  and  humor;  the  well-ljred  ^'entleinan 
\v;is  either  too  dull  to  feel  their  jioint,  or  too 
decorous  to  indulj,'0  in  hearty  merriment  ;  the 
honest  parson,  on  the  contrary,  who  was  not  too 
refined  to  be  happy,  laui,dietl  loud  and  long  at 
every  joke,  and  enjoyed  them  with  the  zest  of  a 
man  who  has  more  merriment  in  his  heart  thaii 
coin  in  his  jiocket. 

After  they  were  Rone,  some  comments  were 
made  upon  their  different  deportments.  Scott 
spoke  very  respecttiilly  of  the  j,'ood  breeding  and 
measured  m.mners  of  the  man  of  wealth,  but  with 
a  kindlier  feeling  of  the  honest  parson,  and  the 
homely  but  hearty  enjoyment  with  which  he  re- 
lished every  ])leasantry.  "  I  doubt,"  said  he, 
'•  whether  the  |)arson's  lot  in  life  is  not  the  best  ; 
if  he  cannot  command  as  many  of  the  good 
things  of  this  world  by  his  own  jnirse  as  his  patron 
can,  he  beats  him  all  hollow  in  his  enjoyment  of 
them  when  set  before  him  by  others.  Upon  the 
whole."  added  he,  "  I  rather  think  I  jirefer  the 
honest  parson's  good  humor  to  his  ]iatron's  good 
breeding  ;  I  have  a  great  regard  for  a  hearty 
laugher." 

He  went  on  to  speak  of  the  great  influx  of 
English  travellers  which  of  late  years  had  inun- 


date.l  Scotland;  and  <loiiliteil  whiilur  iVa 
not  injuri'd  the  oldf.ishioned  Sr(Jiii,l,  ,hir  , 
"  i'ormerly  they  c.mie  here  imimv,,.,,' ' 
sportsmen,"  said  he,  "  to  sliont  iiimir  Mnu  V 
out  any  idea  of  looking  at  sccmrv"  ;ir,.i '.i 
moM'd  about  the  country  in  hardy  simpi.'Vi 
coping  with  the  couiilr\  peopK^  in  iluir 'v,„ 
but  now  they  come  rolling  ahom  in  ii^.t,. 
ii.iges,  to  see  ruins,  and  spend  niniicv,  .irnl'' 
j.ivish  extravagance  has  played  tlk'va-, , 
with  the  c.'inmon  piople.  It  li.is  hi.kI.'' 
rap.icious  111  their  de. dings  with  straii;;ti,,  ..' 
alter  money,  and  extortionaie  in  tliur  di"; 
lor  the  mo-.i  trixi.d  serxiies.  liunuii,, 
tinned  he,  "the  Jioorer  classes  of  our  iH'ii|ili'«,.«j 
comp.iiati\el;,  disinteresti'd  ;  tlii.y  utiuul  ti 
services  gr.ituitoiisly,  in  prniiKitni;  tin..  ;,|,j,,j 
meiil,  or  aiding  the  ciuinsiiy  of  Miin.-irs,  j^, 
were  gr.itified  by  the  smallest  ciiiii|Kiisiti(,n';l„| 
now  the\  make  a  tr.ide  of  slwmiu;;  rmks  im 
iiiins,  and  are  as  greedy  as  Italian  (.irairli 
They  look  upon  the  finglisli  ,is  mi  in.iny  u,i,'k,j 
money -b.igs  ;  the  more  they  are  sli.ikvn  ■"' 
poked,  the  more  they  will  le.ive  heliiiiil  thin/' 

I  ImKI  him  that  he  had  a  great  dcil  h<  .k-m; 
for  on  that  head,  since  it  w.is  the  roinniitic  ,ii 
ci.itioiis  he  had  throun  by  his  Minings  M\i'r 
many  out-of-the-way  places  in  Scutlaiid.  tlmtl: 
brought  in  the  inlliix  of  curious  travilKrs. 

Scott  laughed,  ;iiid  said  he  ljclie\cd  1  nii^ht 
in  some  measure  in  the  right,  as  lie  i ncjlktul 
circumstance  in  point.  lieing  one  tune  ntliltn- 
ross,  an  (dd  woman  who  kept  a  small  inn,  «hicli| 
h.ul  but  little  custom,  was  iineiiiiiinnnly  iifticii>u$^ 
in  her  attenilance  upon  him.  and  aliMilutiK  m. 
commodeil  him  with  her  civilities,  'Hk'  svcrcf 
at  length  came  out.  As  he  was  alidiit  tu  ikp.irt, 
she  addressed  him  with  m.iiiy  cult^n■s,  and  siid 
she  understood  he  was  the  geiuK'iii.in  th.it  li,id 
written  a  bonnie  l)ook  .about  l.ocli  K.ilnne,  She 
begged  him  to  write  a  little  ahoiii  tluir !  ikf  ilji, 
for  she  understood  his  book  li.iil  ilimi.' ;lic  mn,it 
Loidi  Katrine  ,i  muckle  deal  of  L;niMl. 

On    the    follow  in 
with   Scott 


tlay   I    made  ,in  c\i'i:r-i  nl 

_ nd    the    young  ladits   to  I)ryl)ur,h| 

Abbey.     We  went  in  an  open  carnage,  drauiibyj 
two   sleek    old    black    horses,   for    \diich  Sco'.tj 
seemeil  to  h.'>',e  an  affection,  as  lie  had  lorvvtryf 
dumb  aidmi.i   tliat   belonged  to  liiin.    Our  najl 
lay  through  a  va;iety  of  scenes,  licli  in  prK'.icdl 
and  hist(M-ical  assoi  Nations,  about  must  of  which 
Scott  had  somethi'ig  to  relate.     In  one  part  of  I 
the  drive,  he  pointed  to  an  old  hoiiler  kicp.frj 
fortress,  on  the   nimmit  of  a  naked  liill.scvmlj 
miles  olT,  which  he  called  Smallliolin  Tower,  and] 
a  rocky  knoll  on   which   it   smod,  tlie  "  S.imly 
Knowe' crags,"  It  was  a  place,  he  said,  peculiarly 
dear  to  him,  from  the  recollections  of  i;liil(lh""d. 
His  father  had  lived  therein  the  old  SmalllKilni 
('■range,  or   farm-house;   and  he  had  been  sir.tl 
there",  when   but  two  years  old,  on  account  of  h;i 
lameness,  that  he  might  have  the  benetit  of  ihi 
pure  air  of  the  hills,  and  be  under  the  care  uf  1 
grandmother  and  aunts. 

In  the  introduction  of  one  of  the  cantos  i;^ 
Marmioii,  he  has  depicted  his  gnintlfather,  ar.u 
the  fireside  of  the  farm-house;  .ind  lias -iven  .in 
amusing  picture  of  himself  in  his  boyish  ye.irs: 

"  Still  with  vain  fondness  coiiM  I  tr.ue 
Anew  eieli  kind  familiar  face, 
That  l)riglitened  at  our  evening  foe; 
From  the  tli.itclied  niansien's  i^iay-li.iircd  sire, 
Wi>,e  wathout  le.irnint;,  i>laiii  and  i,"""!, 
And  sprung  of  Scotland's  gentler  biouJ ; 


AHIU)TS1-()KI). 


62b 


oltJ  wli.ii  i"  >'""''  '"''  H'"*"'''  '">''  '"^^'■•"  ; 
^V  ,„,|„nMi  ilhorilinu'  iiriKlili'TH  ioiii-lit, 

e  ii'«i.!«iilii-''l""V""l""'K'i'i 
MimllievciiLLihlc  iirii'sl, 
,„l„cnt  an.l  laimliar  Kircst, 

^liielhe.lu.lcnlaiMtlifSiunt; 
ij;„;  „|i,.«e  s|icecli  l'">  "ft  I  liroko 

\v''iii;:iiiii"''  1'"'^'  ■""'  """■■''•"'^  j"i>'-" ; 

Ulf.BiliC'l  imp.  i>  t;i.inil;\iiit''scliil.|; 
\Vj,.tilltniliiri.'.l,  l.clovoil,  c;irost." 

It«3i. ho  s.iid,  (luring  his  residence  at  Siniill- 
|ii,^(f,ij.s  tli.it  lie  lir^t  iml)il)e(l  his  |);issii)n  fur 
l-enlirv't'il'-"''  limilrr  tr;i(htinns,  ;m<l  old  n,i- 
• '".i!  Hini;*  and  li;dl.iils.  I  lis  ^;r.m(hn<)thir  and 
!  .^I;  wore  wt-U  Miseil  in  thiit  kind  of  lore,  so 
J-  ;.I  in  Sciittisli  riiiiiitry  life.  'I'hey  used  to 
,'"  :n[  tlam  in  loii;;,  gloomy  winter  d;\ys,  and 
jJk  ;;  till' inK'*-'  """'*  '■''  "'K''^'  '"  eoni'laxe  with 
,1, ,  j.,ijsip  vi-.iti)rs  ;  and  little  Waller  woidd  sit 
allMcnwith  j^reedyear;  thus  taking;  into  liis 
r''.r.', r.imil  the  seeds  of  many  a  splendid  lietion. 
There  was  an  old  shepherd,  lie  said,  in  the  ser- 
r;  1 1' the  fanuly,  wlu)  used  to  sit  under  the 
i. -1  tt:ill,  and  tell  marvellous  stories,  and  re- 
(,;;  i 111  time  ballads,  as  he  knitted  stoekin^;s. 
f;  :ti:-vil  to  he  wheeled  (Uit  in  his  chair,  in  fine 
wihiT.  and  would  sit  lieside  the  old  man,  and 
to'.'ihim  fill- liours. 

The  situation  of  Sandy  Knowe  was  favorable 

iixhfnrstnry-teller  and  listener.     It  commanded 

ia;i,!c  view  over  ail  the  Ijorder  ('(umtry,  with  its 

|i;:iil  towers,   its    haunted    i^hns,    and    wizard 

[ffiams.    As  tlie  oitl  slu'plierd  told  his  tales,  he 

Ik!J  piiint  out  the  very  scene  of  action.     Thus, 

Id  re  Scott  could  walk,  he  was  made  familiar 

ItA'Jic  scenes  of  his  future  stories  ;   they  were 

•all  as  thnui^li  a  ma^ic   medium,  and  took 

jtrittin^eof  romance,  which  they  ever  after  re- 

:;.".tJ  in  his  iniai^ination.     I''rom  the    height  of 

Mr:.'.y  Knnwc,  he  may  be  saiil  to  have  hail  the 

bt  luuk-oiit   upon    the    promised    land    of   his 

L;:re  ^lory. 

On  rtfcirin;.;  to  Scott's  works.  I  find  many  of 

]  a  circumstances  rel.ited  in    this   con\ersalion, 

Ubnut  the  (lid  tower,  and  the  boyish  scenes  con- 

I  tected  with  it,  recorded   in  the  introduction  to 

"armion,  already  cited.     This   was   frec[uently 

I  ;h;  case  with  Scott ;  incidents  and  feeling's  that 

bii  appiared  in  his  writing's,   were   apt    to  be 

r,;n;lal  up  in  his  conversation,  for  they  liail  lieen 

I  ;ikin  from  wh.u  he  had  witnessed   ani'    felt  in 

id  life,  and  were  connected  with  those     ccnes 

:~on,'which  he  lived,  and  moved,  and  h.  !  his 

ia,'.  I  make  no  scruple  at  cpiotinj;  the  jiassajje 

rc'.iiive  to  the  tower,  thoui^h  it  repeats  mucli  of 

:  iorcgone  imagerv,  and  with  vastly  superior 

il\-t : 

"Tkii!,  while  I  a]ic  the  mcisure  wild 
Ofulesthat  tharmed  nie  yet  a  child, 
Ka'e  ihoiiyh  they  ho,  still  with  the  chime 
RelBrn  the  tliduglits  of  c.irly  time  ; 
Aii'l  feelings  roused  in  life's  first  day, 
Jj"«  iiilhu  line,  anil  prompt  the  lay. 
ir.en  ri-e  (hdse  cr.iys,  that  mountain  tower, 
]}sicii  charmed  my  fancy's  wakL-ning  hour, 
Ttua^h  no  Ijroad  river  swept  alunj; 
To  tiaiiii  jwrchance  heroic  souf; ; 
l^.iagh  sijjhed  no  (;roves  in  summer  gale 
''  ;njiiipt  of  love  a  softer  tale; 
^j!  u.;h  scarce  a  puny  streamlet's  speed 
Ciiiiuta  homage  from  a  shepherd's  reed  ; 


^■et  was  poetic  implil'o  f^ivpli, 

lly  the  ^■,ri't'ii  lull  and  ili,\i  lilne  lienvcn. 

Ii  w.ii  a  liarron  scciu-,  and  wild, 

WhiMir  iiahed  clills  wire  rudely  piled; 

lint  ever  and  anoii  lielweiii 

Lay  velvet  tnfls  of  ImmUcI  ^;teen  ; 

And  well  the  lonely  iidint  knew 

kecesses  wlieie  the  wall  llnwir  urew, 

And  hoMey-sn(  lile  loved  to  ir.iwl 

I  p  the  low  cra^;  and  mined  wall. 

I  deemed  sm  li  nonks  the  sHeelcst  diade 

The  Ml!)  In  all  hi--  round  surveyed  ; 

And  still  I  thought  that  slMtlered  lower 

TIk-  mi(;htie>t  woik  of  human  |>ower  ; 

And  iiiaivell'il  as  the  n^ji'd  hind 

Willi  ^ome  slraii^;e  tale  liewiuhed  my  mind, 

(If  foiayeis,  who,  with  headlong;  forn', 

i)own  lidiu  that  >lreiii;lh  li.id  spuircd  their  iiorsc, 

Tlnir  soMllieiM  l.ipine  to  renew, 

I'ar  ill  the  distant  (  lieviot'^  blue, 

And,  liome  returnini,',  filled  the  hall 

With  revel,  wa^sail-iout,  and  l>ia«l  — 

Melhou^ht  dial  still,  with  Ir.viiip  and  (  lan^j 

The  j^ale-way'i  broken  arehe-.  rain^  ; 

Melliou^;lit  ^;iiiii  fealiire-.,  seamed  willi  sears, 

(il.ired  tiuoujji  llie  window's  riisly  b.irs. 

And  ever  by  the  wiiiliT  he.irlh, 

Oil!  tales  I  heard  of  woe  or  mirth. 

Of  lover'  slii^lits,  of  ladie-.'  <liarms, 

( If  witehe-,'  '■pelU,  of  wairiois'  arms  ; 

( If  patriot  liatlles,  won  of  old, 

liy  Wallace  wiL^ht  and  liriue  the  bold  ; 

Of  later  fields. .f  feud  and  li-lit, 

When  pouriiif;  from  the  llii;lilaiiil  heit;ht, 

'I'lie  Scottish  elans,  in  headlong  sway, 

Had  swept  the  scarlet  ranks  away. 

While  siietched  at  lenfjlh  up  )ii  the  lloor, 

Attain  I  fou)^lit  eai  h  combat  o'er. 

I'ebliles  and    lieIN,  in  order  l.iid, 

'I'lic  mimic  laiiks  of  war  di.played  ; 

And  oinvanl  still  the  Srolli-li  Lion  bore. 

And  still  Ihescatteied  Southron  lied  before." 

Scott  eyed  the  distant  hei^^lil  of  Sandy  Knowe 
with  an  earnest  d.i/c  as  we  rode  ahuv.;,  and  said 
he  had  often  tliou;4lit  id"  Iniyin;.;  tlii'  |)l.iie,  repair- 
ing; the:  old  tower,  and  liiakiiv^  it  his  residence. 
lie  has  in  siuiie  measure,  however,  paid  off  his 
early  debt  of  ;;ralitiide,  in  clothing'  it  with  poetic 
and  romantic  assuci.itiiuis,  ])y  his  tale  of  "  'llie 
J'.ve  of  St.  John."  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  those 
who  actually  jiossess  so  interestiiiL,'  a  mominient 
of  Scott's  early  days,  will  preserve  it  from  further 
dilapid.ition. 

Not  far  from  Sandy  Knowe,  Scott  ]H)inted  out 
another  idd  Ixuiler  ludd,  standing,'  on  the  summit 
of  a  hill,  which  had  been  a  kind  of  enchanted 
castle  to  him  in  his  boyhood.  It  was  the  tower  of 
liemerside,  the  baroni.d  residence  of  the  llai;;s, 
or  l)e  llamas,  one  of  the  oldest  families  of  the 
border.  "  There  had  seemed  to  liim,"  he  said, 
"  almost  a  wizard  spell  ban^iir^  over  it,  in  conse- 
<|uence  of  a  prophecy  id' Thomas  the  Rhymer,  in 
which,  in  his  ycnmi,'  davs,  he  most  potently  be- 
lieved : "  ' 

"  Delide.  betide,  whatc'er  betide, 
Ilaii;  shall  be  Ilaigof  llenierside." 

Scott  added  some  ii.irticidars  winch  show.'d 
that,  in  the  present  inst.ance,  the  vener.ible 
Thomas  had  not  jiroved  a  false  iirojihet,  for  it 
was  a  noted  f.ict  that,  amid  all  the  idiani^es  and 
chances  of  the  border;  throiioh  all  the  feuds,  and 
forays,  and  sackini^s,  and  burnings,  which  hail 
reiUiced  most  of  the  castles  to  ruins,  and  the 
proud  families  that  once  jiossessed  them  to 
poverty,  the  tower  of  Dcmersidc  still  icmaincd 


1  wf^ 

11 

iHlli 

iiBRj 

3'  VtV'*  '• 

'  'wT 

11     MS  i )  j 

S      Ml  i'- 

:.|| 

III 


m 


Ui 


U  'M 


%-.il 


■  f.  ■  ■!'■ 


]r,i|ii 


iiiii>«il^'^ 


ii  M'fl!^ 


52G 


ABnOTSFORD. 


unsc.itliod,    "1  i   uns  ?.till  the  btrongliold  of  the  j 
ancient  f.unil)  nf  1  laig.  | 

l'n)i)lR\  ies,  however,  often  insure  tlicir    own  j 
ful!";hnenl.     Itisvi.  ,    prol)a1)le  that  tlie  predie-  ! 
tion  of 'Thomas  the  Rhymer  has  hnked  the  liai:^'s  I 
to  their  tower,  as  their  lock  of  safety,  and  has 
in(hieeil  them  to  cHn;j,  to  it  ahnost  siii)erstitiously, 
tliroiigh  li.inUliips  anil  ineon\eniences  that  would, 
Dtheiuise,  ha\e  caused  its  abandonment. 

I  afterward  s,iw,  at  Drybuii^h  Abbey,  the  bury- 
ing jilace  of  tliis  predestinated  anil  tenacious  fam- 
ily, the  inscri])iion  of  which  showed  the  value  tliey 
set  upon  tlieir  antiquity  : 

T.fH'US  Scpultune, 
Anti'inessiiii.e  l''aiiiilix 
l)c  lIaK:i 
l)c  Iil:lner^idc, 

In  revcrtin,;  to  the  days  of  his  childhood,  Scott 
observed  iIku   tlie   l.imeness  which  hail  disableil 
him  in  infancy  ;.;iadiially  decreased  ;  he  soon  ac- 
quired stren;_;ih  in  his  limbs,  and  though  he  always 
limped,    he   became,    even    in   boyhood,  a  great 
w.ilker.      I  le  used  frequently  to  stroll   from  luime   [ 
and  wanikr  about  the  country  for  days  together,   | 
]iicking  iqi  all  kinds  of  local  gossip,  and  obser\-   j 
ing  ])opular  scenes  and   characters.      His   father  | 
used  to  be  \e.\c.!  with  him  for  this  wandering  pro-  | 
jiensiiy,   and,   sluking   his  head,    would    say    he  [ 
fanc.^d  the  boy  woulil   make  nothing  l)ut  a  jied-   1 
dler.    As  he  grew  oliler  lie  became  a  keen  sports-  I 
man,  and  jiassed  much  of  his  time  hunting  and   | 
shooting.      His  field  sports  led   him  into  the  most 
wild  anil  ur.lieqiRiited  p.irts  of  the  counlrx,  and 
in  this  w.iy  he  jiicked  uj)  much  of  that  local  knowl-   j 
edge  which  he  has  since  e\  inced  in  his  writings.    | 

His  first  visit  to  Loch   Katrine,  he  says,  was  in  I 
his  boyish  days,  on  a  shooting  excursion.     The  ! 
island,  which  he  has  made  the  romantic  residence  | 
of  the  "  L.idy  of  the  Lake,"  was  then  garrisoned 
by  an  old  in. in  and  his  wife.     Their  house  was 
vacant ;  they  had    jiut  the  key  under  the  door, 
and  were  absent   lishing.      It  was  at  that  time  a 
peaceful   re:adence,  but  bec.ime  afterward  a  re- 
sort of  smugglers,  \intil  they  were  ferreted  out. 

In  after  years,  when  Scott  began  to  turn  this 
local  knowledge  to  literary  account,  he  revisited 
many  of  those  scenes  of  his  early  ramblings,  and 
endeavored  to  secure  the  fugitive  remains  of  the 
traditions  and  songs  that  had  charmed  his  boy- 
hooil.  When  ci^llecting  materials  for  his  ''  lior- 
der  Minstrelsy,"  he  used,  he  said,*  i  go  from  cot- 
tage to  cottage,  and  make  the  old  wixes  rejieat 
all  they  knew,  if  but  two  lines;  and  by  jnitting 
these  scraps  to;.;ellier,  he  retrieved  many  a  tine 
char.icteristic  old  ballad  ortradition  from  obli\  ion. 

I  legref  to  ^ay  that  I  can  scarce  recollect  ;my- 
thing  of  I  er  \i-ii  to  Dryburgh  Abbey.  It  is  on 
the  es'  ae  of  the  l-'.,irl  of  ISuchan.  The  religious 
eilillce  is  a  mere  ruin,  rich  in  dothic  antiquities, 
hut  especi.iK  iiiUresling  to  Scott,  from  cont.iin- 
ing  the  family  \aull,  and  the  tombs  and  monu- 
.ments  of  his  ancestors.  lie  appealed  to  feel 
much  eli,i|^iiii  at  their  being  in  the  iiossession, 
and  suViject  to  ihe  iiuermeddlings  of  the  l!arl, 
who  was  |■epre^emed  as  a  nobleman  of  an  eccen- 
tric charaeiii-.  The  latter,  however,  set  great 
value  on  tiiese  se|)ulch'al  relics,  and  had  ex- 
pressed a  li\ely  anticip  ition  of  one  day  or  other 
having  the  honor  of  burying  Scott,  and  adding 
liis  monunii  111  to  the  collection,  which  he  intended 
shcuild  be  worthy  of  the  "  mighty  iiiinstiel  of  the 
north  '■ — a  prospective  compliment  which  was  by 
iiu  means  relished  by  the  object  of  it. 


:'  :!iJ 


One  of  my  pleasant  rambles  witli  Scou  •>- 
the  neighborhood  of  A'li'jotsfurd,  w'l^  ['■''.' 
comp.my  with  Mr.  William  I.  uill;'iw,  th/o!' 
of  his  estate.     This  was  a  gentlcm;in  f-ri,;': 
Si;ott  entertained   a  i)arii'-iilar  val'n...     l;,.  ■ 
been    born    to     a    conqieti.'ncy,   h.nl' i,^',?    ''' 
educated,  his  mind  was  richly  stcMed  «ii^, 
information,  and  he  was  a  ni.'ui  of  siiTlin'.  r  3 
worth.       Having    been    reduced  by  niiM„"'j 
Scott  had  got  him  to  take  clinr^'cuf  hj;    "" 
He   lived   at  a  small  farm  ^'inlie  liillsul/jr'3 
Abbotst'iu'd,    and    was    treated    by   Scd"  ^ 
cherished  and  confidential  friend,'  nulurihr 
de]H'naent. 

As  the  day  was  showery,  Scott  was  .nttcndidbl 
one  of  his  retainers,  named  Tunimic  1' 
carried  his  jilaid,  and  who  deserves  Cb|iici,.lrti 
tion.     Sophia  Scott  used  to  call  liim  hit  f.nM 
grand  vizier,  and  she  gave  a  pl.uful  acu;;-.: 
evening,  as  she  was  hanging  mi  her  fnlKi'i 
of  the  consultations  which  he  and  T'.niiv.;i 
to     h.'ive     about    matters    rel.ui\e    t'    f..n 
I'urdie  was  tenacious  of  his  opiniuns,  and  h 
Scott  would    have    long  dis)uiles  in  fn  in  i 
house,  as   to  something  that  was  to  Ik  ui  r 
the  estate,  until  the  latter,  fairly  tired  (i,;t.  v 
abandon  the  ground  and  the  ar;.;uiiiim.  i\..:;:ji, 
ing,  "  Well,  well,  Tom,  Inve  it  your  dwi- u.r, 
After  a  time,  howe\er,   I'unlic  would  l'l\^al 
himself  at   the  door  of  the  parlur,  and  nlj-ipe, 
'■  1  ha'  been  thinking  over  the  matter,  and  iii 
the  whole,  I  think  I'll  t.ike  ymir  honor's  ail\;.; 

Scott  I.iughed  heartily  when  this  nmcdi ',■, '.u! 
told  of  him.  "  It  w. is  with  him  and  'I'l  ]!'..'li( 
said,  "  as  it  was  with  an  old  l.iird  .aid  a  [n;  >.r. 
vant,  whom  he  had  inilulged  until  he  was  i" 
beyond  all  endurance."  ■"  Tlu<  won't  do!" 
the  old  laird,  in  a  passion,  "we  can't  i;'. 
gether  any  longer — we  must  part.''  "' .An' v.r.iti 
the  deil  does  your  honor  mean  to  go?"  it|!!, 
the  other. 

I  would,  moreover,  observe  of  Tom  runin.,  tlul 
he  was  a  firm  belie\  er  in  ghosts,  .md  «.!i',.»li, 
and  all  kiiiils  of  old  wi\es'  fible.  Hewasaiil:;;:',;5| 
man,   too,   mingling    a   little  liegree  of  !^c.i::;;h 
pride  in   his  devotion;   for  lhoi:;^h  Ids  salary  v..;5 
but  twenty  pounds  a  year,  he   li.ul  maiia;;',(!  ;ol 
allord   se\en    |)ouiiils  for   a  fimily  bible.    I; 
true,  lie    had  one  hundred    iKninds  ikar  el' ' 
wotld,  and  was  looked  up  to  liy  his  ciMi'.rJu.; 
a  man  of  property. 

In  the  course  of  our  morning's  walk,  wc  stop;: 
at  a    small    house    belonging    to    one  ol  ; 
l.iborers  on  the  estate.     'I'he  object  of  Sfet;'>';-.t' 
w.is  to  inspect  a  relic  which  had  been  di;:,:'..l .? 
in  a  Rom.iii  camp,  and  which,  if  I  reci  licit  r; J,:, 
he   pronounced    to   have   been  a  tiin;;s.    It  '.i 
|)roiliiced  by  the  cottager's  w  ife,  a  ruddy,  1k,'.Ii;> 
i   looking   dame,    whom    Scott   adilies'^ed   l)v  ::..' 
!   name  of  Ailie.     As  he  stood  regar<l"i;;  the  rt!;c, 
'   turning  it  round  and  round,  anil  :n;;kif:,^  coip- 
j  meiits  upon  it,  half  g'rave,  half  comic,  with  th; 
I  cottage  group  arounil  him.  all  joining;  ecia-i'ii- 
!  ally  in  the  coUoquN,  the  ininiiiable  ehara'ta^ 

Monkbarns  was   ag.ain   brought  to  niiml.  am!  1 
!  seemed  to  see  before  me  that  prince  lit  anlu;"J- 
rians  and  humorists  bidding  forth  to  his  iink.irrA.1 
.1.  d  iiiibebevirg  neighbors. 

Whenever  Scott  touched,  in  this  w:iy.  i:?'^ 
local  antiquities,  and  in  all  his  familiar  fiMuir-.'.- 
tioiis  about  local  traditions  and  siiiicrsiitwn-. 
there  was  always  a  sly  and  quiet  luiinor  runn;::; 
at  the  bottom  of  his  discour'^e,  ami  playing.*- 
his  counten.ince,  as  if  he  sjiorted  with  lln' 5-| '• 
jecl.     It  seemed  to  me  as  if  he  distrusted  ki 


■;;;;.vn 
li.inii. 


...'...■.;;lK'..i  1' 
&"^-,cn'->lly" 

W:.ir.'«^'r'- 


m' 


Jlcd  w 


l^^ii-roic  cli. 
1_,' .■,  .Hul  eh 

■';..;,  but  the 

iisomc  il' 


ABBOTSFORD. 


527 


•'ni'-ul,,r  val:a,  i;!  :" 
•'s  a  man  „f  si,rli,-, ,  j 

t'viiuti    In-  Sa,..    7 
""■•>'  fn^'nd.'r.uiKni.;;] 

•^'^1  to  I-;, II  lii,„h,r|,.C' 
'■'^■^■•'>  pl.iNful.Kv,''"',, 
l\^^';l,lju^lK■r|■;ul,e,^,.. 
"'•1'  '»-■  .nulTnmnji,.;,;; 
.       al.uivc    t.   f,;n:' 

I  liis  <'l>ini(iiis,  aiulli' 
<li>luiiLs  ill  fi,,|,;  ,.': 

,  tii.i;  was  til  In  ,;  , 

cr,  fairly  tiled  ,„;t,  '■„',.  , 

I'l  I  111-'  ^n-iiiiKin.  i\..:i:j,, 

•  li  '^'i-'  It  vciiir  (mini..  < 

'■;    ''"i-'lic  would  prvnil 

llic  I).irl(ir,  ami  (.Lhiic, 

vcr  the  matliT,  ami  ■„■ 

mI<c  Vdiif  liuiu>r'saii\:. 

ly  "lii'ii  tins  anmliiti'jj, 

^^illi  him  and  Tiii:."!ii 

II  1)1(1  laird  and  a  |nt'.,'r. 
'■1l;<-'i1  iiiiiii  !H'Has|.,..:::ii 

■'  'I'liis  Hdii'tdii!" 
.sum,  •'  wc  fati't  ;;.,-  :) 
must  part."    "  A;-;  r.hje] 
I'll-  iiaan  to  ;4o?"a 

scrxcdfToin  I'liruic.iiuli 
ill  k'^isIs,  and  \\:\\i,«\j 
'{<\h\c.  Hcwasaivli;:.-:; 
iililc  dci^rcc  of  .^c.'.;::,h| 


I'm-  til 


()i:; 


lis  saLirvn.isI 


i-'ar,  he   had  inana,:;V(i  :o| 
I-    a  fund)-  llihlc'  I;  is| 
it.'<i    piiiinds  cliar  of 
ip  111  liy  Ids  inn-.r.kiLj  „i| 

iiniiij;'s  walk.  «f  s:np;K(l| 
m-in.i;    ti>    (nic  of  ;i; 
I'hc  ohj.ct  (if  S^oil■^l;^;t| 
ii<ii  had  hi'cn  (li;jjc(! '.ipl 
hich.  if  I  ivnlli'i'!  r;Ji:,| 
bi'L'ii  a  tonijs.    It  K..i| 
's  wife,  a  ruddy,  iuMi'J'.v- 
cott    addressed   bv 
tooil  rct^ar(l''i,i;  the  ri!;c,| 
unci,  and  :iiakir,L,'  tm- 
c,  li.ilf  cdliiii',  with  '.::.■ 
11.  all  jdinini;  ucaMi'ti- 
iniiiiu,d)lL'  cliarai'ur  (j 
r(ui;.;ht  t(i  mind,  ,uii!  I| 
that   ]irinrc  of  ai'.t;t;'.:.i'l 
ly  forth  t(i  iiis  iinii.!r:;.i| 

ci\,    in  tliis  way,  i:piT| 
1  his  familiar  comer-,! 
ans    .and  siipcistitiur.- 
d  quiet  iiinnor  r;;rr.:::. 
irse,  .md  playing  :.h'  -'■  j 
spdrted  with  the 
IS  if  he  (.liatrustcJ  1;:J  I 


I  ,.,i,,,;i.i^m.  and  wa;  disposed  to  droll  iijion 
Ir'n  luimors  and  peculiarities,  yet,  at  the 
J  ,,■  IK'. 'I  {MCUC  gleam  in  his  eye  would  show 
l^'.iV. rci'llv  took  a  strong  relish  and  interest  in 
If-  "It  w.is  a  pity,"  he  said,  "that  anti- 
f -i'lnswc  i;i.'nor,dly  so  dry,  for  the  subjects 
Im 'imili-'il  were  rich  in  historical  and  jioetical 
Cv'a'tions,  in  picturescjue  details,  in  iju.iiiit 
heroic  characteristics,  and  in  .'ill  kinds  of 
»,„,■,, mil uhsolete  ceremonials.  They  are  al- 
1";  ri'pi"n  among  the  rarest  materials  for 
V'V'biit  they  have  no  idea  of  turning  them  to 
J  .''vuiC.  No"'  every  fragment  iVom  oltl  limes 
|[i,- ;n-»iiiivilegree,  it's  story  with  it,  or  gives  an 
J-',',..  „f  soniething  ch.iracteristic  of  the  cir- 
It  "'.'/iiia's  and  m.mners  of  its  day,  and  so  sets 
|llc;;iu^i"'ili<"i  at  work." 

I  Fanny  own  part  I  never  met  with  antitjuarian 
Ij,  ■,,r;;liil'ul,  either  in  his  writings  or  his  con- 
li'-i.'.on;  and  the  ijuiet  suhaciil  humor  that 
l( .  '-I'lio  to  mingle  in  his  ilisijuisiiions,  gave 
|,v,,' [u  mo,  a  iH'culiar  am',  an  exquisite  thwor. 
fji:  :a'  scoiiK'd,  in  fact,  to  midervalue  e\ery- 
;  :ii,it  concerned  himself.  'I'he  play  of  his 
.i,m  so  easy  th.il  he  w.'is  uncon'..(aous  of  its 
Ig-li'.v  pmvcr,  and  made  light  of  those  sports  of 
|i::.iA'Ct  tliat  shamed  the  et'forts  and  labors  of 
Icir.criiiini'.s. 

f  >i.:r  r.imblc   this    morning    to(dv    us   .igain    iqi 

J',:,  KliviiK'r's  Glen,  and  bv  Iluiitley   liank,  and 

|H:";1iV  Wood,  .md  the  silver  waterfall  overhung 

trj-vapini;  birches  and  m.)untain  ashes,  those 

|C'.;;..i;oanil  heautiful  trees  whicli  s;rai-e  the  green 

liraniiinil  burnside-,  of  .Scotland,     'i'he  heather, 

1;,.,  th.it  closely  woven   robe  of  Seott'sh   l.md- 

[si'^xwliich  covers  the  nakedness  of  its  hills  and 

In/iruaiiis,  tinted   the    neigiiborhood    with   soft 

:3ii  ricli  colors.     As  we  ascended  the  glen,  the 

pi^pi'ds  opened    uiiim    us  ;    Melrose,    with    its 

;  '.Tiand  pinnacles,  l.iy  below;   beyontl  was  the 

Liin  lulls,  the  Cinvden    Knowes,   the  Tweed, 

Itiii't'i.iii.t  Water,  and  all  the  storied  vicinity;  the 

j v.iu-  l.indscape   varied   by  gleams  of   sunshine 

::.i lirivin;,'  shuwers. 

\'['tt, , as  usual,  look  the  lead,   limping   ahmg 

I f.:h  p'lMt  ;icli\ity,  and  in  joyous  mood,  giving 

j  s.'r.;;i-i)l'bi>riler  rhymes  and  Ijorder  stories  ;   two 

C  three  times  in  the  course  of  our  walk  there 

'''lt.  Jri/ihng  showers,  which   1  su])posed  would 

r:'.  .m  end  to  mir  raml)le,  but  my  cmnpanious 

loai'.s  unconcernedly  as  if  it  li.ul  been  tine 

I  i>.,;:hi'r. 

.\'.  l'.:i,:;tli,  I  asked  whether  we  had  not  better 

■.k  same  shelter,     "Ti'ue,"  said  .Scott,  "  I  diil 

rtrc-aillect  tli.it  you  were  not  accustomed  to  our 

KV'.t:-li  mists.      This  is  a   lachrymose  climate, 

I  ev;'-i;.i)re  showering.     We,  however,  are  children 

ft '111' mist,  and  must  not  mind  a  little  whimper- 

:::,o!  ilie  clouds  any  more  tha;i  a  man  iiiusl  mind 

;■.■.' wiepin^' i)f  an  hysterical  wife.     As  yon  are 

I  r. : acci^toined  to  be  wet  through,  as  a  matter  of 

■-■■e,  ill  a  morning's  w.ilk,  we  will  bide  a  bit 

■  •ir  the  lee  of  this  bank   until    the  shower  is 
■■r'   Talcing  his  seat  under  shelter  of  a  thi(  ket, 

■  iiiledti)  his  m.iii  C.eorge  for  his  t.ulaii,  thin 

■  n"k' to  me.  ••  Come.''  said  he,  "loiiie  under 
•  ;  F'-'i'-'y.  :is  the  eld  song  goes;''  so,  making 
■';■.  :i '>tle  down  lieside  him.  he  wrapped  a  part  of 
'■■' i'iiid  round  me,  and   took   me,  as  he  said, 

"l-  his  wing. 

|\;)ile   wc    were    thus     nestled     to;.;ether,    be 

['"^'..dti)  a  hole  in  the  opposite  b.ink  of  the  glen. 

,  ,''ii''  be   said,    w,is  the    hole    of     an  old  'gr.iy 

^'^,ir.  nlio  w.is  doiditless  snugly  housed   in   this 

■'  ^natlicr.      iumetimes   ho   saw  liim   at   the 


entrance  of  his  hole,  like  ,1  hermit  at  the  door  of 
his  cell,  telling  his  be, ids,  or  iciding  a  homdy, 
lie  luid  a  great  respect  for  the  venerable  aiulio- 
rite,  and  would  not  sut'l'er  him  to  be  ilisturbed. 
lie  was  a  kind  of  successor  to  Thomas  the 
Rhymer,  and  ])erli.ips  might  be  Thomas  himself 
returned  from  f.iiry  l.uul,  but  -.till  under  f.iiry 
spell. 

Some  accident  turned  the  conversation  upon 
Hogg,  the  poet,  in  which  l..oill.iw,  who  u.is 
se.Ueil  beside  its,  look  a  ])art.  Hogg  had  once 
been  a  shepherd  in  the  service  of  his  lather,  and 
l.aidlaw  gave  many  interesting  aim  dotes  of  him, 
of  which  1  now  retain  no  reiadleriion.  They 
used  to  tend  the  sheep  together  wliiii  l.aiill.iw 
was  ;i  boy,  and  Hogg  would  recite  tlo'  lirst  strug- 
gling conceptions  of  his  muse.  .At  night  when 
l.aidlaw  was  quartered  comfort, ibl\  in  bed,  in 
the  f.irmhouse,  poor  Hogg  wiuihl  i.ike  to  the 
shepherd's  hut  in  the  tie'ld  on  the  hilUide,  and 
there  lie  awake  for  hours  together,  and  look  .it 
the  stars  and  make  poetr\'.  which  he  would  re- 
peat the  next  day  to  his  cimip.mion. 

.Scott  spoke  in  warm  terms  ot  lioeg,  and  re- 
peated i)ass-,ges  iVom  his  beaiitilul  poem  of 
"  Kelmeny,"  to  which  he  gave  great  and  well-mer- 
ited |)raise.  He  gave,  also,  some  amusing  ,inec- 
dotes  of  Hogg  and  his  publislu'r,  IlLukwood, 
who  w:is  ;'.t  that  time  just  rising  into  the  biblio- 
gra))lii'al  importance  w  hich  lie  has  since  enjoyed. 
Hogg,  in  one  of  his  |)oenv.,  I  belie\e  the  "  I'il- 
grinis  of  the  Sun,"  had  d.ibbled  .i  little  in  nieta- 
])hysics,  and  like  his  heroes,  h.iil  got  into  the 
clouds,  lllackwood,  who  begin  to  ,ilfecl  criti- 
cism, argued  stoutly  with  him  .is  ;i>  ilie  necessity 
of  omitting  or  elucidating  some  obsi  ure  passage. 
Hogg  was  immovable. 

"I'lUi,  man,"  saiil  rd.ickuno.;.  '•  I  dinna  keii 
what  ye  mean  in  tin-,  |)as-,age.''  '"I  lout  tout, 
111. m,"  replied  Hogg,  impatiently,  ''  1  dinna  ken 
always  what  1  mean  inysel."  T'.ieie  is  many  a 
meta|)liysical  poet  in  the  same  prediciment  with 
honest  I  logg, 

Scott  promised  to  invite  the  She[iherd  to 
AbbotJ-ford  during  my  \i>it,  am  I  .mticipated 
much  gr 'titiration  in  meeting  uith  him,  f|-om  the 
account  1  h.id  received  of  his  eh, nailer  and 
m,inners,and  the  great  [ile.isure  I  h.id  d"rived 
from  his  works.  Circumst.inces,  however,  pre- 
vented Scott  from  perfoiming  his  promise  ;  and 
to  my  great  regret  1  lefi  Scotland  without  seeing 
one  of  its  most  origin. i    .ind  n.uioii.d  i  h.iraclers. 

When  the  weather  held   ui),   we   continued  our 
walk  until  we  came  to  ,-i  beautiful  --liret  of  water, 
ill  the  bosom  ol   the  inoimiain,  called,  if  1  recol- 
lect right,  the    lake     if  Cauid^hii  I.      Scoit   prided 
i   himself  much  u|)on  this  little   Meditei  r.inr.m    sea 
in  his  dominions,  and  hoped  I  was  not  too  much 
spoiled  by  our  gre.it  l.ikc-   in   .Anuiic.i   to  relish 
j   it.      He  proposed  to  l,ike  me  out  to  ilie  centre  of 
it,  to  a  line   ])oint  of  view,   fn-  win.  li  puipo-,e  we 
embaikedin  a   small   bo.it.  wlmh   hid   been    put 
on  the  lake  by    his    neighbor,  l.md    Sonier\ille. 
.As  1  was  about  to  step  on   board,  I   observed   in 
l.nge  letters  on  one  of  the  benches.  ''  Search  No. 
.:."  1    p.iused   for  a  moment  and   repeated  tlu'  in- 
;   scription  aloud,   trying  to   recollect   something   I 
!   had  heard  or  read  to  which  it  alluded,     "  I'shaw," 
I   cried  Scott,  "  it   is   only   sonie   of    Lord    Sollier- 
I  \  die's  nonsense  -gel  in  ! ''      In  an  instant  scenes 
'   in  the  .Aiiliqu. try  connected  with  '"  .Seirch  No.   I," 
llasheil    upon     my    mind.       ".Mil     I    remember 
now,"'  sail'  1,  and  with  a  laugh  toidv  my  ■i.it,  but 
'   aiherted  no  more  to  the  .;ircumsiaiiee. 
1       We  had  a  pleasanl  row  about  the  Like,  which 


*    !. 


i; 


li^ 


i.    i 


i  ti. 


^I. 


528 


ABBOTSFORD. 


commanded  some  pretty  scenery.  Tlic  most  in- 
teresting' circumstance  connected  with  it,  how- 
ever, according  to  Scott,  was,  that  it  was  liaunted 
by  a  boj^le  in  the  shape  o{  a  water  bull,  which 
lived  in  the  dee]3  ])arts,  and  now  and  then  came 
forth  u|)on  ih  y  land  and  made  a  tremendous  roar- 
in;;,  tliat  shook  the  \ery  hills.  This  story  had 
been  current  in  tlie  vicinity  from  time  immemo- 
rial; — there  was  a  man  li\ing  who  declared  he 
had  seen  the  bull, — and  he  was  believed  by  many 
of  his  simple  nei;4hbors.  "  I  don't  choose  to 
ronlvadict  the  tale,"  said  Scott,  "  for  I  am  will- 
ing to  have  my  lake  stocked  with  any  fish,  flesh, 
or  fowl  that  my  neii^hbors  think  oroper  to  jnit 
into  it  ;  and  these  old  wives'  fables  are  a  kind  of 
property  in  Scotland  that  belon,i;s  to  the  estates 
and  go  with  the  soil  Cur  streams  and  lochs 
are  like  the  rivers  and  pools  in  tiermany,  that 
liave  all  their  Wasser  Nixe,  or  water  witches, 
and  I  have  a  fancy  for  these  kind  of  amphdjious 
bogles  and  hobgoblins." 


have  not  circulating  librnr 
jrks  of  fiction  in  thi 
1  do  not  pretend  to  give  th 


works  of  fiction  in  their  place." 


Scott  went  on  after  we  had  landed  to  m.'ike 
m;iny  rem, irks,  mingled  with  pictiiresi.|ue  ancc 
dotes,  concerning  tile  fabulous  beings  with  which 
the  Scotch  were  a|)t  to  pe(>[)le  the  wikl  streams 
and  lochs  that  occur  in  the  solemn  and  lonely 
scenes  of  their  mountains  ;  and  to  compare  thei.i 
with  similar  superstitions  among  the  northern 
nations  of  F.urope  ;  but  Scotland,  he  said,  was 
above  all  other  countries  for  this  wild  and  vivid 
progeny  of  the  fancy,  f:om  the  nature  of  the 
scenery,  the  misty  magnificence  and  vagueness 
of  the  climate,  the  wikl  and  gloomy  events  of 
its  history  ;  the  clannish  ilivisions  of  its  jieople  ; 
thi.'ir  local  fei  lings,  notions  and  prejudices  ;  the 
individuality  of  their  dialect,  in  which  all  kinds 
of  odd  and  peculiar  notions  were  incorporated  ;  by 
the  secluded  life  of  their  u  >.•  itaineers  ;  tlieK)i:ely 
habits  of  their  i)astor,i'  ;. .  ,  le,  much  of  whose 
time  was  jtassecf  on  the  solitary  hillsides  ;  their 
tr.iditional  songs,  which  clothed  every  rock  and 
sire.im  with  old  world  stories,  handed  down  from 
age  to  age,  ;  .id  generation  to  generatii)n.  The 
Scottish  mind.  In;  said,  was  made  up  of  poetry 
and  strong  common  sense  ;  ar.'  the  very  strength 
of  the  latter  gave  jierpetuity  and  luxuriance  to 
•he  former,  it  w.is  .i  strong  tenacious  ;.oil,  into 
which,  wlieii  once  a  seed  of  poetry  fell,  it  struck 
deep  root  and  bnniglit  forth  abundantly.  "  Vou 
will  nexer  \\eed  these  popular  stories  and  songs 
and  su])erstitions  out  of  Scotland,"  said  he.  "  It 
is  not  so  much  that  the  peojile  believe  in  them, 
as  th.it  they  delight  in  them.  They  belong  to  the 
n;.t;\e  hills  .nul  streams  of  which  tliey  are  fond, 
and  to  the  history  of  tiieir  forefathers,  of  which 
they  .are  iroud.'' 

'■  It  would  do  your  heart  good,"  contini  ed  he, 
"  to  see  :i  number  of  our  poor  country  pi'ople 
seated  round  liie  ingle  nook,  wliich  is  generally 
capacious  enough,  and  ])assing  the  long  dark 
dreary  wiiitir  nights  listening  to  some  olii  wife, 
or  stioiling  gaberliinzie,  dealing  out  aiild  world 
stories  .lixna  bogles  and  w;ulocis,  or  about  r.iids 
ami  foiM\  s.  and  border  skirmishes  ;  or  reciting 
some  b.illal  stuck  full  of  those  fighting  names 
that  stir  I'p  a  true  Scotchman's  bliuxl  like  the 
sound  of  ,1  tiumpit.  These  traditional  tales  and 
liidl.ids  h.i\e  li\e(i  forages  in  mere  oral  circula- 
tion, being  'passed  from  father  to  son,  or  rather 
from  grandain  to  gr.uulchild,  and  are  a  kind  of 
hereditary  property  of  tliC  poor  peasantry,  f>f 
which  it  would  be  li.ud  to  deprive  them,  as  they 


-  .-         "•■  precise  w-ird,;,, 

as  nearly  as  I  can    from   scantv  mcnidr:  ,  .', 
and   vague    recollections,    the   leacliiv  ii.    "' 
Scott.      I  am  constantly  sensible,  liciwc'ir  " 
far  1  fall  short  of  his  copiousness  ,ticI  ri.  I-' 

He  went  on  to  speak  of  the  elves  iimi ',1'^;, 
so   frequent  in  Scottish   legend.    "  Our 'i- '/i 
however,"  said  he,  "  though  they  dress  in  ' 
and  gambol  by  moonlight  abotit'  the  bank^ 
shaws,  and  burnsides,  are  not  such  \)\n^i^ 
folks  as  the  English  fairies,  but  are  suiZ  ,,  .- 
more  of  the  warlock  in  tiieir  natures,  .in(l:,i-'''| 
spiteful  tricks.     When  1  was   a  ijnv,  |  i- ■!''• 
look    wistfully   at    the   green  hillcick's'  tha-^  i'. 
said  to  be  haunted  by  faiiies,  and  I'elt  siim'.'ii^lL 
as  if  I  should  like  to  lie  down  l)v  them  .md -l.  il 
!-• -,;■•,•  I  .,,,',1    .  ..1.. .,     ."'?ff 


and  be  carried  off  to  Fairy  I.aiui,  unlv  ma' 
not  like  some  of  the  cantrips  which  used  n'ju  ,v I 


then  to  be  played  oiT  upon  visitors.' 

Here  Scott   recounted,   in  "r:;phic  stvK.  vi 
with  much  iiumor.  a  little  story  wliicli  ibcd: 
current  in  the  neighborhood,  of  an  hum.-, 
gess  of  Selkirk,  who,  being  at  work  upon  tln.h.',l| 
of  I'eallaw,  fell  asleep   upon  one  of  iIksc  ■'fairvl 
knowes,"    or    hillock^..      When    he    awuko.  i.jl 
rubbed  his  eyes  and  gazed  about  him  with  a,:  a.! 
isliment,  for   he  was   in   the  niarket-piace  ui  i| 
great  city,  with  a  crowd  of  ])eople  biisilinj;  a', jjt j 
him,  not  one  of  whom  he  knew.     At  kn^iirnj! 
accosted  a  bystander,  and  asked  him  the  :;,r.v.e| 
of  the  place.     '•  Hout  man,"  replied  tliu  i.iKr, 
"are  ye  in  the  heart  o"  (llasgow,  and  siKcr '.l.e! 
name  of  it  ?  "     The  poor  ni.-in  was  ast'oni.-l'.'.J, 
and  would   not  believe  either  ears  or  cvis;  t'^l 
insisted  that  he  liad  laid  down  to  sleep  h'.ii  k,,'.f] 
an    hour    before    on    the    I'e.itlaw,  ne;.r  Selki. 
lie  came  well  nigh  being  taken  up  f()ram;i';K..n, I 
v.hen,  f  >rtunately,  a  Selkirk  man  came  bv.  v.i.oj 
knew  him,  and  took  charge  of  him,  ami  con- 1 
ducted   him    back   to   his   native   place.    Ikr;,  j 
howc\cr,  he  was  likely  to  Tare  no  better,  wiuni 
sjioke  of  ha\ing  been  whi.>ked  ui  his  sleep  iV.ai] 
the  I'eatlaw  to  (ilasgow.     The  truth  of  the  iii.;!;.r  1 
at  length  came  out  ;   his  coat,  which  he  had  vh?, 
off  when  at  work  on  the  I'eatlaw.  was  found  i\:r,' | 
near   a   "  fiiry   knowe,"   and  his  bonnet,  v.hi.h 
was  missing,  was  disco'.ered  on  the  weatlii.:oH.k 
of  Lanark  steejile.     So   it   ivas  as  clear  ^.^  ii,^y 
that  he  had  been  carried  tliro,.uh  the  .u' hv.ho  | 
fairies  while  he  was  sleeping,  and  lli•^  bcnna  i 
been  blown  oif  by  the  way. 

1    give    this  little  story    but  nie.Tgrely  fr-in  .i1 
scanty    niemorandu..i  .    Scott   has  related  i;  ;;i  | 
somewhat  dilferent  style  in  a  note  to  one  :■! 
poems  ;  but  in  n.irration  these  anecdote^  deiiitJI 
their  clii:-t   zest,  from    the   quiet   but  deli:Ju:. 
humor,  the    ijonhomie  witli   which  he  se,iNi:. 
them,  and  tiie  sly  ghtnce  of  the  eye  from  •,:r...'.r ] 
his  bushy  eyebnjwb,  with  which  ;he\  Acre  acam- 
panied. 


That  (lav  at  dinner,  we  had  Mr.  Laialiw  .^'^ 
his  wife,  aiid  a  female  friend  who  accouip:;n.^u 
them.  The  latter  was  a  very  intelli:.^ent,  le-put- 
able  ))erso!i,  about  the  inuklle  .ige.  an^.  «.'■> 
treated  with  jiarticular  attention  and  couik>y  ny 
Scott.  Our  dinner  was  a  most  agreeahl'.' •  i.i  j 
for  liie  guests  were  evidently  clier  lu'il  >'■''>'■' 
to  the  house,  and  felt  that  they  were  app'i;''.!''^^'-' 


W 


..hen   tliey  were  gone,  Scott  spoke 
the   must   corili.d   manner 


1  wibhei'  tu  i'"'-'* 


ABBOTSFORD. 


)29 


tlii-'ir  natures,  and:,-    . 

k'l-L'cn  liilldcks  tin-  ..  J 

lines,  and  fdt„i„'.'.':'H 

''('"nliyUiemam;.,;;] 

"T  J-""l-oiilvtliailVT 

'■■'Pswliiduisdn.v,.'^ 
on  vibiidrs.''  ■ 

!'  '11  "'-pliic  ,ivk.  :,.ji 
'<■•  stoiy  wlii^l,  i,:.v-,'J 
.■'i"<)(l,  of  ail  hum-'  ;,.'..| 
'"K  at  work  upon  ;!,  ■"■jl 

iip"ii  onr  „f  i!,,s,  .."(•;:;:  I 

^\lK'n    lie    a«uk^  iJ 
-'«  abuut  him  wiih  a,..  .,.1 

tlie  niai-ket-piaci-  i/'J 
f'f  people  bustlin;; ,; 
lie  knew.     At  kn  ;!, 
nd  asked  l;iiii  th,"::,,:- 
i-Hi."  replied  iliu  oihi'r  . 
(•la.sgow,  and  snctr  ;f,e I 
'i;  ir.an  was  astoni.-fa-.j,  I 
either   ears  or  e\ts:  h-J 
1  down  to  sleep  lint  Lilfj 

I'eatlaw,  near  Suku. 

taken  up  furaiiU';;!;..n  i 

<ii'k  man  came  bv.  v.i.aj 

arge  of  him,  ami  c-ir.- 

s   native   place.    Ikr.J 

I  Tare  no  better,  wiim  ;;; 

ii^l<ed  in  lii.s  sice|ili, -i 

The  truth  of  the  i;i.'.:;.r 

oat.  which  he  hail  t.iki.i 

'catlaw.  wasfdiiiKi  :\;:; 

and  his  bonnet,  v.Lh 

red  on  the  weathiiL. .k 

it   was  as  dear  ■>  li..' 

tliniu'.;h  the  aa  In  ■,!;e 

ill;,',  anil  his  beiinu  i;„.; 


I  .,.,;(!  he,  "  some  of  our  really  excellent,  jilaiii 
r:,j'"  ,|ile;  not  tine  geiitleiiieii  and  ladies, 
"'^;','.j,^j,.,,  GUI  meet  cverywlicro,  and  they  arc 
"'"'^  ■     til'.;  same.     The   character  of  a  na- 


""■"'""[ "to  be  learnt  from  its  tine  folks." 


-  ,.11  went  on  with  a  iiarticiilar  euiogium  on 

."•   ■•  will)  had   accompanied    the   Laidlaws. 

iS'rii'tiic  ''.au;;hter,  he  said,  of  a  poor  country 

I'T'iin,  v.lio  had  (lied  in  debt,  and  left  her  an 

ph-i.THi  destitute.     Having  liad  a  good  i)lain 

^;,';j,,^;,^5heiiuniediately  .set  up  a  child's  school, 

t'ihi  sumi  a  numerous  Hock  under  her  care, 

r  jjjjfi,  she  earned    a    decent   maintenance. 

„.  however,  was  not  her  main  object.     Her 


ffja:, 


to  p.iy  off  her  father's  debts,  that 


IrM  care  «,is       .    . 

touwiiril  I'l'  ill  "'11  might  rest  upon  his  memory. 

ji,;;,bv  liint  of  Scottish  economy,  backed  by 

M  ri'vcreiice  and    pride,    she   accomplished, 

itirh  in  the  ciTort,   she  subjected    herself  to 

((■  iv  p'.iv.ition.     Not  content  with  this,  she  in 

Ittraia  instances  refused  to  take  jiay  for  the  tui- 

K  of  the  children  of  some  of  her  neighbors, 

Jj  i;,j(l  befriended  her  father  in  his  need,  and 

s;:i«  fallen  into   poverty.     '"In  a   word," 

tijjixott.  "  she  is  a  tine  olil  Scotch  girl  ;   and 

iM^Jitin  her,  more  than  in  many  a  line  lady  I 

.  known,  and   I   have   known   many   of  the 

iKi-t." 


I  halted,  and  took  my  hand.  "  I  will  not  say  f.ire- 
!  well,"  said  he,  '"  for  it  is  always  a  ])aiiiful  word, 
I   but  I  will  s.iy,  come  again.    When  you  have  made 

your  tour  to  the  1  lighlaiids,  come  here  and  give 
I   me  a  few  more  days — l)ut  come  when  you  please, 

yiu  will  always  liiid  Abbotsfurd  open  lu  )ou,  and 

a  hearty  welcome.'' 


his  time,  however,  to  draw  tills  rambling  nar- 

n:;u' to  .u'lose.      Several  dr.ys  were   ])assecl  by 

ue.iniheway  1  have  attempted  to  describe,  in 

aljiKt  constant,  familiar,  and  joyous   conversa- 

E3«ith  Scott ;  it  was  as  If  I  were  admitted  to 

!-oci;il  coniiminion  with  Shakespeare,  tor  it  was 

w.h  (me  of  a  kindred,    if    not    eipial    genius. 

Euryni;'lit  1  retired  with  my  mlntl  filled  with 

ii;kkl  recollections  of    the   day,    and    every 

iiii?:nmg  1  rose  with  the  certainty  of  new  enjoy- 

Bir.;.  The  days  thus  spent,  I  shall  ever  look 

ii;k  to.  as  among  the  very  hapi)iest  of  my  life  ; 

foil«,is  conscious  at  the  time  of  being  happy. 

The  nnly  s.id  nionient  that  I   experiencei.1   .it 

.Vib.it^l'ord  was  th.U  of   my  departure  ;    but    it 

»;; diATcil  with  the  prospect  of  soon  returning  ; 

f:  1  h.'.d  promised,  after  making  a  tour   in  the 

H.'r.kinils,  to  come  and  pass  a  few  more  days  on 

t.  iu:;ks  of  the  Tweed,  when  Scott  intended  to 

;r.v:!i.' Hii;.;;4  the  poet  to  meet  me.      I  took  a  kind 

fir.vJl  (if  the  family,  with  each  of  ulioiii  1  had 

'a;.!  hyhly  pleased.     If  I   have   refrained  from 

r.l.:n^^p,irii.  ularly  on  their  several  characters, 

■u,'Min:g:      ■  o.js  of  them   individually.  It  is 

t:i'dK  i  c,  i;  ider  t!'   in  shielded  by  the  sanciity 

i«f '^  liiedt  life;  Scott,  on  the  contrary,  belongs 

'  ory.    As  I'.c  accompanied  me  on  foot,  how- 

;":i   iiiall  gate  on  the  confines  of  his  prem- 

■'    '111  not  refniin  from  c.\;-ressiiig  the  en- 

■  1  liaii  experienced  in  his  domestic  circle, 

'-:iV4  -^oine  warm  culogiums  on  the  young 

"111  whom  I  had  just  parted.     I  shairiieve'r 

I|-;i.;i'i5  reply.    '■  They  have  kind  hearts,"  said 

I'-Miul  ili.it  is   the  main    point   as   to  hum. in 

iK;f:ni.5S.    They  love  one  another,  poor  things, 

httliis  e\er\  thing  in  domestic  life.     The  best 

['■^Irmm.ike  you,  my  friend,"  added  he,  lay- 

■:,'bh,ind  upon  my  shoulder,  "  is,  tiiat  when 

'-riiuriiio  yotirown  country,  you  may  get  mar- 

'•■■■. W'l  have  a  fuiiily  of  young'bairiis  about  vou. 

M';'W  are  happy,  there  thev  are  to  share  vour 

-fPiness-aiKl  if  vou  are  otherwise— there  they 

|i-!"("mfort  yoii." 

%  liiij  time  we  h.id  reached  the  yate,  when  he 


:.k.  Ir. 


I  have  thus  given,  in  a  rude  stylo,  my  main 
recollections  of  what  occurred  during  my  sojourn 
at  Abbotsforil,  and  I  feel  niortilied  that  I  cm 
give  but  such  meagre,  scattered,  and  colorless 
details  of  what  was  so  copious,  rich,  and  varied. 
During  several  days  that  I  passed  there  Scott 
was  In  admirable  vein,  l-'rom  early  morn  until 
dinner  time  he  was  raiiibling  about,  showing  me 
the  neighborhood,  and  during  dinner  and  until 
late  at  night,  engaged  In  soci.il  conversation. 
No  time  was  reserved  for  himself;  he  seemed 
as  if  his  only  occupation  was  to  entertain  me  ; 
and  yet  I  was  almost  .an  entire  stran;.;er  to 
him,  one  of  whom  he  knew  nothing,  but  an 
Idle  book  I  had  written,  and  which,  some 
\ears  before,  had  amused  him,  liut  such  was 
Scott--lie  appeared  to  have  nothing  lo  do  but 
lavish  his  time,  attention,  and  conversation  cm 
those  around.  It  was  difticult  to  imagine  what 
time  he  found  to  write  those  volumes  that  were 
incessantly  issuing  from  the  press  ;  all  of  which, 
too,  were  of  a  nature  to  require  reading  and  re- 
search. I  could  not  tincl  that  his  life  was  ever 
otherwise  than  a  life  of  leisure  and  hap-hazard 
recreation,  such  as  It  was  during  my  visit.  He 
scarce  ever  b.ilked  a  party  of  jjleasiire,  or  a 
sporting  excursion,  and  rarely  pleaded  his  own 
concerns  as  an  excuse  for  rejecting  those  of 
others.  During  my  visit  I  he.ird  of  other  visitors 
who  had  preceded  ine,  and  who  must  have  kejjt 
him  occupied  tor  many  days,  and  I  h.ive  had  an 
op|)ortiinity  of  knowing  the  course  of  his  daily 
lite  for  some  time  subsei|ueiitly.  Not  long  after 
my  departure  from  Abbotsfoid,  my  ft  lend  Wilkie 
arrived  there,  to  jiaint  a  ])ictu;e  of  the  Scott 
fimily.  He  fniiid  the  house  full  of  guests. 
Scott's  whole  time  was  taken  up  in  riding  and 
driving  about  the  country,  or  in  social  conversa- 
tion at  home.  ".Ml  this  time,"  s.iid  Wilkie  to 
me,  '•  I  did  not  iiresume  to  ask  Mr.  Scott  to  sit 
for  his  portrait,  for  I  saw  he  had  not  a  moment 
to  s[)are  ;  I  waited  for  the  guests  lo  go  away,  but 
as  fist  .as  one  went  ai'otber  arrived,  and  so  It  con- 
tinued for  several  days,  and  with  each  set  he  was 
coni])lelely  ocrupie(l.  At  length  all  went  oil", 
and  wo  were  (piiet.  I  ihoiiglit,  however,  Mr. 
Scott  will  now  shut  himself  up  among  his  books 
and  ])apers,  for  he  h.is  to  make  up  for  lost  lime  ; 
it  v.'oii't  do  for  me  to  ask  him  now  to  sit  for  his  pic- 
ture. Laidlaw,  who  managed  Ills  estate,  came 
in,  and  .Scott  turned  to  him,  as  I  supposed,  lo 
consult  about  business.  '  Laidlaw.'  said  he,  '  to- 
morrow morning  we'll  go  across  thow.iter  and 
t.ikc'  the  dogs  with  us — there's  a  ))lai  e  where  I 
think  we  sliall  lie  able  to  liiid  a  bare.' 

"  In  short,"  added  Wilkie,  '•  I   found  that  in- 
stead of  luisiness,  he  w.is  thinking  only  of  .umise- 
ment,  as  if  he  bad  nothing  in  the  world  to  occupy 
Iiini  ;  so  I  no  longer  fe.ued  to  intrude  upon  him.'' 
Tlie  ciinv  ersaiion    of  .Scott  was  frank,  hearty, 
picturesipie.  and  dramatic.     During  the  time  of 
my  visit  he  inclined  to  the  comic  rather  than  the 
grave,  in  his  anecdotes  and  stories,  and  such,  I 
i   was    told,  was  his  general    inclination.      He    rel- 
i  iblied  a  joke,  or  a  trail  of  humor  in  social  inter- 


mm 


If     V' 


if 


'i^:\Ul 


'■|"if  i;i 


!  ; 


ti-  .  '.    ; 


;  iP     i 


M.;| 


680 


ABBOTSFORD. 


iii 

si  -  il'i 


.1.  :  = 


'      I.: 


course-,  and  laughed  with  right  pood  "will.  He 
l.ilkcil  not  for  ctTcct  nor  display,  but  from  the  flow 
of  his  spirits,  liic  stores  of  his  memory,  and  the 
vigor  of  liis  imagination.  He  had  a  natural  turn 
for  narration,  and  his  narratives  and  descriptions 
verc  without  effort,  yet  wonilerfully  graphic.  He 
jilaccd  the  scene  before  you  hisc  a  picture  ;  ho 
ga\  e  the  (Uak)gue  with  tlie  a])propriate  dialect  or 
peculiarities,  and  described  the  a])pearance  and 
characters  of  his  ])ersonages  with  that  sjjirit  and 
felicity  evinced  in  his  writings.  Indeed,  his  con- 
versation reminded  mc  continually  of  his  novels  ; 
and  it  seemed  to  mc,  tliat  during  the  whole  time 
I  was  with  him,  he  talked  enough  to  fill  volumes, 
and  that  they  could  not  have  been  fdled  more 
delightfully. 

He  was  as  good  a  listener  as  talker,  apjireci- 
ating  e\erything  that  others  said,  howe\er  hum- 
ble might  be  their  rank  or  ])retensions,  and  was 
quick  to  testify  liis  perception  of  any  point  in 
their  discourse.  He  arrogated  nothing  to  him- 
self, but  was  perfectly  unassuming  and  unpre- 
tending, entering  with  heart  and  soul  into  the 
business,  or  ])leasure,  or,  I  had  almost  said, 
folly,  of  the  hour  and  the  company.  No  one's 
concerns,  no  one's  thoughts,  no  one's  o])inions, 
no  one's  tastes  and  jileasures  seemed  beneath 
liim.  He  made  himself  so  thoroughly  the  com- 
panion of  those  with  whom  he  happened  to  be, 
that  they  forgot  for  a  time  his  vast  superiority, 
and  only  recollected  and  wondered,  when  all  was 
over,  that  it  was  Scott  with  whom  they  had  been 
on  such  familiar  terms,  and  in  whose  society 
they  had  f.'lt  so  perfectly  at  their  case. 

It  was  delightful  to  observe  tlie  generous  spirit 
in  which  he  spoke  of  all  his  literary  contempo- 
raries, cpioling  the  beauties  of  their  works,  and 
this,  too,  with  respect  to  persons  with  whom  he 
might  have  been  supposed  to  be  at  variance  in 
literature  or  jiolitics.  Jeffrey,  it  was  thought, 
had  ruffled  his  ])lumes  in  one  of  his  reviews,  yet 
Scott  spoke  of  him  in  terms  of  high  and  warm 
eulogy,  both  as  an  author  and  as  a  man. 

His  lumior  in  conversation,  as  in  his  work.s, 
was  genial  and  free  from  all  causticity.  He  had 
a  quick  percejjlion  of  faults  and  foibles,  but  he 
looked  \q)on  ])oor  human  nature  with  an  indul- 
gent eye,  relishinj;  what  was  good  and  pleasant, 


■-re  I 
r  il 


tolerating  what  was  frail,  and  puvin'.;  what  ■.v..i 
evil.  It  is  this  l)eneficent  spirit  Mliiiir..i,^!;.,./ I 
an  air  of  bonhomie  to  Scott's  luiinor  thrnipi ' 
all  his  works.  He  played  wiUi  tliu  foiljlis"'-' 
errors  of  his  fellow  beings,  and  prc^eiittd  iC.  I 
in  a  thousand  whimsical  and  ch.uactLristicl'i'^ 
but  the  kindness  and  generosity  of  luj  '" 
would  not  allow  him  to  be  a  satirist.  ] 
recollect  a  sneer  throughout  his  ccinvcrsiti^i  .-• 
more  than  there  is  throughout  his  works. 

Such  is  a  rough  sketch  of  Scmt,  as  1  kw}~, 
in  private  life,  not  merely  .-it  ilie  tiniu  of  t'lii-!  -[ 
here  narrated,  but  in   the   casual  iiitcrcoiir,e Vf 
subsequent  years.     (_)f  his  \n\h\,':  characiu  :,'1| 
merits,  all  the  world  can  judge.     !!is  work,  h '. 
incorporated   themselves  with  the  tluni-hts  l-lj 
concerns  of  the  whole  civilized  world,  lnr  ,i . 
ter  of  a  century,  and    ha\e  had  a  comrolli!-; 
fluence  over  the  age  in  which  he  lived.    Uutv.i.al 
did  a  lumian  '  eing  ever  exercise  ;.MiiuluenciT.  .-el 
salutary  and   benignant?     Who  is  llitri.' t;.!;./:i| 
looking  back  o\er  a  great  i)oni(iM  ot'lii,  liiV, i;r,ij 
not  lind  the  genius  of  Scott  admiiiisteriiv,'  tuhisl 
pleasures,  beguiling  his  cares,  ami  soothin,' 
lonely  sorrows?     Who  does  not  still  n^Tinl  hiil 
works  as  a  treasury  of  piu'e  enjoyiuem,  an  arr,>.rv| 
to  which  to  resort  in  time  ofiieed.  to  lindHcaprii'sl 
with  which  to  fight  olf  the  evils  and  tin.' ^'nil!  of  f 
life  ?     For  my  own  part,  in  periods  of  (kjictn  , 
I  have  hailed   the  announceniem  of  a  mu  \\url;| 
from  his  pen  as  an  earnest  of  certain  pkajiiriinl 
store  for  mc,  and  have  looked  forward  lu  it  nA 
traveller  in  a  waste  looks  to  a  grLX'ii  spot  at  ail;y| 
tance,  where  he  feels  assured  (.f  solace  .mil  re^ 
freshment.     When  I  consider  luiu- miuh  kkii 
thus  contributed  to  the  belter  l;oi;rs  ofmyp.istj 
existence,  and  how  independent  his  works  s'.illl 
make  me,  at  times,  of  all  the  unrld  tor  niy  (.i.vi.' 
ment,  1   bless   my  stars   that  cist  my  lot  ir, i-.;ii 
days,  to  be   thus  cheered  and  gladde  .oil  by  iltel 
outpourings  of  his  .genius.     1  conside.  it  nnecifr 
the  greatest  advantages  that  I  lia\c  derival  iVnitij 
my  literary  career,  that  it  h.is  elevated  mc  into! 
genial  coinmunioii  with  such  a  spirit:  aiid.ijjj 
tribute  of  gratitude  for  his  friendship,  and  \\.Rir; 
tion   for   his   memory,  1   cast   this  lumiblL'  s'.irisj 
upon  his  cairn,  which  will  soon,  I  trust,  bo  puoij 
aloft  with  the  cui'tribuliuns  of  abkr  hands. 


in 


1>  ami  puvin'^whtflyi 

t  SlMlltullKll.i,,,;,,;^ 

-■otl's  luiiiiDr  thrill; ■'►!,. 
^h1  with  the  (011)11.""^'; 
,'s,  and  pri'semd  (r,,:^ 
iind  cli.ir.ictcristicM..; 
;L'ncrosity  of  Ms  nj.t'.ji 
be  a   satirist.    I  dor.i 
out  his  convcri.-aiit. i-,] 
,'h(iut  his  Hiirks. 
1  of  Scdit.asl  v,ivh,-n 

■■  al    tllC  tilllfof  thiM;.; 

e  casual  intiTcoi;r,o  ,." 
lis  i)iil)h';  chiir.u!,  r  :,r,; 
jii(l:4u.     ;iisH(irk,!.:;',j 

uilii  the  liiou-hii  -,'.4 
iili/i.'il  win  1(1,  for ,1  ,n;  .. 
\ e  had  a  lomrnlh-,-  -. 
liich  he  lived.  liiii\.;,.:i 
'iuiTisc  r.MiiitUicnciT.  :i 
Who  is  lliiie  ti;i;.n 
t  piinion  of  his  lik.i;(.,-i 
:ott  administering'  toi.;; 

cares,  and  southing  i.i 
Iocs  not  still  ri:4,-ird  h;i 
re  enjoyiiienl.anarir.  rv 
'  of  need,  to  liiulHiaijir.i 
le  evils  and  the  ;;riil!  1 1 

in  perioils  of  (kiv;t;':, 
iieeiiielU  of  a  nev,  »,:< 
St  (if  cert.iin  ple.b.ir.  13 
loked  forward  tu  :i  ,ba 

to  a  ^reeil  spot  at  a  ii;i- 
siired  of  sol.ite  ar,!.!  k- 
isider  how  much  hcl:« 
better  hoias  of  my  p.iit 
pendent  his  works  •■,:!1 

the  world  for  my  iiiii  y- 
that  cast  my  lot  ini.;i 
I  and  gladde  .eil  hy  ihe 
1   conside.  it  intif 

lal  I  ha\e  dcriiul  frin 

t   li.is  ele\ate(l  iiic  ir.'.i) 

uch  a  spirit ;  and  as  j 
;  fi'iendship,  andveniri- 
cast    thi^  lumibio  i',u:;S 


soon, 


trust,  be  p:!:^l 


IS  of  abler  hands, 


ifiiJI 


i<Si 


